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       Where Is the Wealth of Nations?: Measuring Capital for the 21st century

Copyright©2006 by The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank

This work was originally published bye the World Bank in English as Where is the Wealth of
Nations?: Measuring Capital for the 21st Century in 2005. This Arabic translation was arranged
by The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (ECSSR). The Emirates Center for
Strategic Studies and Research is responsible for the quality of the translation. In Case of any
discrepancies, the original language will govern.

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,.2005                     .        ,     .
                                   
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            2008      ©                 

                                    
                                     2008  

                  ISBN 978-9948-00-981-8  
                  ISBN 978-9948-00-982-5 
                         :     
                  
                                       4567 : .
                         
                                +9712-4044541 :
                                +9712-4044542 :
                              E-mail: pubdis@ecssr.ae
                          Website: http://www.ecssr.ae

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                                                                                35,682
  35,000                                                                                                                                                               34,199
                                                                                                                         32,931
                                       31,008
  30,000                                                                 29,754                                   28,896
                                27,072

  25,000

  20,000

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  15,000
                                                                                                                                                               11,638
                                                                  10,549
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                          7,276                            8,213
                                                     7,247                                    6,722 7,702
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                                                                                      90

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                           93

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                               (1­4 A) 
         (I )      
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 ( %                        %5=IG
                                             = IG ,2000
    )          ,1987       (% ,1987
                             )          (%)       )
(2000-1970)   (% )                                   (1995

    32.6         413.6         413.6      358.9       53.5     

    27.7         326.1         326.1      272.1      175.9     

    25.2         116.9         78.0        57.0       13.9    

    25.0         154.0         153.7      112.3        3.0     

    24.1         130.4         105.5       80.3       19.7     

    23.6         239.1         238.3      182.1       13.7    

    23.3          83.9         80.9        50.6      195.4     

    12.8         177.5         169.8      116.1       13.7     

    12.5          32.1         3.8        26.5­      540.6    

    11.6         158.3         158.0       95.3       37.7    

    11.5         388.0         383.4      312.3        7.5     

    11.4         191.2         185.6      149.3        2.1     

    10.8           5.1         45.0­      62.1­      2,899.4   

    9.5           36.2         28.1       12.9­      159.7     

    9.5           54.0         31.6        3.0­      151.4     

    8.3            6.6         31.4­      52.7­      305.2     

    8.2           42.2         35.3        1.5­      975.5    

    7.5          103.9         98.1        37.2      132.3     

    6.5           67.6         54.8        9.3­       24.1    




                                     94

:



6.5    115.8    109.3     50.7      349.5    

5.7    99.6     87.8      39.9      13.4     

5.3    39.3     30.4      19.7­     198.0    

4.3    33.0     24.6      14.3­     456.6    

3.4    8.6      18.3­     52.9­     965.4     

3.3    89.1     64.8      9.1       14.9     


2.7    26.1     12.9      39.8­    16,926.7  
                                             

2.6    53.9     49.4      6.9­      569.6    

2.6    55.1     22.7      26.8­      3.6      

2.2    11.1     1.7­      50.7­     125.6    

2.2    22.3     8.7       43.5­     149.1     

2.0    7.8      16.3­     59.1­     93.8      

1.9    9.1      6.6­      59.0­    1,750.5   

1.6    32.8     27.3      32.7­    2,400.1   


1.6    1.2      27.9­     73.0­     33.8     
                                             

1.5    10.6     14.5­     58.4­     195.0     

1.5    8.9      29.7­     66.9­     12.3     

1.0    76.7     73.2      30.6      16.1      

0.9    59.3     26.9      36.5­      3.6      

0.8    10.6     21.7­     72.7­      4.6      

0.7    27.5     14.2      44.0­     10.0     

0.7    3.0      63.6­     86.3­     520.6     

0.6    109.5    109.2     62.7­      2.8      

0.6    0.9      68.6­     93.5­    1,607.6   

0.5    4.2      31.3­     72.8­     215.8    

0.5    108.7    71.1      21.2­     16.1     




                      95

                      ?



0.5    15.5     12.9­     59.0­     89.7       

0.4    24.6     6.9­      83.2­      3.9       

0.4    36.1     35.6      31.1­    508.0       

0.3    44.8     8.1       34.9­      6.9       

0.3    6.1      15.1­     58.9­    1,623.6     

0.2    28.7     21.9      33.0­    437.2       

0.1    6.9      1.9­      55.0­    3,724.7     

0.1    10.2     7.5       44.8­    2,711.2     

0.1    23.3     11.6      40.9­    347.6       

0.1    10.4     2.3       48.0­    681.9       

0.1    136.1    95.2      9.7        3.0       

0.1    30.2     10.1      87.3­      1.6       

0.0    5.7      30.8­     71.0­    308.8       

0.0    3.6      30.6­     80.0­     24.1       

0.0    24.6     2.5­      59.7­     17.1       


0.0    0.9      56.4­     88.6­    445.9      , 
                                               

0.0    20.8     2.0       51.9­     20.1       

0.0    65.5     62.4      26.9­      4.9       

0.0    1.0      55.4­     88.1­     41.2       

0.0    68.2     9.4       26.8­      4.6       

0.0    37.2     22.1      55.5­     29.9      

0.0    15.7     22.0­     63.2­     43.3      

0.0    3.0      46.6­     88.6­     23.7       

0.0    0.1      79.9­     95.7­      5.7       

0.0    0.0      73.2­     92.7­    314.8       
                                            :
. :

                                   



                      96

      

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              98

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   11.5     42­        14       2.6    360     
            814      1,021      1.7    2,925   
   15.8     36­        15       2.5    230    
   37.7     37­       10­       1.9     97     
   27.7    152­        8­       2.2    548     
   6.8      81­        43       2.7    1,195  
   42.6     74­        8­       3.1    174     
   19.9     73­       17­       2.5    367     
  110.2    727­      227­       3.2    660    
   16.0    100­        5­       2.3    625    
   27.1     27­        4­       2.4    101     
   66.5    2,241­    1,183­     2.3    3,370   
   14.6     45­        5­       3.4    305     




                           100

:


    7.2     18­      16       1.7    255       
    3.2     11­      40       2.3    343       
    22.7    56­       9       3.1    245       
    18.2    29­      2­       2.1    162       
    21.2    47­      20       2.4    221       
    38.4    147­    30­       2.9    382       
            514     645       1.1    3,697     
    10.0    20­      15       2.2    195       
            140     392       3.2    1,820     
    50.3    83­     10­       3.3    166       
    70.6    210­    97­       2.4    297       
    26.0    60­      14       2.9    233       
    6.1     27­      31       2.6    449       
            904     1,162     0.9    7,089     
    0.1     2­      246       2.5    2,837     
             8      129       2.5    1,375     
    30.8    88­     20­       4.0    285       
    20.4    63­     13­       2.0    312       
    0.7     4­       53       2.0    550       

                                              . :
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                           103

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                               104

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       106

                            

                    

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                             108




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                                110




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                   111

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  ,.,
 .(4-6)(1-6)
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     1

 C  0.8

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                                            R2 = 0.1469
     0

   0.2-

   0.4-

   0.6-

   0.8-
      0.2-    0.1-   0  0.1     0.2   0.3   0.4       0.5       0.6

                       

                                                        . :




                             112




                             (2 ­ 6) 
           1980 ,       

       1

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     0.4

     0.2                                        y = 0.7066× 0.0116+

       0                                        R2 = 0.0921

    0.2-

    0.4-
    0.6-

    0.8-
       0.2-     0.1-     0        0.1     0.2     0.3          0.4
       0.5               


                                                                  . :

                             (3 ­ 6) 
          1980 ,       

     1
C  0.8

   0.6

   0.4

   0.2                                              y = 0.9882× 0.0568+
                                                    R2 = 0.2391
     0

   0.2-

   0.4-

   0.6-

   0.8-
       0.4- 0.3-    0.2-  0.1-  0     0.1    0.2    0.3     0.4        0.5

                        
                                                                  . :



                                  113

                                  ?


