36842 191 matika Bakükat; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> v buBVkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ix esckþIEføgGMNrKuN >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xi CMBUkTI 1 savtarBak;B½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 CMBUkTI 2 xøwmsarsegçbtamvis½y >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 ksiGaCIvkmµTUeTA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 Ggár >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8 RKab;sVaycnÞI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8 bsustV >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9 EpøsVay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9 eRbgrukçCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10 RsaTwketñat >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10 ekAs`U >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11 RtI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11 plitplsURt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11 sgðarwmEdleFVIGMBIb¤sSI nig epþA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12 sMelokbMBak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12 esvahirBaØvtßú >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13 esvasMNg; nig esvaBak;B½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>14 CMBUkTI 3 kic©snüarbs; WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15 CMBUkTI 4 RbPBedIm nig eKalkarN_rbs; WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>21 i CMBUkTI 5 briyakasbTbBaØatifµIcMeBaHGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>33 CMBUkTI 6 briyakasvinieyaKfµI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43 CMBUkTI 7 briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ ³ karebIkTIpSar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53 CMBUkTI 8 briyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµfµI ³ dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63 CMBUkTI 9 karkøayeTACamanPaBRbkYtRbECg nig dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69 ]bsm<½n§ k1 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ TUeTA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>77 ]bsm<½n§ k2 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ Ggár >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89 ]bsm<½n§ k 3 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RKab;sVaycnÞI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>101 ]bsm<½n§ k4 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ bsustV >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>109 ]bsm<½n§ k5 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ EpøsVay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>115 ]bsm<½n§ k6 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ eRbgrukçCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>123 ]bsm<½n§ k7 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RsaTwketñat>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>129 ]bsm<½n§ k8 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ ekAs`U>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133 ]bsm<½n§ x RtI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>139 ]bsm<½n§§ K1 sib,kmµ³ plitplsURt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>147 ]bsm<½n§ K2 sib,kmµ ³ sgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nig epþA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>153 ]bsm<½n§ X semøókbMBak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>159 ]bsm<½n§ g1 esvahirBaØvtßú >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>169 ]bsm<½n§ g2 esvasMNg; nig esvaBak;B½n§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>175 ]bsm<½n§ c bTBiesaFrbs;smaCikmYyeTotrbs; WTO RbeTsG`Uhág;da >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>179 : ]bsm<½n§ TI 1 FnFanBt'man >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>191 ]bsm<½n§ TI 2 karKaMRTkargarCMrujBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>195 ]bsm<½n§ TI 3 muxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>199 ]bsm<½n§ TI 4 Gas½ydæanRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>201 ]bsm<½n§ TI 5 snÞanuRkménbec©ks½BÞ WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>203 ii Bakükat; AFTA tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas`an AGOA c,ab;sþIBIkMeNInnigkalanuvtþPaBrbs;TIVbGaRhVik ASEAN smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGeKñy_ ATC kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIvaynPNÐnigsMelokbMBak; BSE CMgWeKaqáÜt Camcontrol naykdæankm<úCaRtYtBinitüTMnijGahr½N nIh½rN nigbRgáabkarEkøgbnøM ¬naykdæankaMkugRtUlénRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ¦ CAP eKalneya)ayksikmµTUeTA CDRI viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal RsavRCav edIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa CEPT Bn§KyGnueRKaHEdlmanRbsiT§PaBTUeTA c.i.f. éføFanara:b;rg nigéfødwkCBa¢Ún C/O viBaØabnbRtRbPBedIm COMESA pSarrYménGaRhVikxagekItnigxagt,Úg EAC shKmn_GaRhVikxagekIt EBA GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF EU shPaBGWr:ub FAOSTAT Tinñn½ymUldæanEpñksßitirbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIes,ógGaharnig karcat;taMgEpñkksikmµ FDI vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs f.o.b. éføpÞúkelInavanigéføRbKl;enAkMBg;Ep GATT kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn§KynigBaNiC¢kmµ GATS kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµesvakmµ GDP plitplkñúgRsuksrub GNP plitplCatisrub ILO GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati iii INBAR bNþajb¤sSI nigepþAGnþrCati IP kmµsiT§ibBaØa IPR siT§isþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa ITRO GgÁkareRkAs`URtIPaKIGnþrCati LDC RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆticbMput MAFF RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT MFA kic©RBmeRBogsrésGMe)aH MFN RbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMput MoC RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ NAFTA kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIenAGaemrikxageCIg NGO GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al OPEC GgÁkarénbNþaRbeTsnaMeRbgecj PSI GFikarkic©muneBlpÞúk SGS Rkumh`unRtYtBinitüTUeTA SME shRKasFuntUcnigFunmFüm SPS Gnam½ynigPUtKamGnam½y TBT ]bsKÁEpñkbec©keTscMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ TRIMs viFankarvinieyaKTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ TRIPS TidæPaBTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµénsiT§isþIBIkmµsiT§ibBaØa UK cRkPBGg;eKøs UN GgÁkarshRbCaCati UN Comtrade Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIBaNiC¢kmµ UNBS kariyal½ysþg;darrbs;RbeTsG`Uhág;da UNCTAD snñisITGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIBaNiC¢kmµnigkarGPivDÆ UNEP kmµviFIrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIbrisßan US shrdæGaemrik USDA RksYgksikmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik VAT GakrelItémøbEnßm WTO GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak iv buBVkfa eTaHbICaeyIgcUlcitþ b¤mincUlcitþk¾eday saklPavUbnIykmµKWCaEpñkmYyénCivitRbcaMéf¶ rbs;eyIg. CalT§plénkarrIkcMerInxagmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún nigKmnaKmn_RBmTaMgkarebIkTUlay énesdækic©nanaenAelIBiPBelak \LÚvenHRbeTsTaMgLaykan;EtmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKñaeLIg. edayTTYlsÁal;tfPaBenH eTIbRbeTskm<úCaseRmccitþcUlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµ BiPBelak (WTO) . eTaHbICa dMeNIrkarénkarcUlCasmaCikenHKWCakarBi)akmYy ehIykm<úCa RtÚvTTYlykl½kçx½NÐEdlelIshYsBI bTdæansRmab;RbeTsEdlminsUvGPivDÆn¾k¾eday k¾eyIg suxcitþTTYlykEdr. eyIgmanehtuplc,as;las;kñúgkareFVIdUecñaH. RbeTseyIgmankmøaMgBlkmµ EdlekIneLIgy:agelOn b:uEnþeyIgKµankargarRKb;RKan;sMrab;BYkeKeT. ehIyenAeBlCamYyKñaenH eyIgRtUvRbQmmuxCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECgxagesdækic©y:agxøaMgBIsMNak;RbeTsCitxagrbs;eyIg. manEt vis½yÉkCnEdlrIkcMerInmYyeTeTIbGacCYybegáItkargarEdlmannirnþPaB)an. cMeBaaHRbeTsEdlmanTMhMtUc nigmankMritGPivDÆn¾dUcRbeTskm<úCa KnøwHsMxan;mYysMrab;eFVI[vis½y ÉkCnrIkcMerIn)an KWBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. dUcEdlbTBiesaFn¾énkareFVIsmahrNkmµesdækic©énRbeTs mYycMnYn)anbgðajkñúgry³eBlBIrTsvtSknøgmkenH RbeTsEdlmanpleFobBaNiC¢kmµelI plitpl kñúgRsuksrub (GDP) x c,ab; nig bTb,BaØtiþnanaRtUvmantmøaPaB tmøaPaB KWCaeKalkarN_cMbgrbs; WTO . sRmab;BaNiC¢kr KµanGVIEdlmansar³sMxan;Cag karyl;dwg nigTMnukcitþrbs;BYkeK eTAelIbriyakasc,ab; EdlBYkeKdMeNIrkareLIy eTaHCaenAkñúg RbeTs nigenAeRkARbeTskþI. tamFmµta kic©RBmeRBog WTO RtUvEtmantmøaPaB ehIytRmUv[ rdæaPi)al nigGaCJaFrdéTeTote)aHpSaynUvc,ab; viFan nigkic©RbtibtþinanaEdlGacmanplb:HBal; dl; BaNiC¢kmµ b¤karvinieyaK. 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RbsinebIKµankarpøas;bþÚrTaMgenHeT cMNayEdl eKemIlmineXIj nigkarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkarnana nwgkan;EteFVI[man]bsKÁcMeBaHkic©GPivDÆ nigcMeBaHRkumh`unGnþrCatiFM² EdleRKagnwgmkebIGaCIvkmµenAkm<úCa EdltamFmµta BYkeKKµanqnÞ³ TTYlyknUvkareFVIEbbenHeT. karebIkcMhTIpSarenAkñúg WTO tRmUv[mankar ebIkcMhEpñkbTbBaØtiþ nigkarRKb;RKgedayc,ab;. kñúgzan³CasmaCik WTO RbeTskm<úCa)ansnüaedayxøÜnÉgfa kñúgry³eBl 30 éf¶ km<úCanwg pþl;mtieyabl;elIviFanfµI²TaMgT,ay Edlb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµTMnij BaNiC¢kmµesvakmµ b¤dl;kar karBarkmµsiT§ibBaØa EdlbNþalmkBIviFankarfµI² EdleK)anesñIeLIg. viFankarfµInwgKµanRbsiT§PaB eLIy drabNaeKmine)aHpSayviFankarTaMgenaHenAkñúgraCkic©. c,ab; viFan nigRkwtüepSg² k¾dUcCa viFan rdæ)al nigviFantulakarTaMgGs;EdlTak;TgeTAnwgBaNiC¢kmµ caM)ac;RtUvdak;pSaykñúgEvbsay pøÚvkar www.moc.gov.kh ¬bTbBaØtiþþBaNiC¢kmµ¦ nig www.cambodia.gov.kh ¬c,ab; nig viFan TUeTA¦. kic©RBmeRBog WTO cMnYn 3 tRmUv[mankEnøgpþl;B½t'manEdlbegáIteLIgedayrdæaPi)al edI,m,I 27 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ [Rkumh`unbreTs b¤Rkumh`unkñúgRbeTsGacEsVgrk)an nUvB½t'mansþIGMBIc,ab; viFan nigkic©Rbtibtþi bc©úb,nñ. TaMgGs;enH GnuvtþcMeBaHbTbBaØtiþþEdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;esvakmµ (TBT) ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 13 kñúgCMBUkTI 8¦ nigsuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar ¬sUmGanRbGb; k1>1 enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ k1¦. RbeTskm<úCaRtUvEtpþl;dMNwgdl; WTO edaypÞal; GMBIviFankarnanaEdlsßitkñúgRkbx½NÐénkic© RBmeRBogrbs; WTO. eKGacrkemIlkic©RBmeRBog nigkarCUndMNwgGMBIviFanTaMgGs;enH rbs;smaCik WTO TaMgGs; enAelIEvbsay www.wto.org . 2> PaBminerIseGIg eKalkarN_sMxan;TI 2 énviFanrbs; WTO KW karminerIseGIg . eKGnuvtþeKalkarN_enH CaBIr kRmit. kRmitTI 1³ karminerIseGIg mann½yfa eKminGacerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgTMnijkm<úCa enAkñúgTIpSar naMecj eFobnwgTMnijdUcKña EdlnaMmkBIRbeTsRbkYtRbECgnanaeLIy. kRmitTI 2³ enAeBlNaEdl TMnijenaHcUleTAdl;TIpSarnaMecj eKminGacerIseGIgcMeBaHTMnijkm<úCa xusBITMnijEdlplitenAkñúg samIRbeTseLIy. TRmg;TI 1 sþIBIkarminerIseGIg RtUveK[eQµaHfa {RbeTsEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµ bMput} ¬MFN¦. mann½yfa enAkñúgTIpSarénsmaCik WTO eKminRtUvcat;TukTMnijkm<úCa xusBITMnij rbs;smaCik WTO déTeToteLIy. b:uEnþ eKBMusUveKarBeKalkarN_enHeLIy tamry³TMnak;TMng BaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigTMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 4 ¦. TRmg;TI 2 énkarminerIseGIg ehAfa {RbRBwtþikmµCati}. enHKWCakic©karBarEdlmansar³sMxan; mYy cMeBaHsßanPaBEdlTMnijnanaGaccUleTAkan;TIpSarmYy b:uEnþbnÞab;mkeKeFVImin[manlkçN³RbkYt RbECg eRBaHfaTMnijTaMgenaHRtUvCab;Bn§Cab;bnÞúk b¤kic©RbtibtþiEpñkrdæ)alBiess EdleKminGnuvtþ cMeBaHplitplRbePTdUcKñaEdlplitkñúgRbeTs. karFanaGMBIRbRBwtþikmµCati nwgCYyTMnijkm<úCa enAkñúgTIpSarnaMecj. RsbCamYyKñaenH eKRtUveRbIR)as;RbRBwtþikmµCatienAkñúgRbeTskm<úCapgEdr EdlGacnwgdak;kMhiteTAelIsmtßPaBGaCIvkmµkñúgRbeTs kñúgkarsRmbxøÜnCamYYykarRbkYtRbECg elI karnaMcUl. 28 RbPBedIm nigeKalkarN_rbs;; WTO RbGb;TI 4 ³ kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; nigBaNiC¢kmµEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH CabBaðaRbQmmYycMeBaH WTO enAeBlmankarcrcaenAkñúg GATT kñúgTsvtS 1940 Canic©kalEtgEtmankarrMBwgTukfa RbeTsmYycMnYnnwgrYmKñalubbM)at;r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn. shPaBGWr:ub KWCa ]TahrN_cMbgmYy kñúgkarlubbM)at;r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ kñúgbNþaRbeTsCasmaCik. karKNna)anbgðaj fakarkat;bnßy r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ kñúgcMeNamRkumRbeTsRbhak;RbEhlKña nwgeFVI[esdækic©rbs; RbeTsTaMgenaH rIkceRmInrYmKña nigkan;EtmanlkçN³rwgmaMbEnßmeTot ehIyeKmanCMenOfa nwgbegáIn karnaMcUleRcInCagFmµta. eTaHbICamankarerIseGIgcMeBaHRbeTsEdlminsßit enAkñúgRkumkþIRbeTs nImYy² nwg)anTTYlplcMeNj. kñúgkarGnuBaØat[mankic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; dMbUg GATT ehIybnÞab;mk WTO )andak;l½kçx½NÐmYycMnYn. ]TahrN_ kic©RBmeRBogRbcaMtMbn;TaMgenaH RtUvGnuvtþ[)aneRcIn cMeBaH BaNiC¢kmµTaMgT,ay kñúgcMeNamPaKIenAkñúgtMbn; nigminKYrbegáInr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµcMeBaHsmaCik WTO déTeLIy. b:uEnþKYr[esaksþay eKkRmGnuvtþ)antaml½kçx½NÐTaMgenaHNas; mYycMENkFM KWbNþalmkBI bBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxcMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµksikmµ. RbEhlCaCagdb;qñaMknøgeTA ktikasBaØaTaMgenH )anrIk sayeTAdl;cMNucmYy EdlsmaCik WTO esÞIrEtTaMgGs; )ancab;GarmµN_CamYyktikasBaØaTaMgenH ehIyeKmineCOfa manRbeTsCaeRcIneKarB)antaml½kçx½NÐ rbs; WTO eLIy. sRmab;RbeTskm<úCa kic©RBmeRBog AFTA Cakic©RBmeRBogsþIBItMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIrbs; Gas`an TMngnwgkøayCakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµsMxan;RbcaMtMbn; enAkñúgGnaKtd¾xøIxagmux. KµanehtuplNa EdlRtUveCOfa AFTA GacTTYlyk)an enAkñúg WTO eTaHtic b¤eRcInCag kic©RBmeRBogRsedogKña kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenHeLIy dUcCa Mercosur enAGaemrikLaTIn b¤ NAFTA ¬shrdæGaemrik kaNada nig muicsiuk¦. kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn;PaKeRcIn Bak;B½n§nwgkarkat;bnßyGRtaBn§naMcUl 29 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ mkRtwmkRmitsUnü tameBlevlaEdl)ankMNt;. b:uEnþ RbeTsmYycMnYn cUlrYmEtelIkarebIk TIpSarcMeBaHTMnij nig esvakmµBIRbeTskMBugGPivDÆEtb:ueNÑaH. enaHKWkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµ EdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH. shrdæGaemrik nigshPaBGWr:ubpþl;lT§PaBGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµtam ry³kmµviFI GSP ¬RbB½n§GnueRKaHBn§TUeTA¦ ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 7¦. RbeTsrIkceRmIndéTeTot dMeNIr karRbB½n§EdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaenHehIy RbeTskMBugGPivDÆTMngCanwgbegáInkarpþl;PaBGnueRKaH BaNiC¢kmµnana eTA[RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ dUcKña. eKk¾GnuBaØat[manPaBGnueRKaHTaMgenH enAkñúgrgVg; WTO pgEdr. GacmanPaBGnueRKaHEdl manlkçN³erIseGIg b:uEnþ tamry³karpþl;l½kçx½NÐTIpSarEdlmanGMeNaypl cMeBaHRbeTsRkIRk mankarrMBwgTukfa enAeBlNamYy RbeTsTaMgenaHnwgrIkceRmIn ehIykøayCaTIpSard¾RbesIr b:uEnþ RbeTsnIimYy² Kb,ITTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday mankarsgS½yCaeRcIn GMBIplRbeyaCn_énkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmµ sRmab;ry³eBlEvg. cMNucxVHxatmYyénkmµviFITaMgenH KWkmµviFImanlkçN³Cakarsµ½RKcitþ rbs; RbeTsnaMcUl. eKGacTTYl)annUvplRbeyaCn_ edaymincaM)ac;BwgEp¥k WTO . CagenHeTAeTot edayehtufa kRmiténGRtaBn§naMcUlenAkñúgTIpSarsMxan;²)anfycuH enaH]tþmPaBeRbobeFobénPaB GnueRKaHk¾cuHfypgEdr. mankarRBYy)armÖpgEdr GMBIkarvinieyaK EdlgakeTArkvis½yEdl)anTTYl karGnueRKaH niggakecjBIvis½yEdlmanGnaKtl¥RbesIrsRmab;ry³eBlEvg. eKeXIjmankar bnÞúcbg¥ak; cMeBaHBhuPavUbnIykmµ elIkarvinieyaK. enAkñúgry³eBlEvg RbeTsRkIRkminKYrBwgEp¥k TaMgRsug elIkic©RBmeRBogEdlman lkçN³GnueRKaH sRmab;CMrujBaNiC¢kmµnaMecjrbs;xøÜneLIy. 3> esrIPavUbnIykmBaNiC¢kmCaCMhan² eKalkarN_TI 3 KWkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµCaCMhan² tamry³karcrca. WTO BuMEmnCakic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIeLIy. dUcmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgCMBUkbnþbnÞab; eKeXIjmanEdnén viFankarsRmab;karBarTIpSar Tl;nwgkarRbkYtRbECg BIsMNak;karnaMcUl. b:uEnþeKaledACamUldæanén WTO KWRtUvbegáItBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarvinieyaK tamry³karbegáInkarebIkTUlayTIpSar. 