37746 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 Dealing with Water Scarcity in Singapore: Institutions, Strategies, and Enforcement __________________________________________________________________________ July 2006 Environment and Social Development East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program The paper is one of the international experience background study papers of the World Bank's Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) "China: Addressing Water Scarcity." The study is under the management of Jian Xie of the World Bank's East Asia Environment and Social Sector Unit. For more information on and other reports of the World Bank AAA Program "China: Addressing Water Scarcity", please contact Dr. Jian XIE, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington D.C, 20433, USA, Fax: 202-522-1666, Email: jxie@worldbank.org; or visit the program website at http://www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment/ChinaWaterAAA Environment and Social Development Department East Asia and Pacific Region The World Bank Washington, D.C. July 2006 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202- 522-2422, e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. ii China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms iv Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1: National Water Resource Development Strategy 2 Chapter 2: Institutions and Policy Instruments 4 Institutional Reform 4 Regulations 4 Integrated Land Use Planning 5 Economic Instruments 6 Public Awareness 7 Chapter 3: Achievements and Targets 8 Catchment Management and Enlargement 8 Augmentation of Water Supply from Unconventional Sources 8 At the Forefront of Technology 10 New Targets 11 Chapter 4: Concluding Remarks 12 References 13 List of Tables Table 1: Water Tariffs in Singapore Table 2: NEWater and Industrial Water Tariffs List of Boxes Box 1: Structure of PUB Box 2: Marina Barrier Program Box 3: NEWater Program iii World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program ACRONYMS 3P Private-Public-People 3PN Private-Public-People Networking D & B Design and Build DBOO Design-Build-Own-Operate DTSS Deep Tunnel Sewerage System DGP Development Guide Plan EDB Economic Development Board GST Goods and Service Tax HDB Housing & Development Board IW Industry Water JTC Jurong Town Corporation LTA Land Transport Authority MBR Membrane Bioreactor Mgd Million Gallon Day MOE Ministry of Environment MOF Ministry of Finance MOEWR Ministry of Environment and Water Resources NEA National Environmental Agency NGO Non Government Organization PBU Public Building Authority PCD Pollution Control Department PPP Public-Private Partnership PUB Public Utilities Board RIET Regional Institute of Environmental Technology RO Reverse Osmosis TDB Trade Development Board URA Urban Redevelopment Authority USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WBF Water Borne Fee WCT Water Conservation Tax WHO World Health Organization iv China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY From the 1980s to 1990s Singapore made Integrated Land Use Planning. Singapore has tremendous efforts to create a been very effective in integrating land use comprehensive environmental management planning and water management. It system, including water supply, control of prevents water pollution at an early stage, river pollution, establishment of well and constitutes one of the most critical planned industrial estates, and a world class factors for successful catchment urban sanitation system for the whole management. Effective cross-sector island. More recently, the Singapore coordination among the relevant government has made "sustainable water government agencies in water management supply" the main target of water ensures success of integration, and reduces management, and a series of initiatives and inter-sectoral conflict of interest. actions have been undertaken. Singapore has achieved remarkable progress in water Enforcement of Legislation. Strict resource management based primarily on implementation of legislation such as urban catchment management and water pollution control is another essential reuse. Its experience is valuable for other characteristic of water management in countries and cities facing threats to the Singapore. quality and quantity of their water supplies. The key points of the Singapore experience Public Education. School education and are highlighted below: public campaigns are used as tools to raise public awareness of water policy and Political Will. The Singapore government programs. These activities boost public has been an essential force behind the support for the government's water policy successful water policy, strategy, planning and initiatives. and implementation. The Prime Minister's support for the Four National Taps Strategy Application of Advanced Technology. has enabled the Public Utilities Board (PUB) Singapore pays close attention to to conduct a series of water programs; development and application of new water technology. Combined with its policies, Institutional Integration. The newly regulations, planning, and enforcement established Ministry of Environment and mechanisms, the application of new Water Resources (MOEWR), which has full technology is an important contributor to responsibility for water related affairs, Singapore's standing as a world leader in including policy formulation, planning and urban water management. infrastructure, eliminates administrative barriers in water management and makes implementation effective and efficient. 