                           (4 ­ 6) 
          1980 ,       

      0.6
 C    0.4


      0.2

       0
                                               y = 0.5221× 0.1249+
                                               R2 = 0.3194
     0.2-


     0.4-


     0.6-
         1-     0.8-   0.6-     0.4-  0.2-    0         0.2       0.4
                     

                                                           . :


1980 ,                     (5 ­ 6) 


   0.4
C 0.35

   0.3

  0.25

   0.2

  0.15

   0.1

  0.05

     0

      0.05-        0        0.05        0.1       0.15            0.2
                     

                                                           . :



                                114




.(5-6)
,(Ferreira and Vincent 2005)                                                            
,(Ferreira and others 2003)
..                                                ,                     
                                       (1 ­ 6) 
    PVC = alpha + beta  Saving       
      1980             1979             1978             1977             1976

                                                                               
                                                                                     

0.0751­  0.8319  0.1743­  1.2325  0.1212­  1.0484  0.0338­  0.7596  0.0737­  1.0152    

1.4656­  3.6416  2.8601­  4.7372  1.8992­  3.7257  0.4628­  2.4358  0.9511­  3.0335  t 

         0.1469           0.2351           0.1598           0.0803           0.1479    R2


           77               73               73               68               53     
                                                                                       

         0.0005           0.0000           0.0004           0.0175           0.0037   Pr > F

         0.7264­          0.8814           0.1697           0.7595­          0.0445   1 = 
                                                                                     

0.0116   0.7066  0.0293­  0.9835  0.0209   0.6485  0.1047   0.2161  0.0606   0.6634    

0.3102   2.7943  0.6574   3.2791  0.4433   1.9740  2.0414   0.6471  1.0787   1.7723  t 

         0.0921           0.1284           0.0507           0.0061           0.0560    R2


           77               73               73               68               53     
                                                                                       

         0.0066           0.0016           0.0522           0.5198           0.0821   Pr > F

         1.1451­          0.0542­          1.0555­          2.3125­          0.8823­  1 = 
                                                                                      
                                                                                      

0.0568   0.9882  0.0580   0.7815  0.0131   1.2553  0.0677   0.8532  0.0483   1.2803    

2.3175   4.9187  2.3469   4.2716  0.4654   4.9943  2.1915   3.4246  1.4442   4.5524  t 

         0.2391           0.2000           0.2547           0.1471           0.2811    R2


           77               73               73               68               53     
                                                                                       

         0.0000           0.0001           0.0000           0.0010           0.0000   Pr > F




                                             115

                                                ?



         0.0578­         1.1781­           1.0019          0.5808­          0.9780     1 = 
                                                                                       
                                                                                      

0.1249    0.5221  0.1117  0.3599  0.1061   0.4663   0.1200  0.5741  0.1337  0.7757      

6.1294    5.1265  5.2683  3.7425  5.0553   4.0371   5.0664  3.2489  5.1418  3.8801    t 

          0.3194          0.2030           0.2352           0.1772          0.2785      R2


            56              55               53               49              39       
                                                                                        

          0.0000          0.0004           0.0002           0.0021          0.0004     Pr > F

         4.6100­         6.5358­           4.5343­         2.3613­         1.0937­     1 = 
                                                                                  . :


1,predictor
.,1                                                               
,(1­6);  (3­6)(1­6)
 
.,
,;(3­6)
        .            

                                      (2 ­ 6) 
              ()       

                  1980      1979      1978        1977        1976

                                                                           

      0.294      0.267      0.360     0.320       0.246      0.241        

      0.167      0.000      0.000     0.000       0.000      1.000        
                                                                           

      0.266      0.209      0.338     0.275       0.250      0.226        

      0.231      0.167      0.250     0.167       0.500      0.500        




                                             116




                                                

 0.218   0.154  0.293   0.226   0.200   0.188   

 0.378   0.407  0.412   0.231   0.400   0.429   
                                                

 0.056   0.043  0.077   0.037   0.080   0.043   

 0.543   0.600  0.452   0.464   0.615   0.611   
                                                  . :

4(2­6)
,, ,
.                                               
                                                 :

   ;        ·
;   ,        
     .      ,
    ;       
                                               . 

, ·                 
)
,.(                 
                   .       

    ·
          ,                                
                                              . 



                             117

          ?


                                 


.­­                        
.,
--
.
                                : ,

            .      ·

; ·
                             . 

.  ­       ­    ·
             

,; 
),
),(
,
,(
;)                            
              .([Pritchett 2000]  
 .,        
 ,
.­­   



         118




,
,(Ferreira and Vincent 2005)
,(Ferreira and others 2003)
                   

-,.(Pritchett 1996)
                    .  ,     -               


,1979     -.
(. and others 2003)    .1981     
               -
 Ferreira
       
;           
 
      

;--,.

,, ( )
                                    .  
,
;
Ferreira and )   ,(Ferreira and Vincent 2005)  
-.(others 2003
,.:,-               
                    ,,


                      119

           ?


­­     
.               
.            
;            
,                      
.               
         .        

,
)
22

,  .(        29    
­­
               .    38  

­,
;        . 
                ­
  
 

.  ­     .­     
                 ,
                  




          120







121


      
  :     
  

             

,                

:;,
?; 
 .
.
 ;
,,;
,,
   .           ;

--;
.--              
;,
;      ,      
.
;

,
 ,;
           .      


        123

           ?


,                  
.            
                 .  

      (1-7) 
   






       

        




   /              


                  
                  
            
             
                  




                   . :

,
 .
,             
;,; 



         124

:


.
;;
                               .     

,
,;
(1-7)
.
,                                        
                                                    .  
                                                             
                          (1-7) 
     
( )


                                      
                                                       1995-1960



 4.81  3.19  2.66   2.68  1.89   2.24   2.11     

                                                  
 3.49  4.01  3.76   3.82  2.69   2.35   1.35
                                                        

                                                  
 0.35 0.17-  0.67- 0.99-  0.50-  0.14   0.42
                                                       


 0.99  0.31  0.43   0.85  0.44   0.55   0.60        


 2.68  1.54  1.33   1.31  0.80   0.57   0.76           

                                             .Jorgensenand Yip 2001 :




                               125

                             ?


(1-7)                             
                                        .

                       (1-7) 
                   

,
(Behrman and Taubman, 1982, 474).
.«»:                                

,,
.
.
.
,                                 
                                        . 

                                  

                    
(Becker 1964)(Schultz 1961),
.;                 
(Schultz 1988)                    
.
,                                
                                 .    



                            126

:


 40,000



 30,000




 20,000




 10,000




      0
       2    4    6         8          10    12

                
,2005.(Barro :        and Lee 2000)       

--
,
 ,;(Caselli 2003)
);;  
.(
,
           .      ,(Barro and Lee 2000) 

() 
                  

,         .()    
              
.                                       
,    ,   ,  : ;



                 127

                         ?


,....
                               .     
                              

;            
,
(Psacharopoulos    .   
.and Patrinos 2004)

.               
 .
- .                                                         
-
.
                                               .  
           

      ,
                                               


     11.2       15.7      21.3             

     11.3       12.9      18.8             

      9.5       10.3      13.4              

     10.8       13.1      18.9                     

                                 .Psacharopoulos and Patrinos 2004 :




                        128

:


;
-(Bjorklund and Kjellstrom 2002)
-
     .         .

,
,;
.             
,
                 .    
, .     -    - 
     -
 .,
                                 

        


,.                             
                       .   


                             . 

      
.   .
;                               



          129

                     ?


;
,.
 .      ;      . 
            

                                      
.
 .;,                                   
             ,;        

,  .                        
,(Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi 2005),
                                   :   

                                       ·
                          ·
                                       ·
                                       ·
                                       ·
                                       ·

     ,     
    .      
      .    
        ,    


                    130

:


.       -   -                                 
(),Paldam and Svendsen 
.  "  "      ,
    ,                                
                                     
           ,  .(2-7)                                                1

          
                                                      .  
                             (2-7) 
               

                                        
                                                     


                                                    1.000                 

                                         1.000      0.397      


                                1.000    0.675      0.309      
                                                                 

                       1.000    0.868    0.506      0.482        

                1.000  0.878    0.807    0.450      0.240       

          1.000 0.868  0.945    0.908    0.560      0.514         

 1.000    0.975 0.865  0.965    0.892    0.595      0.517         

(Kaufmann, .()Paldam                    and Svendsen      :
                                                     .Kraay, and Mastruzzi, 2005)

,
,
/,
                        : -    . 