30 RbPBedIm nigeKalkarN_rbs;; WTO rdæaPi)almanesrIPaBkñúgkarebIkTUlayTIpSarrbs;xøÜn EdlmanlkçN³ÉkraCBI WTO. bnÞab;BI karcUlkñúgGgÁkar WTO RbeTskm<úCaGaceFVIesrIPavUbnIykmµbEnßmeTot kñúgkRmitEdlrdæaPi)al yl;fasmRsb. kñúgry³eBlRbEhl 10 qñaMmþg GATT nig WTO EtgEtRbkaserobcMkic©RbCuMBaNiC¢kmµ BhuPaKI EdlbNþaRbeTsCasmaCikcUlrYmenAkñúgkarcrcaTUeTAd¾TUlMTUlay edIm,IebIkTIpSarrbs; RbeTsnImYy² b¤BRgIkEdnRKbdNþb;énviFannana. GgÁkar WTO RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykic©RbCuMenA RbeTs G`UrUháay (Uruguay) Edlmanry³eBlBIqñaM 1986 dl; 1994. RbeTskm<úCanwgman»kascUlrYmeBjelj enAkñúgkic©RbCuMbc©úb,nñenATIRkugdUha (Doha -rdæFanI énRbeTskata¦ Edlmanrebobvar³sRmab;karcrcad¾TUlay. kic©RbCuMenHKWCakarbnþdMeNIrkaresrIPavUb nIykmµTIpSar cMeBaHTMnij]sSahkmµ TMnijksikmµ nigesvakmµnana. eKrMBwgfa nwgmankarQandl; kic©RBmeRBog WTO fµI² sþIBIkarsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ. RbkarenHGacmanplRbeyaCn_CaBiess cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa ehIyCaBiess RbsinebImankarpþl;mUlniFisRmab;RTRTg;kMENTRmg;Ky EdlCa eKaledAcMbgénkarpþÜcepþImKMnitenH. kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) k¾GacQaneTAdl;karbEnßmviFan WTO nanaEfmeTotpgEdr ¬]TahrN_ sUmGan]bsm<½n§ {x} sþIBIbBaða]btßmÖFnelIRtI¦ nigedIm,I BRgwgl½kçx½NÐnana EdlRtUvGnuvtþcMeBaHbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) TTYlrgkaryWty:av GUsbnøayGs;eBly:agyUr edaysarEtman PaBxusKñakñúgvis½yksikmµ. kic©RbCuMenH TMngCanwgRtUveFVIenAqñaM 2006-2007. RbkarenHmann½yfa EpñkÉkCnenAkm<úCa enAmanP½BVsMNag kñúgkarkMNt;eKaledAsRmab;karcrca b¤y:agehacNas; edIm,IBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyrdæaPi)al sþIBIyuT§sa®sþEdlRtUvGnuvtþ. 4> RbRBwtþikmBaNiC¢kmBiess nigdac;edayELk eKalkarN_TI 4 KW {RbRBwtþikmµBaNiC¢kmµBiess nigdac;edayELk} sRmab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg TsSnaTanenHGnuBaØat[manl½kçx½NÐgayRsYlcMeBaHRbeTsRkIRk. RbkarenH Gacmann½yfa minGnuvtþbBaØtþimYycMnYnénkic©RBmeRBogfµIcMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ ehIyk¾ mann½ypg Edrfa Cakarpþl;eBlevlasRmab;GnuvtþbBaØtþiTaMgenaH dl;RbeTsRkIRk eRcInCageBlevla EdlRtUvpþl;[ 31 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ RbeTsrIkceRmIn. enHKWCaTidæPaBmYyd¾mansar³sMxan;énkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha(Doha). kñúgnamCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆTabbMputmYy RbeTskm<úCanwgBinitüeXIjfa xøÜnsßitkñúgbBaØtþi EdlmanRbRBwtþikmµBaNiC¢kmµBiessCaeRcIn. ]TahrN_ km<úCaGacrYcputBIkartRmUv[GnuvtþbBaØtþi WTO mYycMnYn kñúgeBlGnaKt b¤)anTTYleBlevlabEnßmeTot sRmab;GnuvtþbBaØtþiTaMgenaH mindUcsmaCik ÉeTot²eT. CagenHeTAeTot enAkñúgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµ tamFmµtaeKmintRmUv[km<úCaeFVIviPaKTan CacMbg kñúgkarpþl;lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarfµI Edlpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikÉeToteLIy. bBaða sRmab;Rkumh`unÉkCnenAkm<úCaKW etIl½kçx½NÐEbbenH kñúgry³eBlEvgGacCYy b¤eFVI[b:HBal;dl; karGPivDÆsmtßPaBRbkYtRbECgd¾rwgmaM kñúgvis½yksikmµkmµnþsal nigesvakmµ Edrb¤eT? 32 CMBUkTI 5 briyakasc,ab;fµI sRmab;GaCIvkmµ kñúgRbeTs kñúgGMLúgeBléndMeNIrkarcUlCasmaCik nigenAkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMdMbUg énsmaCikPaBkñúg GgÁkar WTO GtßRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;;bMput cMeBaHRbeTsEdlsßitkñúgdMNak;kalGPivDÆ dUcRbeTskm<úCa y:agehacNas; KWkarpþl;nUvbriyakassmRsbcMeBaHBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarvinieyaK. edIm,IQandl; kic©RBmeRBogEdlRbeTsCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO déTeTotGacTTYlyk)an RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUv Gnum½tc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþþCaeRcIn EdleqøIytbeTAnwgkatBVkic©rbs; WTO. rdæaPi)alk¾)anbegáItpgEdr nUvkmµviFInItikmµBiessrhUtdl;qñaM 2007 edIm,IbBa©b;dMeNIrkarenH. karGUsbnøay kñúgkarbegáItrdæaPi)alenAkm<úCa bnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñatenAqñaM 2003 k¾)anGUs bnøaykmµviFInItikmµenHpgEdr. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday kmµviFInItikmµfµIenHnwgeFVIeGay mankarpøas;bþÚr y:agFMcMeBaHRkbx½NÐénkareFVIGaCIvkmµrbs;Rkumh`unkñúgRbeTs. c,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþþmantémøEtkñúgeBlNa EdleK Gnuvtþb:ueNÑaH ehIyeKGacGnuvtþ)an tamry³RbB½n§rdæ)al nigRbB½n§tulakarEdlGaceCOTukcitþ )anebIkcMh nigmanyutþiFm'. RbkarenHKWCaviBaØasarsMxan;mYysRmab;km<úCa kñúgzan³CasmaCikrbs; WTO . smaCikÉeTot EdlRkumh`unrbs;BYkeKmanbMNgeFVIBaNiC¢kmµ b¤vinieyaKkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nwgBinitütamdany:aghµt;ct;elIbBaðaenH. R)akdNas; RbsinebIEpñkÉkCnenAkm<úCacg;eXIj plRbeyaCn_BitR)akd BIkarcUlkñúgGgÁkar WTO caM)ac;RtUvXøaMemIl nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs; BYkeKedayxøÜnÉg. WTO nwgman\T§iBlmkelIc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþþnanarbs;km<úCaelIEpñkcMnYn 4 KW³ briyakas GaCIvkmµTUeTA BaNiC¢kmµTMnij BaNiC¢kmµesva nigkarkarBarkmµsiT§ibBaaØ. 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WTO BuM)andak;ecjnUvbTdæanTaMgenaHeT k¾b:uEnþGgÁkarenH)anGnum½t vin½ynana enAqñaM 1998 EdltRmUv[bTbBaØtiþþKNenyümantmøaPaB. vin½yTaMgenHk¾rYmmanpgEdr nUvEbbbTkargar nigl½kçx½NÐnana Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;GaCJabNÑ dl;KNenyükr nigsßanPaBsmtßPaB rbs;BYkeK. 34 briyakasbTbBaØatifµIcMeBaHGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk karerobcMRKb;RKgBaNiC¢kmTMnij manbBaØtþiCaeRcInenAkñúg WTO Edlb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµTMnijqøgEdn. bTbBaØtiþþmYycMnYn mansar³sMxan;sRmab;Rkumh`unnaMecjkm<úCa ehIyeK)anelIkykmkBiPakSaenAkñúgCMBUkTI 7. bTbBaØtþi ÉeTotmansar³RbeyaCn_cMeBaHRkumh`unEdlnaMTMnijcUl. bTbBaØtþi 3 manplb:HBal;dl;EbbbTnaMcUl enAtamRBMEdn³ karkMNt;témøBn§Ky karpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl nigGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij. kgVl;d¾sMxan;rbs;Rkumh`unnaMcUlkm<úCa KWkarkMNt;témøKitBn§xus²Kña EdlKy)aneFVIcMeBaH TMnijnaMcUl edIm,IkMNt;Bn§ nigkMNt;GakrelItémøbEnßm (VAT) . BaNiC¢krTaMgLaytv:afa cMeBaH RbGb;TI 5 ³ kic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøKitBn§Kyrbs; WTO GgÁkar WTO erobcMRKb;RKgkarkMNt;témøBn§Ky edIm,IkMNt;Bn§naMcUlEdleFVIeLIg eday esvaKy. CasMxan; karkMNt;témøenHKYrCatémøRbtibtþikarelITMnijnaMcUl mü:agvijeTotKWCaéfø Edl GñknaMcUl)anbg;tamvik½yb½Rt. KymansiTi§bEnßmcMNay b¤bnÞúkmYycMnYneTAelITwkR)ak;vik½yb½Rt RbsinebIminTan;)anKitbBa©ÚlnUvkarcMNay b¤bnÞúkTaMgenaH. cMNucTaMgenHmanbBa¢ak;lMGitenAkñúgkic© RBmeRBog EdlrYmmankMéreCIgsar nigkMérPñak;gar karevcx©b; nigcMNaykugETn½r Bn§sYysarGakr nigéføGaCJabNÑ. eKk¾GacbUkbBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvéfødwkCBa¢Ún éføFanara:b;rg nigbnÞúkBak;B½n§rhUtmkdl; kMBg;EpnaMcUlpgEdr. kic©RBmeRBog WTO rYmmanbBa¢I sþIBIsßanPaBnana EdlKyGacbdiesF cMeBaHtémøRbtibtþikar EdleK)anRbkas. enAeBlEdlKyeFVIdUecñH manbTdæancMnYnR)aMdéTeTot sRmab;kMNt;témøKitBn§ KWtémøRbtibtþikarEdl)ankMNt;cMeBaHkarpÞúkTijdUcKñakalBIelIkmun. enAeBlEdlmankarGUsbnøay eBlevla kñúgkarkMNt;témøBn§Ky Rkumh`unnaMcUlGacmansiT§iykTMnijBIKy edaybg;R)ak;Fana b¤bg; R)ak;kk;. Rkumh`unnaMcUlRtUvmansiT§iesñIsMu[KyBnül;Calayl½kçN_GkSr GMBIviFIEdlKyKNnatémø KitBn§mkelIBYkeK. 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RbeTskm<úCa)ansnüaGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBogénkarkMNt;témøBn§Ky WTO ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 5¦. edayehtufa karGnuvtþGacmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj nigCadMeNIrkarmYytwgEtg km<úCa nig WTO )anÉkPaBKña elIry³eBlGnþrkal 5 qñaM. dMeNIrkarenH nwgmanlkçN³CaCMhan² b:uEnþenAéf¶TI 1 Ex mkra qñaM 2009 bBaØtþinanaénkic©RBmeRBogenHGacnwgdMeNIrkarTaMgRsugenAkm<úCa. enAeBlNa Edlc,ab; nigbTbBaØtiþþ sRmab;GnuvtþmanRbsiT§PaB Rkumh`unbreTs nigRkumh`unnaMcUlkm<úCanwgman RbB½n§mYyEdlmantmøaPaBsuIcgVak;Kña nigmanyutþiFm'kñúgkarkMNt;témøCamUldæansRmab;bg;Bn§. karGnuvtþGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij ¬PSI¦ KWCakic©karEdlRbRBwtþeTArYmKña CamYynwgdMeNIr karkMNt;témøBn§rbs;Ky. tamFmµta eKeFVI PSI enAkñúgRbeTsnaMecj b:uEnþenARbeTsCaeRcInEdl esvaKy KµanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; nigBuMKYr[Tukcitþ eKCYlRkumh`un PSI [eFVIesvaKyTUeTAenA kMBg;Ep tamRckcUl dUcCakarBinitüemIlbrimaN KuNPaB nigéføTMnij. Rkumh`unTaMgenHk¾epÞógpÞat; pgEdr nUvcMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky2 EdlRtUvGnuvtþ nigBn§KyEdlRtUvbg;. kñúgeBlkMBugsresrÉksarenH eKkMBugBicarNaelIkaredjéføkic©snüa PSI fµImYYysRmab;km<úCa Edlknøgmk RtUv)ankan;kan;kab; edayRkumh`unRtYtBinitüTUeTA (SGS) mkBIRbeTssVúIs. 2 cMNat;fñak;Bn§naMcUl KWCaRbB½n§elxkUdEdleKkMNt;elITMnijesÞIrRKb;RbePTedIm,IkMNt;Bn§Ky. Rkumplitpl CaTUeTA RtUv)aneKkMNt;edayelxxøI nigsamBaØ. ]TahrN_ semøókbMBak;FmµtaRtUv)aneKcat;fñak; b¤cat;CaCMBUk elxkUd 61 nig 62. tYelxkUdenHEvg enAeBlEdlplitplmYyRtUv)aneKkMNt;kan;Etc,as;. ]TahrN_ semøókbMBak; exaGav nigsMBt; rbs;®sþI nigekµgRsI RtUv)aneKdak;elxkUd 61>04 ehIysemøókbMBak;GMBIsMlI kb,as RtUv)aneKpþl;elxkUd 61>04>02>00. enARbeTs]sSahkmµmYycMnYnEdlnaMcUlplitplCaeRcIn eKGaceRbI elxkUdcMnYn 10 xÞg; sRmab; eFVIcMNat;fñak;mYy. eKsegáteXIjmanRbB½n§elxkUdmYycMnYneTot. RbeTsCasmaCik WTO PaKeRcIn rab;TaMgRbeTskm<úCa pgEdr )aneRbIR)as; {RbB½n§sRmbtRmUvKña} sMrab;eFVIcMNat;fñak;EdlRKb;RKgedayGgÁkarKyBiPBelak enATIRkugRb`ucEsl. 36 briyakasbTbBaØatifµIcMeBaHGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk manPaBsmehtusmplcMeBaHmUlehtumYycMnYn sRmab;kareRbIR)as;esva PSI enAkñúgRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆ. eRkABIenH edIm,IFanafa TMnijdéTeTotEdl)anbBa¢aTij KWCaTMnijEdlRtUv)andwkCBa¢Ún TaMgbrimaN nigKuNPaB PSI GacbBaÄb;kareFVIvikáybRtEdldak;témøelIs nigdak;témøminRKb;tam karnaMcUl. kareFVIvikáybRtedaydak;témøelIs bgá[mancracrN_edayxusc,ab;énTwkR)ak;eTAbreTs ¬karhUrTunecjeRkARbeTs¦ eRBaHfa karTUTat;RtUvRbRBwtþeTAelIstémøBitrbs;TMnijy:ageRcIn. kareFVIvikáybRtminRKb;tamtémøCak;Esþg eFVI[)at;bg;cMNUlBn§Ky nig)at;cMNUlBn§déTeTot edaysarkarvaytémøTabedayKy. kñúgkrNIénRbeTskm<úCa PSI TMngCaGacCYybegáInel,Ónkar RbGb;TI 6 ³ kic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij (PSI) bBaØtþinanarbs;kic©RBmeRBogrYmman³ · eKGaceRbIviFIGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij ¬PSI¦ CabeNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH. · minRtUvmankarRbkan;\riyabferIseGIg cMeBaHGñknaMecjepSg²eT. · tamFmµta GFikarkic©RbRBwtþeTA enAkñúgRbeTsEdlnaMTMnijecj. · c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþi sRmab;RKb;RKgRkumh`un PSI RBmTaMgnItiviFI niglkçN³vinicä½y TaMgGs;rbs;c,ab; nigbTbBaØtþiTaMgenaH RtUvEtmantmøaPaB. · RtUvkarBarB½t'mansm¶at;. · RtUvecosvagkarGUsbnøayeBlevlacMeBaHkarbBa¢ÚnTMnij. · Rkumh`un PSI RtUvmanl½kçx½NÐlMGitsRmab;karepÞógpÞat;éfødwkTMnij. · ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTman 3 kRmit³ - Rkumh`un PSI RtUvEtgtaMgm®nþI sRmab;TTYlbNþwg b¤kartva: BIRkumh`unnaMecjTaMg Lay. - RbsinebIKµankarRBmeRBogKñaelIkartv:akñúgrvagBIréf¶eTenaH Rkumh`unnaMecjnana mansiT§ikñúgkarrkCMnYyBI {GgÁPaBÉkraCxagkarBinitüemIlsarCafµI} EdleFVIkarrYmKñaCamYy sPaBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nig WTO . enAkñúgsßanPaBF¶n;F¶rTaMgLay rdæaPi)alGacbBa¢Únkartva: eTAtamnItiviFIedaHRsayvivaTrbs; WTO . 37 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ eFIVRbtievTKy enAkMBg;Ep nigCYykat;bnßyGMeBIBukrlYy tamry³karkMNt;CamunnUvBn§EdlRtUvbg;. Rkumh`unnaMecjFM² enARbeTsrIkceRmIn eRcIntv:afa GFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij PSI enA RbeTsnaMecj naMeTArkkarEkbBa©úHtémøvikáybRt edayKµanehtupl nigKµankarBnül;Cak;lak; nig eFVI[GUsbnøay eBlevlaEdlbNþalmkBIkareFVIGFikarkic©Cak;EsþgénkarbBa¢ÚnTMnij. kic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBI PSI ¬sUmGanRbGb;TI 6¦ kMNt;viFanlMGitsRmab;eRbIR)as;esva PSI CaBiess kic©RBmeRBogenHGnuBaØat[mankaredaHRsayvivaT enAeBlEdlRkumh`unnaMcUl b¤Rkumh`un naMecj CYbRbTHbBaðaepSg². enAkñúgdMeNIrkarcUl WTO mansmaCik WTO mYycMnYn CYsmux[ km<úCa )anriHKn; BIRbtibtþikarrbs; SGS. mankarbBa¢ak;BIkarRBYy)armÖ sþIBIbnÞúkEdl SGS ykBI Rkumh`unnaMcUl cMeBaHGFikarkic© PSI ¬0/8° éntémødwkTMnij¦ nigkarpakBin½y 7° elITMnijEdlBuM )aneFVIGFikarkic©. RbeTskm<úCa)ancat;viFankarnana edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH eday )anpþl;karFana cMeBaHsmaCik WTO ÉeTotfa kareRbIR)as; PSI manlkçN³beNþaHGasnñeT ehIyenAeBlEdl smtßPaBrbs;naykdæanKy RtUv)anelIkkMBs;enaH km<úCanwgQb;eRbI PSI eTotehIy. vin½ycMeBaHkarpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl PaBminR)akdRbCamYyeTot cMeBaHGaCIvkmµenAkm<úCa KWRbtibtþikarrbs;RbB½n§pþl;GaCJabNÑ naMcUl. karpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlGacBak;B½n§nwgbnÞúkEpñkrdæ)al karGUsbnøayeBlevla nigkarbg;R)ak; eRkApøÚvkar[m®nþInana. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg RbB½n§pþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlGacmancMnYn eTAtamkardak; kMhitkUta. GaRs½yehtuenH kmµviFIpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlTaMgGs; KWCabnÞúkelIRkumh`unvinieyaK ksikr nig GaCIvkmµlk;duM lk;ray EdlRtUvkarvtßúFatuedIm nigbrikçarmkBIbreTs. enAkñúg WTO mankarGnuBaØat[pþl;GaCJabNÑ ¬sUmemIlRbGb;TI 7¦ k¾b:uEnþ kargarenH RbRBwtþ eTAkñúgbriyakasCak;lak; nigmanl½kçx½NÐtwgEtg. RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvBinitüemIll½kçx½NÐTaMgenH kñúgzan³CasmaCik WTO . RbeTskm<úCa)anFanacMeBaH WTO fa kareRbIrUbPaBpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl mankRmit. man plitpl 5 fñak; Edlkm<úCa)anRbkascMeBaH WTO fa RtUvEtmanGaCJabNѳ 38 briyakasbTbBaØatifµIcMeBaHGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk · »sf nigbrikçarevC¢sa®sþ · vtßúFatuedImksikmµ ¬CaBiessfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it CI¦ · GavuFeRKOgpÞúH nigGavuFyuT§PNÐ · yanynþ ynþehaH eRKOgbnøas; nava TUk nigeRKOgm:asuInepSgeTot sRmab;eKaledAeyaFa · mas R)ak; t,Úgmantémø nigGlgáar eFVIGMBIsarFatuTaMgGs;enH. RbGb;TI 7 ³ viFanpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUlenAkñúgGgÁkar WTO kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBInItiviFIsMrab;pþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl manbBaØtþidUcxageRkam³ · caM)ac;RtUve)aHpSayB½t'mansþIBI nItiviFIsRmab;pþl;GaCJabNÑ ehIykñúgenaHRtUvman³ - Rkumh`un buKÁl b¤sßab½nEdlGacdak;BaküsMuGaCJabNÑ)an - GgÁPaBrdæ)alEdlmanPar³pþl;GaCJabNÑ - plitplEdlRtUvsMuGaCJabNÑ · kargarÉksar KYrmanlkçN³gayRsYl ehIyminGacdak;Bin½y b¤bdiesFminpþl; GaCJabNÑeT RbsinebImankMhusGectna. · RbsinebIkarpþl;GaCJabNÑ {manlkçN³CasV½yRbvtþi} mann½yfa KµankarerIseGIgBI sMNak;smtßkic© enaHKb,Ipþl;GaCJabNÑkñúgrvag 10 éf¶ ¬énéf¶eFVIkar¦. · cMeBaHkarpþl;GaCJabNÑEdl {KµanlkçN³CasV½yRbvtþi} enaHKb,IecjGaCJabNÑ kñúg rvag 30 éf¶ RbsinebIGnuvtþelIeKalkarN_Gñkmkmun)anmun b¤kñúgrvag 60 éf¶ RbsinebI eKBinitüBicarNaBaküsMurYmCamYyKñaEtmþg. · ry³eBlénGaCJabNÑRtUv {smehtusmpl} ]TahrN_ dUcCasRmab;sRmYlkardwk CBa¢ÚnTMnijpøÚvq¶ay. RbkarTaMgGs;enH nigral;bBaØtþiTaMgGs;énkic©RBmeRBogenH RtUvGnuvtþenAeBlEdl km<úCa)an cUlCasmaCikrbs; WTO . 39 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ eyagtamraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa KµankarTamTarNamYycMeBaHGaCJabNÑTaMgenH EdlraCrdæaPi)al manKMeragdak;kMNt;EpñkbrimaNelIkarnaMcUleLIy elIkElgEtcMeBaHfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigCI. b:uEnþ karpþl;GaCJabNÑenHeFVIeLIgkñúgeKaledAsuxaPi)al suvtßiPaB plRbeyaCn_rbs;GñkeRbIR)as; snþisux Cati nigkarkarBarbrisßanEtb:ueNÑaH. cMeBaHkrNIfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigCIKImI RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT dak;kRmitelIkarnaMcUl edayEp¥kelIkarvaytémø tRmUvkarRbcaMqñaMrbs;ksikr k¾dUcCatRmUvkarsRmab;karBarbrisßan nig karBicarNaGMBIEpñksuxaPi)al nigsuvtßiPaB. karecjGaCJabNÑRbRBwtþeTAedayEp¥kelIeKalkarN_ fa Gñkmkmunpþl;munGñkmkeRkaypþl;eRkay. kñúgkrNIcaM)ac;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT GacGnuBaØat[naMcUlelIskRmitkMNt;RbcaMqñaM. Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;GaCJabNÑelIkarnaMcUl»sf rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anCUndMNwgdl; WTO fa RbB½n§ enH KWCakareqøIytbrbs;km<úCa CamYynwgfñaMeBTüEkøgkøay nigkarrt;Bn§eRKOgejón. GaCJabNÑnaMcUl Gacpþl;[EtshRKasTaMgNa Edl)ancuHbBa¢IenARksYgBaNiC¢kmµb:ueNÑaH ¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§TI 3 sþIBImuxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl¦. RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT ecjGaCJabNÑnaMcUl sRmab;vtßúFatuedIménEpñkksikmµ rIÉRksYgsuxaPi)alecjGaCJabNÑsMrab;»sf nigbrikçar nigelIplitplbnÞab;bnSMEpñkevC¢sa®sþ. kgVl;PaKeRcInrbs;smaCik WTO enAkñúgkarcrcacUlCasmaCik WTO epþatelIkarpþl;GaCJa bNÑsMrab; »sf nigvtßúFatuedImksikmµ. CakareqøIytbnwgkartv:aEdlfa RbB½n§enHeFVI[b:HBal;dl;kar naMcUledayKµanmUlehtusmRsb rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anlubbM)at;kardak;kMhitelIbrimaNnaMcUl én vtßúFatuedImksikmµenARtwméf¶TI 1 Exmifuna qñaM 2005. eKnwgGnuvtþviFIsa®sþsþIBIkarcuHbBa¢I nigkarBinitü emIl vtßúFatuKImIEpñkksikmµ EdlmanlkçN³suIcgVak;Kña CamYy WTO . bTbBaØtiþþGMBIkarkarBarkmsiT§ibBaØa cab;taMgBIkarbegáItGgÁkar WTO nigcab;taMgBIkic©RBmeeRBogrbs;WTO sþIBIbBaðakmµsiT§ibBaØa EdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ (TRIPS) )ancUlCaFrmanmk eKeXIjmansm karpÁt;pÁg;qøgEdn ¬{RbePTTI 1}¦ Edlkarpþl;esvaRtUveFVIedayqøgEdn ]TahrN_ karehA TUrs½BÞGnþrCati b¤kareFVIeraKvinicä½yelIRbB½n§GiuneFIENt. 