1 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program CHAPTER 1 NATIONAL WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Singapore is a city state with an area of achieved remarkable progress in water about 680 square kilometers and a resource management. Currently, its urban population of 4 million, and has highly catchment area covers 50% of the island, developed industrial, business, and and by the end of 2006 reused water will financial services. As an essentially account for about 12% of its water supply. urbanized country, but one which lacks To achieve this, several ambitious programs natural resources, Singapore is facing a are being undertaken. serious shortage of water resources. Its current water demand is about 1.4 million The Singapore Green Plan 2012 (MOEWR, cu meters daily but domestic resources only 2006), states that to "ensure the meet about 50% of that (Baumgarten, 1998). sustainability of clean water supply" is the Water resource management becomes, core of water policy in Singapore. The therefore, a strategically important issue for Ministry of Environment and Water national economic development and public Resource (MOEWR) further defines the core and social life. Strategies for Sustainability as below (MOEWR, 2005): From the 1980s to 1990s Singapore made tremendous efforts in (i) establishing a legal · Enhance robustness and resilience of and management system for the water supply sources environment, including water; (ii) · Develop effective water demand conducting pollution control, river cleaning management strategies and setting up industrial estates according · Build up a vibrant water industry to land planning; and (iii) building up a · Encourage greater private sector world class urban sanitation system participation including water and sewerage networks · Study and explore alternative and treatment plants covering the whole policies, technologies and strategies island. With these institutional instruments to ensure long-term sustainability of and rigorous enforcement of regulations Singapore's water supply. and legislation, Singapore has been referred to as a "Garden City Country". Singapore has been active in diversifying its water sources with its Four National Taps From the later 1990s until the present the Strategy (MOEWR, 2006). The first tap is the government has set "sustainable water supply of water from local catchments. This supply" as the main target of water strategy, consists of an integrated system of and for this a series of initiatives and actions reservoirs and an extensive drainage system have been taken, and the country has to channel storm water into the reservoirs. 2 China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 The second tap ­ imported water from further purification of the secondary Johor ­ supplements Singapore's needs. So effluent. The fourth tap is desalinated water. does the third tap ­ NEWater, which is Increasing the portions of the first, third and drinking water-quality water produced by fourth Taps is the target and challenge. 3 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program CHAPTER 2 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICY INSTRUMENTS Institutional Reform Important water resource-related regulations include (RIET, 2004): Institutional reform to allocate all water related administrations under one umbrella · Environmental Pollution Control Act is a key component of Singapore's water (Cap.94) (2002). The Act sets allowable resource management. In the past water limits for liquid effluent discharge to supply and sewage treatment were sewers and waterways including managed separately by different institutions temperature, BOD, COD, total in Singapore. The Public Utilities Board suspended solids, total dissolved solids, (PUB) was responsible for water resources pH value, and 28 different chemicals; and supply, while the Ministry of · Environmental Public Health (Toxic Environment (MOE) was responsible for Industrial Waste) Regulations. These list sewage treatment and the sewerage system. the categories of toxic industrial wastes To implement an integrated water resource subject to specific legislated controls; management strategy, the Ministry of · Sewerage and Drainage Act (Cap.294) MOEWR, which replaced the previous (2001). Under this legislation, PUB is MOE, was formed on 1 July 2002. The PUB empowered to be responsible for became part of the MOEWR and was matters related to drainage systems. restructured. The new PUB's · Public Utilities Act (2002) (Cap. 261). It responsibilities have been extended and stipulates the responsibilities of PUB; now include sewage treatment and reuse, · Public Utilities (Water Supply) flood control and sewer system in addition Regulations; and to water resources and supply. PUB is now · Public Utilities (Central Water the major institution responsible for Catchment and Catchment Area Parks) comprehensive water related affairs in Regulations. Singapore (Box 1). The new water institutions in Singapore provide favorable Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations conditions for integrated water stipulate that "No supply of water, except management and have largely wiped away with the consent of the Board, be given administrative barriers which exist in many otherwise than through a meter". The same other countries. regulations also stipulate that "No person shall install, or cause or permit to be or to Regulations remain installed... any water fitting in any premises which is not fitted with such water Singapore has a comprehensive saving devices as may be stipulated by the environmental legislative system and, more authorized officer". These regulations make importantly, strict implementation. water metering and water saving devices mandatory in Singapore. 