SFG1690 V7 Final Report Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh Prepared for National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) © The Energy and Resources Institute 2014 Suggested format for citation T E R I. 2014 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. [Project Report No. 2010WM13] For more information Project Monitoring Cell TERI Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111 Darbari Seth Block E-mail pmc@teri.res.in IHC Complex, Lodhi Road Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145 New Delhi – 110 003 Web www.teriin.org India India +91 • Delhi (0)11 ii Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ............................................................................................. 9 1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 World Bank Assistance................................................................................... 10 1.3 Project Components....................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development .............................................. 10 1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments .............................. 11 1.4 Structure of the Report ................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................... 13 2.1 About the City ................................................................................................................ 13 2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City ......................................................... 13 2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I) .............. 14 2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II .............................. 15 2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM ..................... 15 2.2.4 City Sewerage Plan ......................................................................................... 16 2.2.5 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A......................................... 19 2.3 Necessity of this project ................................................................................................ 19 2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project ...................................................................... 21 2.5 Proposed Sewerage System .......................................................................................... 23 2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work .................................................. 23 2.5.2 Implementation Schedule .............................................................................. 25 2.5.3 Financing .......................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 27 3.1 Methodology................................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Project Screening ............................................................................................................ 29 3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity ................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 4 REGULATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK............................................................. 42 4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental................................................. 42 4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India .................................................. 42 4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations ................................................. 42 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social ................................................................. 45 4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP ................. 47 CHAPTER 5 BASELINE STATUS ................................................................................................... 50 5.1 Baseline Environmental ................................................................................................ 50 5.1.1 Physiography and Topography .................................................................... 50 5.1.2 Climate.............................................................................................................. 50 5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features ........................................................... 51 5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality ....................................................................................... 53 5.1.5 Noise Environment ......................................................................................... 55 5.1.6 Water Environment ........................................................................................ 57 5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage .................................................................................... 63 5.1.8 Waste Water Management ............................................................................. 64 5.1.9 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................. 66 5.1.10 Biological Environment ................................................................................. 68 5.2 Baseline Social Status ..................................................................................................... 71 iii Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 5.2.1 Public Consultation......................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ............................................................ 80 6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ................................................................................ 80 6.1.1 Design and Development Phase ................................................................... 80 6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase .............................................................. 80 6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase ................................................................... 83 6.2 Potential Social Impacts ................................................................................................ 84 6.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 7 MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................................. 89 7.1 Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................... 89 7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN ................................. 89 7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor .................................................................... 89 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................................................. 98 7.3 EMP Budget .................................................................................................................... 98 7.4 Social Management Plan ............................................................................................. 109 7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase .................................. 109 7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase ....................................... 111 7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities ............................................................................................. 111 7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan ............................................................ 114 7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures ..................................... 114 CHAPTER 8 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES AND ISSUES .............................................. 118 8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project ................................................... 118 8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project ............................................................................................... 119 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 120 ANNEXURE 1 QUESTIONNAIRE ................................................................................................. 121 ANNEXURE 2 MINUTES OF MEETING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS ......................................... 124 ANNEXURE 3 CENSUS DATA ..................................................................................................... 129 iv Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) List of Tables Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad*.................................................................................................................... 17 Table 2.2 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) ....................................................... 20 Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening .................................. 30 Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations ......................................................... 42 Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process ................................................................................... 46 Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad ..................................................................................................................... 51 Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time ............................................................... 52 Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample ................................................................................................. 52 Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) ............................................................................................................... 53 Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in dB (A)] ............................................................................................................. 56 Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’ ........................................................... 57 Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) ......................................... 58 Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 .............................................................................. 61 Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April 2011 .............................................................................. 61 Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage district ‘A’ ..................................................................................................................... 65 Table 5.11 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A ....................................................... 66 Table 5.12 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad ..................................................................................................................... 72 Table 5.13 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use ......................................................................................................................... 73 Table 5.14 Ward wise population density of Allahabad .......................................................... 74 Table 5.15 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table ............................. 78 Table 7.1 Environment Management Plan ............................................................................... 91 Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ............................................................................... 99 Table 7.3 EMP Budget ...............................................................................................................102 Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan................................................................108 Table 7.5 Social Management Plan ..........................................................................................112 Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation .......................................115 v Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) List of Figures Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city ............................................................... 18 Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh............ 22 Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment ..... 27 Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A ................................................................................................ 39 Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m3) in Allahabad during 2008-2009 ............................................................................................................... 54 Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad .............................................................................................................. 55 Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 ............... 56 Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years ....... 59 Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years .......... 60 Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A ........................... 64 Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’ ............................................................... 68 Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city ................................. 70 Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate......................................................... 71 Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A .. 75 Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers ........................................................................................... 77 Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase.......................................... 77 Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high ................................... 85 vi Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Executive Summary Introduction As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of several phases of support aims at: i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for Allahabad sewerage district ‘A’ has been recently proposed, as this area has only 45% sewerage coverage. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA, 2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems. Therefore the study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of proposed project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed Project Report for the above components has been prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely with them for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plan (ESAMP). Project Description Allahabad city’s main land is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions (North, South and East). The sewerage system in the city was first introduced in the year 1901. Sewerage district A forms the core of the city. Considering the density of population, absence of complete sewerage network (not 100% covered), proximity to the Yamuna river and hence its impact at the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district ‘A’. Sewerage district A has 3 zones and 27 wards. Old sewers are egged shaped brick sewers. Some of the important sewers are: • 62”X 93” in Atala area • 42”X 72” & 32” X48” in Darashah Ajmal area • 39”X 57” on Jahawar Lal Nehru Road • 39”X45” on GT Road • 18”X24” on Lowther Road • 18”X24” & 18”27” in Lukarganj area Sewage from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat 1 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 MLD with expansion). Population densities in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Sewage that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. Status of sewage treatment in Sewerage District A With the growing population, the total waste water generated in this district during the year 2040 would be 79.85 mld against the installed capacity of 60mld, thus an additional unit of around 20 mld is needed. Existing Required Proposed Required Total STP STP STP in Capacity for District in 2040 Capacity by Capacity 2025 Sub-project (MLD) 2040 (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20 The modification of STP capacity is already taken up under a separate package for NGRBA funding. The UPJN along with NMCG has prepared an Environment and Social Due Diligence Report along with EMP for the following project components: • Expansion of existing STP from 60 MLD to 80 MLD at Naini; • Expansion of SPS at Gaughat; • Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala; • Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer; and, • Desilting & rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer The evaluated proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major components of the proposed project include: • Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network • Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS • Sewer cleaning equipment As per DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs. 28894.71 Lakhs i. e. Rs 288.95 Crores. Approach and Methodology The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary data analysis, carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter, 2 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was developed based on the aforementioned. The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive region in and around the project area, clearance of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated noise and dust levels, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes, loss of livelihood and gender issues. Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which do not have any fresh land acquisition and has an overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river Ganga. Environmental and Social Baseline status As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district ‘A’ was prepared to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality, waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is observed to be mostly from residential with limited commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district ‘A’ area has limited sewer system (45%) and wastewater flows to the river through drains. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Ghaghar and Chachar nala located in sewer district ‘A’ indicates that some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharges standards laid out by CPCB. As reported in DPR, BOD (5dat Sat 20°C) is 32 mg/l at Chachar Nala and 67 mg/l at Ghaghar nala as against the CPCB standard of 30mg/l. They may worsen the water quality, leading to direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. Even the recorded temperature as per DPR is higher than the prescribed standard of CPCB of 5 °C. Ghaghar nala recorded 28° C and Chachar nala recorded 29° C. As far as air quality is concerned, Allahabad city doesn’t fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60 micro gram/m3. The concentration of both sulphur- dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide are within the permissible standards of CPCB. For Allahabad, limited noise level monitoring has been carried out by JICA at three locations; Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office. Out of these 3 sites, only Sulem Sarai comes in District A. At this site the noise level was higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area. 3 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) With respect to solid waste it was observed that the waste is not properly handled and is dumped to open sites at different places in the district. As a result of such practices, the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and pose a serious threat to the environment and to public health. While in the baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage district. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health), traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. The identified environmental impacts were further classified under the heads of low lying area near Kydganj that are vulnerable to flooding and crowded/congested areas such as Muthi ganj, Rambagh area that are susceptible in to impacts of poor air quality, noise levels and contaminated water resources. Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss of livelihood is noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected parties will be compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome any nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. A strong suggestion which was identified from the consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with provision of prior notice to residents, shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is a clear mention and highlighting if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking out institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation mechanism is also present. Environmental Management Plan For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and if the measure is not included in the DPR, lumpsum cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The table below briefly describes the Environment Management Plan. Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures Environmental Design Stage Accidental Due to accidental burst or Designing sewers with adequate leakages/ bursts leakage of sewers, flooding of capacity and flow velocity in sewer the nearby areas Provision for Regular inspection network Backlogging due to unexpected and maintenance of the sewers heavy flow rates Preparation of safety 4 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) and Emergency Preparedness plan Construction Environmental There are no environmental - Phase sensitive areas sensitive areas in the proposed project area. Further the small residential parks and road side trees which will not be affected, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. Air quality Probable increase in the dust Water sprinkling over excavated levels (RSPM and SPM), during areas, unpaved movement areas the construction due to and stockpiles. excavation, cutting, back filling Transportation of loose and compaction operations. construction material through covered trucks. Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area for containing dust spread at SPS building construction site. Construction equipment must comply with pollution norms and carry Pollution Under Control certificate. Noise levels Increased noise levels due to Providing curtains or sound construction activities like barriers (polysheets/ sheets) all plying of construction vehicles, around the construction site. pumping machines, machinery Proper maintenance of and disturbance to residents construction equipment and and business. vehicles Water resources Contamination of nearby water Suggestion to ensure proper bodies via storm drains (during handling and disposing off rainfall) by un-managed construction wastes at identified construction related material refusal sites. like suspended particles, Proper stock piling of excavated pollutants like oil, grease, soil and not in any storm drains cement etc, There may also be or any other areas where water temporary blockage of drains would naturally accumulate due to unmanaged material causing flooding. and construction debris. Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoons or Stockpiled areas to be bordered blockage of surface drain by berms; Stockpiles to be done in high areas to avoid flow in storm water run-off channels and erosion 5 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Traffic Increased traffic inconvenience Alternate traffic routing must be Inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer adopted in consultation with travel times, blockage of access) concerned traffic police authorities. Proper traffic planning be made for narrow lane areas. Work should to be completed on priority near business and market place to minimize business loss. Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts at schools and hospitals. Safe access shall be maintained to these places during construction. General: Accidents Safety hazards to labours and Comply with the Occupational safety during public health and Safety regulations of construction India Ensure that the contact details of the police or security company and ambulance services nearby to the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. Operation Noise air No air and noise problem from Proper handling and regular Phase quality sewer line as they will be laid maintenance of operating underground. machines at SPS including Water quality Inappropriate handling at IPS pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc. Leakage and Water pollution and possibility Regular monitoring of sewer line overflows in of mixing with water supply and manholes for visible sewer line line leakages/ overflows. Immediate repair shall be carried out to plug the leakages. Restore the sewer and other utility services if damaged due to leakages. 6 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Waste handling Bad odour, Health hazard and Provision for regular clearance in Sewage public nuisance of sludge and solid waste to Pumping minimize odor nuisance Stations Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to disposal site as approved by DBO engineer. Sewage Extracted Sewage Sludge Ensure that extracted sewage Cleaning handling and cleaning sludge collected during sewers Equipment equipment maintenance waste cleaning is disposed to disposal handling site as approved by DBO engineer. Sewage solids shall not be disposed on road sides or non- designated areas. Equipment cleaning waste shall be disposed to public sewer or STP inlet for treatment General Workers Serious/health/ safety hazards During cleaning/ maintenance Safety exposure to The toxic gases are likely to operation, the sewer line will be toxic gases in contract communicable adequately vented to ensure that sewers and diseases from exposure to no toxic or hazardous gases are hazardous pathogens present in the present in the line. materials sewage. Ensure availability of PPE for during maintenance workers. sewer maintenance work Social Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no But suggested if noticed during impact on livelihood of any construction, then should be permanent shop-owners, compensated according to ESMF licensed kiosks Land No impact, as no fresh land is - acquisition required for any construction Inconvenience There will be some minor Public notice to be circulated, to public inconveniences to the public construction should be due to construction like access completed in the given time, to their premises, etc. debris should be cleared in time Health issues- During construction dust and Use of acoustics and water due to dust, noise generated, can cause sprinkling noise pollution nuisance to people especially elderly and children, but impact is very limited. 7 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. In order to implement the Environmental Management and Monitoring an approximate budget of Rs. 90 Lakhs has been estimated and this is also integrated in the DPR cost. Social Management Plan Implementation of EMP: In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESAMP are carried out. Though the project envisages to have some environmental and social impacts, however they are temporary in nature can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and Social management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the implementation. The larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs these impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. 8 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 1 Introduction The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga main stem accounts for 26 per cent of India’s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious activities along the river, agricultural run off as well as poor municipal solid waste management is the main causes of pollution in river Ganga. 1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the river Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in addressing weakness in water , urban wastewater and , municipal solid waste management, environmental quality monitoring and reporting, regulatory interventions (3) inadequate planning, scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of public consultation, participation and awareness-raising. The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach: • Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions); • Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and, • Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and community support) 1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project As a major first step in achieving objective of cleaning river Ganga, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 9 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA is entrusted to adopt a river-basin approach and has been given wider mandate to meet above objective. The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluents will be allowed to be discharged into River Ganga within Indian Territory. Considering the requirement of large investment to meet above objective, The World Bank has been formally requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program development under the proposed initiatives will focus on the entire Ganga, the initial emphasis of the specific investments will be on the main stem of river Ganga flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. The priority is given to pollution abatement programs in cities located on the banks of these States which would include investment for planning and construction of city sewerage network and sewage treatment plants, industrial pollution control measures, municipal solid waste and river front management.. This is expected to be achieved through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first project of such several phases of support aims at; • Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program and; • Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments. 1.2.1 World Bank Assistance The Government of India is implementing program with the assistance from the World Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This assistance aims to support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing priority infrastructure investments. 1.3 Project Components The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments funded by the second component. 1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development 1.3.1.1 Objective The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA’s operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under this component are grouped under the following sub-components: • Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management • Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers 10 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) • Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators 1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments 1.3.2.1 Objective The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river. 1.3.2.2 Investment Sectors The majority of investments are expected to be in following four sectors: I. the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. II. industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. construction of common effluent treatment plants), III. solid waste management (collection, transport and disposal systems for municipal waste ), IV. river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement of small ghats and electric crematoria, conservation and preservation of ecologically sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of above sectors. 1.3.2.3 The Framework Approach In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA program. The objectives of the investments framework are to: a) provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the pollution loads; b) make transparent the decision-making process on investments selection; and c) ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner The investments framework prescribes the criteria and quality assurance standards covering various aspects including eligibility, prioritization, planning, technical preparation, financial and economic analyses, environmental and social management, long term O&M sustainability, community participation, and local institutional capacity1. 1For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 11 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 1.3.2.4 Investment Execution The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA level PMG and state level PMGs, while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected existing and qualified state-level technical agencies. To foster competition and tap private sector efficiencies, the state governments with significant infrastructure investments are also setting up a public-private joint venture infrastructure company, to execute NGRBA and other similar investments in the respective states in the medium to long term. 1.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be given priority due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the Ganga. 1.4 Structure of the Report The Detailed project Report is prepared by UPJN. TERI has worked closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It provides baseline status of the existing sewage management and expected situation post implementation of the proposed project with associated environmental and social impacts. The Environmental and Social management plan prepared for mitigating these associated impacts, as per the Environment and Social Management Framework is also included in this report. The ESAMP report is presented in in following 9 chapters: Chapter 1: Provides an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and various mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the institutions involved in the project. Chapter 2: Provides project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project in District A of Allahabad. Chapter 3: Details out the methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment. Chapter 4: Presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of projects. Chapter 5: Presents detailed baseline scenario based on information available for city and for sewerage district A from environmental and social aspects. Chapter 6: Provides assessment of environmental and social impacts. Chapter 7: Presents proposed mitigative measures for identified impacts. Chapter 8: Present social development outcomes of the proposed project and related issues. Chapter 9: Presents conclusions of the study, which also concludes that it is low impact project. 12 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 About the City Allahabad city lies on the 25°28’ North latitude and 81° 52’ East longitude. Main land of the city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam) of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical 'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its importance can hardly be over emphasized. Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna bridge (right)2 2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year 1910. The facility was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 89 mld was diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers have outlived their design life and suffer from insufficient hydraulic capabilities, heavy silt deposition, severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in most of the stretches. 2 Allahabad district government website, 13 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Presently there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the ongoing scheme under JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under a scheme pending for approval and new DPR’s are under preparation for tapping of the remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage. UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on- going/ approved sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below. Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) 2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I) With the objective of abatement of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad city are summarized below: • Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station • Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations • Relieving sewer in Kydganj area • Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station • Relieving sewer in Daraganj area • Tapping of Mumfordganj nala 14 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) • Tapping of Chachar nala • Partial tapping of Ghaghar nala • 60 mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process 2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started in 1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs. 370.40 crore has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996, this plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below: • Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS • Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station • 29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition • Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station 2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM In order to encourage the cities in taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement in the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned works have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of the Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in 2009. Completion period of the approved works is 3 years. • Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km • Replacement of old Trunk Sewer 3.800 Km • Lateral & Branch sewers 225.000 Km • Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer 5.474 Km • Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main • Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main • Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS • Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS • 55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj • 25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur • 60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur 15 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2.2.4 City Sewerage Plan As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into seven sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1. • District A: District ‘A’ covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as 1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). Population densities in this area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently good to support full coverage with sewerage. Wastewater that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. • District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river. • District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP. Wastewater from Allapur area has been reassigned to the Salori STP catchment since crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At present the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP constructed under GAP II. • District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before 2025. • District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east. • District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the area has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement. • District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP. Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present. In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design horizon, a population density of more than 120 person / ha. Hence, the sewerage system needs to be extended to FSAs in the future. 16 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad* Sewer Projected Sewage Flow Population Projected Population Service in MLD in 2001 Areas 2010 2025 2040 2010 2025 2040 District 304643 405176 479731 515155 62.80 74.36 79.35 A* District B 160416 179826 279169 343674 27.87 43.27 53.27 District C 147126 198473 267180 323679 30.76 41.41 50.17 District D 225846 314514 361352 496859 48.75 56.01 77.01 District E 164672 177845 223789 322577 27.57 34.69 50.00 District F 29628 36000 65196 129500 5.58 10.11 20.07 District G 160000 185121 232280 418000 28.69 36.00 64.79 Total 1192331 1496955 1908697 2549444 232.03 295.85 395.16 Source: Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11 *Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb Mela. 17 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Niga 18 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2.2.5 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, keeping with sustainable development needs, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009. The prime objectives of the NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to exemplify, among other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability of operations, and public participation. With reference to Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to Rs. 305.34 Crore, has been approved under the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India. Following sewerage works are going on in sewerage District A under the “Sewerage & Non sewerage Scheme for Pollution abatement of river Ganga at Allahabad”. This scheme, amounting to Rs. 305.34 Cr was approved by the NRCD, MoEF, Govt. of India in May 2010. 1. Sewer Laying works i On MG Marg from High Court to Rambag Railway crossing – 3.80 km ii. On Attersuiya road, Meerapur, Hatia etc. 5.40 km 2. De-silting & Re-habitation of old trunk sewer 3. Renovation & Up-gradation of Chachar Nala Sewage Pumping Station. 4. Renovation & Up-gradation of Gaughat Sewage Pumping Station. 5. Up-gradation of Naini STP by 20 mld. The proposed work in District A has following major components: • Approximately 240.627 km long sewerage network • Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS • Sewer cleaning equipment 2.3 Necessity of this project NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named “Mission Clean Ganga” for preventing, controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking measures for controlling pollution. Under the ‘Mission Clean Ganga’, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river Ganga by the year 2020. Allahabad city is part of Ganga River Basins and sewerage system does not exist in many part of the city. At present there is no sewage collection system in many parts of sewerage District A and existing sewerage system is not capable to tackle the present sewage generation. Most of the houses have individual soak pits for collecting sewage and sullage is discharged in open drains which ultimately meets Yamuna River which finally meets the river Ganga in the downstream side called holy Sangam. Soak pits are required to be 19 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) cleaned periodically. People living in this area are facing problem of odour and nuisance and leading to unhygienic condition and health concerns. With a view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide sewerage system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District –A. . By this system entire sewage of this sewerage district A will be collected in integrated manner and brought it up to Gaughat SPS from where it will be diverted to Naini STP for treatment before discharging into Yamuna River. It will improve sanitation level and prevention of untreated discharge of sewage into river Yamuna and finally in Ganga River. The expected sewage generation by 2025 based on project population given at Table 2.1 is given at Table 2.2. Table 2.2 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) Existing Required Required Total STP Proposed Capacity STP STP in District in 2040 Capacity by for Sub-project Capacity 2025 (MLD) 2040 (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20 **DPRs approved Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2013 • The state of existing sewers is summarized below: • Most of the existing sewers are old brick sewers which have outlived their design life • The structural condition of sewers in most stretches is poor • Hydraulic capacities are insufficient even for the present flows • All existing lines have heavy silt deposition • Sewers are severely choked due to ingress of solid waste • All lines have large variations in constructed slopes • Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. The existing capacity of Gaughat MPS does not get fully utilized because of extensive daily power cuts. MPS has a single supply source and often the diesel is inadequate to operate the pumps during long power cuts. MPS is also facing problems due to the large load of solid waste being carried in with the wastewater. The wastewater flowing into the MPS is greater than the treatment capacity at Naini STP and hence, large amounts simply overflow untreated into Yamuna River. • Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). The sewer connection ratio in the district is around 45%. Wastewater that does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS. 20 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Considering the existing situation, completed and ongoing works the proposed works is essential to meet the objective of cleaning Ganga. 