2> kareRbIR)as;enAbreTs ¬{RbePTTI 2}¦ EdlGñkeRbIR)as;RtUvEtqøgEdnedIm,ITTYlesva ]TahrN_ eTscrN_. 3> vtþmanBaNiC¢kmµ ¬{RbePTTI 3}¦ EdlRkumh`unesvabreTsbegáItRkumh`unCak;Esþg enAkñúg TIpSar ]TahrN_ esvaFnaKar b¤haglk;TMnijnana. vtþmanénbuKÁlCati ¬{RbePTTI 4}¦ EdlCnbreTspþl;esvaedaypÞal;enAkñúgTIpSar ]TahrN_ TIRbwkSa GñkceRmog nigkILakr)al;Tat;CaedIm. karsnüarbs; WTO eFVI[vinieyaKineCOTukcitþ vinieyaKinenAkñúgvis½yesvakmµ RtUvmanCMenOTukcitþGMBIl½kçx½NÐGb,brma EdlnwgP¢ab;CamYy Rbtibtþikarrbs;xøÜnenAkm<úCa. rdæaPi)alGacseRmccitþkñúgkarpþl;l½kçx½NÐRbesIrCagl½kçx½NÐTaMgLay Na Edl)anÉkPaBKñakñúg WTO b:uEnþrdæaPi)alminGacdak;l½kçx½NÐTabCagl½kçx½NÐrbs; WTO eLIy. enaHKWCameFüa)aymYykñúgkarbegáItsuvtßiPaBxøHsRmab;vinieyaKin. 47 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ ]bsm<½n§ g1 nig g2 BinitüemIlCak;lak;fa etI GATS eFVI[manplb:HBal; dl;esvahirBaØvtßú nigesvasMNg;dUcemþcxøH. eKeXIjc,as;fa vis½yTaMgBIrenHmanlkçN³sMxan;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆ kñúgeBl GnaKtén]sShkmµEdlpþl;plitPaB nig]sSahkmµEdlmanPaBRbkYtRbECgenAkm<úCa. vis½yTaMg enaH KWCaEpñkmYyénehdæarcnasm<½n§GaCIvkmµRKwH RbsinebIKµanvis½yTaMgBIrenHeT vis½ydéTeTot k¾R)akdCaminGacrIkceRmIn)anEdr. vis½ydéTeTotcaM)ac;RtUvedIrtY[kan;EtsMxan; EdleFVI[karsnüa mann½ycMeBaH WTO. vis½yTaMgenaHrYmman³ esvaTUrKmnaKmn_ Gb;rM suxaPi)al c,ab; KNenyü nig kardwkCBa¢ÚnGñkdMeNIr. CYnkalmankaryl;RcLMfa tamry³karsnüacMeBaHkarebIkTUlayvis½yesvakmµ rdæaPi)alnwg bBaÄb;siT§irbs;xøÜnkñúgkarRKb;RKgesvaTaMgenaH ]TarhN_dUcCaplRbeyaCn_énsuxPaB nigsuvtßiPaB saFarN³ b¤cMeBaHkarkarBar]sSahkmµFnaKar nigFanar:ab;rgtamry³bTbBaØtiþd¾twgrwug. rdæaPi)al rkSasiT§idac;xatkñúgkarRKb;RKg sUm,IEtenAkñúgkrNIxøHtRmUv[mankarerIseGIg rvagRkumh`unkñúgRbeTs nigRkumh`unbreTs. ehIyk¾BMuEmnCakrNIEdl GATS bgçM[eFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ cMeBaHesvakmµ saFarN³sMxan;²Edr. RbsinebIrdæaPi)al manbMNgrkSaTukskmµPaBesvatamEpñkTaMgRsug b¤tam skmµPaBesvaCak;lak; [sßitenAeRkamkmµsiT§isaFarN³ rdæaPi)alGaceFVIdUecñH)an. ]TahrN_dUcCa esvaEpñkGb;rM suxaPi)al nigpÁt;pÁg;Twks¥atenAGWr:ubCaedIm. RbGb;TI 11 ³ karsnüarbs;km<úCa elIEpñkesvakmµ PaKeRcInénGVI² Edlkm<úCa)anÉkPaBenAkñúg WTO RKan;EtqøúHbBa¢aMgnUvkMENTRmg;eKal neya)ayEdl)anGnum½t b¤Edl)anrMBwgTukEtb:ueNÑaH. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday suvtßiPaBén {karerobcM kmµviFI} nwgmansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMgcMeBaHvinieyaKin. kñúgkrNIxøH RbeTskm<úCa)anTTUcsMubMrugTuk nUv TidæPaBéneKalneya)aybc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜn Edldak;kMhitcMeBaHGñkpþl;esvabreTs. karbMrugTukTUeTA b¤karbMrugTuktamExSTTwgrYmman³ · karkarBarsiT§i nigkarkarBarl½kçx½NÐbc©úb,nñ rbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvabreTs EdlkMBugdMeNIr kar . RbkarenHmann½yfaRkumh`unesva rbs;breTsEdl)andMeNIrkar enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa knøgmk nwgmin)at;bg;]tþmPaBEdlBYkeK)anTTYlrYcehIyenaHeT ¬eTaHbICa]tþmPaBTaMg 48 briyakasvinieyaKfµIµ enaH Ca]tþmPaBEdlvinieyaKinfµImin)anTTYlkþI¦. · karbnþhamXat;min[CnbreTseFVICam©as;kmµsiT§ielIdIFøI. · katBVkic©cMeBaHvinieyaKinEdlEsVgrkeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ kñúgkarbNþúHbNþal dl;Blrdækm<úCa rab;TaMgmuxtMENgRKb;RKgpgEdr. RbsinebIKµankarKitTukEbbenHeT enaHkatBVkic©enH Gacrg karRbQmmuxenAkñúg WTO . · l½kçx½NÐsRmab;CnbreTsEdlmanbMNgeFVIkarenARbeTskm<úCa. kñúgenaHrYmmanGñkmkBinitü lT§PaBeFVIGaCIvkmµ GñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarbegáItRKwHsßanBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa nigGñkepÞrkargar épÞkñúgRkumh`unsaCIvkmµ ¬buKÁlikRbtibtþi buKÁlikRKb;RKg nigbuKÁlikCMnajénRkumh`unbreTs EdleFVIkarenAtamEpñk nigsaxarbs;Rkumh`un ¦. · karelIkElgnanaeRkABI MFN enAkñúgvis½yesatTsSn_ ¬Audio-visual¦ nigvis½ydwkCBa¢Ún. RbkarenHmann½yfa km<úCaGacbnþmankic©RBmeRBog BiessCamYy RbeTsCitxagelIvis½ydwk CBa¢ÚneCIgeKak navacrN_tamdgTenøemKgÁ nigvis½ysmuRT. enAkñúvvis½yesatTsSn_ mann½yfa kic©RBmeRBogplitkmµExSPaBynþrYmKña nigkmµviFIKaMRTesatTsSn_GnþrCati nwgRtUv)ankarBarmin [mankarRbQmBI WTO. enAkñúgkRmittamvis½y b¤tamExSbeNþay³ · esvaxageRkamenHRtUv)anebIkTUlay elIkElgEtl½kçx½NÐsþIBIkarcl½tbuKÁlikbreTs³ o esvaÉkeTsnana o esvakMuBüÚT½r esvaCYl-Ptikar ¬rental/leasing¦ nigesvaGaCIvkmµdéTeTot o sMNg; nigvisVkmµ ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ g2¦ o esvakmµEckcay nigesvakmµlk;ray o karGb;rM o esvakmµbrisßan o esvamnÞIreBTü o esvaEpñkkMsanþ vb,Fm' nigkILa 49 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ · esvac,ab;³ karhamXat;Rkumh`unc,ab;breTskñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ RtUvGnuvtþCabnþ rab;TaMgkarham Xat;elIkartMNagkUnkþIedaypÞal;enAtulakarpgEdr. · TUrKmnaKmn_³ ebIkcMhesvadwkCBa¢Ún esvaTUrs½BÞcl½t esvapþl;témøbEnßm nigesvaTUrs½BÞ elItu. esvaTUrs½BÞelItuCamUldæan sßitkñúgPaBpþac;muxrbs;Rkumh`un Telecom Cambodia rhUt dl;éf¶ TI 1 Exmkra qñaM 2009. · esvaFanara:b;rg³ ebIkTUlayy:ageRcIn elIkElgEtkarFanara:b;rgqøgEdn. karpþl;GaCJabNÑ KWeFVIeLIgdUcKñanwgRkumh`unCatiEdr. caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarepÞrhaniP½yFanara:b;rgbnþcMnYn 20° eTA[Rkumh`unFanara:b;rgbnþ ¬km<úCa rI Cambodia Re ¦ rhUtdl;éf¶ TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM 2008. brimaNTwkR)ak;Fanara:b;rgEdlmancMnYn 500000 duløar b¤ticCagenH RtUvFanara:b;rgbnþkñuúg RbeTs rhUtdl;éf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM 2008. ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ g1¦. · esvaFnaKar³ mankarebIkcMhesvaFnaKarBaNiC¢kmµPaKeRcIn rab;TaMgkarTTYlR)ak;beBaØI karpþl;\NTan nigesvaTUTat;bNÑ\NTan. Rkumh`unbreTscaM)ac;RtUvbMeBjtaml½kçx½NÐ pþl;GaCJabNÑ ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ g1¦. · eTscrN_ nigkareFVIdMeNIr³ ebIkTUlayy:ageRcIn. siT§ikñúgkarbegáItEpñkenH GnuvtþsRmab;Et sNæaKarcab;BIpáaybIeLIgeTA. karecjlixitGnuBaØat[ebIkePaCnIydæan nwgenAbnþKitKUr elIlkçN³kñúgRbeTs. · esvadwkCBa¢Ún³ kardwkCBa¢ÚneCIgeKak RtUv)anebIky:agTUlay. esvadwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvsmuRT GnþrCati min)ansnüaeT elIkElgEtmankarGnuBaØat[GñkpÁt;pÁg;tampøÚvsmuRT {lT§PaB smehtusmpl nigKµankarerIseGIg} cMeBaHesvaKaMRTFmµta. kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas snüacMeBaHEtkarebIk[mankarCYsCul nigEfTaMynþehaH karrkTIpSarénesvaGakas nigRbB½n§bMrugtamry³kMBüÚT½rEtb:ueNÑaH. esvadwkCBa¢Ún tambMBg;bgðÚr Gacpþl;GaCJabNÑ edayEp¥kelImUldæanénsm,TanEdlpþl;edayrdæEtb:ueNÑaH. 50 briyakasvinieyaKfµIµ eRKOgelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHKMeragvinieyaK kñúgzan³CasmaCikmYyrbs; WTO RbeTskm<úCanwgRtUvrg\T§iBlBIvin½yCaeRcIn Tak;Tgnwgkar eRbIR)as;kar]btßmÖFn. cMNucTaMgenHmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog WTO sþIBIkar]btßmÖFn nig viFankarTb;Tl; ¬sUmGanCMBUkTI 8¦. enAkñúgzan³CaRbeTsRkIRk km<úCaTMngCamineRbIR)as;]btßmÖFn edaypÞal; eFVICameFüa)aysRmab;CMrujkarvinieyaK]sSahkmµeLIy. karkat;bnßy b¤GnueRKaHBn§Ky nigGakrelItémøbEnßm (VAT) enAtamRBMEdnelIvtßúFatuedIm EdlRtUvnaMecjkñúgeBlbnÞab; RtUv)ancat;Tukfa Ca]btßmÖFncMeBaHkarnaMecjenAkñúg WTO . RbkarenH GacnaM[manvivaT eTaHCakrNIenHTMngCaminekItmanenAkm<úCakþI. m:üagvijeTot kareFVIEbbenH GacnaM[mankardak;Bn§KybEnßm b¤Bn§Tb;sáat;3 mkelIplitplkm<úCa enAkñúgTIpSarnaMecjrbs;km<úCa eTotpg. enAkñúgdMeNIrkarcUleTAkan; WTO eK)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa kmµviFIGnueRKaHEdlmankñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ manlkçN³ {sµúKsµajy:agxøaMg xVHtmøaPaB niggayrgkarrMelaPbMBan}. CagenHeTAeTot eRKaHfñak; GMBIskmµPaBTb;sáat; ¬raraMg¦ GacekItmanenAkñúgTIpSarnaMecj EdleFVI[b:HBal;suvtßiPaB nigdl;PaB Gac):an;RbmaNTukCamun)an EdlvinieyaKin nigGñkTijplitplrbs;km<úCacg;)an. RbB½n§dkykR)ak; Bn§mkvij KWCaviFImYyEdleFVI[kan;EtmansßirPaB nigRsbtamviFanrbs; WTO . m:üagvijeTot CaCag[vtßúFatuedImnaMcUlrYcBn§Ky b¤minCab;GakrelItémøbEnßm enAeBlEdlvtßúFatuedImenaH naMcUlmkkan;RbeTskm<úCa eKGacTamTar[sgcMNayelIBn§Ky b¤GakrelItémøbEnßmTaMgenaH enAeBlnaMplitplecj. Gñkcrcarbs;km<úCabBa¢ak;enA WTO fa RbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñenH KµanFnFanrdæ)al caM)ac;sRmab;dMeNIrkarRbB½n§dkR)ak;Bn§vijTaMgRsugeLIy. eK)anpþl;»kasdl; Gñkcrcakm<úCa rhUtdl;qñaM 2013 edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH. dUcKñaEdr RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac; RtUvBinitüemIlxøwmsarnanaenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBI viFankarvinieyaKEdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmµ (TRIMs). kic©RBmeRBogenHhamXat;kic©Rbtibtþi mYycMnYn 3 Bn§Tb;sáat; KWCaBn§naMcUlbEnßmEdleKdak;enAkñúgkRmitmYy edIm,ITUTat;kat;kgKñaCamYytémø]btßmÖFn. 51 Edll½kçx½NÐvinieyaKGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;karRbkYtRbECgGnþrCati. ]TahrN_énviFankar EdlTak;Tg nwgeRKOgelIkTwkcitþdl;karvinieyaK kñúgkareRbIR)as;vtßúFatuedImkñúgRbeTs b¤kñúgeKaledAnaMecjCak;lak; RtUv)andak;[sßitenAeRkAc,ab;. eKeCOfa eRKOgelIkTwkcitþTaMgGs;enHeFVI[b:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµ GnþrCati. RbeTskm<úCa)anlubbM)at;viFankarmYyenAkñúgc,ab;vinieyaKrbs;xøÜn Edl)ankMNt;fa kar elIkElgBn§KyelIkarnaMcUl GaRs½yelIkarnaMecjplitpl 80° ehIykm<úCa)anFanacMeBaH WTO fa km<úCanwgminbegáIteRKOgelwkTwkcitþNaEdlpÞúynwgkic©RBmeRBog TRIMS enHeLIy. viFannanarbs; TRIMS nigkic©RBmeRBognana GMBIkar]btßmÖFnenAkñúg WTO nwgRtUvGnuvtþkñúg karbegáIttMbn;esdækic©BiessenAkm<úCa. smaCikdéTeTotCaeRcIn )anbegáIttMbn;TaMgenH edayKµankar lM)akGVIenAkñúg WTO eLIy. 52 CMBUkTI 7 briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ³ karebIkTIpSar kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµPaKeRcInrbs;km<úCa kñúgzan³CasmaCikrbs; WTO nwgGaRs½yelIkareRbIR)as; vin½ynanarbs; WTO RBmTaMgelIkarsnüaEklMGbriyakasc,ab; nigCMrujkarvinieyaKcaM)ac; cMeBaH esvakmµ EdlnwgbegáInsmtßPaBplitkmµ nigPaBRbkYtRbECg. kareFVI[RbeTsxøÜnkøayeTACaGñknaM ecjlMdab;BiPBelak BuMEmnCakargayRsYleLIy. karrt;Bn§qøgEdnBIRbeTsevotNam nigRbeTséf ekItmanCaTUeTA nigcaM)ac;RtUvEtlubbM)at;ecal edIm,I[km<úCaGnuvtþskþanuBlrbs;xøÜneBjeljkñúgzan³CaRbeTseFVIBaNiC¢kmµ. RbsinebI plitkr nigBaNiC¢krBinitüeXIjfa viFIeFVIBaNiC¢kmµminpøÚvkarmanlkçN³gayRsYlCag CaBiess cMeBaHkarnaMecjvtßúFatuedImrbs;km<úCa ehIypþl;plRbeyaCn_x Bn§naMcUlGtibrmarbs; WTO (WTO bound tariff) CaBn§KykRmitx GRta MFN CakRmitBn§ EdlGnuvtþcMeBaHsmaCik WTO TaMgGs; nigcMeBaHRbCaCatidéT Edl)anTTYl MFN edayKµanl½kçx½NÐ ¬]TahrN_ RbeTsCaeRcIn)anGnuvtþGRta MFN cMeBaHkm<úCa taMgBIeBlEdlkm<úCaenAminTan;køayCasmaCik WTO mkemø:H¦. GRta MFN GacCaGRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmarbs; WTO ¬GRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmaTaMgGs;rbs; WTO RtUvEtCaGRta MFN ¦ b¤GacCaGRtaGnuvtþ. GRtaenaHk¾GacCaGRtamYy EdlsmaCikTaMgLayénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn; kMNt; ¬]TahrN_ AFTA¦ cMeBaH édKUBaNiC¢kmµTaMgGs;enAeRkARkumenHpgEdr. 3> GRtaGnuvtþ (Applied rate) CaGRtaBn§KyCak;EsþgEdleKkMNt;eRbIenAtamRBMEdn. eKGaceRbIR)as;GRtaGnuvtþelImUldæan MFN b:uEnþvak¾GacCaGRtaGnueRKaH b¤GRtaEdl eKykBIsmaCikénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn;pgEdr. 4> GRtaGnueRKaH (Preferential rate) CaGRtaTab b¤esµIsUnü KWCaGRtaEdleKGnuvtþ cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgGs; b¤EtmYycMnYn. ]TahrN_c,as;las;bMputKW GSP ¬RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA¦ b¤KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shPaBGWr:ubTak;Tgnwg {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElg EtGavuF} ¬EBA¦ sRmab;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK. 54 briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ³ karebIkTIpSar RbeTskm<úCapþl;GRtaGnueRKaHkñúgkRmitmYycMnYn ¬TabCagkRmitFmµta¦ [édKUGas`an4 tam ry³taragBn§GnueRKaHTUeTA ¬CEPT¦. BuMenaHesat GRtaGnuvtþTaMgGs;KWCaGRta MFN Edlman GRtadUcKña sRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs;. GRta CEPT TaMgenH KWCaGRtaEdleKGnuvtþCak;EsþgcMeBaHTMnij naMcUl. karcrcarbs; WTO sþIBIGRtaBn§Gtibrma5 CaEpñkmYyénkic©RBmeRBogcUlCasmaCik. karbegáInBn§KynaeBlGnaKt bc©úb,nñ RbeTskm<úCa)ancgGRtaBn§KyGnuvtþ cMeBaHplitplCaeRcInrbs;xøÜn enAkñúg WTO . mann½yfa BaNiC¢krGacBwgEp¥kEtelIGRtaBn§Kyrbs; WTO b:ueNÑaH. cMeBaHplitplÉeTot² GRta Gtibrmarbs; WTO mankRmitx kRmiténkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§Gtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCa)ansnüakñúg karcgP¢ab;Bn§KyTaMgmUlrbs;xøÚnenAkñúg WTO nwgeFVI[man PaBxusKñatictYcrvagGRtaBn§KyGtibrma nigGRtaBn§Gnuvtþ Edlkm<úCakMNt;ykBIRkumh`unnaMcUlkþI RbeTskMBugGPivDÆCaeRcInEdlCasmaCikrbs; WTO BuM)aneFVIdUecñHeT. cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ PaKeRcInEdlmunenHCasmaCikrbs; GATT BYkeKrgsm kmµviFI GSP cMeBaHTIpSarénRbeTs]sSahkmµsMxan;² CaBiessTIpSarshrdæGaemrik GtßiPaBénplRbeyaCn_ BIBn§§naMcUl eRkamRbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA (GSP) nwgbnþmansar³sMxan;cMeBaH Rkumh`un naMecjkm<úCa. eKminGacFana)annUvplRbeyaCn_GMBI GSP enAkñúg WTO eLIy ehIykarpþl;plRbeyaCn_ enaH eRcInEtcMNuHeTAelIesckþIseRmcCaGtþenam½trbs;RbeTsnaMcUl. CaBiess cMeBaHkmµviFIrbs; shrdæGaemrik EdlplRbeyaCn_GacminRtUv)aneKpþl;cMeBaHplitpl Edlgay {rgkarb:HBal;} ehIyenHCa bBaðamYysRmab;GñkplitsemøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIgenAkm<úCa. kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøg 58 briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ³ karebIkTIpSar eTAenH karGegátemIlbTdæankargarGnþrCati )ankøayeTACalkçN³vinicä½yskmµmYy sRmab;kmµviFI rbs;shrdæGaemrik nigkmµviFIrbs;shPaBGWr:ub. RbeTskm<úCaEdlmanekrþ×eQµaHl¥ kñúgkarRTRTg; bTdæankargarRtwmRtUv BuMsUvmanGVIEdlRtUvxøaceLIy. shrdæGaemrik k¾GnuvtþlkçN³vinicä½y Edl Tak;TgeTAnwgkar karBar IPR pgEdr. manktþadéTeTotEdleFVI[manplb:HBal; KWplRbeyaCn_Biess EdleKpþl;[bNþaRbeTs RbyuT§RbqaMgkarCYjdUreRKOgejón b¤RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgePrvkmµ ehIysRmab;krNIshPaBGWr:ub KWkar karBarbrisßan. eTaHbICaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgGs; manlkçN³sm,tþiGacTTYlkmµviFI GSP PaKeRcInkþI eKeXIjmankarekIneLIgnUvTsSn³enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmµEdlKitfa RbCaCatiRkIRkCageK KYrTTYl )anplRbeyaCn_eRcInCageK. ]TahrN_ eK)anelIksMeNIfa kmµviFI GSP rbs;shPaBGWr:ubsRmab; qñaM 2006-2015 kMNt;eKaledAeTAkan;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK ehIyRtUveFVIkmµviFITaMg enaH [manlkçN³samBaØ. CaBiess RbkarenHGacCYyRbeTskm<úCa dUcEdl)anKN³kmµkar shPaBGWr:ubelIksMeNIfa kmµviFIfµIk¾elIkkMBs;karGnuvtþviFanRbPBedImpgEdr ¬sUmGan]bsm<½n§ X sþIBIvis½ykat;edr¦. bNþaRbeTsEdlpþl;kmµviFI GSP KWGU®sþalI ebLarus b`ulhÁarI kaNada shKmn_GWr:ub Cb:un esLg;fµI n½rEvs shPaBsUevot sVIús TYrKI nigshrdæGaemrik. brimaNTMnijnaMcUl enAkñúgkmµviFI rbs;shPaBGWr:ubmantémøRbEhl 66 Ban;lan duløar enAqñaM 2002 rIÉshrdæGaemrik )annaMcUl RbEhl 20 Ban;lan duløar. enAqñaM 2001 témønaMecj GSP rbs;km<úCamanTwkR)ak;cMnYn 1 142 lan duløar Gaemrik éncMnYnTwkR)ak;naMecjsrubcMnYn 1 374 lan duløar Gaemrik. esovePAENnaMsþIGMBIkmµviFI GSP sMxan;² pþl;nUvB½t'mansegçbGMBIRbeTs nigplitplnana enAkñúgkmµviFITaMgenaH nigpþl;viFansþIBIRbPBedImEdlGacGnuvtþ)antamFmµta KWCaTidæPaBBi)akbMput én l½kçx½NÐ GSP . eKGacrkB½t'manenaHenAkñúgEvbsayénsmaKmBaNiC¢kmµ nigGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNCTAD) tamGas½ydæan³ http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=1421&lang=1 59 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ 3> shPaBGWr:ub ¬EU¦­ GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF" " kalBIeBlfµI²enH Rkumh`unnaMecjkm<úCamYycMnYnsßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénRbkan;\riyabfBaNiC¢kmµ EbbGnueRKaHfµImYy enAkñúgshPaBGWr:ub cMeBaHGVIEdlehAfa {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} ¬EBA¦ sRmab;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK. karerobcMenHpþl;lT§PaBrYcBn§ niglT§PaBnaMcUl edayKµankUta cMeBaHTMnijnaMcUlesÞIrEtTaMgGs; BIbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK. KYr[esaksþay viFansþIBIRbPBedImEdleRbIsRmab;naMcUl EBA CaviFanEdlmankardak;kMhit CaBiess cMeBaH]sSahkmµsemøókbMBak;rbs;km<úCa EdlBuM)aneFVIsmahrNkmµ ehIybc©úb,nñenH BwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgelI vtßúFatuedImnaMcUlBIbreTs. bNþaRbeTs]sSahkmµdéTeTot)anpþl;kmµviFIdUcKñaenH EdlCaGMeNaypl cMeBaHbNþaRbeTs GPivDÆTabCageK eTaHbICashrdæGaemrikBMupþl;\riyabfEbbenHkþI. enAkñúgesckþIRbkasénkic©RbCuMenA TIRkugdUha (Doha) mankarsnüarbs;smaCik WTO TaMgGs; {cMeBaHeKaledArYcBn§ lT§PaBcUleTA kan;TIpSaredayKµankUta cMeBaHplitplmkBIbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆTabCageK}. 