4 China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 Box 1: Structure of PUB Major Departments and the Duties of Public Utilities Board (PUB) Singapore Department Main Duty Water Supply Production of public water and reused water, which is produced from treated secondary effluent and collective systems in Singapore. The reused water is sent for industry and indirect discharge into the reservoirs after advanced treatment of the secondary effluent. Water Reclamation Treatment and reclamation of water from municipal sewage and sewer systems. Treatment plants have been updated for production of the reused water, a new water resource in Singapore. Catchment and Planning, management, construction and maintenance of catchment, Waterways reservoir, drainage systems, flood control and discharge of rain water. 3PN (Private- Private participation in water infrastructure. To make investment more Public-People efficient several water plants were built by private-public partnership Networking) mode although the government has a financial surplus. Policy and Planning and development of water resource policy and pricing. Planning Best Sources Exploration and identification of opportunities to outsource PUB's work based on cost-effectiveness. Technology and Planning, evaluation, testing and budget management for new technology Water Quality and projects. Water quality is a new area for the department. Source: http://www.pub.gov.sg/home/index.aspx The Public Utilities (Central Water Catchment and Catchment Area Parks) use planning must be conducted for the Regulations stipulate that prior approval is allocation and disposal of State land or needed to "draw water from any reservoirs grant of any State title to any person or and streams". These regulations indicate public authority, and for technical co- that water in Singapore is in the public operation and exchange in the area of land domain. The government intervenes in survey and land resource administration water issues through administration and and management with other persons and regulation in the public interest organizations. The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) plays a leading and active Integrated Land Use Planning role in national planning and industrial estate development, where water is an Integrating land use planning with water important element. resource management is an important feature of Singapore's water management. In addition to the URA, other government The Singapore Land Authority ACT agencies participate in water management. (Cap.301) (2002), which provides a legal For example, rainwater collection is basis for the coherence of water resource facilitated by close liaison with several and land management, stipulates that land government bodies, including the URA, the 5 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program Housing & Development Board (HDB), exceeds 40 m3/month. A Water National Environmental Agency (NEA), Conservation Tax is levied by the Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) and Land Government to reinforce the water Transport Authority (LTA) although the conservation message. Sanitary Appliance PUB takes the overall responsibility. Fees and Waterborne Fees are statutory Notable features of such coordinated charges payable to the Public Utilities Board planning and various measures (PUB) under the Sanitary Appliances and implemented are: (a) judicious planning of Water Charges Regulations to offset the cost land use to exclude polluting activities, of treating used water and for the principally industrial, from the stormwater maintenance and extension of the public catchments; (b) redesign of HDB refuse bin sewerage system. However, it appears that collection centers and refuse chutes to the costs of household sewage collection minimize spillage; (c) strict enforcement of and disposal remain subsidized from anti-pollution laws and regulations; and (d) general revenues. incorporation of the main components of the collection system such as diversion Table 1: Water Tariffs in Singapore 1 structures and holding ponds into the main Tariff Consumption Tariff Water Waterborne Sanitary Category Block (cents Conservation Fee Appliance drainage network. Compliance with (m3 per /m3) Tax (cents Fee month) (% of tariff) /m3) drainage requirements is necessary before 1 to 40 117 30 30 planning approval is granted by URA (Lim, Domestic $3/- per Above 40 140 45 30 chargeable 2005). fitting per Non- month domestic All units 117 30 60 Economic Instruments Shipping All units 192 30 - - A huge public investment has been made in Table 2 lists the prices of NEWater and Industrial Water (IW), which is non-potable water and water-related infrastructure, reused water (grey water). To encourage including upgrading and rehabilitation as water reuse, the Water Conservation Tax is well as building new facilities and plants. not applied to NEWater and Industrial Water collection and sewer systems now Water (IW). cover almost the whole island. Drinking water meets international standards. Six Table 2: NEWater and Industrial Water Tariffs 2 Tariff Consumption Tariff WCT WBF sewage treatment plants handle all the Category Block (cents/m3) (% of (cents/m3) sewage collected from domestic and (m3 per month) tariff) industrial sources. NEWater All units 115 - - Industrial Water All units 43 - - Water Tariff System. Demand management is implemented with various economic instruments to reduce water consumption 1 in Singapore. As shown in Table 1 an From: http://www.pub.gov.sg/info_center/IcFfWater increasing block rate water tariff structure is Tariffs.aspx?l1=4&l2=22&l3=27. used. An increase in fees up to S$ 1.4 /m3 is 2 From: collected when the amount of water used http://www.pub.gov.sg/info_center/IcFfWater Tariffs.aspx?l1=4&l2=22&l3=27. 