2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project Sewerage District A of the City of Allahabad covers central core and conveys sewage to existing Gaughat Main Pumping Station (MPS) and Naini Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) (refer figure 2.1). This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as 1910. There are totally 27 wards falling under this project area, having a total population of 405176 as of 20103. The area is mostly residential with some main markets, institutes and hospitals. 3Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11 21 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh. Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam 22 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2.5 Proposed Sewerage System The proposed sub-project aims to provide complete sewerage facilities in the sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city. The sub-projects covered under this present sewage projects of district A includes: • Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network • Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS • Sewer cleaning equipment 2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district ‘A’ to cover the remaining area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with design year 2050. The 240 km stretch will be divided into 3 zones of approximately 80 Kms each. A. Sewer System i. Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay 240 km long sewer network in sewerage district A of the city. In proposed system, laterals are proposed along the roads to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch sewers. Branch sewers are joined to trunk sewers and finally to trunk main. The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The provision is also made for HDPE pipes for 200 & 250 mm dia. in the congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. The table below presents the size and length of the proposed sewers in the 3 zones of District A. Zone wise Length (m) Total Size/ Dia in mm Zone I Zone II Zone III Length (m) 200 77132.5 75151.9 63495 215779.4 250 2015.8 2640.2 1149.1 5805.1 300 921.6 2465.5 1011.1 4398.2 350 894.2 1106.2 1090.1 3090.5 400 1271.1 736 411.5 2418.6 500 2631.3 2315.1 1115.5 6061.9 600 158.2 703 406.8 1268 700 0 0 712 712 23 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 800 0 142.4 797.8 940.2 900 0 0 153.2 153.2 Total Length 85024.7 85260.3 70342.1 240627.1 ii. Manholes: The ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at all the junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on straight run of sewer at 30m interval for dia. upto 900mm. Drop manholes are proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral / branch sewer and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than 600mm. RCC precast manholes (for depth upto 2m) are considered in congested areas with narrow roads for speedy construction. iii. House connection: The sewer house connections are progressive work and expected to be achieved more than 95% by year 2020 House connections are proposed along with sewerage system. Single and multiple connections are proposed. 100% house connections are proposed for District A since these areas are mostly un-sewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is proposed to be achieved by year 2020. B. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations i) Proposed New Bairahana SPS of 22.00 MLD capacity The proposed SPS in New Bairahana area in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone I is designed to pump the sewage of Zone I to manhole no. M2-6942. From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. ii) Proposed Kydganj SPS of 12 MLD capacity The proposed SPS in Kydganj area along bank or Yamuna river in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole no. M2-66500. From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. iii) Proposed Bargadghat SPS of 60 MLD capacity The proposed SPS at Bargad Ghat on the bank of river Yamuna in the sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the sewage to manhole no. M2-5194. From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment. 24 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) C. Sewer Cleaning Equipment For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one no. Jetting cum suction machine, one no. tractor trolley, mounted tanker and one no. submersible dredger pump. 2.5.2 Implementation Schedule It is anticipated that entire work will be completed within 36 months from the date of approval and allotment of funds. 2.5.3 Financing Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2013 under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme amounting to Rs. 288.94 Crores. Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project cost. The remaining 30% of the project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and the ULB/ Allahabad Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be Rs. 202.26crore. Balance amount of Rs. 86.68crore will be shared by the Govt. of UP. The State Government has given its commitment to bear their share of the cost and accordingly tripartite MoA has been executed in between NMCG, State Government and Allahabad Municipal Corporation. ABSTRACT COST ESTIMATION (Rs. In Lakhs) Sl.No Description Estimated Cost (Rs. In Lakhs) Civil E/ M Total Work Works A Sewerage work in Zone I 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 7357.92 0 7357.92 2 New Bairahana SPS 332.41 450.11 782.52 3 Rising Main 36 36 4 Kydganj (Gate No.9) SPS 397.51 401.17 798.68 5 Rising Main 120 120 Sub Total (Zone I) of A 8243.84 851.28 9095.12 B Sewerage work in Zone II 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 7053.58 0 7053.58 2 Bargadghat SPS 394.3 518 912.3 3 Rising Main 379 0 379 Sub Total (Zone II) of B 7826.88 518 8344.88 C Sewerage work in Zone III 1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 5297.61 0 5297.61 2 Sewer Laying by Trenchless method 908.67 0 908.67 3 Desilting& CIPP lining 816.81 0 816.81 Sub Total (Zone III) of C 7023.09 7023.09 D Communication & Public Outreach 105 0 105 E GAAP 30 0 30 25 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) F ESAMP 90 0 90 G Total of (A+B+C+D+E+F) 23318.81 1369.28 24688.09 H Centage charges of (G) 1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% (maximum) 987.52 2 Cost of supervision of project @ 4% as per 987.52 NGRBA PROGRAMME guidelines (maximum) I Sub Total of H 1975.05 J Provision for sewer cleaning equipment’s 112.22 112.22 K Five Years O & M Cost 2119.35 L Sub Total of (J+K) 2231.57 Total cost (G+I+L) 28894.71 Total cost in crore 288.94 Cr . 26 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology 3.1 Methodology As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)4, and considering associated environmental and social impacts, an environmental and social assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of sewerage works in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad City has been conducted using the following methodology: Secondary data analysis Field survey and stake- holder consultation Brief description & analysis of the sub project activities Discussion with host population and key stake-holders Detailed environmental profile of the project influence area Screening activity Identification and assessment of environmental/ social impacts Developing mitigation plan Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment a) Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative) regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Board, Water Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of JICA and NRCD, City Development Plan of Allahabad and many others. Through this secondary information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along with baseline environmental profile of the project influence was established. Based on initial understanding, the list of required information was drafted before conducting the field survey. 4For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 27 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) b) Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team undertook the field survey and transect walk of the sewerage district ‘A’ area to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 3.1, 3.2). GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social and environmental issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the magnitude and severity of adverse impacts. Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors c) Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were interviewed in District A including street vendors, residents of households, residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances. Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1). 28 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community d) Discussion with the key stakeholders: Most of the interactions with important key stakeholders were through both informal and formal discussions with them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2). e) Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant impacts” from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA, which is described in subsequent section. f) Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources, issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified. The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline environmental and social condition of the study region. The impacts of the activities are mostly positive with few adverse impacts. g) Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the environmental and social issues identified, measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance were recommended. The mitigation plans is suggested in all three stages: designing phase, construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase. 3.2 Project Screening The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude of environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)5 and on the secondary data 5For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 29 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below. Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening Environment and Social information format for screening Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City of Uttar Pradesh Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad Project cost: Rs 25108.87 Lakhs Project components: a). Sewer System (~240 km long) b). 3 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station c). Sewer Cleaning Equipment Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District A in Allahabad District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS AND Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as 1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Screening Criteria Assessment Explanatory note for Evidence and of category categorization references 1 Is the project in an No There are no eco- Figure 5.8: Map eco-sensitive area or sensitive areas such as showing the Eco- adjoining an eco- water bodies, or sensitive areas closest sensitive area? protected forested to Allahabad District (Yes/No) If Yes, areas surrounding the A. which is the area? project. Elaborate impact The only ASI accordingly. monument located in Field visits, secondary sewerage district A information and namely Kydganj interaction with U.P. Cemetery Jal Nigam, ASI official will not be impacted as and other proposed sewage line Government officials. passes more than 200 m away from the cemetery. 2 Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts? 2.1 Land acquisition No social No Land acquisition Figure 5.10: indicating resulting in loss of impacts involved that the sewer line income from As per the first hand will pass through the agricultural land, observation in the field residential colonies, plantation or other and through commercial areas of existing land-use. interviews of key the district and would 30 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) stakeholders, not enter or pass residents, local people, through agricultural and other sources like fields. DPR, CRR, it is clear that no private land Field visits, would be acquired for consultation with either laying of sewer stakeholders, like network or for SPS. local people (for JNNURM projects), Sewer line would be local residents, laid on the public government officials. roads. So there is no loss of income from agricultural land. Moreover there are no agricultural fields in the district. Also there exist no squatters or encroachers in and around the proposed project areas. 2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood Consultation with would not take place stakeholders, like (for and since mobile JNNURM projects), vendors can shift their DPR & CRR position only minor disruption in terms of access to shops would occur. 2.3 Land acquisition No social The land acquisition Field survey, resulting in relocation impacts does not result into Consultations with of households. acquisition of any stakeholders, like structure nor local people (for replacement of any JNNURM projects), squatters or local residents, encroachers in and government officials. around the premises. DPR & CRR Hence no relocation of households is involved. which will get affected due to it 31 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2. Any reduction of No social No access problem to Field visits and access to traditional impacts river consultations with the and river dependent shop keepers, mobile communities (to river vendors, expert and areas where they opinions earn for their primary or substantial livelihood). 2.4 Any displacement or No social Consultations with There are no tribal adverse impact on impacts stakeholders, like settlements in the tribal settlement(s). local people (for project area. JNNURM projects), local residents, government officials. 2.5 Any specific gender No social No gender issues were Consultations, issues. impacts reported during interviews, which survey were taken up with females specifically. 3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 3.1 Clearance of No The major land use Field visits and vegetation/ tree-cover environmen pattern of sewerage Interaction with UP tal impacts district A is mostly Jal Nigam, Nagar residential and Nigam department. commercial, with no agricultural and no Figure 5.10 GIS map forested areas. of ward localities in Also no tree cutting is District A. involved in the pumping station sites Figure 3.2: Satellite image showing the Vegetation and tree alignment of trees cover were along the sides of the insignificant in the roads in District A. proposed project area. Also, sewer lines will Figure 5.7: GIS map of be laid in the center of identified parks in the roads hence no District A. impact on trees (which are aligned along the sides of roads) 32 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 3.2 Direct discharge of Limited Possibility of Interaction with UP construction run-off, temporary flushing Jal Nigam and other improper storage and away of un-managed Government officials disposal of excavation spoils and and consultation with spoils, wastes and construction wastes local residents of other construction during rainfall to river sewerage district ‘A’. materials adversely Ganga via storm water affecting water quality drains. and flow regimes. Figure 5.7: GIS map If not appropriately showing the drainage managed, there may network of District A. be potential for temporarily affecting storm water flows by obstruction to flows and blockage of drains, especially during rainfall. This may cause floods. 3.3 Flooding of adjacent Limited For sewerage works in City Development areas the entire sewerage Plan for Allahabad, district A, flooding Final Report by could be an issue Feedback Ventures. during the monsoons, since the drainage Plate 5.1: Image system in sewerage showing flooded district ‘A’ covers streets of Allahabad approximately 60-65 District A after %, which is further rainfall. ineffective due to . blocked drains and poor solid waste management. The areas which are expected to face temporary flooding issues include slum area in Kydganj Additionally, if water pipes are inadvertently breached, flooding will result. 33 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 3.4 Improper storage and Limited The storage of handling of construction related Plate 3.4: Image substances leading to material will not cause showing a typical contamination of soil any contamination sewage construction and water since these materials area with material. would typically include: Concrete, Figure 5.6 highlights pipes, masonry, the drainage network. rubber pipes. Section 5.1.10.1 There are no water provides details about bodies within the agricultural land in study area. However, sewerage district ‘A’. with other finer materials such as powders, fluids and Additionally, there is greases, if not a provision in the appropriately DPR for Allahabad managed or in the Sewerage District ‘A’, event of an accident, Volume I, for there may be potential clearance of site after for temporary construction period contamination of the and unforeseen items river Yamuna and Ganga via the various drains and nalas in sewerage district A, during rainfall. 3.5 Elevated noise and Limited For sewage works, Consultation with dust emission construction is likely local residents, and to increase dust and interaction with UP noise levels Jal Nigam and other temporarily. Government officials. Temporary impacts may especially be felt at educational facilities like schools/colleges Allahabd Degree College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Christian College, Shiv Charan Das, Kanhaiyalal Intermediate College Provided that construction works near schools and colleges are carried out 34 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) during vacations and works near hospitals are completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.), the impacts may be limited. Impacts will be temporary as 1 km of sewer line is approximated to be completed within 3 days. 3.6 Disruption to traffic Limited Sewer construction Figure 6.1: GIS map movements leads to the temporary distinguishing road tearing-up of roads network of District A and increase in large with majority of roads construction vehicles, in the Narrow which might impair category (<=5 units). traffic movement, especially in the Plate 6.1: Image narrower roads and showing a typical lanes as seen mainly in busy street at Muthiganj, Rambagh. Rambagh Chauraha in District A Additionally, there is a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘A’, Volume-I for diversion of traffic/regulation during construction period 3.7 Damage to existing Limited If not appropriately infrastructure, public managed, there may Interaction with UP utilities, amenities etc. be potential for Jal Nigam and other temporarily affecting Government officials. the existing public utilities like water supply, telephone, electricity cables etc. Additionally, there is a provision in the 35 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Records and layout DPR for Allahabad plans of existing Sewerage District ‘A’, underground utilities Volume- for shifting and cable networks & reinstatement of (like telephone, utilities electricity water etc.) were unavailable. 3.8 Failure to restore Limited From field visits and Field visits and temporary as per JNNURM interaction with U.P. construction sites project reinstatement Jal Nigam and other of dismantled roads Government officials after filling and proper and consultation with compaction was local residents. observed. Plate 3.5: Image Although temporary, shows the good concerns regarding practice of fencing-off failure to restore construction areas; construction sites this was followed in including failure to the JNNURM phase close and sewerage project in appropriately fence-off Allahabad. open pits were cited as safety concerns Additionally, there is especially for children. a provision in the DPR for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘A’, Volume I, for clearance of site after construction period and unforeseen items 3.9 Possible conflicts with Limited For the laying of sewer Consultation with and/or disruption to works, there will be local people. local community temporary disruption to the local community in terms of access to roads (narrow roads), shops and residences. Conflicts/disruption to local community was inferred as limited based on survey responses which indicated the community’s ability to adapt to temporary disruptions, and their overall preference for 36 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) the project. 3.1 Health risks due to Limited Field visits and as per 0 unhygienic conditions JNNURM project no at workers camps worker camps were seen. However there might be small camps within which, if hygienic conditions are not maintained, there may be temporary impacts. 3.1 Safety hazards during Limited From field visits and Consultation with 1 construction as per JNNURM local residents of project practices for sewerage district ‘A’ safety precautions and interaction with such as fencing-off UP Jal Nigam and construction areas, other Government sign posts etc. were officials. observed. Plate 3.5: Image shows the good If not appropriately practice of fencing-off managed, there may construction areas; be potential for this was followed in temporary hazards the JNNURM phase such as injuries and sewerage project in damage to property Allahabad. during the construction phase. 4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts) 4.1 Flooding of adjacent Limited Due to the Interaction with UP Jal areas construction of Nigam and other sewer lines, raw Government officials. sewage that currently flows into the river and/or overflows into the streets will now be routed to the STP. Refer to Plate 5.1 for This will prevent area which has been flooding of adjacent flooded areas. However, accidental leakages during the operational stage 37 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) will lead to flooding. Additionally, overloading and blockage of sewage lines will also lead to backlogging of sewers and flooding of branch sewers. 