                                131

                   ?



                     R = ASs FF LL     (1-7)

S,A,R
)L,F,
  
 i .(1001
 s ,;
.1R
(dummy)""
                     .    
             (3-7) 
     ,        
          ,

                                   
  0.2162        0.53             
  0.0472        0.12             
  0.3676        0.83              
  0.4175        2.54-            
  0.2911        1.90-           
  0.2693        1.55-           
  1.6005        7.24               
                                      . :
:.0.89:R.79:..::
               .

                                       

.    - (3-7)    -   
         
        .       89    


                132

:


()2        
1.,
.0.53
.     0.83         1  
1
,;
            .       

;

                          . 

 
-,
:;-
,            
                      .   

                          

  -      -       
.;
,-
                       :   
                R    R
                X = X       (2 - 7)
                     X



              133

                       ?


, X 
XR.XR
         .    (4 -7)   . 

                  (4-7) 
 ,
            ( )  

                        
                          
     29      111           838     

     27      362          1,721   
                                      

     110     481          2,398        


                                  
     306     2,973        16,430  
                                    

                                     . :

,    838   -    
 .-                               
             
,         .(World Bank 2005)
          51
                  
                                      
; ,
 .
-.- ,(
 100  1 )           
                                  
                        


                     134

:


.,         
,(4-7)
,.  
(1-7).
--(4-7).A
    .      ,   

               

-
      :       


    R =R   R    R
       SS +F F +LL + Z    (3 -7)

,,
,Z,.,
,,
- L  F  S     
              .  Z   - 
                 

,Z               
.(2-7)
.57--;

,36;                  
                .  7   


           135

                    ?


                                

--
;
,,
. 
     .      (3-7)  (5-7) 
               (2-7) 
      2000  ,     


                    %7 , 




       ,                   %36 ,

          %57




                                 :




.2980;
 --
.7()
,     18       ,     
 
.,
                        .    


                  136

:


                        (5-7) 
   ,,

                       

                                       

        ()                                   
              )                             )
  )                             )                       
  (           (   ) (     )(     (   )       (
                                       (

                                                   
   68    51    5     6      63    31    75  47,858
                                                        


                                                   
   28    39    8     3      51    47    77  39,045
                                                        


                                                   
  284    41    5     24     47    28    86  36,476
                                                       


   84    44    6     7      57    36    60  23,612      

                                                        

                                                       

                                                      . :

1991        ,    
,,                                                      
14,9       
,.()
,;
             .(  47)          

--                  
, 2075         ;   
 



                             137

            ?


.86
   
(24)
           .     

. 
(5-7)

,          ,   
  ,  ;          
 
,.10
,.                 
                     25

. ,
,(Adams and Page 2003)
,
.
-.-              
                    

                      

.   
,
,.
.,,;
.    
                       


           138

:




,
;--               
.;
     .       

:     
.,,
;
,,60,              
       . ,  35     

,
 .         ;    
               




        139


      

     


,
--                
;(),

.--
--
 
;
              .     

,        ,     
--
,.
.
--               
--
;      ,    .   

,.
- -.
,(:),     
1.(,);  


       141

                                  ?


,
      .          ,  .

   -  
 ,"",
                                           :

                          Y t = At K L     (1 ­ 8)

;(Y)                    
,   (A),(L),(K)                      
.
--
--.
;                            
. -   -          
,Hartwick
--
; .(1995
Hartwick 1977; Hamilton )        
                                          
                        .       ; 

;                                     
.,,,:
,
,;,neoclassical           


                                142




  ,(Stiglitz 1974a, b; Mitra 1978)
       2

    .    ;     

,-
-.
 
--                                
.; 
,
.;
    .     ,    

            
, 
,
--

; -
  .,()
,.""
.

,--,
  
-- .""
;nested()                         
      3:   -    -   
      X = F[X AB(A,B),C]             (2 ­ 8)



                143

                                ?


:XAB,:CBA,:X
,BA,BA
.CXAB
,BA,
-- , 
                        ;C XAB      
 
-.
,(),                                                 
                                                  .  

,,,:,
(Prywes 1986; Manne and Richels 1992; Chang 1994;  
.Kemfert 1998; Kemfert and Welsch 2000)
;,
 (Manne and Richels 1992) ,                          
(Kemfert 1998)    ,0.4  ,  ,  
                                                    

,(Prywes.01986),.0.5
                .5,,    

;--
                    4:     .  
         .  , ,   ,(K)    ·                       

:,(H) ·
,(HE)


                              144




;(HR)
.
;                                  

             .    ,    
,:,(E) ·
      5.[    ]  ,  ,
,, ,     . ,(L)   ·
  .
                       
,
208        ,2000    
"  "          .
,HE,(World Bank 2005)
         
- -,          , E,(Barro and Lee 2000)
  L HR K 
                .      ; 


.
               :  ,    

                   .     ·

                .      ·

               .      ·


                 145

                           ?


;
           .        


.
.      ,  
--
,,    
                                                  :

,, ·
,  ,  ,  ,  
,.
,;
                             6.(Kaufmann and others 2005)

, ·
,(World Bank 2005)
,
    7.(Beck and others 1999)     ,

,         
;             
;
,,,,

,.


                          146




,
,;
,
;,;(Greene 2000)
               
(),
.(),A
,9367,
-,
-
         8
         .      

                          


;            9.
.                             
,(1-1-8A)
. (HR)            
                 
,
0.37,EK10.  
,.        
                   .""  -   - 


,(2-1-8A).(HE)
,


              147

                     ?


,,
                                   .

,:
.     ,()    
,;                      
, ,HR       ,HE    , ,  
                               
--                           
                :       ,HE

                    .E    , L HE K  ·
                           

                  .L    , E HE K   ·
                         

 ,.
                            .  
                             


,(4-1-8A)(3-1-8A).
[(K,HE,L)/E :       
 ,.(2-1-8A),[(K,E,HE)/L]
.     
.                      
,
--.0.5
                         .   , 


                   148




                          


,.
,
,(L)          . 
[(K,HE,L)/E] : ,       
,(5-1-8A).(2-1-8A),[(K,E,HE)/L]
,,
.
,L50,[(K,HE,L)/E]

-,L,[(K,E,HE)/L]
 .,92
-
                         .

                        

--

,.
,:,
,.""
:;,L)
;,(
,
       .        ,  


                 149

          ?


-;--
.:-
,
,,          
.
-;
-
;         .   
            .     

,
,;
,
--.
;.
                  . 

,;                 
,
    
,   .       
        .        
         




         150




                            
                               
  (HR)    (i )   (1-1- 8A)      




                                  
    R      R
                                i                    

                                         (      )  .
93  0.9131 0.9216   3.88E-10  1.00*                  K/HR (1)

78  0.9951 0.9958     2.02    0.48­                   K/E (2)
                                        (      )   .
93  0.9290 0.9375                                (K,HR)/L (1)
                     13.92     6.79                  K/HR

                    4.33E-10  1.00*              (K,HR)/La

70  0.8916 0.9089                                (K,HR)/E (2)

                      1.31    0.78­                  K/HR
                    5.37E-10  1.00*              (K,HR)/Ea

70  0.8533 0.87667                               (K,E)/HR (3)
                      0.69     0.65                     K/E
                    3.96E-09  1.00*              (K,E)/HRa
                                       (      )   .
70  0.1911 0.3435                               (K,HR,L)/E (1)
                      0.70    0.90­                  K/HR

                      0.01    0.97*              (K,HR)/La

                    5.46E-12  1.00*            (K,HR,L)/E b

78  0.9951 0.9958                               (K,HR,E)/L (2)

                      0.17    0.13­                  K/HR

                      0.18    0.93*              (K,HR)/Ea
                    6.52E-09  1.00*            (K,HR,E)/Lb

70  0.9200 0.9350                               (K,E,HR)/L (3)
                      0.20    0.37*                     K/E
                      0.55    0.64­               (K,E)/HRa
                    1.27E-09  1.00*            (K,E,HR)/Lb

      .  : E ,  :L ,(    )    :HR ,  : :K :        . :


                                            ..    .
                                             .   
                                              .
                              .    .         
                                         5(*)




                                 151

                              ?


