DISCLAIMER This document was prepared for Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR)) by a consultant team engaged to undertake the project “Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Subproject 1, Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1”. The views, conclusions and recommendations in the document are not to be taken to represent the views of DWIR. Prepared by ICEM Asia Prepared for Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR) Suggested citation ICEM. 2018. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Subproject 1, ESIA Report with ESMP. Prepared for DWIR. More information www.icem.com.au| info@icem.com.au ICEM - International Centre for Environmental Management 6A Lane 49, To Ngoc Van Tay Ho, Hanoi Viet Nam Project team Michal Musil,Jens Grue Sjørslev, Kim Wium Olesen, Lwin Lwin Wai, Win Maung, Lina Sein Sein Myint, Mai Ky Vinh, Peter-John Meynell, Phyoe Thaw Thaw Tun, Richard Francis Di Bona, Rory Hunter, Thein Soe, Thinzar Oo, Vuong Thu Huong, Win Naing Tun, Rens Hasman and Yinn Mar Swe Hlaing WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 ABBREVIATIONS ADPA Ayeyarwady Dolphin Protected Area AIRBM/AIRBMP Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ARB Ayeyarwady River Basin AUDP Amarapura Urban Floodplain Development BOD B iological Oxygen Demand CESD Center for Economic and Social Development CSO Civil Society Organisation DALMS Department of Agricultural Land Management and Statistics DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DO Dissolved Oxygen DoA Department of Agriculture DoF Department of Fisheries DWIR Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems DWT Dead weight tonne E&S Environmental and Social EA Environmental Assessment ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate ECD Environmental Conservation Department EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMC Myanmar Environment Cooperative EMP Environmental Management Plan ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FGD Focus group discussions GIS Geographic information system GoM Government of Myanmar IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICEM International Centre for Environmental Management IDA International Development Association IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation IWMI International Water Management Institute IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management IWT Inland Water Transport IWTA Inland Water Transport Authority JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KII Key informant interview LAD Least Available Depth iii WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 LIFT Livelihood and Food Security Trust Fund MCA Multi-criteria analysis MCDC Mandalay City Development Committee MBOA Mandalay Boat Owners’ Association MOALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MONREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation MRC Mekong River Commission MT metric ton MW megawatt NAPA National Adaptation Program of Action NECC National Environmental Conservation Committee NEQC National Environmental Quality Guidelines NGO Non-governmental organisation NWRC National Water Resources Committee OPIC On-site project implementation committee PAP Project affected person PMU Project Management Unit PPE Personal protection equipment PRC People’s Republic of China PRC Physical Cultural Resources RHDHV Royal HaskoningDHV SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SIA Socio-economic Impact Assessment SOBA State of the Basin Assessment TOR Terms of Reference WB World Bank WHO World Health Organisation iv WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................... X 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 1 Project Objectives ....................................................................................................... 2 Assessing Project Alternatives .................................................................................... 3 Objectives of the ESIA................................................................................................. 7 Baseline Assessment................................................................................................... 8 Environmental and Social impacts............................................................................ 17 Mitigation and avoidance ......................................................................................... 23 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ..................................................................... 27 Context of the project .............................................................................................. 27 Ayeyarwady River and navigation ............................................................................ 27 Disclosure of ESIA and ESMP .................................................................................... 29 Project Objectives ..................................................................................................... 31 Project design to achieve objectives ........................................................................ 33 Assessing project alternatives .................................................................................. 40 3 LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...................................................... 52 Overview of the policy, legal and institutional framework ...................................... 52 National institutional setting for EIA ........................................................................ 55 The World Bank´s Environmental Assessment and related safeguard policies ....... 56 Key GoM policy and strategies for the development of the Ayeyarwady River Basin 58 4 SCOPE AND FOCUS OF THE ASSESSMENT ........................................................................ 59 Scope of the Assessment .......................................................................................... 59 Hydrology.................................................................................................................. 60 Geomorphology ........................................................................................................ 60 Water quality and baseline sampling ....................................................................... 61 Biodiversity and fisheries .......................................................................................... 61 Socio-economic conditions and livelihood ............................................................... 62 Land use .................................................................................................................... 64 Planned investment or development projects in Subproject 1 area........................ 65 5 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE .......................................................... 66 v WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Hydrology.................................................................................................................. 66 Geomorphology ........................................................................................................ 68 Water quality and baseline sampling ....................................................................... 71 Biodiversity and Fisheries ......................................................................................... 86 Socio-economic and cultural heritage .................................................................... 105 Likely future development of the area without Subproject 1 ................................ 125 6 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ............................................ 127 Impacts of roughness measures (porcupines) and bank protection measures. .... 127 Impacts of dredging ................................................................................................ 135 Impact and risk assessment summary (risk assessment matrix) ............................ 136 7 AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION ..................................................................................... 150 Project design optimization .................................................................................... 150 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) ............................................ 150 Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) ...................................................... 150 Monitoring and adaptive management.................................................................. 151 8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ...................................................................................... 159 Legal requirements for public disclosure and consultation ................................... 159 Stakeholder engagement........................................................................................ 159 Additional stakeholder engagement activities ....................................................... 161 Public consultation for Draft ESIA/ESMP ................................................................ 162 Stakeholder identification ...................................................................................... 163 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS ................................................. 166 ESMP for Bank Protection....................................................................................... 166 Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) for Bank Protection ...................... 181 Draft ESMP for Roughness Measures (Porcupines)................................................ 190 Draft ESMP for Dredging......................................................................................... 197 Dredging protocol ................................................................................................... 202 10 MONITORING .............................................................................................................. 212 ESMP-related monitoring ....................................................................................... 212 Long-term (post-project) monitoring ..................................................................... 214 11 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATES.................................................... 217 12 APPENDIX 1: BASELINE SAMPLING RESULTS ................................................................. 219 Air quality................................................................................................................ 219 Surface water quality sampling: dry and monsoon sampling ................................ 221 13 APPENDIX 2: INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS................ 226 14 APPENDIX 3: PUBLIC CONSULTATION PARTICIPANT LIST ............................................... 228 vi WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 15 APPENDIX 4: PUBLIC CONSULTATION COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK MATRIX .................. 232 16 APPENDIX 5: VOLUNTARY DONATION OF LAND AND ASSETS AGREEMENT FORM FOR SAGAING CHANNEL .................................................................................................................. 236 17 APPENDIX 7: VOLUNTARY DONATION OF LAND AND ASSETS AGREEMENT FORM FOR MIDDLE CHANNAL ................................................................................................................... 238 18 APPENDIX 8: LIST OF PAPS AND SIGNED LAND DONATION FORMS ................................ 240 List of 17 PAPs from Sagaing Side Channel ............................................................. 240 List of Representatives from Middle Channel ........................................................ 240 19 APPENDIX 8: COMPENSATION AGREEMENT FORM ....................................................... 281 20 APPENDIX 9: COMPENSATION FOR AFFECTED PEOPLES IN KYUN SIN AND LET PAN VILLAGES 282 21 APPENDIX 10: TABLES OF PAP ENTITLED TO COMPENSATION ....................................... 283 22 APPENDIX 11: ESMP WEEKLY INSPECTION CHECKLIST ................................................... 285 vii WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Key mitigation measures for Subproject 1 ...................................................................................24 Table 2.1: MCA matrix ..................................................................................................................................43 Table 2.2: MCA environmental criteria and sub-criteria ..............................................................................43 Table 2.3: MCA social criteria and sub-criteria .............................................................................................43 Table 2.4: Upstream and downstream scenarios .........................................................................................44 Table 2.5: Technical criteria used to assess different design option for Scenario A3 ..................................46 Table 3.1: Summary of requirements under EIA Procedure (2015) .............................................................52 Table 3.2: Relevant criteria for IEE and EIA ..................................................................................................55 Table 3.3: WB safeguard policies potentially triggered by Subproject 1 ......................................................56 Table 3.4: WB OP/BP 4.01 EA requirements for Category B projects...........................................................56 Table 3.5: IFC Performance standards relevance for ESIA of Subproject 1 ..................................................57 Table 4.1: Village tracts and population in Subproject 1 area ......................................................................63 Table 5.1: IDs and GPS locations of the baseline monitoring sides ..............................................................71 Table 5.2: Equipment and facilities used for baseline sampling ...................................................................73 Table 5.3: Analysis method for different parameters...................................................................................73 Table 5.4: Summary of air quality sampling for AQ_01 and AQ_02 .............................................................75 Table 5.5: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring ......................................................76 Table 5.6: The results of laboratory analysis of upstream sediment sample (S_01) ....................................78 Table 5.7: The results of laboratory analysis of downstream sediment sample (S_02) ...............................79 Table 5.8: Sediment criteria as used for the Upper and Lower Mekong River - Used reference: (MRC, 2014) ......................................................................................................................................................................79 Table 5.9: Quantitative soil quality of the sampling sites .............................................................................81 Table 5.10: Quantitative soil quality of the sampling sites ...........................................................................81 Table 5.11: Results of Soil exchangeable cation and available nutrients .....................................................82 Table 5.12: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring ....................................................82 Table 5.13: Conductivity conversion.............................................................................................................83 Table 5.14: Electrical conductivity guidelines and degrees of consequence for surface water - converter 84 Table 5.15: Consolidated fish species list for the study area ........................................................................91 Table 5.16: Villages and fisherfolk numbers .................................................................................................93 Table 5.17: 5 year records of fish catches from Yinpyinout Inn ...................................................................98 Table 5.18: 5 year records of fish catches from Nankart Inn ........................................................................99 Table 5.19: 5 year records of fish catches from Arlaungwetote Inn.............................................................99 Table 5.20: Size, auction price and total catch of 3 Inns ............................................................................100 Table 5.21: Main seasons for catching different fish species reported by villagers ...................................101 Table 5.22: Prices paid to fishermen for different fish species ..................................................................102 Table 5.23: Threatened bird species potentially found in the study area ..................................................104 Table 5.24: Villages in Subproject 1 area ....................................................................................................105 Table 5.25 Population and households - all villages ...................................................................................109 Table 5.26: Work migration ........................................................................................................................110 Table 5.27: River used for drinking water - seasons ...................................................................................112 Table 5.28: Size of riverbank and island gardens and fields .......................................................................112 Table 5.29: Season calendar of farming on island ......................................................................................114 viii WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.30: Season Calendar of Farming- Sagaing - West of the road........................................................115 Table 5.31: Season Calendar of Farming- Shan Kalay Kyun Village ............................................................115 Table 5.32: Seasonal Map showing the livelihood calendar of Min Ye Hla village .....................................115 Table 5.33: Common crop yields and prices ...............................................................................................116 Table 5.34: Ownership to boats ..................................................................................................................117 Table 5.35: Main transport destinations from villages by river and road ..................................................117 Table 5.36: Fishing Calendar on island (Male and Female) ........................................................................120 Table 5.37: Fishing gears in the study villages ............................................................................................120 Table 5.38: All available public services in the study area ..........................................................................121 Table 5.39: Most serious flooding in the last 12 months (in 2016) and impacts compared to earlier .......124 Table 5.40: Weather related disaster prevention measures in the villages ...............................................125 Table 6.1: Annual catches and values of the fishery potentially affected by the porcupines in the project area .............................................................................................................................................................133 Table 6.2: Assessment matrix for roughness-increasing measures and related bank protection..............138 Table 6.3: Assessment matrix for dredging activities .................................................................................146 Table 7.1: Mitigation measures related to the development of zone of porcupines and related bank protection measures ...................................................................................................................................152 Table 7.2: Mitigation measures related to the dredging ............................................................................157 Table 8.1: Stakeholder analysis...................................................................................................................164 Table 9.1: Summary of key general mitigation measures ..........................................................................166 Table 9.2: Mitigation Management and Monitoring Matrix.......................................................................169 Table 9.3: Costs estimation for ESMP implementation ..............................................................................179 Table 9.4: PAPs and estimated area of land affected by bank protection .................................................183 Table 9.5: Summary of key general mitigation measures ..........................................................................191 Table 9.6: Common crop yields and prices .................................................................................................194 Table 9.7: Indicators for Long-term monitoring .........................................................................................195 Table 9.8: Costs estimation for ESMP implementation ..............................................................................196 Table 9.9: Summary of key general mitigation measures ..........................................................................199 Table 9.10: Environmental aspects of standard dredging equipment........................................................204 Table 9.11: Sediment Criteria used in upper and lower Mekong, compared to sediment samples taken around Mandalay ........................................................................................................................................207 Table 10.1: Key Monitoring indicators for construction-related impacts ..................................................212 Table 10.2: Key monitoring indicators for dredging-related impacts .........................................................213 Table 10.3: Indicators for long-term monitoring ........................................................................................215 Table 11.1: Estimation of direct costs for implementation of the ESIA recommended mitigation and monitoring measures ..................................................................................................................................217 Table 11.2: Indication of potential costs for implementation of the ESIA recommended additional steps to improve management of social and environmental issues in the Sub-project 1 area ...............................217 Table 12.1: Air quality parameters recorded during the survey period [AQ_01] .......................................219 Table 12.2: Air quality parameters recorded during the survey period [AQ_02] .......................................220 Table 12.3: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 01 .......................................221 Table 12.4: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 02 .......................................222 Table 12.5: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 03 .......................................223 Table 12.6: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 04 .......................................224 Table 12.7: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 05 .......................................225 ix WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Stretch 1 and Subproject 1 area ...................................................................................................1 Figure 1.2: Proposed interventions for Subproject 1......................................................................................2 Figure 1.3: Location of proposed bank protection works and roughness measures (porcupines) ................5 Figure 1.4: Identified upstream and downstreamdredging sites ...................................................................6 Figure 1.5: Hydrograph of Sagaing based on daily discharge for the period 1980-2014 .............................10 Figure 1.6: Dry-season (January) satellite images of Subproject 1 area. From left to right: 1990, 1998 and 2017 ..............................................................................................................................................................11 Figure 1.7: Wet-season (August 1998) satellite image of Subproject 1 area ...............................................11 Figure 1.8: Analysis of geomorphological changes from February 2014-17 (LANDSTAT 7/8) in area of Subproject 1 ..................................................................................................................................................12 Figure 1.9: Village tracts in Subproject 1 area ..............................................................................................14 Figure 1.10: Main livelihoods in Subproject 1 area ......................................................................................15 Figure 1.11: Construction area and access roads for Subproject 1 ..............................................................16 Figure 1.12: Bank erosion observed near Kyun Sin village on 28 December 2017 .......................................17 Figure 1.13: Areas of permanent bodies of water likely to be affected by the installation of porcupines in the side channels ..........................................................................................................................................20 Figure 2.1: Navigable waterways in the ARB and Stretch 1 ..........................................................................28 Figure 2.2: Location of Stretch 1 and Subproject 1.......................................................................................29 Figure 2.3: Location of proposed interventions for Subproject 1.................................................................32 Figure 2.4: Example of field of wooden porcupines .....................................................................................33 Figure 2.5: Proposed location of roughness measures (porcupines) ...........................................................34 Figure 2.6: Example of the configuration and cross-section of concrete porcupines ..................................35 Figure 2.7: Identified dredging sites in upstream and downstream area ....................................................37 Figure 2.8: Location of bank protection and existing erosion risks ..............................................................38 Figure 2.9: Example of design for bank protection (Source: RHDHV)...........................................................39 Figure 2.10: Construction area and access roads for Subproject 1 ..............................................................40 Figure 2.11: Proposed design alternatives for Subproject 1 .........................................................................41 Figure 2.12: MCA results for upstream scenarios .........................................................................................45 Figure 2.13: MCA results for downstream scenarios ....................................................................................45 Figure 2.14: Scenario A3 for upstream area .................................................................................................46 Figure 2.15: Scenario B4 for downstream area ............................................................................................46 Figure 2.16: Erosion risk areas in Subproject 1 area .....................................................................................48 Figure 2.17: Initial and updated locations of porcupines .............................................................................49 Figure 4.1: Village Tracts in Subproject 1 area..............................................................................................63 Figure 4.2: Land use/land cover in Subproject 1 area ..................................................................................65 Figure 5.1: Hydrograph of Sagaing based on daily discharge for the period 1980-2014 .............................66 Figure 5.2: Dry-season (January) satellite images of Subproject 1 area. From left to right: 1990, 1998 and 2017 ..............................................................................................................................................................67 Figure 5.3: Wet-season (August 1998) satellite image of Subproject 1 area ...............................................67 Figure 5.4: Geomorphological changes in Subproject 1 area .......................................................................69 Figure 5.5: ESIA baseline sampling points ....................................................................................................72 Figure 5.6: Measuring ambient air quality using Hazscanner instrument ....................................................75 x WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 5.7: Collecting the sediment sample using a grab .............................................................................81 Figure 5.8: Preparing for water sampling .....................................................................................................85 Figure 5.9: Study area showing the extent of dry and wet season inundation ............................................87 Figure 5.10: Seasonality of aquatic habitats in the study area .....................................................................88 Figure 5.11: Close up Google earth image of aquatic habitat areas in the study area .................................89 Figure 5.12: Reedbeds with Egrets at the northern tip of the study area ....................................................89 Figure 5.13: Sucker fish caught at Setyeik S..................................................................................................90 Figure 5.14: Fishing scenes from Setyeik S. ..................................................................................................94 Figure 5.15: Interviewing fisherfolk at Nyaung Pin Tha Village (Ywa Thit) ...................................................95 Figure 5.16: Seine net in operation ..............................................................................................................95 Figure 5.17: Floating fishing houses at Ngwe Thaung Yan village ................................................................96 Figure 5.18: Location of old weir near Htan Myint, looking north towards main channel...........................97 Figure 5.19: Permanent bodies of water remaining at the end of the dry season, with three leasehold fishery areas (inns)....................................................................................................................................................98 Figure 5.20: Proportions of fish species caught in Yinpyinout Inn................................................................99 Figure 5.21: Proportions of fish species caught in Nankart Inn ....................................................................99 Figure 5.22: Proportions of fish species caught in Arlaungwetote Inn .......................................................100 Figure 5.23: Various fish market scenes .....................................................................................................102 Figure 5.24: Irrawaddy Dolphin - Source: WWF .........................................................................................104 Figure 5.25: Sub-project1 area with upstream the ADPA shown in dashed orange ..................................104 Figure 5.26: Ruddy shelduck congregating in dry season pools at southern end of the study area ..........105 Figure 5.27: Study area with villages covered by the field research ..........................................................106 Figure 5.28: FGD in Da Ma Kya village - male group making transport map with assistance from EMC field team ............................................................................................................................................................108 Figure 5.29: FGD in Nyuang Bin Thar village - female group making seasonal calendars led by the local school teacher ........................................................................................................................................................108 Figure 5.30: Main livelihoods in the study area(size of squares proportional to responses from FGDs) ...110 Figure 5.31: Drinking water sources used by number of households ........................................................111 Figure 5.32: Kyae Yar Taung stupa ..............................................................................................................121 Figure 5.33: Availability and condition of public services in the study area ...............................................122 Figure 5.34: Kyun Sin erosion 2004 - 2017: 198 Acres (80ha) or more ......................................................123 Figure 6.1: Location of proposed porcupine fields and related bank protection measures ......................127 Figure 6.2: Areas of permanent bodies of water likely to be affected by the installation of porcupines in the side channels...............................................................................................................................................132 Figure 9.1: Location of proposed bank protection works ...........................................................................182 Figure 9.2: Land ownership map for Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin village ......................................................183 Figure 9.3: Observed riverbank erosion near the Kyun Sin village on 28 December 2017.........................184 Figure 9.4: Discussion with PAPs from Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin village ...................................................185 Figure 9.5: Observed condition of middle channel on 29 December 2017 ................................................186 Figure 9.6: Key biodiversity areas & protected areas - Stretch 1 ...............................................................209 xi WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview The Ayeyarwady River Basin (ARB) has a total catchment area of 413,710 km2, of which 91% lies within Myanmar, around 21,400 km2 (5%) in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (mostly Yunnan), and 17,400 km2(4%) in India (Manipur and Nagaland). With a total annual flow of around 400 km3, the Ayeyarwady ranks as the 22ndlargest
river in the world in terms of discharge. It is
a monsoonal flood-pulse river, with strong
seasonal flow, peaking during the wet
season between July and September and reducing by
an order of magnitude during the dry season. The main river is navigable for 1,280 km from the sea, opening a vast highway deep into the dry zone and interior of the basin. Enormous quantities of sediment are transported through the river during the annual floods leading to erosion and deposition of the navigation channel, bars, islands and riverbanks. This means that some sections have insufficient water depth for inland waterway vessels to operate safely. In view of the importance of inland waterway transport (IWT) to the economic development of Myanmar, the World Bank (WB) funded Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project (AIRBMP) aims at finding and implementing technical and operational schemes for making improvements of the navigability of the Ayeyarwady River Basin (ARB). The goal is: “to improve IWT in priority stretches of the Ayeyarwady River and design a cost-effective and environmentally and socially acceptable strategy for managing the full length of the navigation channel” Figure 1.1: Stretch 1 and Subproject 1 area Stretch 1 (Mandalay to Nyaung U) has been identified as a priority stretch by PMU/DWIR for implementing physical improvements and river enhancement works (Figure 1.1). Due to the strategic importance of Mandalay Port, the Subproject 1 area project is located in the Mandalay port area (km 887 - 909) and includes the main navigation channel (Mandalay) and the Sagaing and middle channels. 1 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Project Objectives The overall objectives of Subproject 1 are to achieve a Least Available Depth (LAD) of 2.0 m for a design of 1,000 dead weight tonne (DWT). The river training works and dredging will allow vessels to pass more heavily loaded during dry season, increasing the efficiency of passenger and cargo transport. The project will:  contribute to the year-round and safe accessibility to the Mandalay Port Area;  contribute to the stabilization and deepening of the main navigation channel (Mandalay channel) in selected area (km 887 - 909) by natural bed erosion and capital dredging for most critical locations; and  reduce possible future scenarios that the navigation channel shifts to one of the side channels (e.g. Sagaing channel). Subproject 1 comprises the following three components (Figure 1.2): 1. Bank protection–construction envisaged to start February 2018 2. Roughness measures (porcupine fields) - installation envisaged next dry season (December 2018 to April 2019) 3. Dredging program–no large-scale dredging required this dry season (2017/18). The location and extent/volume of dredging required in 2018/19 and beyond in the upstream and downstream areas arestill to be specified. Figure 1.2: Proposed interventions for Subproject 1 2 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The ESIA/ESMP for Subproject 1 is delivered as four separate stand-alone documents: 1. ESMP for Bank Protection Measures: to commence construction in February 2018 2. ESIA for Subproject 1: February 2018 3. ESMP for Roughness Measures (Porcupines)- to be installed from December 2018 to April 2019 4. ESMP for Dredging Program- to be defined for 2018/19; no dredging was required in this dry season (2017/18). The preparation of the ESMP for Bank Protection separately from the overall ESIA for Subproject 1 was driven mainly by the need to allow for construction of bank protection measures in February 2018 as the other porcupines and dredging components under Subproject 1 will be implemented in the next dry season (2018/19). The following sections provides an outline of the process to assess the project alternatives and an outline of the bank protection, roughness measures (porcupines) and dredging program. Assessing Project Alternatives The Project management unit (PMU) and Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR) were initially considering several alternative design options for Subproject 1 involving the combination of:  the construction of a guidebund, series of rock pile groynes and/or porcupines/groynes in the upstream area;  a series of groynes and riverbank protection in the downstream area; and  dredging in both upstream and downstream within the main navigation channel. The process to assess the project alternatives and select the river training measures for Subproject 1 has been an iterative process that has involved ongoing stakeholder engagement and collaboration between International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM), Royal Haskoning DHV (RHDHV), PMU/DWIR and the World Bank. The following activities have informed the selection of Subproject 1 and the preliminary and detailed design phases:  Joint field trip to Subproject 1 area and Stretch 1: March 2017;  ICEM social survey and baseline sampling to inform multi-criteria analysis (MCA) criteria: April/May 2017;  Geographic information system (GIS) field survey to map erosion risk, land use, pagodas and ports/boat landing facilities: May 2017;  Joint MCA technical meeting: June 2017;  Public consultation for the Scoping Report for ESIA/ESMP: 4 August 2017;  MCA technical meeting and workshop: August 21-22 and 28 2017;  ICEM wet season sampling and fishers survey: September 2017;  Preliminary design workshop: 23 October 2017;  Social survey near porcupine fields: 28 October to 1 November 2017;  Joint Field Trip to Subproject 1 area: 28 November 2017;  Detailed Design Workshop: 15 December 2017;  Social survey near bank protection works for Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP): 28-29 December 2017; and  Additional social survey near bank protection works to discuss land donations forms: 10, 11 & 17 January 2018. 3 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 A MCA process was implemented from June to August 2017 to select the most cost effective and sustainable design options for subproject 1. Environmental and social (E&S) criteria were designed to assess several combinations of river training structures and dredging in both the upstream and downstream areas. Following the MCA workshop, the PMU and DWIR reviewed the suggestions and feedback from stakeholders and selected Scenario A3: Roughness zone in secondary channels with zone of porcupines/groynes and Scenario B4: dredging near Mandalay port area. Porcupines are permeable structures designed to reduce flow and to trap sediment. The main benefit of the zone of porcupines/groynes is that the interventions are a low cost, flexible approach with less environmental and social impacts than the guide bund and groynes initially proposed. Following a preliminary design workshop in October 2017, and joint field trip, concrete porcupines (hydraulic roughness measures) in and along the secondary channels were selected as intervention to prevent a shift of the main channel to the Sagaing channel, and to enhance navigation in the Ayeyarwady River upstream of Mandalay. The workshop was preceded by a Preliminary Design Report presented by RHDHV, in which project alternatives for Scenario A3 (hydraulic roughness) and Scenario B4 (dredging) were assessed. Following the MCA process, Scenario A3 (permeable roughness zones with pile fields, porcupines, wooden pile groynes) and Scenario B4 (dynamic dredging) were selected by the PMU/DWIR as preferred solution. From 28 October to 1 November, the ICEM social team conducted additional key informant interviews (KIIs) and surveys with village tracts and villages near the proposed porcupine fields. The people consulted in Kyun Sin Village requested that the roughness field is moved to the north of the village. This had two advantages: 1. The channel between the stable banks is smaller, which reduces the wet area where the roughness structures has to be applied; 2. The roughness field is more effective (closer to the main channel). It is considered to be an effective change of the location of the roughness field with local support of the people in Kyin Sin Village. Based on practical phasing considerations and the outcome of the field survey, RHDHV recommended constructing at least three roughness fields in the wet area of the three secondary channels. The initial location and configuration of the porcupines (October 2017) and the updated location (November 2017) following the social surveys and joint field visits with RHDHV and PMU/DWIR are shown below for comparison. The initial configuration of the roughness areas required a total area of about 800,000m2 with approximately 150,000 porcupines or 200,000 piles that had to be installed in the wet area and on the islands in the upcoming dry season. In updated locations, the total area is now reduced to an estimated 180,000 m2. 1.3.1 Roughness measures (porcupines) The PMU/DWIR selected concrete porcupines, which consist of six poles with equal lengths of commonly two or three meters. The poles are connected at the ends in a tetrahedron shape. The porcupines are constructed from sixpiles of concretewithdimensions of 0.1mx0.1mx2.4m. The concrete piles will be prefabricated at a concrete or cement factory in Mandalay and then transported to the designated construction areas on the sandbars adjacent or upstream of the planned concrete porcupines. Pre-fabrication of the concrete piles, with only assembling on site, greatly reduces the site-specific environmental impacts associated with dust, noise and vibrations. Porcupine fields will be constructed in three locations: 1. In the Sagaing channel, upstream of Kyun Sin village; 4 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 2. In the middle channel (most eastern porcupine field); and 3. Upstream of the Let Pan village (most western porcupine field). The porcupines planned in the Sagaing channel were identified as a priority for construction by PMU/DWIR. To mitigate the potential impacts of associated riverbank erosion, it was decided to first construct bank protection aligned with the porcupine fields planned in the Sagaing and middle channels. 1.3.2 Bank protection The requirement for bed and bank protection is detailed in the RHDHV Preliminary Design Report (v3) and Detailed Design Report (December 2017). The proposed roughness measures (porcupines) alter the flow velocity and sediment transport capacity in the side channels. Although the roughness measures reduce the discharge to the side channels and the flow velocity on the islands, both local flow acceleration and a downstream increase in sediment transport capacity may occur. Local flow acceleration near the banks might cause, or accelerate, local bank erosion, whereas a downstream increase in sediment transport capacity might cause bed erosion. The location of the prosed bank protection and roughness measure (porcupines) are shown below in Figure 1.3. Local communities near the proposed bank protection works are supportive of addressing riverbank erosion that impact their farmlands. Throughout the series of stakeholder consultations, local communities in the Subproject 1 area emphasized riverbank erosion as a significant issue affecting their land and agricultural activities. Agricultural land on the island fluctuates yearly due to riverbank erosion and is classified as alluvial soil. As such, the government cannot issue land use certificates resulting in farmers having to pay tax, a requirement for growing crops on alluvial soils. Figure 1.3: Location of proposed bank protection works and roughness measures (porcupines) 5 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 1.3.3 Dredging Dredging has been proposed in the upstream and downstream areas of Subproject 1 (Figure 1.4).The dredging program is not likely to trigger an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under Myanmar EIA procedures as dredging volumes are likely to be much less than the threshold of 270,000m3. No large-scale dredging is needed this dry season (2017/18) as the navigation channel is sufficiently deep and wide for navigation. Figure 1.4: Identified upstream and downstreamdredging sites Annual dredging requirements based on detailed modelling for the upcoming 5 years:  Upstream area: when sand bar is present, yearly dredging in order of 100,000-200,000m3 required 6 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Downstream area: very difficult to estimate due to dynamic unpredictable nature of shifting channels and bars, in some years no dredging required and in other years dredging in order of 50,000-150,000m3 Over the coming year the dredging program can be improved with increased knowledge of the system by anticipating future developments (e.g. sandbars and channels migrating downstream). The dredging associated withAmarapura Urban Floodplain Development (AUDP) in the downstream area, as well as the impacts of roughness measures, also need to be considered as this is likely to reduce the need for dredging in the upstream and downstream area. Objectives of the ESIA ICEM has been engaged to prepare the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Subproject 1 and three separate Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) for 1) Bank protection, 2) Roughness measures (porcupines), and 3) Dredging. This ESIA report is set out as follows:  Chapter 1- Description of the proposed projects: provides an overview of the project and the process for accessing project alternatives.  Chapter 2- Legal and institutional framework: outlines the relevant legal and institutional framework for environmental conservation in Myanmar and World Bank safeguards.  Chapter 3- Scope and methodology of the assessment: the approach and methodology used for the assessment and the key themes of the ESIA.  Chapter 4- Description of the existing environment baseline: describes the environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions in the Subproject 1 for hydrology, geomorphology, water quality and sampling, biodiversity and fisheries and social and livelihoods.  Chapter 5-Assessment of environmental and social impacts: identifies and assesses the impacts associated with the bank protection, roughness measures (porcupines) and dredging program.  Chapter 6- Avoidance and mitigation: outlines the mitigation measures (including cost, responsibility and timing) related to the development of porcupines and related bank protection measures  Chapter 7- Stakeholder consultation: The consultation and communication plan outlines steps for disclosure of documents and the engagement with relevant stakeholders potentially affected by Subproject 1 and aims to meets the legal requirements for the Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015) and WB safeguard policies  Chapter 8 -Environmental and social management plan (ESMP):details the ESMP for bank protection and roughness measures  Chapter 9 - Monitoring: outlines the framework to monitor the impacts of Subproject 1  Chapter 10 -Implementation schedule and cost estimates: the costs and schedule for implementing the ESIA/ESMP for Subproject 1. The legal basis for conducting an ESIA in Myanmar is provided by the Environmental Conservation Law (2012) and the subsequent provisions under the Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)1 and the EIA Procedures (2015). The combination of bank protection and roughness measures (porcupines) in the Sagaing and middle channels and the estimated volume of dredging in the upstream and 1Environmental Conservation Rules, Notification No. 50/2014 7 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 downstream area in the next dry seasons (2017/17 & 2018/19) is expected to be less than 270,000m3 and will not trigger an EIA under the Myanmar EIA procedures (2015). The WB also screens all projects and classifies them into one of four categories (Category A, B, C, and FI). Subproject 1 has been classified as a Category B which is generally similar to an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) required under Myanmar EIA procedures (2015). The ESIA for the Subproject 1 and ESMPs will be prepared in compliance with the Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015) and applicable WB safeguard policies. The WB has ten (plus one) environmental and social policies which are known as safeguard policies. The WB Group operational policies relevant to the project include:  OP/BP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment: applicable as project is considered a Category B so ESIA and ESMP required.  OP/BP 4.04 on Natural Habitats: applicable, due to occurrence of important natural habitats near Subproject 1.  OP/BP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources: potentially applicable as the construction of the western porcupine fields is upstream of a pagoda but impacts are not anticipated.  OP/BP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement: potentially applicable, however the construction of porcupines and bank protection under Subproject 1 will not lead to involuntary resettlement, but there may be temporary loss of access to agricultural land during construction which will be covered in the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). Baseline Assessment The ESIA report provides comprehensive information on the environmental and social baseline conditions in the Subproject 1 area and outlines the assessment methodology and stakeholder consultation carried out during implementation. The baseline and impact assessment methodology were designed around the following key themes: 1. Water quality and baseline sampling; 2. Fisheries and biodiversity; 3. Geomorphology and hydrology; 4. Social and livelihoods. The following sections provide a brief overview of the key findings related to each theme. 1.5.1 Water quality and baseline sampling Baseline sampling was undertaken during both the dry and monsoon seasons. From 28 April to 3May 2017 ICEM and local partner, Environment Myanmar Cooperative (EMC) conducted the following monitoring:  Air quality - twosamples  Groundwater - two samples  Sediment - two samples  Soil - two samples  Surface water quality - five samples A number of parameters were monitored for groundwater, sediment, soil, surface water and groundwater and described this report. It was agreed during the scoping phase that wet season surface water quality sampling would also be conducted on 25 and 26 September 2017. In the absence of Myanmar water quality standards or guidelines, the World Health Organisation (WHO), Vietnamese technical standards and Mekong River Commission (MRC) standards were used for comparison. The results are summarised below: 8 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Air quality: All the parameters for the air quality standards are within the WHO’s standards, for both 24 hour and one hour time frames.  