4.2 Impacts to water No impacts There will be a Table 5.11: Sewage quality due to effluent significant flow quality values discharge improvement in before and after water quality due to existing STP. section effluent discharge 5.1.8 being treated. 4.3 Gas emissions No impacts Reduction of bad smell (Methane and other bad anaerobic reaction gases) from open drains since the proposed sewage networks will be underground. 4.4 Safety hazards Limited Safety hazard are associated during construction and maintenance stage of the sewage. However these will be temporary in nature. 5 Do projects of this No clearance As per Refer to Figure 5.8 nature / type require required. Environmental prior environmental Impact Assessment clearance either from Notification, 2006 Refer to Figure 5.7 the MOEF or from a no clearance would relevant state be required under Government department? (MOEF/ relevant State Government department/ No clearance at all) 38 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 6 Does the project No As the project does Refer to Figure 3.2 involve any prior not cover any clearance from the forested area Refer to Figure 5.8 MOEF or State Forest (protected nor department for either reserved forest the conversion of area), no prior forest land or for tree- clearance is cutting? (Yes/ No).If required from yes, which? relevant authorities (MoEF and State Forest departments) under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The figure 3.2 below provides view of project area and environmental setting. Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in District A (Source: Google Earth) 39 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna Bridge, where residents have had complaints related to flooding due to the low lying location. Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and re- instated road (foreground) 40 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad 3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011)6 has grouped the pollution abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low • High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area (including land acquisition). This category projects will also include mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification. • Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts on human populations. Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City falls under low impact category, which do not have any land acquisition. In view of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project. Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences. 6For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin Authority, MoEF. 41 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework 4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social aspects of the investments implemented under the programme: • Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI) • Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments • Legislations applicable to construction activities 4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). 4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations S. Act / Rules Purpose Applicable Reason for Authority No Yes/ No Applicability 1 Environment To protect and Yes As all MoEF, Gol, Protection Act- improve overall environmental DoE, State 1986 environment notifications, rules Gov. CPCB, and schedules are SPCB issued under this act. 2 Environmental To provide No The present project MoEF, EIAA Impact environmental is only a sewerage Assessment clearance to new network project Notification development and hence as per 14th Sep-2006 activities the notification following amended till date environmental does not attract impact requirement of assessment environmental clearance. 3 Municipal To manage the No The present project MoEF, EIAA, Wastes(Manage collection, does not involved CPCB, SPCBs ment and transportation, solid waste 42 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Handling) segregation, management Rules, 2000 treatment, and measures. disposal of municipal solid wastes 4 Coastal Protection of No The project does Regulation fragile coastal not fall within CRZ Zone(CRZ) belt areas. Notification 1991 (2002) 5 The Land Set out rule for No This act will be Revenue Acquisition Act acquisition. of applicable only if Department 1894 (As land by there will be State amended in government acquisition of land Government 1985) for investments but no land acquisition is involved in the project. 6 The Forest To check No No forest land Forest (Conservation) deforestation by diversion is Department, Act. 1980 restricting required in the State conversion of project. Government forested areas and Ministry into non- forested of areas Environment and Forests, Government of India 7 Wild Life To protect No The project does Chief Protection Act wildlife through not pass through Conservator 1972 certain of any national Wildlife, National Parks park/sanctuary are Wildlife and Sanctuaries nor fall within Wing, State 10km radius of Forest such protected Department areas. and Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India 8 Air (Prevention To control air Yes This act will be SPCBs and Control of pollution by applicable during Pollution) Act, controlling construction stage 1981 emission of air for operation of pollutants as per equipment, DG sets the prescribed and hot mix plant. standards. 9 Water To control water Yes This act will be SPCBs 43 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Prevention and pollution by applicable during Control of controlling construction stage Pollution) discharge of if STP is installed. Act1974 pollutants as per the prescribed standards 10 The Noise The standards for Yes This act will be SPCBs Pollution noise for day and applicable for all (Regulation and night have been construction Control) Rules, promulgated by equipment 2000 the MoEF for deployed at various land uses. worksite. 11 Ancient Conservation of No Kydganj Cemetery, Archaeologica Monuments and cultural and the only ASI l Department Archaeological historical remains recognized Gol, Indian Sites and found in India structure in Heritage Remains sewerage district A Society and Act1958 is more than 200m Indian away from the National proposed sewer Trust for Art line. Hence the act and Culture is not applicable for Heritage the project. (INTACH). 12 Public Liability Protection form NO Contractor unlikely SPCBs and Insurance hazardous to store material Act 1991 materials and more than the accidents. threshold limits defined this Act. 13 Explosive Act Safe Yes For transporting Chief 1984 transportation, and storing diesel, Controller of storage and use Oil and lubricants Explosives of explosive etc. material 14 Minor Mineral For opening new No Regulate use of District and concession quarry. minor minerals like Collector Rules stone, soil, river sand etc. 15 Central Motor To check Yes This rule will be Motor Vehicle Vehicle Act 1988 vehicular air and applicable to Department noise pollution. vehicles deployed for construction activities and construction Machinery. 16 National Forest To maintain No This policy will be Forest Policy, 1988 ecological applicable if any Department, stability through eco sensitive State preservation and feature exists in Government restoration of and around the and Ministry 44 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) biological investments of diversity. Environment and Forests, Government of India 17 The Mining Act The mining act No The construction Department has been notified activities for of mining, for safe and investments will State sound mining require aggregates. Government activity. These will be procured through mining from approved quarries 4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues, need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions. These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under: National Policies and Acts i. National Tribal Policy, 2006 ii. National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007 iii. Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended) iv. Forest Rights Act, 2006 However for the present project, none of the above policies and acts are applicable. 4.2.1 National Policies and Acts • The National Tribal Policy (2006) The Policy has the following objectives: Regulatory Protection • Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development with these. • Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of wrongfully alienated lands. • Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages into revenue villages. 45 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) • Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property (NPV). • Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self- rule as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996. • Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal peoples in political bodies at all levels. 4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families – 2007 The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement. The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to project- affected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided under the Land Acquisition (LA) Act. This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to natural calamities, etc. 4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1984. The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose. The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement including income restoration aspects. Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process Legal Actions Provision Section 4 Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice locality No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land 46 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one month) Declaration Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose of Public Declaration is published purpose Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department, State Government Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month) Section 5(a) Enquire objections to LA Enquiry Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections are raised – (one to three months) Section 6 State government issues notices LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government’s intention to take possession of land Time and place set for claims to LAO Public notice given Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months) Section 9 LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable LAO determines compensation (12 months) Section 11 Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State and 12 Government after inquiry of total valuation Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency (14 months) 4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006 The Act basically does two things: • Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws. • Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in forest and wildlife conservation 4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land, which include inter alia, the following: 1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment); 2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed 5 years); 47 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for monthly contributions by the employer plus workers); 4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.); 5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour); 6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act); 7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of the workers); 8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making discrimination against Female employees); 9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages); 10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the employees or closing down the establishment); 11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying down rules governing the conditions of employment); 12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities); 13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building and Construction Industry); 14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and back, etc.); 15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace, etc.); 48 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions, working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous occurrences to designated authorities); 17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste); 18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended 1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-site emergency plans). All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.) have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed sub-project in Allahabad District A. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible authority and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation. Conclusion: The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards for the present project are listed below: 1. Environment Protection Act 1986; 2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 3. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974 4. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 5. Explosive Act 1984 6. Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988 7. Other legislations are mentioned in section 4.3 49 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 5 Baseline Status The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam, Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental quality of the core study area. 5.1 Baseline Environmental 5.1.1 Physiography and Topography Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of water during the rainy season. Sewerage district ‘A’ is located in the southern part of the city, adjoining the river Yamuna in the south side. Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following geomorphic features, • Active Flood Plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system. • Older Alluvial Plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces found in patches along the active plain. • Rocky Surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-Yamuna area formed mainly of quartzitic nature. Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-Ganga or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-Yamuna or the Yamunapar tract which is formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the former at Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of trans-Ganga is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from 89.30 - 93.57m above MSL. 5.1.2 Climate Climate of Allahabad district is continental. The climate of Allahabad is tropical with moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e. the Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of variation in temperatures of day and night. Allahabad experiences both very dry hot summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north 50 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to September. The average rainfall being 962.68 mm takes place normally in 53 days. The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is given in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad Month Temperature (oC) Mean rainfall in mm Humidity (%) Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs January 23.5 8.9 17.9 78 53 February 26.7 11.4 17.3 66 40 March 33.3 16.6 9.6 46 25 April 39 22.3 5.5 32 18 May 41.8 26.7 8.7 36 36 June 28.4 88.8 55 41 39.8 July 34 26.5 280.8 80 71 August 32.5 25.9 296.1 85 77 September 33 24.9 184.9 80 71 October 32.9 20.2 36.6 69 55 November 29.2 13.5 9.3 65 49 December 24.6 9.3 6.9 75 56 Source: India Metrological Department data from 1901-2000 (except Humidity data which is 1951-1980) 5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features The sewerage district ‘A’ and whole city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium. The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. The older alluvium overlies the Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-Cambrian formation. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of these formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary alluvium. 51 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m) Recent to 0.01 m Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay 60-100 year Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium Sand, clay, pebble, 100-200 gravel and Kankar ------------------------------- Unconformity------------------------------- Pleistocene & Siwalik Conglomerate, Above 350 m Pleocene sandstone shale etc. ------------------------------- Unconformity------------------------------- Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone, Not known Limestone ------------------------------- Unconformity------------------------------- Archean Bundelkhand Granite Basement massit Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme 5.1.3.1 Soil Soils in sewerage district ‘A’ usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface, with a thickness ranging between 10-15 m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the banks/ flood plain of the rivers (Yamuna bank of District A) , clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety. Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been presented in the Table 5.3 below: Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample S. No. Parameters Range of test results 1 Type Silty Clay 2 pH 7.9-8.0 3 Bulk density (g/cm) 1.2-1.28 4 Conductivity (µmhos/cm) 390.5-371.6 5 Water holding capacity 47.7-49.54 (% by mass) 6 Organic matter (% by 1.08-1.16 mass) Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme 52 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality presented in this section is monitored under NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme) by CPCB and UP Pollution Control Board at two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies in Allahabad City. Although, Allahabad city does not fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have exceeded the annual average standards of 60 µg/m3 from 2007 to 2010. The sulphur-di oxide (SO2) concentration have gone down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels from 2007 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards of 20 µg/m3. The nitrogen-di- oxide (NO2) concentrations, though not exceeding the standards of 30µg/m3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular activities. Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010 to April 2011) Location Landuse Sulphur- Nitrogen- Respirable Suspended di-oxide di-oxide Suspended particulate in µg/m3 in µg/m3 particulate matter matter (SPM) (RSPM or in µg/m3 PM10) in µg/m3 Square crossing Mixed 5.7 23.6 237.7 469.4 circle of Laxmi talkies Bharat Yantra Residential 5.4 23.7 232.6 459.4 Nigam Ltd. National Ambient Residential 80 80 100 -- Air Quality Standards ( 24 hourly) National Ambient Residential 20 30 60 - Air Quality Standards ( annual average ) Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011 53 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) SO2 25 Concentraiton ( µ g/m³) 20 Annual avg std. 50 µg/m³ 15 10 5 0 2007 2008 2009 (RSPM) NO2 PM10 Annual avg. std. 45 40 µg/m³ 250 40 Concentraiton ( µ g/m³) 35 200 C o n cen traito n ( µ g /m ³) 30 An 25 150 nu 20 al 100 av 15 g. 10 50 5 0 0 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (µg/m3) in Allahabad during 2008-2009 Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Seasonal Variation Month-wise variations of NO2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations are presented in Figure 5.2. Both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death. 54 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in Allahabad Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011 5.1.5 Noise Environment Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the monitoring stations do not come under sewerage district ‘A’ except for Sulem Sarai but presents a credible data of expected noise level in similar settings. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are well within the permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time), whereas the noise levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable level for residential area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area, respectively. 55 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in dB (A)] S.No. Location Levels in dB(A) Leq* Day Night Average 1 Numaya Dahi 45.8 41.1 44.0 2 Sulem Sarai 56.3 48.4 53.4 3 Near Office DM 72.4 54.5 65.7 Note: • Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time), Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70 night time) • * dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. • Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme Seasonal Variation The average day and night ambient noise levels monitored by UP Pollution Control board for residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive locations during 2010-2011 in Allahabad city are presented in Figure 5.3. . Noise levels in all areas are largely within the prescribed limits (Refer Figure 5.3) at most of the locations barring few readings. 80 Day Night 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -J 1 0 -F 1 0 -A 10 -F 10 -D -1 1 th Ma 0 - 0 -D -1 1 -A 10 0 ri 10 -N 10 -O 1 1 0 -N 11 -J 1 1 -M 11 -M 1 1 -J 1 1 -O 1 0 -A 10 th Ma 0 -M 10 -A 10 -S 1 0 -J 0 -S 1 0 -J 10 2 6 2 8 - n -1 24 v-1 -1 26 23- r-1 Ap r -1 24 p -1 1 9 ul - 26 J ul - 2 4 ug - 26 ov - 2 4 un- Ap y- 1 8 a y- 26 ar- 19 ct- 2 2 e b- 28 a r - 2 2 e b- 2 3 p r- 26 ar- 19 ct- 18 l 2 0 28 l 2 0 25 ec - 25 ec - 1 9 ep - 23 an 23 an ug p o u e -M ri 28 Res Com Ind Sens Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011 56 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 5.1.6 Water Environment Domestic water requirement of district A is met from both surface and ground water resources. Allahabad Jal Sansthan is the responsible agency for drawing surface water from river Yamuna and installing tube wells for supply to residential/ commercial and industrial sector. The raw water from River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at Karelibagh raw water pumping station which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for treatment before it is supplied to the consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was supplied by Jal Sansthan department to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is sizable amount of unaccounted water supply from private/ institutional bore wells. Considering the per capita water consumption of 190 litres (including UFW allowance and institutional demand), as provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ by Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’ is approximately 76.98 million litres as shown in Table 5.6 below. This consumption is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization. Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’ Location Population (as Per capita water Total water of 2010) consumption per consumption in day as per DPR million litres Sewerage District ‘A’ of 405176 190 76.98 Allahabad city 5.1.6.1 Surface Water An important surface water system of the city is the easterly flowing Yamuna river which lies south of the main city. The Ganga is second important source of surface water which flows easterly. Yamuna River merges with River Ganga close to celebrated temple of Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the city. River Yamuna lies to the southern side of the district A and River Ganga is towards eastern side of sewerage district ‘A’, The maximum discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is about 16187-12265 m3/s mainly during the months of August and September and the minimum discharge is 366 to 339 m3/s during April and May as shown in table 5.7. 57 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1972 401.38 433.61 294.13 288.22 362.67 230.12 2609.37 6664.86 13253.85 2065.6 644.51 489.48 1973 389.03 347.81 283.07 225.23 221.7 478.79 13784 21527.1 28809.04 4651.25 1073.44 598.22 1974 507.35 384.54 325.14 267.79 307.61 260.77 9149.19 19693.1 3915.68 1100.98 691.88 488.52 1975 462.97 303.01 265.96 270.39 189.88 572.22 9742.86 18209.5 15767.68 4366.54 1303.98 724.01 1976 669.83 557.91 420.13 420.78 383.05 1117.08 3359.8 18221.7 161.42.34 1893.42 553.63 482.89 1977 335.1 327.9 270.71 394.99 373.86 332.77 9115.64 17417.4 14236.34 3051.76 1121.82 750.47 1978 707.07 623.33 740.88 707.16 556.8 1077.63 7994.05 29786.2 22399.45 3980.05 1346.27 964.36 1979 924.76 1123.35 217.99 678.51 582.7 474.02 4357.59 5701.17 1476.75 598.01 318.43 518.45 1980 380.91 288.71 224.58 151.84 123.71 406.3 6804.97 21670.9 11438.9 1441.81 684.11 443.14 1981 430.99 439.37 337.12 329.04 314.16 303.28 5841.3 11215 3259.22 2337.97 674.15 507.81 1982 476.17 741.79 645.68 689.06 624.22 626.4 1779.81 28824.3 16981.02 1398.27 763.93 616.34 1983 565.77 552.64 357.87 312.95 499.11 503.91 3738.99 12823 22159.27 7019.81 1522.83 767.78 1984 721.53 551.58 486.94 367.11 279.16 575.6 2261.22 10243.4 11080.78 1237.75 571.11 400.81 1985 433.23 323.99 238.99 262.01 237.49 257.07 1827.61 15588.6 10073.87 12078.5 2174.33 745.18 1986 588.76 736.23 554.26 372.11 309.6 382.35 11078.1 17832 4199.39 1539.24 740.38 519.89 1987 497.74 399.46 334.12 271.71 238.36 247.44 1116.56 3277.58 12471.41 1968.6 589.38 366.13 1988 327.21 279.35 261.2 216.16 173.64 165.69 5489.87 16483.9 4730.56 4060.86 9520.2 476.83 Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme 58 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Surface Water Quality Water quality status of river Ganga at two places in Allahabad is shown in Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, a Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration has increased over the period of 2002 to 2008. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in the river have been sufficiently high and consistent over the past few years (Figure 5.5). In recent years, there had been an increasing trend of BOD concentrations in incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water (Sangam). From the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in outgoing water of river Ganga has been witnessed. This increase can be attributed to the untreated sewage that has been directly discharged to the river Ganga including some proportion from District A also. Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years 59 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years Source: Ganga water quality trend, 2009. Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table 5.8 shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007. It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the pollution levels are very high7. 7 Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., 1996. Water quality of the River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 11: 1–5. 60 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 Location BOD DO (mg/l) (mg/l) Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) 1.7 8.6 Ganga at Shastri Bridge (U/s sangam) 5.7 10.4 Sangam 4.3 9.3 Yamuna at Karella Bagh 1.8 6.8 Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam 6.4 8.3 Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad 4.3 6.3 Recent Data As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table 5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often found more than 3.0 mg/l , i.e. the water quality is above the permissible limit for bathing as well as for drinking water quality criteria of CPCB. However, the water quality parameter of dissolved oxygen (DO) seems within permissible limits. The minimum DO levels for water as per the Indian standard code ranges from 4.0-6.0 mg/l for drinking and bathing respectively. Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on the health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased temperature the bacterial activities increases to oxidize the organic matter discharged into it from various domestic and industrial sources. Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during March 2010 to April 2011 Parameters U/S Rasoolabad Ghat, Main D/S Ganga on Rasoolabad Ganga Sangam Mawaiya Ghat Ghat, Ganga Temp ( C ) 24.9 24.9 25.4 25.5 pH 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 DO (mg/l) 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.4 BOD (mg/l) 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.5 COD (mg/l) 28.4 31.4 30.4 34.9 Turbidity (NTU) 94.3 104.5 85.6 90.7 Alkalinity 168.1 174.6 205.4 213.0 CaCO3 (mg/l) Hardness as 146.9 153.0 166.4 173.6 CaCO3 (mg/l) Calcium as 87.0 90.6 94.0 99.0 CaCO3 (mg/l) 61 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Magnesium as 59.9 62.4 72.4 74.6 MgCO3 (mg/l) Conductivity 427.7 429.4 520.6 531.1 (umho/cm) Total Coliform 4678.6 7857.1 6571.4 9428.6 (PN/100 ml) Fecal Coliform 2742.9 3492.9 3142.9 3785.7 (MPN/100ml) Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, 2011 5.1.6.2 Ground Water According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of Allahabad are not very serious although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels, the dependence on groundwater has increased over the years. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of CGWB and state tubewell department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones at Allahabad city i. Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl8 ii. Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and iii. Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl. The extension of individual zones is variable over the district. The ground water generally occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground while in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water flow is towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south i.e., both the rivers are effluent in nature. Ground Water Quality9 The ground water quality pre and post monsoon has shown small variation in quality as can be seen tabulation below and can be used for drinking with small treatment. Parameters Pre monsoon Post Monsoon pH 7.2-8.1 7.1-7.8 Total Dissolved Solids ( TDS) in mg/l 281 - 1372 <1300 Hardness in mg/l 180-1128 154 to 1092 Conductivity in µmhos/cm 475-1875 Not Available BOD in mg/l 0.1 - 0.3 Not Available COD in mg/l 1.0 – 6.0 Not Available Fluoride in mg/l 0.24 – 1.03 0.23 to 0.93 Phosphate in mg/l 0.38-0.61 0.24 to 0.55 Pesticide in mg/l Absent Absent Iron in mg/l 6.25 Not Available 8 Meters below ground level 9 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar 62 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, approximately 60-65 percent of area in sewerage district ‘A’ has storm drainage system as shown in Figure 5.6. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby nallas, eventually falling into river Ganga and Yamuna. The human and animal waste accumulated on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby polluting river waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and unhygienic conditions. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon. Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (left) and flooding upon rainfall in sewerage district ‘A’ (right) 63 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A 5.1.8 Waste Water Management As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the city i.e. District A and D. As of 2010, about 232 million liters of waste water is generated every day in Allahabad city with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 152 liters. Jal Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections for whole of Allahabad city. 64 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar Wastewater generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is mostly residential with limited commercial and nil industrial wastes. Table 5.10 below provides the wastewater characteristics of Chachar and Ghaghar nala located in sewer district ‘A’ which indicates that waste water exceeds the General standard for discharge on inland surface water in terms of BOD and TSS. Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage district ‘A’ Parameter Chachar Ghaghar General standard for Nala nala discharge on inland surface water as per CPCB BOD(5 day sat 32 67 30 20°C) (mg/l) COD (mg/l) 69 144 250 TSS (mg/l) 98 648 100 pH 7.0 7.5 5.5 to 9.0 Temperature (°C) 29 28 shall not exceed 5°C above the receiving water Source: DPR for Sewerage district A10 10 Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad City, 2010. 65 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) As per 2010 population data, nearly 62.80 mld of wastewater is generated from sewer district ‘A’ which generally flows in the open drains. 60 mld capacity Naini STP has been constructed in sewerage district ‘A’ for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such drains. It is further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will increase to 74.36 mld by the year 2025, thus creating a treatment capacity gap of 14.36 mld. 5.1.9 Solid Waste Management As per Nagar Nigam, about 540.0 MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad city. It has been assumed that the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population, shops and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and demolition and hospital wastes – non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating population in the town. The solid waste from sewerage district ‘A’ is mainly from residential areas and very little comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Nagar Nigam, the total solid waste generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is approximately 162.07 MT as shown in Table 5.12. With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase thereby increasing the solid waste. Table 5.11 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A Location Population (as of Average solid Total solid waste 2010) waste generation generated in MT per capita per day Sewerage District ‘A’ 405176 400 162.07 of Allahabad city 66 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) The solid waste management in sewerage district ‘A’ is handled by Allahabad Nagar Nigam, which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste management plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented under JNNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal. Further, the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on land. Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district ‘A’ are shown in Plate 5.3. Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom). As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of 67 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) wastes also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city. 5.1.10 Biological Environment 5.1.10.1 Green cover 1. Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in sewerage district ‘A’. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be threatened by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in sewerage district ‘A’ is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Habib Park, Guru Teg Bahadur Park, Jaagriti Park Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’ 68 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district ‘A’. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are planned to be laid as shown in Plate 5.4. Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area Agriculture: There is no agricultural practice in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city. This district is the core city area with mix of residents, commercial areas, institutes, hospitals etc. 5.1.10.2 Flora Allahabad district as a whole has around 19839 hectares of reserved forest area falling under the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century, patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-Ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-Yamuna tracts in Bara tahsil and the southern tracts of tahsil Meja. Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city. The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest area. The site also does not fall under India’s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is evident from Figure 5.8 a, which shows the closest eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D) and their average distance from Allahabad. 69 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city Source: Google Maps 5.1.10.3 Fauna The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-Yamuna tract than elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine (Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. As mentioned in section 5.10.2 above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the sewerage district ‘A’ and Allahabad city as a whole as shown in Figure 5.8a. The proposed project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality. 70 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 5.2 Baseline Social Status Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade 1961-71. In this particular decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown. Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state. Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate Source: City Development Plan report Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. Its Scheduled Tribe population (21.58%), consists primarily of the Chamar and Pasi castes. It also has a relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% in which, predictably, women fall far below the average at 46.38% while men are better in the average with a rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6 population shows an increase of 38 females (from 879 to 917) per 1,000 males. Most people in the city are unemployed (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district’s population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalnt or above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle with only a basic education; for example, the percentage of the population (43%) with Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes to populations’ overall vulnerability. In the district, roughly half of all houses are permanent, while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage is considered temporary. 71 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 5.12 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common; electricity access if more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones. Fitting with the educational background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher education are very few. Medical facilities also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved and mud roads are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more details refer to Annexure (3). Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is 318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Meera Ganj slum is located in the middle of Allahabad city. The population in the low-income group is mainly found in Wards 11, 34, 41, 57, 66, 71, 75 and 77, which includes localities such as Malakraj, Minhajpur, Nai Basti, Sarai Garhi, Narayan Singh Nagar, Meera Gunj, and Bashi Bazar. Meera Gunj slum is located at the centre of Allahabad city. Apart from the slums, there are many people who live in housing that falls under the categories of S.D.P. (Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme), S.C.S.P. (Schedule Caste Sub Plan), and I.L.C.S. (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation).11 Allahabad’s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project). Allahabad sewerage district A comprises of 27 wards. Most of the land use in District A has been identified as residential and commercial, through the field survey. The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are described in the table below; 11 Source: www.uhi-india.org - Allahabad City Profile – February 2010 72 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 5.13 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use. Ward Ward Land use observation in field Population Projected Population Ref. 2001 2010 2025 2040 No. 10 Civil Mix Residential/Commercial, High 12434 16537 19584 21026 Lines income groups, heavy traffic, roads comparatively wider and better. Posh colony with a mix of commercial and residential. Not congested. Sewer line had been laid down before the rains causing a few problems to residents, shop keepers and pedestrians. The dug up area has not been properly laid back 11 Malakraj Mix Residential/Commercial, middle and 10612 14114 16714 17945 low income groups. Congested 17 Nyaymar Mostly Institutes and Government offices, 12062 16042 18998 20397 g not congested 23 Krishna Mostly residential, some shops and 10654 14170 16780 18016 Nagar institutes, banks, etc. Very congested 31 Medical Institutional area, not congested, few 8395 11165 13222 14196 College residents 34 Minhaj Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and 11011 14645 17342 18620 Pur low income groups, very congested 41 New Basti Residential with slums near the Yamuna 10600 14098 16695 17925 Banks, Middle and low income groups, very congested 51 Katghar Mix Residential/Commercial, middle 11774 15659 18544 19910 income groups, congested 55 Chaukhan Residential with markets, congested 10521 13993 16571 17791 di 57 Sarai Middle and low income groups, 11333 15073 17849 19164 Garhi extremely Congested 58 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 10996 14625 17319 18594 60 Muthi Mostly Commercial (with a few residing 12080 16066 19026 20427 Ganj in floors above shops), extremely congested 61 Khalashi Mostly residential, extremely Congested 11734 15606 18481 19842 Line 63 Shahganj Mix Residential/Commercial, Congested 10817 14387 17037 18292 65 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 13660 18168 21515 23099 66 Moht Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and 10603 14102 16700 17930 low income groups, Congested 67 Rambagh Mostly Commercial (with a few residing 10752 14300 16850 18182 in floors above shops), congested 68 Muthi Mostly Commercial (with a few residing 10875 14464 17128 18390 Ganj in floors above shops), very congested 71 Narain Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and 10602 14101 16698 17928 Singh low income groups, Congested Nagar 73 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 72 Sultanpur Commercial with mix of residential, very 12584 16737 19820 21280 Bhawa congested 73 Malviya Mostly residential, Congested 13295 14567 17251 18522 Nagar 74 Bahadur Extremely Congested 10961 14578 17264 18535 Ganj 75 Meera Middle and low income groups, Slums, 11815 15714 15609 19979 Ganj Congested 77 Bakshi Commercial, Middle and low income 13650 18155 21499 23082 Bazaar groups, congested 78 Atala Residential, Middle to low income 13316 16198 19182 20595 groups, larger Muslim population, Extremely congested 79 Attar Mostly residential, very congested 11996 14033 16618 17842 Suiya 80 Dayra Mix Residential/Commercial, Very 10435 13879 16435 17646 Shah congested Azmal Sub Total 309567 405176 479731 515155 (A) Population density in Allahabad Sewerage District A: Allahabad sewerage district A accounts for the central city core and as a result is very dense (300 persons/ha). Table 5.14 Ward wise population density of Allahabad The table shows that out of twenty seven wards only four wards i.e. Civil Area, Nyaymarg, Medical College and Rambagh are in the category of under 200 people per hectare. However it was observed during the field visit that Rambagh had areas that were very congested. As per the analysis done by District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) all of the six wards that had a density of more than 600 people per hectare including all the six wards with a density of 400- 600 people per hectare fall in district A. 74 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A 75 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Cultural Significance Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also known famous by the name of Prayag and Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract thousands of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India’s holiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue of many sacred fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical Saraswati river, believed to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its other name 'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the Ganges (Plate 5.5), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. During festival of Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists. Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery during Kumbh 5.2.1 Public Consultation The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as the social survey has been discussed in the Section 2.6. Group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned stakeholders. Household owners in all the 27 wards were consulted, additionally other important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. Some of these 27 wards have academic and government institutions and most of them are residential in landuse. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with the fact stated by census of India also. All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project. 76 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous group of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not. Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers One of the important question that was asked to communities was on the consequence of construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed the following result; Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase 77 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) The figure clearly shows that traffic congestion is the most highly ranked problem. 50% of the respondents feel that construction will lead to more traffic congestion. This is followed by noise as a problem during the construction phase. Pollution in terms of dust generation is the next problematic area according to the respondents and finally 10% of the respondents mentioned that basic services like water and electricity lines will be damaged. Table 5.15 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table Consult Place Date No. of Nature of Key issues raised ation no. Participants participants 1 Civil Lines 22/8/11 4 Residents, Execution to happen shop in time keepers, Construction should women not happen in monsoon 2 Malakraj 22/8/11 4 Mix Traffic congestion residential and commercial. 3 Nyaymarg 22/8/11 3 Officials Noise and dust during visiting construction institutional area 4 Krishna 22/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, Nagar dust generation 5 Medical 22/8/11 4 Members of Noise and dust College institutions, pollution. Debris is hospital staff not cleared on time 6 Minhaj Pur 22/8/11 3 Residents : Traffic congestion. females But overall impact will be good 7 New Basti 22/8/11 3 Residents Inconvenience to daily life routine 8 Katghar 22/8/11 4 Residents: Traffic congestion, no females prior information is provided to the residents 9 Chaukhan 22/8/11 3 Shop owners Congestion and dust di generation 10 Sarai Garhi 22/8/11 4 Residents, Traffic congestion, mobile piles of excavated soil vendors which is not disposed off 11 Dariyabad 22/8/11 5 Residents, Traffic congestion and and inconvenience to daily pedestrians life 78 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 12 Muthi Ganj 22/8/11 5 Show Already congested owners area, so will be more chaotic 13 Khalashi 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion Line 14 Shahganj 23/8/11 5 Mix group Traffic congestion (residential and commercial) 15 Dariyabad 23/8/11 3 Residents: Traffic congestion, female dust, inconvenience in daily routine life 16 Moht 23/8/11 3 Shop owners Dust generation 17 Rambagh 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion 18 Muthi Ganj 23/8/11 5 Shop owners Traffic congestion 19 Narain 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion Singh Nagar 20 Sultanpur 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Bhawa Dust generation 21 Malviya 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, Nagar noise pollution 22 Bahadur 23/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, Ganj noise pollution 23 Meera Ganj 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, Dust generation 24 Bakshi 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Bazaar Dust generation 25 Atala 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise pollution 26 Attar Suiya 23/8/11 3 Residents: Traffic congestion, Female Dust generation 27 Dayra 23/8/11 6 Mix group Traffic congestion Shah (residential Azmal and commercial) 79 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts Any development projects have associated environmental and social positive and negative impacts. Planners and decision makers have realized the importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental and social sectors, and have started integrating measures in project design to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the major findings of field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible environmental and social impacts due to proposed sewerage subproject in district A are identified and presented in following sections below. 6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the environment during all three following phases: • During Design and Development phase • During construction phase During operation phase 6.1.1 Design and Development Phase Design with inadequate consideration to likely environmental impacts associated with construction and operation stages may lead to significant environmental impacts due to the projects. Anticipated impacts which either can be eliminated or minimize with design consideration are identified at design stage and required measures are integrated in the designs. The identified impacts requiring design stage considerations are stated below: • Accidental leakages/burst in trunk sewerage line due to inadequate design ( non- consideration of project population or sewage load) or lack of maintenance provisions. • Sewage Pumping Station locational specific : noise and odour nuisance, tree cutting, • Alignment planning considering least shifting of utilities 6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase The proposed sub-project consists of the following activities which include: • Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network • Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9), Bargadghat SPS • Sewer cleaning equipment The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling, shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction (sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below: 80 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) i) Environmental sensitive areas Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1)..The nearest eco-sensitive areas such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National Park are at a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. Small residential parks (Figure 5.7) and road side trees (Plate 5.4) are located in this area, which will not be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. With regard to sensitive aquatic areas and water bodies, there are none. It was also observed that the major land use pattern of District A is residential, with no agricultural and no forest areas. There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district ‘A’, except Sangam area which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or homm-havans and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. Out of the four ASI (Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort, Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj, only 1 is within the boundary of sewerage district ‘A’ which is the cemetery in Kydganj. This will not be affected by the proposed sewer works as the sewerage lines will pass through considerable distance (more than 200m away) away from the cemetery boundary. As the Central Government has declared upto 100 meters from the protected limits to be prohibited area and further beyond it up to 200 meters to be regulated area for purposes of both mining operation and construction. So, as per ASI official, permission would be required if the construction of the sewer line falls within 200 m distance. ii) Air quality Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon mono- oxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction phase mainly because of: • Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved roads (increases dust level) • Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2). • Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO). A high concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern. 81 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) iii) Noise levels The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations,. As per the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in sewerage district ‘A, are expected to be within permissible limits as the area is mostly residential and has limited commercial, and no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to feel the temporary impacts more than others include schools/colleges (Allahabad Degree College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Christian College), hospitals (Swarup Rani Nehru Hospital. Jeevan Jyoti Multispeciality Hospital) and cultural centres like Shree Swami Narayan Temple, Masjid – e- imam Sajjad, etc. However, these impacts are of temporary nature, lasting only during the construction period. iv) Water resources From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water bodies in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected in the following ways: • Direct discharge from construction activities – If the construction wastes and construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find their way to the river Yamuna via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for drainage network of District A). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due to unmanaged material and construction debris. • Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section 5.1.9 of baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During construction of sewerage works in District A, there may be flooding due to the already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Civil Line area, Kydganj, etc. • The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report.12 • Excavation may lead to damage to underground water supply lines or other utilities. As per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often above the permissible limits 12 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11 82 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on the river Ganga and Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage district A (Naini STP) and would not be let into the Yamuna13. Improved water quality provides cleaner water supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers around and downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious pilgrims that visit the city. v) Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has been suggested. Top soil productivity will also be lost, if it is not preserved separately. vi) Safety and traffic management: accidental damage due to erosion/sliding of vertical sides of excavated trenches while placing pipes, Temporary flooding due to excavation during monsoon or blockage of surface drains. Increased traffic inconvenience (emissions, congestions, longer travel times, blockage of access) . 6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase i) Water environment Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include unpredictable events such as: • Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due to blockages and backlogging of lines. • Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/ overflows from the sewer lines • Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate /inefficient sewage treatment process. ii) Noise and air quality Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps, generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity. There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during operation, most of the works will be laid underground. 13 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad 83 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) iii) Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station and STP It is possible that during the operation of pumping station and STP sludge generated may not be properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect. Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha 6.2 Potential Social Impacts The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the social sector in a distinct phase of construction period which would be temporary and short term. Social Impacts i. Impact on human health One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will depend upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects. Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children. Some of the residential colonies are Krishna Nagar, New Basti, Chaukhandi, Khalashi Line, Dariyabad, Atala, Attar Suiya, etc. ii. Traffic Congestion Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de- routing of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Few residents at Civil Lines also complained 84 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) that they were unable to move their cars due to the excavation outside their house. Commercial areas such as Rambagh, Muthi ganj, etc. are very busy congested areas; any excavation in this area will inhibit traffic movement. Diversion of traffic maybe required for such areas. This issue is discussed in the DPR. Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic congestion could be high iii. Impact on livelihood The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis. But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey. 85 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved living and working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner. However, the same interviewees felt that they had little confidence in the ability of the agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long duration of construction work. Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors iv. Impact on existing utility services The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs. Flooding of areas could also occur. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some complaints about water line brakeage during the construction phase. With no other alternative source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy bottled water for drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on utility services as a potential issue. v. Safety hazards There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing that, of children falling into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they have witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is provided as part of the DPR. vi. Elevated Noise Levels Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially schools and institutes in and around 86 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Civil Lines area, Medical College area, etc. For elderly and students, noise is disturbing and affects their comfort. This could be a problem especially in sensitive areas like school and hospitals. vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern. viii. Affect to daily life Resident of Civil Lines colonies complained that during construction in JNNURM projects, they were not able to take out their vehicles from their house premises and even there was no space outside for parking. ix. Land Acquisition Consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam officials, Revenue Department, community, other sources14 and first-hand observations during the field visit no additional land is required for the project, as sewage construction will not result in land seizures of any kind. Moreover, the SPS compound would need around 1000 m2 of land. The land on which the SPS is proposed to come up belongs to the government and has no habitation. Hence, no relocation would be needed, as per the dialogue with UP Jal Nigam officials. Moreover there would be no loss of community assets during the construction as noticed during field survey and interaction with the local people. Also Figure 5.10 indicate that the project construction will happen in public land, there will be no agricultural or forest community land requirement for laying sewer lines. 6.3 Conclusion Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include • Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns • Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow • Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid waste • Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga • Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource • Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health hazards within the cities/towns 14 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11. 87 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) • Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity • Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial risks and other health hazards Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary inconveniences. 88 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan 7.1 Environmental Management Plan Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in sewerage district ‘A’. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social assessment study. In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved institutes are described below. 7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities: • EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required; • Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum; 7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the following: 7.1.2.1 Implementation of EMP The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval. The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and evaluation of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the Environment Management Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management consultant as well as to UP Jal Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) for the progress made in implementing the Environment Management Plan. 89 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the contractor’s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1 below: State Pollution Control Board Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone UPJN GM-Ganga Pollution control unit PM-1 PM-2 PM-3 Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation) Team Leader (Supervision Consultant) Project Manager (Contractor) Environmental Expert Environmental Officer (Supervision Consultant) (Contractor) Figure 7.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP 90 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 7.1 Environment Management Plan Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency Sewerage and Sanitation Investments A. Design and Development Phase Sewerage Accidental Due to accidental burst or Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity DBO Operator Network ( leakages/ leakage of sewers, flooding and flow velocity Trunk Sewer bursts of the nearby areas Provision for Regular inspection and Line) Backlogging due to maintenance of the sewers unexpected heavy flow Preparation of safety and Emergency rates Preparedness plan Sewage Location of Noise and odour nuisance Permanent Ensure minimum noise generation at DBO Operator Pumping Sewage hazards to neighboring pump station in SPS by use of less noise Station Pumping areas. generating equipment meeting prescribed Station and Cutting of Trees noise standards as applicable and Pumping of enclosed generators. sewage in Minimize Tree cutting if involved. District A Tree plantation of at least two rows around the periphery of SPS site and landscaping to prevent spread of bad odour with large canopy/ broad leaves trees like Sesum, Neem, Bargad, Teak, Sal, etc. Accumulated sludge and solid waste to be cleared at short intervals and spraying of suitable herbicides on accumulated sludge/solid waste to reduce odour. Provision for regular maintenance and switching off equipment when not in use; 91 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency B. Construction phase Sewerage Excavation, Damage to underground Temporary Identify existing underground other DBO Operator (laying of cutting, back utilities like water, gas line, utility structures, lines through available sewers) and filling, electricity and telephone records and in consultation with Sewage compaction conduits, etc due to concerned authorities and plan Pumping and construction activities. construction activities accordingly to station construction minimize damage to such utilities. these operations underground utilities encountered in excavating trenches carefully shall be supported, maintained and protected from damage or interruption of service until backfill is complete and settlement has taken place Accidents/ damages due to Temporary Maintaining excavation by shoring trench DBO Operator erosion/ sliding of vertical sides by placing sheeting, timber shores, sides of excavated trenches trench jacks, bracing, piles, or other while places the pipes material Exposed surface shall be resurfaced and stabilized. Exposed surface will be resurfaced and stabilized by making sloping sides of trench to the angle of repose at which oil will remain safely Generation of substantial Temporary Top soil shall be preserved and may be DBO Operator debris, top soil and muck used for agricultural purpose or during construction development of city parks. Soil and debris may be managed for planned land filling and landscaping; 92 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency Debris may be suitably stored to filling back the excavated areas after placing the trunk sewer lines. Dust Generation ( Air Temporary Water sprinkling over excavated areas, DBO Operator Pollution) due to unpaved movement areas and stockpiles. excavation, cutting, back Transportation of loose construction filling and compaction material through covered trucks. operations Use dust curtains (polysheets/ sheets) around the construction area for containing dust spread at SPS building construction site. Construction equipment must comply with pollution norms and carry Pollution Under Control certificate. Noise and vibration Temporary Construction activities to be carried out in DBO Operator disturbances to residents day time with prior intimation to local and businesses residents and shop keepers. Construction work near schools and colleges to be carried out during vacations and work near hospitals to be completed on priority basis (in shorter time period with alternate provision of traffic, accessibility of exit/entry gates etc.). Use of low noise and vibrating equipment meeting prescribed noise standards. Provision of protective equipment (PPE) like ear muffs and plugs for construction workers. 