6 China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 Several tax incentive schemes to encourage to build the NEWater factories in water recycling and water saving projects accordance with the design. To leverage the are administered by the Economic innovation of the private sector and Development Board (EDB), the Trade enhance the synergy of the design and Development Board (TDB) and the Ministry construction processes, the third NEWater of Finance (MOF) under the Economic factory was designed and built by a local Expansion Incentives (Relief from Income contractor. In Jan 2005, PUB entered into a Tax) Act and the Income Tax Act (RIET, 20-year NEWater agreement with a local 2004). Tax exemption is granted on a private company. Under the agreement, the portion of income based on a specified company will design, build, own and percentage (not exceeding 100 percent) of operate (DBOO) the NEWater Factory and fixed capital expenditure incurred for sell NEWater and Industry water to the certain projects or activities that reduce the PUB. In 2003, the PUB awarded a contract consumption of potable water (Baumgarten, for the supply of 136,380 m3/day (30 mgd) 1998). of desalinated water on the Design-Build- Own-Operate (DBOO) scheme to another Penalties. Singapore is rigorous in its local private company (Koh et al., 2005). application of fines to enforce regulatory measures. For water pollution the Public Awareness maximum fine for violating the acceptable effluent limits is S$ 50,000 for the first Public awareness about environment, conviction and a maximum penalty of especially water matters, is developed in S$100,000 for second and subsequent Singapore through three major avenues, convictions (RIET, 2004). namely specialized campaigns, the education system and the "Clean and Green Private Investment. To pursue more effective Week." The first campaign, "Keep investment and promote the local water Singapore Clean," focuses on building industry, encouragement of private public awareness about environment and participation in urban sanitation water management. Often, a campaign will infrastructure has become Singapore precede introduction of an environmental government policy. Two NEWater Factories or public health law, which is then followed (see below) were delivered through the up with strict enforcement. Schools are conventional "design to build (D&B)" important conveyors of environmental delivery concept. This involves consultants information. Since 1990, Singapore has held to develop the detailed design of the a Clean and Green Week with a different NEWater factories, followed by contractors theme each year (Leitmann, 2000). 7 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program CHAPTER 3 ACHIEVEMENTS AND TARGETS Significant progress has been achieved in will be an increase in the supply of water obtaining more water from the three by about 10 per cent of current water needs, National Water Taps i.e. domestic and the effective catchment area in catchment, NEWater and desalination. This Singapore will be increased from the section will briefly review catchment current 50% to two thirds of the total land management, water reuse and applications area. of new technologies. Inter-transfer Project. Under this on-going Catchment Management and Enlargement project pipe connections amongst the reservoirs are being built up aiming to Catchment Management. Watershed maximize the storage capacity. Previously, conservation is vitally important to ensure water had to be pumped out to sea from water quality in the reservoirs, especially some reservoirs, while the storage capacity considering most of the catchment is located was not fully utilized in other reservoirs. in urban areas of Singapore. Because of The new linkage under construction will close coordination between land use allow excess water from one reservoir to be planning and water catchment activities, channeled to another, thus increasing yield. including implementation of stringent anti- pollution measures and broad­based Augmentation of Water Supply from actions such as setting of green belts in the Unconventional Sources periphery of reservoirs, water catchment now accounts for about 50% of the land area NEWater Program. The PUB started to test of Singapore. Given a unique scheme to the production of NEWater (treated implement urban stormwater pond wastewater) in 1998. Currently, there are collection systems the raw water from these three NEWater factories with a combined urbanized catchments have very low levels production capacity of 96,000 cu meters per of heavy metals and low coliform counts as day. At the end 2006, the biggest NEWater compared to raw water from largely Factory in Singapore with production forested catchments (Lee et al., 1996; Lim, capacity of 116,000 cu meters per day will 2005). be completed. There will then be a capacity of about 200,000 cu meters per day of Enlargement of Catchment. In addition to NEWater, corresponding to about 13% of managing the existing catchment, the daily water supply. The treated enlargement of the water catchment in wastewater becomes a new water resource, Singapore's limited land is another of many which closes the water loop. The NEWater efforts. One of the key pillars of the local application in Singapore is the largest in water supply blueprint is the Marina Barrier non-potable wastewater reuse in the world, Program (Tan, 2004) (Box 2). It is expected and marks a milestone in the development that upon completion of this program there of water reuse. The target is to supply 8 China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 Box 2: Marina Barrier Program The Marina catchment is the largest water catchment in Singapore. This program spans an area of 10,000 hectares or one-sixth the size