Groundwater: The following parameters do not meet the QCVN 08:2008 & 2015 / BTNMT standards: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Hardness and Iron.  Sediment: The second sample had a small concentration of arsenic and heavy metal (lead and chromium), which was higher in the upstream sample than the downstream sample. Mercury values in both samples were high, but within the standards for Mekong Lowland Rivers. From stakeholder consultations, it was found that the people who do use the Ayeyarwady River as a source for drinking water only do so during the dry season. During the wet season, rainwater is harvested. Most of the communities use a dug well with sand filter as their main drinking water source. By comparing the monitored parameters to the standards no significant or worrying values where found that could result in harm to public or aquatic life across all air, sediment, surface and groundwater parameters. 1.5.2 Biodiversity and fisheries Two field visits were made, one in the dry and one on the wet seasons of 2017. During the dry season field visit, fish species composition at the proposed project areawas examined. The record and collection were made with the help of the local fishers. The fishes were collected using different fishing gears available at the proposed project sites like gill nets, cast nets, beach seine nets and various traps. The fish were photographed and basic characteristics were recorded for identification. The aquatic habitats in the study area can be defined in terms of the seasonality of inundation by the river flood waters: 1. Main channel - permanent flowing water with channel depth up to 20 m; 2. Side channels - permanent water, flowing in the wet season, with flows decreasing to nil in the dry season and becoming lakes. Depth of the lakes in the dry season may be up to 5 m deep; and 3. Seasonally inundated land on islands and riverbanks.  Inundation of low lying areas lasts for up to sixmonths from May to October. These areas may have reeds and grasses surrounding them e.g. in the northern end of the island or may dry to form sandbanks e.g. in the channels or at the southern end of the island.  Inundation of higher lying areas lasts for a few weeks in July/August e.g. near the villages. These will generally be used or agriculture. In most of the villages there are relatively few full-time fishing households, although most villagers will catch fish for subsistence purposes. Within the project area, there are 34 villages, with a total population of 46,599 and 289 fishermen. Nine of these villages, with about 8,647 people of which about 131 are full-time fishermen are located on the islands. A total of 37 fish species were recorded during the dry season survey and an additional 17 species were recognized by fishermen as part of their catches during the wet season field visit. These have been compared with the species list prepared from Nwe Nwe Thein’s PhD thesis, which includes the study area. These species lists have been consolidated giving a total of 70 fish species found in the area. May and June are breeding seasons for fishes. September to November is the peak season forfish catch, with an average yield of 7-8 viss (11.5 - 13.1 kg) of fish per day. It is noted that yield of catfish and striped catfish has declined over the last 10 years. From discussions with fishermen, it is generally perceived that the amount of fish being caught each day has decreased. The Ayeyarwady Dolphin Protected Area (ADPA) is located just upstream of the proposed project area starting from Mingun area (downstream end) to Bahmo city (upstream end). Two Ayeyarwady dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) (Owen in Gray, 1866) were observed at Mingun, which is upstream of 9 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 the proposed project area. According to the interview survey of local villagers and fishermen, Ayeyarwady dolphins visit the main channel of the river during monsoon season. The Mandalay Fisheries Department carry out dolphin counts in the ADPA two times per month. Recent counts indicate that there are between 61 -70 dolphins in this area. During the wet season field visit, villagers in Ko Daung mentioned that the body of a pregnant female dolphin had been recovered in the study area at the end of the dry season 2017. As a seasonally flooded wetland area with side channels and permanent bodies of open water, the study area is attractive to water birds and migratory and congregatory species, such a geese and ducks. Permanent resident water birds observed during the wet season survey include Pied kingfisher, great and little egrets, pond heron, grey heron, purple heron, green bee-eater andruddy shelduck. They are usually found on the inlets and reed bed areas to the north of the island complex, on the sandbars and around the open bodies of water. Asiatic soft-shell turtles Amyda cartilagineawere reported by fishers to have been in the study area. The villagers from Ngaung Bin Tha village reported that turtles have beenseen in the past onthe sandbars near the small channel near Ngaung Bin Tha in March and April, but these sightings are rare, and the nesting areas are unknown. No turtles were observed during the field missions. 1.5.3 Hydrology and geomorphology 1.5.3.1 Hydrograph Subproject 1is located at Mandalay and Sagaing in the Ayeyarwady River. At Sagaing, the catchment area is 120,193 km2with an average discharge of approximately 7,400 m³/s. During the dry season, the average base flow is 2,500 m³/s, increasing to an average of 18,000 m³/s and reaching up to 25,000 m³/s at its peak. The highest flow is generally recorded in August and the lowest in February. A hydrograph for Sagaing is shown in Figure 1.5. Figure 1.5: Hydrograph of Sagaing based on daily discharge for the period 1980-2014 1.5.3.2 Flow distribution Upstream of Subproject 1 the Ayeyarwady bifurcates into three channels; the Mandalay channel (eastern channel), the Sagaing channel (western channel) and the middle channel. From available satellite images it appears that the Mandalay channel exceeds the other channels in size, and there is significant variation over time in size of both the Sagaing and middlechannels (Figure 5.3). It appears 10 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 that in the current (2017) condition of the secondary (Sagaing and midddle) channels are less significant than earlier. Model simulations presented by RHDHV(Preliminary Design Report (v1), October 2017) suggest that about 58.6 to 62.2% of the discharge flows through the Mandalay channel. Figure 1.6: Dry-season (January) satellite images of Subproject 1 area. From left to right: 1990, 1998 and 2017 During the wet season, during peak flow, the islands, secondary channels and flood plans can be inundated. Figure 1.5indicates inundation when discharge reached 23,200 m³/s. Figure 1.7: Wet-season (August 1998) satellite image of Subproject 1 area 11 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 1.5.4 Geomorphology The morphology of the Subproject 1 area is highly dynamic and complex. Satellite imagery suggests, however, that certain features are remarkably stable, while others are short-lived (Figure 1.8):  Upstream of Minkun, the right bank consists of hard non-erodible material along the Sagaing Fault. At Minkun, the deep (main) channel consistently veers towards the non-erodible right bank whereas upstream, it fluctuates from the right to the left bank. The main channel meanders within the river belt and it is assumed that the angle of the river benddownstream of Minkun contributes to the dominance of the Mandalay channel.  Opposite Mandalay, the size of the right bank fluctuates and has a braiding character. The secondary channel, or Sagaing channel, may grow to be more dominant in the long-term, influencing the geo-morphodynamics in the main (Mandalay) channel.  Downstream at Sagaing, the river width is confined and restricted by rocky outcrops at both the right and the left bank. The narrowest points are at the Inwa and Sagaing bridges. It is difficult to determine the factors contributing to the fluctuating cycle of this channel. It is, however, important to understand that most of the braid belt is submerged during high flows (Figure 1.5) and that enormous quantities of sediment are being transported through the river during annual floods, with substantial potential for erosion and deposition of the channels, bars, islands and riverbanks. After each flood season, the locations of channels, bars, islands and riverbanks change. To quantify this dynamic behaviour, LANDSAT 7/8 images from February 2014 to 2017 were analysed, and image shapefiles of the extent of the waterbodies extracted. In combination, the shapefiles show the dynamic nature of the sand bars, bank lines and islands. The shapefiles overlaid on February 2017 satellite images are shown in Figure 1.8. Areas subject to bank erosion are also indicated. Figure 1.8: Analysis of geomorphological changes from February 2014-17 (LANDSTAT 7/8) in area of Subproject 1 12 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The figure shows that large sandbars are migrating though the river and, in particular, the Mandalay channel. The migration speed is in the order magnitude of 100 m per year, but can be as much as 500 m per year. The sandbars impact the navigability of the river, and may hamper access to the river for villagers. Berths and landing facilities may not be accessible and irrigation intakes may be rendered inoperable during low flow. The bank erosion (risk) indicated above is based on visual inspection of the riverbanks during field visits. Generally, steep banks are interpreted as a sign of bank erosion, reported to be a current key concern. In stakeholder consultations at township level, riverbank erosion surfaced as the major river- related issue for all five townships consulted. The key issue related to bank erosion is loss of fertile agricultural land and erosion of pertinent riverbank infrastructure. Two mechanisms seem to be responsible for bank erosion:  The characteristic spiral (helical) flow at riverbends cause higher flow velocities and larger depth at the outer bend, resulting in bank erosion.  When a sand bar forms along one bank (or, detaches from the bank) flow is deflected towards the opposite bank, giving rise to bank erosion. 1.5.5 Social and livelihoods The initial social field research revealed that there are nine village tracts in the Subproject 1 area on the west bank (Sagaing), on island and east bank (Mandalay) (Figure 1.9). The villages in this area use the river and the Sagaing and middle channels for domestic and agricultural uses, local boat transport, fishing and are experiencing loss of agricultural land from riverbank erosion. 13 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 1.9: Village tracts in Subproject 1 area Field research for the social and livelihoods theme was carried out throughout implementation with two major missions taking in place from 2-8 May 2017 prior to the MCA process and then again from 30 October to 2 November 2017 after the preliminary design workshop. The second fieldwork focused on Kyun Sin village on the island and the area from Let Pan village North on the Sagaing side. These villages are nearer to the location of the proposed bank protection and roughness measures (porcupines). The main findings in relation to local communities living in the area are summarised below.  Livelihoods: The income of most households in the study villages on the island is from agriculture and livestock. It was reported that in general incomes have decreased due to erosion and loss of farmland on the riverbanks. Other economic activities are handicrafts such as sewing, weaving and making traditional cigars, sand extraction, and small-scale trade. Some women work as vendors and sell the snacks at their village. Others are daily workers making traditional cigarettes or are yellow-robe tailors. A summary of the main livelihoods on the West riverbank (Sagaing), Island and East Riverbank (Mandalay) is provided in Figure 1.10. 14 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Water use: On the island, the villages Kyun Sin and Gyaint Gyi have tube-wells, but according to verbal information they use the river as drinking water source. In the dry season, Kyun Sin villagers use water from the secondary river channel for irrigating crops. Figure 1.10: Main livelihoods in Subproject 1 area  Land use: Probably the most important land use category in the present context is the agricultural land on the floodplains on the riverbanks and on the island; so-called alluvial lands. The fertile sediment lands are dynamic and sensitive to changes in river flows. According to information from the villages, the study area has a total of 2,654 hectares of riverbank and island gardens and fields, of which 656 hectares are on the island.  Land tenure: According to Department of Agricultural Land Management and Statistics (DALMS), Patheingyi Township, the agricultural land in the villages Than Bo Gyun, Hin Ywet Su, Gyaint Gyi, Po Hla Gone and Kyun Sin are alluvial flood plains. This type of land is not stable due to bank erosion and because it is recurrently submerged under water, which alters soil texture and structure. Hence, according to Farmland Law (2012) legal ownership cannot be given and farmland certificates (form-7) cannot be issued for such areas. However, the Township Administrative Department issues land use receipts to each farmer who is charged a land use fee. In both Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages, farmers have tax receipts for their cultivated land. The tax amount is 2 Kyat 70 Pyar per acre.  Local boat transport: The study collected details about the present means of transport on the river and on land, with a view to assess potential impacts from the proposed navigation enhancements on access to services, markets, work places and education. Information on the number of households that owns boats and the existing ferry services in terms of license holders, passengers and cargo was collected. The village profiles report on the importance of boats for river transport especially in the monsoon season. On the island and in the study villages on the Mandalay side, nearly all households have a boat, which is used during the monsoon, while on the Sagaing side only few households have boats.  Kyae Yar Taung Stupa: On the Sagaing side in Ta Laing Zin village north of Let Pan there is the Kyae Yar Taung Stupa and Kyae Yar Taung Shwe Thein Taw (Ordination Hall). It is situated on the riverbank above the proposed site of the western-most narrow porcupine field. The stupa 15 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 is a holy place for community worship. The ordination hall (Sima) is a special religious building for ordination into monkhood and it is an exalted place for Buddhists.  Riverbank erosion and flooding: Over the years many people along the Ayeyarwady have lost their livelihood due to flooding and riverbank erosion. The study area is equally prone to erosion and flooding. People in Kyun Sin and Gyaint Gyi are worried about riverbank erosion. They have experienced riverbank collapse many times over the past 30 years and the two villages were seriously damaged between 2013 and 2016. Kyun Sin lost one fourth of its total land between 2006 and 2016 and Gyaint Gyi village has been moved to a new location four times over the years. 1.5.6 Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) Following the detailed design workshop on 15 December 2017 it was decided that the bank protection works would commence construction in February 2018. Prior to construction the social survey team visited the locations of the proposed bank protection structures to determine the number of project affected persons (PAPs). The survey team visited the proposed location of bank protection works, construction area and access roads (Figure 1.11). Figure 1.11: Construction area and access roads for Subproject 1 16 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 In the Sagaing channel, it was determined that there are 17 PAPs near the Kyun Sin village. All of the affected area from the construction of the bank protection works is farmland, currently used to cultivate peanuts and due for harvesting mid-February 2018. Farmers will be able to cultivate their crops prior to construction. The average area of farmland belonging to PAPs is 0.50 acres and owners are both from the Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin villages. According to interviews with PAPs and observations on site, the area of farmlands along the riverbank is decreasing gradually every year due to erosion (Figure 1.12). The proposed construction area is on sandbar adjacent to the bank protection works, in order to limit the amount of agricultural land impacted. Figure 1.12: Bank erosion observed near Kyun Sin village on 28 December 2017 During further consultation with the local community including the PAPs, the Kyun Sin villagers expressed the wish to start construction of bank protection works as quickly as possible. Most that attended the meeting agreed to lease their lands without compensation for loss of land. The team visited the the Subproject 1 area on 10-11 & 17 January 2018 to consult with PAPs and to finalise the land donation process. The consultations included PAPs from Ta Laing Zin village who own farmland near the Sagaing channel. Updated information on land donation and compensation for loss of livelihoods (if required) is reflected in the ARAP. Environmental and Social impacts 1.6.1 Impacts of roughness measures (porcupines and hedges) and bank protection measures. 1.6.1.1 Preparatory and construction phase Preparation or modification of the riverbank and bed for installing porcupines and related bank protection will involve limited earthmoving and levelling without significantly altering existing morphology. The most pronounced impact will be associated with the bank protection measures on the left banks of the central and eastern side-channels, in areas where porcupine fields align with the islands (Figure 1.11). 1.6.1.1.1 Loss of agricultural land There will be minor, permanent loss of agriculture land on the riverbanks due to bank modification in some areas with existing and banks affected by erosion (e.g. some riverbank sections north of the Kyun Sin village). Such modification might encroach on the existing plain surface of the islands up to 17 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 circa 30 meters from the wet area of the channel. In most of the area however, a comparatively smaller modification will be required to obtain the desired slope, thanks to the naturally developed favorable mild slope or previous bank-protection works (e.g. along the bank in the vicinity of the Kyun Sin village). Further agricultural land will be necessary for planting vegetation hedges (additional roughness- increasing measures) in several stripes perpendicular to the channels. Given the proposed density of the hedge pattern and length extending across the islands, this might constitute considerable total area of cultivated soil uptake (although in this case it can be considered reversible impact), and potentially also concerns related to diminished comfort of access for individual farmers to their fields. 1.6.1.1.2 Risk of conflict and social issues Potential risk of social conflicts and disturbance will be associated with the setting and operation of construction camps including temporary accommodation for workers (located on sand bars a distance from local villages). Conflict prevention measures shall be implemented to prevent such negative impact. 1.6.1.1.3 Employment and business opportunities Potentially positive effects are linked to project implementation-related employment opportunities for the local people. Even if the porcupine production is located off-site, part of the workforce required for preparation of riverbank and bed, bank protection works, transport of materials, and in porcupine assembly can be supplied by the local communities. Since the construction does not coincide with harvest period, the local people will be free to take part in the works. Additional opportunity represents increased demand for tea and beer stalls from workers during construction and business for ferry service operators for transport of materials. 1.6.1.1.4 Impacts on water quality Earth-moving and levelling has the potential to increase sediment mobilization temporarily in the two channels, especially in the western channel where the bulk of the works lies within the wet part of the channel. Flows down both channels decrease progressively through the dry season, and it is probable that most of the in-channel works will occur towards the end of the dry season, when water levels and flows are lowest, and when suspended solids in the water is lowest. The combination of low flows and increased sediment release in these channels increases the risks of localized and temporary changes in water quality (turbidity and suspended solids). This effect is unlikely to extend for further than few kilometers downstream, as the sediment will settle out quite quickly. Further, potential impacts on water quality are associated with the risk of contamination of surface water from domestic waste originating from temporary construction camps hosting up to circa 600 people, and accidental spillage of fuel, oil and grease, as well as water pollution from construction materials and wastes (heavy materials, plastics). These impacts are to large extent avoidable and will be prevented/minimized through implementations of dedicated site management measures. 1.6.1.1.5 Impacts on ecosystems Project-related traffic and construction operations will cause some localised disturbance of wildlife during the day, and waterbirds will tend to avoid this area. For the works along the eastern channel, the construction materials will be transferred by boat to a location on the northern bank of the island, and transported by access track to the construction camp, on the sand banks along the eastern creek. This area is probably the least disturbed location on these islands, fringed along the northern edge with reeds and grasses. The risk of disturbance of waterbirds such as Ruddy Shelduck and bar-tailed geese, which are known to frequent this part of the island, is higher than on the other construction sites. Although turtles are increasingly rare in this area, the sand banks on the eastern channel are a potential nesting location. Nesting occurs during the dry season, at a similar time as construction activities, so there is a greater risk of disturbance and failed nesting. Similarly, sand bank nesting birds 18 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 such as pratincoles, river tern and river lapwing may also be disturbed by transport of materials along the access track to this eastern channel location. A construction camp and facilities have several impacts upon the aquatic ecology. The presence of up to 600 workers living and working on the construction camp sites will cause considerable disturbance to the water birds which will tend to avoid the area. The areas of the construction sites are currently relatively clear of solid wastes, so the added pressure from the construction sites could significantly increase solid waste pollution throughout the area. No significant impacts are expected in connection with storage of materials and equipment, provided that precautions are taken to prevent spillage and escapes, with equipment for clean up to be accessible in the event of spillage. Operation of electricity generators can also cause noise disturbance to wildlife within the vicinity of the construction sites, especially at night. Preparation or modification of riverbanks and beds for installing porcupines and rip-rap bank protection will involve some removal of riverbank vegetation. The vegetation to be removed consists mainly of reeds and grasses, and perhaps some shrubs, but no trees. As annual plants that mature in the wet season, these will recover naturally during the next wet season. Construction-related sediment mobilization will temporarily affect the aquatic ecosystem in the side- channels due to localized and temporary changes in water quality (turbidity and suspended solids) which could reduce light penetration and productivity of the waterbodies. The channel bed in these bodies of permanent water is mostly soft sediment which will be renewed every year in the wet season, so the increased sediment deposition during construction in the dry season is unlikely to cover sensitive aquatic habitat and will be replaced during the next wet season. 1.6.1.1.6 Impacts on fisheries The construction period is likely to be for three months in the late dry season. There is a distinct period for catching fish in the late dry season from February to April, and a second period in September, October and November. Thus, construction is likely to coincide with one of the best fishing seasons. There could be a temporary impact upon the fish catches in these permanent bodies of water in side channels due to increased sediment load and turbidity, a) because some fish may move away from these bodies of permanent water to avoid the high turbidity, b) migratory fish moving upstream in February to April may avoid the channels altogether and c) slightly lowered primary productivity and availability of food for fish in these channels. This impact is difficult to quantify. 1.6.1.1.7 Local ambient air quality Air quality is likely to be negatively impacted by emissions from both road (truck) and boat transport of the construction materials and other supplies in combination with emissions from the construction machinery, electricity generators, and fireplaces and boilers used in the construction sites and camps. However, given to favourable baseline conditions in the area (open area, far from other significant emission sources) and limited time of the construction, the temporary impacts on the air quality is likely to be more of a nuisance issue than of a public health concern, i.e. the impact on the ambient air quality is not regarded as significant. 1.6.1.2 Operational phase (roughness measures in effect) 1.6.1.2.1 Geomorphology and erosion In the short-term, the bank protection will have a stabilizing effect, diminishing existing severe erosion problems in the sections of side channels where porcupine fields are located (due to a reduction in flow and reduced flow velocity), and therefore its impact can be regarded as net positive and long- 19 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 term. Outside these areas the effects on the side channels are uncertain and will depend also on application of additional bank protection measures not included in the scope of Subproject 1. Long-term effects are very uncertain. The simulation results presented in Section 3.4 - Hydraulic effects of optimized roughness measures of the RHDHV Detailed Design Report show that the planned measures are most effective at reducing the flows down the side channels at lower flows, and at very low flows they may reduce the flow down the side channels by up to 30-40 %. At higher flows (above 6,000 m³/s) they reduce the flows down the side channels by under 10 %. The morphology of the permanent bodies of water is likely to be defined by the higher flow rates. In effect, the area and depth of permanent water bodies can change in either direction depending on e.g. the future sequence of large and small floods. Some reduction of the size of the inns is considered as a more likely scenario, although an opposite trend cannot be ruled out. Figure 1.13: Areas of permanent bodies of water likely to be affected by the installation of porcupines in the side channels The reduction in discharge in side channels will likely continue in response to morphological changes (sedimentation) induced by the porcupines (Figure 1.13). After a few years of sedimentation, the discharge will reduce further. On the other hand, the sedimentation at the porcupine fields may introduce sediment starvation/deficit further downstream of the porcupine fields in the secondary channels, thus increasing their flow capacity and thereby attracting flow through new channel 20 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 developments (thus erosion of islands) and overland flows. However, such risk of growth of the new flow channels along the islands and the Sagaing channel, i.e. locations and likelihood are impossible to predict. Exacerbation of the erosion risk can be expected at the confluence with the Mandalay channel, in front of the AUDP. In Mandalay channel the desired effect of increased flow is likely to be further exacerbated by the envisaged massive dredging for the AUDP. The increased flow, however, will also increase the bank erosion risk. The occurrence of bank erosion hotspots will likely follow the already existing patterns along outer bends and at locations where the river cross-sections are constricted by sand bars. 1.6.1.2.2 Impacts on fisheries Due to large uncertainty related to the effects of roughness-increasing measures on the morphology of the side channels the impacts on fisheries are equally difficult to predict. If the bodies of permanent water at the end of the dry season will become smaller and shallower, it is likely that fish production will decrease. If however, the bodies of permanent water become more extensive and deeper, it is possible that fish production may increase; this is considered to be less likely. The combined annual value of the catch is estimated at about 666,000 USD. If a worse scenario applies, and the status of the bodies of permanent water is reduced by 10%, there would be a 66,000 USD loss per year, and reduction by 25 %, would mean estimated 166,500 USD reduction in the value of the catch each year. Should the reduction of the catch actually occur, it will affect livelihoods of local fishermen. There are approximately 289 artisanal fishers living and working in the area likely to be affected by the installation of porcupines in the side channels. Whilst many of them fish principally in the main channel, 137 fishers live on these islands, and about 26 on the Sagaing bank, some of whom are seasonal fishers. The two fishing leaseholds each employ up to 20 fishers, and artisanal fishers can pay a rental for fishing in the leasehold areas. The key driver of change - alteration of the morphology and flow patterns in the side channels affecting the size and productivity of permanent water bodies (inns) – is highly uncertain. Therefore, the above indicated reduction of fisheries productivity downstream of the porcupines and consequently of the income of full-time fishers and food security of subsistence fishers shall be understood as a risk to be monitored and managed, rather than an impact to be mitigated or compensated. 1.6.1.2.3 Impact on accessibility and ferry services The installation of porcupines can result in blockage of the waterways from Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages to Mandalay and the villages east of Kyun Sin when the water level is too low for boats to pass over the porcupines. The restriction of boat access (ferry service and villagers’ boats) due to porcupine structure can be avoided through including a safe boat passage in the porcupine field design, and installing measures indicating the safe navigation depth. The effectiveness of such measures can be however compromised by a gradual siltation (in the long-term perspective) of the water way. Siltation in the channel can improve access by motorbike and truck/motorized vehicles from and to the island from the Sagaing side at times outside the height of the rainy season. This can have positive effects with regard to reduced time to travel to school for high school students in Sagaing, access to markets, work places and services. 1.6.1.2.4 Loss of agriculture land to bank erosion There can be a risk of increased erosion and loss of agricultural land in Kyun Sin village if riverbanks along the porcupine fields remain unprotected. Since the bank protection measures have been included as part of the project design preparation (also in response to the concerns registered during field consultations with the local community), the above indicated construction phase-related loss of 21 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 agriculture soil in some riverbank sections will contribute to the prevention of further intrusions in the cultivated areas adjacent to the porcupine fields. The net positive effect shall be ensured by ongoing monitoring and planning for additional riverbank protection measures to be applied if new erosion hot-spots develop in connection with unpredicted long-term effects of the roughness-increasing measures implemented within the Subproject 1. 1.6.1.3 Other impacts 1.6.1.3.1 Visual impacts Aesthetically displeasing porcupines spoils the natural beauty if the accumulation of floating wastes and debris is allowed. This visual impact will be limited to the community in the close vicinity of the porcupine field (Kyun Sin). The visual impact from the direction of main Mandalay channel (e.g. from tourist boats) will be limited as the porcupines are located somewhat downstream from the side- channels entrances. Of concern can be the risk of lowering the serenity of the Kyae Yar Taung Stupa and consequently visiting people’s well-being, by the visual impact of the Sagaing porcupine field located nearby. Risk of discouraging tourists from visiting the area’s cultural and archaeological sites cannot be entirely ruled out, but due to the porcupines’ non-prominent locations, negative impact on tourism is not expected. 1.6.1.3.2 Employment in maintenance If a regular maintenance of porcupine structures is envisaged, including clearing of accumulated debris and waste after the high flow season, a positive impact on local peoples’ employment and livelihood can be expected. 1.6.2 Impacts of dredging Dredging quantities will be small compared to the sediment transported in the river. Provided the dredged material will be disposed in the river, no significant disturbance to the natural sediment transport regime in the river is envisaged, hence no significant impact on the morphology. If the dredged materials are returned to the river downstream, as the current practice is understood to be, there are two concerns regarding the aquatic ecology. First, is the spillage of dredged materials at the dredging site and second is the increase of suspended sediments at the dispersal site. The local suspended sediment levels can be many times higher than the normal levels during the early dry season. Most of the sediments will quickly fall out of suspension, but there will be an impact zone of up to 10km downstream of where the dredged materials are dumped. At this time, fish would tend to avoid such a zone, but biota in the riverbed would be covered by settling solids. Some biota may be killed whilst others will redistribute themselves in new sediment layers. If the dredged materials are contaminated with toxic materials - heavy metals or persistent organic chemicals, e.g. from the waste waters of Mandalay - then returning the dredged materials to the river may have adverse impacts. At present, the sediment analysis indicates moderate levels of mercury, lead and chromium (all three parameters are higher in the sediment samples taken upstream compared to those downstream) but these are not considered to be dangerously high. Nevertheless, regular monitoring of toxic materials in sediments being dredged is recommended. If the sediments are disposed of on land, disposal on the banks and sand bars on the islands should be avoided, as these may be important breeding sites for birds and possibly turtles. Toxic material content may also be an issue to be monitored. The use of the dredged material as for construction or fill materials shall be the preferred option. With the envisaged dredging activities only minimal impacts on the socio-economic and cultural environment is expected. If all the dredged material will be disposed into the river there will not be any disposal that can affect agricultural land. If temporary disposal on land is required, only government owned land should be 22 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 used or material should be sold directly to the sand buyers. For any on-land disposal, there will be written agreements with individuals/communities affected. If fish stocks decline due to dredging it will have negative impacts on fishermen and communities that depend on fish for their livelihoods. Dredging activities could have temporary impacts on the livelihood of a few individuals, mostly fishers. However, fishers would have several fishing location options that are available during the period of dredging. Public health safety issues due to dredging activities could occur due to release of toxic material into river water used for drinking water and/or irrigation. Increased turbidity could affect the use of river water for drinking water. This would be in addition to potential impacts through the food chain mentioned above. Changes in river flows due to dredging could impact on transportation in smaller boats, for example by making popular passages over shallow water inaccessible or creating currents that smaller boats would have to avoid for safe passage. Impacts from dredging activities on the cultural environment are not foreseen. Mitigation and avoidance Mitigation measures put forth by this ESIA to prevent, minimize and mitigate identified potentially negative impacts as well as to enhance potential positive effects, can be divided in the following categories: 1.7.1 Project design optimization Subproject 1 design preparation included alternative selections and adjustments, and addressed several environmental and social concerns, including:  bank erosion and loss of agriculture land;  the inclusion of an additional bank protection component in response to local community concerns;  reduced access of ferry boats to the side channels; and  adjusting the porcupine pattern to allow for a safe passage. 1.7.2 Environmental and social management For each of the Subproject 1 components, a dedicated ESMP has been elaborated. Considering the project complexity and phasing of individual interventions, three ESMPs are prepared, one each for the bank protection, the hydraulic roughness-increasing measures (i.e. porcupines and vegetation hedges), and for dredging. Each of the ESMPs consists of an array of measures and mitigation actions to be implemented during the preparatory, construction or post-construction phases, with assigned responsibilities and provisions for reporting and monitoring. The key focus is on ensuring sound management of the construction operations and adopting responsible environmental and social practices. Environmental and social, health and safety code of practices are included to provide guidance during the execution of the project-related works, as well as a dredging protocol to ensure minimal negative impacts due to dredging operations. 1.7.3 Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) The project is not expected to have any severe impacts on living standards; no physical relocation and less than 10 % of PAP livelihood assets affected. However, in some cases unavoidable loss of livelihoods will occur, which will be compensated for through the ARAP. Compensation is envisaged for: 23 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  loss of agriculture land in connection with the bank protection component; and potentially also the construction of porcupines;  loss of crops due to construction of bank protection, porcupines or access routes;  loss of income for ferry operators due to decreased access during low-water season;  loss of income to fishermen temporarily affected by the impact on water quality during the construction of bank protection and porcupines. Long-term effects on fisheries and related livelihoods are considered highly uncertain and therefore not suitable to be addressed through ARAP. 1.7.4 Monitoring and Adaptive management In order to allow for effective application of both mitigation and compensation measures, monitoring of key environmental and social issues is necessary both throughout the Subproject 1 implementation and afterwards. This monitoring is proposed with two components: 1. ESMP-related monitoring focusing on detecting any significant construction related impacts and verification of effectiveness of the prevention and mitigation actions implemented within the ESMP (and ARAP). This component includes a number of qualitative and quantitative indicators and its results will be reported throughout the Subproject 1 implementation and final evaluation. 2. Long-term monitoring focusing on change in key selected indicators to check for the development of preliminary identified risks and to capture unforeseen impacts. In this context, the development of morphology of the side channels will be a primary issue of interest and linked risks of negative impacts such as decrease value of fisheries, limited access for ferries, and decrease of water resources for the adjacent communities. Monitoring of the development of new erosion hot-spots shall be another aspect of the long-term monitoring. The ESIA argues that because these long-term risks and potential negative impacts are difficult to attribute to the effects of the Subproject 1, the concerns of local communities shall be addressed through adaptive management and include actions beyond the scope of the Subproject 1. Among these shall be the continuation of the bank protection program in response to any shift of erosion patterns in the territory of the Subproject 1, and improvement of fisheries policy and management to support its sustainability regardless of actual contribution of the Subproject 1 to ongoing change. Table 8.1 provides an overview of the key mitigation measures proposed for Subproject 1. Table 1.1: Key mitigation measures for Subproject 1 Issue Significance Mitigation Mechanism Agriculture land Minor to Moderate Compensation for loss of crops to the ARAP loss affected farmers. Short-term (alluvial land) Bank erosion on Uncertain Additional bank protection aligned with the Project design islands porcupine field-related bank protection in Monitoring the exposed areas upstream and downstream of porcupine fields Adaptive management Bank erosion in Uncertain Additional bank protection might be Monitoring Mandalay channel needed in the long run Alteration of Moderate to Significant No mitigation available. Monitoring morphology of the Uncertain Monitoring and corrective management or permanent water compensation measures to address social bodies Long-term and environmental consequences 24 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Issue Significance Mitigation Mechanism downstream in side channels Impact on Moderate to Significant No mitigation available. Monitoring fisheries from Uncertain Long-term monitoring and non-financial Adaptive management change of side- compensation measures shall be channels Long-term considered when negative effects detected morphology (e.g. addressing illegal fishing practices) Secondary Uncertain Compliance with E&S standards included in ESMP impacts from the procurement conditions materials extraction (hard rock) Impacts on water Moderate Measures to minimize the mobilization of ESMP quality sediments and release into the channels Short-term Temporary sanitation and washing facilities should be provided for the workforce, with appropriate pits and soakaways to minimize risk of direct water pollution. Sound site waste management and proper management and storage of fuels and other hazardous substances A full cleanup of the site should be undertaken, including rehabilitation of contaminated sand from fuel and oil spillage around stores and vehicle maintenance areas. Temporary Moderate Measures to minimize the mobilization of ESMP impacts of sediments and release into the channels Short-term construction on e.g. choice of timing when to carry out the fisheries works in areas within the channels. Regular monitoring of turbidity and total suspended solids in the channels Monitoring of fish catches during the construction period Risk of social Minor On-site Project Implementation Committee ESMP conflicts (OPIC) with village leaders, local Short-term representatives, Department of Labour, police, work crew managers and foremen, to meet weekly to address any issues. Employment: preference to be given to local workers from Kyun Sin and Let Pan for construction; aim is at least 30% of workforce Accessibility and Moderate Including boat passage corridor in the Project design ferry services porcupine field design and water level Long-term Adaptive management signalization for the safe passage Compaction of Minor Transporting of materials (e.g. hard rock) ESMP soils along preferably on boats instead of trucks Short-term transport tracks 25 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Issue Significance Mitigation Mechanism and loss of Rehabilitation of soils and riparian vegetation vegetation after construction Local ambient air Minor Transporting of materials (e.g. hard rock) ESMP quality and noise preferably on boats instead of trucks Short-term impacts Low emissions electricity generators Location of the emission sources (e.g. engines) in sufficient distance from settlements Limiting operation/working hours respecting local communities daily regime Wildlife Minor to Moderate Location of the camp/facilities/landing site ESMP disturbance where there are few reeds and grasses to be Short-term disturbed, and make provision for rehabilitation of the landing site after use Confining use of vehicles to the narrow corridor of the access track. Awareness raising in the workforce that if nesting turtles and birds are observed, they should be left undisturbed and protected. Penalties for workforce found capturing these for consumption or sale. Visual impacts Minor No full mitigation available Monitoring Long-term Maintenance and debris removal ESMP Reduced access to Moderate Provision of tube wells in four affected ARAP water resources communities Long-term during dry season Further information on mitigation and avoidance will be provided in the three ESMPs that will be developed for Subproject 1: 1) Bank protection, 2) Roughness measures (porcupines), and 3) Dredging program. The results and findings for the ESIA and ESMP for bank protection were presented during a public consultation meeting on 18 January 2017. 26 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT Context of the project The Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project (AIRBMP), funded by the World Bank (WB) through a loan of US$ 100 million and implemented by the Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR), is designed as a multi-phased approach (series of projects) to strengthen integrated, climate resilient management and development of the Ayeyarwady River Basin (ARB) and national water resources. In the first phase, this approach will focus on developing the institutions and tools needed to enable informed decision making and implement integrated river basin management in the ARB, while immediately enhancing the river’s productivity with “no/low regret” investments in the hydro-meteorological observation system and services (to support agricultural productivity and water-related disaster risk management) and in navigation enhancements (to promote transport). The first phase will lay the groundwork needed to undertake large-scale infrastructure investments in a possible second or third phase. It will provide the government with the capacity to do basin-wide scenario analysis, to properly identify and assess the complex trade-offs that inevitably arise from large, long-lived water infrastructure investment, and to follow economic, environmental and social 'good practice'. The first phase also supports feasibility studies for priority investments that are identified during the basin planning framework exercise for potential funding in subsequent phases. This project is being carried out under Component 3 (Ayeyarwady River Navigation Enhancement) of the AIRMBP:  Subcomponent 3.2. Navigation Improvements (Mandalay to Yangon with a focus on the Mandalay - Nyaung Oo section) Ayeyarwady River and navigation The Ayeyarwady River is navigable for 1,280 km from the sea, opening a vast highway deep into the central dry zone and north of the basin. Enormous quantities of sediment are transported through the river during the annual floods leading to erosion and deposition of the navigation channel, bars, islands and riverbanks. This means that some sections have insufficient water depth for inland waterway vessels to operate safely. In view of the importance of inland waterway transport (IWT) to the economic development of Myanmar, the WB funded AIRBMP aims at finding and implementing technical and operational schemes for making improvements of the navigability of the ARB. The goal is: “to improve IWT in priority stretches of the Ayeyarwady River and design a cost-effective and environmentally and socially acceptable strategy for managing the full length of the navigation channel” Stretch 1 (Mandalay to Nyaung U) has been identified as a priority stretch by PMU/DWIR for implementing physical improvements and river enhancement works (Figure 2.1). 27 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 2.1: Navigable waterways in the ARB and Stretch 1 Mandalay Port is seen as the key port along the Ayeyarwady-Chindwin River system (i.e. north of the Delta Region and Twante Canal). As per the 2015 Navigation Study, its throughput was 1.23 million MT. However, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Mandalay Port Study states that current throughputs are around 616,000 MT per annum. Mandalay is one of the major urban centres along the Ayeyarwady River and has a population of 1.4 million. The Mandalay Port is seen as a potential pivot for growth for the following reasons:  Mandalay is the economic hub of central Myanmar;  Mandalay Port provides connectivity between trucks travelling to and from China (primarily via the Muse-Ruili border crossing);  There are plans to develop industry in Mandalay, in part to relieve pressure on Yangon, where there are significant land price, water, and electricity constraints. The transport links between Mandalay and maritime ports are currently below par and require further enhancements. Whilst road networks are improving, they are unlikely to have sufficient capacity to cope with substantial development of export-oriented industries. As such, the improvement of waterway transport, including the development of containerized IWT has been identified as a requirement to enable the development of such industry in Mandalay and to improve linkages between Mandalay and maritime shipping by means of IWT. Among different transportation methods, IWT is recognized as the lowest-cost and most environmentally friendly way of transporting goods north of Yangon. The JICA Mandalay Port Study additionally forecasts that the port development would reduce road transport movements to and from Mandalay by 27 %, resulting in reduction in CO2 emissions amounting to 15,000 MT per annum. Current draught limitations restrict the amount of cargo flow. Vessel owners reported that rather than deploying specific ships for dry season conditions, especially given the prevalence of using tugs with 28 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 push-barges, during dry season they typically half-load barges. In other words, rather than transporting say 1,500 MT per barge, described by the Mandalay Boat Owners Association (MBOA) as a typical wet-season loading, during dry season they would load 700-800 MT. And furthermore, operation north of Bhamo would usually cease altogether during dry season. Due to the strategic importance of Mandalay Port, the Subproject 1 area is located in the Mandalay port area (km 887 - 909) and includes the main navigation channel (Mandalay) and the Sagaing and middle channels (Figure 2.2). Upstream of Subproject 1 the Ayeyarwady River bifurcates into three channels; the Mandalay channel (eastern channel), the Sagaing channel (western channel) and the middle channel. Figure 2.2: Location of Stretch 1 and Subproject 1 Disclosure of ESIA and ESMP The ESIA/ESMP for Subproject 1 is delivered as four separate stand-alone documents: 1. ESMP for Bank Protection Measures: to commence construction in February 2018 2. ESIA for Subproject 1: February 2018 29 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 3. ESMP for Roughness Measures (Porcupines)- to be installed from December 2018 to April 2019 4. ESMP for Dredging Program- to be defined for 2018/19; no dredging was required in the dry season (2017/18). The preparation of the ESMP for Bank Protection separately from the overall ESIA for Subproject 1 was driven mainly by the need to allow for construction of bank protection measures in February 2018 as the other porcupines and dredging components under Subproject 1 will be implemented in the next dry season (2018/19). The rationale is as follows:  Suitable conditions for the type of constructions planned in Subproject 1 are limited only to dry season, and therefore not all the envisaged river training measures can be implemented within the upcoming dry season (February - March 2018);  The bank protection is a necessary mitigation measure to prevent riverbank erosion prior to installing the roughness measures (porcupines). Therefore, there is urgent need to implement the bank protection component during the upcoming dry season, while the porcupines will be s constructed during the next dry season (2018/19);  The bank protection is also a primary concern of the local community, whose agricultural land is vulnerable to bank erosion. Implementing bank protection measures during the next dry season, before the high-water period when bank erosion accelerates will prevent further loss of community´s agriculture land and protect people´s land and livelihoods;  To minimise environmental and social impacts it is also recommended that the concrete piles needed for the porcupines are pre-fabricated at a cement factory or construction yard, this work can commence in July 2018; The ESIA of Subproject 1 comprises the overall project rationale, comprehensive environmental and social baseline, impact and risk assessment, avoidance and mitigation measures, legal and institutional framework, stakeholder engagement and implementation plan/schedule for the ESIA. A simplified version of the ESMP for Bank Protection and the approach for developing the ESMP for Roughness Measures and Dredging Program is described in the ESIA of Subproject 1. Disclosure and consultation of this ESMP for Bank Protection comprised the following key steps:  July 2017: Draft Scoping Report for ESIA of Subproject 1 (English and Myanmar) uploaded to the AIRBMP website (www.airbm.org), this scoping report included methodology to assess all design options;  August 4 2017: Public consultation for Scoping Report of the ESIA/ESMP for Subproject 1  August 28 2017: Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) to select sustainable and cost effective solution;  October 2017: Draft Scoping Report for ESIA of Subproject 1 (English and Myanmar) uploaded to AIRBM website, focussing on design options selected during MCA workshop;  December 28-29 2017: The team and PMU visited the villages of Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin near the proposed bank protection structures on 27-28 December 2017 to determine number of project affected persons (PAPs) and discuss the bank protection works;  January 9 2017: Executive Summary of ESIA for Subproject 1 (English and Myanmar) uploaded to AIRBM website;  January 10 & 17 2017: Land donation forms were signed by 7 farmers in Kyun Sin village and 10 farmers in Ta Laing Zin village to donate a % of alluvial agricultural land to the State (in accordance with Farmland 2012 Law). Representatives from Seta, Hin Ywet Su and Naung Pinthar villages signed the land donation forms to donate a % of vacant land to the State. 