                       (2-1- 8A) 
   (HR)(i )                              




         R          R            
                                                          
                                            i
                                        (      )  .
81      0.8942   0.9061       2.50E-08     1.00*        K/HE (1)
                                      (      )   .
81      0.9076   0.9203                              (K,HE)/L (1)
                                  0.01     1.01*         K/HE

                              2.23E-10     1.00*       (K,HE)/La

67      0.8742   0.8952                              (K,HE)/E (2)

                                  0.12     1.65*         K/HE
                              6.76E-11     1.00*     (K,HE)/Ea

67      0.7209   0.7674                              (K,E)/HE (3)
                                  0.19      0.17           K/E
                              8.22E-08     1.00*     (K,E)/HEa
                                     (      )   .
67      0.8081   0.9037                            (K,HE,L)/E (1)
                                  0.11     1.78*         K/HE

                                  0.02     1.14*     (K,HE)/La

                              2.52E-12     1.00*    (K,HE,L)/Eb

67      0.8828   0.9059                             (K,HE,E)/L (2)

                                 12.61     8.55­         K/HE

                                  0.17     0.48*     (K,HE)/Ea
                              4.60E-11     1.00*   (K,HE,E)/Lb

67      0.8831   0.9062                            (K,E,HE)/L (3)
                                  0.37     1.57*           K/E
                                  0.02     0.92*     (K,E)/HEa
                              6.41E-11     1.00*    (K,E,HE)/Lb
                                                    . :
.  :E ,  :L ,        :HE. :               ..   .
                                               ,    : K:
                                                      


  .  10        (**) ,  5        (*)              .

                      .             



                             152




                  (3-1- 8A) 
         
            [(K,HE,L)/E]   
 t                                    
   4.53      0.10        0.47       
   4.25      0.12        0.51      
   0.28      0.04        0.01      
  0.28 ­     0.02        0.01 ­    
   0.40      0.10        0.04       
   0.39      0.07        0.03      
  0.73 ­     0.10        0.07 ­     
   0.17      0.09        0.01       

                                   . :
                  (4-1- 8A) 
         
            [(K,E,HE)/L]   
t                                     
  5.27       0.09        0.50       
  4.83       0.11        0.51      
  0.45       0.03        0.02      
 0.44 ­      0.02        0.01­     
  0.62       0.09        0.06       
  0.37       0.07        0.03      
 0.86 ­      0.09        0.08 ­     
 0.24 ­      0.08        0.02 ­     

                                   . :




                        153

                                   ?


                            (5-1- 8A) 
                ,      
                        

               
%92        %75        %50            %20       *             
$4,297.16 $5,774.25   $7,019.27      $8,068.84  $8,638.10    (K,HE,L)/E
(%50­)    (%33­)     (%19­)          (%7­)     **
$4,455.06 $6,147.62  $7,477.97       $8,540.27  $9,096.20    (K,E,HE)/L

(%51­)    (%32­)     (%18­)          (%6­)     **
                                                             . :

                    .            *                              :

                                                   .      **
                                                      .67 =     




                                  154




                        
             

          :          .1
                      :(H)    ,(K)    .

                       Y = A aK- + bH -
                            (          )-1/      (1 ­ A)
                          :(E)   ,(K)    .

                        Y = A aK- + bE-
                             (          )
                                        -1/      (2 ­ A)

:b a ,  :A ,      : Y 
.: ,
)1-  . =(1/[1+]) :( )
,1-
--, >-1.([Prywes 1986]
                                      .   
)--A                                               
,
A     .       (
                                       :  "" 
A = e1TOPEN+2PCREDIT+3VA+4PIV+5GE+6RB+7RL+8CC (3 ­ A) .

A =1TOPEN+2PCREDIT+3VA+4PIV+5GE+6RB+7RL+8CC   (4 ­ A) .
                     .        


                           155

                                  ?


PCREDIT,TOPEN  
:GE ,    :PIV ,  :VA ,
.  :CC ,  :RL ,  :RB , 
;2.52.5-
                                                           . 
 .2
                                      :    

         :(L)      XKH ,   H K .

Y1= A1a1b K-a1+ b1H-a1
                                            -1 /1
                 1-         1/a1           1                   (5-A)
           1                    +1- a1L-    
           (E):     XKH ,   H K .
                                                     -1/
Y          (         (  b2 H
                          )  -a2) 2                     2
                                       (      )    2
  2=A2a2 b2 K -a2
                    + 1-          /a2 + 1- a E-
                                             2                 (6-A)
      :(H)       XKE ,   E K .

Y =       (   -a3+ 1 -
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                          :XKHE    L ,   E H P



                                 156






Y5 = A5a5b5
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.STATA[]
                                                     
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                                  157

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              171

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                            175

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                              176




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       180




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                  189

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                     190




                                                              

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              192




                                      


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                     194




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                    195

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                          203

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                           206




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    207

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                         2000  ,   
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                  +                                                     

                                                                                              
                                                                
                                                                        

17,312   11,675   1,745   3,892    1,574   1,660   247     72     38     300      3,113,000     

18,491   3,418­   8,709   13,200   426      859    161     16     68    11,670   30,385,000    

131,849  91,554   38,796  1,500    468     1,003     0     28      0      0        72,310     

139,232  109,809  19,111  10,312   2,754   3,632   350    219    105    3,253    35,850,000    

371,031  288,686  58,179  24,167   5,590   4,365   1,421  551    748    11,491   19,182,000    

493,080  412,789  73,118  7,174    2,008   1,298   2,410  144    829     485      8,012,000    

 6,000    4,221    817     961      52      810      9      2      4     83     131,050,000    

146,737  127,181  18,168  1,388    210      190      0      0      0     988      267,000      


451,714  388,123  60,561  3,030    2,161    575      0     20    254     20      10,690,000    -
                                                                                               

52,935   36,275   9,710   6,950    133     5,201     0    1,272  344      0       240,000       

 7,895    5,791    771    1,333     90      603    207     96    321     15       6,222,000     

 7,747    180     2,622   4,945    328      589    1,291  849    1,888    0       805,000      

18,141   11,248   2,110   4,783    541     1,550   232    1,426  100     934      8,428,000    

40,592   28,483   8,926   3,183    730      55     299    1,681  172     246      1,675,000    

86,922   70,528   9,643   6,752    1,311   1,998   402    724    609    1,708   170,100,000    

25,256   16,505   5,303   3,448    1,108   1,650   217    102    126     244      8,170,000    

 5,087    3,047    821    1,219    191      547    100    142    239      0      11,274,000   

 2,859    1,443    206    1,210     44     1,130     7      3     23      4       6,807,000    

10,753    4,271   1,749   4,733    179     2,748   187    357    348     914     15,117,000    

324,979  235,982  54,226  34,771   1,631   2,829   5,756  1,264  4,724  18,566   30,770,000     

32,942   28,329   3,902    711      82      585      0     44      0      0       435,000     

 4,458    2,307    289    1,861    316      787     80    366    311      0       7,861,000     

77,726   56,094   10,688  10,944   1,001   2,443   1,095  231    986    5,188    15,211,000    

 9,387    4,208   2,956   2,223    146     1,404    27     29    106     511    1,262,644,992  

44,660   33,241   4,872   6,547    978     1,911   253    266    134    3,006    42,299,000    

 8,030    5,792   1,270    967      75      872      0      3     17      0       558,000      


 3,516   12,158­  6,343   9,330     13      329      3    1,450    0    7,536     3,447,000    
                                                                                               

61,611   44,741   8,343   8,527    1,310   5,811   657    117    629      2       3,810,000   

14,243   10,125    997    3,121     72     2,568    11    102    367      2      15,827,000   

575,138  483,212  80,181  11,746   3,775   2,184   1,377   25    211    4,173     5,340,000    