of Singapore. To develop this catchment into a water catchment the Marina Barrage, which is a tidal barrier 350m wide located at the southern tip of Singapore, will keep seawater out of the Marina Basin. A new reservoir with a body of water with a surface area of 240 hectares located in the urban area is under construction and will be completed in 2007. The concept is that through natural flushing from monsoons over time the saline water originally in the Basin will be gradually displaced and turned into a body of freshwater. This body of freshwater will augment the local sources from water catchments, which is the first of the four National Taps. The resulting body of freshwater would then serve as a reservoir to boost Singapore's water supply. Because the barrage would allow the water level in the basin to be maintained, it would also help to control flooding of low-lying areas in the city centre, an occasional occurrence when heavy rains coincide with high tides. The success of this project requires Public-Private-People involvement to keep the basin clean and beautiful for enjoyment. The Marina catchment encompasses some of the most densely populated and urbanized areas. From anywhere within the catchment, a piece of litter thrown carelessly into the drains or waterways will eventually find its way to Marina Reservoir, thereby dirtying the very body of water meant for all Singaporeans to enjoy. Also playing an important role in maintaining the cleanliness of Marina Reservoir are the construction sites in the Marina catchment. It is important for construction sites to implement effective earth control measures to ensure that the water discharged from these sites into the drains or waterways does not remain silty or muddy. If allowed to enter Marina Reservoir, the silty or muddy water will dirty the water body and turn it brownish, rendering it aesthetically unpleasing for people to enjoy the pristine water body and the vast varieties of water activities. Source: PUB (2004). 250,000 cu meters per day of NEWater for reservoirs is expected to gradually increase direct non-potable use, or 15% of the to 45,000 cu meters per day by 2011. Singapore water supply, by the year 2011. To launch such a potentially controversial To enhance public understanding of product due to the nature of its source, and NEWater, the PUB has embarked on an make it acceptable by Singaporeans in such intensive public education program on a short span of time requires a careful plan, NEWater, and advertisements, posters and and a well-timed and properly coordinated leaflets have been produced. Briefings and public communications strategy (Box 3). exhibitions have been held to spread the NEWater message. The NEWater Visitor Currently, the bulk of the NEWater is Centre has been open since Feb 2003 for the supplied to the wafer fabrication plants. A public to see the use of leading-edge small amount of NEWater, about 18,000 cu membrane technology and ultra-violet meters per day is being pumped into raw disinfection in the production of NEWater. water reservoirs for planned indirect potable use. The volume of discharge into 9 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program Box 3: NEWater Program In 2000, a full-scale demonstration plant to produce NEWater with a capacity of 10,000 cubic meters per day was commissioned to undertake extensive tests on the quality of reclaimed water and the technical capability and operational reliability of the membrane technology to recover good quality water from treated effluent of a municipal activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. At same time a pilot-scale plant with the same process to use NEWater as feed water producing ultra-pure water as in a wafer factory, was set up to verify the feasibility of using NEWater in the wafer industry. A comprehensive water sampling and analysis program was implemented and the quality of the NEWater benchmarked against World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Water Guidelines and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Drinking Water Standards. Leading advanced water testing laboratories of local and foreign institutions were engaged to carry out extensive and comprehensive physical, chemical and microbiological test analyses of the water at various stages of the production process over a 2 year period. Chemical parameters of emerging concerns were also included. In all, some 190 parameters and over 30,000 analyses were carried out during this period. An international panel of experts comprising renowned local and foreign experts in engineering, biomedical science, chemistry and water technology was formed to provide independent advice on the water reclamation study and to evaluate the suitability of NEWater as a source of water for potable use. The test results and the plant operation were regularly audited and reviewed by the Panel. The Expert Panel concluded that NEWater is consistently of high quality, well within the requirements of the USEPA and WHO standards for drinking water. It is safe as a source of water. The Panel also recommended indirect potable use by introducing NEWater into raw water reservoirs. The NEWater studies have confirmed that extremely high quality reclaimed water can be reliably and consistently produced by the NEWater Factory. PUB hence embarked on a program for the large scale production and supply of NEWater directly to industries and commercial sector for direct non-potable use. PUB officers visited potential clients, studying industry needs and concerns. Government leaders took actions to boost the NEWater program through meeting with industry and drinking NEWater in public occasions, etc. A NEWater centre was established for