30 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  January 18 2018: Public consultation on the Draft ESIA for Subproject 1 and ESMP for Bank Protection was conducted.  February 2018: Draft ESMP for Bank Protection (English and Myanmar) uploaded to AIRBM website  March 2018: ESIA for Subproject 1 (English and Myanmar) uploaded to AIRBM website. Project Objectives The overall objectives of Subproject 1 are to achieve a Least Available Depth (LAD) of 2.0 m for a design of 1,000 dead weight tonne (DWT) vessels. The river training works, and dredging will allow vessels to pass more heavily loaded during dry season, increasing the efficiency of passenger and cargo transport. The objectives of Subproject 1 are to: i. Contribute to the year-round and safe accessibility to the Mandalay Port area; ii. Contribute to the stabilization and deepening of the main navigation channel (Mandalay channel) in selected area (km 887 - 909) by natural bed erosion and capital dredging for most critical locations; iii. Reduce possible future scenarios that the navigation channel shifts to one of the side channels (i.e. Sagaing or middle channel). Royal Haskoning DHV was engaged by the PMU/DWIR to assess the following design options for Subproject 1: 1. The construction of five groynes (with average length of 350m) downstream of Mandalay to increase flow in the navigation channel and deepen the main channel through natural scouring as well as reducing existing erosion of the banks; 2. The construction of a guide bund (3,450mlong) system across the entrance of two branches just upstream of Mandalay. The purpose of this intervention is to induce an increase in discharge and flow velocity in the main channel around Mandalay, and prevent either of the side channels becoming the main channel; and 3. Besides construction of river training works, capital dredging is required to initiate the relocation of the navigational channel and enforce the impact of the groynes and guide bunds. The International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM) was engaged to develop this ESIA and ESMP and to assist in the assessment selection of project alternatives and technical options for Subproject 1. The team conducted environmental baseline sampling and initial social surveys in the Subproject 1 area that was used to develop environmental and social (E&S) criteria for a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and also forms part of the baseline for the ESIA/ESMP. ICEM also contributed inputs to the preliminary design phase through workshop and joint field trips. The collaborative approach between RHDHV, ICEM and the PMU/DWIR ensured the most cost effective and sustainable design option was selected for Subproject 1. The A3 scenario (permeable roughness zones with pile fields, porcupines, wooden pile groynes) was selected by the PMU/DWIR as the preferred solution following the MCA process. A combination of hydraulic roughness measures (concrete porcupines and hedges) and dredging were selected to meet the project objectives. The field of concrete porcupines in and along the secondary channels was selected as the main intervention to prevent a shift of the main channel to the Sagaing channel. Porcupines are permeable structures designed to reduce flow and to trap sediment. During the detailed design phase, it was recommended by RHDHV that additional bank protection which aligns with the porcupine fields is needed to prevent or reduce bank and bed erosion. A rip-rap armour stone protection is proposed. This is a basic, well known solution that is suitable in 31 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 combination with porcupines where the porcupines are placed on top of the bank protection. Subproject 1 comprises the following three components (Figure 2.3): 1. Roughness measures (porcupine fields) – installation envisaged next dry season (December 2018 to April 2019) 2. Dredging program –no large-scale dredging required this dry season (2017/18). The location and extent/volume of dredging required in 2018/19 and beyond in the upstream and downstream areas are still to be specified. 3. Bank protection –construction envisaged to start February 2018 Figure 2.3: Location of proposed interventions for Subproject 1 2.4.1 Project rationale A channel shift from the Mandalay to the Sagaing channel occurred in the past and can happen again. The channel shift would have significant economic and operations impacts for IWT. Should the eastern 32 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 channel into the Mandalay Port be restricted, then vessels travelling between locations north and south of Mandalay would be required to use the Sagaing and middle channels which are narrower than the Mandalay channel - and as such would be more susceptible to the grounding of vessels and other navigation incidents (e.g. less space for vessels to pass one another). If the channel switched from Mandalay channel to Sagaing Channel this would require the development of sufficient capacity on the west bank of the Ayeyarwady (in Sagaing), together with sufficient transport connections (road upgrades) to handle these demands. According to the 2015 Navigation Study, the quantities of freight traffic which would be affected are 1.56 million MT p.a. between Myin Mu and Mandalay; and 490,000 MT p.a. north of Mandalay; and with a total of 1.23 MT p.a. of cargo movements which would need to be diverted to Sagaing (1.02m MT p.a. of cargoes offloaded at Mandalay and 210,000 MT p.a. of cargoes loaded at Mandalay). These quantities are insignificant. Data to perform full and fully robust cost-benefit analysis on the economic value of losses accrued from either foregoing such freight shipments, or from the expenditures necessary to upgrade port facilities in Sagaing to cope with current Mandalay Port demands (let alone possible growth should an industrial manufacturing hub develop in Mandalay) are currently insufficient. Nevertheless, any Cost Effectiveness Analysis (i.e. seeking to find the lowest cost solution to a problem), would almost certainly suggest continuing to dredge the current Mandalay channel, as the development of port and back-up facilities would likely bear a tremendous cost, especially if plans for upgrading Mandalay Port were to be transferred to Sagaing. Furthermore, should the navigable channel shift to Sagaing, dredging would still be required to keep that channel open. The following sections provides an outline of the proposed interventions to ensure accessibility to the Mandalay port area and to reduce the risk of the channel switching from Mandalay channel to the side channels, including: 1) bank protection, 2) roughness measures (porcupine fields), and 3) dredging program. Project design to achieve objectives 2.5.1 Roughness measures (porcupines) Porcupines are permeable structures designed to reduce flow and to trap sediment. The porcupines commonly have a tripod-shaped frame consisting of six equal poles and are clustered to have more impact. Porcupine measures are often used for river training purposes in India, Nepal and Bangladesh (Figure 2.4). They are successfully applied to protect eroding banks and to influence channels in braiding rivers and are considered optimal solutions for highly dynamic rivers as they are flexible and cost-effective. Figure 2.4: Example of field of wooden porcupines 33 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Following the preliminary design workshop and joint field trip, concrete porcupines (hydraulic roughness measures) in and along the secondary channels were then selected as intervention to prevent a shift of the main channel to the Sagaing channel, and to enhance navigation in the Ayeyarwady River upstream of Mandalay. From the geomorphology assessments conducted by RHDHV it was concluded that the shift is initiated in response to an increased resistance in Mandalay channel (eastern channel) due to morphological developments. The location of the three porcupine fields is shown below in Figure 2.5. Figure 2.5: Proposed location of roughness measures (porcupines) Concrete porcupines consist of six poles with equal lengths of commonly two or three meters. These poles are connected at the ends in a tetrahedron shape. The porcupines are constructed from six piles of concrete, with dimensions of 0.1mx0.1mx2.4m. The configuration and cross-section of concrete porcupines is shown below in Figure 2.6. 34 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 2.6: Example of the configuration and cross-section of concrete porcupines The porcupines will be assembled manually by connecting the concrete piles with nails on land and placed as a whole in the water where applicable. It is optimal to bury the piles to a depth of approximately 0.3 m to prevent sliding. A rough initial calculation shows that the structure is stable under the design conditions, without further ballasting or anchoring. The structure can resist the flow pressure under high water. Porcupine fields will be constructed in three locations in the next dry season (December 2018 to April 2019): 1. In the Sagaing channel, upstream of Kyun Sin village; 2. In the middle channel (most eastern porcupine field); and 3. Upstream of the Let Pan village (most western field). Production of the concrete piles can take place in a construction yard or cement/concrete factory (July 2018 to April 2019). It is recommended that the concrete piles are prefabricated and then transported to the construction areas on the sandbars adjacent or upstream of the planned installation of porcupine field. The pre-fabrication of the concrete piles, and only assembling them on site greatly reduces the site-specific environmental impacts associated with dust, noise and vibrations, while less materials and equipment will need to be stored in the construction area. The porcupines planned for the Sagaing channel were identified as priority for construction by PMU/DWIR. The access road and construction area for these porcupines are indicated in Figure 1.11 It is recommended that the pre-fabricated concrete piles be transported in tractors/trailers via the access road to the construction area and be assembled on land. The construction area is proposed on the sandbar adjacent to the porcupines to limit the impacts on alluvial agricultural land and riparian vegetation. A construction camp of facilities for the construction workers will also be established in 35 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 this area. The access road may have to be widened and sealed with gravel to ensure more efficient transport of construction materials to the site. The second field of porcupines will be constructed in the middle channel (the most eastern field of porcupines). The pre-fabricated concrete beams will be transported to the sandbar at the north of the island and transported manually or by small tractor/trailer to the construction area (Figure 1.11). The construction area and facilities for construction workers will be established just north of the porcupine fields. PMU/DWIR will try to employ local labour from the surrounding village tracts or villages in the subproject 1 area to assemble and place the porcupines. The preliminary design report estimated that there may need to be around 300 to 400 workers during the construction phase, so additional labour may need to be sourced from the Mandalay and Sagaing region. In this case workers facilities and accommodation may need to be set up in the construction areas on the sandbar. The placement of hedges on the islands in combination with the porcupines is another option proposed by RHDHV to increase additional roughness. When the hedges are oriented perpendicular to the dominant local flow during high discharge conditions, the hedges block part of the flow. In addition, the hedges will also contribute to capturing fertile sediments from the flow during inundation. The effect of hedges is determined by several parameters, among others the height of the hedges, the density of the stems within the hedges and the distance between successive hedges. However, this option will require further discussion with local communities as agricultural land would be taken up by the hedges. 2.5.2 Dredging program The long-term objective for the LAD is 2.0m as recommended in the feasibility study (December 2015) and selected by DWIR as starting point for Subproject 1. However, it was decided that dredging to a LAD of this depth it is not necessary in the short-term, as Stretch 1 (Mandalay to Nyaung U) does not currently provide LAD of 2.0m. RHDHV recommended a dredging program for the next five years in the river stretch from Saigang (km 893) to Mandalay (km 900), with the following design criteria:  sufficient volume of cargo plying this stretch of river must benefit from the investments associated with the dredging program (now and in the future);  be aligned with current navigation conditions up and downstream of this stretch as much as possible; and  fit into a long-term phased implementation of river training works (including dredging works). Dredging has been proposed in the upstream and downstream areas of Subproject 1 (Figure 2.7). These dredging locations only serve as an indication of potential requirements and further detailed assessment is required to determine the extent, volume and location of dredging. The annual expected dredging requirements for the five-year program are estimated as follows: Upstream area: dredging is mainly required when a sand bar is in front of the Mandalay Port area. A cyclic development of sand bars originating just upstream of Mandalay Port area in combination with bank erosion on the right bank (opposite Mandalay Port area) is recognized, followed by migration of the sand bar downstream and accretion of the right bank. During the years that the sand bar is present in front of the port area, dredging in the order of 100,000- 200,000 m3 is expected to be required annually to ensure accessibility to the Mandalay Port area. Downstream area: the yearly dredging is difficult to predict due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the shifting channels and sand bars. In some years no dredging is required; in other years dredging in the order of 50,000- 150,000 m3 can be required. 36 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 2.7: Identified dredging sites in upstream and downstream area The dredging associated with AUDP also needs to be considered as this is likely to reduce the need for dredging in the downstream area. The dredging program is not likely to trigger an EIA under the Myanmar EIA procedures as dredging volumes are likely to below the threshold of 270,000m3. No dredging is needed in 2017/18 dredging program as the navigation channel is sufficiently deep and wide for navigation. 2.5.3 Bank protection The bank protection is a necessary mitigation measure to prevent riverbank erosion prior to installing the roughness measures (porcupines). Therefore, there is urgent need to implement the bank protection component during the upcoming dry season, while the porcupines will be constructed during the next dry season (2018/19). According to the Detailed Design Report (December 2017) prepared by RHDHV, the proposed roughness measures (porcupines) in the side channels and on the islands adjust the flow velocity and sediment transport capacity in the side channels. Although the roughness measures reduce the discharge to the side channels and the flow velocity on the islands, both local flow acceleration and a downstream increase in sediment transport capacity may occur. Local flow acceleration near the banks might cause, or accelerate, local bank erosion, whereas a downstream increase in sediment transport capacity might cause bed erosion. Local communities in the Subproject 1 area are very supportive of bank protection works as erosion was emphasized as a significant issue affecting land and agriculture throughout the series of stakeholder consultations. The agricultural land on the island area is changing every year due to 37 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 riverbank erosion and is classified as alluvial soil. The government cannot issue land use certificates for alluvial soil land so instead the farmers must pay tax for growing crops on the alluvial soils. A GIS field mission was undertaken in May 2017 by ICEM to map the erosion risks in the Subproject 1 area. During surveys in October/November 2017 it appeared that local erosion had also occurred at other locations along the island. Figure 2.8 below present the most important and obvious locations that were observed in May 2017. Figure 2.8: Location of bank protection and existing erosion risks A rip-rap armour stone protection is proposed for which the bank must be re-profiled to a gentle 1:2.5 slope with a toe at MSL+60m or higher, depending on the local bathymetry. That can, in some areas with existing steep erosion-affected banks (e.g. some bank sections north of the Kyun Sin village), represent an encroachment to the existing plain surface of the islands up to around 30 meters from the wet area of the channel. In most of the area however, a comparatively smaller modification will be required to obtain the desired slope, i.e. thanks to the naturally developed mild slope or previous bank-protection works (e.g. along the bank in the vicinity of the Kyun Sin village).The Bank protection design is shown below in Figure 2.9 and will be a combination of:  Rock protection on geotextile above MSL +63m;  Facine mattress for the wet part of the bank and toe to install bank protection under water; and  Above MSL+67m vetiver grass. 38 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 2.9: Example of design for bank protection (Source: RHDHV) The first set of bank protection works will be installed along the Sagaing channel and the construction area is proposed on the sandbar adjacent to the bank protection to limit the impacts on alluvial agricultural land and riparian vegetation. A construction camp or facilities will also be established north of Kyun Sin village. An existing unpaved road from the sandbar at the top of the middle channel to the construction area will be used by ox carts to transport the stones, materials and workers to the construction area. The second bank protection works will be constructed along the middle channel. The materials will be transported by boat to a sandbar at the right bank of the Ayeyarwady River (main channel)/east of the island and transported by small tractor/trailer to the construction area ( Figure 2.10).The construction area and facilities for construction workers will be established adjacent to the proposed bank protection works. The suitability of the access road will need to be assessed by the contractor as it may need to be levelled by top dressing (i.e. gravel) to ensure more efficient transport of construction materials to the site 39 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 2.10: Construction area and access roads for Subproject 1 The road condition will be assessed in detail prior to the installation of porcupines (planned for December 2018 to April 2019) to determine if any additional measures to allow the trucks to access the site more efficiently. Assessing project alternatives The PMU and DWIR were initially considering several alternative design options for Subproject 1 (Figure 2.11) involving the combination of:  the construction of a guidebund, series of rock pile groynes and/or porcupines/groynes in the upstream area;  a series of groynes and riverbank protection in the downstream area; and  dredging in both upstream and downstream within the main navigation channel. 40 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 2.11: Proposed design alternatives for Subproject 1 The process to assess the project alternatives and select the river training measures for Subproject 1 has been an iterative process that has involved ongoing stakeholder engagement and collaboration between ICEM, RHDHV, PMU/DWIR and the World Bank. The following activities have informed the selection of Subproject 1 and the preliminary and detailed design:  Joint field trip to Subproject 1 area and Stretch 1- March 2017;  ICEM social survey and baseline sampling to inform MCA criteria- April/May 2017;  GIS field survey to map erosion risk, land use, pagodas and ports/boat landing facilities- May 2017;  Joint MCA technical meeting- June 2017;  Public consultation for the Scoping Report for ESIA/ESMP - 4 August 2017;  MCA technical meeting and workshop-21, 22 and 28 August 2017;  ICEM wet season sampling and fishers survey- September 2017;  Preliminary design workshop- 23 October 2017;  Social survey near porcupine fields- 28 October to 1 November 2017;  Joint field trip to Subproject 1 area - 28-29 November 2017;  Detailed Design Workshop: 15 December 2017; 41 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Social survey near bank protection works for Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP): 28-29 December 2017; and  Additional social survey near bank protection works to discuss land donations forms - 10 January 2018. The following section outlines the key events and the influence these activities had in the final selection and detailed design of Subproject 1. 2.6.1 Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) A MCA process was implemented from June to August 2017 to select the most cost effective and sustainable design options for subproject 1. E&S criteria was designed to assess several combinations of river training structures and dredging in both the upstream and downstream areas. The main findings in relation to the design alternatives are summarized below:  Upstream: Any reduction of flow in the Sagaing and secondary channels is associated with negative environmental and social impacts. The structural solutions (large guide bund) proposed in the upstream area would have triggered more significant impacts, which will be difficult to mitigate and are irreversible (in comparison with presented alternative “soft” solutions such as zone of porcupines/groynes, and sediment management option). Impacts on water resources, fish production and migration, use of local boat transport and riverbank erosion are likely to occur if any alternative consisting of high or low guide bunds is implemented. The temporary impacts on land use and water quality were the main issues related to the flexible solutions proposed (porcupines, groynes sediment management, etc.). The changes in flow velocity and direction caused by these river training structures will be assessed in relation to increased or reduced risk of riverbank erosion and changes.  Downstream: The downstream interventions include a series of groynes, riverbank protection or guiding bank structure. The downstream interventions are not expected to cause significant negative environmental and social impacts, as the potentially affected area is less sensitive, and the impacts associated with different considered technical solutions are of smaller scale (in comparison with the upstream options). The main impacts are the temporary loss of access to agricultural land, removal of riverbank vegetation during construction, temporary water quality impacts and difficulty for local boats accessing the right bank when the series of groynes are completed.  Dredging: Dynamic dredging is planned as part of Subproject 1. The impacts on water quality in the main channel associated with dredging will probably be the most obvious direct effect, and its magnitude will be directly related to volumes/intensity of dredging operations. MCA was used by the PMU/DWIR to compare the alternatives developed by RHDHV, focusing on key factors as input for site locations, technology, design, construction techniques, phasing, operating and maintenance procedures, their suitability under local conditions, their institutional, training and monitoring requirements. The approach to the selection of the E&S criteria and development of the associated ratings is described in the following sections. 2.6.1.1 MCA criteria A limited number of base criteria were identified in the initial stage of the MCA process (Table 2.1). For each of the base criteria a weight was established through participatory process i.e. through a pairwise comparison exercise involving PMU, DWIR, WB and ICEM before the MCA workshop in Mandalay. The E&S criteria was developed following the review of the preliminary modelling results for the river training structures proposed in the upstream and downstream areas and initial social surveys and baseline sampling in project area. 42 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 2.1: MCA matrix Environment Social Execution Technical Weight Schedule Cost Score impact impact risk complexity (%) Environment impact Social impact Execution risk Schedule Technical complexity Cost Score RHDHV was responsible for developing the MCA criteria for schedule, execution risk, technical complexity and cost. The E&S criteria and sub-criteria developed for the MCA is shown below in Table 2.2 and Table 2.3. Table 2.2: MCA environmental criteria and sub-criteria Environmental Score (1-5) Environmental flow to Sagaing Temporary water quality impacts Loss of riparian and middle channel during fish associated with maintenance vegetation spawning (June, July, August) dredging Reduction of flow by 15 % or Total volume of maintenance dredging More than 500m2 of 1 more is greater than 270,000m3 vegetation impacted Total volume of maintenance dredging Between 300- 500m2 of 2 Reduction of flow 10-15 % is between 180,000-270,000m3 vegetation impacted Total volume of maintenance dredging Between 150-300m2 of 3 Reduction of flow 5-10 % is between 90,000-180,000m3 vegetation impacted Total volume of maintenance dredging Between 0-150 m2 of 4 Reduction of flow 0-5 % is between 0-90,000m3 vegetation impacted No riverbank vegetation 5 No reduction of flow No additional dredging required impacted Table 2.3: MCA social criteria and sub-criteria Social Score (1-5) Access to water Increased risk of Local boat Area of farmland or riverbank resources in dry season riverbank erosion transport garden impacted No flow in side channels Increase of flow No boat access More than 1000 m2 of farmland or 1 more than 15 % riverbank garden impacted No flow in side channels Increase of flow Between 500 -1000 m2 acres of 2 during dry season more than 10-15% farmland or riverbank garden impacted 43 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Significantly reduced Increase of flow Boat access Between 250 - 500 m2 of farmland 3 flow during dry season more than 5-10% only during or riverbank garden high water Reduced flow during dry Increase of flow 0- Between 0 - 250 m2 of farmland or 4 season 5% riverbank garden Baseline flow conditions No significant Baseline No farmland or riverbank garden 5 maintained impact conditions impact maintained The weights of sub-criteria were determined on expert basis; by ICEM for the E&S criteria and RHDHV for the technical criteria in consultation with the PMU, DWIR and World Bank in June 2017. The MCA process was organized jointly by PMU, ICEM and RHDHV. In addition to ongoing consultations, an internal technical meeting in Yangon and MCA workshop in Mandalay were conducted as part of the MCA process. 2.6.1.2 Internal MCA technical meeting A technical workshop was conducted on 21 August 2017 with PMU, World Bank, ICEM and RHDHV in Yangon to:  Present modelling results, criteria and updated scores for each scenario by RHDHV;  Present the updated E&S scores for each scenario by ICEM;  Discuss scenario criteria and decision making on preferred scenario;  Prioritize the upstream and downstream scenarios to be presented at the MCA workshop in Mandalay; and  Discuss the cost and benefit, possible E&S impacts and measures for prioritized design options for MCA workshop. The key outcome of the meeting was the prioritisation of the upstream and downstream scenarios to be considered at the MCA workshop in Mandalay, these scenarios are summarised in Table 2.4. Table 2.4: Upstream and downstream scenarios Upstream Scenario A3. Roughness zone in secondary channels with pile fields, porcupines and scenarios wood pile groynes. Combined with dredging for upstream areas (OPEX). Scenario A5. Dynamic dredging and monitoring of navigation channel (at Mandalay Port area and upstream), potentially combined with temporary responsive measures in secondary channels." Scenario A7. Low rock guide bund just south of Mingun + low groynes just upstream of Mandalay Port area. Downstream Scenario B2. Flow guiding bank structure opposite Amarapura floodplain, combined scenarios with AUDP. Scenario B4. Dynamic dredging and monitoring of navigation channel, without AUDP 2.6.1.3 Mandalay MCA workshop The final MCA workshop was conducted in Mandalay on 28 August 2017. The MCA workshop was attended by Union, Mandalay and Sagaing regional governments, NGOs and universities. The objectives of this multi-stakeholder workshop were to:  present the results of the MCA for the upstream and downstream scenarios;  provide feedback on the process, comments and discussion of the MCA results;  identify any additional technical, cost-benefit, environmental or social issues; and  outline the next steps for preliminary design and the ESIA process. 44 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The results of the MCA process for the upstream scenarios (Figure 2.12) and downstream scenarios (Figure 2.13) were presented and formed the basis of group work to discuss the impacts and benefits of each of the scenarios. Figure 2.12: MCA results for upstream scenarios Figure 2.13: MCA results for downstream scenarios Following the presentation of the design options and E&S criteria the participants were separated into three groups: 1) Mandalay region, 2) Sagaing region, and 3) Civil society organisations (CSOs) and universities. The groups discussed the benefits and impacts of each of the design options and identified additional mitigation measures required. The groups agreed that Scenario A3 in the upstream area was the most cost-effective option with lower environmental and social impacts in relation to aquatic ecosystems and access to water resources. The participants reported that the flexible design of the interventions can respond to the dynamic nature of the river, if possible the design also could consider ways to reduce erosion and flood risk. It was recommended that the stakeholder consultations are carried out in both the Mandalay and Sagaing regions and water availability for communities downstream assessed. The use of local materials and employment opportunities for local village tracts was encouraged by CSOs. For the downstream scenario (B4) it was recommended that dredging be carried out near the navigation bottleneck upstream of Sagaing bridge. The PMU explained that a hydrographic survey would be undertaken in October 2017 to determine the location and extent of dredging required to maintain LAD in the navigation channel. In the future, ships/barges with shallow draft could be considered so that vessels can adapt to the waterway, reducing dredging costs. CSOs were concerned that dredging could have an impact on water quality and small-scale fishing. The dredging environmental management plan should include water quality monitoring and regular inspections. Following the MCA workshop, the PMU and DWIR reviewed the suggestions and feedback from stakeholders and selected Scenario A3: Roughness zone in secondary channels with zone of 45 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 porcupines/groynes and dredging near Mandalay port area (Figure 2.14). The main benefit of the zone of porcupines/groynes is that the interventions are a low cost, flexible approach with less environmental andsocial impacts than Scenario A7: Low guide bund + low groynes. Scenario B4: Dynamic dredging and monitoring of navigation channel was selected in the downstream area (Figure 2.15). Figure 2.14: Scenario A3 for upstream area Figure 2.15: Scenario B4 for downstream area It was decided not to invest in any structural interventions in the downstream area due to the uncertainties involved in relation to the AUDP. PMU/ DWIR will to wait for these developments to commence first and then assess the need for additional interventions later. 2.6.2 Preliminary design report RHDHV presented the Preliminary Design Report (v1) in October 2017 prior to the workshop. The report assessed the project alternatives for Scenario A3 (hydraulic roughness) and Scenario B4 (dredging). The four criteria used to assess the different design options for the porcupines (hydraulic roughness measures) are summarized below in Table 2.5. Table 2.5: Technical criteria used to assess different design option for Scenario A3 Criteria Description Location A1. Upstream: at the upstream entrance of the side channels, along the main channel; A2. middle: about 1-2 km from the entrance; A3. downstream: Further downstream at the narrowest part of the secondary channels. This is about 2-3 km from the main channel. Width B1. Upstream: 300 m (= Scenario A1); B2. Upstream narrow: 150 m; B3. Upstream wide: 500 m. B4. Middle: 300 m (= Scenario A2); 46 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 B5. Middle narrow: 150 m; B6. Middle wide: 500 m. Shape of porcupine field C1. Upstream: closed field of porcupines (= Scenario A1); C2. Upstream: zigzag field; C3. Upstream: Opening in the deepest part of the side channels. C4. Middle: closed field of porcupines (= Scenario A2); C5. Middle: zigzag field; C6. Middle: opening in the deepest part of the side channels. Form of construction material D1. Upstream: pole height 2 m, diameter 10 cm, round poles (= Scenario of the porcupines A1); D2. Upstream: variation with larger pole height 3 m; D3. Upstream: variation with larger pole diameter 20 cm; D4. Upstream: square shape; D5. Middle: pole height 2 m, diameter 10 cm, round poles (= Scenario A2); D6. Middle: variation with larger pole height 3 m; D7. Middle: variation with larger pole diameter 20 cm; D8. Middle: square shape. Four criteria were also used to assess the effectiveness of the porcupines; 1) discharge to the secondary channels, 2) water level increase, 3) flow velocity at the porcupine field, and 4) morphological impact. Based on the modelling results, the following settings for the porcupines are most effective:  Location of the porcupine field according to A2 Middle  Width of the porcupine field of 300 m (in downstream direction)  Closed or zigzag porcupine field  Pole length: 2-3 m  Pole diameter: 20 cm  Pole shape: square The preliminary design report provided four alternatives for the PMU/DIWR to consider:  Alternative 1: Concrete porcupines  Alternative 2: Wooden piles  Alternative 3: Concrete piles  Alternative 4: Structure of bamboo piles RHDHV conducted further technical evaluations on the four alternatives for the construction of porcupines and piles based on 1) structure, 2) construction phase, 3) costs and, 4) maintenance. Alternative 2 (wooden piles) has the highest score based on the technical evaluation; however Alternative 1 (concrete porcupines) scored only slightly lower. Based on this technical evaluation, RHDHV recommended that the PMU/DWIR choose between Alternative 2 (wooden piles) and Alternative 1 (concrete porcupines), taking into account technical criteria and environmental and social impacts. 2.6.3 Preliminary design workshop The preliminary design workshop (23 October 2017) was facilitated by RHDHV and attended by PMU/DWIR, World Bank and ICEM. The different initial locations and configurations for the roughness fields were discussed to work out the optimal location, configuration and type of materials. The main conclusions from the workshops were: 47 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Further optimization is required to reduce impacts on land, the presented options cover too much area on land of the floodplain islands. The roughness measures should be minimized on land, and focussed more on the areas in the secondary channels;  Land use maps and information from the social field surveys (30October to 1 November 2017) will be provided by ICEM and included in the design optimisation;  Consider options for more nature-based solutions, for example use of vegetation (e.g. shrubs, grass);  The detailed design should consider roughness field(s) that can realistically be constructed in the upcoming dry season, the phasing of construction and the monitoring of interventions to inform future designs. The roughness fields presented in the design report consisted of 100,000-150,000 roughness elements (i.e. wooden or concrete piles);  In relation to the phasing, RHDHV will assess options to start with a narrower roughness field to assess the impact and learn before implementing very wide roughness fields;  The need for openings in the secondary channels for accessibility for boats and Let Pan ferry service during the dry season will be assessed further by ICEM and will form input for the detailed design optimization; and  The required density of the roughness elements will be assessed in more detail, in relation to the desired roughness but also the risk of debris getting stuck and completely closing the structure. This also relates to the risk of outflanking and the need for bed and bank protection, to be worked out further in the detailed design. Figure 2.16: Erosion risk areas in Subproject 1 area 48 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 During the design workshop the PMU also noted that the availability of certified or sustainably produced wood is restricted. When large volumes of wood are used in a project, the owner of the project (PMU/DWIR) needs to follow World Bank guidelines of compensation (e.g. replantation of forest in the ESMP). This was raised as a constraint for the application of hardwood. It is also not in- line with the Government of Myanmar (GoM) policy which aims for conserving the hardwood use. Concrete is largely available and locally produced. In the secondary channels and along the main channels, at some locations erosion problems have been reported by villages in the Subproject 1 area. Though this is not the project objective, RHDHV will take these locations into account when planning the location of the roughness fields. It is expected that the roughness fields will also provide protection from ongoing erosion of the shorelines. A GIS field mission was undertaken in May 2017 by ICEM to map erosion risks, sedimentation, sandbars, land-use, ports and landing facilities. The erosion risks were mapped for Subproject 1 and shared with RHDHV to include in the design optimisation (Figure 2.16). 2.6.4 Social survey following preliminary design workshop From 28 October to 1 November 2017, the ICEM social team conducted additional KIIs and surveys with village tracts and villages near the proposed porcupine field (see Chapter 4.4 for detailed results of the social survey). The people consulted in Kyun Sin village requested that the roughness field be moved to the north of the village. This has two advantages: 1. The channel between the stable banks is smaller, which reduces the wet area where the roughness structures has to be applied; 2. The roughness field is more effective (closer to the main channel). It is considered to be an effective change of the location of the roughness field with local support of the people in Kyin Sin village. Figure 2.17: Initial and updated locations of porcupines 49 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Based on practical phasing considerations and the outcome of the field survey, RHDHV recommended constructing at least the three roughness fields in the wet area of the three secondary channels. The initial location and configuration of the porcupines (October 2017) and the updated location (November 2017) following the social surveys and joint field visits with RHDHV and PMU/DWIR are shown below for comparison (Figure 2.17). The initial configuration of the roughness areas required a total area of about 800,000m2 with approximately 150,000 porcupines or 200,000 piles that had to be installed in the wet area and on the islands in the upcoming dry season. The updated locations result in an estimated total area restricted to about 180,000 m2. Due to the short execution time (three months) and environmental and social concerns a number of possibilities for optimisation were evaluated. This led to a recommendation for the roughness measures in the short-term, which can be considered as ‘no-regret’ measures:  Reducing the area with structures to the wet area of the channels (up to a level of about 64m+MSL); and  Placing roughness structures in the wet area of the secondary channels, where they are most effective and needed. RHDHV recommended that the PMU/DWIR choose between Alternative 2 (wooden piles) and Alternative 1 (concrete porcupines), taking into account the technical criteria and environmental and social issues provided by ICEM following the social surveys. A final decision was made by PMU/DWIR to implement Alternative 1 (concrete porcupines) on Friday 17 November. The PMU arranged for a joint field trip between ICEM, RHDHV and PMU/DWIR on 28 November 2017 to assess the locations for the porcupines and discuss with local communities. 2.6.5 Joint field trip During the visit and on-site consultations with the representatives of local communities on 28 November 2017it was established that the porcupines will be located dominantly in wet parts of channels and on sand bars and thus not require significant uptake of agricultural land. Of key concern for the local villagers appeared to be the intensive erosion just upstream of the planned central porcupine field (Kyun Sin village bank), eroding cultivated land and impacting existing wooden bank protection measures (constructed only last season). It was understood that the porcupines (in either variant) would be difficult to introduce without addressing this issue. Therefore, the RHDHV agreed to consider additional measures to protect the entrance of the porcupine field and align it with existing bank protection, however it was acknowledged that fixing the erosion on the island as such is not an objective of the Subproject 1, and this additional measure might affect the economic rationale of the whole intervention. Villagers indicated readiness to donate agriculture land on the banks up to 30m from the river required for remodelling the banks to allow for the installation of porcupines provided that it will stop riverbank erosion. They claim however, that they don’t like the vegetation (additional proposed hydraulic roughness-increasing measure), as there is already enough vegetation on the island (previous experience with the introduction of vegetation measures was discussed too). Furthermore, it was agreed that RHDHV will assess if the porcupine field can be designed allowing for passage of the existing ferry boat (e.g. 10m long) and install some water level indication measures to ensure safe passage during low water levels. Villagers agreed that the construction camp can be located at the sand bar across the channel from the Kyun Sin village – it is classified as vacant land and has no agricultural crops or vegetation. 2.6.6 Detailed design workshop A Detailed Design Workshop for Subproject 1 was held on 15 December 2017 at the DWIR offices in Yangon with the PMU, RHDHV, WB, and ICEM. The workshop was held in order to finalise the design and location of the enhancement works and included discussion on dredging, roughness measures, 50 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 porcupine structure design/placement, project and fabrication sites, monitoring erosion and modelling tools. Porcupine structures were chosen as the final optimal roughness measure design and the final size of the porcupine field was decided to be over a larger area than previously planned (1km x 200m) but with a lower density of porcupine structures placed in the middle channel of the Ayeyarwady River, west of Mandalay. The final design also included additional riverbank protection and provisions for a navigable route through the porcupine field. Concrete was determined to be the best middle- to long- term material (10 to 15 year) to stabilize the porcupine structure and ensure effective roughness reducing in the middle channel. Construction of the concrete beams used in the porcupine structure should be prefabricated away from the project site, with the concrete contractor’s procurement and fabrication location put out to tender by PMU/DWIR. WB advised competitive procurement for two separate contractors: 1) to supply and fabricate the concrete beams, 2) to assemble and install the porcupine structures. RHDHV estimate that 150 labourers would be required using this method with DWIR required to ensure the contractors meet labour standards (e.g. wages, complaint mechanisms) and contingent on WB approval of the ESIA. Similarly, WB advised a further separate competitive bid for the erosion protection works. Hedges/vegetation were also chosen as part of the roughness measures design. RHDHV state that vegetation on land (perpendicular to the flow) is needed to create further roughness measures during the wet season (hedge rows every 100m to 200m). However, RHDHV stress that this is not a defense against erosion, and the existing vegetation at the north end of the side channels are necessary for effective roughness measures and should be maintained. Finally, the project schedule for the construction and installation of the concrete porcupines was pushed back to the start of the next dry season (i.e. October or November 2018) when the river waters are low enough to install the porcupines. This ensures that the adequate procurement process and quality control of the concrete beams can be put into place. It was decided that the bank protection works would be constructed at the end of this dry season, in February and March 2018. 2.6.7 Benefits of assessing project alternatives The collaborative process to assess the project alternatives led to selection of the most cost-effective and sustainable design options for Subproject 1. Importantly from the perspective of this ESIA/ESMP the process also significantly avoids, reduces and mitigates some of the environmental and social impacts and risks and enhance the project benefits for local communities in the area. Key benefits included: 1) not selecting the large guide bunds (5 m or 10m) which may have significantly reduced flow to the Sagaing and middle channels affecting access to water resources and local boat transport; 2) including significant bank protection works to mitigate the potential impacts of riverbank erosion and outflanking associated with porcupines, riverbank erosion was also emphasised as the major issues facing local communities on the island; 3) providing local communities with input on technical design i.e. villages consulted in Kyun Sin village requested that original location of porcupines be moved north of their village; 4) reducing the total land area that the roughness measures (porcupines) take up by increasing the area of porcupines in the wet areas of the Sagaing and middle channel; and 5) reducing the density of roughness fields (porcupines) to allow for safe passage by local boat and ferry/passenger service operators. 51 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 3 LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK Overview of the policy, legal and institutional framework The following legislation constitute the key components of the legal framework for environmental conservation and assessment in Myanmar. 3.1.1 2008 Constitution The 2008 Myanmar Constitution provides several important references to environmental conservation and sustainable development. Section 390 states that “Every citizen has the duty to assist the Union in carrying out the following matters”:  Preservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage  Environmental conservation  Striving for development of human resources  Protection and preservation of public property. Importantly from the point of dealing with E&S impacts of a development, the Constitution also limits the granted rights to own and use property (Section 372). Article 37 declares, the Union:  is the ultimate owner of all lands and all natural resources above and below the ground, above and beneath the water and in the atmosphere in the Union;  shall enact necessary laws to supervise extraction and utilization of State-owned natural resources by economic forces; and  shall permit citizens right of private property, right of inheritance, right of private initiative and patent in accord with the law. Article 357 further states that the Union shall protect the privacy and security of home, property, correspondence and other communications of citizens under the law subject to the provisions of this Constitution. 3.1.2 Environmental Conservation Law (2012) The legal basis for conducting an ESIA in Myanmar is provided by the Environmental Conservation Law (2012),2 subsequent provisions under the Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)3 and the EIA Procedures (2015). A Draft Guideline on Public Participation in EIA is currently being prepared to provide details on stakeholder engagement. The key components of the EIA process as per Myanmar environmental legislation are presented in Table 3.1below. Table 3.1: Summary of requirements under EIA Procedure (2015) Environmental Conservation Law (2012) Descriptions Environmental Conservation Rules (2014) EIA Procedures (2015) Triggers  Projects (governmental and private) with significant environmental impact  Certain projects will be subject to a less-detailed analysis in an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). EIA Procedure (2015), secs. 2(u), 36. According to the Procedure, IEE- 3Environmental Conservation Rules, Notification No. 50/2014 52 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Environmental Conservation Law (2012) Descriptions Environmental Conservation Rules (2014) EIA Procedures (2015) type projects "have some adverse Impacts, but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for EIA Type Projects. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 2(c)”.  Appendix 2 of the EIA Procedure (2015) contains a flowchart describing the levels of assessment. Responsibilities  The project proponent must appoint a registered third person or organization to carry out the EIA investigation and reporting. Prior to commencement of the EIA, the project proponent shall inform the department in writing as to the identity of the duly registered person(s) and/or organization it has selected to undertake the EIA investigation and reporting. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 45.  