93 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency Provision of noise barriers in inhabited areas, particularly near sensitive zones like hospitals, schools etc. DG set to be fitted acoustic enclosure. Temporary flooding due to Temporary Stockpiled areas to be bordered by berms; DBO Operator excavation during Stockpiles to be done in high areas to monsoons or blockage of avoid flow in storm water run-off surface drain channels and erosion Increased traffic Temporary Alternate traffic routing must be adopted DBO Operator inconvenience (emissions, in consultation with concerned traffic congestions, longer travel police authorities. Proper traffic planning times, blockage of access) be made for narrow lane areas. Work should to be completed on priority near business and market place to minimize business loss. Care should be taken to minimize congestion and negative impacts at schools and hospitals. Safe access shall be maintained to these places during construction. Provide temporary crossing/ bridges as may be required to facilitate normal life and business Settlement of backfilled area Temporary The backfilling material shall be free from DBO Operator after construction petroleum products, slag, cinders, ash or other material. Backfilling activity shall be completed 94 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency within five days of laying of sewer. Proper compaction as per the soil condition and retain the original level of alignment and grade. Spillage of fuel and oil Temporary Care to be taken to store fuel and oil (if DBO Operator required) at a place away from any drainage channel/nalla preferably to be stored in drums mounted on a concrete paved platform with slop draining to small spills collection pit. Nuisance due to solid waste Temporary Provide two bins for recyclable and non- DBO Operator disposal recyclable wastes. Ensure that recyclable and non-recyclable wastes are collected in segregated manner in theses bins before disposal. Recyclable material should be sold. Non-recyclable material should be disposed for designated land fill area of the city. Provide adequate sanitation facility for workers at construction sites. General: Accidents Safety hazards to labours Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and DBO Operator safety and public Safety regulations of India during Ensure that the contact details of the construction police or security company and ambulance services nearby to the site. Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is supervised and adequately instructed. 95 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary barriers and/or danger tape, marking flags, lights and flagmen around the exposed construction works warn the public and traffic flow of the inherent dangers. Provide adequate safety precautions such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust masks, gumboots, etc. to workers Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to DBO engineer and owner C. Operation phase Sewer line Leakage/ Water pollution and Temporary Regular monitoring of sewer line and DBO Operator overflows possibility of mixing with manholes for visible leakages/ overflows. water supply line Immediate repair shall be carried out to plug the leakages. Restore the sewer and other utility services if damaged due to leakages. Sewage Waste Bad odour, Health hazard Temporary Provision for regular clearance of sludge DBO Operator Pumping Handling and and solid waste to minimize odor Station public nuisance nuisance Ensure maintenance of Green belt as planned Periodic disposal of accumulated sludge/solid waste to disposal site as approved by DBO engineer. 96 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Activity Potential Negative Duration of Mitigation Measures Responsible Impact/Concern impact agency Sewage Extracted Bad odour, Health hazard Temporary Ensure that extracted sewage sludge DBO Operator Cleaning Sewage Sludge and collected during sewers cleaning are Equipment handling and public nuisance and disposed to disposal site as approved by cleaning possible land DBO engineer. equipment contaminations Sewage solids shall not be disposed on maintenance road sides or non-designated areas. waste handling Equipment cleaning waste shall be disposed to public sewer or STP inlet for treatment Waste oil if any generated shall be separately collected. It shall be sold to authorized waste oil recyclers. General Workers Serious/health/ safety Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation, DBO Operator Safety exposure to hazards the sewer line will be adequately vented toxic gases in The toxic gases are likely to to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases sewers and contract communicable are present in the line. hazardous diseases from exposure to Ensure availability of PPE for materials pathogens present in the maintenance workers. during sewage. Follow safety and Emergency sewer Preparedness plan prepared at design maintenance stage work Monthly reporting of all accidents and immediate reporting to DBO engineer and owner. 97 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-2. Successful implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following: • The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the Contractor to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt); • The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out; • Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring tests, and subsequent analysis of results; • Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to: o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency); o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations; o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required; o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and, o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels. 7.3 EMP Budget The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in Table 7-4. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under engineering costs are listed below: • Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area • Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer • Alternate traffic re-routing, • Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas • Solid Waste Management 98 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Env. Stage Institutional Responsibilities Component Parameter Standards/ Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision Methods PM10 µg /m3, CPCB Sewer Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and PM2.5 µg/m3, Constructio season (except approved monitoring SPMG Construction SO2, NOX, CO n Sites monsoon agency/Lab PM10 µg /m3, Sewer Once in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Air Quality Operation PM2.5 µg/m3, Constructio except monsoon approved monitoring SPMG SO2, NOX, CO n Sites for first 5 years. agency/Lab Rainfall, USEPA's One Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and humidity, Wind Meteorological location season approved monitoring SPMG Speed, Wind Monitoring within agency/Lab Construction Meteorology direction, Guidance for Allahabad Temperature Regulatory A district Modeling Applications Rainfall, humidity, USEPA's One Once in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Wind Speed, Wind Meteorological location approved monitoring SPMG direction, Monitoring within agency/Lab Operation Temperature Guidance for Allahabad Regulatory A district Modeling 99 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Applications Leq dB (A) (Day Ambient Noise Sewer Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Operation Construction and Night) Standard Constructio season (except approved monitoring SPMG Average and Peak CPCB n Sites monsoon) agency/Lab values Noise Levels Leq dB (A) (Day Sewer Once in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and and Night) Constructio except monsoon approved monitoring SPMG Average and Peak n Sites for first 5 years. agency/Lab values Physical Consider the Sewer Once in every Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Parameter: following methods: Constructio season approved monitoring SPMG Texture, Grain n Sites and agency/Lab Size, Gravel, Sand, IS-2720 (Various SPS Silt, Clay; part); Chemical Soil Parameter: pH, Soil Chemical Conductivity, Analysis by M.L. Calcium, JACKSON. Construction Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Soil Test Method by Absorption Ratio Ministry of agriculture 100 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Physical : Texture, Consider the Along Twice in a year Contractor through PMC, UPJN and Grain Size, Gravel, following methods: sewer (Pre-monsoon and approved monitoring SPMG Sand, Silt, Clay; constructio Post monsoon) for agency/Lab Chemical IS-2720 (Various n sites, SPS first 5 years, Parameter: pH, part); Conductivity, Calcium, Soil Chemical Magnesium, Analysis by M.L. Sodium, Nitrogen, JACKSON. Absorption Ratio Soil Test Method by Operation Ministry of agriculture 101 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 7.3 EMP Budget Cost included Cost in Rupees Component of in the DPR Phase Mitigation measure (or Details if Remarks EMP (Yes/no/not provided in DPR) clear) Design Provision for Proper drainage Yes (not DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes these and accidental arrangements to prevent specific but system in activities Develop leakages / bursts water stagnation/ flooding in included as a Sewerage District ment in SPS SPS site area part of ‘A’ Allahabad, associated construction activity) Location of SPS Appropriate siting, and Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed SPS will be indoor enclosing within building to system in which will prevent noise and reduce noise and odour Sewerage District enclosed nature and appropriate nuisance to surrounding ‘A’ Allahabad, cleaning and maintenance will area prevent odour nuisance Constru Excavation, Review of existing Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes these ction Cutting and filling infrastructure, shoring system in activities operations trenches, reinstatement/ Sewerage District resurfacing ‘A’ Allahabad, Damage public Proper reviewing of existing Yes DPR for Sewerage The proposed DPR includes these utilities drawing s of utilities, system in activities informing concern Sewerage District authorities and ‘A’ Allahabad, reinstatement of public utilities 102 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Dust generation Water sprinkling on No Water tanker: Rs. According to DPR 80Km stretch in excavated material to Approximately each zone will be completed in suppress dust and provision Rs. 28,80,000 3years. This means approximately of top cover when /- 75 m will be covered per day. transported through vehicles 750 L of water will be consumed Top cover for for 75 m using sprinkler average 2 dumper truck: Rs. times a day 33750/- Labour cost-Rs. 150/day Rs. 300/tanker+Rs150/labourer = Rs. 450 Per meter cost = Rs. 450/75m = Rs 6/- Total cost for 80 Km= Rs. 480000 Keeping a 2 day margin for construction and reinstatement of the site 2x480000= Rs. 960000/- For 240km stretch: Rs. 28,80,000/- Top cover: Approximately 30 Sqm of top cover may require for each vehicle. Assuming 5 such vehicle involved in transporting excess soil to dumping location (considering construction 103 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) schedule and max excavated earth disposal). Hence 5 trucks* required top cover 30 Sqm* Cost of Tripol cover at Rs. 75/ Sqm Noise and Usage of sound barriers or No. Rs. 9,29,850/- As per the schedule, the vibrations sheets. construction of 80km in 3zones each has to be executed in 36 months For providing sound barriers like GI sheets, 4Km out of 80 Km of stretch of sensitive zones in sewer work is considered assuming excavation, construction and backfilling activity will take place simultaneously at different stretches. Considering 302 GI sheet of 3’x 8’ would cover 75m length (both sides) of construction activity daily. (150 sheets are needed of for one side of 150 m stretch, so for 2 sides 300 sheets and 2 more sheets to enclose one open side of the barricading; 150 m is taken as a safer option as it will not be possible to shift the barrier to another site same day) Hence 302 sheets* Cost of GI sheet Rs.1000 per sheet (Rs.70-100 per 104 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Kg)* labour cost ( two labours at avg. rate of Rs. 150 per day) = Rs. 309950 And for 240 Kms = Rs. 9,29,850/- Temporary Alternate traffic re-routing, Yes DPR for Sewerage flooding or , water Ensuring storage of system in logging excavated soil material on Sewerage District the higher lying areas ‘A’ Allahabad, Increased traffic Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage inconvenience system in Sewerage District ‘A’ Allahabad, Safety hazards to Putting fences or other No Rs. 16875 Assuming a stretch of 75m per workers and barricades to demarcate the day, 150 rods will be used, @ Rs. residents area 75/- per rod. Labour Health hazards Sanitation No Cost of Total no. of labour is estimated camps and nuisance due construction of pit assuming 35% of total project (if to absence of and toilet building working for 36 months .The adopted) facility for & cleaning labour camps can be divided into sanitation or solid approximately Rs. 1 camps for each zone, for waste 15,12,000/- appropriate management and management maintenance work. So per day each camp will have around 950 labourers A toilet with septic tank is been suggested for sanitation facility at labour camps. Septic tank of capacity 45 m3 will be used. For 105 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 950 labourers 63 m3 of total pit capacity would be needed. Hence 2 pits will be needed. Cost of one pit is Rs. 1,20,000. Cost of 2 pits would ne Rs. 2,40,000/- For this 3 toilet buildings of 15 closets will be needed. Cost of one toilet building is Rs. 80,000. So for 3 toilet building total cost is Rs. 2,40,000. Therefore, total cost of toilet construction at one camp site would be Rs 4,80,000/- For constructing toilet at 3 camps expenditure would be Rs. 14,40,000/- Cleaning of pit cost Rs 4000/-. And after 9 months cleaning is needed so thrice cleaning is needed. So for 2 pits X 3 camps X 3 times cleaning the cost will come as Rs.72000/- Water Supply No Approximately Rs. As estimated 950 labourers will be 1213821/- at one camp, so approximately 190 families will be placed at one camp. Around 10 standposts will be needed at one camp. One standpost construction cost is Rs 106 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 6250/-. So for 3 camps total cost will be Rs 187500 for construction. At the rate of 135 LPCD, 128250L of water is needed for each camp. At the rate of Rs 2.5KL, the cost of water provisioning would be Rs 320.65 per day. Total cost for 36 months would be Rs 342106.875 and the total cost for all camps would be Rs 1026320.625. Total cost of construction and provisioning would be Rs 1213820.625 Dust bins No Approximately Rs. Solid waste generation: Generally 200000/- about 200 grams of solid waste is generated per 5 persons every day. Hence two cluster dustbin (one for biodegradable waste and one for non-biodegradable waste of 1 cum size at the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may handle solid waste generated. Total Cost of Environment Management Rs 6786296/- Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs. 6786296/- excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan. 107 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan Allahabad-A SEWERAGE SCHEME, UP Total no. of Item Location Season Year Unit Cost Total Cost samples Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72 504,000.00 7,000.00 Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00 Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72 2,000.00 144,000.00 Soil analysis 8 2 3 48 5,500.00 264,000.00 Travel and Transportation of Lumpsum 240,000.00 monitoring Team Sub total 1,212,000.00 Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage) Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40 280,000.00 7,000.00 Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00 Noise / vibration 8 1 5 40 2,000.00 80,000.00 Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,500.00 220,000.00 Sub-Total 605,000.00 Travel and Transportation of Lumpsum 400,000.00 monitoring Team TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 2,217,000.00 Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 7.3 and Table 7.4) 90,03,296.00 Say 90 Lakhs 108 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 7.4 Social Management Plan 7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for social development of the project and the concerned stakeholders. i. Impact on human health Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the proposed sites Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging. They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. According to the interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that contractors are doing water sprinkling in the construction area. ii. Traffic Congestion Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police to manage the traffic movement. Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical intersections will also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already included in the DPR. iii. Impact on livelihood Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption. Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions. In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss or displacement and provides no provisions for livelihood loss of mobile vendors. Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers: fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into 109 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) this category. These vendors are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project. However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report. iv. Impact on existing utility services Mitigation Measure: • Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the work site. • Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged infrastructure Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions. The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to disruptions. v. Safety hazards Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign boards. As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains. Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field visits to JNNURM sites, some had fences while others did not. vi. Elevated Noise Levels According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with school function. Beyond that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid unnecessary noise pollution. vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already included in the DPR. viii. Public Notice: according to the suggestion given by locals during the interview. Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with the details of project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help them better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions. 110 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) ix. Health Programme for Workers: If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp, health programmes for their well-being should be implemented. 7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring residents. 7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded; • Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops • Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on • Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening • Laying wooden plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or shops • Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate construction area for the time when construction is on • Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period. The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures to sewage construction projects. Public Grievances Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials. Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the Environment and Social Management Framework. 111 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 7.5 Social Management Plan Potential Negative Activity Mitigation Measures Cost Issues Impact/Concern I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects A. Design and Development Phase Land Acquisition NA • SPS is planned on land already owned NA for new pumping by the government and confirmed by station the Revenue department B. Construction Phase Laying of sewer Safety hazards to workers and • Provide workers with adequate safety • Safety gear already provided by network * residents equipment such as helmets, safety contractor shoes, gloves, etc. • Putting fences or other barricades • Fences/temporary enclosures should be to demarcate the area, is already put around construction sites (even being done inactive ones, if hazards, like open pits, remain); enclosures should be properly marked with caution signs DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage District ‘ Dust generation, with resulting • Water sprinkling, removal of excess • Water sprinkling implications for human health materials, cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. • Construction of temporary enclosures to entrap dust. Reduced pedestrian and vehicle • Work should proceed on schedule so as • NA access to residences and to minimize road closures Debris clearance budgeted for in businesses, with inverse effects • Upon project completion, quick DPR 112 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) on livelihoods clearance of debris, etc. will facilitate DPR for Sewerage system in access by customers to local business Sewerage District ‘A’ Allahabad, and residents to their households Volume.-I Temporary water , electricity, • Circulation of layout plan for all • Provision for temporary shifting supply interruptions underground infrastructure to ensure of water/power lines, etc. already that contractor is aware of in DPR water/electricity lines in construction zones • Local utilities should be made aware of timing/location of all construction, DPR for Sewerage system in enabling them to respond swiftly to Sewerage District ‘A’ Allahabad, supply disruption, especially in the Volume.-I event of flooding, etc. Increased traffic inconvenience • Use of alternate traffic routes; signage • Provisions for traffic diversion, (emissions, congestions, longer should clearly indicate dates of road with signage already in DPR travel times) closures and new routes so residents can plan accordingly • Placement of traffic officers at busy intersections to facilitate easy of DPR for Sewerage system in movement Sewerage District ‘A’ Allahabad, Volume.-I Impact to daily life • Prior public notice indicating the date of start of construction and end date of construction should be provided road- wise to the locals, allowing them to make adjustments accordingly Note: *** denotes – Significant Impact; ** Denotes-Moderate Impacts and *- Minor Impact. 