4> ASEAN nig AFTA RbeTskm<úCa KWCasmaCikénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµtMbn;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH eBalKW AFTA . R)akdNas;Edlfa l½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmµEdleKRbtibtþienAkñúgbNþaRbeTsGas`an nwgmanplb:HBal; y:ageRcInmkelIlT§plGnuvtþrbs;km<úCa cMeBaHkarnaMecjplitplkñúgRbeTs. AFTA nwgtRmUv[ RbeTsRb`uyeN \NÐÚensIu m:aeLsuI PIlIBIn swgðburI nigéf lubbM)at;Bn§KyPaKeRcInbMputRtwmqñaM 2010. bNþaRbeTshtßelxIÉeTotrbs; AFTA rYmman km<úCa Lav mIy:an;m:a evotNam RtUvlub bM)at;Bn§naMcUlelIplitplEdlmanEcgenAkñúg {taragKitBn§} edaymanry³eBlGnþrkal xus²Kña GnuvtþcMeBaHplitplEdlgaymanplb:HBal;rhUtdl;qñaM 2015 ¬Gacmankarbt;EbnmYycMnYn¦. enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog{qab;RbmUlpl} RbeTséfpþl;karrYcBn§cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa ¬Lav nig mIy:an;m:apgEdr¦ cMeBaHplitplmYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamplitplCab;Bn§ 43 mux CaBiess elIplitpl RtI sac; RkNat; nigsemøókbMBak;. 60 briyakasfµIkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ³ karebIkTIpSar AFTA minRtwmEtGnuvtþcMeBaH Bn§Kyb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾GnuvtþpgEdrnUvviFankarminEmnBn§Ky KW c,ab;kmµsiT§ibBaØa esvakmµ bTdæanviFanénRbPBedIm karsRmYlBaNiC¢kmµ nigEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ déTeTot. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn AFTA manviFankareRcInCagviFan nigkarsnüarbs; WTO. 5> RbeTscin tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIrvagcin nigGas`ankMBugRtUv)ancrcakñúgeBlfµI²enH. enAkñúgkmµviFI {qab; RbmUlpl} RbeTscinpþl;lT§PaB[km<úCarYcBn§ ¬rYmTaMgLav nigmIy:an;m:a¦ elIplitplcMnYn 297 mux. taragenHrYmmanCacMbg plitplksikmµ nigesvakmµ b:uEnþk¾manbBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvplitpl semøókbMBak; Es,keCIg nigeRKOgsgðarwm. 6> kic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI cab;taMgBIqñaM 1993 mk RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI cMnYn 24 EdlrYmman \riyabfBn§Ky MFN CamYynwgRbeTscMnYn 13 KW cin \NÐÚeNsuI m:aeLsuI evotNam Lav rusSI shrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr:ub PIlIBIn nigéf. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg kic©RBmeRBogCamYysmaCik bc©úb,nñrbs; WTO manmYyEpñkFM CMnYsedayl½kçx½NÐcUlCasmaCik WTO. kic©RBmeRBog vaynPNÐ nigkic©RBmeRBogsemøókbMBak;CamYyshrdæGaemrik nigCamYyshPaBGWr:ub manbBa¢ak; enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ sþIBI ]sSahkmµsemøókbMBak;. Rkumh`unnaMecjenARbeTskm<úCacaM)ac; RtUvcat;viFankarCamYynwgl½kçx½NÐxus²Kña énkarcUleTA kan;TIpSarenAkñúgBiPBelak. kic©RbtibtþikñúgeBlknøgeTA CaTUeTAKWCakardwkplitplminTan;)anEkécñ eTAkan;RbeTsCitxag ehIyGnuBaØat[plitkr nigBaNiC¢krenATIenaHedaHRsayPaBsµúKsµajénkar lk;bnþeTAeTot. RbsinebIRbeTskm<úCamanbMNgFananUvtémøbEnßmBIkarlk;edaypÞal; rYmmanplit plEdl)anEkécñ enaHRkumh`unkñúgRbeTscaM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBITIpSar CaeRcInCagmun. b:uEnþKYr[esaksþay karkMNt;GRtaBn§Ky eRcInEtCaEpñktUcmYYyénbBaðaRtUvRbQmmux GMBIkar yl;dwgl½kçx½NÐTIpSar dUcmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgCMBUkTI 8. 61 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ Bn§Ky bnÞúk nigkarkMhitepSg²elIkarnaMecj enAkñúgkarcrcacUlCasmaCik WTO eK)ansaksYrRbeTskm<úCaGMBIBn§naMecj bnÞúk nigkMhit epSg². CaTUeTA ktþaTaMgGs;enHmin)anTTYlkarelIikTwkcitþBI WTO eLIy eTaHbICavaBMumanlkçN³ pÞúyKñac,as;las;eFobnwgviFanrbs; WTO kþI edayehtufaktþaTaMgenaHTMngCaeFVI[b:HBal;dl; BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. ]TahrN_énviFankarTaMgenaH GacraraMgRkumh`unplitkrbreTsedayGyutþiFm' nigminsmehtunUvlT§PaBTTYlvtßúFatuedIm. b:uEnþ RbeTskm<úCamin)anÉkPaB elIkarpøas;bþÚr kic©Rbtibtiþbc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜneLIy eRkABIGnuvtþktþaTaMgenaHenAkñúgl½kçx½NÐénbBaØtþirbs;WTO . plitplsMxan;² EdlRtUvbg;Bn§naMecj nigGRtabg;Bn§naMecj³ · stVBahn³ nigRCUksRmab;bgáat;BUC 10° · RtIrs; nigplitplRtI 10° · gav RKuM nigplitplrbs;va 10° · ekAs`UFmµCati nigkaksMNl;ekAs`U 10° · eQIminTan;Ekécñ b¤eQIBak;kNþal Ekécñ 10° · eQIGar eQIeRCok nigkþarbnÞH 5° mankUtanaMecj nigmankarhamXat;nana edIm,ItRmUvtameKaledAneya)ayepSg². eyagtam karelIkElgrbs; WTO plitpl»sf nigsmÖar³evC¢sa®sþ tRmUv[manlixitGnuBaØat rIÉkarnaMecj eRKOgejón nigfñaMBulRtUv)anhamXat; ¬karelIkElgrbs; WTO KWeFVIsRmab;karBarsuxPaBmnusS¦. karnaMecjeQImUl nigeQIGarRtUv)anhamXat; ehIyplitpleQIsßitenAkñúgkUta edIm,IkarBarkar)at; bg;FnFanFmµCati. GavuF eRKOgpÞúH yuT§PNÐ meFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún nigeRKOgcRkeyaFa RtUvsMuGaCJa bNÑEdlBuMEmnmanlkçN³sV½yRbvtþieLIy eRBaHsmÖar³TaMgenH b:HBal;CasMxan;elIEpñksnþisux. karnaM ecjvtßúburaNEdlmanGayuelIsBI 100 qñaM RtUv)anhamXat; edIm,IkarBarektnPNÐCati. kardak;kMhitkUtaelIkRmiténkarnaMecjGgárRtUv)anlubbM)at;enAqñaM 2001. b:uEnþkm<úCa)an R)ab; WTO fa km<úCamanbMNgrkSaTuksiT§i kñúgkardak;kMhitsarCafµIeLIgvij kñúgkrNIEdlmankgVHes,óg GaharF¶n;F¶r. 62 CMBUkTI 8 briyakaseFVIBaNiC¢kmµfµI³ dMeNaHRsay CamYy nwgr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky enAeBlNaEdlBn§KymanlkçN³GMeNaypl nigRtUv)ankMNt;fa Ca»kasl¥sRmab;TIpSar man]bsKÁdéTeTot kñúgrUbPaBCar)aMg{minEmnBn§Ky} EdlnwgeFVI[manplb:HBal;dl;plitpl km<úCa eTaHCaplitplTaMgenaHTTYl)aneCaKC½y b¤minTTYleCaKC½yk¾eday. smaCikPaBkñúg WTO KYrbgðajfa vamansar³RbeyaCn_kñúgkaredaHRsayCamYynwgr)aMgTaMgenH. kñúgkarcUlCasmaCikGgÁkar WTO km<úCacaM)ac;RtUvRbkan;yknUvl½kçx½NÐénkic©RBmeRBogmYycMnYn sþIBIviFankarminEmnBn§Ky. viFankarmYycMnYndUcCa karvaytémørbs;Ky karpþl;GaCJabNÑnaMcUl nigGFikarkic©muneBlbBa¢ÚnTMnij manbBa¢ak;enAkñúgCMBUkTI 5 nigCaviFanEdlmansar³sMxan; sRmab; brisßanc,ab;enAkm<úCa. b:uEnþviFanTaMgenH nigviFandéTeTot k¾GnuvtþcMeBaHédKUBaNiC¢kmµcMbg² rbs;km<úCaenAkñúg WTO pgEdr. viFanTaMgGs;enaH KYrdak;kMhitdl;smtßPaBénrdæaPi)alnanarbs; WTO kñúgkarTb;sáat;edayGyutþiFm' cMeBaHkarnaMcUlrbs;km<úCa. WTO cat;karCamYyCamYynwgkarRbtibtþiTaMgenH edayecjc,ab;hamXat;karkMNt;kUta elIkarnaMcUl nigkarnaMecj. Bn§KyKWCaTRmg;pøÚvc,ab;cMbgmYyénkarkarBar b:uEnþmankarelIkElg sMxan;² cMnYn 2 enAkñúgvis½ykat;edr nigvis½yksikmµ. rhUtdl;cugqñaM 2004 shrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr:ub nig kaNadaGacrkSaTukkUtaelIvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;. k¾b:uEnþenAcugqñaM 2004 kic©RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþIBIvaynPNÐ nigsemøókbMBak;nwgbBa©b;kardak;kUtaenAkñúgvis½yenH EdlmanGayu 40 qñaM b¤eRcInCagenH. plb:HBal;énkarpøas;bþÚrenHmkelIvis½ykat;edrkm<úCa manBiPakSaenAkñúg ]bsm<½n§ X. lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarksikm nigkUtaBn§Ky kareRbIR)as;kUtadéTeTotEdleKGnuBaØat KWkUtaelIvis½yksikmµ. eKdak;eQµaHkUtaTaMgenHfa {kUtaBn§Ky} eRBaHvaGnuBaØat[naMbrimaNmYycMnYncUlTIpSaredaybg;Bn§KyTab b¤minCab;Bn§Ky. ral;karnaMcUlEdlminsßitenAkñúgkUtaBn§Ky RtUvbg;Bn§x283 1>462 1>638 1>960 naMcUl 1>490 1>849 2>010 2>228 2>524 RbPB: IMF Article IV Consultations with Cambodia, 2004 eyagtamnaykdæanKy nigrdæakr plitplcMnYn 11 mux kñúgcMeNamplitplnaMecj 15 mux enAqñaM 2003 CaplitplEdlmanRbPBBIvis½ykat;edr. TMnijsMxan;²déTeTot KWekAs`U Es,keCIg nigmas. karnaMcUlcMbgrbs;km<úCa ¬ebIKittamtémørbs;Ky¦ enAqñaM 2003 KWRkNat;vaynPNÐ bnÞab;mk plitpleRbg\n§n³ )arI »sf eRKOgpÁMúsemøókbMBak; sIum:g; nigyanynþ. 70 karkøayeTACamanPaBRbkYtRbECg nig dMeNaHRsayCamYynwgkarRbkYtRbECg enAkñúgRbeTs eKminsUveCOelIsmtßPaBrbs;km<úCa enAkñúgkareFVIiBhuvb,kmµcUleTAkan;TIpSar TMenIb nigcUleTAkan;TIpSarBiPBelakBitR)akdenaHeT. CnbreTsPaKeRcInmankarPJak;ep¥Il cMeBaH ninñakarrbs;Blrdækm<úCa EdlbdiesFplitplrbs;km<úCa nigemIlRsalsmtßPaBrbs;xøÜn kñúgkar RbkYtRbECg. RbsinebIBlrdækm<úCaKµanCMenOelIplitplrbs;xøÜn ehtuGVI)anCaGñkTijmkBIbreTs RtUveCOCak;eTAelITMnijrbs;km<úCa? tamBitRbeTskm<úCamanlT§PaBeRcInNas;. enAelITIpSarBiPBelak eKeXIjplitplrbs; km<úCadUcCaGgár EpøeQI eRKOgeTs sENþkdI nigRtIEdlmanKuNPaBx1 xageRkam rYmCamYynwgkic©snüa lMGitEdlRkumh`unkm<úCaGacrkB½t'mansþIBIviFankar SPS enAkñúgTIpSarnaMecjrbs;xøÜn. ¬sUmGan pgEdr nUv]bsm<½n§ TI3 sþIBImuxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl¦. RbGb; k1>1 ³ kic©RBmeRBog SPS rbs; WTO sþIBIbTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar kic©RBmeRBogenHelIkTwkcitþ[eRbIR)as;bTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar EdleKTTYlsÁal;Ca GnþrCati. bu:EnþsmaCikGgÁkar WTO Gacdak;viFankarEdlnaMeTArkkRmitx {karvaytémøsßanPaBksi]sSahkmµenAkm<úCa} Exmkra qñaM 2003. kmµviFIRTRTg; PRASAC II 2> {eqviFanrbs; WTO sþIBIBaNiC©kmµksikmµ³ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ agric_e.htm 4> {ksikmµ nig WTO karbegáItRbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµsRmab;kic©GPivDÆ} qñaM 2004. FnaKar BiPBelak nig Oxford University Press 5> karcrcarbs; WTO sþIBIksikmµ ¬kic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha)¦³ http://www.wto.org/ english/tratop_e/agric_e/negoti_e.htm 6> bTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGahar -karCUndMNwgcMeBaH WTO: sUmGanRbGb; k1>1. 7> kmµviFIBn§Kyrbs; WTO nigBn§KyEdl)anGnuvtþ³ sUmGan]bsm<½n§ sþIBIRbPBB½t'manTUeTA. 8> plitkmµksiGaCIvkmµGnþrCati nigkarBüakrBaNiC¢kmµrbs;RksYgksikmµ énshrdæ Gaemrik (USDA): www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Baseline/trade04.htm 9> bBa¢IBüakrTIpSarksikmµ rbs;KN³kmµkarksikmµshPaBGWr:ub qñaM 2003-2010 http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/caprep/prospects2003/index_en.htm 87 88 ]bsm<½n§ k2 ksiGaCIvkmµ³ Ggár RbeTskm<úCamansMNagtictYc kñúgkarvilRtlb;eTAkan;sßanPaBrbs;xøÜn CaRbeTscMbgmYy EdlnaMecjGgár. bc©úb,nñ RbeTséfQanmuxenAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelak ehIyRbeTsevotNam k¾CaGñk pÁt;pÁg;GgármYyd¾FMmYyEdr. brimaNRsUvkm<úCay:ageRcInRtUv)aneKrt;Bn§ eTAkan;RbeTsevotNam edIm,I kin nignaMecjbnþ. maneragcRkkinRsUvkm<úCaEtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlGacdMeNIrkareTAtambTdæan naMecj ehIyplitplrbs;eragcRkenH)anbgðajvtþman enAkñúgTIpSarénbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmInpgEdr. 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RbePTGgárnaMcUleRcInCageKKW indica ehIyRbeTs Cb:un naMcUlGgár RbePT japonica BIshrdæGaemrik. tarag k2>1 karnaMecjGgárcMbgenAqñaM 2002 RbeTs brimaN ¬KitCaBan;etan¦ shPaBGWWr:ub (15) 2>120 \NÐÚeNsuI 1>970 nIehSrIy:a 1>250 hVIlIBIn 1>200 bg;køaEds 940 eGor:g; 870 esnIhÁal; 790 Gaemrikxagt,Úg 760 Gar:ab`ÍsaG`UDIt 670 Cb:un 650 eRbsuIl 560 Kuy)a 550 m:aeLsuI 500 shrdæGaemrik 410 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 90 ]bsm<½n§ k2 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ Ggár tamkar):an;sµanrbs; USDA cMeBaHkarnaMcUlkñúgqñaM 2004 bgðajnUvkarERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal; eFobnwgqñaM 2002 edayRbeTsbg;køaEdsnaMcUlcMnYn 500 000 etan m:aeLsuI 600 000 etan Gar:ab`ÍsaG`UDItnaMcUl 1/15 lan etan \NÐÚeNsuInaMcUl 1 lan etan nigmuicsuIknaMcUl 55 000 etan. RbeTscinnaMcUlGgártictYc ehIyeKrMBwgfa enAqñaM 2004 cinnwgnaMcUlGgár 700 000 etan eTaHbI CaTinñpl nigépÞdIdaMduH)anekIneLIgkþI. karBüakrrbs; USDA sRmab;qñaM 2005 bgðajnUvkarERbRbYlbEnßmeTot. eKrMBwgfa RbeTs cin naMcUlEt 600 000 etan b:ueNÑaH karnaMcUlrbs;PIlIBInnwgekIneLIgBI 300 000 etan kñúgqñaM 2004 dl; 600 000 etan Kuy)anwgbegáInkarnaMcUlBIcMnYn 550 000 etan dl; 700 000 etan ehIykar naMcUl GgáreTAkan;shrdæGaemrik GacekIneLIgcMnYn 10000 etan eTAdl;cMnYntYelxx 000 etan kaNada 250 000 etan GU®sþalI 62 000 etan nig n½rEvs 19 000 etan. cMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;GtifiCn kan;EtmanlkçN³xus²Kña enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgGs;enH. eKcUlcitþGgár Basmati páamøiHéf ehIyGgár RbePTepSg²eTot k¾kan;EtmanRbCaRbiyPaBxøaMgeLIg²Edr. RbePTGgárFmµCati k¾kMBugTak;Taj GtifiCnTaMgLay nigTak;TajshKmn_CnCatiGasuIFM² enAkñúgRbeTsrIkceRmIn EdlkMBugEsVgrk RbePTGgárRbéBNIrbs;xøÜnpgEdr. CagenHeTAeTot GtifiCnenARbeTs]sSahkmµ TMngCaeRtom lkçN³ kñúgkarpþl;témøx2 bgðajRbeTsEdlnaMGgárecjeRcIn enAkñúgqñaM 2002. tarag k 2>2 RbeTsnaMGgárecjeRcInenAqñaM 2002 RbeTs brimaN ¬KitCalanetan¦ tMélenAkñúgTIpSarBiPBelak ¬°¦ éf 7/34 27/7 \NÐa 5/05 18/35 shrdæGaemrik 3/27 12 evotNam 3/24 12 cin 2/07 7/5 ):aKIsßan 1/68 6/1 BiPBelak 27/52 100 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 USDA ):an;sµanfa karnaMecjGgárrbs;RbeTséfnwgeLIgdl;cMnYn 9 lanetan enAqñaM 2004. eKrMBwgfakRmiténkarnaMecjenaHnwgcuHfyenA qñaM 2005 eRBaHmankardwkCBa¢ÚnekIneLIg BIRbeTs mIy:anm:a¬PUma¦ shrdæGaemrik GU®sþalI evotNam shPaBGWr:ub Gasg;TIn nigG`UrUháay. KYrkt;sMKal;fa enAqñaM 1964-1965 RbeTskm<úCanaeBlenaH RtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa Ca {CRguk RsUvGasuIGaeKñy_} Edl)annaMGgárecjelIsBI 500 000 etan. ninñakaréføGgárenAelITIpSarGnþrCati eTaHbICabrimaNsþúk nigbrimaNpÁt;pÁg;fycuHkþI éføGgárenATIpSarBiPBelakmansßirPaBkñúgry³ eBl 3-4 qñaMknøgeTA. enAkñúgeBlkMBugsresresckþIENnaMenH Ggár)ak; 5° )aykatak mantémø 234 duløar¼etan ¬KittaméfønaMecjenARtwmkMBg;EpecjdMeNIr¦ rIÉGgár)ak; 5° rbs;evotNam man témø 226 duløar¼etan. enAqñaM 2004 edaymankarrwtbnþwgkarpÁt;pÁg; éføGgárrbs;shrdæGaemrik 92 ]bsm<½n§ k2 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ Ggár mankRmitxt kMBugpÁt;pÁg;[ eragcRkkinRsUvEtmYy. tYelxenHKYreLIgdl; 8 000 RKYsar elIépÞdI 8 000 h>t. tamry³kareRbI R)as;BUCRsUvrbs;Rkumh`un EdleK)anGPivDÆCaBiess nigpþl;plCaGgárEdlmankøinRkGUb eKniyay fa smaKmksikrnwgbegáInR)ak;cMNUlrbs;xøÜneTVdg. eKTijRsUvkñúgtémø 210 duløar¼etan rIÉ Ggár EkécñrYc mantémøBI 480-530 duløar¼etan. karCYyksikr [ecosvagkareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it nigsarFatuCIKImI eFVI[Rkumh`unGaccuH bBa¢Iplitplrbs;xøÜn faCaplitplFmµCati)an. RKab;BUCRsUvRtUv)andak;tMkl;enAviTüasßanRsavRCavRsUv GnþrCati ehIyKYrEt)anITTYlkarkarBar IP ¬ sBVéf¶ EU kMBugeRbIR)as;etsþ DNA edIm,IbBa¢ak;RbePT GgárnaMcUlnana¦. karcuHbBa¢IpøakBaNiC¢sBaØa sRmab;GgáreQµaHnagmøiH KYrbegáInskþanuBl enAkñúgkar BRgIk TIpSar ehIykMBugmankic©RbwgERbgenAkñúgkarFanakarcuHbBa¢ISPS sRmab;TIpSarshPaBGWr:ub. karkarBarvis½yGgárkñúgRbeTs Ep¥keTAelIkRmiténkarrt;Bn§eTAkan;TisTaMgsgxag karkarBarvis½yGgárkñúgRbeTs KWCabBaða RtUvRbQmmuxCaxøaMg. b:uEnþ CaeKalkarN_ RbeTskm<úCaenAmanlT§PaBCaeRcIn sRmab;kMhitlT§PaB cUleTAkan;TIpSar tamry³karkMNt;Bn§KykatBVkic©Gtibrma cMeBaHplitplGgár esÞIrEtTaMgGs;kñúg WTO kñúgkRmit 40°. rIÉBUCRsUvRtUvbg;Bn§katBVkic©naMcUlGtibrma 5°. enAkñúg kmµviFIrbs; AFTA Edlb:HBal;eTAdl;karnaMcUlplitkrGgárenARbeTsCitxag RKab;BUCCab;Bn§ katBVkic©GtibrmaesµInwgsUnü PaKry b:uEnþplitplGgárdéTeTotCab;Bn§katBVkic©Gtibrma 7°. GRta rbs; AFTA esµInwg 7° kMBugRtUv)anGnuvtþkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ eFVICaBn§MFN sRmab;GñkpÁt;pÁg;TaMgGs;. GakrelItémøbEnßm mantémøesµI 10° k¾RtUvbg;pgEdr. RbPB nigB½t'man EdlmanRbeyaCn_ manRbPBB½t'manepSg² sþIGMBI sßanPaBénTIpSarGgár éføGgárelITIpSarGnþrCati l½kçx½NÐkUta bBaðakmµsiT§ibBaØa RBmTaMgkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµkñúgtMbn; nigkarcrcaBaNiC¢kmµeTVPaKI Edlman\T§iBldl; vis½yGgár. RbPBTaMgenaHmanCaGaT׳ 99 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ 1> GUrIhSa³ B½t'manGMBITIpSar. http://www.oryza.com/index.shtml 2> viTüasßanRsavRCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCati³ http://www.irri.org/ 3> Evbsay Riceonline: http://www.riceonline.com/home.shtml 4> esvaRsavRCavEpñkesdækic©rbs; USDA: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Topics/ view.asp?T=101218 5> karRbemIlemIlTIpSarksikmµrbs;TIpSar EU qñaM 2002-2009³ http://europa.eu.int/ comm/agriculture/publi/caprep/prospects2002/fullrep.pdf 6> {eq cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sMrab;GRtaBn§¦ ³ 1006 100 ]bsm<½n§ k3 ksiGaCIvkmµ³ RKab;sVaycnÞI karGPivDÆFMbMput enAkñúgTIpSarsVaycnÞIenAkñúgBiPBelak kñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMcugeRkayenH KWvtþmanénRbeTsevotNam kñúgzan³Caplitkr nigCaRbeTsnaMecjd¾FMmYy. smtßPaBEkécñenA RbeTsevotNammanTMhMFM EdlBYkGñkEkécñeRtomlkçN³ kñúgkarTijRKab;sVaycnÞIeqAkñúgtémøx1 bgðaj[eXIjbERmbRmYl énplitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞIminTan;Ekécñ kñúgcMeNam RbeTsEdledIrtYsMxan;² edayeRbobeFobqñaM 2003 nigqñaM 1995. ebIeFobnwgTMhMdIdaMsVaycnÞI RbeTsevotNamsßitkñúglMdab;TI 5 b:uEnþevotNammanTinñplxt¦. pÞúyeTAvij 101 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ TinñplenARbeTs\NÐamankRmitRbEhl 630 KILÚRkam¼h>t b:ueNÑaH. ¬]sSahkmµRKab;sVaycnÞI rbs;GU®sþalI eTIbRtUv)anbegáItkalBIeBlfµI²enH maneKaledAplit[)anTinñpleRcIn Cag 4 000 KILÚRkam¼h>t edIm,I[manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg¦. épÞdIdaMsVaycnIÞ rbs;evotNam RtUv)anBRgIkBI 35 000 h>t eTA 80 000 h>t enAqñaM 2003. tarag k 3>1 plitkmµRKab;sVaycnÞI RbeTsplit birmaNqñaM2003 ¬KitCaetan¦ birmaNqñaM1995 ¬KitCaetan¦ evotNam 637>200 202>000 \NÐa 460>000 321>500 eRbhSIl 178>400 185>000 nIehSrIy:a 186>000 95>000 tg;hSanI 123>000 63>500 kUtDIv½r 90>000 39>000 hÁIen-b`Ísav 80>000 29>000 m:UhSMb`Ík 58>000 33>500 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 elIkElgEtRbeTsnIehSrI EdlPaKeRcInénkarplit KWsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTs plitkmµ RKab;sVaycnÞIPaKeRcInénTIVbGaRBic RtUv)andwkeTAkan;RbeTs\NÐasRmab;Ekécñ. fVIebIeKeCOfa RbeTs tg;sanI manlT§PaBEkécñRbmaN 30° plsVaycnÞIrbs;xøÜnkþI karvinieyaKelIkarEkécñ enAkñúg bNþaRbeTsGaRBikdéTeTot PaKeRcInmin)anTTYleCaKC½yeLIy kñúgenHGRtabraC½yéneragcRk EdleK)ansagsg;enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1980 mankRmitx2 EdleRbobeFobnwgqñaM 1995. eKeXIjc,as;nUvkRmitnaMecjy:agTabénsVaycnÞIEkécñrYc rbs;GñknaMecjBITIVbGaRBic. tarag k 3>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjRKab;sVaycnÞIKµansMbk RbeTsnaMecj qñaM 2003 ¬):an;sµanBI qñaM2002 qñaM1995 Exemsa-FñÚ¦ ¬KitCaetan¦ ¬KitCaetan¦ ¬KitCaetan¦ evotNam 80>000 62>000 20>000 \NÐa 72>000 122>000 70>000 eRbhSIl 30>000 32>000 mU:hSMb`Ík 631 2>000 tg;hSanI 399 0 kUtDIv½r 211 0 hÁIen-b`Ísav 0 155 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 and industry news reports GtifiCnsMxan;²énRKab;sVaycnÞIEkécñrYc KWRbeTs]sSahkmµ EdleKniymbriePaKCaGahar bEnßm CamYynwgePsC¢³nana. TIpSarkñúgRbeTs enAkñúgRbeTsdaMsVaycnÞITMngCamanTMhMtUc edaysar eK[éføx3 bgðajRbeTsnaMcUlsMxan;² enAqñaM 2002. 