All costs incurred in completing the EIA report disclosure and review, including the public consultation process, shall be borne by the project proponent. EIA Procedure (2015), sec.69  EIA Procedure (2015). sec. 17 explains EIA contractor’s qualification details. Public participation Upon completion of its review of the EIA report, the Ministry shall: . . . c) publicly and timely disclose its decision by appropriate means. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 70. Public Participation Disclosure  Public notice of final EIA detail has to be disclosed not later than fifteen (15) days after submission of the EIA report to the department, the project proponent shall disclose the EIA report to civil society, PAPs, local communities and other concerned stakeholders: (i) by means of national media (i.e. newspapers); (ii) the website(s) of the project or project proponent; (iii) at public meeting places (e.g. libraries, community halls); and (iv) at the offices of the project proponent. EIA Procedure sec. 65.  Upon receipt of the EIA report, the ministry will make the EIA report publicly available. EIA Procedure, sec. 66  The EIA Procedure (2015) requires the project proponent to provide timely disclosure of all relevant information about the proposed project. EIA investigations must include all necessary data collection, technical studies, modeling, field surveys, field sampling, laboratory analysis, engineering designs and calculations, and consultations to determine and document that all feasible measures are taken to ensure that all residual impacts are within applicable limits and are acceptable to the ministry and interested and affected persons. EIA Procedure (2015), secs. 57, 61 Screening  EIA Procedure (2015), secs. 25-28 and Annex 1  The project proponent shall submit the project proposal to the ministry for screening. EIA Procedure, sec. 23(a). S  Sections 23-30 EIA Procedure describes the screening process. Terms of Based on the scoping, the project proponent shall prepare the TOR for the EIA investigations References (TOR) in accordance with applicable guidelines issued or adopted by the ministry. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 52 Decision-maker 90 days (may be extended) review EIA Report EIA Procedure (2015 secs. 62-63) explains detailed requirements requirements 53 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Environmental Conservation Law (2012) Descriptions Environmental Conservation Rules (2014) EIA Procedures (2015) Monitoring and  EIA Procedure (2015) secs. 106 - 122 explains monitoring and inspection by the inspection by MONREC and relevant government department and organizations. MONREC, relevant  The project proponent shall be responsible for self-monitoring compliance with government applicable laws, the rules, this procedure, standards, the Environmental Compliance departments and Certificate (ECC), and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP); notify and identify organizations breaches or any failures of obligations to the ministry within 24 hours; and then the project proponent shall submit the monitoring report not less than every six months. Sec. 106 Prior Permission The ministry may, in issuing the prior permission, stipulate terms and conditions relating to environmental conservation. Environmental Conservation Law (2012), sec. 24. Environmental  Upon completion of its review of the EIA Report, the ministry shall; a) approve the EIA Compliance Report with the guidance of the committee, subject to any conditions as may be Certificate (ECC) prescribed, and issue an ECC. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 70.  An ECC issued by the ministry shall be valid for a period of five (5) years from the date of issuance. Six (6) months prior to expiration of an ECC issued by the ministry, the project proponent may apply to the ministry for an extension." EIA Procedure, sec. 93 Type of impacts and Cumulative environmental impacts, social impacts, cultural impacts, health impacts and analysis economic impacts. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 63, Part 6.0 (Impact and Risk Assessment and Mitigation Measures) Appeal process Within thirty (30) days of public disclosure that the EIA Report has been approved or rejected by the ministry, any project proponent, person or organization which submitted the EIA Report in accordance with this procedure, and any other person or organization potentially affected by any adverse impacts of the project, shall have the right to file an appeal to the committee through the ministry with respect to the ministry decision to reject or approve such EIA Report. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 71. Public comment on  Upon receipt of the EIA Report from the project proponent, the ministry shall b) invite EIA comments and suggestions on the EIA Report from all relevant parties including involved government organizations, institutions, civil society organizations and PAPs, as appropriate. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 67.  The EIA shall consider the views, concerns and perceptions of stakeholders, communities and individuals that could be affected by the project or who otherwise have an interest in the project. The EIA shall include the results of consultations with the public, affected populations and other stakeholders on the environmental and social issues. The concerns raised during such consultations shall be considered in assessing impacts, designing mitigation measures, and in the development of management and monitoring plans. EIA Procedure (2015), sec. 60. Initially the ESIA was assessing a combination of river training measures and dredging, including a large guide bund and groynes. The Draft Scoping Report for the ESIA/ESMP of Subproject 1 and subsequent public consultation on 4 August 2017 included discussion on all proposed river training measures. At that stage, it was not known whether the project would trigger an EIA or IEE. On final selection of the bank protection works, roughness measures (porcupines and hedges) and dredging under Subproject 1 it was determined that an IEE would be required under Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015). There are no requirements under the EIA procedures for riverbank protection and river training works and the dredging volume is estimated to be less than 500,000 tonnes (or 270,000m3). The requirements for IEE/EIA associated with dredging are shown below in Table 3.2. 54 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 3.2: Relevant criteria for IEE and EIA No Type of economic activity Criteria for IEE Criteria for EIA 114 Dredging Total < 500,000 t Total > 500,000 t Subproject 1 was also re-categorised from a Category A to B under the WB Safeguards framework (see Section 2.3). Subproject 1 was approved to prepare IEE from ECD with the letter no. 026/2018 on 9th January 2018. 3.1.3 National Environmental Quality Guidelines (NEQG) One other policy tool that supports the EIA review is the NEQG, passed by Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) in 2015. The EIA review body scrutinizes project proposals on their plan to comply with the NEQG, which is composed of general and industrial specific pollutant maximum-limit guidelines on both air emission and effluence discharges as well as noise and exposure limits on transmission activities. Although river training works and dredging is not a part of the list for industry- specific guidelines for air emission and effluent discharges, the following categories and sub- categories may apply during the construction phases of the project:  General guidelines on air emissions;  General guidelines on wastewater, storm water runoff, effluent and sanitary discharges;  General guidelines on noise levels; and  General guidelines on site runoff and wastewater discharges (construction phase). In cases where values set by the relevant ministries or the state and local governments are different from NEQG values, the project must comply with more stringent limits. Currently that is not the case, and the NEQG, therefore, has become the de facto emission and effluent standard for industrial practices and development projects. 3.1.4 Conservation of Water Resources and River Law (2006) Considering the nature of the project, an important component of the legal framework is also the Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law (2006).4 The aims of this law are as follows: (a) to conserve and protect the water resources and river systems for beneficial utilization by the public; (b) to ensure smooth and safe waterway navigation along rivers and creeks; (c) to contribute to the development of state economy through improving water resources and river system; and (d) to protect the environment against negative impacts. National institutional setting for EIA The key authority responsible for the EIA is the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC), a focal agency for overall environmental management in Myanmar. Within MONREC the ECD is the central EIA-relevant authority at the national level. At the regional and local level, the ECD structure is currently being implemented across the country: 67 district-level ECD offices and 336 township offices were established from2016. This model adopts the structure of the Forest Department of MONREC. Sharing institutional responsibilities relevant to the environmental management both between the ECD offices at various levels and with the state, regional, and local governments makes the ECD and important component of the national EIA system. 4 Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law (The State Peace and Development Council Law No. 8/2006). 55 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The World Bank´s Environmental Assessment and related safeguard policies The WB has ten (plus one) environmental and social policies which are known as safeguard policies.5Table 3.3 summarizes the WB Group operational policies relevant to the project. Table 3.3: WB safeguard policies potentially triggered by Subproject 1 Safeguard policy Application to the project OP/BP 4.01 on  Applicable Environmental  Project is considered Category B so an ESIA and ESMP are required Assessment OP/BP 4.04 on Natural  Applicable Habitats  Due to occurrence of important natural habitats near Subproject 1  Potentially applicable OP/BP 4.11 on Physical  No Physical Cultural Resources (PCRs) impacts are anticipated. The Cultural Resources construction of the western porcupine fields is upstream of a pagoda but impact are not anticipated  Potentially applicable OP/BP 4.12 on  The construction of concrete porcupines under Subproject 1 will not lead to Involuntary involuntary resettlement, however there may be temporary loss of access to Resettlement agricultural land during construction phase.  Not applicable (OP/BP 4.10) on  The initial ethnic screening did not find ethnic minority communities in the Indigenous Peoples area where Subproject 1 is constructed.  Applicable  A series of free, prior and informed public consultations is conducted within Bank Policy on the course of the project implementation in accordance with WB policy Disclosure of requirements. Prior to the public consultations, relevant project documents Information will be disclosed to stakeholders and local NGOs. The Burmese and English versions of these documents will be disclosed in country and at the WB InfoShop in Washington, DC prior to appraisal. The WB screens all projects and classifies them into one of four categories (Category A, B, C, and FI), depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Subproject 1 has been classified by WB as Category B. Table 3.4below indicates requirements stipulated by the WB OP/BP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment (EA) for Category B projects. Table 3.4: WB OP/BP 4.01 EA requirements for Category B projects. Descriptions OP/BP 4.01 Triggers All projects financed by the WB. EA process depth will depend on the risk and impacts associated with the project Responsibilities Borrower leads the EA process Public participation For all Category A and B projects, during the EA process, the borrower consults project-affected groups and local NGOs about the project's environmental and 5A new World Bank Environmental and Social Framework, which will replace current WB Safeguard Policies, has been approved in 2016 and is under implementation. Since it will not be officially in effect until 2018, operations under the AIRBMP project continue to apply the “old” World Bank Safeguard Policies. 56 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Descriptions OP/BP 4.01 social aspects and takes their views into account. The borrower initiates such consultations as early as possible. Disclosure  The borrower provides relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted  Any Category B report is made available to project-affected groups and local NGOs. Public availability in the borrowing country and official receipt by the bank of Category A reports, and of any Category B report, are prerequisites to bank appraisal of these projects  Once the borrower officially transmits any separate Category B EA report to the bank, the bank makes it available through its InfoShop  If the borrower objects to the bank's releasing an EA report through the WBInfoShop, bank staff (a) do not continue processing anInternational Development Association(IDA) project; or (b) for and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) project, submit the issue of further processing to the EDs. EIA Report The EA needs to include assessment of project alternatives; cumulative impacts; requirements specific mitigation measures and monitoring activities. In addition to the applicable WB policies and regulations, an important guidance for conducting EA within the project is the International Finance Corporation´s (IFC) Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (Table 3.5). Table 3.5: IFC Performance standards relevance for ESIA of Subproject 1 IFC Performance standards Relevance to ESIA of Subproject 1 1. Assessment and  The potential for significant E&S risks and impacts will be analyzed for management of Subproject 1 environmental and social  The ESMP will be developed for Subproject 1 implementation. risks and impacts 2. Labour and working  Impact on economic growth, employment, and income of local conditions communities will be subject to analysis in the ESIA of Subproject 1  Occupational health and safety and protection of basic rights for workers will be considered in preparation of the ESMP for Subproject 1. 3. Resource efficiency and Construction and dredging activities can often generate higher levels of air-, pollution prevention. water- and land-pollution 4. Community health, Potential impacts on communities will be subject of analysis in the ESIA safety and security (Subproject 1) 5. Land acquisition and Compensations issues for loss of income/livelihoods may be considered within involuntary resettlement the Subproject 1 (depending on selected technical design) 6. Biodiversity conservation Protection of biodiversity and the sustainable management and use of natural and sustainable resources will be analyzed for Subproject 1. management of living natural resources 7. Indigenous peoples There may be no significant impact to indigenous people since there are no indigenous communities along the potentially affected areas 8. Cultural heritage Amarapura and Innwa are ancient cities and there are also many pagodas, temples and areas of cultural significance along the Ayeyarwady River. 57 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Key GoM policy and strategies for the development of the Ayeyarwady River Basin In addition to the AIRBMP, there are several other policies and sectoral planning documents that form a context for the project implementation and that need to be taken into consideration for both ESIA/ESMP for Subproject 1. Among these are:  Policies prepared by the National Water Resources Committee (NWRC), namely the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Strategy for Myanmar supported by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment;  Fishery policy of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation;  National Transport Development Master Plan, which was completed in 2014 and mostly focused on Yangon and Mandalay;  Mandalay City Development Committee (MCDC) have prepared a draft Urban Development Concept Plan in 2014 with a vision for Mandalay to be a “green cultural city, with clean air, a centre of tourism, a trade and logistics hub, and an IT centre for upper Myanmar”. 58 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 4 SCOPE AND FOCUS OF THE ASSESSMENT Scope of the Assessment The ESIA study area has been defined by the location of the:  sites of the civil works and related direct physical effects i.e. areas directly adjacent, upstream and downstream of the proposed bank protection and roughness measures (porcupines and hedges) in the Sagaing and middle channels;  Sites of proposed dredging in the upstream and downstream areas in main navigation channel (Mandalay channel); and  Areas of potential ecological, socio-economic and/or cultural significance that may potentially impacted the project interventions indicated above. The precise spatial and temporal scope of conducted analysis is inevitably issue-specific and has evolved in the course of the study in response to the continually updated project design and increased understanding of the local environmental and socio-economic conditions. The approach and methodology for the baseline and impact assessment is determined for each of the key themes in the following sections. The assessment is proportionate to the potential risks and impacts of the project, and considers in an integrated way:  Direct impacts: are caused by the project itself. Direct impacts are generally easier to inventory, assess, and control than indirect impacts since the cause-effect relationship is usually obvious;  Indirect impacts (also known as secondary impacts): are usually linked closely with the project, and may have more profound consequences on the environment than direct impacts. Indirect impacts are more difficult to measure, but can ultimately be more important. Over time they can affect larger geographical areas of the environment than anticipated; and  Cumulative impacts: are changes to the environment caused by an action (project or project activity) in combination with other past, present, and future projects or developments. The E&S assessment primarily consider the direct and indirect impacts and will also consider cumulative impacts that are recognized as important based on scientific concerns and/or reflect the concerns of PAPs. A substantive focus of the baseline and impact assessment for the ESIA/ESMP is outlined in Chapter 4. The key themes for analysis were defined in the TOR and verified during the ESIA Scoping phase, including through an extensive consultation component from March to August 2017. The following key themes are elaborated in detail in the baseline analysis (Chapter 4) to serve as a basis for conducting the assessment of impacts: i. hydrology and geomorphology ii. water quality and baseline sampling iii. biodiversity and fisheries iv. socio-economic and cultural heritage. The data and information sources and summary of the approach for each of the key themes is outlined in the sections below with the results and analysis presented in Chapter 4. 59 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Hydrology 4.2.1 Data sources and literature review The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) is responsible for hydrological monitoring in Myanmar and maintain two gauge stations in the Subproject 1 area, one at Sagaing and another at Mandalay. The available hydrological data from the entire Ayeyarwady River has been collected and analyzed as part of several studies, in particular as part of the RHDHV feasibility study and “Analyses of flow data stations, Irrawaddy River, Myanmar (Karin Bremer, 19/09/2016)”. With respect to flow and sediment transport in the major rivers of Myanmar, it is important to recognize the limitations of the available data and information (IFC, 2017b; Ketelsen et al., 2017). The most relevant literature on the hydrology of the project area is:  The 2015 Feasibility Report by RHDHV (Royal HaskoningDHV, 2015) contains general information about the hydrology of the Ayeyarwady River and gauging stations;  The water resources assessment of the dry zone by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (McCartey et al., 2013) provides an overview on the climatological and meteorological conditions in the region, including possible trends. It describes the water resources (surface and groundwater) for livelihoods. It is one of the three components of the Livelihood and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT) studies focusing on the improvement of water resources utilization in the dry zone (IWMI, 2015; Johnston et al., 2013; McCartey et al., 2013);  The “Hydrogeology of the Dry Zone - Central Myanmar” by Dr. Leonard Warren Drury of Aqua Rock Konsultants (Drury, 2017) describes in detail the hydrogeology, geology and ground water resources for the dry zone and central Myanmar. It should be considered as a summary of the current understanding of the significance and role of groundwater in the context of overall basin water resources.  “Myanmar’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change” (NECC and MECF, 2012) provides a general overview on the country’s hydrology, meteorology, climatology and trends. The potential climate change risks to different sectors are discussed here.  State of the Basin Assessment Report for the Ayeyarwady River Package 3 (SOBA3). The objective of the SOBA packages is to provide an accurate and up to date baseline of the basin describing the existing conditions and their trends. SOBA3 is focused on the sediments and geomorphology of the Ayeyarwady basin and has been undertaken by WWF Greater Mekong. The report contains a clear and extensive overview and analyses of all available and relevant data and information with respect to basin hydrology of the basin. Geomorphology 4.3.1 Data sources and literature review The most relevant literature on the morphology of the project area is:  The RHDHV 2015 Feasibility Report contains some analysis of the morphology of the Subproject 1 area and general information about the hydrology of the Ayeyarwady River.  A more detailed analysis of the morphology of Stretch 1 is presented in “Understanding River Dynamics of the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar” a Masters thesis prepared by Jouke van der Velden and presented at Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, the Netherlands. This thesis presents a river morphological characterization of Stretch 1, including a detailed analysis of plan form changes, bars and islands dynamics with a focus on the reach downstream of the junction with the Chindwin River. The thesis also presents the result of bed sediment sampling along Stretch 1. 60 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Another Masters study (Sediment Dynamics in Irrawaddy River, Myanmar by Swe Hlaing Win and Submitted to Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 2011) deals with soil erosion analyses and modeling of the ARB. It presents results of measurements of suspended sediment load from the river.  A key reference to understanding the sediment dynamics of the river is “Discharge and suspended sediment transport in the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar: Centennial and decadal changes” by T. Furuichi et al. and published in Hydrological Processes 23, 1631–1641 (2009). This paper suggests that the mean annual suspended sediment transport at Pyay (located upstream of the delta and slightly downstream of Nyaung Oo) is 325 million tons/year. To put this number in perspective, it is about twice the annual suspended transport in the Mekong River, which has a drainage area more than twice that of the Ayeyarwady at Pyay. A significant part of the sediment load (120 million ton/year) originates from the Chindwin River.  The most pertinent reference, however, is the SOBA3. The report contains an overview and analyses of all relevant data and information with respect to sediments and geomorphology of the basin. Water quality and baseline sampling As the population of Mandalay increases (to 1.2 million people in 2013), the Subproject 1 area is experiencing increasing pressure on water quality from urban run-off and domestic and industrial waste waters discharging into the river. The increase in both large cargo boats and barges and passenger boats results in the risk of oil spillage. No boats have on-board treatment and disposal systems for waste water and contaminated bilge water. In a rapid survey of water quality in the Ayeyarwady River it was observed that it is common practice for cities along the river, such as Mandalay, to dispose of solid wastes, untreated stormwater, industrial wastewater and raw sewage directly into the river. As a result, localized pollution from urban areas (both solid waste and polluted water) represent a significant threat to water quality (Bowles, 2013).6 Baseline sampling included surface and groundwater quality in the Subproject 1 area and is detailed in section 4.3. In addition, air quality, sediment, and soil sampling was conducted to develop the environmental baseline of the study area. Biodiversity and fisheries 4.5.1 Data sources and literature review Several literature sources have been reviewed to describe fisheries in the study area of the braided river islands along the west bank of the Ayeyarwady from Mandalay to Sagaing. These include:  FAO, 2003, Myanmar aquaculture and inland fisheries. RAP Publication 2003/18. UN FAO &Regional Office for Asia and The Pacific, Bangkok;  BOBLME (2015) Distribution, migration and breeding of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) in the Ayeyarwady system in Myanmar, September 2015. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-39;  Nwe Nwe Thein, 2013. Occurrence and species diversity of fishes in Ayeyarwady River segment between Thayettabin village (Patheingyi township) and Sagaing Bridge (Amarapura Township). PhD dissertation University of Mandalay; 6Bowles, J. 2013. Ayeyarwady, the river endangered. Report for Myanmar Development Research Institute, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258048296_Ayeyarwaddy_The_River_Endangered 61 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Win Mar. December 2015 Occurrence of some aquatic fauna from Kaung Hmu Daw Inn, Sagaing region, Upper Myanmar. Research report 2013 - 2015. Department of Zoology, Sagaing University;  Fisheries and aquatic ecosystems from the Ayeyarwady SOBA report; and  IFC 2017, Baseline report on Aquatic ecosystems and Fisheries themes for the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Hydropower Sector in Myanmar. 4.5.2 Field visits Two field visits took place, one each in the 2017 dry and wet seasons. During the dry season field visit, fish species composition was examined at the proposed project area. The recording and collection were made with the help of the local fishers. Collection was done with different fishing gears available at the proposed project sites like gill nets, cast nets, beach seine nets and various traps. The fish were photographed and basic characteristics were recorded for identification. Some which could not be identified in the field were preserved in 10 % formalin solution for further identification in the laboratory using references like Jarayam (1981),7 Talwar and Jhingran (1991)8 and Vidthayanon (2005). Market surveys were also conducted at the Ngwethaungyan temporary fishing settlement (village) and villages like Kyun Sin and Gyaint Gyi were visited to collect data and information on fish species and Ayeyarwady dolphins. Fish were identified and compared with previous records. Ayeyarwady dolphins were seen at the proposed project area and at the Mingun area, located upstream of the proposed area. During the second, wet season visit discussions were held with village heads, fishers and women in key villages- Setyeik (S), Kyun Sin, Nyaung bin tha (ywathit), Than bo gyun and Ngwethaungyan, and on the western bank, Ko Daung and Ta Laing zin. The fish markets in Mandalay and Shan gale gyun and Pe nga ze were also visited. Discussions focused on catch composition and quantity, seasonal calendars, fishing methods and prices. Discussions were also held on the three fishing leaseholds, or “inns” located in the study area. A meeting was held with the Department of Fisheries, Mandalay Region on the location, size and fish catch at these Inns. The key sources for data for further assessing fisheries and biodiversity is listed in Chapter 4. Socio-economic conditions and livelihood The geographic area of potential immediate impacts from the Subproject 1 is around 8 km east-west by 15 km north-south. There is a total of nine Village Tracts in the Subproject 1 area that can be divided into four areas for the ESIA: 1) on island, 2) west bank, 3) east bank (upstream), and 4) east bank (downstream) (Figure 4.1). The populations and townships that each village tract belongs to is summarized in Table 4.1 below. 7Jayaram, K.C. (1981) The freshwater fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka. 8Talwar, P.K., Jhingran, A.G. 1991. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Vols. 1&2. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1097pp. 62 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 4.1: Village Tracts in Subproject 1 area Table 4.1: Village tracts and population in Subproject 1 area Area Township Village Tract Male Female Population Bo HlaKone 1,199 1,481 2,680 On island Pa Thein Gyi Kyun Sin 355 381 736 GyaintGyi 364 442 806 Let Pan 1,002 1,171 2,173 Chaung Pak 1,360 1,408 2,768 West bank Sagaing Htan Taw 914 950 1,864 War Chet 2,398 2,257 4,655 East bank (upstream) Pa Thein Gyi Min Ye Hla 1,577 1,810 3,387 East bank (downstream) Amarapura Shan KalayKyun 1,831 1,918 3,749 All 11,000 11,818 22,818 63 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 4.6.1 Focus of study The baseline assessment followed the requirements set out in the Myanmar EIA Procedure (2015) for social and livelihoods related issues. The assessment has been scaled in proportion to the potential risks and impacts of the project. Accordingly, fieldwork has been conducted to collect data for description of: 1) socio-economic Components: livelihoods, living conditions and access to public services and natural resources, land use maps, population distribution maps, maps and charts of other socio-economic indicators such as poverty, employment and education; and 2) cultural components: description and maps of cultural, historical, and religious sites, structures and objects, and objects with high aesthetic value, description of traditional knowledge and beliefs, and cultural practices. Public health impacts from the project were assessed to be insignificant so data collection on public health has not been included. Further, reference has been made to the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (2016) with regard to providing the necessary information to assess, in brief: 1) Threats to human security; 2) Risks that project impacts fall disproportionately on disadvantaged or vulnerable; 3) Prejudice or discrimination toward individuals or groups in providing access to development resources and project benefits; 4) Negative economic and social impacts relating to the involuntary taking of land or restrictions on land use; 5) Risks or impacts associated with land and natural resource tenure and use; 6) Impacts on the health and safety; 7) Risks to cultural heritage. In May 2017, the team consulted 11 villages and one temporary fishing settlement in social surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs) and participatory mapping. On the east bank, there are also several ports/berthing sites and the city of Mandalay with various infrastructure and activities such as hotels, supply businesses for river transport and recreation areas. This information was used to inform the MCA process for selecting the most sustainable design option. Data collection has been carried out in all potentially affected villages. Land use The area on the islands and west and east bank is highly modified, covered mainly by cultivated land, small patches of scrub land and opened forest. The land cover types of the proposed project area were analyzed during the field survey in May 2017 using GIS and remote sensing techniques. The area was dominated by mixed shrub and grass landcover, and built-up or settlement areas (Figure 4.2). 64 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 4.2: Land use/land cover in Subproject 1 area Planned investment or development projects in Subproject 1 area The following major planned investments or development projects located in vicinity of Subproject 1 have potential to significantly impact or alter existing conditions or assumptions considered during the preparation of the ESIA of Subproject 1:  Amarapura Urban Development Project (AUDP): will be undertaken on more than 1012 ha (2500 acres) of land located along the Ayeyarwady riverbank south of Mandalay in Amarapura township. Currently, the company is preparing the EIA and Socio-economic Impact Assessment (SIA) reports. Work on the AUDP is expected to start in October 2017 and will take 10 years to complete. It will feature modern hotels, hospitals, schools, harbours, shopping centres, parks and buildings. The company is currently acquiring land for the project, including reclaiming alluvial land along the bank of Ayeyarwady River.  Mandalay Port: TheJICA has submitted a proposal to DWIR to develop the Mandalay Port, including container facilities. 65 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 5 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE Hydrology In the following sections the hydrological system is presented. Key trends and hydrologic sensitivity are discussed at the end of this section. 5.1.1 Hydrograph Subproject 1is located at Mandalay and Sagaing in the Ayeyarwady River. At Sagaing, the catchment area is 120,193 km2with an average discharge of approximately 7,400 m³/s. During the dry season, the average base flow is 2,500 m³/s, increasing to an average of 18,000 m³/s and reaching up to 25,000 m³/s at its peak. The highest flow is generally recorded in August and the lowest in February. A hydrograph for Sagaing is shown in Figure 5.1. At Mandalay, water level range of about 10 m has been measured between low-water and flood levels. Figure 5.1: Hydrograph of Sagaing based on daily discharge for the period 1980-2014 5.1.2 Flow distribution Upstream of Subproject 1 the Ayeyarwady bifurcates into three channels; the Mandalay channel (eastern channel), the Sagaing channel (western channel) and the middle channel. From available satellite images it appears that the Mandalay channel exceeds the other channels in size, and there is significant variation over time in size of both the Sagaing and middle channels (Figure 5.3).It appears that in the current (2017) condition of the secondary (Sagaing and middle) channels are less significant than earlier. Model simulations presented by RHDHV (Preliminary Design Report (v1), October 2017) suggest that about 58.6 to 62.2% of the discharge flows through the Mandalay channel. 66 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 5.2: Dry-season (January) satellite images of Subproject 1 area. From left to right: 1990, 1998 and 2017 During the wet season, during peak flow, the islands, secondary channels and flood plans can be inundated. Figure 5.1 indicates inundation when discharge reached 23,200 m³/s. Figure 5.3: Wet-season (August 1998) satellite image of Subproject 1 area 67 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 5.1.3 Climate change and basin development Myanmar’s National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change (National Environmental Conservation Committee (NECC), Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, 2012) has identified the following major changes to climatic conditions:  General increase of temperature, particularly from December to May;  Increase in clear days;  Increase in precipitation variability, with more rain during the monsoon and less rain during the dry season; and  Increase in occurrence in extreme weather events (such as cyclones and strong wind). These projected changes will exacerbate floods and droughts in the ARB, as also pointed out in “Assessing Climate Risk in Myanmar - WWF Myanmar Report”, (Horton et al., 2017). Climate projections for Myanmar (based on the PRECIS model) suggest that the annual mean temperature will increase by 1°C by 2050, and that the mean annual rainfall will increase by around 10%. Overall, Myanmar has already experienced an increase in extreme weather events such as erratic rainfall, flooding, droughts and a rise in sea levels (GCCA 2012 - (EU, 2012)). Climate projections for Myanmar suggest that temperatures will continue to rise, with longer summers, heavier rainfall during the rainy season and higher annual total precipitation, though projections vary across the country (Swe, 2014). The key catchment activities in the ARB that affect the hydrology are deforestation and storage development (for hydropower and irrigation). While Myanmar still is one of the most forested countries in Southeast Asia, the forest-covered area is decreasing rapidly, at 1.2% annually (SOBA 3). No attempt has been made to quantify the effect of deforestation in the ARB on hydrology. Little storage has so far been developed in the ARB but substantial pressure to build large hydropower schemes exists. Likely effects of future storage development include an increase in dry season flows and a decrease in early wet season flows (IFC, 2017a). Geomorphology The Ayeyarwady system is currently ranked as carrying the fifth largest suspended sediment load globally, with estimates ranging from 261 to 364 million tons/year (Bird et al. 2008). These sediments play a critical role in the ARB, fertilizing the vast floodplains of the central dry zone and creating a diverse complex of riparian habitats throughout the river network. River morphology describes the shape of river channels and the change in shape and direction over time. A river channel is formed by a number of processes and environmental conditions, including the composition of the river bed and banks (such as sand, clay or bedrock). An alluvial river is a river in which the bed and banks are made up of mobile sediment. Alluvial rivers are therefore self-formed, meaning that their channels are shaped by sediment transported in the river and by erosion and deposition, which in turn depend on the magnitude and frequency of the floods, and the ability of these floods to erode, deposit, and transport sediment. The overall drainage pattern of the Ayeyarwady River is controlled by the geology and tectonics of the basin. The channel form in the middle and lower Ayeyarwady River (including Mandalay and further downstream) is largely self-formed, but with a few notable exceptions. These exceptions include Subproject 1 area where the river is confined to the west by the Sagaing fault. 5.2.1 Morphology of the area 5.2.1.1 Current situation The morphology of the Subproject 1 area is highly dynamic and complex. Satellite imagery suggests, however, that certain features are remarkably stable, while others are short-lived (Figure 5.4). 68 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Upstream of Mingun, the right bank is made of hard non-erodible material. At part of this section, the deep channel is consistently attracted to the non-erodible bank whereas the deep channel fluctuates from the right to the left bank further upstream. The deep channel meanders within the river belt and contribute to making the Mandalay channel dominant;  Further downstream at Sagaing, the river width seems to be confined by non-erodible banks; and  In the middle reach of Subproject 1 area (opposite Mandalay) the channel along the right bank seems to have a lifecycle where it grows to an almost similar size as the channel at Mandalay followed by a decline. It is difficult to determine the factors contributing to the fluctuating cycle of this channel. It is, however, important to understand that most of the braid belt is submerged during high flows and that enormous quantities of sediment are being transported through the river during annual floods, with substantial potential for erosion and deposition of the channels, bars, islands and riverbanks. After each flood season, the locations of channels, bars, islands and riverbanks change. To quantify this dynamic behaviour, LANDSAT 7/8 images from February 2014 to 2017 were analyzed, and image shapefiles of the extent of the waterbodies extracted. In combination, the shapefiles show the dynamic nature of the sand bars, bank lines and islands. The shapefiles overlaid on February 2017 satellite images are shown in (Figure 5.4). Areas subject to bank erosion are also indicated. Figure 5.4: Geomorphological changes in Subproject 1 area 69 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The figure shows that large sandbars are migrating though the river and, in particular, the Mandalay channel. The migration speed is in the order magnitude of 100 m per year, but can be as much as 500 m per year. The sandbars impact the navigability of the river, and may hamper access to the river for villagers. Berths and landing facilities may not be accessible and irrigation intakes may be rendered inoperable during low flow. The bank erosion (risk) (Figure 5.4) is based on visual inspection of the riverbanks during field visits. Generally, steep banks are interpreted as a sign of bank erosion, reported to be a current key concern. In stakeholder consultations at township level, riverbank erosion surfaced as the major river-related issue for all five townships consulted. The key issue related to bank erosion is loss of fertile agricultural land and erosion of pertinent riverbank infrastructure. Two mechanisms seem to be responsible for bank erosion:  The characteristic spiral (helical) flow at river bends cause higher flow velocities and larger depth at the outer bend, resulting in bank erosion.  When a sand bar forms along one bank (or, detaches from the bank) flow is deflected towards the opposite bank, giving rise to bank erosion. 5.2.1.2 Trends River morphology responds to changes in hydrology and sediment (as well as to other unpredictable or, for Subproject 1, non-relevant factors such as e.g. tectonics, earthquakes and sea level rise). The most likely/important drivers for changes to the geomorphology are: 1. deforestation: the disappearance of a dense vegetation cover will lead to increased soil erosion and consequently a higher sediment load in the river. Eventually this will lead to increased sedimentation; 2. surface mining: will give rise to increased sediment load in the river; 70 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 3. sand mining: sand and gravel are valuable resources (for construction material and landfill, to name a few) that is already being extracted from the river at a rapid pace. The river will become more incised and low flow water levels will drop significantly due to impacted groundwater levels, among others; 4. hydropower and irrigation development: dams constructed for hydropower or irrigation development will disrupt sediment flow in the river and give rise to river erosion downstream. For dams with small reservoirs this erosion will slowly migrate downstream and the problem may only manifest decades after dam construction. If on the other hand the storage facility is so large that it reduces flood peaks, the effect may manifest almost immediately along the river with more incised channels and stabilisation of bars and islands. The most dominant factors are likely to be 3 and 4. Water quality and baseline sampling 5.3.1 Purpose of chapter This section presents, describe and assess the baseline sampling approach and results for the ESIA of Subproject 1. The baseline sampling campaign was undertaken during both the dry and monsoon seasons (for surface water quality). From 28 April 2017 to 3May 2017, ICEM and local partner EMC conducted the following baseline sampling:  Air quality - two samples  Groundwater – two samples  Sediment – two samples  Soil – two samples  Surface water quality – five samples A number of parameters specified during the scoping phase for the ESIA were used for sampling groundwater, sediment, soil, surface water and groundwater. The locations of the monitoring points are spread over the Subproject 1 spatial boundary (Figure 5.5). The initial geographic scope for the sampling was designed to cover all the potential combinations of considered river training measures (i.e. guide bunds, groynes) and dredging in the upstream and downstream areas of Subproject 1. Table 5.1: IDs and GPS locations of the baseline monitoring sides Point ID Type Latitude Longitude AQ_01 Air Quality 21.92810 96.04090 AQ_02 Air Quality 22.01940 96.02760 GW_01 Ground Water 21.99680 96.02460 GW_02 Ground Water 21.92590 96.05230 S_01 Sediment 22.03560 96.02820 S_02 Sediment 21.92290 96.03480 SS_01 Soil Sampling 22.02930 96.02040 SS_02 Soil Sampling 21.92740 96.04440 SW_01 Surface Water 22.03320 96.02270 SW_02 Surface Water 21.98090 96.05710 SW_03 Surface Water 21.94790 96.04000 SW_04 Surface Water 21.91780 96.03090 SW_05 Surface Water 21.88430 95.99800 71 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Description of baseline sampling results and summary of the key-findings are presented for each of the monitored parameters in the sub-sections below, followed by a summary of the overall results. Figure 5.5: ESIA baseline sampling points 5.3.2 Equipment and Laboratories used Due to the large range of measured parameters both equipment for in-situ measuring and services of external laboratories were used. The in-situ tests for some parameters were made using U-50 Horiba Multi-parameter Instrument - model U-52G.9 Parameters measured in situ include water temperature [°Celsius], pH, electrical conductivity [μSiemens.cm-2], oxidation/reduction potential [mV], dissolved oxygen (DO) [mg/L and % saturation], salinity [psu], and total dissolved solids (TDS) [ppm]. 9 This model has built-in a GPS tracker and is linked to a laptop for accurate monitoring 72 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.2: Equipment and facilities used for baseline sampling Parameter Equipment Method Laboratory Surface water quality alpha horizontal Different methods are used ISO TECH Laboratory water sampler to analyze various water Heavy metals quality parameters as Irrigation Laboratory Oil and grease following (Table 4-3) Public Health Groundwater alpha horizontal ISO TECH Laboratory water sampler Sediment Grab REM-UAE Laboratory and Consultant Co., Ltd. Soil Auger ‘LUD’, MoALI Air quality Hazscanner N/A instrument Fish Count - survey Fish count with local fishers N/A Facility/ laboratory Surface water samples were collected using brown glass bottles and transparent HDPE bottles, depending on the parameters to be monitored. The samples for testing of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and oil and grease were preserved using sulfuric acid. To test for heavy metals, water samples were preserved in nitric acid. These samples were kept in iced boxes and dispatched to three different laboratories in Myanmar. For the surface water quality samples and sediment sampling the following laboratory facilities have been used to analyze the parameters:  ISO TECH Laboratory Address: No 18. Lanthit Road, Insein Township Phone: +95973225175, +95640955, +95973242162  REM-UAE Laboratory and Consultant Co., Ltd. Address: 8702 Delta Plaza, Shwegondaing Road, Bahan, Yangon, 11201, Myanmar Phone: +959 799855808, +959421979899  Public Health National Health Laboratory Address: Zi Wa Ka St, Yangon, Myanmar Phone: +95 1 371 957  Laboratory of Land Use Department (LUD), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI) Table 5.3: Analysis method for different parameters No. Parameter Methods 1 Temperature HI7609829 Temperature Sensor, 0.01 °C 2 Electrical conductivity HI7609829 EC Sensor 3 pH HI7609829-1pHSensor 4 BOD5 Direct inoculation method 5 COD Dichromate method 6 SS Gravimetric method 7 Turbidity HI7609829-2TurbiditySensor 8 Total Dissolved Solids APHA 2540D 9 DO HI7609829-2 10 Total coliform AOAC Petrifilm Method 11 Total nitrogen Kjeldahl Distillation method 12 Total phosphorous Molybdenumantimonyanti-spectrophotometric method Standard method for the Examination of Water and 13 Oil and grease Wastewater, APHA etc. 14 Lead (Pb) AAS–Graphite Furnace Method 73 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 No. Parameter Methods 15 Iron Phenanthroline Method 16 Arsenic (As) HannaHI83200MultiparameterBenchPhotometer 5.3.3 National and International Standards Currently, Myanmar is enacting laws and regulations related to water resources and water quality. The Environmental Conservation Law was announced in March 2012 and environmental regulations in June 2014.In addition, internationally accepted environmental standards and guidelines are used in assessment of water quality standards. The results of the sampling were analyzed by comparison with available national, regional and international standards, including: 1. Kongmeng LY, Henrik LARSEN (2014), 2014 Lower Mekong Regional Water Quality Monitoring Report, MRC Technical Paper No. 60, Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, 56 pp; 2. Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) - QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - National technical Regulation on underground water quality; 3. Vietnam MONRE - QCVN 09:2015/BTNMT - National Technical Regulations on underground water quality (only available in Vietnamese language - referenced section translated by ICEM); 4. Mekong River Commission (MRC) (2014) - Multi-Media (Water, Sediment, Biota) Monitoring and Assessment Report, MRC Technical Paper No. 41. Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, 134 pp; 5. Myanmar’s National Environmental Quality (Emission) Guidelines - Section 2.6.2 Ports, Harbours and Terminals10; and 6. World Health Organization (2017) - The Guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) - ISBN: 978-92-4-154995-0 ISBN: 978-92-4-154995-0 - http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/en/. The parameters of the baseline sampling were compared with national and international standards for drinking water (1, 2, 3, 4) and water quality standards for aquatic life (4) and general water quality standards (5), where applicable. In the absence of national standards for surface water, groundwater, air and sediment quality in Myanmar the team applied the regional and international standards for analysis. The only available national standard is Myanmar’s National Environmental Quality (Emission) Guidelines which is not applicable to river training works related to Subproject 1. The MRC report on water, sediment and biota monitoring uses two factors to assess the sampled data: 1) impact on human life, and, 2) impact on aquatic life. The standards for the lower river were used because the Ayeyarwady River has a very gentle slope without rapids or sudden elevation differences. Next to that, the standards described in the Vietnamese MONRE - National Technical Regulation on underground water quality (QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT and QCVN 09:2015/BTNMT) are used for assessment of the values obtained from baseline sampling of surface and groundwater quality. Not all parameters collected in the field where described in international standards. 5.3.4 Air quality The air quality was measured hourly over a 24 hour period. The ambient air quality of the project site and surrounding area was reasonably good. Analysis of air quality data of the project site shows that 24 hr mean and 99th quantile of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are at acceptable level. And, it is relatively lower than the WHO standards in survey period since the standard limit are 50 and 25 for PM10 and PM 2.5 respectively. One hour mean for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is shown in Table 5.4. The 10Environmental, health, and safety guidelines for ports, harbors and terminals. 2007. International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Bank Group 74 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 concentration of nitrogen dioxide around the project site is relatively lower than the WHO standard for NO2 of 200 (µg/ m3). One hour mean for sulphur dioxide (SO2) is shown in the table below. The concentration of SO2 around the project site is relatively lower than the WHO standard for SO2 of 20 (µg/m3). Eight hour mean for Carbon monoxide (CO) are shown in Appendix 1. It is relatively lower than the WHO standard of 10 mg/m3. The result of the mean and 99th quantile next to the WHO standards is shown in the Table 5.4. In the same appendix the relative humidity (%), air temperature, wind direction and wind speed are also given. Table 5.4: Summary of air quality sampling for AQ_01 and AQ_02 Measured WHO standard AQ_01 [µg/m3] AQ_02 [µg/m3] (parameter) (µg/m3) (max value) (max value) quantile) quantile) 24 hour 1 hour 1 hour 1 hour 24 Hr. 24 Hr. 24 Hr. 24 Hr. Mean Mean Mean Mean (99th (99th 8 HR. 8 HR. CO 1.40 1.96 1.65 10.00 SO2 1.17 1.25 20.00 NO2 52.0 11.08 22.0 14.75 200 PM10 18.94 22.00 18.46 21.53 50.0* PM2.5 9.06 11.00 10.29 14.00 25.0* * (99th percentile) All the parameters for the air quality standards are within the WHO’s standards, for both 24 hour and 1 hour time frame and no critical values are observed at both sampling points. Figure 5.6: Measuring ambient air quality using Hazscanner instrument 5.3.5 Groundwater Two groundwater samples were taken drinking wells at the compounds of the Shwekyetkya pagoda compound and Shangalaykyun village respectively. The parameters that were tested, and results of the monitored parameters are presented in Table 5.5. 