113 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders – government officials, relevant NGOs, etc. – could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, third party audits should be taken up so as to evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction. Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan include; • All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of vulnerable households; • decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and citizens, NGOs etc; • staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc • officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and • Representatives of the various state government departments, as required. 7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for better implementation and operation of the project. There should be synergies and continual interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the relevant departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc. Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise continued development will not be sustainable. 114 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation Stakeholder Role in project implementation Role in mitigation Category NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the mitigation plan is implemented well Ensuring funds for mitigation plan execution Executing agencies Implementation of the project by Ensuring that the relevant (UP Jal Nigam, awarding the project to the departments are available for Ganga Pollution suitable contractor and regional mitigation plan Control Unit) coordination Enough safety provisions are Informing the relevant available for the project departments about the progress implementation. of the project Jal Sansthan While execution of projects Should ensure that the basic related to sewerage line, Jal amenities are in order during Sansthan is responsible for the the construction and damage caused to the public operational phase of the utility functions like drinking project water pipe lines Municipality Ensuring better access to Should ensure all the households households envisaged at project planning phase gets access to the services. Weaker section of the society should get equitable share. State, local Coordination Coordination Government Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation Ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line and acted upon. NGOs, CSOs, Awareness creation about the Public participation and Research Institutes ( project activities coordination Allahabad Community participation for University) better project implementation 7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social Development Outcomes Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the indicators are listed below; • Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network) • Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river) 115 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) • Proper sites for industries, building etc. • Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society • Increase in public toilet • Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value) • Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area 116 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues 8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project • Access to sewer network: This service will cater to the projected population until the year 2040. According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 405176 in 2010 to 515155 by 2040. In this time, waste water generation is expected to increase from 62.80 MLD to 79.85 MLD. Hence the increase sewerage will prevent outflow of waste water to the Ganga. • Better hygienic conditions: The sewerage network will provide improved environmental conditions due to the contained handling of wastes, leading to improved public health conditions and will likely reduce the average medical expenses of the residents in the project areas. According to DPR this area has sewerage system but the sewers are very old, under capacity and deteriorated condition, which causes significant flow of untreated sewage into river and also this sewage gets accumulated on road/drain sides. These areas suffer from powerful odors and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes, which will be mitigated with the sewerage connection and overall improvement in environment and health is anticipated from this project. • Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be disposed off to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to current pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Allahabad. As the water enters Allahabad (at Rasoolabad) from Kanpur, it has a BOD much higher than the safe bathing limit of 3mg/L at about 4.5 mg/L. Downstream from Allahabad (post Sangam and before Assighat, Varanasi), the BDO reduces to below the safe bathing limit15. • Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This will eventually lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site. The support for this statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in areas with only nalas (bad odor, insects, etc.). • Reduction in cost of implementation: According to DPR, wherever possible development of sewerage will be integrated with existing GAP infrastructure to reduce the overall investment cost. • Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality. As the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality would connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during ‘Kumbh Mela’ 15Source: SanjivSwarup 2007, Affidavit of status report as on October 31,2006 filed on behalf of NRCD as per orders of the SC dated Oct 10, 2006, New Delhi January, mime 118 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) better water quality for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. At present as recorded by UP State Pollution Control Board river water at Allahabad has high fecal coliform concentration, and it has been reported that some sadhus and saints protest against the river pollution and boycott the ritual bathing16. This could be sorted out with better river water quality. 8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be provided by the project The social benefits of the proposed project are given above. The social services required to ensure that these benefits are realized are given below: • Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents complained that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project as their houses did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household connections will ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is by 2025 coverage would increase to 75% from 45% of 2010 ratio. Special care should be taken to ensure access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a programme to improve coverage of branch sewers and household connection is carried in parallel. • Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly increasing public toilet facilities will ensure that residents of Allahabad without permanent housing and tourists (especially visiting during ‘Kumbh Mela’ are able to benefit from the increased sewerage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open Defecation. This eventually would lead to better water quality and would have better environment and social ramifications. • Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt by those in need, those from backward communities should be specifically targeted for relevant jobs. • Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must be performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing, pedestrian pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the area. • Sanitation for slum dwellers: Allahabad district has many slums, as mentioned above around 185 slums spread across the city. District A also has number of slums. All these slums have no legal rights over land so it is not possible to provide such services to them. But their unsanitary condition is an impediment for over all sanitary development. Hence they should be provided with the scheme of low cost sanitation technologies without sewerage connection. 16http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images/Critical%20analysis%20of%20GAP.pdf 119 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Chapter 9 Conclusion The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category and have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. There has been no reported land acquisition or livelihood losses to be caused under this project. As per environmental and social management framework guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was conducted for addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed project. Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for which appropriate mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and social analysis study. All the social and environmental issues were appropriately studied and have been substantiated using appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm transparency during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction, implementation and operation phases. Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped to understand the general perception of public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection and treatment, prevention of untreated liquid waste infiltrating into ground water and soil, improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary inconveniences faced during the implementation stages. 120 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Annexure 1 Questionnaire TERI-Water Resources Division Date:__/__/2011 NGRBA Project Impact Assessment Interviewer:__________________ Site: __________________________ Interviewee:________________________ Location: Residential____Public Place_______ For PP: Park______Office____Market__School____Store______Religious place____ Classification: Resident______ShopKeeper___StreetVendor_____Officeworker____School_______pedestria n___ Religious figure_____Other_______ 1. Are you aware that this project will be constructed? 2. Do you think it is necessary to have this kind of project? You feel connection to sewerage is important? 3. Will your household be connected to sewer line? 4. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the following: (classify as short term and long term impacts) a. Traffic blockages? b. Parking? c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood/ environment sanitation d. Health e. Access to river water source f. Noise? g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages h. Smell/flies, etc.? i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. j. Livelihood? (temporary or permanent) k. Family? l. Daily Life? m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.) n. Other? 121 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 5. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion? a. Pollution? b. Smell/flies, etc.? c. Access to river water source d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. e. Livelihood? f. Family? g. Daily Life? h. Other? 6. Are you aware of similar projects (prompt Jnnurm projects) in your area/neighbourhood? 7. How are you coping up with these difficulties? a. Traffic blockages? b. Parking? c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood d. Health e. Access to river water source f. Noise? g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages h. Smell/flies, etc.? i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc. j. Livelihood? (Temporary/permanent) k. Family? l. Daily Life? m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.) n. Other? 8. Have you/or anyone you know of have complained on any similar projects in the past? 9. What are your suggestions on improving the project construction/operation phase? 10. Are you aware of what will happen in the absence of the project? 122 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 11. Do you think this is a no regret investment by GoI (explain what is no regret investment) and more such projects should be implemented? 12. Do you perceive any conflicts during implementation/construction of the project? (get details) 13. Do you know of any conflicts in the past due to similar projects? 14. Do you know of any land acquisition for this project? 15. Do you know of any rehabilitation/resettlement that might be required during project implementation phase? 16. Do you think these projects; will help in improving Ganga river quality, if replicated and upscaled in different areas or not? 17. Are you aware of any community/social movement against this upcoming project? 18. Are you aware of any community/social movement/ cultural issues/security threats (due to labour migration) against similar projects in your area in the past? 19. Are you willing to cope with the temporary disruptions/disturbances during the construction/operational phase? (prompt and get reason for willingness to cope, if answer is yes/no) 20. Do you believe that the authority will implement the project in a timely and efficient manner? 21. Have you/or anyone you know of approached the public grievance authority in the past regarding similar projects? (note down details) 22. Do you feel this project has minimal/no impact in comparison with some other projects/programmes you know of in the region? 123 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders Allahabad 28-29th April 2011 S. Name and Contact No. Minutes of Meeting no designation 1 Mr. Rohit, Asst. 9473942159 • According to rough estimates Project Engineer, the project in District C State Pollution would help in treating 2.61 Control Board, MLD of sewage, and in Allahabad District A around 7 MLD of sewage. This will help prevent flow of approximately 10 MLD of sewage into River Ganga. • During construction work, they make sure appropriate safety equipments are available along with proper caution signage and contact number of the concerned project coordinator. Also proper shuttering to be placed as excavation commences; water to be sprinkled through tankers, twice a day, to avoid dust pollution. • Work in front of schools and hospitals to be prioritized and finished urgently. Work could be conducted during day/night shifts. • Upstream/downstream water quality data can be retrieved from the MoEF public domain. • There are no forested areas or protected monuments being threatened by the projects. • There is no threat to Groundwater Resources since digging for sewers does not go below 6-7 meters. 2 Mr. R S Singh, State 9473942675 • Said that he dealt mainly 124 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Pollution Control vvs_18@rediffmail.com with the Operation and Board, Allahabad virummm007@gmail.com Maintenance phase of the projects. • Introduced TERI to Mr. Rohit for all necessary information. • TERI submitted a letter of request to Mr. R.S Singh, requesting relevant data for ESIA. Allahabad 5thAugust 2011 S. Name and designation Minutes of Meeting no 1 MoEF, PMG ,World Bank • There was a verbal agreement between the Nagar team, U.P. Jal Nigam, Nigam, UP Jal Nigam and other offices that each Nagar Nigam, Tata construction site for laying of sewer lines will be Consulting Engineers completed and restored in maximum period of 1 (TCE), TERI month. • It was brought to the attention that since no maps, Venue: Jal Nigam, plans of underground utilities exists, damage to Training Centre, Sangam them will be inevitable. Hall • It was agreed upon that a ‘Social publicity Programme’ would be launched, the budget for which was to be prepared by Jal Kal department. • There was a suggestion to use SewerCad and it was recommended that all sewer maps and details should be mapped using it. • The issue of providing sewer lines to unauthorized colonies was brought up. One solution was to provide sewerage to all habitations and unauthorized colonies except where public land has been encroached. Another suggestion was to provide network in all areas where a water connection already exists. This matter is still under review and consideration. • Suggestion was made by the World Bank to initiate a plan to involve and motivate local residents to install sewer connections in their homes. One such idea for a scheme would provide a free connection to all those who applied in the 1st six months. 125 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Allahabad 23rd - 26th August 2011 S. Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting no 1 Mr. A.K Mittal, General 9473942672 • He shared basic Manager, Ganga information on the existing Pollution Control Unit sewerage system in (GPCU), UP Jal Nigam, Allahabad city and Allahabad, Uttar provided contacts of Pradesh. important officials required for the environmental and social assessment study. • Important issues such as damage to public utilities, traffic congestion, dust pollution etc. were highlighted. • Data and Maps related to Water Supply, Solid Waste management, storm drainage, health and social issues were not available with UP Jal Nigam and would be with the Nagar Nigam. 2 Mr. J.P Mani, Project • As secondary data on Manager, Ganga Allahabad “A report on sub- Pollution Control Unit soil exploration for design (GPCU), UP Jal Nigam, foundation of sump well at Allahabad, Uttar Gaughat, Allahabad (U.P.)” 3 Dr. Mukesh Sharma, 09935754985 • Stated that most of the data Envrionment Officer, is with the UP Jal Nigam Project Implementation • Shared statistics about Unit, Allahabad Nagar solid waste management in Nigam. city. • Overall the SWM plans are have reached only 20% implementation in all wards. • 400 gm/head solid waste is collected adding up to a total of 540 Million Metric Tonnes per day. • Door to Door Collection (DTDC) is followed in 18 wards of District A. No slums are included in the DTDC plans. 126 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) • The major dumping sites are Allahpur, Govindpur and KarelBagh. The major processing plant is at Baswar. • With regard to waste water, BPCL is a major industry that dumps waste water into the Simraha Ghat. Other industries in NAINI area are Baidyanath, AREVA and RECRON. • Provided information on water supply for the city which included pumps, tube wells and overhead tanks (18 under JNNURM, each storing 2000KiloLitres). There are also 3 underground reservoirs in District A (2 are complete, 1 is 30% constructed) 4 Mr. Tiwary, Social 07376336219 • Informed that there is not officer, Allahabad much data that exists on Nagar Nigam. social issues at the moment. • Provided TERI with a photocopy of wards in Allahabad district and a list of slums. 5 Mr. P.K Mishra, Land • Informed that there is no Officer, Nagar Nigam. landuse data or maps available for Allahabad due to lack of recording and poor response from locals. 6 Mr, K.K Srivastav, JE, 09473942168 • Provided important Gaughat Pumping information with regard to Station, Allahabad. the Gaughat pumping station and overall sewage system in Allahabad. • The current pumping capacity of the Gaughat MPS is 72MLD and it has the capacity to handle extra increased levels of 7 to 8 m. • The MPS was built in 1988 127 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) and is very old, it should have been changed in 2003 (after 15 years). • There is no provision to handle high flows/excess flows during the monsoon. During these times, backlogging leads to flooding of the sewage network. It was suggested that storm water be bypassed to the river to avoid this kind of flooding. • There have been no complaints from the residents neighboring the MPS about noise or air quality. • Polythene is a major issue at the pumping station. Approximately 2 trucks per week are transported to dumping sites from Gaughat MPS. 7 World Bank, TCE and ssrivastav1@worldbank.org • All 3 parties discussed the UPJN day’s field visits and the World Bank gave their impression and expectations of the project work. The following points are to be mentioned: • As per JNNURM, by March 2012, water supply is targeted to be 100% in Allahabad. • The main concern for finishing the project in time is the upcoming Kumbh Mela in 2013 at Prayag. • GIS maps are to be acquired from TCE in the form of a CD. • The UPJN agreed to provide field assistance to all field going teams, as suggested by the World Bank. 128 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Annexure 3 Census Data District Allahabad (45), Uttar Pradesh (09) Population Persons 4,936,105 Males 2,626,448 Females 2,309,657 Growth (1991-2001) 26.72 Rural 3,729,320 Urban 1,206,785 Scheduled Caste Population 1,065,097 Percentage to total Population 21.58 Literacy and Educational level Literates Persons 2,506,942 Males 1,635,387 Females 871,555 Literacy rate Persons 62.11 Males 75.81 Females 46.38 Workers Total workers 1,671,349 Main workers 1,106,596 Marginal workers 564,751 Non-workers 3,264,756 Scheduled Castes (Largest three) 1. Pasi 304,424 2. Chamar etc. 402,347 3. Kol 106,164 Religions (Largest three) 1. Hindus 4,284,834 2. Muslims 627,735 3. Christians 9,114 Important Towns (Largest three) Population 1. Allahabad (M Corp.) 975,393 2. Allahabad (CB) 24,137 3. Lal Gopalganj Nindaura (NP) 22,992 House Type Type of House (% of households occupying) Permanent 50.7 Semi-permanent 45.5 Temporary 3.8 Number of households 740,941 Household size (per household) 7 Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 879 Sex ration (0-6 years) 917 129 Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) Scheduled Tribe population 4,273 Percentage to total population 0.09 Educational Level attained Total 2,506,942 Without level 152,585 Below primary 536,398 Primary 542,568 Middle 404,832 Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 616,060 Graduate and above 254,138 Age groups 0-4 years 586,483 5-14 years 1,374,513 15-59 years 2,598,662 60 years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 376,447 Scheduled Tribes (Largest three) 1. Generic Tribes etc. 3,322 2. Tharu 870 3. Jaunsari 57 Amenities and infrastructural facilities Total inhabited villages Amenities available in villages No. of Villages Drinking water facilities 2,783 Safe Drinking water 2,783 Electricity (Power Supply) 2,289 Electricity (domestic) 1,066 Electricity (Agriculture) 703 Primary school 1,733 Middle schools 613 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 214 College 61 Medical facility 651 Primary Health Centre 53 Primary Health Sub-Centre 66 Post, telegraph and telephone facility 910 Bus services 201 Paved approach road 1,956 Mud approach road 1,986 130