demonstration and public education purposes. Economic incentives such as low price and tax reduction, etc. help with implementation of the program. A series of contracts between the PUB and industrial clients for NEWater supply have been signed. Source: Lim, (2005) Desalination. The first desalination plant Water Saving. Due to strict enforcement of using reverse osmosis (RO) technology and the regulations, water usage is 100% with a capacity 136,380 cu meters per day metered in Singapore and installation of (30 mgd) was commissioned in September water saving devices such as water saving 2005. This seawater plant is one of the first toilets and water taps are carried out and largest of such facilities in the region. throughout the island. An important implication of these regulations is that all At the Forefront of Technology apartments in an apartment block are individually metered, as well as a bulk meter for the apartment block as a whole. 10 China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 Water audits are undertaken to ensure to a capacity of 2,400,000 cu meters per day appropriate water consumption. Leakage (528 mgd) (Nicholson et al., 2005). prevention is conducted through a rehabilitation program on a regular basis. New Targets The proportion of leakage, or unaccounted for water, dropped from the previous 11.2 Singapore has set new water management to 6.2 percent (Ng et al., 1997), which is the targets, scheduled to be achieved by 2012, lowest in the world. as follows: (MOEWR, 2006): Membrane Technology. Membrane filtration · Increase catchment areas from 50% to coupled with enhanced coagulation has 67% of Singapore's land surface (by been applied in the Chesnut Water Works 2009). with a capacity of 273,000 cu meters per day · Increase supply of water from non- (60 mgd) in 2003 - the largest of its type in conventional sources, such as the world at the time. Following completion desalination and water reclamation, to of the pilot-scale experiment, a full-scale at least 25% of Singapore's water demonstration project of a Membrane demand. Bioreactor (MBR) to treat sewage for reuse · Ensure that water quality continues to purpose is under construction. Its design meet international standards. capacity is 23,000 cu meters per day, the · Reduce per capita domestic water largest in Asia so far. consumption to 155 liters/day.. · Partner the 3P sectors to generate Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS). This greater awareness of the importance of system consists of two cross-island deep conserving, valuing and enjoying water tunnels and two new, large water and develop a sense of shared reclamation plants located at the eastern ownership of our water resources. and western ends of the island. The deep tunnels will intercept used water from the With regard to the latter point, the existing sewers and channel it to the water government realizes the importance of a reclamation plants. The effluent from the wider and deeper involvement of public plants will be discharged into the Straits of and industry in water management. PUB is Singapore through sea outfall pipes. When entering a new phase to involve the 3P the system is fully completed, it will (People, Private, Public) sectors in the gradually replace the existing sewerage management of Singapore's water resources. infrastructures (water reclamation plants This 3P approach is embodied in PUB's new and pumping stations) located island-wide. tagline ­ Water for All: Conserve, Value, The first phase of the DTSS will initially Enjoy (PUB, 2004). Also, to promote treat 800,000 cu meters per day (176 mgd) of domestic capacity in water technology the wastewater, and is expected to be Singapore government has selected completed in 2008. The compact and environment and water as one of the three covered plant can ultimately be expanded areas of its national research and development plan in the next five years. 11 World Bank Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA) Program CHAPTER 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS Singapore has now developed an promotes the capacity of the local water outstanding urban sanitation infrastructure. industry. The key water institution ­ the PUB - has comprehensive responsibilities for all As a water-scarce city state, Singapore's water-related affairs, and formulates the experience is somewhat unique. national water resource development Nevertheless, many of the measures it has strategy with clearly defined tasks and taken to achieve its remarkable progress in timeframe with the strong political will and water management do offer useful lessons support from the government. Integrated even for large countries such as China and land use planning and strict enforcement of other cities. In terms of cross-sector and regulations, combined with a well educated cross-agency coordination, integration of population provide essential conditions for land use planning and water management, effective and efficient water pollution enforcement of legislation, and carefully control and urban catchment management, planned and determined implementation of ensure good water quality, and make water programs, the Singapore experience catchment enlargement possible. Private shows that public ownership of a water and investment is increasingly participating in sewerage utility ­ in this case the PUB - can the water utilities business, which further be as efficient as any private operation if the improves the investment efficiency and enabling conditions are in place. 12 China: Addressing Water Scarcity Background Paper No. 4 REFERENCES Baumgarten B. (1998) The Singapore Nicholson G. A., Tan N. C. and Tan C. H. 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