75 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.5: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring Good - satisfactory Poor - unsatisfactory # Parameter under discussion Shangalaykyun Shwekyetkya QCVN Unit compound GW_01 - GW_02 - WHO pagoda village Groundwater quality Unit 08:2008 (according standard standards (measured) & 2015 / to limit BTNMT@ standards) 1 Temperature 27.72 28.33 ˚C ˚C Dissolve Oxygen 2 2.01 2.34 mg/l ≥6 mg /l (DO) 3 pH 7.82 7.74 5.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 S.U. 4 BOD 4 2 mg O2/L ≥4 mg O2/l 5 COD 32 32 ppm 4 mg/l 6 Turbidity 0.8 1.4 NTU - 5 NTU 7 Conductivity 0.594 0.389 mS/cm - - µmho/cm Oxidation 8 Reduction 88 152 mV - - mV Potential mg/l as mg/l as 9 Total Hardness 232 190 500 500 CaCO3 CaCO3 mg/l as mg/l as 10 Carbonate Nil Nil - - CaCO3 CaCO3 11 Iron 6.22 0.18 mg /l 5 0.3 mg /l 12 Manganese Nil Nil ppm 0.5 0.05 mg/l ppm 13 Chloride (as CL) 5 7 mg /l 250 250 mg /l 14 Sulphate (as SO4) 78 48 mg /l 400 200 mg /l Total Dissolved mg /l 15 0.38 0.253 mg /l 1500 1500 Solid 16 Suspended Solid 122 12 mg /l - - mg /l 17 Ammonia Nil Nil mg /l - - mg /l 18 Arsenic 0.000087 0.000079 mg /l 0.05 0.01 mg /l 19 Chromium 0.000269 0.000333 mg /l 0.05 0.05 mg /l 20 Lead 0 0 mg /l 0.001 mg /l 21 Zinc Nil Nil mg /l 0.02 5 mg /l 22 Cadmium 0.000583 0.0005 mg /l 0,005 0.003 mg /l 23 Copper Nil Nil mg /l 1 2 mg /l 24 Salinity11 0.3 0.2 ppt - - ppt 25 Specific gravity 0 0 Sigmat - - Sigmat 26 Total coliforms 5.1 0 MPN/100ml 3 Satisfactory MPN/100ml Key findings included the following: 11 Unit conversion Salinity 0.2 - 0.3 ppt  200 - 300 mg/L 76 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  The following parameters do not meet the QCVN 08:2008 & 2015 / BTNMT standards: (2) Dissolved Oxygen (DO), (4) BOD, (9) total hardness, and (11) Iron  The COD values for groundwater and surface water all have the same value of ‘32’.  For Chromium VI (Cr6 +) it was not given which ion of Cr was referred to: Cr 3+ or Cr. 6+  Parameters (8) oxidation reduction potential, (10) carbonate, (14) sulphate (as SO4), (16) Suspended solids, (17) Ammonia and (24) salinity are not listed in the international standards for drinking water quality and therefor are not marked ‘good’ or ‘poor’  (9) hardness - both samples have a high hardness value (>180 mg/l - very hard).  (24) Salinity: “a measure of the concentration of total dissolved salts in soil or water, mainly sodium chloride”. No standards or criteria were defined by (MRC, 2014) and QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. For values between 0.1 - 2 the water quality is classified as suitable for irrigation waters; less for drinking water, according to Water boards for California State. This refers not to the risk to public health but more the experience/ taste of the water. Their water quality documentation is used as a reference for drinking water standards water. The measured 0.3 and 0.2 meet the SMCL standards for public drinking water. This automatically means this water is suitable for irrigation purposes as the standards are less strict: “Drinking Water Standards for Salinity the California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water12(DDW) has established EC and TDS secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) drinking water standards for public water supplies. SMCLs are ranges set by DDW for taste and odor thresholds; for TDS, the recommended SMCL is 500 mg/L and the upper SMCL is 1,000 mg/L.” 5.3.6 Sediment The two sediment samples were collected with a grab and kept in plastic bags and maintained cool in a box filled with crushed ice. The samples were then sent to the laboratory. The analysis results of sediment characteristics show that the percentage composition of sand is higher in the sample from downstream site. The soil texture of the sample from upstream is sandy clay and that of downstream is silty sand. No national standards are in place for ‘sediment’. Therefore, MRC standards are used as a reference (MRC, 2014) for quality standards on public health and aquatic life. 12 State Water Resources Control Board Division of Water Quality GAMA Program (revised June, 2016) 77 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.6: The results of laboratory analysis of upstream sediment sample (S_01) 78 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.7: The results of laboratory analysis of downstream sediment sample (S_02) Table 5.8: Sediment criteria as used for the Upper and Lower Mekong River - Used reference: (MRC, 2014) Upland Lowland Parameters unit S_01 S_02 river river General parameters Organic Matter (%w/w) - 0.71 0.17 Pesticide Total PCB (mg/kg) 0.023 - - -Hexachlorobenzene(HCB) (mg/kg) - Total Organochlorine Pesticide - -p,p’ -DDT (mg/kg) 0.0016 0.046 - - p,p’ -DDE (mg/kg) 0.0022 0.027 - - p,p’ -DDD (mg/kg) 0.002 0.02 - - -Chlordane (CHL) (mg/kg) 0.0005 0.006 - - -Heptachlor (mg/kg) - - - -Heptachlor Epoxide (mg/kg) - - - -α-Hexachlorocyclohaxane (µg/l) - - - 79 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Upland Lowland Parameters unit S_01 S_02 river river -γ-Hexachlorocyclohaxane (µg/l) - - - Heavy metals Mercury (Hg) (mg/kg) 0.15 1 0.15 0.17 9 Cadmium (Cd) (mg/kg) 1.5 10 - - Lead (Pb) (mg/kg) 50 220 14.7 4.02 Arsenic (As) (mg/kg) 20 70 0.18 - 1 Chromium (Cr) (mg/kg) 80 370 26.3 14.2 Nickel (Ni) (mg/kg) 21 52 - - Copper (Cu) (mg/kg) 65 270 - - Aluminum (Al) (mg/kg) - - - - Litium (Li) (mg/kg) - - - - Endrin Aldehyde (mg/kg) - - - - Endosulfan Sulphate (mg/kg) - - - Not listed in the Fat, oil and grease (mg/kg) - - 254 261 MRC, 2014 criteria Adopted from (MRC, 2014) - table 2.6 Key findings include:  The downstream sample displays very small concentrations of arsenic;  The heavy metal concentrations like those of lead and chromium are higher in upstream sample when compared to downstream sample;  Fat, oil and grease - the standard/ criteria for fat, oil and grease in sediment samples is not defined in MRC,2014 or QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT;  The mercury values at both sites are high, but within the standards for Mekong Lowland River. The concentrations of mercury are not remarkably different between the upstream and downstream samples;  There no national or reference international standards found for ‘organic matter’ and ‘fat, oils and grease’;  No samples were monitored on the content of pesticides. 80 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 5.7: Collecting the sediment sample using a grab 5.3.7 Soil Two soil samples were collected from the most upstream site of the proposed area (near Mingun area- site 1 and form the area near Shangalaykyun village-site 2) with an auger and kept cool in a cool-box during transportation. The soil in the project site is silty loam, sodium content is low, but calcium and organic matter were found at medium range. The soil was moderately neutral in nature and organic carbon was at medium range and total nitrogen was low. Phosphorus as nutrient is low. The other parameters are shown in the table below. Table 5.9: Quantitative soil quality of the sampling sites pH EC Available Sr. Sample Organic Total Soil Water Soil Water Texture CEC Nutrients No. plot Carbon N 1 : 2.5 1:5 P K2O SS_01 Point I Near neutral Very low Silt loam Medium Low Medium Low Medium Very SS_02 Point II Near neutral Very low Silt loam Medium Low Low Low Low Table 5.10: Quantitative soil quality of the sampling sites Texture meq/100gm Moisture % pH Carbon % Humus % Total N% EC Organic Sr. Solid CEC Total % Sand % Clay % Sample ms/ Silt % No. Water Plot cm 1:2.5 SS_01 Point I 3.16 6.71 0.06 9.30 78.35 10.45 98.10 2.55 4.40 0.13 14.43 SS_02 Point II 0.81 6.69 0.05 15.10 70.90 12.80 98.80 2.10 3.62 0.09 11.97 81 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.11: Results of Soil exchangeable cation and available nutrients Sr. Exchangeable Cation (meq/100gm) Available Nutrients No. Ca⁺⁺ Mg⁺⁺ Na⁺ K⁺ H⁺ AI⁺⁺⁺ P ppm (Olsen) K₂O mg/100gm SS_01 10.32 3.44 0.36 0.25 0.06 Not detected 3.20 11.76 SS_02 9.41 2.02 0.31 0.18 0.06 Not detected 2.19 8.46 No national or international standards are available to assess the soil types, available nutrients and irons. 5.3.8 Surface water The summary results from the dry and wet season surface water quality sampling are provided below (see Appendix 1 for baseline sampling results). The surface water samples were collected at 5 sampling points of Ayeyarwady River within the proposed project site of Sub-project 1 in the dry and monsoon season (Table 5.12). The most upstream point was defined as point 1 and the most downstream point was point 5. Two ground-water samples were collected from tube wells, one from Shwekyetkya pagoda compound (point 6) and one from Shangalaykyun village (point 7). The laboratory test results show that the water quality of the samples was relatively good as shown in the Table 5.12. In Table 5.13 the national and international standards are presented per parameter. Table 5.12: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring Good - satisfactory Poor - unsatisfactory # Parameter under discussion Results Surface Water Points Parameter Unit SW_01 SW_02 SW_03 SW_04 SW_05 1 Temperature 22.71 23.2 22.97 23.75 23.35 ˚C 2 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) 8.75 11.89 10.11 9.69 11.7 mg /l 3 pH 8.35 7.67 7.38 7.62 7.63 - 4 BOD 10 12 12 12 10 mg O2/L 5 COD 32 32 32 32 32 ppm 6 Turbidity 111 128 114 111 113 NTU 7 Conductivity 0.052 0.049 0.049 0.053 0.051 mS/cm Oxidation Reduction 8 289 302 300 278 316 mV Potential 9 Total Hardness 26 28 22 22 22 mg/l as CaCO3 10 Carbonate Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil mg/l as CaCO3 11 Iron 3.8 3.95 4 4.1 4.18 mg/l 12 Manganese Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ppm 13 Chloride (as Cl) 4 2 3 2 3 mg /l 14 Sulphate (as SO4) 5 3 5 5 7 mg /l 15 Total Dissolved Solid 0.035 0.031 0.032 0.035 0.033 mg /l 16 Suspended Solid 152 168 172 180 188 mg /l 17 Ammonia Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil mg /l 18 Arsenic 0 0 0 0.000091 0.000075 mg /l 19 Chromium 0.001114 0.000677 0.000526 0.000356 0.000246 mg /l 20 Lead 0 0 0.000032 0 0 mg /l 82 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 21 Zinc Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil mg /l 22 Cadmium 0 0 0 0.000725 0.000377 mg /l 23 Copper Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Mg/l 24 Salinity 0 0 0 0 0 ppt 25 Specific gravity 0 0 0 0 0 Sigmat 26 Total coliforms >16 >16 >16 >16 >16 MPN/100ml 27 Faecal coliforms 0 0 0 0 0 MPN/100ml 28 Ecoli ,Escheric 0 0 0 0 0 MPN/100ml 29 Oil and Grease 43.9 7.5 9.8 3.6 2.4 ppm 30 Mercury (x10-5) 1.20 1.4 2.80 1.70 1.50 Mg/l 5.3.9 Discussion on water quality Hardness (as mg/L CaCO3) Related to the soap-consuming characteristics of water and results in formation of scum when soap is added. May cause deposition of scale in boilers, water heaters, and pipes. Hardness is contributed to by calcium and magnesium, bicarbonate and carbonate mineral species in water is called carbonate hardness; hardness in excess of this concentration is called noncarbonated hardness.13 WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/06 - Water that has a hardness (Heath, 1983), (McGowan, 2000):14 less than 61 mg/L considered soft 61-120 mg/L, moderately hard 121-180 mg/L, Hard more than 180 mg/L very hard Conductivity- µmhos/cm: MRC (2014)’s - section - 2.4.4.3 Water Quality Index for Agricultural Use, index adopted by the MRC member countries as a mean of communicating water quality monitoring information to the public is the Water Quality Index for Agricultural Use, focusing on water quality for general irrigation and paddy rice. The indices for general irrigation and paddy rice are calculated based on water quality guidelines for salinity (electrical conductivity). The electrical conductivity guidelines, together with the degree of consequence, for the indices for general irrigation and paddy rice are outlined in Table 5.14. Table 5.13: Conductivity conversion µmhos/cm mS/cm - converter15  Min - max: 169 - 310 0.169 - 0.310  Avg +/- SD: 229 +/- 40 0.229 +/- 0.040 Adopted from: Mekong mainstream 13http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/hardness.pdf&https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024094/pdf/ mainbodyofreport-3.pdf 14McGowan W (2000) Water processing: residential, commercial, light-industrial, 3rd ed. Lisle, IL, Water Quality Association. 15Converter: https://www.translatorscafe.com/unit-converter/en/electric-conductivity/13- 10/microsiemens%2Fcentimeter-millisiemens%2Fmeter/ 83 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.14: Electrical conductivity guidelines and degrees of consequence for surface water - converter Degree of consequence16 None (good) Some (fair) Severe (poor) Electrical conductivity General irrigation mS/m <70 70-300 >300 mS/cm <0.7 0.7 – 3 >3 Paddy rice mS/m <200 200-480 >480 mS/cm <2 <2 – 4.8 > 4.8 From stakeholder consultations, it was found that the people who do use the Ayeyarwady River as a source for drinking water, only use it during the dry season. During the wet season rain water is collected. Most of the communities use a tube well with sand filter as their main drinking water source.  (5) - COD - the units of the observed at international standards are not the same. They seem to be high as the standards for (MRC, 2014) and QCVN 08:2008 / BTNMT describe values of 5 and 15 respectively as the maximum value;  (7) Electrical Conductivity (EC) levels were recorded to be less than the suggested lower limit of the water quality for the protection of human health of 70 mS/m.  Parameters (6) turbidity, (8) oxidation reduction potential, (14) sulphate (as SO4) are not listed in the international standards for drinking water quality and therefor are not marked ‘good’ or ‘poor’  (11) Iron - All values are above the standards from both (MRC, 2014) and QCVN 08:2008 / BTNMT. The median iron concentration in rivers has been reported to be 0.7 mg/litre17. Higher concentrations of Fe (and Mng) may cause offensive (metallic) taste, odor, rust formation and staining of laundry problems for the public. 18  Chloride19 standard is different than the monitored ‘Cl-ions’  For Chromium VI (Cr6 +) it was not given which ion of Cr was referred to: Cr 3+ or Cr6+  (14) Sulphate20 (as SO4) Is only compared with WHO’s drinking water quality standards. The sample is within the standards. 16 None = 100% yield; Some = 50-90% yield; Severe = <50% yield 17World Health Organisation – Ironin drinking water: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron.pdf 18 K. Vuori - Direct and indirect effects of iron on river ecosystems - Ann. Zool. Fennici, 32 (1995), pp. 317-329 19 World Health Organisation: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chloride.pdf 20 World Health Organisation: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/sulfate.pdf 84 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 5.8: Preparing for water sampling  (16) Suspended solids - no criteria for drinking water in the MRC, 2014 documents. Other standards apply to drinking water quality standards. For Myanmar’s Harbours and Ports the values are exceeded. However, in the river more particles are to be expected due to its turbulence and dissolved particles (incl. sediments) from the land. For the QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT standards of surface water the ‘Total suspended solids (TSS)’ is given. The measured values exceed this value.  (24) Salinity: “a measure of the concentration of total dissolved salts in soil or water, mainly sodium chloride”. No standards or criteria were defined by (MRC, 2014) and QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. For values between 0.1 - 2 the water quality is classified as suitable for irrigation waters; less for drinking water”  (29) There no national or reference international standards found for ‘organic matter’ and ‘fat, oils and grease’. The international and regional water quality standards are included in Appendix 2. 5.3.10 Conclusion WHO drinking water quality standards should be considered with the note that surface water taken from the Ayeyarwady River is untreated. Most people in Subproject 1 use a (tube) well as their drinking water source. The few people who use the river as a source, only use it during the dry season. In the monsoon season they collect rain water. People do process the water before actual using it as drinking water (filtering and/or boiling). By comparing the monitored parameters to the standards no significant values where found for air, sediment, surface and groundwater, indicating that there is not a significant risk human or aquatic life. A few values however are briefly discussed because they are higher than the international standards or are missing in those references and thus deserve additional explanation:  No samples were monitored on the content of pesticides in surface water and sediments;  Almost all parameters are within the acceptable range of water quality standards;  Not all monitored parameters could be linked to national and international standards. For surface and groundwater: turbidity, Oxidation reduction potential, chloride (as Cl), Carbonate, ammonia, salinity, specific gravity. For sediments: organic matter; 85 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  The concentrations of Iron (Fe) in both the groundwater and surface water samples are high. They are much higher than the WHO standards of 0.3 mg/l;  Fat, oil and grease standards are not found in the international literature. It is noted that the value of SW_01 is significantly higher compared to the other samples. Visual observations of potential oil and grease spills should be undertaken during the implementation of the Subproject 1. Biodiversity and Fisheries 5.4.1 Location and habitat description The study area is located in the broad anastomose river channel of the Ayeyarwady midway between the end of the third gorge of the Ayeyarwady at Kyaukmyaung and the confluence with the Chindwin river. An anastomosing river is composed of two or more interconnected channels that enclose floodplains. Anastomosing channels are multithreaded and commonly have thick clay and silt banks and occur at low gradients of stream bed. In the project area, the main channel passes from the west bank at Mingun, Sagaing region to the east bank opposite Mandalay city. It then flows down the east bank for about 14 km with two smaller channels and many side creeks on the west side of the river. Just before the Sagaing Bridge the main channel again passes to the west side of the channel. The smaller channels, islands and floodplains in this area are thus 14 km long and about 4 km wide at the widest point. This study considers the impacts on this smaller channel/island complex, leaving the main channel as the focus for the navigation improvement works. Figure 5.9 shows the study area and the extent of the wet season inundation and the dry season islands, together with the villages in the area. 86 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 5.9: Study area showing the extent of dry and wet season inundation 5.4.2 Aquatic habitats and seasonal changes The aquatic habitats in the area are defined by the seasonal flooding of the river and consist of the permanent bodies of water - the two smaller channels, one along the west bank and one in the middle of the complex, and the low-lying lakes where the water remains during the dry season, which may be isolated from the rest of the flowing water bodies. During the dry season, there is very little flow down the two channels. During the wet season the Ayeyarwady rises and covers much of the islands, even into the villages, which may be flooded for several weeks a year. Seasonal inundation of the floodplain islands is an important feature of the area, accounting for its high aquatic productivity and fish diversity. Much of the islands are cultivated during the dry season being fertilized by the previous wet season flood water and its sediments, so the majority of the villagers are farmers rather than fishermen. The aquatic habitats in the study area can be defined in terms of the seasonality of inundation by the river flood waters. Several main habitat types can be identified: 87 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 1) Main channel - permanent flowing water with channel depth up to 20 m 2) Side channels - permanent water, flowing in the wet season, with flows decreasing to nil in the dry season and becoming lakes. Depth of the lakes in the dry season may be up to 5 m deep 3) Seasonally inundated land on islands and river banks.  Inundation of low lying areas lasting for up to six months from May to October. These areas may have reeds and grasses surrounding them, e.g. in the northern end of the island, or may dry to form sandbanks, e.g., in the channels or at the southern end of the island  Inundation of higher lying areas for a few weeks in July/August e.g. near the villages. These will generally be used for agriculture. The aquatic vegetation in the area consists of some emergent reeds and grasses along the banks, with some areas being sandy and relatively unvegetated. The isolated lakes and pools will have a high algal production during the end of the dry season. The total area of the side channels and islands in the study area is around 3,840 ha. The total area of the two inns or fishing leasehold lakes is 1,930 ha. Most of the remaining island area (around 2000 ha) is flooded at some stage during the flood season as shown in Figure 5.10, where only the white areas were not flooded during 2014/2015. Figure 5.10: Seasonality of aquatic habitats in the study area Source: https://global-surface-water.appspot.com/ Water seasonality 2014/2015 Figure 5.11 shows a close-up of the aquatic habitats in the centre of the study area. It illustrates the bodies of permanent water that remain as the side channels dry up. No particular habitats are noted for fish spawning in the area, though it is likely this takes place in the early flood season in the flood plain areas. 88 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 5.11: Close up Google earth image of aquatic habitat areas in the study area Seasonally flooded Agricultural land flooded f Permanent water – Yinpyinout Inn Permanent water – Thanbo gyun Permanent water Seasonally flooded sand banks Figure 5.12: Reedbeds with Egrets at the northern tip of the study area 5.4.3 Fish species found in the area A total of 37 fish species were recorded during the dry season survey and an additional 17 species were recognized by fishermen as part of their catches during the wet season field visit. These have been compared with the species list prepared from Nwe Nwe Thein’s PhD thesis, which includes the study area. These species lists have been consolidated giving a total of 70 fish species found in the area as seen in Table 5.15. In addition, the Giant River Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergi, is also caught in the area. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List was used as reference to determine the threatened status of the fish species. There are 9 89 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Near Threatened species, 52 Least Concern species, and 5 Data Deficient species, with 3 species not evaluated. An analysis of the species (using information from FishBase) shows that 12 of the 71 species are known migratory species, and another 23 are possible migratory species. This indicates that about 50% of the species are longitudinal migrants, some of them being long distance migrants. Discussions with villagers show that the Hilsa shad and Tenualosa ilisha, is sometimes caught in February and March by the fishermen from Ngwethaungyan, but is very rare. They catch the Burmese river shad, Gudusia variegata throughout the year. Villagers also indicate that the most important species in their catches are:  Featherback, Notopterus notopterus  Swamp barb, Puntius chola  Mrigal, Cirrhinus cirrhosus  Angra-labeo, Labeo angra  Indian glassy fish, Parambassis ranga  Gangetic mystus, Mystus cavassius  Butter catfish, Ompok bimaculatus  Boal, freshwater shark, Wallago attu  Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica Figure 5.13: Sucker fish caught at Setyeik S. Tilapia is an exotic species, which appeared first in 1996 (according to fishermen from Nyaung bin tha) and now makes up a significant proportion of the catch; another exotic fish species which appeared in 2010 is the Sucker fish, Hypostomus plecostomus, which is considered useless by the fishermen, killed and thrown back when caught (Figure 5.13). Fishermen may catch 2 or 3 individuals of this invasive alien fish each day, especially in January to March. 90 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Table 5.15: Consolidated fish species list for the study area Possible IUCN Wet season Migratory Source - Dry season Burmese name Common name Family Scientific name migratory Redlist village species PhD thesis survey species status interviews 1 Nga-phe Featherback Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus LC x x x 2 Nga-khone-ma Swamp Barb Cyprinidae Puntius chola 1 DD x x x 3 Nga-mort-tort Indian glass barb Cyprinidae Laubuca laubuca 1 LC x 4 Nga-khone-ma-toke Olive barb Cyprinidae Systomus sarana 1 LC x 5 Nga-khone-ma-bu-sei Ticto barb Cyprinidae Pethia ticto 1 LC x 6 Yin-boung-zar Sardinella razorbelly minnow Cyprinidae Salmostoma sardinella LC x x x 7 Nga-gyin Mrigal Cyprinidae Cirrhinus cirrhosus 1 LC x x x 8 Ngahingan Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Catla catla 1 LC x x 9 Nga Phan ma Carplet Cyprinidae Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii LC x x 10 Nga-Lu-mie-net Angra-labeo Cyprinidae Labeo angra 1 LC x x x 11 Ngalu Boga labeo Cyprinidae Labeo boga 1 LC x x 12 Nga-net-pyar Kalbasu black rohee Cyprinidae Labeo calbasu 1 LC x x 13 Nga-lee Moulmein labeo Cyprinidae Labeo stoliczkae 1 DD x x 14 Nga On Ton Nandina Cyprinidae Labeo nandina 1 NT x x 15 Nga-myit-chin Rohu Cyprinidae Labeo rohita 1 LC x x x 16 Nga-phan-ma Cyprinidae Osteobrama alfrediana NE x 17 Nga-phan-wine Cyprinidae Osteobrama cotio LC x 18 Nga-lin-ban Burmese osteobrama Cyprinidae Osteobrama feae LC x 19 Nga Phe Oung Manipur osteobrama Cyprinidae Osteobrama belangeri NT x 20 Nga-lay-ban Cunma osteobrama Cyprinidae Osteobrama cunma LC x 21 Nga-la-war Burmese trout Cyprinidae Raiamas guttatus 1 LC x x 22 Nga-phyn Aspidoparia Cyprinidae Aspidoparia morar LC x x 23 Nga-zin-lone Corsula Mullet Mugilidae Rhinomugil corsula 1 LC x 24 Nga-zin-zat Indian glassy fish Ambassidae Parambassis ranga LC x x x 25 Nylon-nga or Ka-Tha-boe Tank goby Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris 1 DD x x x 26 Nga-khu Walking catfish Claridae Clarias batrachus LC x 27 Nga-nauk-thwar Sittaung mystus Bagridae Mystus leucophasis 1 LC x 28 Nga-zin-yaing-kyet-chay Pulcher mystus Bagridae Mystus pulcher 1 LC x 29 Nga-zin-yaing-kywai-thoe Day's mystus Bagridae Mystus bleekeri 1 LC x 30 Nga-zin-yaing-phyu Gangetic mystus Bagridae Mystus cavasius 1 LC x x x 31 Nga-gyaung Long whiskered catfish Bagridae Sperata aor 1 LC x x x 32 Nga Ywaye Long Whisker Catfish Bagridae x 33 Nga-dan Striped cat fish Bagridae Mystus vittatus 1 LC x x 34 Nga-ngaik, Nga-aik Menoda catfish Bagridae Mystus memoda NE x 35 Nga-nauk-thwar Bagridae Mystus cineraceus DD x 36 Nga-kyauk-phar Burmese angler catfish Chacidae Chaca burmensis LC x 37 Nga Htway Cat fish x 91 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Possible IUCN Wet season Migratory Source - Dry season Burmese name Common name Family Scientific name migratory Redlist village species PhD thesis survey species status interviews 38 Nga Myin Buttercatfish Siluridae Ompok bimaculatus 1 NT x x x 39 Nga-nu-than Butter Cat Fish Siluridae Ompok bimaculatus NT x x 40 Nga-nu-than Pabo catfish Siluridae Ompok pabo 1 NT x 41 Nga-gyee Stinging catfish Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis LC x 42 Nga-thit-tone Kosi Hara Erethistidae Hara hara LC x 43 Nga-bat Boal, freshwater shark Siluridae Wallago attu 1 NT x x x 44 Nga-yaung River catfish Ariidae Cephalocassis jatia DD x x 45 Ngamyin Silong catfish Schilbeidae Silonia silondia 1 LC x 46 Nga-myin-oak-phar Garua bachcha Schilbeidae Clupisoma garua 1 LC x 47 Nga-myin-kun-mar Batcha vacha Schilbeidae Eutropiichthys vacha 1 LC x 48 Nga-myin-keyt-taung Burmese taakree Schilbeidae Proeutropiichthys taakree LC x 49 Nga Tha Lauk Hilsa Shad Clupeidae Tenualosa ilisha 1 LC x x x 50 Nga La Be Burmese River shad Clupeidae Gudusia variegata 1 LC x x x 51 Nga yant Snakehead Murrel Channidae Channa striata LC x x x 52 Nga-yant-daing Giant snake-head Channidae Channa mariulius LC x 53 Ngayantgaungdoe Asiatic snake-head Channidae Channa orientalis LC x x 54 Nga-yaunt-pa-naw Spotted snake-head Channidae Channa panaw LC x 55 Nga Phaung Yoe Fresh water garfish Belonidae Xenentodon cancila 1 LC x x x 56 Nga-pu-si or Nga-pu-tin Ocellated puffer Tetraodontidae Tetraodon cutcutia LC x x x 57 Nga-maung-ma Gangetic goonch Sisoridae Bagarius bagarius 1 NT x x 58 Nga-maung-ma Gangetic goonch Sisoridae Bagarius yarelli 1 NT x 59 Nga-than-chake Yellow-catfish Sisoridae Gagata cenia LC x x x 60 Nga-mwe-nagar Siny eel Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus LC x x 61 Nga-mway-ni One striped spiny eel Mastacembelidae Macrognathus aral LC x 62 Nga-mway-doh-kyan-sit Spiny eel Mastacembelidae Macrognathus zebrinus LC x x 63 Nga-mway-nagar Spiny eel Mastacembelidae Macrognathus zebrinus LC x x 64 Japan Nga Opaline gourami Osphronemidae Trichogaster trichopterus LC 65 Snakeskin Gourami Osphronemidae Trichogaster pectoralis NE x 66 Ngaphyithalet Thick-lipped gourami Osphronemidae Trichogaster labiouus LC x x 67 Nga-pyay ma Climbing perch Anabatidae Anabas testudineus LC x x x 68 Nga-the-le-doh Loach Cobitidae Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei 1 LC x x x 69 Nga-shwe-yee Blyth’s Loach Cobitidae Syncrossus berdmorei 1 NT x x 70 Tilapia Tilapia Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambica LC x x x 71 Pazun Htote Gyee Giant Fresh Water Prawn Malacostraca Macrobrachium rosenbergii 1 LC x 92 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 5.4.4 Description of the fishery 5.4.4.1 Villages in the area Based upon field visit interviews and discussions, the following villages lie inside or use the study area for fishing. In most of the villages there are relatively few full-time fishing households, although most villagers will catch fish for subsistence purposes. Within the fisheries study area, there are 34 villages, with a total population of 46,599 and 289 fishermen. Nine of these villages are located on the islands with about 8,647 people, of which there are about 131 full-time fishermen, around 40 are in the Subproject 1 area. Most villages on the islands lying within the floodplain have permanent, well established houses on stilts raised above the level of the flood waters. The community with the largest proportion of fishing households is Ngwethaungyan, a floating village associated with Than bo gyun village with 600 people and about 90 fishermen. These villagers migrated into the area about 30 years ago from Myingyan township. In general, each household possesses two boats, one fishing boat and the other used as house boat in the river. When the water level falls, fishermen move their houses on to the sand banks. During the flood season, the fisher folk are more dispersed, and some move their boats to Htan Myint village on the Sagaing side. Table 5.16: Villages and fisherfolk numbers Village name Location Population Numbers of fisherfolk Htan Myint Sagaing bank 1,291 6 Ta Laing Zin Sagaing bank 286 0 Let Pan Sagaing bank 1,670 3 Ko Daung Sagaing bank 945 6 Chaung Bauk Sagaing bank 1,043 0 Pauk Taw Sagaing bank 701 0 Mye Daing Sagaing bank 366 0 Kyet Taung Sagaing bank 997 5 Tan Daw Sagaing bank 769 0 Pe Nag Ze Sagaing bank 1,359 0 Ar laung Sagaing bank 1,249 6 Wa Chet Sagaing bank 2,423 0 Shin Phyu Shin La Sagaing bank 674 0 Thaw ta ban Qt* Sagaing bank 1,818 0 Kyun Sin Island - north west 908 5 Gyaing Gyi Island - north west 1,033 1 Pohla gon Island - central south 215 3 Da Ma Gya Island - central south 1,004 3 Nyaung bin tha (N) Island - central south 890 0 Nyaung bin tha (E) Island - central east 896 30 Than bo Gyun Island - central east 1,700 0 Hin ywet su Island - central east 1,401 4 Ngwethaungyan Island - central east 600 90 Setyeik (S) East bank north 620 30 Setyeik (N) East bank north 600 10 Tha yet ta bin East bank north 2,045 5 Se ta East bank north 560 20 93 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Village name Location Population Numbers of fisherfolk Min ye hla East bank north 400 10 Shan gale gyun East bank south 3,599 0 Yin Daw East bank south 1,431 1 Kyan dan East bank south 5,000 1 Shwe ge East bank south 777 0 Shwe kyet yet (VT) East bank south 9,000 50 TOTAL 46,599 289 Seasonal fishers 5.4.4.2 Artisanal fishery The artisanal fishery in the area is characterized by the following case studies from the villages surveyed: 5.4.4.2.1 Set Yeik (S) Village- East bank north of Mandalay There are about 30 fishermen in the village, of which 20 have their own boats. The number of fishermen has increased over the past 10 years from about 10 to 30 in Set Yeik (S) Village. The fishing area stretches from Min Kun and Nan Taw Kyun in upstream area and down to Ngwe Thaung Yan village. The most commonly used fishing gear is the line (gill) net. These are approximately 100 m with a mesh size of about 1-1.5 inches. For catching big fishes, cast nets are used. The same type of fishing gear is used throughout the whole year but when the water level is high, the gear is set near the river bank and is moved to the middle of the river when water level is low. May and June are breeding seasons for fishes. September to November is the peak season of fish catches with average yield is 7-8 viss (11.5 - 13.1 kg) of fish per day. It is noted that yield of catfish and striped catfish has declined over the last 10 years. During winter season starting from December to February, fewer amounts of fish are caught from the river local fish sellers retail fishes bought from Yangon fish market. Figure 5.14: Fishing scenes from Setyeik S. 94 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 5.4.4.2.2 Nyaung Pin Tha Village (Ywa Thit) - island central channel There are 240 households in Nyaung Pin Tha village and out of total 1,708 population, 838 are male and 948 are female. There are two parts to this village, this being the main new village, which was built about 30 years ago. There are about 30 full time fishermen in the new village and less than 10 remaining in the old village. 10 years ago there used to be 40 full-time fishermen, but a number have now moved to other livelihoods. Seine nets are used for fishing of Nga Bat Wallago, Mrigal, Tilapia, Nandina, and Featherback and net size is 180 m in length and 2.5 inches in one mesh measurement. When the water level is high, fish traps are used for fishing. The fishermen pay up to 20,000 Kyats to fish in the Kyun Daw fishing lot. Figure 5.15: Interviewing fisherfolk at Nyaung Pin Tha Village (Ywa Thit) Figure 5.16: Seine net in operation 5.4.4.2.3 Ngwe Thaung Yan (temporary fishing Village) - island off main channel Total population of the village is about 900 with about 160 households, and about 90 fishers. Most fishers in this village sell fishes directly to the markets in Mandalay. Fish are stored with ice before selling to the market. 95 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 They use two types of nets, called Myaw Pipe or line nets with a mesh size of 0.5 inches are used for catching Sardinella razorbelly minnow and Indian glassy fish. For catching medium sized fishes, line net with 1.5"- 2" inches mesh size are used. Usually, fishing net is set in afternoon (around 2 to 3 pm) and fish removed around 1:00 to 1:30 am. According to fishers, the best fishing place is along the stretch from Mingun to Sagaing. Each fisher has to pay tax about 20,000MMK per year to the seasonal inn owner. The tax is according to the fishing area. If the fisherman goes fishing over his taxed boundaries, the inn owner keeps all the fishes. The Department of Fishery (DoF) restricts fishing from June to August. If DoF see fishing during the restricted time, they confiscate the fishes. DoF raises awareness to the fishers not to use electric fishing. The fishes are abundant during September to October. At this time, the fishers go fishing every day. All the fishers have their own fishing boats and Myaw Pipes. It takes about 30 minutes from start to set the Myaw Pipe. There are 10 fishing boats in one group and there are three fishing groups at four fishing points. They start fishing in the morning at 5am up to 5 pm in the evening. A fisher can go fishing three times per day. Most of the fishers catch fish for domestic consumption so is an important source of food security and protein. When the fishers get surplus fish, then they go and sell in Mandalay. The daily income from fishing is about 4,000 to 5,000 MMK. They go fishing about 20 days per month. Some fishers moved from Myin Chan, Ci Mi Kone village to here since 40 years ago. There is some agriculture at Ngwe Thaung Yan village. They grow peanut, bean, Roselle, Gourd, cucumber and other kinds of vegetables. They use irrigation river water for agriculture and use tube wells for drinking water. There are four or five tube wells at the village which are good enough for drinking. Use the river water for domestic. There are pit latrines, government clinic, a nurse, a monastery, a primary school, etc. at the village. The students go to Nyaung Bin Thar for middle school. Figure 5.17: Floating fishing houses at Ngwe Thaung Yan village 5.4.4.2.4 Village name- Ko Daung Village- west bank, Sagaing region There are 200 households in Ko Daung village and total population is around 1,000. Only five to six fishers are doing fishing activities due to decreased yield of fishes. Fish yield per fishermen is only 1 96 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 viss per day and line net is used for fishing. Fish are mostly sold in the village and not to the Mandalay fish market. The village headman noted that a low weir had been constructed 30 years ago across the Moemeik channel near Htan Myint to prevent the channel widening at the Sagaing bank and to maintain the water flow to Mandalay Port by DWIR and that fish caught by fishers has reduced - before the weir was built they used to catch 5 - 6 viss per day and now they catch 1 - 2 viss per day. This small weir can only be observed at very low water, e.g. in March/April. Figure 5.18: Location of old weir near Htan Myint, looking north towards main channel 5.4.4.3 Leasehold fishing lots description, areas and annual catches Statistics for the whole of Myanmar from the DoF (2014) suggest that over 1,380,000 metric tons of fish were caught from Open and Leasable fisheries, (called ‘Inn’) most of which are in freshwater floodplain areas, their productivity depending upon the annual flood and drought cycle. From the data available, there are 3,290 leasehold fisheries in Myanmar, with a total area of around 61,000 ha. Small- scale fishing is practiced over a much wider area, and the DoF statistics (2013/14) suggest that open fisheries production is more than three times (> 1m tons) that from the leasable fishery, (300,000 metric tons). Within the study area there are three fishing leaseholds - in Mandalay region, Yinpyinout Inn in the centre channel of the islands and Nankart Innon the east bank south of Mandalay and Arlaungwetote Innalong the west bank in Sagaing region. These are auctioned every year, though DoF are considering making leases for longer periods to encourage better resource management. The maps of these leaseholds available at the Mandalay regional office of DoF date back to the 1970s or earlier, and because of changes in the channels, these maps bear no relationship to the configuration of the inns on the ground. However, the local fishers all know what area is included in the inn and, which are parts of the open fishery. Figure 5.19 shows the permanent bodies of water remaining at the end of the dry season in the study area with the approximate locations of the three inns. 97 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Figure 5.19: Permanent bodies of water remaining at the end of the dry season, with three leasehold fishery areas (inns) The tables below show five-year records from the three inns and figures associated with these tables show the proportions of different fish species in the catch (Table 5.17, Table 5.18, Table 5.19 and Figure 5.20, Figure 5.21, Figure 5.22). What is striking in all three Inns is the high proportion of the exotic species Tilapia - 32% in Yinpyinout, 29% in Nankart and 19% in Arlaungwetote Inns. Mrigal is a dominant part of the catch in Yinpyinout Inn (31%), but only 8% and 5% in Nankart and Arlaungwetote Inns. In Nankart Inn the second largest proportion is the Manipur Osteobrama with 16%, but this makes up only 8% of the catch in Yinpyinout Inn and does not figure at all in Arlaungwetote. In Arlaungwetote, small and tiny fish species are also included in the records and make up 19% of the catch - presumably these small fish also caught in the Mandalay inns, but not recorded. In Arlaungwetote, the other important part of the catch is made up by Catla catla (21%) and Burmese River Shad (15%), neither of ehich feature in the Mandalay Inns. Table 5.17: 5 year records of fish catches from Yinpyinout Inn Nga Bat Manipur Indian Gangetic Year Mrigal Wallago osteobrama Tilapia glassy fish Snake Head mystus Swamp Barb Featherback Total Kg Viss = 1.633 kg 2012-2013 24,698 9,716 8,339 21,565 4,499 112 4,340 187 144 73,600 120,184 2013-2014 24,715 9,732 8,355 21,581 4,515 128 4,356 203 165 73,750 120,429 2014-2015 23,059 5,462 3,313 22,388 2,318 5,354 2,191 6,983 2,992 74,060 120,935 2015-2016 26,165 3,906 2,826 26,031 2,278 4,222 1,892 4,677 2,373 74,370 121,441 2016-2017 14,571 6,415 5,475 26,443 4,359 5,499 2,791 4,559 4,439 74,551 121,737 Average 22,642 7,046 5,662 23,602 3,594 3,063 3,114 3,322 2,023 74,066 120,945 Source: DOF, Mandalay region 98 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Figure 5.20: Proportions of fish species caught in Yinpyinout Inn Table 5.18: 5 year records of fish catches from Nankart Inn Nga Bat Manipur Indian Snake Gangetic Striped cat Year Mrigal Tilapia Swamp Barb Buttercatfish Featherback Total Total Wallago osteobrama glassy fish Head mystus fish Viss = 1.633 kg Kg 2012-2013 12,403 2,725 2,507 10,946 357 - 1,817 1,314 1,044 387 629 34,129 55,730 2013-2014 12,410 2,732 2,514 10,953 364 - 1,824 1,321 1,051 394 637 34,200 55,846 2014-2015 14,742 1,909 1,489 16,330 368 - 897 1,966 785 372 342 39,200 64,011 2015-2016 15,019 1,325 1,155 16,199 861 - 894 1,539 952 730 626 39,300 64,174 2016-2017 3,937 2,668 8,052 14,260 4,204 - 3,415 3,946 3,019 3,170 2,988 49,660 81,091 Average 11,702 2,272 3,143 13,738 1,231 - 1,769 2,017 1,370 1,011 1,044 39,298 64,171 Source: DOF, Mandalay Region Figure 5.21: Proportions of fish species caught in Nankart Inn Table 5.19: 5 year records of fish catches from Arlaungwetote Inn Macrognathus Burmese Clarias siamensis - Kalbasu Nga Bat Snake Feather Catla Minor Angra Small & Year Mrigal Tilapia Rohu River gariepinus Shrimp spotted black Total Total Wallago Head back catla Carp labeo tiny fishes shad Catfish springeel rohee Viss = 1.633 kg Kg 2012-2013 2,300 2,200 8,000 700 200 12,000 2,200 8,500 5,000 300 1,200 150 450 75 9,000 55,275 90,260 2013-2014 2,200 1,800 8,500 700 50 11,000 2,500 7,500 4,000 150 1,300 120 350 100 8,500 48,770 79,638 2014-2015 2,100 1,850 8,000 650 75 9,500 2,000 6,500 2,500 150 1,000 80 350 65 10,000 44,820 73,188 2015-2016 1,850 1,700 8,400 300 65 6,500 1,500 5,500 2,750 75 950 75 400 7,500 37,565 61,341 2016-2017 1,950 1,550 8,500 400 85 7,000 1,500 4,200 2,200 125 750 125 400 90 6,500 35,300 57,642 Average 2,080 1,820 8,280 550 95 9,200 1,940 6,440 3,290 160 1,040 110 390 83 8,300 44,346 72,414 Source: DOF Sagaing region. 99 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Figure 5.22: Proportions of fish species caught in Arlaungwetote Inn Table 5.20 shows the size, auction price and five-year average catches in these three inns which highlights the differences in the catches. Yinpyinout Inn is the largest - 1,264 ha and had the highest auction price (6.3 million kyat) compared to the others, but had a lower yield in terms of kilograms per hectare (95.7 kg/ha). Arlaungwetote Inn is the second largest with 668 ha, and an auction price of 5.9 million kyat, and a slightly higher yield - 108 kg/ha. Nankart Inn is much smaller at 83 ha, but has a much higher yield of 773 kg/ha. Its auction price reflects this in part, being 1.3 million kyat or 15,271 kyats/ha compared to 4,985 kyats/ha for Yinpyinout inn and 8,776 kyat/ha for Arlaungwetote. Table 5.20: Size, auction price and total catch of 3 Inns Price/ave 5 year average rage Area catch Catch/ha Auction price Price catch ha kg kg/ha Kyats Kyat/ha Kyat/kg Mandalay Region  Yinpyinout Inn 1,263.80 120,945 95.70 6,300,000 4,985 52.09  Nankart Inn 82.96 64,171 773.51 1,266,900 15,271 19.74 Sagaing Region  Arlaungwetote Inn 667.7 72,414 108.45 5,860,000 8,776 80.92 Interview with Concession Owner U Thingyan Moe from Nyaung Pin Tha village inherited the Kyuu Daw inn concession when his parents passed away three years ago. He succeeded tender competition for Kyuu Daw Inn priced around 4,000,000 kyats in last April. Kyuu Daw inn is approximately 1 mile in length and 0.5 mile in width (1,600 x 800 m) i.e. an area of 128 ha. He uses a 120 m long seine net is used for catching fish and 9-10 persons are needed for setting and taking out the net. The average yield of fish from the concession is 600 viss per month (c 1,000 kg). Fish catches are sold wholesale to local people who are selling fish in markets in Mandalay. Compared to 10 years ago, fish yield has gone down when it was about 1,000 viss per month. He thinks that long-whiskered cat fish become locally extinct due to electro-fishing. Concession fee for fishing inn near Ngwe Thaung Yan village (Yinpyinout Inn) was 6,000,000 - 7,000,000 kyats for this year 2017. The concession owner is not from Ngwe Thaung Yan village but comes from Mandalay and has about 15-20 workers. 5.4.4.4 Seasonal patterns of catches Table 5.21 shows the main seasons when different fish species are caught in the study area. Many of the resident species are caught all the year round, but there is a distinct period for catching fish in the late dry season from February to April, and a second period in September/October/November, which 100 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 is considered the best fishing season. When the river levels are rising in June/July/August the fishing is least good due to high water levels. Some of the main migratory species, such as mrigal and tank goby are caught in October to November, while others such as Hilsa, Gangetic goonch and the prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergi) are caught in February to April. Leasehold owners start fishing operations in the leasehold inns in October and continue to end of February, after which the leasehold is open to others to fish in. There is a close season for fish breeding in the early wet season, and the fishery is open to all when the river is in flood. Table 5.21: Main seasons for catching different fish species reported by villagers Burmese name Common name Family Scientific name Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Nga-phe Featherback Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Nga-khone-ma Swamp Barb Cyprinidae Puntius chola Yin-boung-zar Sardinella razorbelly minnow Cyprinidae Salmostoma sardinella x x x x x Nga-gyin Mrigal Cyprinidae Cirrhinus cirrhosus x x x x x x Nga Phan ma Carplet Cyprinidae Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii x x x x x Nga-Lu-mie-net Angra-labeo Cyprinidae Labeo angra x x x Nga-net-pyar Kalbasu black rohee Cyprinidae Labeo calbasu x Nga-lee Moulmein labeo Cyprinidae Labeo stoliczkae x x Nga On Ton Nandina Cyprinidae Labeo nandina Nga-myit-chin Rohu Cyprinidae Labeo rohita Nga-zin-zat Indian glassy fish Ambassidae Parambassis ranga Nylon-nga or Ka-Tha-boe Tank goby Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris Nga-zin-yaing-phyu Gangetic mystus Bagridae Mystus cavasius x x x x x x x Nga-gyaung Long whiskered catfish Bagridae Sperata aor x x Nga Ywaye Long Whisker Catfish Bagridae Nga-dan Striped cat fish Bagridae Mystus vittatus Nga-nauk-thwar Bagridae Mystus cineraceus Nga Htway Cat fish Nga Myin Buttercatfish Siluridae Ompok bimaculatus x x x x x x x Nga-nu-than Butter Cat Fish Siluridae Ompok bimaculatus Nga-bat Boal, freshwater shark Siluridae Wallago attu x x Nga-yaung River catfish Ariidae Cephalocassis jatia Nga Tha Lauk Hilsa Shad Clupeidae Tenualosa ilisha Nga La Be Burmese River shad Clupeidae Gudusia variegata Nga yant Snakehead Murrel Channidae Channa striata Nga Phaung Yoe Fresh water garfish Belonidae Xenentodon cancila Nga-pu-si or Nga-pu-tin Ocellated puffer Tetraodontidae Tetraodon cutcutia Nga-maung-ma Gangetic goonch Sisoridae Bagarius yarelli Nga-than-chake Yellow-catfish Sisoridae Gagata cenia Nga-mway-doh-kyan-sit Spiny eel Mastacembelidae Macrognathus zebrinus Nga-mway-nagar Spiny eel Mastacembelidae Macrognathus zebrinus Japan Nga Opaline gourami Osphronemidae Trichogaster trichopterus Nga-pyay ma Climbing perch Anabatidae Anabas testudineus x x Nga-the-le-doh Loach Cobitidae Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei Nga-shwe-yee Blyth’s Loach Cobitidae Syncrossus berdmorei Tilapia Tilapia Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambica Pazun Htote Gyee Giant Fresh Water Prawn Malacostraca Macrobrachium rosenbergii 5.4.4.5 Trends in fisheries From discussions with fishermen, it is generally perceived that the amount of fish being caught by fishermen each day has decreased. Some fish species have become scarcer, but none have disappeared completely. The exotic species of Tilapia and sucker fish have increased in numbers. In some villages the numbers of fishermen have increased e.g. Setyeik (S), but in others the numbers have decreased owing to decreasing yields. In Ngwe Thaung Yan village the fishermen report that compared to 10 years ago, fish catches have decreased and size of fish has also been decreasing year by year. The number of fishermen has increased and fish catches have decreased to 9-10 viss (14 - 16 kg) per day per fishermen. Illegal use of electro fishing is seen as one of the main threats to the fish populations and fishery in the area. It is reported that the fishermen living in Let Pan village do electro-fishing and may be fined by police. 