59,084   37,802   15,310  5,973    553     5,274     0    146      ..     0        71,530      


33,410   24,511   5,723   3,176    386     1,980   461     37     27     286      8,353,000    
                                                                                              




                                                208





33,745   17,788    2,841   13,117   1,065   5,263   1,057  193    335    5,205    12,420,000    

21,879   14,734    3,897   3,249      0     1,705     0      0      0    1,544    63,976,000    

36,476   31,455    4,109    912     395      404      4      4    105      0       6,209,000    

66,769   41,802   18,685   6,283    2,572   1,114   490    341    1,382   384      1,370,000    

 1,965    992      177      796     197      353    167     16     63      0      64,298,000    

44,880   38,480    4,192   2,208    522     1,381     0    227      0     77       812,000      

419,346  346,838  61,064   11,445   2,081    843    1,090  1,259  6,115   58       5,172,000    

468,024  403,874  57,814   6,335    2,091   2,747   1,026   77    307     87      58,893,000    

43,168   3,215­   17,797   28,586    37     1,480     1    841    1,570  24,656    1,258,000    

 6,365    5,179    672      514      81      345      4     83      0      0       1,312,000    

13,036   10,642    595     1,799    802      737     66    129      0     66       5,262,000    

496,447  423,323  68,678   4,445    1,586   1,176   1,113   39    263     269     82,210,000    

10,365    8,343    686     1,336     43      855      7     76    290     65      18,912,080    

236,972  203,445  28,973   4,554    573     3,424    57    101     82     318     10,560,000    

55,312   38,544   16,128    640      67      572      0      0      0      0       101,400      

30,480   24,411    3,098   2,971    218     1,697   181     57    517     301     11,385,000    

 3,974    1,566    549     1,858    121     1,180     0    362    195      0       1,367,000   

15,810    2,176    3,333   10,301   252     5,324    12    2,886  680    1,147     759,000      

 8,235    6,840    601      793     112      668      3      3      8      0       7,959,000    

11,567    5,497    3,064   3,005    595     1,189   282    189    727     24       6,457,000    

77,072   56,645   15,480   4,947    1,131   2,721   366     42    152     536     10,024,000    

 6,820    3,738    1,154   1,928    192     1,340   122     14     59     201    1,015,923,008  

13,869    8,015    2,382   3,472     50     1,245   167    115    346    1,549   206,264,992    

24,023    6,581    3,336   14,105   611     1,989   109     26      0    11,370   63,664,000    

330,490  273,414  46,542   10,534   8,122   1,583   172     51    222     385      3,813,000    

294,723  246,570  44,153   3,999    877     1,757   1,350    6      0     10       6,289,000    

372,666  316,045  51,943   4,678    1,083   2,639   543     51      0     361     57,690,000    

47,796   35,016   10,153   2,627    152      824    609     29    157     856      2,580,000    

493,241  341,470  150,258  1,513    316      710    364     56     38     28     126,870,000    

31,546   24,740    5,875    931     234      580     89      4     16      9       4,887,000    

 6,609    4,374    868     1,368    529      361    113    129    235      1      30,092,000    

141,282  107,864  31,399   2,020    275     1,241   441     30      0     33      47,008,000   

47,198   28,734   12,979   5,485    1,877   1,506   668    279    1,155    0       2,372,000    

15,477   11,699    3,263    515     269      239      1      2      4      0       1,744,000    

 5,020    2,944    395     1,681    345      955     36    171    174      0      15,523,000    

 5,200    3,873    542      785      45      474     26     56    184      0      10,311,000    

46,687   24,520   13,065   9,103     24     1,369   161    188    438    6,922    23,270,000    

 5,241    2,463    621     2,157    295     1,420    44    276    121      0      10,840,000    

 7,959    3,938    1,038   2,982    480     1,128    21     29     14    1,311     2,508,159    

60,284   48,010   11,633    642      62      577      0      3      0      0       1,187,000   

61,872   34,420   18,959   8,493    721     1,195   176    128    199    6,075    97,966,000    

 8,771    1,173    4,338   3,260    752     2,435    52     17      3      0       4,278,000    

22,965   17,926    3,435   1,604    453      993      7     24     22     106     28,705,000    

 4,232    2,695    478     1,059     57      261      9    392    340      0      17,691,000    

36,907   28,981    5,574   2,352    881      204    260    962      0     46       1,894,000    




                                                 209

                                                  ?



 3,802    1,964    609     1,229    111      767     81     38    233      0     23,043,000   

421,389  352,222  62,428   6,739    3,090   1,035   527      7     27    2,053   15,919,000   

242,934  163,481  36,227   43,226  19,761   5,824  11,786  611    1,648  3,596    3,858,000   

13,214    9,403    1,719   2,092    410      867    184    146    475      9      5,071,000   

 3,695    1,434    286     1,975    187     1,598   152     28      9      1     10,742,000   

 2,748   1,959­    667     4,040     78     1,022     6     24    270    2,639   126,910,000  

473,708  299,230  119,650  54,828   1,925    567    1,339  586    573    49,839   4,491,000   

 7,871    5,529    975     1,368    448      549     94      4      7     265    138,080,000  

57,663   41,594   11,018   5,051    664     3,256   726    228    176      0      2,854,000    

35,600   25,747    4,480   5,372    1,215   2,193    78    1,005  882      0      5,270,000   

39,046   29,908    5,562   3,575    341     1,480    98    570    153     934    25,939,000   

19,351   15,129    2,673   1,549     45     1,308    59     17     90     30     76,627,000   

207,477  172,837  31,011   3,629    934     1,724   385    107    438     41     10,130,000   

29,113   16,110    8,495   4,508    1,154   1,602   175     65    290    1,222   22,435,000   

38,709    5,900   15,593   17,217   1,342   1,262   1,317  1,228  292    11,777  145,555,008  

 5,670    3,055    549     2,066     98     1,849    27      9     81      2      7,709,000   

10,167    7,920    975     1,272    196      608     78    147    238      4      9,530,000   

125,572  96,653   28,836    84        0       0       0     84      0      0       81,131     

252,607  173,595  79,011     0        0       0       0      0      0      0      4,018,000   

59,629   48,959    7,270   3,400    637     1,238    51     46    310    1,118   44,000,000   

261,205  217,300  39,531   4,374    971     2,806   360    105     81     50     40,500,000   

14,731   11,204    2,710    817      84      485    166     24     58      0     18,467,000   


100,167  64,457   35,711     0        0       0       0      0      0      0       44,286     
                                                                                              

66,199   49,090   13,594   3,516    108     3,394     0     13      0      0      155,996     

49,232   36,518   10,486   2,228    109     2,106     0     12      0      0      111,992     

47,128   25,444    5,818   15,866   210     2,113   7,626  1,173  293    4,451    425,000     

27,739   22,844    3,628   1,267    467      372      0    113    314      0      1,045,000   

513,424  447,143  58,331   7,950    1,676   1,120   1,549  908    2,434   263     8,869,000   

648,241  542,394  99,904   5,943    2,396    809    2,195   50    493      0      7,180,000   

10,419   1,598­    3,292   8,725    730     1,255     0      6      0    6,734   16,189,000   

35,854   24,294    7,624   3,936     96     2,370   855     55     92     469    60,728,000   

 7,109    5,394    800      915      50      649     21     25    163      7      4,562,000   
                                                                                              
57,549   12,086   14,485   30,977    54      444    112     46     42    30,279   1,289,000   

36,537   26,328    6,270   3,939    736     1,546     8     12     27    1,610    9,564,000   

47,859   35,774    8,580   3,504    861     2,270    86     34     64     190    67,420,000   

408,753  346,347  55,239   7,167    1,291    583    495     14     44    4,739   58,880,000   


512,612  418,009  79,851   14,752   1,665   2,752   1,651  238    1,341  7,106   282,224,000  
                                                                                              

118,463  98,397   10,787   9,279    5,549   3,621    22     88      0      0      3,322,000   

45,196    4,342   13,627   27,227   581     1,086   1,793  464      0    23,302  24,170,000   

 6,564    4,091    694     1,779     98      477     78    716    276     134     9,886,000   