103 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ tarag k3>3 RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞIenAqñaM 2002 RbeTsnaMcUl qñaM 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦ shrdæGaemrik 95>400 huløg; 20>600 cRkPBGg;eKøs 10>400 GU®sþalI 8>700 kaNada 8>100 GaLWm:g; 7>400 Cb:un 6>700 )araMg 5>000 BiPBelak 209>400 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 RbeTs]sSahkmµTaMgGs; naMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞI ehIysBVéf¶enHRbeTsevotNamkMBugTTYl)an kEnøgQreCIgenAkñúgTIpSarEdlmanlkçN³BuMEmnCaRbéBNImYycMnYn enAkñúgGWr:ubxagekIt GasuIkNþal Cb:un nigGas`an. RbeTscink¾CaRbeTsnaMcUlRKab;sVaycnÞIpgEdr. enAcugqñaM 2003 éfønaMecjenARbeTs\NÐa ¬Edlvas;sÞg;edayéføedIm Fanar:ab;rg nigéfødwk CBa¢Ún b¤ c.i.f enAcRkPBGg;eKøs¦ mantémø 3 155 GWr:U dl; 4 557 GWr:U¼etan GaRs½yelIKuNPaB. tYelxenHbgðaj[eXIjnUvkarekIneLIgmYycMENk eFobnwgbNþaExmun² b:uEnþ)anqøúH[eXIjnUvkarFøak; cuHéntémøenAelITIpSarBiPBelakkñúgry³eBlEvg. l½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢km³ TIpSarsVaycnÞIBiPBelak edayehtufaplitpltMbn;RtUBik mankarRbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;tictYc enAkñúgtMbn;ksikmµ EdlmansItuNðPaBTab RKab;sVaycnÞIBuMEmnCakmµvtßúénkarkarBarTIpSar enAkñúgTIpSar]sSahkmµFM² eLIy. shrdæGaemrik shPaBGWr:ub kaNada GU®sþalI RbeTsTaMgGs;enHpþl;lT§PaBcUleTAkan; 104 ]bsm<½n§ k3 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RKab;sVaycnÞI TIpSarrbs;BYkeK eday[rYcBn§cMeBaHRKab;sVaycnÞIKµansMbk. 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RbsinebImankarciBa¢wm)anFMFat;l¥ eKGaclk;eKa-RkbIkm<úCa enAkñúgtMbn;EdlkMBugmantRmUvkarTIpSar ekIneLIg ehIyTMngCaGacnwgbMeBjtRmUvkarekIneLIgenAkñúgmCÄwmbUB'apgEdr. mankarnaMecjeKaxøH² lk;eTA[RbeTsm:aeLsuI. kalBIb:unµanqñaMknøgeTAfµIenH CMgWstVBahn³)aneFVI[BaNiC¢kmµbsustVBiPB elakmanGsßirPaB ehIykareKarBtambTdæansuxPaBmansar³sMxan;Nas;. RbkarenHGacseRmc)an tamry³karGPivDÆesvabsueBTü nigbegáInlT§PaB)anTTYl»sfbsueBTü. kareFVIGaCIvkmµbsustV k¾tRmUv[mankarEklMGlT§PaBplitcMNIstV EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgpgEdr. eRkABIenH l½kçx½NÐ BaNiC¢kmµsRmab;bsustVmanlkçN³ebIkcMhCabgÁÜr. TIpSarbsustVBiPBelak TIpSareKaRkbIrs; rbs;BiPBelakmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj nigEbgEckeTAtamtMbn;. Cak;c,as;Nas; BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbIrs; nigsac;eKamanGnþrkmµdUcBaNiC¢kmµmkelIcMNIstVEdr. BaNiC¢kmµeKa- RkbITaMgGs;kan;EtTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIbnÞúHénCMgWstVdUcCa Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ¬BSE EdleKEtgehACaTUeTAfa {CMgWeKaqáÜt}¦ nigCMgWGutkþam kalBITsvtSknøgeTA. bTdæansuxPaB køayeTACamanlkçN³kan;EtsMxan;eLIg² edaymankarhamXat;karnaMcUlCajwkjab; ehIyCYnkal hamXat;edayKµankarbBa¢ak;mUlehtuc,as;las;. mankrNIvivaTmYycMnYn enAkñúg WTO rYmmansac; eKaEdlcBa©wmedaykarcak;G½rmUn rvagshrdæGaemrik nigenAshPaBGWr:ub. ]TahrN_ BaNiC¢kmµenAkñúgtMbn;kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmµesrIGaemrikxageCIg (NAFTA) manTMhMFM b:uEnþTIpSarenH KWCaTIpSarerobcMsRmab;EtxøÜnÉgEtb:ueNÑaH. enAqñaM 2002 shrdæGaemrik )annaMcUl nUveKacMnYnCag 2/5 lank,al EdlPaKeRcInnaMcUlmkBIkaNada nigmuicsuIk. dUcKñaEdr enAqñaM 2002 BaNiC¢kmµstVrs; enAshPaBGWr:ubmankRmitx1 nig tarag k4>2 bgðajTIpSarFM²bMput kñúgcMeNampSarTaMgenH enAqñaM 2002. naMcUleKa-RkbIenAqña 2002 tarag k4>1 Gas`an nigtMbn;GasuIdéTeTot tarag k4>2 mCÄwmbUB'a RbeTsnaMcUl 2002 ¬k,al¦ RbeTsnaMcUl 2002 ¬k,al¦ Rb`ueNdarusSaLwm 23>300 )aEr:n 8>146 \NÐÚensuI 171>100 GuWRsaEGl 52>730 m:aeLsuI 97>000 hS½kdg; 40>200 hVIlIBIn 117>100 KuyEv:t 7>400 éf 183>000 lIbg; 222>680 cin 11>500 Gar:ab`ÍsaG`UDIt 39>000 hugkug 48>000 Gar:ab;rUm eGmIra:t 4>600 Cb:un 14>500 eGhSIúb 153>000 m:akav 5>300 eN):al; 12>000 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 stVeKa-RkbIrs;enARbeTskm<úCaPaKeRcIn RtUv)aneKeRbICakMlaMgGUsTaj. karnaMcUlstVTaMgenH KWmaneKalbMNgepSg²KñaCaeRcIn kñúgenaHrYmman edIm,I;yksac; TwkedaH nigbgáat;BUC. enAkñúgcMeNam GñkpÁt;pÁg; RbeTsGU®sþalIKWCaRbeTsEdldeNþImTIpSar)anFMCageKenAGasuI nigenAmCÄwmbUB'a eday)an naMecjeKa-RkbIrs; kñúgqñaM 2002 RbEhl 948 000 k,al. enAeBlmankarriHKn;CasaFarN³ GMBIsßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;stVEdl)andwkeTAkan;mCÄwmbUB'a ]sSahkmµGU®sþalIrMBwgfa TIpSarenATIenaH nwgekIneLIg. 110 ]bsm<½n§ k4 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ bsustV enAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsCitxagrbs;RbeTskm<úCa BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbI)anekItmanRcInrYcehIy. tYelxCapøÚvkarmin)anqøúHbBa©aMgkarBit[)aneBjeljeT b:uEnþ FAOSTAT )anraykarN_fa enAqñaM 2002 RbeTsmIy:an;m:a)annaMecjcMnYn 113 000 k,al cin 58 000 k,al Lav 35 300 k,al nigRbeTskm<úCa 10 600 k,al. l½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmbsustVenATIpSarGnþrCati enAkñúgxN³EdlBaNiC¢kmµsac;eKaRKbdNþb;eTAedaykUtaBn§Ky nigGmedayl½kçx½NÐBiess sRmab;cUleTAkan;TIpSar CaBiessl½kçx½NÐEdl)anBiPakSaeTVPaKI enAkñúgTIpSarGasuIsMxan;² eday shrdæGaemrik nigGU®sþalI BaNiC¢kmµbsustVkan;EtRtUv)aneKebIkcMhbEnßmeTot. b:uEnþ bNþaRbeTs naMcUlcMbg² eRcInEtmanviFankarEdlmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj nigviFankartRmUv[man SPS . TIpSarGas`anCaTUeTACaTIpSarrUcBn§. krNIenHGnuvtþcMeBaHm:aeLsuI nig\NÐÚeNsuI rIÉRbeTs PIlIBIn eKkMNt;Bn§KyesµInwg 3°. GRtaBn§Fmµtarbs;éf esµInwg 5° RtUv)ankat;bnßymkRtwmkRmit sUnücMeBaHeKa-RkbIrs; ehIynwgkarnaMcUlstVRCUkenAkñúgkmµviFIGnueRKaHeTVPaKI. Bn§pøÚvkarenAtam RBMEdnevotNam esµInwg 5°. RbeTskm<úCa)annaMcUledayrYcBn§ eTAkan;TIpSarRbeTscintamry³kic© RBmeRBog {qab;TTYlpl}. l½kçx½NÐenATl;EdnpÞal;rbs;RbeTskm<úCasRmab;karnaMcUleKa-RkbIrs; tRmUv[manGRtaBn§ MFN 15° nigGRtasRmab;qñaM 2004 én AFTA CEPT esµInwg 10°. TIpSarmCwÄmbUB'ak¾ebIkcMheRcInpgEdr eTaHbICaRbeTsmYycMnYn manGRtaBn§KykatBVkic©Gti brmax3. bEnßmeTAelIesckþIRBYy)armÖGMBICMgW BSE nigCMgWGutkþam BaNiC¢kmµeKa-RkbIrs; k¾rgplb:HBal; pgEdr edaysarvivaT sþIBIkareRbIR)as;G½rm:UneFVI[qab;FM. kñúgry³eBlmYyTsSvtSr_knøgeTA shrdæ Gaemrik kaNada GU®sþalI nigbNþaRbeTsdéTepSgeTot )aneFVIkartv:acMeBaHkarhamXat;rbs; shPaBGWr:ub ¬EU¦ cMeBaHstVBahn³ ¬nigsac;eKa¦ EdlplitenAshrdæGaemrik edayeRbIR)as; G½rm:UnEbbenH. GgÁvinicä½yrbs; WTO )anrkeXIjfa karhamXat; BuMmanEp¥kelIPsþútagEdlman lkçN³viTüasa®sþNamYy b¤karvaytémøhaniP½yEdlGaceCOTukcitþNamYyeLIy ehIyesñI[ EU 111 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ tarag k4>3 GRtaBn§KyGtibrmarbs; WTO nig GRtaBn§GnuvtþsMrab;TIpSarmCÄwmbUB'a RbeTs GRtakat§Gtibrmarbs; WTO GRtaGnuvtþ )aEr:n 35% 5% GuIRsaEGl 128% GRtaesµI 0 sMrab; 120>000 k,al 43% sMrab;stVBahn³sMrab;bgáat;BUCsuT§ hSkdg; 5% + 10JD/ k,al 5% 10JD/k,al + KuyEv:t 100% 15% Bn§Rbfab;Rta + 5% lIbg; kMBugcrcacUlCasmaCik 0 Gar:ab`ÍGaGUDIt kMBugcrcacUlCasmaCik l Gar:ab;rYmeGmIr:at 15% 5% eGhSIúb 10% minR)akd RbPB ³ WTO tariff schedules and customs departments elIkElgkarhamXat;enaH. kargarenHminRtUv)aneKGnuvtþeLIy ehIyshrdæGaemrikk¾)andak; viFankarBaNiC¢kmµsgswgRbqaMgtbnwgTMnijrbs;shPaBGWr:ub. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk shPaBGWr:ub )antv:afa mankarENnaMfµI² kñúgkarhamXat;[manlkçN³RsbeTAtamkatBVkic©rbs; WTO b:uEnþ shrdæGaemrikminyl;RBmeLIy. enHBuMEmnCabBaaðEdlmanplb:HBal;mkelIkarnaMecjeKa-RkbI rbs;km<úCaeLIy. RbeTskm<úCa kñúgzan³CaRbeTsnaMecjeKa-RkbI sßitiqñaM 2002 rbs;RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT )anbgðajtYelxsrubéncMnYnstV Bahn³bc©úb,nñ EdlCitesµInwg 2/9 lank,al enAextþcMnYn 8 nigRkbI mancMnYn 625 000 k,al enAextþcMnYn 4. tRmUvkarkñúgRbeTs RtUv)anbMeBjBIRbPBkMlaMgGUsTaj nigstVBahn³ekµg². man cMnYnstVBahn³y:ageRcIn EdlGacnaMecj)an. PaKeRcInénstVBahn³rbs;km<úCa RtUv)aneKdwkqøgkat;RBMEdnevotNam nigRBMEdnéfCahVÚgtUc² 112 ]bsm<½n§ k4 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ bsustV kñúglkçN³eRkApøÚvkar. bBaðaenHekIteLIgedaysarkarnaMcUleKa-RkbICa pøÚvkarrbs;km<úCa )anrgpl b:HBal;kalBIry³eBlb:unµanqñaMknøgeTA edaysarkarP½yxøacGMBICMgWGutkþamenAkñúgTIpSarTaMgBIrenH. mankar)a:n;sµanmYybgðajfa tYelxnaMecjeKa-RkbIeRkApøÚvkarmancMnYnesµInwg 80000-150000 k,al kñúgmYyqñaM². eRkABIkarxatbg;R)ak;cMNUlcMeBaHrdæaPi)alkm<úCa plitkrk¾)at;bg;pgEdrnUvtémø bEnßm tamry³karbMb:n[Fat;enAeBlqøgEdn. edIm,IGPivDÆ[køayeTACaRbeTsnaMecjd¾sMxan;mYy vis½yeKa-RkbIrbs;km<úCa RtUvmankarerobcM l¥. vis½yenHk¾caM)ac; RtUveqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarkñúgRbeTspgEdr GMBIcMNIstVEdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg sRmab;bMb:nbsustV. RbPBCaskþanuBléncMNIFmµCatimanKuNPaBx karsikSaksiGaCIvkmµrbs; SME enAkm<úCa Exemsa qñaM 2004. kmµviFIGPivDÆvis½y ÉkCnenAtMbn;emKgÁ (Mekong Private Sector Development Facility) . 2> bBaða EU: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/animal/liveanimals/bovine/ imports_en.htm 3> esvasikSaRsavRCavEpñkesdækic© {karRbemIlemIlGMBIEpñkksikmµ} ExFñÚ qñaM 1997 www.ers.usda.gov 4> B½t'man]sSahkmµTUeTAGMBIstVBahn³ www.cattletoday.com 5> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sRmab;B½t'manGMBIBn§Ky¦³ 0102 ¬stVeKars;¦. 114 ]bsm<½n§ k5 ksiGaCIvkmµ³ EpøsVay ksikrkm<úCa daMdMNaMhUbEpøepSg²KñaCaeRcIn EdlmanKuNPaBx1 bgðajeQµaHRbeTsEdlsMbUr EpøsVaybMput. plitkmµsrubrbs;BiPBelakenAqñaM 2003 mancMnYn 25/5 lanetan. bc©úb,nñ plitkmµEpøsVay rbs;km<úCamancMnYnRbEhl 35 000 etan. b:uEnþ enAqñaM 2002 manEtCag 2/5° EdlesµInwg 670 000 etan énplitplBiPBelakb:ueNÑaH EdleK)aneFVIBaNiC¢kmµCaGnþrCati. tarag k5>2 bgðajeQµaHRbeTsnaMecjcMbg² enAqñaM 2002. CabEnßmelIenH KYrkt;sMKalfa RbeTseGsuIbCaGñknaMecjTwkEpøsVay ÉRbeTséfnaMecjdMNab;EpøsVay 7 400 etan. 115 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ tarag k5>1 RbeTsplitEpøsVayeRcInenAqñaM ¬2003¦ RbeTsplit 2003 ¬KitCaetan¦ \NÐa 10>500>000 cin 3>400>000 éf 1>750>000 muicsIukU 1>503>000 ):aKIsßan 1>036>000 eRbhSúIl 845>000 hVIlIBIn 890>000 \NÐÚensuI 730>000 nIehSrIy:a 730>000 eGhSIúb 326>000 evotNam 306>000 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 tarag ³ k5>2 RbeTsnaMecjEpøsVayeRcIn qñaM ¬2002¦ RbeTsnaMecj qñaM 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦ eRbsuIl 104>000 muicsIukU 195>000 ):aKIsßan 48>000 \NÐa 41>500 hVIlIBIn 36>000 eb:rU 35>000 eGkVaD½r 30>000 GaRhVikxagt,Úg 17>000 kUDIv½r 10>500 éf 8>700 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 116 ]bsm<½n§ k5 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ EpøsVay BaNiC¢kmµEpøsVayBiPBelak )anekIneLIgeTVdg kñúgry³eBl 10 cugeRkay edaysaréfødwk CBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas)ancuHefak ehIybec©keTsevcx©b; nigbec©keTsTukdak;RtUv)anEklMG. TMnijmYy Edlknøgmk RtUveKeFVIBaNiC¢kmµy:ageRcInkñúgcMeNamRbeTsCitxag \LÚvenH KWCaTMnijEdlGnþrCati eRbIR)as;y:ageRcIn enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmIn k¾dUcCaenATIpSarénRbeTsRkIRkEdr. RbeTs]sSahkmµ TaMgGs;naMcUlEpøsVay kñúgxN³EdlmanRbCaCatienAmCÄwmbUBa'CaeRcIn k¾briePaKEpøsVaypgEdr. tarag k5>3 bgðajeQµaHRbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn. tarag k5>3 RbeTsnaMcUlEpøsVayeRcIn ¬qñaM 2002¦ RbeTsnaMcUl qñaM 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦ shrdæGaemrik 263>000 shPaBGWr:ub 197>000 Gar:ab;rUmeGmIra:t 45>000 cin 37>000 Gar:ab`ÍsaG`UDIt 34>500 m:aeLsuI 31>000 swgðburI 13>700 Cb:un 9>000 sVIús 4>000 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 enAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlnaMecjEpøsVay eKeXIjmancMNab;GarmµNcMeBaHkarGPivDÆTIpSar bc©úb,nñ nigTIpSarfµI². GtifiCnenARbeTsCaeRcIn h`an[éføxt )an[plitplEpøeQIRbmaNCa 620 000 etan. karKNna déT > eTot bgðajfa plitplEpøsVaysRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTsmancMnYnticCagBak;kNþaléntYelxenH. eKdaMedImsVayenAelIépÞdIRbmaNCa 27 000 h>t enAkñúgextþcMnYn 6. sßitiCapøÚvkar bgðajfa KµankarnaMecjEpøsVayeLIy ehIymanEtkarnaMcUltictYcEtb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ tamCak;Esþg mankarnaMecj EpøsVayminpøÚvkar eTAkan;RbeTsevotNam. BaNiC¢krevotNam)anem:AEpøsVayenAelIedIm muneBldwkCBa¢Ún niglk;enATIpSartamRBMEdnenARbeTsevotNam. b:uEnþ ÉksareKalneya)ayfµI² rbs;RksYg ksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT sþIBIkarBRgIkTIpSarEpøeQI nigbEnø )ankt;sMKal;fa EpøsVaymkBIRbeTs evotNam RtUv)aneKlk; enATIRkugPñMeBj. ÉksardEdlk¾)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa eKdaMEpøsVayenARbeTskm<úCa edaymankareRbIR)as;CIKImI nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥ittictYc. RbkarenH GaceFVI[EpøsVayrbs;km<úCa manskþanuBlkñúgkarlk;eTAkan; TIpSarbreTs RbsinebIeKenAEtGacdaMdMNaMenH edaymineRbIR)as;fñaMsmøab;stVl¥itcéRg nigedayeRbI R)as;CIFmµCati. karcUleTAkan;TIcenøaHénTIpSarEpøeQIFmµCati enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmµ KWCakargarmYy EdlKYr[rMePIb b:uEnþ manbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxCaeRcIn nigmanskþanuBleTAGnaKt k¾dUcCakarlk; enAkñúgRbeTs kñúgtémøx {esckþIRBageKalneya)ayGMBIplitkmµbEnø EpøeQI nigkarBRgIkTIpSar³ savtarBak;B½n§ EpñkeKalneya)ay nigsMeNIyuT§sa®sþsRmab;Gnuvtþ} ExemsaqñaM 2003 RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig ensaT nigKMragEklMGKuNPaBksikmµ. 2> savtarBak;B½n§rbs; USDA:http://www.ams.usda.gov/fv/rpmango.htm 3> B½t'manGMBI]sSahkmµGnþrCati nigB½t'mansþIBIRbeTsEdlpÁt;pÁg;EpøeQI nigbEnø: www.tapin.uk 4> Evbsayrbs;RbeTsQIlI ¬EpñkkarCav¦ EdlmanB½t'man nigTinñn½yeRcInGMBI]sSahkmµ BaNiC¢kmµEpøeQI³ www.fruitonline.com 121 122 ]bsm<½n§ k6 ksiGaCIvkmµ³ eRbgrukçCati RbeTskm<úCanaMcUleRbgqa CaeRcInRbePT b:uEnþkm<úCa KWCaRbeTsEdlmanbTBiesaFkñúgkarnaM ecjdUgeRbg. b:uEnþ RKab;FBaØCatiEdlpþl;eRbgkMBugEtcakecjBIRbeTsenH tamry³ bNþajeRkA pøÚvkar edIm,IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarénsmtßPaBEkécñenARbeTsCitxag. TIpSarBiPBelak cMeBaHeRbgqa manRbPBBIrukçCatimanlkçN³sµúKsµaj BIeRBaHEtkarRbkYtRbECgBIsMNak;plitpléntMbn; Gakas FatuRtCak;bgÁÜr¼tMbn;RtUBik. lT§PaBcUlTIpSarTMngCamankarEklMG ehIykar]btßmÖFn cMeBaH plitkmµfycuHedaysarkarcrcaénkic©RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) rbs;GgÁkar WTO. b:uEnþ TIpSarenH bnþrIkceRmIn edaysarEtmankareRbIR)as;fµI²ekIteLIg Tak;TgnwgtRmUvkar CaplitplGaharman suxPaBl¥pg nigCaplitpl]sSahkmµRsLaynana EdlRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgplitplKImI eRbgkatpg. RbeTscin KWCaTIpSareRbgrukçCatid¾FMmYyEdlkMBugrIkceRmIn. smaCik RbeTsGas`an mYycMnYn ebIkTUlayTIpSarCabgÁÜr. RbeTskm<úCaman»kaskñúgkarnaMecjdUgeRbg nigCMnYskarnaMcUl eRbgqaEdlmanRbPBBIrukçCatirbs;xøÜn RbsinebIéføcMNaypliitkmµkñúgRbeTs RtUv)ankat;bnßy. TIpSarBiPBelakcMeBaHeRbgrukçCati TIpSareRbgrukçCatiBiPBelak manlkçN³sµúKsµaj nigGaRs½yelIkardak;kMhit nigkarpþl; ]btßmÖFnCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmµ nigenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYycMnYn. mYycMENkFM KW edaysareRbgrukçCatimYycMnYnéntMbn;RtUBik mankarRbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;CamYynwgplitpl mkBI tMbn;GakasFatuRtCak;bgÁÜr eBalKWeRbgsENþkesog eRbgRKab; canolanigeRbgRKab;QUkr½tñ. karRbkYtRbECgelITMnijsENþkesog nigTIpSarrRbgsENþk eFVI[mankarERbRbYlxusBIFmµta. kar RbkYtRbECgenHkan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶r enAkñúgbNþaqñaMfµI²enH edaysarkarRbqaMgrbs;shPaBGWr:ub nigsmaCik WTO mYycMnYn kñúgkarTTYlykkarnaMcUlplitplsENþkesog Edl)anmkBIBUCEdl RtUv)aneKEkécñEsn. eRbgrukçCatimanCaGaT׳ eRbgRKab; canola kMBugEtmanRbCaRbiyPaBsRmab;karcMGinGahar 123 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ eFVIjaMsalad nigkarbriePaKEbbepSg²eTotrbs;mnusS edaysarkarRBYy)armÖBIplb:HBal;suxPaB énCatixøaj;stV. eRbgrukçCati nigxøaj; RBmTaMgplitplbnÞab;bnSMrbs;va k¾RtUveKEkécñeFVICacMNIstV pgEdr CaBiess enAeBlmankarekIneLIgnUvkarRBYy)armÖ Tak;TgnwgsuvtßiPaBénFatupSMepSg² énplitplcMNIsRmab;ciBa©wmstV. ]sSahkmµkMBugEtBRgIkTIpSareRbgrukçCati. eKGacEkécñµdUgeRbg edIm,IRbkYtRbECgCamYynwg plitplKImICafñaMlab TwkexµA pøasÞik eRbgrMGil sab`U nigeRKOgsMGag. plitpldEdlenH k¾GaccMraj;eTACa\n§n³CIv³ RbeTsm:aeLsuI)anQanmuxeK kñúgkarplitGKÁIsnIEdledIredayfamBl eRbgdUg. eyagtamGñkCMnajEpñk]sSahkmµmñak; kareRbIR)as;TaMgGs;enH nigkareRbIR)as;déTeTot TMngCabegáInkareRbIR)as;eRbgrukçCati sRmab;kareRbIR)as;epSgBIcMNIGaharBI 15°-20° enAqñaM 2010. Cak;c,as;Nas;Edlfa karekIneLIgénéføeRbgkñúgry³eBlEvgGacnwgCMrujninñakarenH. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karRbemIleXIjGMBIkarnaMecjrbs;km<úCa Tak;TgeTAnwgeRbgEdl)an EkécñrYc KµanlkçN³RsYcRsal;eLIy. BiPBelakmansmtßPaBplitRKab;FBaØCatipþl;eRbg nigeRbg Ekécñy:ageRcIn. eyagtamtYelxrbs; FAO plitkmµsrubéneRbgrukçCatirbs;BiPBelak ekInBI 85 lan etanenAqñaM 1998 dl; 96 lanetanenAqñaM 2002. plitplBIr EdleFVI[mankarekIneLIgKW dUgeRbgEdlekInBI 18 lan etan dl; 24 lan etan nigeRbgsENþkesogekInBI 23 lan etan dl; 26 lan etan. BaNiC¢kmµeRbgrukçCatiBiPBelaksrub CamFümmanRbmaN 33 lanetankñúg 1 qñaM kñúgenaH 15 lanetan KWCaeRbgdUg nig 8 lanetan CaeRbgsENþkesog. RbeTsm:aeLsuI nig\NÐÚeNsuICa RbeTsBIrEdlmancMENkekþabesÞIrEtTaMgRsugenAkñúgTIpSareRbgdUgBiPBelak. RbeTsm:aeLsuIman cMENkPaKeRcInénTIpSarnaMecjBiPBelak eBalKWesµInwg 60-70° rIÉ\NÐÚeNsuImancMENkRbmaN 12-24°. pÞúyeTAvijTIpSareRbgsENþkesogPaKeRcIn sßitenAkñúgkNþab;édénbNþaRbeTsGaemrik LaTIn. RbeTsGasg;TIn CaRbeTsnaMecjQanmuxeK EdlmancMENkRbmaN 27-37° ehIy RbeTseRbsuIlmancMENkRbmaN 13-18°. b:uEnþ kar]btßmÖFn)aneFVI[shrdæGaemrikman cMENkRbmaN 9-18° énTIpSarBiPBelak ehIybNþaRbeTsénshPaBGWr:ubmYycMnYn mancMENk TIpSarRbhak;RbEhlKñaenHEdr. 124 ]bsm<½n§ k6 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ eRbgrukçCati BaNiC¢kmµeRbgrukçCatiPaKeRcIn manenAkñúgtMbn;GasuI. enAqñaM 2001 GasuInaMcUl 16 lanetan kñúgcMeNambrimaN 36 lanetan EdleFVIBaNiC¢kmµenAelIBiPBelak CaBiessRbeTscin)ankøay eTACaRbeTsnaMcUld¾FMmYy. enAqñaM 2002 RbeTscinnaMcUldUgeRbgcMnUn 2/3 lanetan Edlsßit enAkñúglMdab;TI2 énRbeTselIBiPBelak bnÞab;BIRbeTs\NÐaEdl)anTijcMnYn 3 lanetan. karnaMcUl eRbgsENþkrbs;RbeTscinenAqñaM 2002 EdlmanbrimaN 908 000 etan k¾CakarnaMcUl lMdab;TI 2 bnÞab;BIRbeTs\NÐa ¬1/2 lanetan¦Edr. Cak;c,as;Nas; BaNiC¢kmµTMnijminTan;EkécñmanTMhMFMCagenHy:ageRcIn eFobnwgeRbgEkécñrYc nigEkécñBak;kNþalseRmc. b:uEnþ RbeTscin)ankøayeTACaRbeTsnaMcUly:agFM Edl TijsENþkesog cMnYn 13/8 lanetan enAqñaM 2002. RbeTsnanaenAshKmn_GWr:ub)annaMcUl RbEhl 20 lan etan ehIysPaBGWr:ubk¾CabNþaRbeTsnaMcUlGahareFVIBIsENþkesogd¾FMpgEdr. bNþaRbeTsdéTeTot EdlnaMcUleRbgsENþkeRcIn manRbeTsCb:un kUer: muicsuIkU éf nigm:aeLsuI. rIÉRbeTsEdl naMcUlRKab;dUgeRbgsRmab;karpliteRbgeRcInCageK KWRbeTsm:aeLsuI ¬27 400 etan enAqñaM 2002¦ nigcRkPBGg;eKøs ¬64 000 etan¦. k¾b:uEnþ tamkarBiPakSaxageRkamenH BaNiC¢kmµRbcaMtMbn;én plitplTaMgenH nigplitplminTan;Ekécñ )anekIneLIgy:ageRcIn edaysarkarrt;Bn§. l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmeRbgrukçCati lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar nigrbb]btßmÖFnmanlkçN³xusKñay:ageRcIn kñúgcMeNamsmaCik rbs; WTO enAbNþaRbeTsnaMcUldéTeTot. CaTUeTABn§KyelIRKab;rukçCatipþl;eRbg mankMriitTabCag Bn§KycMeBaHeRbgrukçCati. eyagtamRksYgksikmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik Bn§KyGnuvtþcMeBaH eRbgsENþkesog manCamFümPaKRbEhl 20° cMeBaHRbeTsnaMcUlcMbg² rbs;BiPBelak kñúgxN³ EdlGRtaBn§ sENþkesogCaTUeTAmankRmitTabCag 10°. RbeTsmYycMnYn k¾eRbIR)as;GRtaBn§ naMecj xus²KñapgEdr dUcCaRbeTsGasg;TInCaedIm. CaTUeTAeK]btßmÖFncMeBaHplitkmµedaypÞal; nigpþl;TRmg;KaMRTdéTeTot BIsMNak;rdæaPi)al cMeBaHGaCIvkmµRKab;rukçCatipþl;eRbg. l½kçx½NÐBiesscMeBaHkarKaMRTEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigTMhMdIEdl)an Gnuvtþ sRmab;RKab;rukçCatipþl;eRbgenAshPaBGWr:ub eTaHbICal½kçx½NÐbc©úb,nñenH RtUv)aneKlubbM)at; cab;taMgBI 125 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ mankic©RbCuMenARbeTsG`UrUháay (Uruguay) kþI. shrdæGaemrikenAEtrkSakmµviFIRTRTg;ksikr enAkñúgvis½y enHenAeLIy. karcrcaeLIgvijrbs; WTO kñúgkic©RbCuMfµI²enATIRkugdUha(Doha)KYrnaMeTArkl½kçx½NÐnana énkarRbkYtRbECgbEnßmeTot enAkñúgvis½yRKab;rukçCatieRbg enAkñúgEpñkRTRTg;karnaMecj karRTRTg; kñúgRbeTs niglT§PaB cUleTAkan;TIpSar. CalT§plénkic©RBmeRBogcUl WTO rbs;xøÜn RbeTscinmankUtaBn§Kyy:ageRcIn elIkarnaMcUl eRbgsENþkesog eRbgdUg nigeRbgrukçCatidéTeTot. cMeBaHeRbgdUg nigeRbgsENþkesogTaMgGs; enH karekIneLIgBIkUtaedIm KWBI 2/1 lan dl; 3 lanetan enAqñaM 2005. Bn§elIkarnaMcUl enAkñúgkUtaman 6° eFobnwgGRtanaMcUlGtibrmaeRkAkUtaEdlesµInwg 63>3°. smamaRteRkABIkUta Edl)anEbgEckeTA[shRKaBaNiC¢kmµrdærbs;RbeTscinfycuH enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarGnuvtþ Edl manry³eBldl;qñaM 2006. enAqñaM 2006 kUtanwgRtUv)anlubbM)at; ehIyCMnYsedayGRtaBn§eTal 9° sRmab;RKb;TMnijnaMcUl TaMgsENþkesog nigdUgeRbg. RbeTs\NÐÚeNsuIrkSa[mankarrYcBn§eTAtamtarag CEPT sRmab;sENþkesog nigdUgeRbg. m:aeLsuIGnuBaØat[rYcBn§ b¤Cab;Bn§ 5° RbeTséf 5° RbeTsPIlIBIn[rYcBn§ b¤Cab;Bn§ 3°. RbeTskm<úCa nigBaNiC¢kmeRbgrukçCati RbeTskm<úCamansmtßPaBEkécñTMenIbtictYc kñúgkarpliteRbgrukçCatisRmab;briePaK GaRs½y ehtuenH km<úCanaMcUleRbgrukçCatiy:ageRcIn. tarag k6>1 bgðajkRmiténkarnaMcUlplitpleRbg rukçCatinanaenAqñaM 2003. tYelxTaMgenHKWCatYelxnaMcUlpøÚvkar b:uEnþkarpÁt;pÁg;k¾RtUv)aneKnaMcUl mkkñúgRbeTs kñúglkçN³minpøÚvkarpgEdr. 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CaTUeTA 126 ]bsm<½n§ k6 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ eRbgrukçCati tarag k6>1 karnaMcUlnUveRbgrukçCatimYycMnYnmkkan;RbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM ¬2003¦ plitpl brimaN ¬KitCaetan¦ tMélrbs;Ky ¬lanerol¦ eRbgsENþkEkécñ 1>500 2>830 eRbgGUlIvEkécñ 27 50 dUgeRbg 16>650 31>162 eRbgQUkr½tñ 187 622 eRbgéFµ 9 19 eRbgeBat 75 221 eRbgl¶ 4 5 eRbgsENþkdI 32 55 eRbg b¤ Catixøaj;cMruH 579 1>233 srub 19>063 36>197 RbPB ³ naykdæanKy nig rdækr plitplTaMgenHRtUv)aneKpÁt;pÁg;mkBIRbeTsevotNam m:aeLsuI \NÐÚeNsuI swgðbUrI nigéf. ]TahrN_ kñúgcMeNamRkumh`un 6 EdlpliteRbgsENþkdI enATIRkugPñMeBj manEtRkumh`unmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlGac rs;ranmanCIvit)anedaysarkarpliteRbgEdlmanKuNPaBGn; sRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgvis½y ]sSahkmµ. edIm,IRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgeRbgqaEdlmanKuNPaBelxmYy plitkr km<úCacaM)ac;RtUvCMnH[)an nUvéføxusKñacMnYn 30° EdlbNþalmkGMBIcMNayx mCÄmNÐlCatiénplitplminEmnes,óg¬cRkPBGg;eKøs¦ ­ B½t'mansþIBIkareRbIR)as;eRbgdUg eRkABIeFVICaGahar³ http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/about/ scope.cfm 2> karviPaKtamvis½yrbs; USDA, http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/erssor/field ocs-bb/ 3> B½t'manRtYs²sþIGMBIesvaksikmµrbs; USDA, http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/ CIcular/2004/04-09/toc.htm 4> Rkumh`un BBS Oils-Vegetables Ltd ­ BaNiC¢kreRbgrukçCatisMxan;mYyenAcRkPBGg;eKøs http://www.oils-vegetable.com/ 5> kenSamTinñn½yksikmµrbs;KN³kmµkarshPaBGWr:ub GMBItYelxTIpSar):an;sµanrbs;ksikmµ qñaM 2003-2010 http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/publi/caprep/prospects2003/ index_en.htm 6> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬cMeBaHGRtaBn§Ky¦³ 1511 128 ]bsm<½n§ k7 ksiGaCIvkmµ³ RsaTwketñat RsaTwketñat KWCaplitplmYyénplitplCaeRcIn EdleKGacplitBIedImetñat. Rkumh`un Confirel manmUldæanenAEk,rPñMeBj kMBugplitdMNab; TwkexµHTwketñat mYk nigk®nþk RBmTaMgRbePT RsamYycMnYn nigePsC¢³layKña ¬cocktail¦ EdlmanRbPBmkBIplitplnanaénedImetñat. ePsC¢³ énplitplenH EdlmansmasPaKGal;kulBIrkRmit kñúgRsaTwketñatsuT§ ¬8° eTA 10° énCati Gal;kulKittammaD¦ KWePsC¢³Twketñatlaymñas; nigePsC¢³TwketñatlayxJI. plitplTaMgenH GacnwgEsVgrkTIpSarrwgmaMenAkñúgTIpSarRsa)ayq¶aj;. TIpSarGasuIeRcInEtkarBarcMeBaHePsC¢³ edIm,I CYydl;plitplRsakñúgRbeTs b¤edaysarmUlehtuEpñksasna. enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmµ mankar karBartictYc b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUveKarBtambTdæansuvtßiPaBes,ógGaharmWugm:at;. karykR)ak;bnÞúkrdæ)al eRkApøÚvkar nigkgVHxatEpñkehdæarcnasm<½n§enAkm<úCa eFVI[b:HBal;dl;lT§PaBRbkYtRbECg. l½kçx½NÐ rbs; WTO nwgeFVI[mankarxusKñaEtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH elIkElgEtelIbribTén bTdæanes,ógGahar kñúgkic©RBmeRBoges,ógGahar Gnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y (SPS) . edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnana mCÄmNÐlGgÁkarGnþrCatisþIBIkar sikSaRsavRCavcitþsa®sþ sRmab;karGPivDÆ (CIAD) enA Montpelier ¬RbeTs)araMg¦ nisSitbBa©b;kar sikSaedayeCaKC½ymYycMnYnenAviTüasßanbec©kviTüakm<úCa nigRbCaBlrdækm<úCa Edlrs;enAeRkARbeTs plitplTaMgenHGacrkTIpSar)antictYcenARbeTs)araMg. eKkMBugsikSalT§PaBBRgIkTIpSar eTAkan; RbeTsm:aeLsuI swgðbUrI \NÐÚeNsuI étv:an; éf RBmTaMgshrdæGaemrik. BuMmanTinññn½ysþIGMBITMhMénBaNiC¢kmµRsaTwketñatGnþrCati nigplitplEdlmanlkçN³Rbhak; RbEhlKñaenHeLIy. ePsC¢³TaMgenHPaKeRcInRtUv)aneKplitsRmab;TIpSarkñúgRbeTs ehIymanplit pltictYc sRmab;;TIpSarGnþrCatielIkElgEtmankareqøIytbeTAnwgshKmn_CnbreTs. 129 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmcMeBaHRsaTwketñat l½kçx½NÐénkarcUleTAkan;TIpSar enAshKmn_Gas`anmankarERbRbYlxus²Kña cMeBaHePsC¢³nana karplitTwkEpøeQIedayeRbIemeRkABITMBaMg)ayCUr nigrukçrs (mUldæansRmab;plitRsaTwketñat). RbeTs \NÐÚeNsuImanGRta CEPT esµInwg 170° nigm:aeLsuImanGRtax cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sRmab;GRtaBn§Ky¦ 2206 131 132 ]bsm<½n§ k8 ksiGaCIvkmµ³ ekAs`U bnÞab;BIsemøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIg ekAs`UFøab;manRbvtþiCaplitplnaMecjsMxan;bMputrbs; km<úCa. CaTUeTA ekAs`Ukm<úCamanKuNPaBx1 bgðaj nUvkarERbRbYlenH. eyagtamRkumsikSaGMBIekAs`UFmµCati plitkmµBiPBelak)anbegáInkareRbIR)as;ekAs`UFmµCati y:ageRcIn cab;taMgBIqñaM 2000 mk eTaHbICavis½ysMeyaK)anekIneLIgkþI. GaRs½yehtuenH plitkmµ BiPBelakenAqñaM 2002 )anekIneLIgdl; 7/35 lan etan kñúgenaH 5>66 lan etan RtUv)anplit enAbNþaRbeTsGas`an. kñúgqñaMdEdlenH plitkmµekAs`UsMeyaK nigkareRbIR)as;enATUTaMgBiPBelak manbrimaNRbEhl 10/9 lan etan EdlplitkmµenATVIbGasuI¼GUesGanI manbrimaNRbEhl shPaBGWr:ub nigGaemrikxageCIgrYmbBa©ÚlKña. RkumenaH)aneFVIkar):an;sµanfa ekAs`UFmµCati)anekIn eLIgdl; 7/89 lan etan enAqñaM 2003 EdlRtUcCa 6/4° ¬fycuHBI 11/4° kalBIqñaMmun¦ enAqñaM 133 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ tarag k8>1 RbeTsplitekAs`UFmµCatisMxan;²BIqñaM 1970-2000 plitpl qñaM 1970 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦ qñaM 2000 ¬KitCaBan;etan¦ éf 287/2 2235/7 \NÐÚensuI 802/1 1488/3 m:aeLsuI 1269/4 768/9 \NÐa 89/9 620/1 cin 46/2 500 evotNam 33 290/8 km<úCa 12/8 40 RbPB ³ UNCTAD 2004 dl; 8/26 lan etan. plitkmµekAs`UsMeyaKkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH ekIneLIgRbmaNBI 5-6° kñúg 1 qñaM. kMeNInesdækic©qab;rh½senARbeTscin nigRbCaCati EdleCOnelOnenAGas`ankMBugbegáIntRmUv karekAs`UFmµCati nigtRmUvkarekAs`UsMeyaK edayminbgðaj[eXIjnUvsBaØaénkarcuHfyeLIy. Bit R)akdNas; RbeTscin)angakecjBIRbeTsnaMecjekAs`U enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1990 eTACaRbeTsnaMcUl ekAs`Uy:ageRcIn. tarag k8>2 bgðajTIpSarnaMcUlsMxan;²enAqñaM 2002. tarag k8>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMcUlekAs`UFmµCati RbeTsnaMcUl qñaM 2002 ¬KitCaetan¦ shKmn_GWr:ub¬25¦ 1>150>000 shrdæGaemrik 1>007>500 cin 957>000 Cb:un 770>500 kUer: 299>000 m:aeLsuI 195>000 kaNada 156>000 eRbsuIl 131>500 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT2004 134 ]bsm<½n§ k8 - GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ ekAs`U RbeTspÁt;pÁg;plitplekAs`UFmµCati enAkñúgBiPBelakmantic ehIyRbeTsTaMgenaHsuT§EtCa RbeTsenAGasuI dUcmanbgðajenAkñúgtarag k8>3. tarag k8>3 RbeTspÁt;pÁg;ekAs`UcMbg² GñknaMecj qñaM2000 ¬KitCaetan¦ éf 2/054/000 \NÐÚensuI 1/487/000 m:aeLsuI 809/000 evotNam 448/500 hVIlIBIn 44/500 km<úCa 44/300 \NÐa 37/000 esrIlgáa 34/500 RbPB ³ FAOSTAT 2004 éføGnþrCatiénekAs`UFmµCatiminenAefreLIy. RbsinebI ninñakarry³eBlEvgelIsBImYyTsSvtS )anFøak;cuHCaxøaMg va)aneLIgmkvijenAkñúgry³eBlfµI²enH ehIyeLIgéføøy:agxøaMg kñúgry³eBld¾xøIenaH. bERmbRmYlmYycMENk KWbNþalmkBIGakasFatu tRmUvkarkñúgRbeTs rbs;GñkEkécñenAbNþaRbeTs plitFM² bERmbRmYlGRtabþÚrR)ak;enAGasIu nigkMeNInesdækic©enARbeTseRbIR)as;ekAs`U EdleFVI[man plb:HBal;mkelItRmUvkarkg;rfynþ. éføeRbg\n§³ KWCaktþakMNt;cMbgmYy cMeBaHéføekAs`UsMeyaK EdleFVI[manplb:HBal; dl;tRmUvkarekAs`UFmµCati. plitkmµekAs`UFmµCatiRbmaN 60-70° beRmI[tRmUvkar]sSahkmµkg;yanynþ. CaBiess tRmUvkarsRmab;rfynþ manplb:HBal;CacMbgelIvis½yekAs`UFmµCati. kalBIb:unµanqñaMfµI² knøgeTAenH Rkumh`unkg;rfynþGnþrCatiFM² )anepþatkarvinieyaKfµIrbs;xøÜnmkelITVIGasIu. kñúgcMeNamRkumh`unFM CageKbg¥s; \LÚvenHRkumh`un Michelin maneragcRkplitkg;rfynþcMnYnBIr enARbeTscin man eragcRkmYyenARbeTsCb:un nigmaneragcRkbYn enARbeTséf. saCIvkmµ Bridgestone maneragcRk 135 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ plitkg;rfynþ cMnYnbI enARbeTséf BIreTotenA\NÐÚeNsuI nigmaneragcRkmYycMnYneTot enAtMbn;GasIu )a:suIPic ehIy Rkumh`unkg;rfynþ Goodyear maneragcRkplitmYy enARbeTséf PIlIBIn ma:eLsIu \NÐÚensIu ¬Edl Rkumh`unenHmancMkarekAs`UcMnYnBIr enATIenaHpgEdr¦ Cb:un nigenAcin. kñúgcMeNam Rkumh`untUc² dUcCa Sumitomo nig Hankook Rkumh`unTaMgBIrenH)anvinieyaKy:ageRcIn elIeragcRk plitenARbeTscin. enAqñaM 2003 RbeTskm<úCanaMcUlkg;rfynþekAs`U nigeBaHevonkg;rfynþEdlmantémøKysrub cMnYn 4 lan duløar. l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmenAelITIpSarekAs`UGnþrCati ]sSahkmµekAs`UFmµCatiGnþrCati enArgplb:HBal;y:agxøaMg edaysarGnþraKmn_rbs;rdæaPi)al nigedaysarskmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµénshRKasrdæenAeLIy. bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénkic©RBmeRBogekAs`U GnþrCati enAqñaM 1999 EdldMeNIrkarenAeRkamkarRTRTg;rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati RbeTséf \NÐÚensIu nigm:aeLsIu)anbegáItGgÁkarekAs`UGnþrCatiRtIPaKImYy (ITRO). eRkaymk GgÁkarenHman karcUlrYm BIsMNak;RbeTsevotNam kñúgbMNgyktamlMnaMGgÁkarénRbeTsnaMecjeRbgkat (OPEC) tamry³ kardak;kMhitelIkarplit nigrwtbnþwgkarnaMecjBIRbeTsplitFM²bMputrbs;BiPBelak EdleFVI [éføekIneLIgxt> nigmanépÞdI ekAs`UEdlmin)aneFVIGaCIvkmµcMnYn 11 500 h>t>. ]sSahkmµenHeRbIR)as;mnusSRbEhlCa 20 000 nak;. enAqñaM 2003 eK)anplitecjnUvplitplekAs`UEkécñCamUldaæn cMnYn 33 000 etan Edlman témøsrub esµInwg 31 lan duløar. brimaNCak;EsþgenAqñaM 2003 mankRmiteRcInCag 37 000 etan. ekAs`UEkécñCamUldæanEdlplitenARbeTskm<úCa RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCaekAs`UEdlmanKuNPaB elxmYy eTaHbIIeRbobeFobCamYyekAs`Uma:eLsIukþI. vis½yekAs`UenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCamanlkçN³minFmµta Rtg;fa km<úCamansmtßPaBEkécñTMenIb ya:geRcIn sRmab;plitsmÖar³ekAs`UCamUldæanmYycMnYn eTaHbICaplitplTaMgenaH BMuEmnCaplitpl seRmckþI. eKBMueXIjmantRmUvkar]sSahkmµkñúgRbeTs cMeBaHkarplitkg;rfynþ bJplitplekAs`U déTeToteLIy dUecñH plitplTaMgGs; KWsRmab;naMecj. tamFmµta TIpSarekAs`UCaRbéBNIrbs;km<úCa rYmmanRbeTsevotNam m:aeLsIu swgðbUrI kUer: nigcin. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbeTskm<úCa)annaMecjekAs`Uy:ageRcIn eTAkan;RbeTsevotNam. BaNiC¢krevotNamnaMecjbnþnUvplitplekAs`Ukm<úCa eTA[GñkeRbIR)as;cugeRkay CaBiess KWRbeTs cin. TIpSarevotNammanlkçN³gayRsYl eRBaHéfødwkCBa¢Ún nigéføRbtibtþikarefak ehIyBaNiC¢kr evotNamTUTat;Casac;R)ak;. eRkABIRkumh`unrbs;rdæ bc©úb,nñenHmanRkumh`unÉkCncMnYnBIr EdldaM nigEkécñekAs`U eTaHbICa Rkumh`unnImYy²manépÞdImanRtwmEt 2 000 h>t> kþI. enAqñaM 2003 Rkumh`unÉkCnmYy rbs;Cb:un )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavelIskþanuBlvinieyaKelIcMkarekAs`U b:uEnþrhUtmkTl;sBVéf¶ eKmin)anbnþ kargarenaHeT. KMeragrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkarRTRTg;cMkarekAs`U EdlmanlkçN³RKYsar manmUldæansRmab;rMBwgelIskþanuBlkMeNInénvis½yenH. 