101 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 5.4.4.6 Markets and destinations for the fish Fishermen report varying prices that they can get for their fish depending upon the species. There appear to be two main ranges of fish price - low price fish from 800 to 4,000 kyats per viss, and high price fish where the range can be between 8,000 to 15,000 kyats/viss for fish such as featherback, labeo, long-whiskered catfish, boal and loach (Table 5.22). The giant river prawn can fetch up to 16,000 kyat per viss. There is some variation between the villages. In Ko Daungthe price of small fish is 2000 kyats per viss and for large fish around 5000 kyats per viss. Much of the small fish is sold or consumed locally within the villages, e.g. in Ko Daung and in Nyaung Pin Tha Village (Ywa Thit), but those villagers closer to the Mandalay market such as Setyeik and Ngwe Thaung Yan (Than Bo Kyun) will take their fish to the Mandalay fish markets. In Nyaung Pin Tha Village (Ywa Thit) the fishermen and women also buy fish from the Kyuu Daw concession holder, and take these and their own catch over to the Mandalay fish market each morning. There are also village markets with several fish stalls, which will sell the local small fish catch and may buy in one or two larger fish from Mandalay for their customers. Table 5.22: Prices paid to fishermen for different fish species Market Price Burmese name Common name Scientific name (MMK/viss) Nga-phe Featherback Notopterus notopterus 10,000 Nga-khone-ma Swamp Barb Puntius chola 800-1,500 Nga-gyin Mrigal Cirrhinus cirrhosus 3,000 Nga Phan ma Carplet Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii 4,000 Nga-Lu-mie-net Angra-labeo Labeo angra 8,000 Nga-zin-zat Indian glassy fish Parambassis ranga 1,200 - 1,500 Nga-gyaung Long whiskered catfish Sperata aor 10,000 Nga Myin Buttercatfish Ompok bimaculatus 8,000-10,000 Nga-bat Boal, freshwater shark Wallago attu 6,000-15,000 Nga-the-le-doh Loach Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei 12,000 Tilapia Tilapia Oreochromis mossambica 2,000 - 4,000 Pazun Htote Gyee Giant Fresh Water Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii 16,000 Figure 5.23: Various fish market scenes 102 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 5.4.4.7 Estimates of total value of the fishery If these fish landing price for the different fish species is applied to the five-year average annual fish catches in the two inns - Yinpyinout and Arlaungwetote, an annual value of the fishery can be estimated at 320,924,700 kyat (238,000 USD) and213,882,500 kyat (158,000 USD) respectively. This gives a gross value of the leasehold fishery in the study area of nearly 400,000 USD. There are an estimated 300 artisanal fishermen in the area, depending upon the season they may be catching between 1 - 5 viss of generally small fish per day, selling for between 1,000 - 2,000 kyat per viss. In some villages, they may catch up to 10 viss per day during the best season. It can be estimated that their income from fishing may be between 1,000 - 2,000 USD per year, so that annual value of the artisanal fishery from the study area would be between 270,000 and 550,000 USD. The total annual value of the fishery in the study area can be estimated at 670,000 - 950,000 USD. 5.4.5 Biodiversity 5.4.5.1 Ayeyarwady Dolphin The Ayeyarwady Dolphin Protected Area (ADPA) is located just upstream of the proposed project area starting from Mingun area (downstream end) to Bahmo city (upstream end). Two Ayeyarwady dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) (Owen in Gray, 1866) were observed at Mingun, which is upstream of the proposed project area. According to the interview survey of local villagers and fishermen, Ayeyarwady dolphins (or Irrawaddy dolphin) visit the main channel of the river during monsoon season. The Mandalay Fisheries Department carry out dolphin counts in the ADPA two times per month. Recent counts indicate that there are between 61 -70 dolphins in this area. 103 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Figure 5.24: Irrawaddy Dolphin - Source: WWF Figure 5.25: Sub-project1 area with upstream the ADPA shown in dashed orange During the wet season field visit, villagers in Ko Daung mentioned that the body of a pregnant female dolphin had been recovered in the study area at the end of the dry season 2017. The Mandalay Region Fisheries Department confirmed this, saying that an autopsy had not identified the cause of death, but noted that the stomach of the dolphin was empty apart from one fish. It is not likely that this project will cause any harm to the Ayeyarwady Dolphin, however the area will be monitored to ensure that no construction activities or dredging take place if a dolphin is seen in the Subproject 1 area. 5.4.5.2 Birds As a seasonally flooded wetland area, with side channels and permanent bodies of open water, the study area is attractive to water birds and migratory and congregatory species, such a geese and ducks. Permanent resident water birds observed during the wet season survey include pied kingfisher, great and little egrets, pond heron, grey heron, purple heron, green bee-eater, ruddy shelduck. They are usually found on the inlets and reed bed areas to the north of the island complex, on the sandbars and around the open bodies of water. Table 5.23 shows the threatened bird species that may be found in the study area. Table 5.23: Threatened bird species potentially found in the study area Bird species IUCN Redlist Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri Critically Endangered Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda Endangered Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus Vulnerable Falcated Duck Anas falcate Near Threatened Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca Near Threatened 104 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Bird species IUCN Redlist Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala Near Threatened Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Near Threatened River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii Near Threatened Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Near Threatened River Tern Sterna aurantia Near Threatened Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Near Threatened Hooded Treepie Crypsirina cucullata Near Threatened Oriental Darter Prinia superciliaris Least Concern Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Least Concern Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus Least Concern Figure 5.26: Ruddy shelduck congregating in dry season pools at southern end of the study area 5.4.5.3 Turtles Asiatic softshell turtles Amyda cartilagineawere reported to have been found in the study area. The villagers from Ngaung bin Tha report that turtles may be found nesting on the sand banks in March and April, but these are very rare now. In Ko Daung the villagers report that 6 or 7 years ago, turtles could still be found occasionally, but now they are no longer found. Turtles are protected under the Fishery Law. Socio-economic and cultural heritage 5.5.1 Field research Data collection has been carried out in all potentially affected villages as listed below and shown in Figure 5.27. Table 5.24: Villages in Subproject 1 area Location Village Min Ye Hla East riverbank Shan Kalay Kyun Bo Hla Kone Da Ma Kya Island Gyaint Gyi Kyun Sin Nyaung Bin Thar West riverbank Chaung Pauk 105 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Htan Taw Let Pan Pel Nga Sel War Chat Figure 5.27: Study area with villages covered by the field research Field research was carried out from 2-8 May 2017, by a joint ICEM and EMC team and again from 30 October - 2 November by the ICEM team. The first field work covered all villages in the Subproject 1 area when the combinations of river training measures and dredging were being considering. The second fieldwork was focussed more on Kyun Sin village on the islands and the area from Let Pan village North on the Sagaing side that are closer to the proposed roughness measures (porcupines) and bank protection works. The field research comprised the following activities:  Data collection from and interviews with government and municipal staff from the organizations and departments.  KeyII in each of the 12 villages in the area.  Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) in each of the 12 villages comprising the following activities: o Participatory mapping of land and water use; o Timeline of major events related to the river such as flooding; and o Seasonal farming calendar. The FGDs had about 20-25 participants, groups were split into male and female and were representative of the population mix in the villages.  Rapid survey of informal/temporary houses in fishing village. In total, the fieldwork comprised: 106 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018  37 KIIs with village elders, farmers, fishermen, village heads, school teacher, health staff, daily farm workers;  19 FGDs with residents; and  111 structured (questionnaire-based) interviews with village administrators, boat men and residents. Land use map by villagers Transportation map by villagers Flooding timeline by villagers Agricultural seasonal calendar by villagers 107 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Figure 5.28: FGD in Da Ma Kya village - male group making transport map with assistance from EMC field team Figure 5.29: FGD in Nyuang Bin Thar village - female group making seasonal calendars led by the local school teacher 5.5.2 Past trends and current state Information on past trends about erosion and flooding comes from the villagers through FGDs and KIIs. Further, satellite photos on Google Earth goes back to 2004 and from those it is possible to see erosion and trends in the agricultural area. Unfortunately, historical population and socio-economic statistics for the area are not available. 5.5.2.1 Population and livelihoods The population data presented are directly obtained from village leaders and may have some errors, especially in villages which have reported population figures rounded to hundreds. However, in general they are deemed reliable for the present purpose of providing a baseline for the whole study area. As can be seen the population on the island is around 5,400 people. In Da Ma Kya there appears 108 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 to be a large surplus of females, likely linked to work migration, which is particularly high from that village. Table 5.25 Population and households - all villages Total Female Number of Number of Location Village population population HHs families East riverbank - Min Ye Hla 800 500 100 140 Mandalay Shan Kalay Kyun 3,599 1,883 588 685 All 4,399 2,383 688 825 Island Bo Hla Kone 200 90 49 64 Da Ma Kya 2,000 1,500 250 350 Gyaint Gyi 1,033 529 220 245 Kyun Sin 908 405 170 194 Nyaung Bin Thar 1,300 500 400 465 All 5,441 3,024 1,089 1,318 West riverbank - Chaung Pauk 2,700 350 550 600 Sagaing Htan Taw 500 300 100 110 Let Pan 2,089 1,200 540 560 Pel Nga Sel 900 500 275 290 War Chat 3,360 1,700 600 850 All 9,549 4,050 2,065 2,410 All All 19,389 9,457 3,842 4,553 5.5.2.2 Livelihoods The income of most households in the study villages on the island is from agriculture and livestock. It was reported that in general incomes have decreased due to erosion and loss of farmland on the riverbanks. Other economic activities are handicrafts such as sewing, weaving and making traditional cigars, sand extraction, and small-scale trade. Some women work as vendors and sell the snacks at their village. Others are daily workers making traditional cigarettes or are yellow-robe tailors. They take the raw materials for cigarettes and yellow robe cloths from Mandalay and send them back to the Mandalay. In some villages, there are a small number of households mainly living off fishing activities and ferry services. Some farmers do part-time fishing for subsistence at the end of cultivation. Wage employment in industries is also an important source of income for households in some villages. In general, households have multiple sources of income from these activities. On the western river bank on the Sagaing side, there are fewer farmers. Main livelihoods for males are making slippers, iron works and carpenters, vendors selling snacks at the road side. Other livelihoods for women are sewing, gold embroidery and cigar business. Those livelihoods are better and income increases in October, November and up to January. Subsequent sections present the details regarding agriculture and transport. On the eastern side of the river in Shan Kalay Kyun Village livelihoods include vendors, making counting beads, Shwe Chi Htoe (handmade decorations on cloths), making puppet toys, woodcarving business, making bronze Buddha statues and other handicrafts. Women also work as employees in Mandalay. 109 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Figure 5.30: Main livelihoods in the study area(size of squares proportional to responses from FGDs) 5.5.2.3 Work migration Information about work migration is relevant in the present context for assessing local transport patterns. There is some migration for work from the villages, mainly to Mandalay, or overseas. One village has many seamen. From the islands, migration is mainly seasonal, and though information about the destination for work migration is not complete, it can be assumed it is mainly to Mandalay and Sagaing during the monsoon season. Table 5.26: Work migration outside village Place of work Time of work outside the No. people population migration migration % of total working working village Location Village name East riverbank Min Ye Hla 10 1% Most of the year Mandalay - Mandalay Shan Kalay Kyun 100 3% Most of the year Mandalay Island Bo Hla Kone 10 5% In some seasons NA Da Ma Kya 300 15% In some seasons NA Gyaint Gyi 100 10% In some seasons NA Kyun Sin 60 7% Most of the year NA Nyaung Bin Thar 45 3% In some seasons Mandalay West Chaung Pauk 150 6% Most of the year Singapore, riverbank - Thailand Sagaing Htan Taw 10 2% Most of the year Mandalay Let Pan 50 2% In some seasons Mandalay 110 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 outside village Place of work Time of work outside the No. people population migration migration % of total working working village Location Village name Pel Nga Sel 200 22% Most of the year Mandalay, Many Countries (Seamen War Chat 150 4% Most of the year Mandalay 5.5.2.4 Water use Information on water use is relevant in that navigation enhancements may have impacts on water availability in the area. On the island, the villages Kyun Sin and Gyaint Gyi have tube-wells, but according to verbal information they use the river as drinking water source (not mentioned in the Village Profile data in Figure 5.31 below). In the dry season, Kyun Sin village use water from the secondary river channel for irrigating crops. The three villages Nyaung Bin Thar, Boe Hla Kone & Da Ma Kya use both tube wells and a piped water supply system from river for drinking water. In the four villages on the Sagaing side, Let Pan, Chaung Pauk, Htan Taw, and Pen Nga Sel, river water is used for agricultural purposes and for drinking water. Water is pumped from the river, while tube-wells are used for washing clothes, cleaning and other purposes. On the Mandalay side, in Min Ye Hla village both tube-well and river water is used, while in Shan Kalay Kyun village only tube-well and bottled water for drinking water. Figure 5.31: Drinking water sources used by number of households The river is used for drinking water all year in five villages on the West river bank, in the wet season in three villages and in the dry season in two villages. There does not seem to be a pattern to the seasonal use of the river for drinking water. 111 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Table 5.27: River used for drinking water - seasons Location Village name Seasons for use of river for drinking water East riverbank - Mandalay Min Ye Hla all year Island Bo Hla Kone all year Da Ma Kya wet season Gyaint Gyi dry season Nyaung Bin Thar all year West riverbank - Sagaing Chaung Pauk wet season Htan Taw all year Let Pan dry season Pel Nga Sel all year War Chat wet season 5.5.2.5 Land use This section gives a brief overview of the main features of land use in the study area based on information from villagers and observations. More details are presented in the subsequent sections on agriculture. Probably the most important land use category in the present context is the agricultural land on the floodplains on the riverbanks and on the island, so-called alluvial lands. The fertile sediment lands are dynamic and sensitive to changes in river flows. According to information from the villages, the study area has a total of 2,654 hectares of riverbank and island gardens and fields, of which 656 hectares are on the island, 720 hectares on the east riverbank and 1,278 on the west riverbank (Table 5.28). Table 5.28: Size of riverbank and island gardens and fields Size of riverbank and island gardens and fields Location Village name Acres Hectares East riverbank - Mandalay Min Ye Hla 50 20 Shan Kalay Kyun 1,750 700 All 1,800 720 Island Bo Hla Kone 240 96 Da Ma Kya 300 120 Gyaint Gyi 300 120 Kyun Sin 200 80 Nyaung Pin Thar 600 240 All 1,640 656 West riverbank - Sagaing Chaung Pauk 270 108 Htan Taw 75 30 Let Pan 250 100 Pel Nga Sel 2,500 1,000 War Chat 100 40 All 3,195 1,278 All All 6,635 2,654 On the island: there are agricultural land with winter crops and grass fields around the five villages Kyun Sin, Gyaint Gyi, Nyaung Pin Thar, Boe Hla Kone and Da Ma Gya. Some villagers cultivate their summer crops on the West river bank. There is a small stream between Kyun Sin and Sel Tar Village that reaches up to Than Po island and lead to the main Ayeyarwady Channel. Another small stream flows horizontally from the secondary channel to the previous small stream, which divide Nyaung Bin 112 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIAReport with ESMP - January 2018 Thar Main Village and the Nyaung Bin Thar crop lands. There is a motorbike lane from Kyun Sin to Gyaint Gyi Village. On the western riverbank - Sagaing: in Chaung Pauk and War Chat villages farmers cultivate alluvial lands. Let Pan Village have flower gardens, fruit gardens and cultivated land. There are alluvial lands and peanut and corn farms in Htan Taw and Pel Nga Sel. On the east riverbank - Mandalay:Min Ye Hla village has alluvial land and peanut fields. Shan Kalay Kyun village has vegetable and peanut fields, the latter to the south of the village. There are vegetable lands to the east of the village between Myo Pat Road and Sagaing- Mandalay Road (Old Amarapura Road). Farmers from Shan Kalay Kyun buy land from Yin Taw Village for growing peanut. The concrete road is connected from the middle of the village and Sagaing- Mandalay Road (Old Amarapura Road). Shan Kalay Kyun Village has a historical monastery established by the famous monk named “Shwe Kyin”. 5.5.2.6 Land tenure Kyun Sin village owns land plot no. 429 along riverbank of secondary channel and also island area (field no. 429 A) near Sagaing, on the other side of the secondary channel. Let Pan Village owns field no. (760) area. In both villages, farmers have no legal land registration. According to Department of Agricultural Land Management and Statistics (DALMS), Patheingyi Township, the agricultural land in the villages Than Bo Gyun, Hin Ywet Su, Gyaint Gyi, Po Hla Gone and Kyun Sin are alluvial flood plains. This type of land is not stable due to bank erosion and because it is recurrently submerged under water, which alters soil texture and structure. Hence, according to Farmland Law (2012) legal ownership cannot be given and farmland certificate (form 7) cannot be issued for such areas. However, the Township Administrative Department issues land use receipts to each farmer who are charged a land use fee. In both Kyun Sin and Let Pan village farmers have tax receipts for their cultivated land. The tax amount is 2 Kyat 70 Pyar per acre. This amount was set many years ago and has not been changed to reflect current prices and currency value. As it is a negligible amount the village head usually pays all the land use fees on behalf of his village. The traditional system for management of the alluvial floodplain is that village leaders distribute the available floodplain farmland to all households in the village. In Let Pan village, after the island emerges 10 household heads distribute the land so that all 550 households of the village get an equal share. In Let Pan each household got a plot of 150 feet by 22 feet last year. In Kyun Sin village, each agricultural plot along the river is about 150 feet by 30 feet. If the plot is eroded and about half of the plot is lost, a household will get the same size of plot in another place where new farm land emerges. Each household gets a new plot for cultivation on an annual basis as per the Farmland Law 2012. Concerning with land compensation due to project implementation, the DALMS requested to be informed about the project plan since early and they will support in this process. The market price of land can be decided by Village Tract Agricultural Land Management Committee, which includes village leader, representative of farmers, secretary of land management and statistics and elders of the community. In addition, DALMS of Patheingyi Township suggested to form a Compensation and Monitoring Committee for land compensation. The Compensation and Monitoring Committee should be formed with the following members:  Chairperson - Village tract  A person assigned by Member of administrator. Regional Parliament.  Secretary - Farmland staff at village  A person from Co-operative Syndicate level. for Agricultural Product.  A person assigned by Member of  A clerk assigned for a village tract. Union Parliament.  A person assigned by Township Forest  A person assigned by Member of Department. National Parliament.  Three representatives from CSO 113 WB & DWIR| ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM Draft ESIA/ESMP Report - January 2018 5.5.2.7 Agriculture On the Island Kyun Sin is on the top of the island near the conjunction of the Ayeyarwady main channel and the secondary channel. Gyaint Gyi is close to the secondary channel south of Kyun Sin. Both villages are in Pathein Gyi Township. The villages Bo Hla Kone, Nyaung Pin Thar and Da Ma Kya are situated close to each other and have nearly the same conditions. Agriculture comprise cultivation of peanut, corn, a variety of beans e.g. mung bean, sweet potato, watermelon, vegetables, e.g. cucumber, eggplant, tomato and gourd. Peanut and beans are planted in October or November and harvested in February and March. Vegetables and fruits are grown two times per year, from October to February and from March to June. Thus, mung bean and corn, the latter cultivated for animal feed, are summer crops and they are cultivated in the period March-June. Plantation takes place from Mid-March and normally the harvest is the first week of June before the rainy season. Only a few farmers grow during summer. Peanut is a main crop and is grown in the winter/dry season from October up to April. Other winter crops are sweet potato, beans, vegetables, roselle, gourd plant, bitter gourd, cucumbers, carrot, tomato, and onion. A small number of farmers grow water melons for export, with some losses due to delays along the production - marketing chain. Only the summer crops need irrigation, which is obtained from both river water from the secondary channel and from tube wells inside the farm land. The depth of tube wells is about 70 feet. Men and women work together on the family farms. Vegetables are mainly grown by women, both for selling and for own consumption. They sell vegetables every day during the season. River water is important for the crops in the dry season. Table 5.29: Season calendar of farming on island Myanmar Months From To Crops Tabaung Mid- March Mid- April Tagu Mid-April Mid-May Mung Bean, Corn Kasone Mid- May Mid- June Na Yone Mid-June Mid- July War So Mid- July Mid- August War Kaung Mid- August Mid- September Taw Tha Lin Mid- September Mid- October Tha Dingyut Mid- October Mid- November Ta Saung Mone Mid- November Mid- December Peanut, Sweet Potato, Bean, Vegetable Nat Taw Mid- December Mid- January Pyar Tho Mid- January Mid- February Ta Bo Twel Mid- February Mid- March Western river bank - Sagaing side In Let Pan, Chaung Pauk, Htan Taw and War Chat, the agricultural lands can be divided into those along the river and those along the Sagaing Hills west of the road. Along the riverbank, seasonal crops and peanut are grown from October to February using irrigated river water. They do not grow during the rainy season. The winter crop cultivated along the river includes peanut, sweet potato, and watermelon. The summer crop cultivated along the Sagaing Hills includes peanut, bean, roselle, corn, gourd, and other. There is a perennial flower plantation along the Sagaing Hills Side near Let Pan. 114 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 5.30: Season Calendar of Farming- Sagaing - West of the road Myanmar Months From To Crops Tabaung Mid- March Mid- April Tagu Mid-April Mid-May Kasone Mid- May Mid- June Na Yone Mid-June Mid- July War So Mid- July Mid- August Bean, Peanut War Kaung Mid- August Mid- September Taw Tha Lin Mid- September Mid- October Sesame, Bean, Peanut Tha Dingyut Mid- October Mid- November Sesame Ta Saung Mone Mid- November Mid- December Sesame, Bean, Peanut Nat Taw Mid- December Mid- January Pyar Tho Mid- January Mid- February Bean, Peanut Ta Bo Twel Mid- February Mid- March Eastern river bank - Mandalay side In Shan Kalay Kyun and Min Ye Hla villages, farmers start to cultivate peanut in October and harvest in March. Roselle and gourd are grown from October to March.In Shan Kalay Kyun farmers grow only one seasonal dry season crop. They include peanut on the hard lands, and gourd and Roselle along the river. Those crops do not need irrigation water. There are two types of peanuts (for oil and edible peanut). Edible peanut grows for three months and oil making peanuts for four months. Edible peanut is for their invested money in the farms and oil making peanut is for their profit. Table 5.31: Season Calendar of Farming- Shan Kalay Kyun Village Myanmar Months From To Crops Tabaung Mid- Mar Mid- Apr Gourd, Roselle Tagu Mid-Apr Mid-May Gourd, Roselle Kasone Mid- May Mid- Jun Gourd, Roselle Na Yone Mid-Jun Mid- Jul Gourd, Roselle War So Mid- Jul Mid- Aug War Kaung Mid- Aug Mid- Sep Taw Tha Lin Mid- Sep Mid- Oct Tha Dingyut Mid- Oct Mid- Nov Eatable Peanut, Oil Making Peanut, Gourd, Roselle Ta Saung Mone Mid- Nov Mid- Dec Eatable Peanut, Oil Making Peanut, Gourd, Roselle Nat Taw Mid- Dec Mid- Jan Eatable Peanut, Oil Making Peanut, Gourd, Roselle Pyar Tho Mid- Jan Mid- Feb Oil Making Peanut Ta Bo Twel Mid- Feb Mid- Ma Gourd, Roselle In Min Ye Hla Village they grow peanut and beans, most of the farmers are from Kyun Sin village However, agriculture is not in good condition because of the serious erosions at Min Ye Hla Village. They use river water for summer crop. Table 5.32: Seasonal Map showing the livelihood calendar of Min Ye Hla village Livelihoods Months Agriculture Daily Wages Fishing January Peanut, Bean Good income February Peanut, Bean Good income March Peanut, Bean Good income 115 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Livelihoods Months Agriculture Daily Wages Fishing April Peanut, Bean Income decrease May Income decrease Go fishing for meal June Income decrease Go fishing for meal July Income decrease Go fishing for meal August Income decrease Go fishing for meal September Peanut, Bean Income decrease Go fishing for meal October Peanut, Bean Good income November Peanut, Bean Good income December Peanut, Bean Good income 5.5.2.7.1 Use of fertilizers and pesticides Information on the use of pesticides and fertilizers in the study area is relevant for the baseline to assess water quality changes in the Sagaing and middle channel. Farmers mostly use natural fertilizers and therefore yield is not as high as in intensively cultivated fields with high inputs. However, in Let Pan it was observed that pesticides of Chinese make are used. Army worm, leaf folder and aphid are very common pests on peanut farms. The pesticides are applied to both gardening of flowers and to growing other crops. Five 1 liter bottles are used for one acre of peanut, and 3 bottles are used for one acre of green gram. Price of one bottle is 8,000 kyats. Plastic packed pesticides are also available in the market and costs 700 kyats for one package. The packages have information written in Chinese which nobody in the villages can read. When applying pesticides, long boots and masks are used as personal protective equipment. Farmers expressed that they want to get some training program from the agricultural departments and related collages so that they can understand well on the usage of fertilizers and pesticides. 5.5.2.7.2 Yields and prices of agricultural products The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI) in Sagaing provided information about the normal yields and prices for the main crops as shown in Table 5.29. Table 5.33: Common crop yields and prices No Crop Yield Rate (basket/ha) Price (Kyats/basket) 1 Peanut 24.6 12,000 2 Butter bean 6.8 40,000 3 Green gram 8.12 37,000 4 Sultapya 7.3 24,000 4 Cow pea 7.56 40,000 6 Lab lab bean 6.8 50,000 7 Sesame 8 40,000 In Let Pan on the Sagaing side, there is a regular peanut yield of 75 Tin per acre (1 Tin = 12.5747 Viss = 20.5338 kg). The selling price is 6,500 kyats for one basket. Butter bean yields 6-7 baskets per acre and selling price are 30,000 kyats for one basket. Corn is grown for animal feeding, especially for cows and selling price of one bag of corn which occupies 3 baskets is 100,000 kyats. The crop yields in 2016 were quite good. U Maung Maung Than, a farmer, said that he grows peanut every year and then sells the crops to Mandalay market by boat. Last year there was 2300 Kyats per peittha for peanut (1 peittha= 1 viss = 1.63293 kg). For achein taya (100 viss) of peanut, market price is 230, 000 Kyats. (100 viss = 163.29 kg). 116 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 5.5.2.7.3 Agricultural extension and support The farm lands on the floodplain do not have legal form (Form-7) from the government so they do not get any support from the Agricultural Department or agricultural bank. However, farmers with land that has Form-7 can receive support from Agricultural Department of Sagaing Township. The Department provide funds to cover about one third of farmers cost on condition that instructions with regard to use of pesticides and fertilizers etc. are followed. According to the Department, the farming cost, income and profit for 1 acre of peanut (winter crops) is as follows: Income for 1 acre = 600, 000 Kyats; Cost for 1 acre = 338, 000 Kyats; Profit for 1 acre = 262, 000 Kyats 5.5.2.8 Transportation and Boats The study collected details about the present means of transport on the river and on land, with a view to assess potential impacts from the proposed navigation enhancements, on access to services, markets, work places and education. Information on the number of households that owns boats and the existing ferry services in terms of license holders, passengers and cargo was collected. The village profiles report on the importance of boats for river transport especially in the monsoon season. On the island and in the study villages on the Mandalay side, nearly all households have a boat, which is used during the monsoon, while on the Sagaing side only few households have boats. Table 5.34: Ownership to boats No. households Location Village No. households with boat (excl. motorboats) with motorboat East Min Ye Hla Nearly all 100 households (use only in rainy 5 riverbank - season) Mandalay Shan Kalay Kyun 580 (use only in rainy season) 5 Island Bo Hla Kone Nearly all 45 households 0 Da Ma Kya Nearly each household 300 (small motor) Kyun Sin Each household NA Nyaung Bin Thar Nearly all households 0 West Chaung Pauk 14 5 riverbank - Let Pan 20 3 Sagaing Pel Nga Sel 10 2 Table 5.35: Main transport destinations from villages by river and road Location Village name Main transport by river from-to East riverbank - Mandalay Min Ye Hla Min Ye Hla to Mandalay (by cars/cycle) Shan Kalay Kyun Shan Kalay Island to Mandalay Island Bo Hla Kone Bo Hla Kone to Mandalay (go to paddy fields) Da Ma Kya Da Ma Kya to Mandalay Gyaint Gyi Gyaint Gyi to Mandalay Kyun Sin Kyin Sin to Mandalay Nyaung Bin Thar Nyaung Pin Thar to Mandalay West riverbank - Sagaing Chaung Pauk Chaung Pauk to Island Let Pan Let Pan to Mandalay Pel Nga Sel Pel Nga Sel to Mandalay by car War Chat War Chat to Mandalay by car (rare) On the island, two or three households in all villages (except in Gyaint Gyi) have boats used for local transport. In Let Pan on the Sagaing side three households have a transport boat. With regard to small 117 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 cargo boats, the non-motor boats on the island are used for transporting cargo. In Chang Pauk and Let Pan on the Sagaing side, five and six households have small cargo boats. On Island In Kyun Sin village about 180 households own boats, mostly used during the annual flooding period of at least 3 weeks where the whole village is flooded. The residents use boats to travel from Kyun Sin village to the main destinations of Ma Yan Chan Port in Mandalay, to Min Gun, to Let Pan and to Ta Laing Zin village. People from Gyaint Gyi village go to Let Pan and Mandalay by the river channel. In the dry season when there is no water in the river secondary channel they use motorbikes to go to Let Pan village. In Kyun Sin and Gyaint Gyi, river transportation is used for several purposes: 1. Agricultural business, selling crops and vegetables. 2. Buying goods. 3. Going to school. 4. Work. 5. Going for health care and treatment. 6. Social activities, for example: pagoda visit, family trips. In the three villages Naung Pin Thar, Boe Hla Kone and Da Ma Kya residents use both the road and river transport by big boat to go to Bawga and Gawwei ports in Mandalay for trading agricultural goods, selling local products, health purposes, work and education. During the flood period, they can travel directly to Mandalay by boat. Kyun Sin ferry service Daw Thida Win and her brother has the ferry service. It is the main livelihood for her 6 family members. However, there is not much surplus from this work and it is just enough for their living. Daw Thida Win is a subcontractor to U Maung Oo and she has paid about 10 lakhs Kyat (750 USD) as first payment and the remaining amount 10 lakhs (750 USD) will be paid in 2 or 3 instalments. Normally, tender season for ferry services is held around March. The fleet comprise one large size motorboat which can carry 5 cows, three motor boats, which can carry 40 passengers, one motor boat which can carry 15 passengers. About 50 Students from Kyun Sin village use this ferry services to go to middle schools in Mingun village. Some villagers from Ta Laing Zin village have farm lands in Kyun Sin village. In the growing season, they have to commute frequently by ferry boat to do ploughing, weeding and growing crops. The ferry boat also runs to Mandalay 2 times per day to sell agricultural products from Kyun Sin to Mandalay. The ferry fee for students is 200 kyats and 500 kyats for local passengers, round trip. Western riverbank - Sagaing side The villages on the Sagaing side mainly use motor cycles and buses to go to Min Gyun and Mandalay. Their main transportation is the Sagaing - Min Gyun Road. During the rainy season, the whole island is flooded and they can use water transportation to Mandalay but only a few people use such kind of transportation. In Let Pan village, farmers always use the road to Mandalay and Sagaing for selling agricultural products and growers carry flowers and mangoes by car as well. Students go to schools in Sagaing town using road transport. In Chaung Pauk village, the residents go to Sagaing by car for school. Daily commuting to Mandalay by the Sagaing - Mingun road crossing Sagaing Bridge is common for the following purposes: 1. Selling and buying goods, especially selling the famous Mandalay noodle e.g. at 41st Street Market. 118 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 2. Work. 3. School. 4. Medical Treatment. 5. Pagoda visits. In War Chat and Pel Nga Sel villages people use only road transport to Mandalay and Sagaing for trade, work (business (iron works, women working at flower farms), health, education and social visits. From November to March, farmers from these villages go to the island by boat for planting crops. Let Pan ferry service U Maung Oo lives in Let Pan village and has had the ferry services for 15 years. He has paid 5,500,000 Kyats to main license owner who is from Than Bo Gyun. He has 5 ferry boats in total: 2 ferry boats which can carry about 50 passengers and 3 ferry boats which can carry about 30 passengers. The ferry fee from Let Pan to Mandalay is 1,000 kyats for a round trip. Two ferry boats run on the Mandalay route to the ferry terminal in Mayangyan port. Until 2 to 3 years ago, there were 25- 30 number of ferry passengers per day commuting to Mandalay but now reduced to 5-10 passengers. People use other transportation vehicles like motor bike and light truck to go to Mandalay. He has more income in the rainy season as people prefer to river transportation rather than road transportation in the rainy season. Growing season is started during July to September in this area and farmers usually buy grains from Mandalay to sow on their farms. U Maung Oo charges 500 kyats for one bag of seeds carried on his boat and there are about 10-15 seed bags daily during this season. To go from Gyaint gyi, Kyun sin and Let Pan to Mandalay, it takes only one hour by boat and 1.5 hour by road transportation. Apart from Mandalay, U Maung Oo extends his ferry services to surrounding villages such as Gyaint gyi, Kyun sin, Mya kyun tha and Tha and Talaizin, etc. Round trip fee from Let Pan to near villages is 200 kyats. Ferry services to surrounding villages almost stop in the dry season when sandbars appear. U Maung has 6 family members. His secondary livelihood is commercial sand dragging in Mandalay port. Auction process for ferry service Sagaing City Development Committee (SCDC): Auction fee 30,000,000 Kyats (22,000 USD) Main license holder: U Kyi Toe (For Than Bo Gyun to Mandalay Route) Sub-contractors  U Maung Oo (For Let Pan to Mandalay route)  U Lay Maung (For Than Bo Gyun to Mandaly route)  Ko Taing Zaw (For Ar Laung to Mandalay route )  U Nyi Nyi (For Ko Daung to Mandalay route) Eastern riverbank - Mandalay side In Min Ye Hla and Shan Kalay Kyun villagespeople use both river and road transport. From Min Ye Hla village there is daily commuting to Mandalay on foot, by motor cycle, and during rainy seasonsome villagers use motor boats. Main purposes are: 1) School. 2) Daily work (tailors, carpenters, iron workers). 3) Health purposes. In the monsoon season it happens rarely that people from Min Ye Hla go to Min-Gyun and Sagaing for donating meals to the monks, where some use motor boats; and for health purposes (Eye Hospital) and to visit pagodas, for which the common transportation is by road. 119 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 5.5.2.9 Fisheries On the island villagers go fishing almost the whole year. They use small fishing nets fishing pipes (In Myanmar they call Myaw Pipe and Tan Pipe). There are no fishers at Gyaint Gyi Village. In the 2016 flood when the water reached about 6 feet up inside the villagethey fished from their houses for family meals. If they catch more fish than the family can eat the women sell it in the village markets. Table 5.36: Fishing Calendar on island (Male and Female) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Scarce Fishing normal Restricted Fishing Fishing normal Abundant Fish fish There are no fishers at Shan Kalay Kyun Village. In Min Ye Hla Village there are about 20 fishers but they are not full-time commercial. They have to pay the license holder (fishing inn owner) about 30,000 MMK per year. In the fishing village Ngwe Thaung Yan there are over 100 households. Men are catching fish and women are selling fish as street vendors. Fishing takes place from October to April. From June to August fishing is prohibited according to Myanmar law. Sometimes they search for pieces of irons in the river. They have stayed there for 30 years. The fishers have no fishing license, but they pay tax about 20,000 kyats or 35,000 kyats per year to the license holding businessmen. There are four fishing points: In front of Mobile Hotel to Ma Yan Chan Port; Near Gaw Wei Port to Mobile Hotel; In front of temporary fishing site besides sandbank; Place near Sagaing side. Table 5.37: Fishing gears in the study villages Location Village name No. Households with fishing gears East riverbank - Mandalay Min Ye Hla 20 (Tan Pipe) Shan Kalay Kyun Nill Island Bo Hla Kone 2 (Tan Pipe) Da Ma Kya 5 or 6 (Myaw Pipe, Tan Pipe) Gyaint Gyi Nill Kyun Sin Nill Nyaung Bin Thar 100 (Use small nets) West riverbank - Sagaing Chaung Pauk 5 Htan Taw Nill Let Pan 15 Pel Nga Sel Nill War Chat Nill 5.5.2.10 Cultural and religious sites and practices On the Sagaingside in Ta Laing Zin village north of Let Pan there is the Kyae Yar Taung Stupa and Kyae Yar Taung Shwe Thein Taw (Ordination Hall). It is situatedon the river bank above the proposed site of the western-most narrow porcupine field. The stupa is a holy place for community worship. The ordination hall (Sima)is a special religious building for ordinationinto monkhood and it is an exalted place for Buddhists. The Sima is a specific venue for performing the Sangha activities and programs and they are built in the hope of carrying out the efforts to preserve, promote and maintain Buddha Sāsana. If an area is declared as the place for a Sima Hallit is foreternity. The Shwe Kyun Pin Maungnema Nat Nan is located north of Ta Laing Zin village close to the entry into the western-most side channel. The term ‘Maungnema’ means siblings and Nat Nan means a landmark for Nat spirit worship. In the Multi Criteria Analysis meeting in August 2017 in Mandalay, a local CSO said that there is a traditional belief that this Nat Nan has a relationship with surface water of Ayeyarwady River. This location and belief should be considered if the project will be implemented in the area. 120 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 In many spots along the river there are local spirit houses where small offerings are made to the local land and river spirits. Figure 5.32: Kyae Yar Taung stupa 5.5.2.11 Availability of public services To provide the baseline for future assessment of the general level of development in the area. village leaders were asked to provide information on the availability and condition of public services in their village from a list of potential public services, including water related infrastructures such as river bank protection, production enhancing services such as storage facilities and markets, and public health and type of schools among other (Table 5.36, Figure 5.33). Table 5.38: All available public services in the study area East riverbank - Island West riverbank - Mandalay Sagaing No. No. No. Service Row % Row % Row % villages villages villages River dikes 1 50% 1 50% 0 0% Pier 0 0% 3 100% 0 0% Feeder road 2 17% 5 42% 5 42% Generator electricity 1 25% 3 75% 0 0% Grid electricity 1 20% 0 0% 4 80% Agricultural extension 1 25% 1 25% 2 50% Agricultural produce storage 0 0% 4 50% 4 50% Aquaculture 0 0% 1 100% 0 0% Market for selling fish 0 0% 3 43% 4 57% Market for vegetables 2 17% 5 42% 5 42% Market for aquaculture products 0 0% 2 33% 4 67% Health care training 1 20% 2 40% 2 40% Health centre 1 13% 4 50% 3 38% Primary school 2 17% 5 42% 5 42% 121 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 East riverbank - Island West riverbank - Mandalay Sagaing No. No. No. Service Row % Row % Row % villages villages villages Secondary school 1 14% 1 14% 5 71% Middle school 1 20% 0 0% 4 80% Literacy training 1 25% 1 25% 2 50% Telephone 2 17% 5 42% 5 42% Internet 2 17% 5 42% 5 42% Figure 5.33: Availability and condition of public services in the study area 5.5.2.12 Trends inriver bank erosion and flooding Over the years many people along the Ayeyarwady have lost their livelihood due to flooding and river bank erosion. The study area is equally prone to erosion and flooding. On the island People in Kyun Sin and Gyaint Gyi are worried about riverbank erosion. They have experienced river bank collapse many times over the past 30 years and the two villages were seriously damaged 122 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 between 2013 and 2016. Kyun Sin lost one fourth of its total land between 2006-2016 and Gyaint Gyi village has been moved to a new location four times over the years. Kyun Sin Village has been faced erosion mainly along the secondary channel. Dike walls for protection against erosion have been constructed by a private company. However, Gyaint Gyi is now facing more erosion because of these dike walls at Kyun Sin Village. Erosion was highest at 2010 and many households had to resettle. The erosion is highest at the crop lands. Figure 5.34: Kyun Sin erosion 2004 - 2017: 198 Acres (80ha) or more April 2004 March 2017 Also on the island, Nyaung Pin Thar village has faced river bank erosion since 1995 and between 2009 and 2014 this was serious. Residents lost farmlands and almost 100 households were relocated. The secondary channel is getting close to the houses.Every year the village loses about 10 acres of farmland. Da Ma Gya village loses about 3 or 4 acres. In Kyun Sin a 69-year old female farmer, Daw Kyi Sein mentioned that she has been working for a long time in farm fields, approximately 50 years. Previously she owned about six acres of land. At present, she has only one acre on riverbank near the narrow middle channel of Ayeyarwady river because of bank erosion. She has no legal registration in hand. Regarding alluvial land on island, normally, every year the village administrator performs land distribution to farmers in October and November. Regarding flooding, every year Nyaung Pin Thar village floods 2 - 4 times for around 20 days between June and September. In 2004 a serious flood, the worst after 1988, raised the water level to 6 or 7 feet of village houses. The whole island was flooded. During flooding villagers can live in their houses but cows and buffalos are moved to Sagaing. As the villages are flooded every year, all the houses are built on wooden stilts. 123 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Concerns: a farmer from Let pan village mentioned that there is no water in secondary river channel in 2016. They are worried about losing the channel especially because the alluvial land depends on it. Residents are also concerned about gold mining and sand extraction upstream since they assume observed sandbanks are formed due to increased sediments from these activities. Chaung Pauk, War Chat and Htan Taw villages use only river water for drinking and gardening so they are worried about shortage of water. Western riverbank - Sagaing side There was erosion between 1993 and 1998 but after that there is no significant erosion and with no impacts on the villages. In Let Pan village, there is a little erosion at present and houses are not damaged. However, a 68-year old farmer, Daw Khin Toke, stated that she lost 10 acres of farmland in the past because of river bank erosion. Chaung Pauk village suffered from river bank collapse in 1987, but now there is no river bank erosion. In Pel Nga Sel village of Htan Taw village tract, the 68-year-old U Myo Tin, village elder, said that they had serious impacts from river bank erosion 40 years ago. The whole village was inundated because river levels rose. In 1992 a new village was built. War Chat village was flooded in 2016, there is a little riverbank collapse but not serious. The yearly flooding reaches up to three rows of houses along the river. About 100 Households are normally flooded every year. It covers the Sagaing - Min Gyun Main Road and last about 20 days. Eastern riverbank - Mandalay side Min Ye Hla and Shan Kalay Kyun villages have experienced river bank collapse in the past, with serious occurrences in 2014 and in 2015. The agricultural land was flooded at that time, nearly 20 acres in Min Ye Hla and 70 acres in Shan Kalay Island. In Shan Kalay Kyun, the whole Island is flooded about 2 times or 3 times in in June and July every year. Though Min Ye Hla is an old village it has faced serious impact of erosion. Residents have moved three times because of riverbank erosion. In 1987, about 50 households moved to other villages and about 70 households moved into the cultivated lands. About 100 acres of agricultural lands were lost. As the areas of agricultural lands were reduced income decreased. In 1989, another 100 households had to moved and resettled. In 1991, the primary school had to move. In 1993, the village monastery moved to the current place. They still face the erosion from 2010 to 2015 at agricultural lands (normal). In 2015 and 2016, the erosion area got higher again (loss of agricultural lands about 20 acres). Flooding was highest in 1988, second highest in 2004 and third highest in 2016. Due to flooding in 2016, the peanut and bean were lost before their harvesting period. Flooding in 2004 reached about 10 feet. In 2014, the flood reached over 6 feet. Nearly every household has one small boat for transport during flooding. Every house is built on wooden stilts. Table 5.39: Most serious flooding in the last 12 months (in 2016) and impacts compared to earlier Impacts of latest Normal loss Most serious flooding in the last 12 Location Village flooding compared of assets due months to earlier years to flooding East Min Ye Hla The whole village area was flooded: riverbank fields for about 4 months, village for Much worse No - about 2 and half months Mandalay Shan Kalay The whole area of the village was Much worse No Kyun flooded for about 3 months Island Bo Hla Kone NA Much worse Yes Da Ma Kya All 300 acres were flooded for about Worse Yes 1 to 2 months Gyaint Gyi All the seasonal crop lands were Much worse No flooded for about 2 months 124 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Kyun Sin Over 200 acres flooded 3 times per Same No year, 15 days each time Nyaung Pin NA Much worse Yes Thar West Chaung Pauk Over 200 acres were flooded. About riverbank 30 households inside the village were Much worse No - Sagaing flooded for about 1 month Htan Taw About 30 acres of paddy field in the east of village were flooded for about Same No 1 month Let Pan About 20 to 25 acres peanut or bean Much worse No agricultural lands for about 2 months Pel Nga Sel About 30 acres of paddy field to the east of village were flooded for about Same No 1 month Table 5.40: Weather related disaster prevention measures in the villages Has the village done any Location Village name activities to prevent weather Kind of activity related disasters and impacts? East riverbank - Min Ye Hla Yes Building dikes Mandalay Shan Kalay Kyun No Island Bo Hla Kone Yes Changing crops/cropping patterns Da Ma Kya No Gyaint Gyi No Kyun Sin Yes Building dikes Nyaung Bin Thar Yes Changing crops/cropping patterns West riverbank - Chaung Pauk No Sagaing Htan Taw No Let Pan No Pel Nga Sel No War Chat No Likely future development of the area without Subproject 1 In terms of morphology, without Subproject 1 the area is likely to continue current behaviour, i.e. the features that are stable today will remain stable (e.g. right bank upstream of Mingun and left and right bank at Sagaing) while the middle reach of Subproject1 area (opposite Mandalay) will continue with a cyclic behaviour where the channel along the right bank grows to an almost similar size as the channel at Mandalay followed by a decline. This cyclic behaviour may be in the future affected by in particular sand mining and storage development in the basin. Both sand mining and storage development will tend to decrease sediment transport in the river and therefore slow down the cyclic behavior. Erosion and flooding will continue to define and shape the life and livelihoods on the islands. In the foreseeable future, it is likely that farming activities on the islands will continue to play a major role as the main livelihood for inhabitants. An increasing number of younger people are likely to want to change to other livelihoods it can be expected that migration to the provincial towns or to Yangon will increase. 125 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 In step with general socio-economic development, better motorized boats, such as speed boats, could take the place of traditional wooden boats for transport needs, especially during the monsoon season. This could shorten travel time by river, keeping local navigation a continuing alternative to road traffic. In the absence of any interventions associated with Sub-project 1, the fisheries in the project area would continue much as at present. The catches in the two Inns show a consistency of the annual catch, although artisanal fishermen report declines in fish catches. This is likely to be due to increased fishing pressure and especially from increasing use of illegal fishing methods, such as electro-fishing. If the main channel shifts to the Sagaing channel, which the roughness measures in Sub-project 1 is designed to prevent, then it is to be expected that the fish productivity in the western and middle side channels will increase, with more bodies of open water in the islands open for fishing. In terms of other biodiversity, the habitats for birds and the sand bars for nesting turtles and birds are likely to remain unchanged, though disturbance from increasing populations on the islands will increase. 126 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 6 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Impacts of roughness measures ( porcupines) and bank protection measures. 