 9,612    6,704    1,377   1,531    258      350     70    341    211     301    12,650,000   
                                                                                             . :




                                                 210




                                
            2000  ,    
           2000
      

                                                              

                                                                    
               *                                             
      
 ..      ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
11.4    0.4     0.1   0.0    0.0   1.4    2.8   10.4   9.0    19.4  
7.3­    1.0     0.7   0.1    0.1   39.7   4.5   29.9   11.2   41.1  

 ..      ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
                                                                    
 ..      ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
 ..     0.5     ..    0.0    0.0   55.9   4.4   44.2   10.6   54.8  
 ..     0.3     ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    3.7   6.8    12.6   19.4 
 0.1    0.3     1.6   0.0    0.1   2.4    3.2   1.3    12.1   13.4  
5.4­    1.1     2.0   0.0    0.1   0.0    1.8   4.2­   8.1    4.0   
 ..      ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
 4.3    0.5     0.1   0.0    1.5   1.8    4.9   3.4    16.1   19.5  
12.5    0.2     0.2   0.0    0.0   0.1    5.6   7.5    14.5   22.0  
52.7­   3.5     1.0   0.0    0.0   54.5   3.0   3.2    14.9   18.1  
 ..     0.2     ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    3.8    ..    13.2    ..   
 ..     1.5     ..    0.0    0.0   17.6   4.4   14.4   12.7   27.1  
18.5    0.4     0.3   0.8    0.0   1.3    1.3   19.9   5.9    25.8  
 ..     0.3     ..    0.0    0.0   0.6    7.2   0.4­   12.4   12.1  
14.3    2.7     0.0   0.0    0.0   2.9    5.4   14.5   9.2    23.8  
12.5    0.3     0.2   0.0    0.0   0.0    3.0   9.9    14.4   24.3  
 ..     0.6     ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    6.2   3.2    6.0    9.2   
 3.1    0.4     0.3   1.4    0.0   0.2    2.7   2.7    7.7    10.4  
 ..      ..     ..     ..    ..     ..    3.3    ..     ..     ..   
 ..     0.5     ..    5.2    0.0   0.0    2.4   23.6   9.3    32.9  
0.6­    0.8     0.7   0.0    0.8   4.8    4.8   1.8    9.2    11.1  

 ..     2.4     0.4   0.0    0.0   0.2     ..   12.0   8.7    20.8  
                                                                    
 ..     0.5     ..    0.0    0.5   0.0    5.6   29.8   12.1   41.9  
 7.2    0.3     0.2   0.0    0.8   2.0    3.7   6.8    11.0   17.8  
 ..      ..     ..     ..    ..     ..    2.9    ..     ..     ..   
 1.1    2.0     2.1   0.0    0.6   0.3    3.0   3.2    9.8    13.0  
 5.6    0.2     0.5   0.0    0.0   0.0    2.4   4.0    7.1    11.0 
10.2­   0.2     0.1   8.7    0.0   0.0    4.0   5.2­   6.1    0.9   




                                  211

                                     ?


 6.6    0.1    0.1   1.2    0.0    0.0   1.4    6.5    7.6    14.1  
2.5­    0.5    0.7   0.0    0.0    9.4   2.3    5.7    8.9    14.6  
12.7    0.4    0.2   0.0    0.2    4.9   6.9   11.5    13.1   24.6  
 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0   3.9   0.3­    9.5    9.2  
 ..      ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..    ..      ..     ..   

 0.5    0.2    0.4   0.0    0.0    0.0   1.6   0.6­    7.3    6.7  
                                                                    
 ..     0.1    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0   1.4   6.1­    6.8    0.7   
 ..      ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..    ..      ..     ..   
 7.0    0.5    1.0   0.0    6.0    0.3   3.5   11.3    10.0   21.3  
25.5    1.6    1.0   0.1    0.3    3.6   2.0   29.8    8.9    38.8  
0.9­    0.4    0.1   0.0    0.3    8.4   3.1    5.3    10.2   15.5  
 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0   4.2   8.9­    7.6    1.2­  
                                                                    
14.6­   0.4    0.0   0.0    0.3    3.3   0.9   11.5­   6.9    4.6­  
                                                                   

 ..     0.5    ..    0.0    0.5   68.2   5.9   28.4    12.6   41.0  
                                                                    
11.5    0.2    0.3   0.4    0.0    0.0   5.0    7.4    6.2    13.6  
2.1­    0.6    0.6   0.6    0.0    4.1   4.5   0.7­    9.1    8.4  
 ..     0.6    0.3   0.0    0.0    1.3    ..    7.0    11.1   18.1  
 ..      ..    ..     ..     ..    ..    6.1    ..      ..     ..   
 ..     0.4    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0   5.3    ..     10.6    ..   

15.4    1.3    0.1   0.0    0.0    0.1   3.9   13.0    11.5   24.5  
                                                                    
14.8    0.2    0.1   0.0    0.0    0.9   7.9    8.1    15.4   23.5  
 ..     0.4    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    ..   10.9­   8.5    2.4­  
 ..     0.3    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0   5.0   6.6­    12.2   5.7   

14.2    0.8    0.2   0.0    0.6    0.0   2.0   13.8    5.4    19.2  
                                                                   
5.5­    1.0    0.1   0.0    0.0   25.6   3.2   18.1    10.2   28.3  
 3.6    0.8    1.4   0.2    0.1    5.6   4.4    7.2    9.5    16.7  
 5.0    0.3    0.2   0.7    0.0    0.0   2.4    3.7    10.2   13.9  
 ..     0.3    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    ..    ..     31.2    ..  
23.2    0.5    0.5   0.0    0.0    0.0   1.4   22.8    5.3    28.1  
12.8    1.8    0.2   0.0    0.0    0.5   6.3    9.0    14.2   23.2  
4.8­    0.5    0.3   12.4   0.1    0.0   4.0    4.5    6.0    10.5  
 ..      ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..    ..      ..     ..   
 ..     0.3    ..    0.0    0.2    0.0   4.6   5.4­    10.4   4.9   
18.6    0.3    0.1   0.0    0.0    0.0   7.0   12.0    16.4   28.3  
14.3    0.2    0.0   0.0    0.0    0.0   5.1    9.4    12.6   22.0  

 ..     0.1    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    ..    ..     12.6    ..   
                                                                    
35.7­   0.5    0.1   0.0    0.0   41.8   2.7    4.0    12.6   16.6  




                                 212




2.6­    0.4    0.7   0.5    0.0   0.0    3.4   4.4­    7.9    3.4     
3.0­    1.2    2.5   0.0    0.0   0.8    4.3   2.9­    15.6   12.7    
 9.3    0.2    0.1   0.0    0.0   0.1    4.3    5.4    14.9   20.3    
 5.6    0.7    0.2   3.3    1.5   0.0    2.8    8.4    7.3    15.6    
12.2    0.5    0.7   0.0    0.1   0.1    3.1   10.4    8.7    19.1    
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..      ..     ..     
 ..     0.3    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    5.4   12.3    11.9   24.1    
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..      ..     ..     
 1.7    0.3    0.2   1.1    0.0   1.1    1.6    2.8    9.8    12.6    
 4.8    0.3    0.6   1.9    3.7   0.0    2.0    9.1    8.0    17.2    
 ..     0.8    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0     ..   22.1­   6.9   15.1­   
 ..     1.4    ..    0.0    7.2   0.0    3.3   1.7­    9.6    7.9     
26.1    0.2    0.2   0.8    0.0   0.0    1.5   25.9    1.8    27.7    
23.0    0.5    0.2   0.0    0.1   0.0    3.5   20.3    5.6    25.9   