137 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ edayehtufa bc©úb,nñenH RbeTskm<úCanaMecjplitplekAs`UEdl)anEkécñCamUldæaneTAkan; TIpSarénRbeTsCitxagxøÜn Rkumh`unrbs;rdæmin)ancat;Tukfa CakarcaM)ac;kñúgkareqøIytbnwgbTdæan KuNPaBGnþrCatieLIy. GaRs½yehtuenH KuNPaBx RkumsikSaekAs`UGnþrCati³ http://www.rubberstudy.com/aboutus.aspx 2> éføekAs`URbcaMéf¶³ http://www.rubberstation.com/ZM(English)1-2.htm 3> mCÄmNÐlB½t'manekAs`UFmµCati³ http://www.rubber-stichting.ind.tno.nl/index.html 4> kic©GPivDÆfµI²GMBIéføekAs`UFmµCati³ http://www.fao.org/documents/ show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/006/Y4344E/y4344e0d.htm 5> B½t'mansegçbrbs; UNCTAD GMBIvis½yekAs`U³ http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ ditccom20041ch17_en.pdf 6> GñkCMnajnaMcUlplitplekas`UCamUldæan http://www.weber-schaer.com/en.html 7> cMNat;fñak;Bn§naMcUl (GRtaR)ak;Bn§naMcUl) 4001 138 ]bsm<½n§ x RtI RbeTskm<úCa BitCaman»kas ehIyGacmanskþanuBly:agFM kñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµelIFnFanRtI rbs;xøÜn kñúgTIpSarnaMecj. tRmUvkarcMeBaHRtI nigplitplRtIEdlmanKuNPaBx1 bgðajplRtIensaTKitCaetan Edl)an naMcUledaypÞal; eTAkan;TIpSarsMxan;² kñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn ¬tYelxmYycMnYn min)anKitdl;kardwkCBa¢Ún 139 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ eRkApøÚvkareLIy¦. tarag x>1 karnaMcUlRtIensaT qñaM 2001 RbeTsnaMcUl brimaNKitCaetan m:aeLsIu 220>105 cin 180>500 kUer: 105>319 swgðburI 57>396 éf 28>901 RbPB³ FAOSTAT2004 tarag x>2 bgðajkarnaMcUlplitplRtIEkécñTaMgGs; EdlrYmmanRtI-gavkøaesS nigbgák. TIRkughugkug minRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleLIy b:uEnþtémøénkarnaMcUlplitplRtI RtUv)anmCÄmNÐl BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati)a:n;sµanfa esµInwg 1/77 Ban;lan duløar enAqñaM 2001 ¬témønaMcUlrbs;cin man témø esµInwg 1/320 Ban;lan duløar )a:n;sµantamEbbdUcKña ehIyRbeTskUer:esµInwg 1/584 Ban;lan duløar¦. tarag x>2 karnaMcUlRtInigClplqñaMMM 2001 RbeTsnaMcUl brimaNKitCaetan cin 3>000>000 kUer: 1>057>000 éf 976>000 m:aeLsuI 351>600 hVIlIBin 250>000 swgðburI 173>000 \NÐÚensIu 152>000 evótNam 19>000 RbPB³ FAOSTAT 2004 140 ]bsm<½n§ x - RtI karnaMcUlplitplRtIEkécñeTAkan;TIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmIn enAqñaM 2001 manbrimaNRbEhl 18/5 lan etan. tamFmµtatRmUvkarénTIpSarGWr:ub nigGaemrikxageCIgpÁt;pÁg; edayplensaTCati b:uEnþ GtifiCnRtUvkarplitplRtIBIkEnøgdéT BiesstRmUvkargav )anekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½s TnÞwmKña enaH mansMBaFBIkarfycuHénbrimaNRtI EdlbNþamkBIkarensaTeRcInhYsehtuenAtamRbPBensaT kñúgRbeTsnana )aneFVI[TMnijERbRbYl ehIytRmUvkarbriePaKekIneLIg nig)anCMruj[mankarnaMcUl BIkEnøgÉeTot dUcCaplitplRtI salmon nig tuna enAtMbn;)a:sIuPic nigGatøg;Tikxagt,Úg. l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmRtI nigplitplRtI CaeKalkarN_ TIpSarEdlmansar³sMxan;bMputcMeBaHRtI manlkçN³ebIkcMhbgÁÜr sRmab; plitplkm<úCa. CakarBitEdlfa enATIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmInmanGRtaBn§naMcUlx }BaNiC¢kmµClplTwksab nigTwksmuRTenARbeTskm<úCa{ qñaM2002. Ék]tþm TUc s`agtaNa nig Bruce H. Todd, Oxfam . 2> GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµ ­ naykdæanClpl. http://www.fao.org/fi/defaulall.asp 3> shB½n§ClplGas`an³ http://www.aff.or.id/ 4> Rkumkargar APEC GMBIClpl³ http://www.apecsec.org.sg/apec/apec_groups/ working_groups/fisheries.html 5> karcrcaGMBIkar]btßmÖFnelIRtI enAkñúg WTO³ http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4852e/ y4852e08.htm 6> cMNat;fñak;Bn§naMcUl (cMeBaHGRtaBn§naMcUl) 0301, 0302, 0303, 0304, 0305, 1604 146 ]bsm<½n§ K1 sib,kmµ³ plitplsURt TIpSarBiPBelak sRmab;plitplsURt manbrimaNtic b:uEnþmantémøx1. kñúgxN³EdlshrdæGaemrikswgEtKµansmtßPaBEkécñ nignaMcUlsac;RkNat; eKkt;sMKal;eXIj sRmab;karpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRbeTsfa )araMg nigRbeTsGIutalI enAEtCaGtifiCnxñatFMénsURteqA. RbeTs TaMgenH nigRbeTsmYycMnYn enAshPaBGWr:ubplitRkNat;sURtEdlmantémøx1RbeTscMbg²naMcUlsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn (KitCalanduløa) RbeTsnaMcUUUl10 sURt11 RkNat;12 Gav13 kEnSg14 Rkma Rkv:at;k shrdæGaemrik 258 252 353 6 51 175 GIutalI15 215 93 222 - 29 23 Cb:un 171 65 28 3 31 133 hugkug 170 134 68 0.5 13 22 kUer: 132 86 2 - 4 11 )araMg 13 109 71 24 2/5 44 49 GaløWm:g; 13 94 58 20 2 19 41 swgðburI 32 28 3/5 - 2/5 4 RbPB: UN Comtrade RbeTscin KWCaRbeTsEdlnaMecjsURt RkNat;sURt nigplitplsURtCaeRcIneTot FMbMput enAelIBiPBelak. b:uEnþ RbsinebIKitCatémø RbeTsGIutalItamekokRbkitKñaCamYyRbeTscin EdleK eXIjmanplitplsURtTMenIb² enAkñúghaglk;TMnijFM² nigenACMuvijBiPBelak. b:uEnþ eKeXIjc,as; Nas;fa manTIpSarsRmab;plitplEdlmantémømFüm nigtémøefak enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmµ CaeRcIn sRmab;plitplsURtEdlmanlkçN³RbéBNIenAbUBa'RbeTs. RbeTséf maneCaKC½y enAkñúg TIpSarCa mUldæanTaMgenH eday)anksagenAekrþ×eQµaHsMrab;sURtéf EdlRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CasURt EdlmanKuNPaB x2 bgðajtYelxnaMecjfµI² eday RbeTsCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;cMbg². 10 2003 elIkElg kUer: ¬2002¦ 11 sURteqA kaksMNl;sURt GMe)aHsURt RkNat;sURtt,aj 12 RkNat;sURtt,aj ¬rab;TaMgsréssURtEjkecjBIkI nigl,aysURteRcInCag 85°¦ 13 GavsURt®sIþ 14 kEnSgédsURt b¤cMenorsMBt;sURt 15 rab;TaMgBaNiC¢kmµépÞkñúg EU 148 ]bsm<½n§ K1 - sib,kmµ³ plitplsURt tarag K1>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjsURtnigplitplsURtmYycMnYn(KitCalanduløa) RbeTsnaMecj16 sURt RkNat;sURt GavsURt 13 kEnSgédsURt RkmasURt Rkv:at;ksURt Cin 824 405 226 3 48 138 GIutalI 15 304 272 38 2.9 82 336 \NÐa 271 262 25 - 27 - éf 19 12 1/8 - 2/7 0/7 RbPB:UN Comtrade l½kçx½NÐénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmenAkñúgTIpSarsURtGnþrCati GgÁkar WTO TMngCaKµan\T§iBlFMdMuelIlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar sRmab;plitplsURtEdlnwg naMecjedayRbeTskm<úCaeLIy. TIpSarPaKeRcIn)anebIkrYcCaeRsc. enAshPaBGWr:ub enAeBlEdl lT§plenHGaceqøIytbnwgtRmUvkarRbPBTMnij nigRtwmRtUvtambTdæanbec©keTs ¬sUmGanEpñkxag eRkam¦ enaHkarnaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarminCab;Bn§naMcUl EBA nwgKµanl½kçx½NÐkMNt;edaykUtaeLIy. enATIpSarshrdæGaemrik karnaMecjsac;RkNat;sURt nigplitplsURtrbs;km<úCa tamFmµta RtUvcat; cUlCaRbePTplitplekItBIkItm,ajedayéd nigCaTMnijEdlmanlkçN³CaRbéBNI. RbkarenH mann½yfa plitplTaMgenHminCab;Bn§naMcUl ehIymincMNuHeTAelIkardak;kMhitkUtaeLIy. TIpSarenAswgðburI nighugkugmanGRtaBn§naMcUlesµIsUnü. tamFmµta RkNat;sURtnaMcUleTAkan; RbeTskUer:RtUvCab;Bn§ MFN cMnYn 13° rIÉRkma Rkav:at;k nigkEnSgsURtRtUvbg;Bn§ 8°. RbeTskUer: k¾)andak;GRtaGakrelItémøbEnßmcMnYn 10° elITMnijnaMcUlpgEdr. RbeTskm<úCakñúgnamCaBaNiC¢krsURt nigplitplsURt CapøÚvkar RbeTskm<úCanaMcUlRkNat;sURt nigsemøókbMBak;sURttictYc. GRtaBn§ WTO Gtibrma rbs;km<úCamanGRtaGnuvtþ 7° sRmab;sURteqA nigRkNat;sURt nig 35° sRmab;semøók bMBak;sURt nigplitplsURtrYmpSM. karnaMcUlpøÚvkarTaMgGs; RtUvbg;GakrelItémøbEnßmcMnYn 10°. 16 2003 elIkElg\NÐa 149 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ manbrimaNsURteqA nigCaBiessGMe)aHsURtcUlmkkan;RbeTskm<úCay:ageRcIn kñúgxN³Edl eKeXIjmanTMnijsemøókbMBak; EdlmantémøefakenAkñúgTIpSarenHpgEdr. eyagtamevTika sþIBIplit plsURt 98° énsréssURtEdlRtUvkarsRmab;t,ajRtUv)aneKnaMcUl. sURtRbmaNCa 400 etan mantémøRbEhlCa 2/5 lan duuløa RtUv)aneKnaMcUlBIRbeTsevotNam. eK)a:n;sµanfa manRbCaCn RbmaN 12 000 nak; RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitenAkñúgvis½ysURt kñúgenaH 10 000 nak; )ancgRkgKñaCa Rkumtm,aj. BYkeKplitRkNat;sURtEdlmantémølk;rayRbEhlCa 10 lan duløar. kñúgtémø TwkR)ak;enH RbmaNCa 4 lan duløar RtUv)aneKnaMecjedaypÞal; b¤tamry³eTscrN_. témøEdl)anmkBIkarnaMecj nigskþanuBlénkarrkTIpSarsRmab;TMnijsURtExµr nwgRtUv)anelIk kMBs; RbsinebIplitkmµsURteqARtUv)aneKbegáItsaCafµIeLIgvij. karrkRbPBkñúgRbeTsk¾Gaclub bM)at;pgEdr nUvbBaðaskþanuBlTak;TgnwgviFanRbPBTMnij eTAkan;shrdæGaemrik nigshPaBGWr:ub. kic©RbwgERbgkMBugeFVIdMeNIreTAkñúgTisedAenaH tamry³kmµviFIEdlKaMRTedayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al. sURtkñúgRbeTsRbmaN 4 etan RtUv)aneKplitenAqñaM 2003 ehIyeKrMBwgfa plitplnwgekIneLIg eTVdg enAqñaM 2004. CagenHeTAeTot edayehtufa sréssURtdgáÚvnagrbs;km<úCaRtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa manKuNPaBx { TsSnavdþIsURt qñaM 2001³ GegátmYyGMBIninñakarGnþrCati sþIBIplitkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµ.} e)aHBumÖelIkTI 6 qñaM 2002 enAmCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati. 2> smaKmsURtGnþrCati. elx 34, pøÚv de la Charité 69002, Lyon RbeTs)araMg³ isa-silk.ais-soie@wanadoo.fr 3> cMNat;fñak;Bn§Ky ¬sRmab;GRtaBn§Ky¦ 5002 dl; 5007 ¬sURteqA sréssURt nig RkNat;sURt¦. 151 152 ]bsm<½n§ K2 sib,kmµ³ eRKOgsgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþA vis½yplitkmµsgðarwmrbs;km<úCa kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ minRtUv)aneKerobcMsRmab;naMecjeLIy. GaCIvkmµEdlmanlkçN³RKYsarenAPñMeBj nigenARkugsMxan;²déTeTot kMBugplitsgðarwmEdlman KuNPaBx1 bgðajRbeTssMxan;² EdlnaMcUl plipleRKOgsgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþA. edayehtufa elxkUdcMNat;fñak;Cak;lak;rbs;Ky sRmab; plitplb£sSI nigepþA eTIbEtRtUv)anRbkas[eRbIkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ tYelxEdleK)andkRsg;mk TMngCa manel¥ógxøH BIeRBaHeK)anrab;bBa¢ÚlTMnijeRKOgsgðarwménsmÖar³brikçarEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKña. tarag K2>1 RbeTsnaMcUlsMxan;²nUvsgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSInigepþA RbeTsnaMcUl 17 témøBaNiC¢kmµ ¬KitCalanduløar¦ cMnYn ¬KitCaetan ¦ shrdæGaemrik 401 mindwg )araMg 82 28>370 Cb:un 49 16>988 cRkPBGg;eKøs 48 16>300 GaløWm;g; 44 14>590 hugkug 38 21>969 GIutalI 28 9>711 eGs:,aj 25 7>422 17 Tinñn½yqñaM2003 elIkElgRbeTseGs,:aj nig cRkPBGg;eKøs ¬2002¦ 154 ]bsm<½n§ K2 - sib,kmµ ³ sgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþA elIkElgTIpSarhugkug nigCb:un EdlTMngCaeLIgdl;kRmitx2 bgðajRbeTssMxan;cMnYnR)aM EdlnaMecj eRKOgsgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþAeTATUTaMgBiPBelak. tarag K2>2 RbeTssMxan;²naMecjsgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþA RbeTsnaMecj18 témøBaNiC¢kmµ¬KitCalanduløar¦ brimaN ¬KitCaetan¦ cin 242 222>333 \NÐÚensIu 94 64>400 hVIlIBIn 78 25>576 ma:eLsIu 12 mindwg evotNam19 60 mindwg RbPB : UN Comtrade and Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment enAkñúgry³eBl 5 qñaMknøgeTAenH karnaMecjeRKOgsgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþArbs;RbeTscin )anekIneLIgCagBIrdg rIÉeRKOgsgðarwmeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigepþArbs;\NÐÚensIu)anekIneLIgCitR)aMdg. b:uEnþ témøBaNiC¢kmµrbs;ma:eLsIu )ancuHfyRbEhl mYyPaKbYn rIÉPIlIBIn )anfycuH mYyPaKR)aMBIr Kitcab;BIqñaM 2000 dl; 2002. RbeTsevotNamkMBugcab;ykcMENkTIpSarrbs;xøÜn ya:gqab;rh½s. kareFVIGaCIvkmµelIFnFanb£sSI Gacrgplb:HBal;GMBIkarekIneLIgénkarRBYy)armÖrbs;GgÁkar brisßan GMBIskþanuBlénkar)at;bg;enACIv³cRmuHkñúgcMeNamRbePTb£sSIéRBcMnYn 1 200 Ebb. eyag tamr)aykarN_mYyrbs; INBAR nigkmµviFIbrisßanGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬UNEP¦ enAqñaM 2004 b£sSI RbePTTaMgenHBak;kNþal GacRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak;énkar)at;bg; edaysarkarkab;bMpøaj. 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FnaKarBiPBelak)anraykarN_fa 94° énRkumh`unkm<úCa Edl)anraykarN_enAkñúg kareFVIGegátmYyfa BYkeKKµan\NTanNamYyeT ehIyk¾minEdldak;BaküsMu\NTanenaHEdr. karpþl; hirBaØvtßúmanRbPBmkBImUlniFiépÞkñúg nigmanRbPBmkBImitþPkiþ nigRKYsar mankRmitesµInwg 25° énTunbgVil nigTunvinieyaK. FnaKarpþl;RbPBTunRtwmEt 2-3° éntRmUvkarTunEtb:ueNaÑH. tRmUvkar cMeBaH\NTanFnaKarBIRkumh`unFM² mankRmitx1 xageRkam¦. tarag c>1 bMErbMrYlekIneLIgénbrimaNTwkR)ak;naMecjénTMnijRbéBNI nigminEmnRbéBNI 1998 1999 2 0 0 0 2001 2 0 0 2 2003 TMnijminEmnRbéBNI 182>877 137>286 190>302 278>552 284>905 321>141 TMnijRbéBNI 353>870 341>464 211>343 173>213 182>700 201>397 srub 536>747 478>750 401>645 451>765 467>605 522>538 ¬tMélnaMecjKitCaBan;duløarshrdæGaemrik¦ RbPB ³ Uganda Bureau of Statistics bMErbMrYlFMbMputKWkarFøak;cuHnUvR)ak;cMNUlBIkarnaMecjkaehV . eKeCOfaRbCaBlrdæG`Uhág;da cMnYnCitR)aMlannak;eFVIkarenAkñúgvis½ydMNaMkaehV Edlplitkmµ 90° KWCaplitkmµxñattUc . RbeTsenHKWCaRbeTsplitkaehVFMbMputlMdab;TIR)aMbYnenAkñúgBiPBelak b:uEnþenAqñaM 2000 RbeTs enHmancMENkEt 3° b:ueNÑaHenAkñúgTIpSarkaehVBiPBelak eFVI[RbeTsenHmanlT§PaBtictYckñúgkar EkERbéføkaehV . enAkMLúgqñaM 1990 karnaMecjkaehVrbs;RbeTsG`Uhág;da)anrgeRKaHedaysaréfø kaehVRsutcuHy:agxøaMg KWFøak;cuHCamFümesµInwg 50° cab;BIqñaM 1995 dl;qñaM 2000 nigedaysarkarcuH fyplitkmµbNþalmkBICMgWesøakedImkaehV karraMgs¶Üt nigedaysardMNaMkaehVmanedImcas; . eTaHbICamanGnþraKmn_y:agskmµenAkñúgvis½yenHkþI sar³sMxan;énkarnaMecjkaehVrbs;RbeTs G`Uhág;da)anERbRbYlBIGRta 55° ¬KitCatMélénkarnaMecjsrub¦ enAqñaM 1998 mkRtwm 19° enAqñaM 187 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ 2003 . enAkñúgry³eBldUcKñaenH kb,as Et nigfñaMCk;EdlCaTMnijksikmµEdleKEtgnaMecj manGRtanaMecjekIneLIgenAkñúgbrimaNnaMecjrbs;G`Uhág;da ¬3° 8° nig 8° elImuxTMnijnImYy² tamlMdab;lMedayenH¦ . kb,asCavis½ymYyEdlmansar³sMxan; CaBiesseday)anpþl;kargar[mnusScMnYn 1/4 lan nak; enARKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs; rab;TaMgkmµnþsalvaynPNÐnigsMelokbMBak;pgEdr . b:uEnþ eKnaMecjEtkb,asminTan;EkécñEtb:ueNÑaH . plikmµkb,asmancMnYncuHfyy:ageRcIn eFobnwg eBlknøgeTA kalBIsamsibqñaMmun plitplkb,asmanbrimaNeRcInCagplitplbc©úb,nñ cMnYn bYndg . bc©úb,nñenHmuxTMnijfI²CMnYsmuxTMnijRbéBNI tarag c>2 bgðajtMélénkarnaMecjplitplbImuxEdlRbeTsG`Uhág;daFøab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmµ tictYcenAmunGMLúgeBlBak;kNþalTsvtSr_ 1990 . GaCIvkmµnaMRtIecj RtUv)anGPivDÆelImUldæanénvisalPaBFMlVwgelVIyénbwg nigsÞwgFmµCati nig FnFanRtITwksabd¾sm,ÚN'rbs;RbeTsG`Uhág;da. brimaNplensaTEdlmannirnþrPaB KW 300 000 etan kñúgmYyqñaM. rdæaPi)alpþl;GaCJabNÑsRmab;karEkécñRtIEdlmanlkçN³]sSahkmµ pþl;GaCJabNÑ sRmab;karciBa©wmRtIEdlmanlkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ nigpþl;GaCJabNÑsRmab;karksagnava. caM)ac;RtUvman tarag c>2 ninñakarnaMecjénplitplEdlKµanlkçN³CaRbéBNIkñúgkarnaMecj 1998 2 0 0 0 2002 2 0 0 3 témø ° témø ° témø ° témø ° RtI nigplitplRtI 39/9 7/43 30/8 7/67 87/9 18/8 87/4 17 eBat 9/35 1/74 2/44 0/61 10/6 2/27 13/7 3 va:nILa 1/26 0/02 0/78 0/19 6/9 1/48 11/98 2 Páa 7/5 1/4 9/9 2/47 17/8 3/81 22/1 4 ¬tMélKitCalanduløar nig ° énbrimaNnaMecjsrub¦ RbPB ³ UgandaBureau of Statistics 188 ]bsm<½n§ c-bTBiesaFrbs;smaCikmYyeTotrbs; WTO RbeTsG`Uhág;da : karvaytémøelIplb:HBal;brisßan muneBlecjGaCJabNÑ[eragcRkEkécñRtI. eKkMBugdutédduteCIg kñúgEsVgrkkarvinieyaKBIbreTscMeBaHvis½yenH. cab;BIqñaM 1997-1999 shPaBGWr:ub)anhamXat;karnaMcUlRtIBIRbeTsG`Uhág;da bnÞab;BImankar PitP½yGMBIkarbMBul. karhamXat;Tak;Tgnwg SPS enH RtUv)aneK)a:n;sµanfa eFVI[xatbg;karnaMecj cMnYn 30 lan duløar. b:uEnþ BaNiC¢kmµ)anegIbeLIgvijy:agrh½s. shPaBGWr:ubk¾CaTIpSarcMbgmYy sRmab;páaRss;pgEdr. CamYynwgKMnitécñRbDitfµI énkardwk CBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas BiesskardwkCBa¢ÚnpáarvagTVIbnana )ankøayeTACakic©karmYyEdleKeFVICaTUeTA. eKdwk páakulab nigpáadéTeTotBIRbeTsG`Uhág;da eTAkan;RbeTshULg;EdleKdwkbnþeTAkan;TIpSarepSg²eTot y:agehacNas;cMnYndb;. vis½yenH)anrIkceRmIny:agqab;rh½s BIedImTsvtS 1990 EdlekItecjBI ksidæandaMpáaEtmYyb:ueNÑaH. RbeTsG`Uhág;da k¾manbsustVy:agsMbUrEbb rab;TaMgeKaRkbIpgEdr. enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1990 eK)anGPivDÆBaNiC¢kmµEs,keKa-RkbI EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y. etITIpSarrbs;RbeTsG`Uhág;da manenATINaxøH? RbeTsG`Uhág;damanTIpSarFMbMputenAshPaBGWr:ub EdlRsUbTMnijnaMecjrbs;RbeTsenH cMnYn 33° enAqñaM 2002. G`Uhág;da)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIl½kçx½NÐBaNiC¢kmµBiess CamYy EU Cak;Esþg KWl½kçx½NÐ EBA nigkic©RBmeRBogEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHtamsn§isBaØaTIRkugkUtUnU-Cotonou ¬RbeTs ebNaMg¦ sRmab;bNþaRbeTsenATVIbGaRBic bNþaRbeTsenAtMbn;kara:G`Íb nigbNþaRbeTs enAtMbn;)a:sIuPic. RbeTsGU`hág;damaneCaKC½y enAkñúgRbeTsepSg² enA EU dUcCaeCaKC½y enARbeTssVIús EdlRsUbykbrimaNnaMecjrbs;xøÜncMnYn 15° kñúgenaHmYyEpñkFMKW kaehV. b:uEnþ G`Uhág;da min)anTTYleCaKC½yenATIpSarshrdæGaemrik ¬1/97°¦ nigTIpSarénRbeTskaNadaeLIy. b:uEnþ cMNgTak;TgRbcaMtMbn; rbs;RbeTsenHmanRbsiT§iPaBl¥. enAqñaM 2002 mankarnaMecj 23° eTAkan;RbeTssmaCikrbs; COMESA nig 9° naMecjeTAGaRBicxagt,Úg. 189 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ RbPBB½t'man 1> karBinitüemIleKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ WTO rbs;RbeTsG`Uhág;da qñaM 2001. Éksarelx WT/TPR/S/93 . Evbsay³ www.wto.org ¬ÉksarelIRbB½n§GIuneFINit¦ 2> GasydæanTak;Tg énKN³kmµkarCMrujkarnaMecj rbs;G`Uhág;da nigsmaKmRkumh`un naMecj³ http://www.ugandaexportsonline.com/ 190 ]bsm<½n§ TI1 FnFanB½t'man 1> viFan kic©RBmeRBog nigskmµPaBrbs; WTO www.wto.org ³ 2> karerobcMÉksarrbs; WTO. cUrEsVgÉksartamGasydæandUcxageRkam³ http:// docsonline.wto.org/gen_home.asp?language=1&_=1 3> B½t'manTUeTAGMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik³ k> tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ shrdæGaemrik³ http://www.ustr.gov/ x> RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ³ http://www.commerce.gov/ K> RksYgksikmµ³ http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome X> rdæ)alBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatirbs;shrdæGaemrik³ http://www.ita.doc.gov/ 4> B½t'manTUeTArbs; EU GMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ³ k> DG BaNiC¢kmµ³ http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/index_en.htm x> DG ksikmµ³ http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/index_en.htm K> mNÐlB½t'manGaCIvkmµ ¬éf¦³ http://www.deltha.cec.eu.int/bic/ 5> B½t'manTUeTAGMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµrbs; ASEAN/AFTA ¬elxaFikardæanGas`an ASEAN:http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm 6> sßitiBaNiC¢kmµ³ k> Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs; Comtrade énGgÁkarshRbCaCati³ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ comtrade/ x> GgÁkares,ógGaharnigksikmµénGgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬BaNiC¢kmµ plitkmµ.l.