21.4    0.1    0.0   0.0    0.0   0.0    2.8   18.7    13.1   31.8   , 
                                                                      
14.4    0.7    0.4   0.0    0.0   0.7    4.9   11.3    11.8   23.1    
 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    5.2    1.2    13.5   14.8    
12.9    1.4    0.7   0.9    0.4   2.3    3.9   14.6    9.6    24.2    
 1.3    1.1    0.5   0.0    1.4   12.5   1.4   15.4    5.6    21.0    
11.5­   1.8    0.7   0.0    0.2   41.7   4.0   28.8    9.1    38.0    
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..      ..     ..     
22.7    0.3    0.1   0.0    0.1   0.0    5.7   17.6    11.9   29.5    
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..      ..     ..    
 8.5    0.3    0.0   0.0    0.1   0.0    6.8    2.1    15.1   17.2    
10.3    0.2    0.2   0.0    0.0   0.1    4.4    6.5    13.7   20.1    
14.8    0.8    0.3   0.0    1.5   0.0    5.9   11.6    11.0   22.5    
15.1    0.1    0.4   0.0    0.0   0.0    3.1   12.5    15.9   28.4    
11.9    1.1    0.7   0.0    1.3   0.3    5.0   10.4    10.6   21.0    
29.2­   4.2    0.4   0.0    1.0   41.5   4.4   13.4    9.9    23.3   
10.9    0.5    0.2   0.1    0.0   0.0    6.0    5.7    7.7    13.4    
 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0     ..    ..     4.8     ..     
                                                                   
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..      ..     ..    
                                                                      
23.6    0.5    0.8   0.0    0.0   0.0    3.1   21.7    12.2   34.0 
12.9­   0.6    2.0   0.0    0.0   48.7   5.0   33.5    6.5    40.0    

 7.4    2.1    0.2   0.0    0.0   1.3    3.4    7.7    7.8    15.5    
                                                                     
                                                                   
14.8    0.1    0.2   0.0    0.0   0.0    1.8   13.4    7.7    21.1   
                                                                      
11.8    0.5    0.3   0.0    0.0   0.0    5.1    7.5    10.7   18.2    
6.6­    0.5    0.6   0.0    0.0   0.0    2.5   8.1­    10.2   2.1     




                                213

                                     ?


 ..      ..    0.4   2.1    0.0   0.0    7.3   10.5   6.4    16.9  
 ..     0.6    0.0   2.3    8.0   0.0     ..    ..    8.5     ..   
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
 7.1    0.6    0.7   0.0    0.0   0.5    5.2   3.7    10.2   13.9  
 ..     0.3    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    3.7   22.6   13.4   36.0  
 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    3.6   34.6   12.6   47.2 ,
16.3    1.9    0.3   0.0    0.0   0.0    4.9   13.6   9.9    23.5  
 2.9    0.4    0.2   0.0    0.0   0.0    1.8   1.7    7.3    9.0   
1.4­    0.3    0.2   1.6    0.0   0.0    4.4   3.8­   6.8    3.0   
20.5    1.0    0.1   0.0    0.0   11.4   4.7   28.3   11.8   40.1  
 ..     0.5    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    6.1   26.2   10.6   36.8  
 8.3    0.1    0.5   0.0    0.0   0.0    2.1   6.8    7.1    13.9  
 ..     0.4    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    4.9   7.9    7.5    15.4  
 ..      ..    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0     ..    ..    7.8     ..  
 ..     1.9    ..    0.8   19.9   0.0    3.7   9.1    7.5    16.7  
 ..     0.4    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0    3.3   14.2   10.8   25.1 
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
 8.4    0.4    0.5   0.0    0.1   5.9    5.0   10.4   10.6   21.0  
                                                                   
 ..      ..    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0     ..    ..    8.9     ..   
                                                                   
 8.7    2.9    0.5   0.0    0.0   0.0    3.5   8.6    7.1    15.6  
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
16.8    4.7    0.5   0.0    1.9   0.0    5.7   18.3   10.8   29.1  
16.8    0.7    0.2   0.0    0.6   0.0    4.8   13.4   9.4    22.9  
 7.0    0.2    0.4   0.0    0.0   0.0    3.8   3.8    7.4    11.2  
 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..    0.9    ..     ..     ..   

 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..   
                                                                   
21.0    0.3    0.2   0.0    0.3   0.0    7.4   14.4   13.1   27.5  
18.9    0.4    0.1   3.3    0.0   0.0    3.2   19.5   2.4    21.8  
15.1    0.2    0.4   0.0    0.0   0.5    4.9   11.4   14.7   26.1  

 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..     ..    ..     ..     ..  
                                                                   

 ..     0.4    ..    0.0    0.0   0.0     ..    ..    12.4    ..   
                                                                   
11.8    0.4    0.0   0.0    0.1   1.3    6.9   6.8    10.9   17.7  
10.3    0.6    0.0   0.9    0.1   0.0    3.7   8.2    9.1    17.3  
6.7­    0.4    0.4   4.1    0.0   0.0    2.3   4.0­   6.7    2.6   
33.9­   0.6    0.8   0.0    0.0   50.8   0.9   17.3   8.4    25.7  
18.5    0.2    0.1   0.0    0.0   8.0    6.1   20.7   16.2   36.9  
 ..     0.6    ..    0.0    0.0   47.8   3.9   18.1   11.7   29.9 
 8.6    0.9    1.0   0.8    0.0   3.1    2.3   12.1   7.8    19.9  




                                214




 ..     1.2    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0     ..    ..     10.9    ..   
20.8    0.3    0.3   0.0    0.0    0.0    4.5   17.0    7.9    24.9  

 ..     0.4    0.0   0.0    11.7   17.8    ..    ..     8.9     ..   
                                                                     
 8.2    0.3    0.4   0.0    0.0    0.0    3.9    5.0    9.5    14.5  
 6.5    0.3    0.6   0.0    1.6    1.4    2.6    7.8    10.2   18.1  
19.5    0.6    0.4   0.8    0.1    0.0    2.8   18.5    8.2    26.7  
11.7    1.1    0.7   0.0    0.1    0.5    6.3    7.8    11.0   18.8  
8.5     0.3    0.4   0.0    0.0    0.0    5.7    3.5    15.3   18.8  
 ..     0.1    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0     ..    ..     11.2    ..   
 ..      ..    ..     ..     ..     ..     ..    ..      ..     ..   
 3.3    1.4    0.2   0.0    0.1    4.4    3.6    5.8    9.7    15.5  
13.4­   3.4    0.6   0.0    0.4    39.6   3.5   27.1    10.0   37.1 
 5.9    0.2    0.0   3.0    0.0    0.0    3.5    5.6    7.1    12.7  
 ..     0.3    ..    1.8    0.0    0.0    4.0    ..     9.5     ..   

 ..     1.2    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0     ..   11.2­   8.0    3.3­  
                                                                     
26.5­   1.2    1.0   0.0    0.0    51.0   7.2   19.5    10.0   29.4  
 ..     0.6    ..    0.3    0.1    0.0    3.7    3.5    8.1    11.6  

 ..     3.5    0.2   0.0    0.3    2.3     ..   11.3­   8.7    2.6­  
                                                                     
 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    6.3   10.1    9.5    19.5  
7.1­    0.5    0.4   6.3    0.0    0.0    3.9   3.8­    6.4    2.7   
35.2    0.4    0.4   0.0    0.0    0.0    2.3   33.7    14.0   47.7  
14.7    1.1    0.1   0.0    0.0    0.1    4.0   12.0    11.0   22.9  
16.5    0.5    0.2   0.0    0.0    0.0    5.4   11.8    12.0   23.8  
 ..     0.3    ..    10.4   0.1    0.0    3.8    ..     8.5     ..  
 ..      ..    ..     ..     ..     ..     ..    ..      ..     ..   
 6.9    1.6    0.2   0.3    1.0    0.0    7.5    2.4    13.3   15.7 
13.7    0.3    0.4   0.0    0.0    0.0    4.4   10.1    12.9   23.0  
18.4    0.4    0.3   0.5    0.0    0.0    2.9   16.7    5.2    21.9  

 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    3.9   20.0    12.9   32.9 
                                                                     
 ..     0.3    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    7.7    4.6    11.7   16.3 
 ..     0.3    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    4.7    8.2    11.1   19.3 
1.6­    0.3    0.6   0.0    0.1    0.0    0.9   1.5­    9.2    7.6   
 ..     1.4    ..    0.0    2.1    12.1    ..   9.7­    9.1    0.6­  
 9.1    0.2    0.1   0.0    0.0    0.0    5.1    4.3    9.1    13.4  
15.8    0.1    0.0   0.0    0.1    0.0    7.7    8.3    14.0   22.3  
22.9    0.1    0.2   0.0    0.0    0.0    4.9   18.3    14.5   32.8  
19.1­   1.9    0.8   0.0    0.1    34.5   3.5   14.7    9.6    24.3  
 ..     0.4    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0     ..   13.3    12.3   25.6 ,
6.7­    2.5    0.2   0.0    0.0    0.7    2.0   5.3­    7.0    1.7   
 6.8    0.3    0.2   0.0    0.2    0.0    2.4    5.1    7.4    12.4  




                                 215

                                     ?


16.3    1.0    0.4   0.3    0.0    1.6    3.6   15.9       14.9   30.9     
7.9­    0.8    0.3   4.3    0.2    0.0    4.2   6.6­       7.5    0.9      
 ..     0.4    ..    0.1    0.0    0.0    4.7   23.3­      9.6   13.7­     

11.4­   2.1    0.0   0.0    0.0   29.7    4.2   16.3       12.4   28.7    
                                                                          
14.1    0.6    0.3   0.2    0.6    4.8    6.4   14.3       10.0   24.3     
14.1    0.7    1.2   0.0    0.0    0.3    3.1   13.2       6.8    20.1     
 ..     7.7    0.3   0.0    0.0   182.7    ..   41.6       8.9    50.5  
 3.4    0.2    0.0   6.1    0.0    0.0    1.9    7.7       7.3    15.0     
2.5­    6.7    1.0   0.0    0.0    7.4    6.4    6.2       19.4   25.6    

 ..      ..    0.0    ..    ..     ..      ..    ..         ..     ..   
                                                                        
 7.3    0.2    0.1   0.0    0.0    1.1    5.3    3.5       11.5   15.0  

 8.2    0.3    0.3   0.0    0.0    1.2    4.2    5.7       11.7   17.4    
                                                                           
 0.2    0.2    1.9   0.0    0.0    0.0    2.7   0.4­       11.6   11.2  
28.6­   5.2    0.6   0.0    0.0   42.1    9.4    9.8       8.4    18.2  
 ..     0.2    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0    6.9    ..        9.8     ..      
2.7­    0.8    0.0   0.0    0.3   27.3    4.4   21.3       7.2    28.5     
15.5    1.1    0.4   1.0    0.1    8.7    2.8   23.8       7.9    31.7     

 ..      ..    ..     ..    ..     ..      ..    ..         ..     ..   
                                                                          ()

 ..      ..    ..    0.0    0.0    0.0     ..   13.6­      8.2    5.5­  
                                                                        
 ..     0.6    0.5   0.0    0.0   43.2     ..   25.5       8.9    34.4     
 ..     0.4    ..    0.0    2.5    0.0    2.0   3.9­       7.9    4.0      
 7.8    1.3    0.5   0.0    0.6    0.0    6.9    3.3       8.5    11.9    
                                                                       . :
                                                     .2001    .    * ..




                                  216




                       
          2000  ,     


              2000       
                         

                                                 
                                       

         122        145        0.4     1,220     
24.5     409­       93­        1.4     1,670     
          94        911        2.0     8,700     
 1.4     109­       154        0.9     7,718     
          46        963        1.1     19,703    
         2,831      3,032      0.2     23,403    
          41         71        1.7      373      
         520        588        0.3     9,344     
         2,649      2,811      0.3     21,756   -
 4.6     150­       303        2.7     3,230     
11.5     42­         14        2.6      360      
20.9     111­       111        2.9      532      
13.1     127­         9        2.0      969      
         814        1,021      1.7     2,925     
          64        265        1.2     3,432     
         238         80        1.8­    1,504     
15.8     36­         15        2.5      230      
37.7     37­        10­        1.9      97       
27.7     152­        8­        2.2      548      
         2,221      3,006      0.9     22,612    
 6.8     81­         43        2.7     1,195     
42.6     74­         8­        3.1      174      
         129        406        1.3     4,779     
         200        236        0.7      844      
10.6     205­        6­        1.7     1,926     
19.9     73­        17­        2.5      367      
110.2    727­       227­       3.2      660     
         107        464        2.1     3,857     
16.0     100­        5­        2.3      625      
         4,014      4,376      0.4     29,009    
           7        53­        0.3­    3,344     
         198        341        1.6     2,234    




                          217

                          ?


25.1    293­       51­        1.5     1,170     
2.9      45­        91        1.9     1,569     
          37       113        1.5     2,075     
         681       570        0.5­    3,836     
27.1     27­        4­        2.4      101      
5.3     109­       23­        1.4     2,055     
        4,236     4,334       0.1     22,893    
        2,951     3,249       0.5     22,399    
66.5    2,241­    1,183­      2.3     3,370     
14.6     45­        5­        3.4      305      
          16        4         0.5­     601      
        2,071     2,180       0.1     22,641    
7.2      18­        16        1.7      255      
        1,327     1,431       0.3     10,706    
         533       650        0.7     3,671     
7.3     123­        37        2.6     1,676     
12.4    108­       49­        0.4      870      
         106       133        2.0      503      
          53       213        2.6      897      
         765       676        0.4­    4,370     
          16        67        1.7      446      
8.4      56­        20        1.3      675      
25.2    398­      142­        1.5     1,580     
        4,199     4,964       1.3     21,495    
         268      1,540       2.6     17,354    
        1,947     1,990       0.1     18,478    
         371       471        0.8     2,954     
        5,643     5,906       0.2     37,879    
          28       236        3.1     1,727     
3.2      11­        40        2.3      343      
        2,415     2,694       0.8     10,843    
         551       412        0.8­    3,271     
22.7     56­        9         3.1      245      
18.2     29­        2­        2.1      162      
         227       767        2.4     3,554     
21.2     47­        20        2.4      221      
38.4    147­       30­        2.9      382      
         514       645        1.1     3,697     
         155       545        1.4     5,783     
          56        38        0.2­     316      
         117       200        1.6     1,131     
10.0     20­        15        2.2      195      
         140       392        3.2     1,820     
          2         46        2.4      239      
        3,176     3,673       0.7     23,382    




                         218




        1,082      1,550      0.6     12,679    
2.4     18­         81        2.6      739      
50.3    83­        10­        3.3      166      
70.6    210­       97­        2.4      297      
        5,708      6,916      0.7     36,800    
0.4      2­         54        2.4      517      
        585        829        1.5     3,857     
6.4     93­        131        2.3     1,465     
         15        148        1.5     1,991     
        114        211        2.3     1,033     
        750        943        0.6     10,256    
         89         80        0.1­    1,639     
          4        164­       0.5­    1,738     
26.0    60­         14        2.9      233      
6.1     27­         31        2.6      449      
        904        1,162      0.9     7,089     
        6,949      8,258      1.7     22,968    
0.1      2­        246        2.5     2,837     
        1,663      1,987      0.7     13,723    
        116        166        1.4      868      
0.9     63­        1,612      4.7     6,746    
        253        507        1.5     4,103     
        336        365        0.2     2,824     

          8        129        2.5     1,375     

        4,191      4,278      0.1     26,809    

        8,020      8,611      0.6     37,165    

44.5    473­       175­       2.5     1,064     

        259        351        0.8     1,989     

30.8    88­        20­        4.0      285      

13.3    774­       541­       0.5     5,838    

        176        291        1.1     1,936     

        273        476        1.7     2,980     

        1,725      1,882      0.3     24,606    

        2,020      3,092      1.1     35,188   

         20        137        0.6     5,962     

17.0    847­       94­        1.8     4,970     

20.4    63­        13­        2.0      312      

0.7      4­         53        2.0      550      
                 .               . :            :




                         219


                            

                            
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accounts. See environmental accounts; system of economic and environmental accounts
(SEEA)

acid rain, 37­38 adjusted net savings. See genuine saving Africa

See also specifi c countries and regions

changes in wealth in selected countries, 63­65, 64t soil degradation and changes in wealth
in, 39b agriculture, 27, 27t, 151­53

  See also natural resources and natural capital air pollution. See pollution Algeria




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