¦ FAOSTAT:http://apps.fao.org/default.jsp 191 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ 7> kmµviFIBn§KyGtibrmarbs; WTO cMeBaHTMnij³ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ schedules_e/goods_schedules_e.htm 8> kmµviFIesvarbs; WTO: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/ serv_commitments_e.htm 9> Bn§KyEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ³ k> GRta CEPT rbs; AFTA qñaM 2004 tamRbeTs³ http://www.aseansec.org/ 2004_cepbycountry.htm x> shrdæGaemrik³ http://hotdocs.usitc.gov/tariff_chapters_current/toc.html K> shPaBGWr:ub³ http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/dds/en/tarhome.htm X> GU®sþalI³ http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page.cfm g> kaNada³ http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/general/publications/tariff2004/ tablewithamendments-e.html c> kUer:³ http://www.customs.go.kr/eng/ q> Cb:un³ http://www.apectariff.org/tdb.cgi/ff3235/apeccgi.cgi?JP C> cin³ http://www.apectariff.org/tdb.cgi/ff3235/apeccgi.cgi?CN Q> eKGacrkB½t'mandéTeTotBak;B½n§nwgBn§KytamGasydæan³ http://www.ita.doc.gov/ td/tic/tariff/country_tariff_info.htm 10> Bn§KyGnuvtþ Bn§KyGtibrma nigrMhUrBaNiC¢kmµ. :Tinñn½ymUldæansrubrYm} rbs; WTO rYmbBa©ÚlKñanUvFatuTaMgbIenHsRmab;smaCikrbs; WTO . saFarNCnTUeTA minGacrkTinñn½y mUldæanenH)aneT. b:uEnþrdæaPi)alCasmaCikTaMgGs; nigKN³RbtiPU rbs;BYkeKenATIRkug hSWENv GacrkB½t'manTaMgenaH)an. RbkarenHpþl;nUvCeRmIsmYyeTot RbsinebIRbPBxagelI minRKb;RKan;. 192 ]bsm<½n§ 1 - FnFanBt'man 11> viFankarminEmnBn§Ky. tamFmµta viFankarTaMgenHmanenAkñúgRbPBnanacMeBaH smaCik WTO nImYy². sUmGanRbGb; 13 sþIBI TBT nigRbGb; k1>1 sþIBIviFankarGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½y. B½t'manGMBIkUtaBn§KyEpñkksikmµ nigbTdæansuvtßiPaBes,óg tamFmµta manenAelIeKhTMB½rrbs;RksYgksikmµ. 12> mCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCatipþl;karENnaM EdlmanRbeyaCn_ cMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nig mFüménRbeTskMBugGPivDƳ http://www.intracen.org/default.htm 13> GgÁkarKyBiPBelak³ http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/En/en.html 14> Tinñn½ymUldæanGMBIB½t'manBaNiC¢kmµsþIBI«TRAINS « nig«WITS « rbs;UNCTAD, http://r0.unctad.org/trains/ 15> smaKmBaNiC¢kmµ nigGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNCTAD), http://www/unctad.org/ Tamplates/Page.asp?intItem ID=1421&lang=1 193 194 ]bsm<½n§ TI2 karKaMRT dl;karCMrujBaNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa shRKasBaNiC¢kmµRKb;RbePT RtUvcuHbBa¢I enARksYgBaNiC¢kmµ. B½t'manTak;TgnwgkarcuHbBa¢I Rkumh`un manenAÉnaykdæannItikmµ énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ tamGasydæanxageRkam³ RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ naykdæannItikmµ elx 20Ga mhavifIneratþm raCaFanIPñMeBj elak hY sar:an; RbFannaykdæan TUrs½BÞ³ ¬855 ¦ 16 913 653 kariyal½ykic©karnItikmµ TUrs½BÞ³ ¬855 ¦ 813 11 913 TUrsar³ ¬855 ¦ 426 23 396 bEnßmelImuxgarsMxan;EdledIrtYedaysPaBaNiC¢kmµRkugPñMeBj naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµkñúgRbeTs énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ rYmcMENkedaypÞal; cMeBaHkarCMrujskmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµ tamry³karpþl;CMnYy ]btßmÖcMeBaHkarbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmµ. GaCIvkrnImYy² b¤Rkumh`unnanaGacbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmµ tamKMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;BYkeK. RbsinebICa RtUvkarCMnYyRbwkSaeyabl; sþIBIkarbegáIt b¤karRbRBwtþeTA énsmaKmGaCIvkmµfµI enaHeKGacEsVgrkCMnYyBI³ RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµkñúgRbeTs elx 65-67-69 pøÚvelx 136 sgáat;pSarkNþal PñMeBj TUrs½BÞ³ (855-16)913 518 TUrsar³ (855-23) 360 482 195 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ karbegáItsmaKmGaCIvkmµtRmUv[cuHeQµaHenARksYgmhaépÞ. kalBIeBlfµI²enH mansmaKm GaCIvkmµcMnYn 27 )anbBa¢ak;GMBIGtßiPaBrbs;xøÜn[naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµkñúgRbeTs)andwg kñúgenaH man smaKmcMnYn 11 Tak;TgnwgkarCMrujksikmµ smaKmcMnYn 2 eFVIkarEpñkdwkCBa¢Ún nigeTscrN_ smaKmcMnYn 7 eFVIkarCamYyskmµPaBCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ smaKmcMnYn 2 eFVIkarCamYyksi]sSahkmµ nigsmaKmÉeTot²eFVIskmµPaBCMrujsib,kmµ. eRkABIskmµPaBxagelIenH naykdæanCMrujkarnaMecjrbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmµeFVIkarCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ naMecj. kalBIeBlfµI²knøgeTAenH skmµPaBBiB½rN_BaNiC¢kmµTaMgGs; TaMgkñúgRbeTs nigeRkARbeTs )anTTYlkar]btßmÖKaMRTBInaykdæanenH. eKGacrkB½t'manTaMgGs;Tak;TgnwgskmµPaBnaMecj eday min)ac;bg;R)ak;BI³ RksYgBaNiC¢kmµ naykdæanCMrujkarnaMecj elx 65-67-69 pøÚvelx 136 sgáat;pSarkNþal PñMeBj TUrs½BÞ³ (855-12) 900 968 TUrsarelx³ (855-23) 217 35 elak-GñkGacTTYl)anB½t'manGMBIBaNiC¢kmµ nigskmµPaBnana Tak;TgnwgkarCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ BIbNþaGgÁPaBCMrujBaNiC¢kmµ enAtamsßanTUtkm<úCa nigkariyal½ytMNagnana enAÉbreTs. xageRkamenH CaB½t'manGMBIcMNucTak;TgTaMgenaH³ 1- elak sm-RsIrtñ GnuB½n§BaNiCkmµ RbcaMenA TIRkug hUCImij evotNam Gasydæan³ 180, Dien Bien Phu St., 3rd District, HCM TUrs½BÞ¼ TUrsar³ (84-8)8 296 814 196 ]bsm<½n§ 2-karKaMRTkargarCMrujNiC¢kmµenAkm<úCa 2- elak yIv-suxum TIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA RbeTséf Gasydæan³ 185 Rajdamri Road, Lumpini, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330 TUrs½BÞ³ (66-2) 254 6630, 253 7967 TUrsar³ (66-2) 253 9859 GuIiEml³ ysokhom@hotmail.com 3- elak Nub-suP½Ntara GnuB½n§ RbcaMenA RbeTssigðburI Gasydæan³ 152 Beach Road, #11-05 gateway East, Singapore 189721 TUrs½BÞ³ (65-6) 299 3028 TUrsar³ (65-6) 299 3622 GIiuEml³ nop_sophorndara@hotmail.com 4- elak G`uc-Kwm yu:n TIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA RbeTsm:aeLsIu Gasydæan³ 83/JKR 2809, Lingkungan U-Thant 55000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia TUrs½BÞ³ (603) 4257 1150, 603-4257 3711 TUrsar³ (603) 4251 5771 GuIiEml³ rekl@tm.net.my 5- elak Tit-riT§iBl elxaTImYy ebskkmµGcié®nþy_énRBHraCaNacRtkm<úCa enAkariyal½yGgÁkar shRbCaCati WTO nigGgÁkarGnþrCatiepSg²eTot enATIRkughSWENv Gasydæan³ 3 Chemin Taverney, Case Postal 213, 1218 Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland TUrs½BÞ³ (41-22) 788 7773 TUrsar³ (41-22) 788 7774 GIiuEml³ rithipol@hotmail.com 197 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ 6- elak Qag-eBRC TIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA shrdæGaemrik GIiuEml³ chhiengpich@hotmail.com 7- elak Ehm-BuF m:uNÑa TIRbwkSasßanTUt RbcaMenA RbeTsCb:un GuIiEml³ monnakrasel@hotmail.com 198 ]bsm<½n§ TI3 muxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl xageRkamenHKWCamuxgarpøÚvkarrbs;kaMkugRtUl naykdæankm<úCaRtYtBinitüTMnijGahr½N nIh½rN nigbRgáabkarEkøgbnøM ¬kaMkugRtUl Cam-control¦ énRksYgBaNiC¢kmµ manPar³Eqkeqr nigb®gáabcracrTMnijEkøgkøay. naykdæanenH RtYtBinitüelI TMnijnaMecj-naMcUl nigviPaKKuNPaBéncMNIGahar RBmTaMgplitpleRbIR)as;déTeTot. naykdæanenH k¾RtYtBinitü nigpþl;karbBa¢ak;pgEdr elIPaBRtwmRtUvtambTdæanCatisþIGMBIKuNPaB nig suvtßiPaB RBmTaMgBaNiC¢sBaØaelIplitplcMNIGahar nigplitpleRbIR)as; elIkElgEtfñaMeBTü brikçarevC¢sa®sþ nigeRKOgsMGag. esvaGFikarkic©rbs;kaMkugRtUl cMeBaHplitpleRbIR)as; rYmmankarBinitüemIlsMNaknana GFikarkic©elIkarplit GFikarkic©ecaH²CacugeRkayelIkugtWn½r nigRtYtBinitüemIlkarpÞúkTMnijelInava. cMeBaHplitpleRbgkat esvarbs;kaMkugRtUl rYmmanGFikarkic© nigRtYtBinitükareFVIKNenyükmµTMnij karvas;sÞg;eBag kareFVIetsþsMNakplitpl nigBinitüemIlkarbMBulbrisßan. esvacMbgEpñksmuRT rYmmankarBinitükarpøas;kEnøg karRtYtBinitüRbtibtþikarpÞúk nigRbtibtþikarerITMnij BinitüemIlkarxUc xatTMnij GFikarkic©elIkugtWn½r nigBinitüemIlGnam½yrbs;nava. naykdæanenHk¾pþl;esvavaytémø cMeBaHkarxUcxat[]sSahkmµFanara:b;rg [Rkumh`unsV½yra:b;rg nig[sßab½nrbs;rdæaPi)alpgEdr Edl tRmUv[mankaresIubGegát Tak;TgnwgkarTamTarsMNg karvaytémøGMBIkarxUcxat nigkarbkRsay GMBIsMNgénbNÑsnüara:b;rg. TIPñak;garenHCacMNucTak;Tgfñak;Cati énk,Ünc,ab;EpñkcMNIGahar ykcitþTukdak;elIkarRbtibtþi c,ab;KuNPaB nigsuvtßiPaBénplitpl nigesvanana tamry³karbegáItsþg;da nigbTdæancMNIGahar RBmTaMgpøaksBaØa. naykdæanenHRtYtBinitükarplit nigkarnaMcUlplitplcMNIGahar tamry³kar vaytémøsMNakplitpl nigKuNPaBplitpl. kñúgkrNImanplitplminl¥ naykdæanGaccat; 199 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ viFankarRsbc,ab; dUcCakarXat;Tukplitpl bBa¢a[bBa¢ÚnRtlb;eTAvij nigbþwgecaTRbkan; Epñk RBhµTNÐCaedIm. GasydæanTMnak;TMng kaMkugRtUlmansaxaCaeRcInenAtamkMBg;EpGnþrCati nigenAtamRckRBMEdnsMxan;² nigman TMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTsCaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn; nigenAelIBiPBelak. kariyal½ykNþal manTItaMgtam GasydæandUcxageRkam³ elak m:k; eBC¢riT§i RbFannaykdæankaMkugRtUl elx 50 pøÚv 122 PñMeBj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa Eo TUrs½BÞ³ (855 12) 811 881 TUrsar³ (855 23) 426 396 200 ]bsm<½n§ TI4 Bt'manTMnak;TMng énRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT elak ekA fughYr RbFannaykdæannItikmµksikmµ RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT elx 200, mhaviFIRBHneratþm PñMeBj km<úCa TUrs½BÞ³ (855-12)811 827, (855-16) 811 827 bNÐit h`an v:an;hn RbFankariyal½ykarBarrukçCati nigGFikarkic©PUtKamGnam½y GIuEml³ vanhan@mobitel.com.kh TUrs½BÞ³ (855-12)81 82 16 TUrsar³ (855-23) 216 655 201 202 ]bsm<½n§ TI5 snÞanuRkménbec©ks½BÞ WTO snÞanuRkmxageRkamenH )anEktRmUvtamsnÞanuRkm EdlerobcMeday RksYgksikmµ shrdæ Gaemrik esvaksikmµbreTs ehIyelak-GñkGacTTYl)anÉksarTaMgmUlmanenAkñúgEvbsay http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/wto/cancun/glossary.pdf Accession ¬karcUlCasmaCik¦ dMeNIrkar EdlkñúgenaHRbeTsmYykøayeTACasmaCikénkic©RBm eRBog GnþrCatiNamYy dUcCaGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ CaedIm. karcrcakMNt; katBVkic©Cak;lak; EdlRbeTsBMuTan;CasmaCikRtUvbMeBj muneBlEdlRbeTsenaH mansiT§i TTYlplRbeyaCn_eBjelj BIsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO . Ad valorem Tariff ¬Bn§KyelItémøbEnßm¦ Bn§rbs;rdæaPi)alelITMnijnaMcUl EdlvaytémøPaKry éntémøTMnijEdl)aneFVIRbtievTKy. ]TahrN_ 10 PaKryén témøbEnßm mann½yfa GRtaBn§KyesµInwg 10 PaKryéntémøTMnij. Aggregate Measure of Support AMS ¬ viFankarsrubénkarKaMRT¦ viFankaréntémøCarUbiyvtßú rbs;TMhMénkarKaMRTrbs;rdæaPi)alcMeBaHvis½yNamYy. dUcEdl)ankMNt;n½yenAkñúg kic©RBmeRBog nakic©RbCMuenARbeTsG`UrUháay (Uruguay), AMS elIvis½yksikmµ rYmman karcayvayfvika nigkarepÞrR)ak;cMNUlBIGñkeRbIR)as;eTAkan;plitkr EdlbNþalmkBI eKalneya)ay EdleFVI[éføenATIpSarERbRbYl. AMS rYmmanbrimaNTwkR)ak;TUTat; edaypÞal; Cak;Esþg b¤ Edl)anKNnacMeBaHplitkr ¬dUcCakarTUTat;b®gÁb;¦ kar]btßmÖFn elIvtßúFatuedIm ¬]TahrN_TwkeRsacRsB¦ témø)a:n;sµanénR)ak;cMNUlEdl)anepÞrBIGñk eRbIR)as; mkGñkplit edaysarEteKalneya)ayeFVI[éføenAtamTIpSarERbRbYl ¬karKaMRT éføenATIpSar¦ nigkar]btßmÖFnelIkarR)ak;elIkmµviFI\NTanCaTMnij. 203 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ Agreement on Agriculture ¬kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµ¦ kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµ KWCaGtßbTc,ab;mYy kñúgcMeNamGtßbTc,ab;cMnYn 29 EdleKdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog mYy kñúgkarbegáIt WTO . Tak;Tgnwgksikmµ kic©RBmeRBogenaHEckecjCabIEpñksMxan;²³ lT§PaBcUl eTAkan;TIpSar kar]btßmÖFnelIkarnaMecj nigkar]btßmÖKaMRTkñúgRbeTs. Articles (of the GATT) ¬maRtananarbs; GATT ¦ maRtananaénkic©RBmeRBogTUeTAEdldak;ecj nUvviFan nignItiviFInana EdlPaKIcuHkic©snüanwgBinitüemIl\riyabTrbs;BYkeK cMeBaH BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati nigGMBIeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ. maRtanImYy²énmaRtaTaMg 38 enAkñúg GATT man TMnak;TMngCamYyTidæPaBxus²KñaénBaNiC¢kmµ. sBVéf¶enH GATT KWCaRkbx½NÐc,ab;mYycMENkénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak. Balance of Trade ¬CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ¦ CapldkrvagtémøTMnij nigesvakmµnana EdlRbeTsmYy naMecj nigtémøénTMnij nigesvakmµEdlRbeTsenaHnaMcUl. GtierkBaNiC¢kmµekItman enAeBlEdlkarnaMecjrbs;RbeTsenaH manbrimaNeRcInCagkarnaMcUl EdleFVI[CBa¢Ig BaNiC¢kmµmanlkçN³GMeNaypl. dUcKñaEdr »nPaBBaNiC¢kmµmann½yfa brimaNnaMcUl srubrbs;RbeTsmYy mancMnYneRcInCagbrimaNnaMecj EdleFVI[CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ Kµan lkçN³GMeNaypl. Bound tariff rates, tariff binding ¬GRtaBn§KyGtibrma-karkatBVkic©Bn§Ky¦ GRtaBn§naMcUl EdlekItecjmkBIkarcrcaCamYy GATT/WTO b¤karcUlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarenH RtUv )andak;bBa©ÚlCaEpñkmYyénkmµviFIsm,Tanrbs;RbeTsmYy. eKGacGnuvtþGRtaBn§Ky Gtibrma tammaRtaTI II rbs; GATT . RbsinebIsmaCikrbs; WTO temøIgGRtaBn§Ky elIsBIGRtaGtibrma enaHRbeTsrgeRKaHmansiT§isgswkedaydak;kRmitesµInwgtémønaMecj b¤témøesva rbs;RbeTsRbRBwtþelµIs b¤TamTarsMNg esµInwgtémøxatbg;BIRbeTs RbRBwtþelµIs EdltamFmµta eKeFVItamrUbPaBkat;bnßyGRtaBn§Ky elIplitpldéTEdl BYkeKnaMecjeTAkan;RbeTsRbRBwtþelµIs. 204 ]bsm<½n§ 5 - snÞanuRkménbec©ks½BÞWTO Boxes ¬RbGb;¦³ Amber box policies ¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN'elOg¦ CakenSamBaküEdleKniymeRbI sRmab; niyaydl;bBaØtþimYycMnYn enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµEdlBiB'NnaGMBI eKalneya)ay ]btßmÖKaMRTkñúgRbeTs ehIyRtUv)aneKKitfa Gacman\T§iBly:ageRcIn eTAelIplitkmµ nig BaNiC¢kmµ. ]TahrN_éneKalneya)ayTaMgenHKW enAshrdæGaemrik mankar]btßmÖKaMRT éføTIpSar \NTansRmab;EsVgrkTIpSar karTUTat;b®gÁb; nigkarTUTat; elIkarrkSaTuk. Blue box policies ¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN'exov¦ CakenSamBaküEdleKniymeRbIsMedA bBaØtþi mYycMnYn enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµ Edlpþl;karelIkElgBIkarsnüakat;bnßykar bg;R)ak; BIkmµviFInana kñúgkarkMNt;plitkmµ dUcCakarbg;R)ak;bEgVr elIépÞdIEdlrkSaTuk CaedIm. Green box policies ¬eKalneya)ayRbGb;BN'ébtg¦ Cabec©ks½BÞEdleKniymeRbIsRmab; BN'naGMBIeKalneya)ayKaMRTkñúgRbeTs mintRmUv[kat;bnßykarsnüa enAkñúgkic©RBm eRBogénkarRbCMuenARbeTsG`UrUháay (Uruguay) sþIBIksikmµeLIy. eKalneya)ayTaMgenH RtUv)aneKsnµtfa manplb:HBal;tictYc eTAelIBaNiC¢kmµ ehIymanskmµPaBEbbenH dUcCakarRsavRCavkarpSBVpSay snñiFisnþisuxes,óg karTUTat;cMeBaHeRKaHmhnþray kmµviFI EktRmUvbrisßan nigrcnasm<½n§ CaedIm. Cairns Group ¬RkumCairns ¦ karcUlCasmaCikpøÚvkarénRbeTsnaMecjplitplksikmµ cMnYn 17 Edl)anbegáIteLIgenATIRkugEKn-Cairns naqñaM 1986 enARbeTsGU®sþalI. Rkum Cairns KWCasm<½n§PaBmYyEdlmanPaBrwgmaM enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenARbeTsG`UrUháay (Uruguay) GMBIkar crcaelIBaNiC¢kmµBhuPaKI edayEsVgrkkarlubbM)at;r)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkat;bnßykar ]btßmÖFnCaeRcIn Edlb:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmµksikmµ. smaCikénRkum Cairns manRbeTs Gasg;TIn GU®sþalI bUlIvI eRbsIul kaNada QIlI kULMúb`Í kUsþarIka haáetm:aLa \NÐÚensIu m:aeLsIu esLg;fµI )a:ra:háay PIlIBIn GaRBicxagt,Úg éf nigG`UrUháay. 205 km<úCa nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak³ esovePAmKÁeTsk_sMrab;GaCIvkmµ Codex Alimentarius Commission ¬KN³kmµkark,ÜncMNIGahar¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1962 edayGgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµBiPBelak ¬FAO¦ nigGgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak ¬WHO¦ edIm,Icrcakic©RBmeRBogrvagRbeTsCasmaCik GMBIbTdæan nigkic©RbtibtþisþIBI suvtßiPaBGnþrCaticMeBaHcMNIGahar. bTdæansuvtßiPaBenH KWCakRmitsuvtßiPaB nigGnam½y Gb,brmaEdlbNþaRbeTsnanaRtUvGnuvtþ edaysµ½RKcitþcMeBaHTMnijnaMecj nignaMcUl rbs;xøÜn sRmab;[mnusSbriePaK. bTdæanTaMgenaHmane)aHBum