6.1.1 Impacts on Physical environment 6.1.1.1 Impact on hydrology and geomorphology Preparatory and construction phase: Preparation or modification of river bank/bed for installing porcupines and related bank protection will involve limited earth moving, and levelling without significantly altering existing morphology. The porcupine fields are mostly located on river bed and adjacent sand bars, where no or only minor earthworks are necessary to allow placement of the concrete porcupine structures (Figure 6.1). More substantial modification will be associated with implementing bank-protection measures on left banks of central and eastern side-channels in area where porcupine fields align with the islands. Figure 6.1: Location of proposed porcupine fields and related bank protection measures A rip-rap armour stone protection is proposed for which the bank must be re-profiled to a gentle 1:3 slope with a toe at MSL+60m or higher, depending on the local bathymetry. That can in some areas with existing steep erosion-affected banks (e.g. some bank sections north of the Kyun Sin village) 127 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 represent an encroachment to the existing plain surface of the islands up to circa 30 meters from wet area of the channel. In most of the area however, a comparatively smaller modification will be required to obtain the desired slope, i.e. thanks to the naturally developed favorable mild slope or previous bank-protection works (e.g. along the bank in the vicinity of the Kyun Sin village). Development of the temporary access road from the village of Let Pan (or Ta Laing Zin) to the construction site located on sand banks opposite Kyun Sin will have negligible impact. The track across the sand dunes already exists, but heavy use of the track will compact and harden the sections nearest the construction camp. Similar, minor impacts can occur due to preparation and operation of the construction camps and location of storage and service facilities at the sand bars. None of these potential impacts on local morphology are regarded as significant. Operational phase (roughness measures in effect): In the short-term, the bank protection will have a stabilizing effect, diminishing existing severe erosion problems in the sections of side channels where porcupine fields are located due to reduction of flow and reduced flow velocity, and therefore its impact can be regarded as net positive and long term. Outside these areas the effects on the side channels are uncertain and will depend also on application of additional bank protection measures not included in the scope of Subproject 1. The long-term effects of the porcupines on discharge to side channels are very uncertain. The porcupine fields will reduce the flow and the rate of flow down the secondary channels and increase sedimentation around these porcupine fields. These changes in flow and sediment transport down the channels, will inevitably change the morphology of the channels including the extent and depth of the bodies of permanent water (the inns) left at the end of the dry season. The modelling of these long-term changes in flows, sediment transport and deposition resulting in changes in the morphology is difficult and so any reasonably accurate prediction of the impacts is not available. The simulation results presented in the section 3.4 Hydraulic effects of optimized roughness measure of the RHDHV Detailed Design Report show that the planed measures are most effective at reducing the flows down the side channels at lower flows, and at very low flows they may reduce the flow down the side channels by up to 30 - 40%. At higher flows (above 6,000 m3/sec) they reduce the flows down the side channels by under 10%. The morphology of the permanent bodies of water is likely to be defined by the higher flow rates. In effect, the area and depth of permanent water bodies can change in either direction depending on e.g. the future sequence of large and small floods. Some reduction of the size of the inns is considered as more likely scenario, although an opposite trend cannot be ruled out. The reduction in flow discharge in the side channels will likely continue in response to morphological changes (sedimentation) induced by the porcupines. After a few years of sedimentation, the discharge in the side channel may reduce even further. According to RHDHV’s simulation result (see Detailed Design Report, Figure 3-6) the discharge in the side channels will be reduced by up to 300 m3/s for a discharge of 18000 m3/s. With say 60% of the discharge in the main channel this corresponds to a relative increased discharge in the main channel of about 3%. This increase does not take into account the effect of morphological changes. With the expected sedimentation in the side channels and expected/desired bed erosion (or absence of sand bars) in the main channel, the discharge in the main channel will increase further after some time. Finally, the dredging/sand mining for AUDP will further increase the flow capacity, thus attracting more discharge in the main channel. The combined effect of these (increased roughness, morphological development and AUDP dredging) is not assessed in the detailed design report but could perhaps add up to 5-10% discharge in the main channel. The increased discharge will result in a slightly smaller relative increase of flow velocities (between 5-10%) due to the morphological adaptation. The increased flow velocities may cause increased bank erosion. Bank erosion depends on flow velocity in a non-linear way implying that say a 5% increase of flow velocity will result in significant more than 5% increase of erosion rate at erosion 128 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 hotspots. Exacerbation of the erosion risk can be expected at the confluence with the Mandalay channel, in front of the AUDP. This is related to the (most likely) outcome where the discharges decrease over time in the Sagaing and middle channels and thus increases in the Mandalay channel. The occurrence of bank erosion hotspots will likely follow the already existing patterns, viz. along outer bends and at locations where the river cross-sections are constricted by sand bars. 6.1.1.2 Impacts on water quality Preparatory and construction phase Earth-moving and levelling has the potential to increase sediment mobilization temporarily in the two channels, especially in the western channel where the bulk of the works lies within the wet part of the channel. Flows down both channels decrease progressively through the dry season, and it is probable that most of the in-channel works will occur towards the end of the dry season, when water levels and flows are lowest, and when suspended solids in the water is lowest. The combination of low flows and increased sediment release in these channels increases the risks of localized and temporary changes in water quality (turbidity and suspended solids). This effect is unlikely to extend for further than few kilometers downstream, as the sediment will settle out quite quickly. Further, potential impacts on water quality are connected namely with the risk of contamination of surface water with the domestic waste originating from temporary construction camps hosting around 100 people, and accidental spillage of fuel, oil and grease, as well as water pollution from construction materials and wastes (heavy materials, plastics). These impacts are to large extent avoidable and will be prevented/minimized through implementations of dedicated site management measures. Operational phase (roughness measures in effect) No significant impact on water quality is expected, though reduction of flow in side-channels can have negative impact on its availability for the human use (see further below). 6.1.1.3 Other impacts Local ambient air quality Air quality is likely to be negatively impacted by emissions from both road (truck) and boat transport of the construction materials and other supplies in combination with emissions from the construction machinery, electricity generators, and fireplaces and boilers used in the construction sites and camps. However, given to favorable baseline conditions in the area (open area, far from other significant emission sources) and limited time of the construction, the temporary impacts on the air quality is likely to be more of a nuisance issue than of a public health concern, i.e. the impact on the ambient air quality is not regarded as significant. Induced impacts related to obtaining construction materials Of main concern is the supply of hard rock required for the bank protection. In addition to transport- related impacts (emissions to air, noise, damage to roads), it is namely the potentially vast array of impacts related to the stone extraction and processing, including impacts on the geomorphology, hydrology, biodiversity, and social conditions of the quarry site and its surroundings. As the source of the hard rock material is yet to be determined, the scope and significance of those potential impacts is impossible to estimate. This risk of secondary negative impacts needs to be reflected during the project implementation through relevant mitigation measures and provisions of the ESMP. The porcupine structures will be made of concrete produced from locally abundant materials, either by contracted industrial supplier, or on the site. It is recommended that the concrete beams are pre- fabricated and assembled on site. The proposed design does not include a use of hard wood, thus reducing concern for secondary impacts on forests and related environmental issues. 129 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Decommissioning The final removal of the porcupines at the end of their useful life, or if alternative river training measures are put in place is likely to cause similar impacts as those during the construction period, though probably at smaller scale and shorter period. In particular, a mobilization of sediments, and transport down the channels will take place, but not to the same scale as the preparation of the porcupine fields. Given to nature and purpose of the porcupine measures, their removal is regarded as an unlikely scenario. 6.1.2 Impacts on biophysical environment Preparatory and construction phase 6.1.2.1 Impacts on ecosystems Project-related traffic and construction operations will cause some localised disturbance of wildlife during the day, and water birds will tend to avoid this area. For the works along the eastern channel, the construction materials will be transferred by boat to a location on the northern bank of the island, and transported by access track to the construction camp, on the sand banks along the eastern creek. This area is probably the least disturbed location on these islands which are fringed along the northern edge with reeds and grasses. The risk of disturbance of water birds such as ruddy shelduck and bar- tailed geese, which are known to frequent this part of the island, is higher than on the other construction sites. Although turtles are rarely found in this area, the sand banks on this eastern channel, are a potential nesting location. Nesting occurs during the dry season, at a similar time as construction activities, so there is a greater risk of disturbance and failed nesting. Similarly, sand bank nesting birds such as pratincoles, river tern and river lapwing, may also be disturbed by transport of materials along the access track to this eastern channel location. Construction camp and facilities have several impacts upon the aquatic ecology. The presence of up to 600 workers living and working on the construction camp sites will cause considerable disturbance to the water birds which will tend to avoid the area. Disturbance may also occur during the leisure time of the construction workers, who may want to fish and catch turtles and birds. Further pressure on ecosystems might be caused by localized water pollution by human wastes from cooking, sanitation and wastewater, as well as by solid wastes, especially plastics, which are already a major problem for the Ayeyarwady River. The areas of the construction sites are currently relatively clear of solid wastes, so the added pressure from the construction sites could significantly increase solid and liquid waste pollution throughout the area. No significant impacts are expected in connection with storage of materials and equipment, provided that precautions are taken to prevent spillage and escapes, with equipment for clean-up to be available in the event of spillage. Inevitably around fuel and oil stores, small but regular spillages will contaminate the soils in the storage area, which may be released later upon inundation in the next flood season. Storage of hard rock for bank enhancement will cause local compaction of soils and loss of vegetation that should be rehabilitated after use of these areas. Operation of diesel electricity generators (if required) can also cause noise disturbance of wildlife within the vicinity of the construction sites, especially at night. Preparation/modification of river bank/bed for installing porcupines and for installation of rip-rap bank protection will involve some river bank vegetation removal. The river bank vegetation to be removed consists mainly of reeds and grasses, and perhaps some shrubs, but no trees - as annual plants that grow up in the wet season, these will recover naturally during the next wet season. Construction-related sediment mobilization will temporarily affect the aquatic ecosystem in the side- channels due to localized and temporary changes in water quality (turbidity and suspended solids) 130 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 which could reduce light penetration and productivity of the water bodies. This effect is unlikely to extend for further than few kilometres downstream, as the sediment will settle out quite quickly. However, increased turbidity and suspended sediments will probably be noticed in the permanent water bodies downstream, two of which form part of the inns, or leasable fishing lots - in the western channel, Arlaungwenote Inn (8kms downstream), and in the eastern channel, Yinpyinout Inn (2.5 km downstream) (Figure 6.2).The channel bed in these bodies of permanent water is mostly soft sediment which will be renewed every year in the wet season, so the increased sediment deposition during construction in the dry season is unlikely to cover sensitive aquatic habitat, and will be replaced during the next wet season, so this should be only a temporary impact. 6.1.2.2 Impacts on fisheries The construction period is likely to occur for three months in the late dry season. There is a distinct period for catching fish in the late dry season from February to April, and a second period in September/ October/ November, which is considered the best fishing season. Some of the main migratory species, such as mrigal and tank goby are caught in October to November, while others such as hilsa, gangetic goonch and the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergi are caught in February to April. Leasehold owners start fishing operations in the leasehold inns in October and continue to end of February, after which the leasehold is open to others to fish in. There is a closed season for fish breeding in the early wet season, and the fishery is open to all when the river is in flood. Thus construction is likely to coincide with one of most significant fishing seasons. 131 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 6.2: Areas of permanent bodies of water likely to be affected by the installation of porcupines in the side channels There could be a temporary impact upon the fish catches in these permanent bodies of water in side channels due to increased sediment load and turbidity, a) because some fish may move away from these bodies of permanent water to avoid the high turbidity, b) migratory fish moving upstream in February to April may avoid the channels altogether and c) slightly lowered primary productivity and availability food for fish in these channels. This impact is difficult to quantify. Operational phase (roughness measures in effect) Due to large uncertainty related to the effects of roughness-increasing measures on morphology of the side channels (see Impacts on Physical environment above) the impacts upon the fishery are equally difficult to predict, though if the bodies of permanent water at the end of the dry season will become smaller and shallower, it is likely that fish production will decrease. If however, the bodies of permanent water become more extensive and deeper, it is possible that fish production may increase; this is considered to be less likely. 132 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The one indication of the impacts of similar changes that we have is that 30 years ago a low weir was built across the Moemeik channel near Htan Myint. This weir is only visible at the end of the low flow season in March/April. The fishermen in Ko Daung Village noted that fish catches have reduced during this time – before the weir was built they used to catch 5 – 6 viss21 per day and now they catch 1 – 2 viss per day. Many other factors will have contributed to this reduction, e.g. increase in fishermen and more efficient fishing methods, and pollution, but changes in fish habitats, for example caused by this weir, will also have helped to reduce fish catches. Socio-economic and livelihood implications of potential flow changes To indicate a scale of the economic dimension of such risk, we might consider two impact scenarios, in which morphological and flow changes resulted in the a) a 10% reduction and b) a 25% reduction in the status of the permanent bodies of water, and in turn in reduction in the fish catches. The values of the catches in both fishing lots and of the artisanal fishery are shown below in Table 6.1(calculated in the baseline analysis section). The combined annual value of the catch is estimated at about 666,000 USD. If the status of the bodies of permanent water is reduced by 10%, there could be an estimated loss of 66,000 USD per year, and if it is reduced by 25%, there could be a 166,500 USD reduction in the value of the catch each year. However, for a correct interpretation of this hypothetical scenarios it is necessary to acknowledge that the delineation and total area of fishing lots (as indicated in the table) differ significantly from current dimensions of the permanent water bodies in the side channels, i.e. it may be difficult to attribute reduced fishing yields exactly to the changes in permanent water bodies. This inaccuracy is caused by the discrepancy between formal delineation of the fishing lots (not updated from 1970’s) and actual situation resulting from ongoing large morphological changes of the river and side-channels area in particular. Table 6.1: Annual catches and values of the fishery potentially affected by the porcupines in the project area 5 year average 10% 25% Fishery Area (ha) Auction price catch Annual value of fish catch reduction reduction million kyat/yr Kg/yr Kyat/yr USD/yr USD/yr USD/yr Yinpyinout Inn 1,264 6.3 120,945 320,924,700 238,000 23,800 59,500 Arlaungwetote Inn 668 5.9 72,414 213,882,500 158,000 15,800 39,500 Artisanal fishery 270,000 27,000 67,500 Total 666,000 66,600 166,500 Should the reduction of the catch actually occur, it will affect livelihood of local fishermen. There are approximately 289 artisanal fisherfolk living and working in the area likely to be affected by the installation of porcupines in the side channels. Whilst many of these fish principally in the main channel, 137 fisher folk live on these islands, and about 26 on the Sagaing bank, some of whom are seasonal fishermen. The two fishing leaseholds each employ up to 20 fishermen, and artisanal fishermen can pay a rental for fishing in the leashold areas. The regular removal of debris from the porcupines should not create any adverse impacts for aquatic ecology and fisheries, provided that the debris is removed and disposed of safely to landfill and not thrown back into the river. Decommissioning The final removal of the porcupines at the end of their useful life, or if alternative river training measures are put in place is likely to cause similar disturbance to wildlife as during the construction 211 viss = 1.63 kg 133 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 period, though this will last for a shorter period. There may also be mobilization of sediments, and transport down the channels, but not to the same scale as the preparation of the porcupine fields. 6.1.3 Impacts on socio-economic and cultural environment Preparatory and construction phase 6.1.3.1 Agriculture land loss Disturbance of agricultural activities on lands near the porcupine fields due to transport and storage of materials, and limited access during construction operations (for safety reasons). This impact is assessed to be small and temporary. Small loss of agriculture land on the river banks will be associated with bank modification in some areas with existing steep erosion-affected banks (e.g. some bank sections north of the Kyun Sin village). Such modification might represent an encroachment to the existing plain surface of the islands up to circa 30 meters from wet area of the channel. In most of the area however, a comparatively smaller modification will be required to obtain the desired slope, i.e. thanks to the naturally developed favorable mild slope or previous bank-protection works (e.g. along the bank in the vicinity of the Kyun Sin village). 6.1.3.2 Risk of social conflicts Potential risk of social conflicts and disturbance will be associated with setting and operation of construction camps including temporary accommodation for workers (located on sand bars in distance from local villages). Conflict prevention measures shall be implemented to prevent such negative impact. 6.1.3.3 Employment and business opportunities Potentially positive effects are linked to Project implementation-related employment opportunities for the local people. Even if the porcupine production is located off-site, part of the workforce required for preparation of river bank and bed, bank protection works, transport of materials, and in porcupine assembly can be supplied by the local communities. Since the construction does not coincide with harvest period, the local people will be free to take part in the works. Additional opportunity represents increased demand for tea and beer stalls from workers during construction and business for ferry service operators for transport of materials. 6.1.3.4 Temporary impacts on fisheries Impacts on fisheries downstream of the porcupines affecting income of full-time fishers and food security of subsistence fishers. This temporary impact is difficult to quantify (see Fisheries section of the Chapter 5.2 Impacts on Biological environment above) and is regarded as ranging from Negligible to Moderate Negative. Operational phase (roughness measures in effect) 6.1.3.5 Long-term impacts on fisheries Risk of reduction of fisheries productivity downstream of the porcupines and connected impacts on the income of full-time fishers and food security of subsistence fishers. The key driver of change is alteration of the morphology and flow patterns in the side channels affecting the size and productivity of permanent water bodies (inns). Given to large uncertainties associated with the future development in this regard (see Fisheries section of the Chapter 5.2 Impacts on Biological environment above), this impact is assessed as ranging from moderately negative to significantly negative, and highly uncertain. 134 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 6.1.3.6 Impact on accessibility and ferry services The installation of porcupines can result in blockage of waterway from Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages to Mandalay and villages east of Kyun Sin when the water level is too low for boats to pass over the porcupines. The restriction of boat access (ferry service and villagers’ boats) due to porcupine structure can be avoided through including a safe boat passage in the porcupine field design, and installing measures indicating the safe navigation depth. The effectiveness of such measures can be however compromised by a gradual siltation (in long perspective) of the water way. Siltation in channel can improve access by motorbike and truck/motorized vehicle from and to the island from Sagaing side at times outside the height of the rainy season. This can have positive effects with regard to reduced time to travel to school for high school students in Sagaing, access to markets, work places and services. 6.1.3.7 Loss of agriculture land to bank erosion There can be a risk of increased erosion of agricultural land in Kyun Sin village if river banks along the porcupine fields remained unprotected. Since the bank protection measures have been included as part of the project design preparation (also in response to the concerns registered during field consultations with the local community), the above indicated construction phase-related loss of agriculture soil in some river bank sections will contribute to the prevention of further intrusions in the cultivated areas adjacent to the porcupine fields. The net positive effect shall be ensured by ongoing monitoring and planning for additional river bank protection measures to be applied if new erosion hot-spots develop in connection with unpredicted long-term effects of the roughness-increasing measures implemented within the Sub-project 1. 6.1.3.8 Other impacts Visual impacts Aesthetically displeasing porcupines spoils the natural beauty, namely if accumulation of floating wastes and debris is allowed. This visual impact will be limited to the community in the close vicinity of the porcupine field (Kyun Sin). The visual impact from the direction of main Mandalay channel (e.g. from tourist boats) will be limited as the porcupines are located somewhat downstream from the side- channels entrances. Of concern can be the risk of lowering the serenity of the Kyae Yar Taung Stupa and consequently visiting people’s well-being, by the visual impact of the Sagaing porcupine field located nearby. Risk of discouraging tourists from visiting the areas cultural and archaeological sites cannot be entirely ruled out, but due to the location of the porcupines in visually not prominent locations, negative impact on tourism is not expected. Employment in maintenance If a regular maintenance of porcupine structures is envisaged, including clean up from the accumulated debris and waste after the high flow season, a positive impact on local people’s employment and livelihood can be expected. Decommissioning The final removal of the porcupines at the end of their useful life, or if alternative river training measures are put in place is likely to cause similar effects as in the construction phase, though smaller in scale (e.g. employment) and time. Impacts of dredging 6.2.1 Impacts on physical environment Dredging quantities will be small compared to the sediment transport in the river. Provided the dredged material will be disposed in the river, no significant offset to the natural sediment transport regime in the river is envisaged, hence no significant impact on the morphology. 135 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 6.2.2 Impacts on biological environment If the dredged materials are returned to the river downstream, as it is understood is the current practice, there are two concerns for the aquatic ecology. First is the spillage of dredged materials at the dredging site and the second is the increased suspended sediments at the dispersal site. The local suspended sediment levels can be many times higher than the normal levels during the early dry season. Most of the sediments will quickly fall out of suspension, but there will be an impact zone of up to 10km downstream of where the dredged materials are dumped. At this time, fish would tend to avoid such a zone, but biota in the river bed would be covered by the settlement of the solids. Some of these may be killed whilst others will redistribute themselves in new sediment layers. If the dredged materials are found to be contaminated with toxic materials - heavy metals or persistent organic chemicals, e.g. originated from the waste waters of Mandalay, then returning the dredged materials to the river, may have adverse impacts. As an extreme impact, the mobilized toxic materials could cause fish kills, or at least increase in toxic content in the food chain and in fish flesh for human consumption. At present, the sediment analysis indicates moderate levels of mercury, lead and chromium - all three parameters are higher in the sediment samples taken upstream compared to those downstream, but these are not considered to be significantly high. Nevertheless, regular monitoring of toxic materials in sediments being dredged is recommended. If the sediments are disposed of on land, disposal on the banks and sand bars on the islands should be avoided, as these may be important breeding sites for birds and possibly turtles. Toxic material content may also be an issue to be monitored. The use of the dredged material as for construction or fill materials shall be the preferred option. 6.2.3 Impacts on socio-economic and cultural environment With the envisaged dredging activities only minimal impacts on the socio-economic and cultural environment is expected. If all the dredged material will be disposed into the river there will not be any disposal that can affect agricultural land. If temporary disposal on land is required, only government owned land should be used or material should directly be sold to the sand buyers. For any on-land disposal, there will be written agreement with individuals/communities affected. If fish stocks decline due to dredging it will have negative impacts on fishermen and communities that depend on fish for their livelihoods. Dredging activities could have temporary impacts on the livelihood of a few individuals, mostly fishers. However, fishers would have several fishing location options that are available during the period of dredging. Public health safety issues due to dredging activities could occur due to release of toxic material into river water used for drinking water and/or irrigation. Increased turbidity could affect the use of river water for drinking water. This would be in addition to potential impacts through the food chain described in previous section. Changes in river flows due to dredging could have impact on transportation in smaller boats, for example by making normally used passages over shallow water inaccessible or creating currents that smaller boats would have to avoid for safe passage. Impacts from dredging activities on the cultural environment are not foreseen. Impact and risk assessment summary (risk assessment matrix) A consolidated summary of the assessment of likely impacts described above is provided in this section. The identified impacts are presented in the assessment matrix below, using combination of graphical numerical values, graphical symbols, complemented with written notes and colors to highlight key concerns. 136 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Scale for evaluation of impacts’ significance +2 Significant positive M+ Mitigation available / no significant residual impact +1 Moderate impact expected 0 No or negligible impact M- Mitigation not available/ significant residual impact -1 Moderate negative expected -2 Significant negative [i] Impact not likely or certain ? Uncertain [x] Impact unlikely or under extreme circumstances Key concerns for implementation of the works in Sub-project1 137 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 6.2: Assessment matrix for roughness-increasing measures and related bank protection Potential impacts Project components and phase Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality Hydrology Geomorphology Other concerns Construction materials (sourcing) 0 +1/0 0 0 No hardwood use ? Waste waters volume envisaged. Preparatory & construction phase Preliminary estimated size of three not significant No impact expected sites combined: Employment Cca 23,660 porcupines opportunities Risk of pollution and Cca 322.000 m2 leaking of Cca 20.347 ton of hard rock for bank (contaminated) fluids protection into the environment/ groundwater, such as oil Concrete beams/porcupines and grease. components will be either produced off site (probably in Mandalay), only assembling in situ OR, on-site production will be implemented Transport of materials -1 0/+1 0 0 Temporary impacts that (i) ? ? can be mitigated Including Cca 20.347 ton of hard rock M+ No impact through rehabilitation of for bank protection Employment Cca 3 months daily soils and riparian Compaction of soils along traffic increases by cca vegetation after Western and central sites will be tracks. Disturbance of Contractual 50 boats construction. served by access road (existing road water birds and potential engagement of Let Pan Employment in near Let Pan village will be upgraded) disturbance of nesting and Kyun Sin ferry boat assembly - preference to turtles and water birds on services for transport of be given to local workers Only for the Eastern channel the eastern channel materials to Eastern from Kyun Sine and Let material will be brought by boat – on Loss of reeds and grasses channel and of workers Pan for construction off- site transportation will be needed cca at landing site for eastern to Mandalay might be site - aim is at least 30% 1 km across sand bar from tip of the channel considered if their boats of workforce? island to the construction site (small fit for the job. truck, or temporary rails?) 138 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Potential impacts Project components and phase Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality Hydrology Geomorphology Other concerns Setting up construction -1 -1 -1 0 The construction and camp/facilities [i] +1 [i] production site of the M+ [x] Not significant volume of concrete porcupines will If all three sites developed in once Domestic waste water required result in different then cca 600 workers in total. Part will Minor disturbance of local Risk of social conflict or contamination (cca 600 potential environmental be coming from adjacent villages, part habitats (birds), not very disturbance of people) impacts. Preparatory & construction phase will stay in temporary tents on the sensitive ecosystem community due to site. presence of cca 600 The potential impacts Construction works will last for cca 3 No vegetation removal workers for the construction on moths. expected (location on site (on the island) is sand bar) +1 Increase in local presented in the matrix, business in Kyun Sin and being the less favorable Possible disturbance of Let Pan for supply of and non-preferred nesting birds food and drinks, possibly option from an also night time environmental point of entertainment to view. workers (?) No temporary loss of agricultural land: Camp located at sand bar. Storage for materials and equipment 0 to -1 0 -1 0 (x) M+ M+ [x] Contamination of water Risk of accidental and soils in the event of spillage of fuel, oil and spillage, especially of fuel grease - and and oils. construction materials (heavy materials, plastics) & liquids?? 139 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Potential impacts Project components and phase Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality Hydrology Geomorphology Other concerns Operation of electricity generators -1 [i] -1 -1 0 Noise and air emissions M+ [i] M+ can have temporary Camp will be supplied by solar energy Minor disturbance of local Minor disturbance to [x] impact on ambient according to PMU, but some use of wildlife (birds) due to air local inhabitants due to environmental quality diesel generators cannot be ruled out and noise emissions (if air and noise emissions Risk of accidental and community well- diesel generators used) (if diesel generators spillage of fuel (if diesel being used) generators used) 140 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Preparation/modification of river -1 -1 -1 +1 bank/bed for installing porcupines [i] [i] ? -1 including Bank protection M+ [i] ? Estimation of uptake Loss of agriculture land 150 feet /30meter Hard rock Bank protection will cover Minor disturbance of local on river banks due to re- Temporary increased inland from water x cca 724m' Sagaing channel, 554 m' habitats especially for modifying and bank turbidity downstream Positive impact on the length of porcupine field Middle channel, total length 1225m. nesting birds and possibly protection construction. from construction sites reduction of bank erosion on on location where bank Cca 20.347 ton of hard rock. turtles locations with implemented slope will have to be 12205 m2 of vetiver grass +1 /0 [i] Cleaning of concrete bank protection measures. modified. Some vegetation removal Employment: mixers and other Uncertain effects on existing Porcupines only in channel, only expected. Bank protection preference shall be equipment in case of on- bank erosion hotspots uptake of agriculture soil shall be due measures should include given to local workers site production of outside of the porcupine to modification of bank slopes and provision for revegetating for preparation of river concrete beams for areas. In the long Preparatory & construction phase bank protection (max. cca 30 meters the rip-rap. bank/bed – at least porcupine perspective positive effects inland from the water, depending on 40%= xx number of likely (reduction of flow and the shape of existing slope) Increase in sediment temporary local jobs reduced flow velocity). mobilization and release into channels during the Outside these areas the dry season construction effects are uncertain period. May reduce the productivity and fish catches in the permanent bodies of water. Temporary impact during construction period. Mitigation possible by avoidance and protection if nesting sites are observed Partial mitigation through careful earth moving, limiting release of sediments into water 141 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Potential impacts Project components and phase Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality Hydrology Geomorphology Other concerns Installing porcupines -1 0/-1 -1 0 Visual impacts can [i] ? ? reduce the subjective M+ [x] [i] No expected impacts well-being of the adjacent communities. Minor disturbance of local Possibly temporary Temporary increased aquatic ecosystems incl. limited access to turbidity downstream submerged vegetation agriculture land from construction sites and benthos) adjacent to river bank (20-50 meters, for safety Preparatory & construction phase Likely to be less disruptive reasons) than porcupine field Temporary restricted preparation, but soil boat access during compaction and porcupines installation. disturbance in a wider buffer area around the +1/0? porcupine field for ease of Employment in access and transport to assembly – preference the field. to be given to local workers from Kyun Sine Mitigation through choice and Let Pan – at least of access routes between 30% (180 local construction site and temporary jobs secured) porcupine fields. Possible for assembly and rehabilitation of placement) – are there compacted soils so many potential workers in the villages? 142 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Potential impacts Project components and phase Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality Hydrology Geomorphology Other concerns Planting vegetation hedges across the +1 -1 0 +1 island +1 [x] The vegetation may be shelter and resting places Loss of agriculture land The vegetation (hedges and for birds, small mammels (though reversible) bushes) increase the and (when fruit trees) hydraulic roughness to the attracts insects. Hedges that grow flow over the islands. eatable parts can benefit the food supply for the The kinetic energy in the local livelihoods. flow is reduced, so erosive forces are expected to be less also. Reduced flow velocity results in lateral flow due the created energy gradient between Sagaing the Mandalay channel 143 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Potential impacts Project components and phase Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality Hydrology Geomorphology Other concerns Porcupines installed /in effect -1/-2? 0/-1 0-1 +1 Visual impacts can M- ? ? -1 reduce the subjective [i] ? well-being of the Risk of habitat alteration Possible reduction of [i] adjacent communities. due to reduced flow and Restricted boat access water resource access increase siltation (in long (ferry service and for the communities on Short term impacts on bank run) villagers boats) due to Sagaing side. erosion are: porcupine structure, and Let Pan village use water At the porcupines fields: 0 – Reduced flows down the due to gradual siltation from side channel – they since the banks will be two side channels, (in long perspective) want to obtain water protected by hard bank Operational phase especially in the dry purifier for village to protection. season, may result in Impact of the reduced compensate for loss of In Mandalay channel: -1 – changes in the extent and boat service on the flow since flow will increase and depth of the permanent whole community (?) thus bank erosion (risk) will bodies of water, which are increase. The masisve important fishing areas. Improved accessibility of dredging for the Amarapura On the western channel, the islands during dry project will further enhance there is a fishing Inn about season due through this negative impact. 8 km downstream of the emerged road access: Secondary channels porcupine field and on the shorten time to school. (including Sagaing channel): eastern channel there is a market, and work on +1 – since flow will decline. fishing Inn about 2.5 km Sagaing side Long term effects are very downstream. uncertain. No mitigation possible 144 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Potential impacts Project components and phase Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality Hydrology Geomorphology Other concerns Maintenance (debris removal) 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? Operational phase Not significant risks or impacts expected, provided safe disposal of debris rather than release back into the river Removal of porcupines, Workers and -1 +1/0 -1/0 0 Decommissioning phase equipment mobilization, [i] -1 ? ? disassembling, re-use or final M+ [x] Temporary increased (not expected) disposal Employment, Risk of turbidity downstream Uncertain effects on bank Minor disturbance of local social conflict between from construction sites erosion. habitats similar to workers and local construction phase. community 145 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 6.3: Assessment matrix for dredging activities Potential impacts Project components Hydrology Other Biodiversity/fisheries Social/livelihoods Water quality and phase Geomorphology concerns Dredging -1 0 0/-1 0/-1 Noise from The direct disturbance and removal of benthic species Minor limitation of boat Increase in turbidity and excessive dredging and communities; traffic during dredging sedimentation operations operation. affecting Temporary Possible release of organic matter, riparian water quality changes which can affect aquatic flora Possible minor negative nutrients and or contaminants communities and fauna, both favorably and unfavorably, temporary impact on depending upon the nature of the fisheries-related livelihoods. material in the dredging area. Turbidity and suspended sediment is naturally high Dredged spoils -1 0 0/-1 0 disposal In river Turbidity and suspended sediment is naturally high in Minor limitation of boat Increase in turbidity and excessive the area. traffic during dredging sedimentation operation. Settlement of suspended sediments can result in the Possible release of organic matter, smothering or blanketing of benthic communities. Possible minor negative nutrients and or contaminants temporary impact on depending upon the nature of the Have potential to affect the fish in the deep pools fisheries-related livelihoods. material in the dredging area. which are good fishing grounds, according to local fisherman. The impact on fisheries however is considered minor as the main channel does not feature any sites significant for fisheries such as deep pools, spawning areas, or significant vegetation. Dredged spoils 0 0 0 0 disposal On land No considerable impact expected provided sound No considerable impact No considerable impact expected location criteria are applied for disposal site (i.e. no expected provided sound provided sound management measures sand bars) location criteria are applied are applied for disposal site (i.e. for disposal site (i.e. no drainage and runoff water agriculture land) management, contamination monitoring) 146 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 6.3.1 Potentially significant indirect and cumulative impacts The conducted assessment of the potential impacts associated with the Subproject 1 interventions has considered both immediate as well induced impacts likely to manifest only over several years since construction. The phasing or scaling down of the interventions (compared with full implementation as envisaged in the current project documentation) would have little effect in terms of nature of indicated impacts, as long as the project is contributing to its primer objective, i.e. diverting part of the flow from side channels to the main Mandalay channel in order to improve the navigability and access to Mandalay port and upstream. Namely with this intended effect can be associated further significant indirect and cumulative social and environmental impacts. In further perspective, the improved accessibility will likely trigger increase in boat traffic intensity (and allow for larger vessels) and serve as a development incentive in general. Increased risks of water pollution from vessels and port operations, waste production, soil uptake for development activities on river banks, etc. are likely consequences. It is important to acknowledge, that even such cumulative effect in the Subproject 1 area will not likely be very significant, given to relatively low sensitivity of the local environment in the close vicinity of a Mandalay city, i.e. densely populated area of a regional development pole and transport hub. Also, the local communities can be regarded as resilient, adapted to living in the dynamic river environment (e.g. practices of frequent redistribution of agriculture land, and experience with village relocation, and temporary limited accessibility). 0f concern can be the potential cumulative effect related to already ongoing AUDP located within the Subproject 1 study area. The massive dredging volumes associated with this project exceeding significantly any dredging plans considered under the Subproject 1. This can have following implications:  The private development project-related dredging can offset Subproject 1 dredging plans and might render them unnecessary for several upcoming years.  The need for filling materials for the AUDP provides interesting opportunity for disposal of any quantity of spoils potentially dredged under the Subproject 1, provided a coordination and cooperation between responsible stakeholders is achieved.  Impact of large scale private dredging on water quality (and associated impacts on aquatic ecosystems) can to some extent override impacts of Subproject 1 dredging (which will be much smaller both in terms of volume and duration). Of greater concern is the indirect and cumulative impacts related to the very long-term objective of the GoM to improve the navigation all along the Ayeyarwady River. This will result in increased accessibility and boat traffic intensity to the upstream of Mandalay regions (i.e. beyond the Subproject 1 area). Among key concerns in this regard can be impacts on the Ayeyarwady Dolphin Protected Area and the dolphin population. Furthermore, numerous water way improving interventions along the river have considerable potential for adverse cumulative effects, e.g.:  If measures diverting additional flows into the dominant channel (as the Subproject 1 measures) and/or narrowing of the river (e.g. through groynes) will be used widely then the river will become more incised and likely result in a drop of low flow water level with derived impact on e.g. ground water table.  If dredging with disposal on land will be used widely the river bed elevation and hence also water level will drop. Evaluation and mitigation of such risks however make only sense in the context of the whole Ayeyarwady water way development planning, of which the Sub-project 1 intervention is only a minor component, on its own not responsible for triggering any significant change for the upstream boat traffic or river dynamics change. 147 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 6.3.2 Risks to the project’s sustainability and effectiveness The amount of organic debris and general waste caught in the porcupine field is likely to be large. A collision with large pieces of debris has not been taken into account, because these large parts normally flow only during high water along the river and will flow over the porcupines, as the porcupines are completely under water. Incorporating local communities in the maintenance of the porcupine field is recommended. Removal, disposal and possible use of the debris should be organised for the villager’s benefit. In response to local community concern (i.e. Kyun Sin village), the project includes bank protection measures. However, if the planned river bank protection measures on the island, downstream, upstream and along the porcupine fields proved insufficient, any acceleration of erosion of plain with the agriculture land would be a serious negative impact, which would jeopardize the project’s credibility. In such a scenario, it is likely that the community will protest or can even consider some form of ‘corrective’ action, for example by removing porcupines blocking passage by boats. 6.3.3 Key conclusions The conducted assessment indicates number of likely impacts and risks associated with both construction and operational phase of the Subproject 1. Most of the impacts and risks related to the environmental and socio-economic conditions of the area are of low significance and are avoidable through prevention and mitigation measures described further in Chapter 6. The following likely impacts are considered to be of key concern:  Minor permanent loss of agriculture soil due to bank protection and hydraulic roughness- increasing measures (up to few hectares, with no private ownership affected). This impact shall be compensated to the local farmers.  Long-term impact on the morphology of downstream side-channels due to effect of porcupine fields. This impact will be gradual, and its nature is uncertain and difficult to predict, which also makes it difficult to put forth adequate mitigation and compensation measures. In a worst-case scenario, gradual decrease of flow in side channels can result in: o decrease of fisheries productivity in the currently used fishing grounds (inns), o restricted accessibility and economy of the ferry services (while the accessibility during dry season through access paths and unpaved roads can improve), and o reduction of the available water resources for communities on Sagaing side during the low-flow season. Considering the existing dynamics in the side-channels morphology and the river system as whole, and the gradual nature of porcupine measures effects (which can be observed only after several years) it will be challenging to attribute any particular environmental change to the Subproject 1 intervention and thus establish reliable base for individual compensations of negative impacts. Rather a more community oriented indirect mitigation measures shall be recommended to offset any actual or perceived worsening of the livelihood conditions. Among these are improvement of the resources management of the fisheries, equipment of the communities with the water supply infrastructure (wells, filters, etc.), lowering the license fees for the ferry service operator, and the like (see Chapter 6).  Risk of development of new erosion hotspots, namely along the main channel (due to increase of flow and velocity). This risk shall be monitored and managed continually, regardless of the Subproject-1 implementation time-frame. Furthermore, few temporary construction and dredging-related concerns shall be emphasized: 148 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Temporary impact on ambient environmental quality of the local communities, and risk of social conflicts due to temporary influx of construction workers. This shall be prevented and minimized through engaging local communities (e.g. offering employment opportunities on the project works) and implementing adequate ESMP including grievance and conflict resolution mechanism.  Temporary construction-related impacts on biodiversity and local ecosystems. These shall be minimized through adequate ESMP application, including guidance for practices and storage and disposal sites selection, as well as monitoring provisions. 149 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 7 AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION Mitigation measures put forth by this ESIA to prevent, minimize and mitigate identified potentially negative impacts as well as to enhance potential positive effects, can be divided in the following categories: Project design optimization Process of Subproject 1 design preparation including alternative selection and adjustment allowed for addressing several environmental and social concerns such as:  Bank erosion and loss of agriculture land o The additional bank protection component was included in the design in response to local community concern  Reduced access of the ferry boat to the side channels o Adjusting the porcupine pattern to allow for a safe passage Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) For each of the Sub-project 1 components´ a dedicated Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been elaborated. Considering the project complexity and phasing of individual interventions three ESMPs are prepared: ESMP for the Bank protection, ESMP for the Hydraulic roughness-increasing measures (i.e. Porcupines), and the ESMP for Dredging. Each of the ESMPs consists of array of measures and mitigation actions to be implemented during the preparatory, construction or post-construction phases, with assigned responsibilities and provisions for reporting and monitoring. The key focus is on ensuring sound management of the construction operations and adopting responsible environmental and social practices. Environmental Code of Practices and Social, Health and Safety Code of Practices are included to provide guidance during the execution of the project-related works, as well as a Dredging protocol (Appendix 10) to ensure minimization of negative impacts connected to dredging operations. The draft ESMPs are included in this documentation in Chapter 9. Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) The project is not expected to have any severe impacts on living standards, no physical relocation and less than 10 % of livelihood or assets affected. Unavoidable loss of livelihoods may occur in relation to: Construction of bank protection (February 2018) • loss of agriculture land in connection with the bank protection works Construction of porcupines (December 2018 to April 2019) • Potential loss of of agriculture land in connection with the roughness measures Roughness measures (in operation)- March 2019 • loss of income for ferry operators due to decreased access during low-water season; • Reduced access to water resources (domestic or agricultural) • Reduced fish catch in the Sagaing and middle channels Dredging • Reduced fish catch downstream of dredging site Long-term effects on fisheries and related livelihoods are considered highly uncertain and therefore not suitable to be addressed through ARAP. 150 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The ARAP is included as a section in the ESMP for Bank Protection and will be included in the final version of the ESMP for Roughness Measures (Porcupines & Hedges) and Dredging. Monitoring and adaptive management In order to allow for effective application of both mitigation and compensatory measures, monitoring of key environmental and social issues is necessary both throughout the Subproject 1 implementation and afterwards. This monitoring is proposed with two components: 1. ESMP-related monitoring focusing on detecting any significant construction related impacts and verification of effectiveness of the preventive and mitigation actions implemented within the ESMP (and ARAP). This component includes number of qualitative and quantitative indicators and its results will be reported throughout the Subproject 1 implementation and final evaluation. 2. Long-term monitoring focusing on change in key selected indicators to check development of preliminary identified risks and to capture unforeseen impacts. In this context the development of morphology of the side channels will be a primary issue of interest and linked risks of negative impacts such as decrease value of fisheries, limited access for ferry, and decrease of water resources for the adjacent communities. Monitoring of the development of new erosion hot-spots shall be another aspect of the long-term monitoring. The ESIA recommends that because these long-term risk and potential negative affects is difficult to attribute to the impacts of the Sub-project 1, the concerns of local communities shall be addressed through adaptive management including actions beyond the scope of the Sub-project 1. Among these shall be e.g. continuation of the bank protection program in response to any shift of erosion patterns in the territory of the Subproject 1, and improvement of fisheries policy and management to support its sustainability regardless of actual contribution of the Subproject 1 to ongoing change. The overview of monitoring framework and proposed environmental and social indicators are presented in Chapter 10. Table 7.1 provides an overview of the key mitigation measures proposed for Subproject 1. 151 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 7.1: Mitigation measures related to the development of zone of porcupines and related bank protection measures Unmitigated Timing of Impacts Significance Mitigation Indicative costs Mechanism Compensation Responsibility residual impact implementation Agriculture Moderate Compensation for loss of US$ 1000 (5 Ha ARAP none Financial compensation for loss PMU/DWIR Prior to land loss crops to the affected peanuts) of crops. Bank protection will construction Short term farmers. address pressing issue of commence US$ 1,000 (5 Ha concern for the whole butter bean) community Bank erosion Uncertain Additional bank protection Unknown Project Uncertain none PMU/DWIR Post-project on islands aligned with the porcupine design long term field-related bank Monitoring protection in the exposed areas upstream and Adaptive downstream of porcupine management fields Bank erosion Uncertain Additional bank protection No additional Monitoring Uncertain none PMU/DWIR Post-project in Mandalay might be needed in the long costs long term channel run Alteration of Moderate to No mitigation available. Monitoring Uncertain none PMU/DWIR Post-project morphology of Significant long term Monitoring and corrective the Uncertain management or permanent compensation measures to water bodies Long term address social and downstream environmental in side consequences channels Impact on Moderate to No mitigation available. Monitoring Uncertain none PMU/DWIR Post-project fisheries from Significant long term Long term monitoring and Adaptive change of Uncertain non-financial compensation management side-channels measures shall be morphology Long term considered when negative effects detected (e.g. 152 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Unmitigated Timing of Impacts Significance Mitigation Indicative costs Mechanism Compensation Responsibility residual impact implementation addressing illegal fishing practices) Secondary Uncertain Compliance with E&S ESMP none none Contractor Prior to impacts from standards included in the construction materials procurement conditions commence extraction (hard rock) Impacts on Moderate Measures to minimise the ESMP Increased none Contractor Throughout the water quality mobilisation of sediments turbidity and construction Short term and release into the sediment phase channels deposition downstream Temporary sanitation and (any residual washing facilities should be impacts will be provided for the workforce, overrun by next with appropriate pits and flooding event) soakaways to minimise risk of direct water pollution. Sound site waste management and proper management and storage of fuels and other hazardous substances A full cleanup of the site should be undertaken, including rehabilitation of contaminated sand from fuel and oil spillage around stores and vehicle maintenance areas. Temporary Moderate Measures to minimize the ESMP To be verified Contractor Throughout the impacts of mobilization of sediments construction Short term PMU/DWIR and release into the phase 153 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Unmitigated Timing of Impacts Significance Mitigation Indicative costs Mechanism Compensation Responsibility residual impact implementation construction channels e.g. choice of on fisheries timing when to carry out the works in areas within the channels. Regular monitoring of turbidity and Total Suspended Solids in the channels Monitoring of fish catches during the construction period Risk of social Minor On-site Project US$ 2,000 for ESMP none PMU/DWIR OPIC to be conflicts Implementation Committee travel and established Short term (OPIC) with Village Leaders, meetings of before work local representatives, OPIC starts, OPIC Department of Labour, must agree on Police, work crew managers all and foremen, to meet arrangements weekly to address any issues. Employment - preference to be given to local workers from Kyun Sin and Let Pan for construction -aim is at least 30% of workforce Accessibility Moderate Including boat passage Kyun Sin: US$ Project Gradual siltation Financial compensation for the Project In detailed and ferry corridor in the porcupine 1,500 (one year design can in the long loss of income for the Kyun Sin designer design phase Long term services field design and water level license) term further ferry operator in case of reduced Adaptive PMU/DWIR signalization for the safe reduce boat access Let Pan: US$ management passage access to the side 4,500 (one year channels in low license) water season. 154 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Unmitigated Timing of Impacts Significance Mitigation Indicative costs Mechanism Compensation Responsibility residual impact implementation This can on the other hand improve the accessibility to islands via roads and paths across sand bars Compaction of Minor Transporting of materials ESMP none none Contractor After the project soils along (e.g. hard rock) preferably construction Short term transport on boats instead of trucks works tracks and loss completion Rehabilitation of soils and of vegetation riparian vegetation after construction Local ambient Minor Transporting of materials ESMP none Contractor Throughout the air quality and (e.g. hard rock) preferably construction Short term noise impacts on boats instead of trucks phase Low emissions electricity generators Location of the emission sources (e.g. engines) in sufficient distance from settlements Limiting operation/working hours respecting local communities daily regime Wildlife Minor to Location of the ESMP Wildlife will none Contractor Throughout the disturbance Moderate camp/facilities/landing site avoid the area in construction where there are few reeds the construction phase Short term and grasses to be disturbed, period. and make provision for 155 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Unmitigated Timing of Impacts Significance Mitigation Indicative costs Mechanism Compensation Responsibility residual impact implementation rehabilitation of the landing site after use Confining use of vehicles to the narrow corridor of the access track. Awareness raising in the workforce that if nesting turtles and birds are observed, they should be left undisturbed and protected. Penalties for workforce found capturing these for consumption or sale. Visual impacts Minor No full mitigation available Monitoring Visual impact none Contractor In connection can affect well- with the Long term Maintenance and debris ESMP being of local implementation removal community. The of the porcupine bank protection measures component value (western site) for the community is likely offset this negative impact Reduced Moderate Provision of tube wells in 4 USD 20,000- ARAP no no PMU/DWIR In connection access to affected communities 100,000. with the Long term water implementation resources of the porcupine during dry measures season 156 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 7.2: Mitigation measures related to the dredging Mitigation measures Timing of Indicative Unmitigated residual Impacts Significance Mechanism Compensation Responsibility implementation/ Description costs impact schedule Localised and High Good practice dredging to minimize of spills in ESMP Temporary avoidance None Contractor During the dredging temporary dredging location of fish from dredging operations Short-term high and disposal areas Good practice dispersal of dredged materials suspended back into the river to select dispersal sites solids levels in carefully where the sediment loads will be river spread the more widely and quickly, without causing sediment build up downstream. Release of Unknown Routine monitoring of toxic material levels in ESMP Possible fish kills None Contractor During the dredging toxic the sediments throughout dredging period, around disposal operations Likely not materials and establishing a threshold of acceptable areas. significant from levels for different disposal options. (to be Build-up of toxic sediments determined Routine water quality monitoring. materials in food during chain, routine Possible impacts on monitoring water quality during affecting drinking dredging water and irrigation. operations) Reduction in fish catches from certain fishing locations affecting livelihoods. Damage Unknown Avoid disposal on river banks and sand bars ESMP Loss of breeding sites None PMU/DWIR During the dredging caused by on islands. for birds and turtles operations Likely not disposal of significant Avoid disposal on agriculture land. Possible impacts on dredge (disposal on land-use material on- Conduct consultations with potentially virgin land land affected communities. not envisaged, Prefer utilization (i.e. as construction dispersal material) of the spoil to its mere disposal. 157 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Mitigation measures Timing of Indicative Unmitigated residual Impacts Significance Mechanism Compensation Responsibility implementation/ Description costs impact schedule back to river and utilization for construction are preferred options) Changes in Unknown Timely information to the local water way ESMP Normally used None PMU/DWIR During the dredging shallow water users about planned dredging operations passages for smaller operations Likely not passage ways boats become significant for smaller inaccessible boats Temporary Unknown Timely consultation and information of local ESMP Temporary avoidance None PMU/DWIR During the dredging impacts on fishermen of fish from dredging operations Likely not fisheries and disposal areas significant Avoidance of fishing pools or other fishing (limited grounds for spoil disposal accessibility and disturbance of fishing pools) 158 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT The consultation and communication plan outline the steps for disclosure of documents and the engagement with relevant stakeholders potentially affected by Subproject 1 and aims to meets the legal requirements for the Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015) and WB safeguard policies. According to Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015) and the draft guidelines for public participation, the consultation and communication plan is meant to not only collect information, but to allow stakeholders to participate in the decision making around projects. The key objectives of this plan are to:  identify stakeholders and stakeholder groups and the most effective communication methods through which to disseminate project information;  build an open and constructive relationship with stakeholders;  develop a stakeholder engagement process that provides stakeholders with an opportunity to influence project planning and design; and  understand the stakeholder engagement requirements of Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015) and WB safeguard policies. The kick-off meeting, initial social surveys in Subproject 1 area, public consultation on the draft scoping report and the MCA workshop have already been completed and are described below. Legal requirements for public disclosure and consultation The Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015) prescribes requirements in relation to public disclosure, participation and access to information. The project proponent should ensure public consultations in the following stages:  Scoping process for the likely environmental impacts of proposed project;  Preparing an EIA report; and  Carrying out a review of the EIA report. Article 50 of the EIA Procedures (2015) requires that information on the proposed project be disclosed to the public and civil society through websites, local media and signboards at the project site visible to the public. Additionally, consultation meetings should be conducted with the ministry, local communities, potentially affected parties, local authorities, community based organizations and civil society, and appropriate and timely explanations should be provided via press conferences and media interviews. Article 60 stipulates that the EIA should consider the views, concerns, and perceptions of stakeholders, communities and individuals that could be affected by the project or who otherwise have an interest in the project. The EIA shall include the results of consultations with the public, affected populations and other stakeholders on the environmental and social issues. The concerns raised during such consultations shall be considered in assessing impacts, designing mitigation measures, and developing management and monitoring plans. 
 In terms of relevant international guidance, WB safeguard instrument OP 4.01 EA provisions related to public consultation and information disclosure will be applied for the ESIA/ESMP of Subproject 1. Stakeholder engagement 8.2.1 Kick of meeting An introductory kick-off meeting was held on 28 March2017 at DWIR, Yangon with PMU, EC- RHDHV, and the E&S consultant (ICEM) to address both the ESIA for Subproject 1 and ESA for Stretch 1. The purpose of this meeting was to review the draft work plan and the table of contents for this Scoping Report. 159 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 8.2.2 Social and livelihood surveys: As detailed in section 3.7, initial social surveys were undertaken in a May 2017 at 11 villages and one temporary fishing settlement in the Subproject 1 area.These consultations had to cover the combination of proposed river training measures and dredging and the information collected was used to inform the MCA process and the ESIA. Following the preliminary design workshop on 23 October 2017, the team undertook further social surveys at Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages close to the planned field of concrete porcupines from 28th October to 1st November. The social surveys included:  individual interviews with government and municipal staff from the organizations and departments;  key informant interviews (KIIs);  Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), including the following activities: o Participatory mapping of the surrounding land and water use o Timeline of major events related to the river such as flooding o Use of IWT and local boat transport o Seasonal farming calendar of agricultural land on the island and on riverbank.  Consultation with fishers and farmers who are living in the temporary settlements in the project area. The approach and results on the social and livelihood surveys is provided in section 4.5 (Socio- economic and cultural heritage). Survey with local fishers was also conducted as part of the assessment on fisheries and biodiversity (see section 4.4). 8.2.3 Public consultation on Scoping Report for ESIA To comply with the Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015) and World Bank policy, a public consultation was held on Friday 4th August 2017 to provide stakeholders with the opportunity to review and provided inputs to the draft Scoping Report and the overall approach and methodology for the ESIA. The draft Scoping Report was translated to Myanmar language and uploaded to the DWIR and ICEM website two weeks prior to the public consultation. The draft Scoping Report released on July 10, 2017 included the approach and methodology to assess all the proposed combinations of upstream and downstream scenarios for Subproject 1. The public consultation was attended by 70 participants, including; 18 region/township representatives, 18 village tract administrators, 29 civil society organizations (e.g. environmental, community development group, universities) and 5 villagers, the participant list is included in Annex 2. The key concerns items to be included in the ESIA included:  Additional dredging and river training works: Concerns were raised about future subprojects that will be carried out from Mandalay to Bagan (Stretch 1). It was explained that future projects would require IEE or EIA and the ESA of stretch 1 would be used to inform baseline environmental and social values.  AUDP: concerns were raised around the impacts of the AUDP. DWIR and PMU explained that the AUDP is a separate project which is also undergoing a separate IEE/EIA process to analyse the environmental and social impacts.  Enhance understanding of Ayeyarwady River: Some groups expressed views that the ESIA and modelling by RHDHV will help to understand the river better and be used to inform planning and management of the Ayeyarwady Basin.  Integrated study: Some participants expressed positive views on the integrated study of biodiversity, aquatic, environmental and social aspects for planning of sub-project 1.  Translation of draft scoping report: Participants recommended checking the Myanmar translation of technical terms for the ESIA to avoid any confusion. 160 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Extend the project area: One participant suggested that the project area should be extended to consider all impacts, however it was explained that the geographic scope of the project will be better defined when the design for Subproject 1 is finalised.  Flooding: the village tract representatives recommended that the impacts of flooding is included in the ESIA and modelling to ensure that the proposed design options will not exacerbate flood or inundation risks. The participants also raised the issue of increasing flood risk to Mandalay city, however it was explained by RHDHV that this would not occur as a result of the proposed interventions.  Land acquisition and resettlement: Concerns and worries were raised about potential land acquisition issues and PMU, DWIR, RHDHV and ICEM explained the potential scope of designed scenarios and that ICEM will conduct further social survey after the preliminary design phase.  Local employment opportunities: it was recommended that the use of local materials could help tocreate local employment opportunities during the construction of the proposed designs.  Grievance mechanisms: Participants recommended considering a grievance mechanism to deal with complaints and concerns raised by communities, this will be done prior to construction in consolation with local communities.  Compensation for livelihoods and income: Some participants were concerned that farmers and fishers may lose income as a result of Subproject 1, it was explained that these issues will be included in the preparation for the abbreviated resettlement action plan (ARAP). In relation to compensation it was also pointed out by one participant that people living in the area should receive more compensation that migrants or temporary villages. 8.2.4 MCA workshop The MCA workshop was conducted with stakeholders in Mandalay on 28 August 2017, to select the most cost-effective and sustainability solution Subproject 1 and decide on its implementation. The outcomes and process of the MCA workshop and assessing project alternatives was described above in section 1.3 (assessing project alternatives). Additional stakeholder engagement activities As outlined in section 1.3 the stakeholder engagement activities developed as the project alternatives were assessed and selected. Roundtable meetings and direct discussions: Meetings and formal/informal discussions will take place while working alongside DWIR and RHDHV and during the site visits in townships for both ESIA for Subproject 1. ESIA/ESMP-specific consultations: These will be formal consultations as per Myanmar EIA Procedures (2015). GIS field survey in May 2017 Remote sensing and stakeholder surveys were used to to map erosion risk, sandbars and sedimentation land use, pagodas and ports/boat landing facilities- May 2017 Fishers surveys and sampling Surveys with fishers and villages tracts in the area in relation to fisheries and livelihoods was carried out in May and September 2017. Preliminary design workshop 161 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 ICEM participated in the preliminary design workshop on 23 October 2017 to ensure that environmental and social issues were considered in selection of porcupines. Joint technical field mission On 28 November 2017 the PMU/DWIR, RHDHV and ICEM visited the subproject 1 area to assess final location of porcupines and for consultation with villages near the planned porcupine fields. Detailed design workshop On 15 December 2017, RHDHV presented and discussed the detailed design options for Subproject 1. Social survey near bank protection works On 28-29 December 2017, the team consulted with villages located near the proposed bank protection works to collect additional information for the ARAP. Social survey for land donation forms On 10 January 2018, in follow up to the social survey on 28-29 December 2017 the team consulted with villages near the bank protection works to discuss and sign land donation forms. Public consultation for Draft ESIA/ESMP The objectives of the public consultation for the ESIA/ESMP for Subproject 1 were to review the key findings of the Draft ESIA of Subproject 1 and ESMP for Bank Protection. The public consultation for the Draft ESIA for Subproject 1 and ESMP for Bank Protection was conducted on 18 January 2018 in Mandalay. The Executive Summary for the ESIA (Myanmar & English) was uploaded to the AIRBM website (www.airbm.org) prior to the workshop. A total of 93 participants attended the public consultation, including; 23 regional government, 22 CSOs, 20 media and 28 village/village representatives in the Subproject 1 area. The objectives of the public consultation for the ESIA/ESMP for Subproject 1 were to review the key findings of the Draft ESIA of Subproject 1 and ESMP for Bank Protection. The participant list and comments/response matrix are included in Appendix 2 and 3 respectively. The following is a key summary of the issues and concerns raised during the public consultation:  Extent of dredging required: Concerns were raised about the extent of dredging required. However, it was explained by RHDHV that the situation is very unpredictable, for example, in 2017/18 no dredging was needed. Implementing smart dredging over the 5-year program could reduce the volume of dredging and depends on movement of sandbar near Mandalay port and bottleneck in the downstream area. It was recommended that there is more coordination between DWIR and private sector dredging companies. There is sand mining and small-scale dredging in the Ayeyarwady that is not regulated. It was noted that low levels of arsenic and heavy metals (lead, chromium) were found in the two sediment samples and it will be recommended in the ESIA of Subproject 1 that sediment sampling is done pre and post dredging.  Prefabrication of concrete poles: RHDHV will provide monitoring during the construction phase to ensure that the concrete poles meet international standards. The procurement process will ensure that the company fabricating the concrete are certified. It was noted that prefabrication of concrete poles greatly reduced the on-site environmental and social impacts.  Modelling: Some participants were very interested to know the parameters and data used for the hydraulic modelling for flow and sediment transport. RHDHV provided a detailed explanation on how the model was developed and used to model the Subproject 1 area. 162 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Impacts on agricultural land and habitats from construction: It was explained that the farmers from Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin villages had agreed to the land donation process as they are concerned about the issues of riverbank erosion. The construction area is also on the sandbars where there is no vegetation or agricultural land. Mitigation measures will be implemented through the ESMP to manage any impacts.  Fish species in the Subproject 1 area: The ESIA sampling identified 37 fish species in the dry season and an additional 17 in the wet season, this information was compared to a Master thesis from Mandalay University which identified 70 species in the Mandalay information.  Issues with water quality monitoring: The ESIA took five samples during the dry and wet seasons, the objective is to develop a baseline to measure the impacts of the project on water quality during construction and installation of the bank protection. Total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity will be measured during the ESMP and mitigations to reduce spills and sediment mobilisation implemented.  Drinking water quality: The Kyun Sin villages noted that they use tubewells for drinking water. Some villages on the west bank (Sagaing channel) do use the river water for drinking, so it was noted as a mitigation measure that drinking would could be provided as a mitigation measure for construction of porcupines.  Measures for biodiversity protection and impacts on fisheries: Biodiversity protection and impacts on fisheries will be managed through the ESMP. The contractor will also be trained and instructed that if any important birds (i.e. bar headed geese, ruddy shelduck) or turtles that they are to stop work immediately. For fisheries, a comprehensive baseline was established so that the short-term impacts of construction can be mitigated, and the longer- term impacts associated with the installation of the porcupines can be monitored post- project.  Grievance mechanisms: It was explained that through consultation with villages in the Subproject 1 area that an On-Site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) would be established.  Sedimentation in Stretch 1: Riverbank erosion near the confluence of the Myitnge and Ayeyarwady rivers was raised as an issue by CSOs, however it was explained that this section is not included in the Subproject 1 area. This information will be included in the geomorphology section of the ESA of Stretch 1. Stakeholder identification Stakeholder are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project and those with an interest in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. They may include locally affected communities or individuals and their formal or informal representatives, national or local government authorities, politicians, religious leaders, CSOs and groups with special interests, the academic community or other businesses (IFC 2007).22 Stakeholder analysis determines the likely relationship between stakeholders and the project and helps to identify the effective communication methods for each stakeholder group during the life of the project. Table 8.1below provides and overview of the preliminary results of the stakeholder analysis including the stakeholder, type of communication, potential role in the ESIA/ESMP of Subproject 1. 22 IFC. (2007). Stakeholder engagement, A Good Practice Handbook for Companies Doing Business in Emergying Markets. International Finance Corporation, Washington, U.S.A 163 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 8.1: Stakeholder analysis Stakeholders Type of Communication Potential Role Process Union government departments DWIR  Official correspondence by Project Partner: Assist with key data ESIA phone/email/text messaging on water quality from 2010-2015 for  Individual interviews the Mandalay station, IWT trade and  Formal meetings transport statistics, data and information from SOBA packages relevant to the Subproject 1 area. Ministry of  Official correspondence by Provide data/information on ESIA Agriculture, phone/email/text messaging irrigation to farmland and location of Livestock and  Individual interviews water intakes. Irrigation (MOALI):  Formal meetings Irrigation and Water Resource Utilization Department (WRUD) MOALI: Department  Official correspondence by Provide fisheries production, ESIA of Fisheries (DOF) phone/email/text messaging consumption or species distribution  Individual interviews data for Mandalay region  Formal meetings Department of  Official correspondence by Provide information on agricultural ESIA Agriculture phone/email/text messaging statistics and land plots in Subproject  Individual interviews 1 area.  Formal meetings ECD  Official correspondence by Guidance on EIA scoping and final ESIA phone/email/text messaging report and public consultation  Individual interviews  Formal meetings Regional Government and Local Government Mandalay regional  Consultation meetings Acquire available local information ESIA offices Township  Individual interviews Acquire available local information ESIA Municipality MCDC  Individual interviews and ESIA consultations meetings NGOs/CSOs NGOs  Correspondence by Project status, impacts and measures ESIA phone/email/text messaging undertaken disclosed for feedback on  Individual interviews issues and concerns  Publishing ESIA and ESMP on WB website  Stakeholder workshop CSOs  Correspondence by Project status, impacts and measures ESIA phone/email/text messaging undertaken disclosed for feedback on  Individual interviews issues and concerns  Publishing ESIA and ESMP on WB website  Consultation meetings Local communities and project affected peoples Local communities  Consultation meetings Information delivered to local ESIA  Participatory social survey communities using the land or operating in Subproject 1 areas. 164 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Stakeholders Type of Communication Potential Role Process  Information Centre at project site  Public noticeboards, Transport users and  Individual Interviews Information delivered to residents / ESIA vulnerable group,  Social Survey businesses using the land or including fishermen,  Information Centre at project operating in areas affected by the passengers, daily site project workers and  Public notice boards, safety vendors signs Private Sector and Universities RHDHV  Correspondence by Provide available data ESIA phone/email/text messaging  Formal meetings Business  Social Survey Provide available data ESIA Association  Individual Interview  Association members  Boat owners Universities and  Correspondence by Share knowledge and experiences of ESIA research institutes phone/email/text messaging academic research and comment on  Individual interviews ESIA report by email or through  Publishing ESIA and ESMP on website WB website  Stakeholder workshop The stakeholder analysis was developed as the project developed in terms of the river training measures and areas for dredging that were considered during the process to assess the project alternatives (see section 1.3). 165 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLANS Given the complexity and phased implementation of Subproject 1, three separate Environmental and social Management Plans (ESMPs) will be prepared addressing: 1. ESMP for Bank Protection Measures: to commence construction in February 2018 2. Draft ESMP for Roughness Measures (Porcupines): to be installed from December 2018 to April 2019 3. Draft ESMP for Dredging Program: to be defined for 2018/19; no dredging was required in this dry season (2017/18). The following section provides an overview of the ESMPs; including, summary of adverse impacts, key mitigation measures, management and monitoring matrix, institutional arrangements, monitoring and reporting, implementation schedule and the ARAP. The ESMPs for roughness measures (porcupine) and dredging program are presented in draft form and will be disclosed as separate documents prior to construction or dredging. ESMP for Bank Protection This ESMP for Bank Protection Measures has been prepared as separate document to facilitate further stakeholder consultation within the ESIA process. The stand-alone version includes in addition to the sub-sections below also a brief description of the Subproject 1 project rationale and the summary of environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions which are described fully in this ESIA report. 9.1.1 Overview of mitigation measures For every key concern, adverse impact or risk identified in the ESIA a specific mitigation and/or enhancement measure is proposed. A summary of the key general mitigation measures is provided below in Table 9.1. A detailed overview of specific mitigation actions including responsibilities, time of implementation, monitoring methods, and performance indicators are presented in the Mitigation Management and Monitoring Matrix (Table 9.2). Table 9.1: Summary of key general mitigation measures Concern: Indirect impacts of construction materials sourcing (detailed design report estimated 20,347 tons of hard rock for construction) Mitigation/enhancement: PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Before awarded the contract, each supplier ensure that the construction rock material is obtained from quarries operating in compliance with applicable environmental standards This shall be ensured either through: 1) Supplier producing the written confirmation from the responsible (environmental) authority that the quarry facility operates legally and complies with conditions stipulated in its permit, or 2) DWIR Environmental and Social Safeguards staff own inspection of the respective site(s) to assess the sustainability of the quarry social and environmental practices. Concern: Compensation in connection with the loss of agriculture land Mitigation/enhancement: 166 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The indicated small permanent loss of cultivated alluvial land will not be subject of compensation as the local farmers do not have legal ownership titles to these rapidly changing lands. Neither they use the respective land on permanent basis, as it is subject of periodical redistribution within the community. The one-time loss of crops associated with the construction impacts on the cultivated land will be subject of compensation. PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Compensation for the loss of crops to individual farmers is carried out according to the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). The draft ARAP document is prepared through a dedicated process and its final version will be included as a separate document to the ESIA/ESMP. Concern:  Temporary impacts on water quality, aquatic ecosystems, and fisheries due to construction-related sediment mobilization  Risk of water and soil contamination from wastes, and accidental pollution by fuels, and other hazardous substances  Temporary disturbance to wildlife and ecosystems due to the presence of workforce and construction operations on the site  Impacts on ambient environmental quality (air pollution and noise emissions) due to increased road transport, construction works and operation of machinery, Mitigation/enhancement: Environmental Code of Practices application during the construction operations will be adopted by the Contractor. The Environmental Code of Practices is shown below in section 9.2.6.1. The loss of income from fisheries associated with the temporary construction impacts on fish-farm located in the mouth of the middle-channel will be subject of compensation. PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Application of the Environmental Code of Practices is included in the contract and technical documentation followed by the contractor. Regular supervision of application of the Environmental Code of Practices during the project implementation is carried out. Compensation for the loss of income to the individual fish-farm owner is carried out according to the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). The draft ARAP document is prepared through a dedicated process and its final version will be included as a separate document to the ESIA/ESMP. Concern:  Risk of conflict with local communities and security issues due to presence of workers and their temporary on-site accommodation Mitigation/enhancement: Social, Health and Safety Code of Practices followed during the construction operations will be adopted by the Contractor. The Social, Health and Safety of Practices is shown below in 9.2.6.2. PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Application of the Social, Health and Safety of Practices is included in the contract and technical documentation followed by the contractor. Regular supervision of application of the Social, Health and Safety of Practices during the project implementation is carried out. 167 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Tender documents must specify that local people will be guaranteed to be offered employment first and given preference. Employment conditions should not discriminate by gender and equal pay provided for equal work regardless of gender. On-site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) established with Village Leaders, local representatives, Department of Labour, Police, work crew managers and foremen is established to facilitate consultation on any issues of concern prior to and during construction. 168 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 9.2: Mitigation Management and Monitoring Matrix Implementation Performance Aspect ID Mitigation action Responsible Monitoring methods timeframe indicators Construction Inform adjacent residents and business owners, namely in Contractor, in Before the Feedback from OPIC Record of preparation construction sites adjacent communities (Kyun Sin, Let Pan, consultation commencement of and meetings, Gyaint Gyi, Da Ma Kya, Nyang Bin Thar communities), about with throughout the notifications completed and planned construction activities, including PMU/DWIR construction period and/or anticipated construction traffic. interactions Undertake induction and awareness training to ensure that all Contractor Regularly, throughout Keep a record of Training records staff are aware of Environmental Code of Practices and Social, and all sub- construction attendance at all Awareness of staff Health and Safety Code of Practices and the stipulations of the contractors Induction training when training sessions related management plans, particularly: in cooperation new personnel comes on - Waste management with site - Fuels and Hazardous materials management PMU/DWIR - Protection of local ecosystems (including on sand bars, banks and and island areas with vegetation cover, and aquatic habitats) Environmental - Worker health and safety management/mitigation and Social - Worker health and safety management/mitigation, access Consultant control, security, safe water supply provision and site hygiene Each construction rock supplier must produce the list of material Contractor, in Before commencement Verification of the Record of supplied together with evidence it is acquired from the legally consultation of construction contract supplied rock operating quarry complying with environmental standards. This with documentation from approved shall be ensured either through: PMU/DWIR sources 1) Supplier producing the written confirmation from the responsible (environmental) authority that the quarry facility operates legally and complies with conditions stipulated in its permit, or 2) DWIR Environmental and Social Safeguards staff complete inspection of the respective site(s) to assess the sustainability of the quarry social and environmental practices. Construction site Detailed layout plan for the development of the construction Contractor Before commencement Review site layout Suitable distance camp showing its location and the relative locations of all prepares for of construction to prevent water temporary buildings and facilities, including access roads. contamination 169 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Implementation Performance Aspect ID Mitigation action Responsible Monitoring methods timeframe indicators • If the existing road to be used for transportation of material PMU/DWIR Review of the access and disturbance requires widening and/or sealing with gravel to meet approval road upgrade plan (if to local Contactors´s needs, the detailed description of the planned applicable) communities. road upgrade works must be enclosed (if required). Access road upgrade will not include removal of trees or destruction of important habitats Permission of the land owner must be secured prior setting up Contractor Before commencement Verification of the No land-use construction camp and related facilities of construction contract (between conflict or Contractor and land- grievance in owner) or other connection with adequate location of the documentation construction camp Provide appropriate security and access control measures to Contractor Throughout construction Occasional visual Number of prevent unauthorized entry into the construction camp area. inspection security incidents Record of security incidents or issues • Keep construction sites tidy and all activities, material and Contractor Regularly, throughout Weekly visual Neat, machinery contained within an area that is as small as construction inspection of areas uncontaminated possible. surrounding site • Ensure site hygiene and safe water supply provision construction site • Worker health and safety management/mitigation • Prepare and implement construction camp plan • Waste management plan implemented • Avoid washing of vehicles and machinery near the channels or water resources. Hazardous • Locate hazardous material storage facilities, especially fuel Contractor Throughout construction Weekly visual Number of materials storage, as far as practically possible from river channels or inspection of incidents of non- other water resources hazardous materials compliance 170 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Implementation Performance Aspect ID Mitigation action Responsible Monitoring methods timeframe indicators • Ensure that contaminants (including cement) are not placed handling and storage Number of spills directly on the ground (e.g. mix cement on plastic or metal areas of hazardous sheeting). materials Cost of cleaning up spills Evidence of contamination and leaks Transport and • Undertake regular maintenance of vehicles and machinery to Contractor Throughout construction Weekly visual Number of refueling identify and repair minor leaks and prevent equipment inspection of vehicles, incidents of non- failures. barges, machinery and compliance • Ensure that boats and barges do not release pollutants into refueling/maintenance Number of leaks the water and have adequate mooring or anchoring facilities areas and spills (namely for material delivery to the northern tip of the island Cost of cleaning to supply Eastern channel bank protection works). up spills • Undertake any on-site refuelling and maintenance of vehicles/machinery in designated areas. Line these areas with an impermeable surface and install oil traps • Clean up any spills immediately, through containment and removal of free product and appropriate disposal of contaminated soils. • Keep spill containment and clean-up equipment at all work sites and for all polluting materials used at the site • Prepare and implement traffic management plan River bank • Minimize the mobilization of sediments and release into the Contractor Before construction Weekly visual Indication of modification channels and avoid dumping of any material in channels and initiation and throughout inspection of pollution of / works • Conduct baseline river water quality survey and monitor the Environmental construction construction site and discharge into changes using the parameters such as turbidity, DO, and Social surrounding / river. temperature, pH, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS) Consultant downstream land and Water quality river areas monitoring results Monthly water quality sampling (2 locations at each site) 171 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Implementation Performance Aspect ID Mitigation action Responsible Monitoring methods timeframe indicators Ambient • Limit the use of heavy machinery and construction activities Contractor, Throughout construction Daily visual Number of environmental associated with high noise levels to 08h00 to 17h00 from all sub- assessment of dust registered quality Mondays to Fridays (In particular in the vicinity of Kyun Sin), contractors plumes complaints and avoid truck transportation (through Let Pan and other operating Random machinery for noise and dust settlements along the access road on Sagaing side) . machinery checks Visibility of dust • Notify any nearby residents of if construction work is planned Weekly inspection coming off outside of those times. checklist construction site • If complaints regarding noise are received from residents, consider installing partial screening around the noisiest activities and/or mufflers on noisy equipment. • Maintain all generators, vehicles, vessels and other equipment in good working order to minimise exhaust fumes and excess noise. Reduce airborne dust at construction sites through e.g.: - Damping dust-generating areas with freshwater; - Use of cloth or brush-barrier fences; and - Covering dumps or stockpiles of lose material with plastic sheeting or netting, especially during windy conditions Emergency In case of construction-related deterioration (e.g. increased Contractor u In case of emergency Keep record of Number of response to water turbidity) of river water used for drinking during dry season. The upon only. Implementation complaints complaints quality impacts affected community shall be provided with temporary (i.e. up to PMU/DWIR within 3 days. received. Number several weeks) water supply, through appropriate means. E.g. instruction and nature temporary installation of a tube well, lending water filtration emergency equipment, installing temporary water cistern and its regular measures refilling. implemented Waste Develop a waste management plan and implement the waste Contractor Before construction Availability of the management management plan. and initiation and throughout plan Environmental the construction period and Social Consultant prepares for PMU/DWIR approval 172 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Implementation Performance Aspect ID Mitigation action Responsible Monitoring methods timeframe indicators Collect all waste in bins and/or skips at the construction site. Contractor Throughout construction Weekly visual Presence of litter Prevent littering by construction staff at work sites by providing inspection of waste Availability of bins or waste bags in sufficient locations collection and disposal rubbish bins and areas skips Weekly visual inspection of construction areas (litter) Transport and • Prepare and implement traffic management plan Contractor Before construction Keep record of Number of traffic • Manage construction sites and activities so as to minimise and initiation and throughout incidents and vehicles travelling management impacts on road traffic, namely for Let Pan and the Environmental the construction period complaints to site each day communities at the Sagaing bank along the access road, as and Social Inspection of required Number of trips far as possible, e.g.: Consultant Papers (e.g. truck Number of o Attempt to arrange delivery of materials when it will least prepares for driving licenses) incidents and disrupt traffic PMU/DWIR Weekly visual complaints o Attempt to maximise the occupancy rate of vehicles to approval inspection of vessels minimise the number of required vehicles. • Ensure that all safety measures are observed and that drivers comply with the rules of the road Biodiversity • Raise awareness of staff about key issues of concern (see Contractor Before construction Visual inspection of Recorded protection induction and awareness training above), namely: and all sub- initiation and throughout construction and camp appearances of o Ayeyarwady Dolphin contractors in the construction period sites and access roads concerned species o Turtles or turtles ‘nests cooperation before the and related o Endangered bird species with construction by the recommendations • Check for presence of concerned species on the project site PMU/DWIR E&S Consultant. given to the and vicinity shall continually performed, and any disturbance and Regular visual construction staff shall be avoided. Environmental inspection and • Immediate stop all activities in case of an Ayeyarwady and Social information received Dolphin specimen appearance in the area. Consultant from the construction staff Employment • Consider maximising the employment of local workers. Work Contractor Before construction Keep record of Number of local closely with the local community (i.e. namely with the of with initiation and throughout employed staff split by inhabitants Kyun Sin, Let Pan, Gyaint Gyi, Da Ma Kya, Nyang Bin Thar the construction period origin and gender employed 173 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Implementation Performance Aspect ID Mitigation action Responsible Monitoring methods timeframe indicators communities, and Pa Thein Gyi and Sagaing townships) to consultation identify and communicate required skills and resources that of PMU/DWIR the local community can provide labour, regardless of gender • Allow for local suppliers (i.e. preferably from Kyun Sin, Let Pan, Gyaint Gyi, Da Ma Kya, Hin Ywet Su, Nyang Bin Thar communities) to conduct business in providing services (e.g. food supply, transport, etc.) to the construction site Relations with On-site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) PMU/DWIR in Before construction Keep record of Number of local community cooperation initiation and throughout meetings, and agendas complaints or with the construction period addressed (incl. grievances Contractor complaints and received grievances) As a part of the induction and awareness training on application Contractor Regularly, throughout Keep record of Number of of Health and Safety Code of Practices (see above) the instruction construction complaints complaints or to workers regarding interacting with local communities Induction training when grievances including explicit and strict no tolerance policy on gender based new personnel comes on received violence shall be given. site Maintain a complaints (or grievances) register. The register must Contractor in Throughout construction Keep record of Number of record: cooperation complaints complaints or o Complainant name and contact details; with compliments o Date complaint was lodged; PMU/DWIR received o Person who recorded the complaint; o Nature of the complaint; o Actions taken to investigate the complaint and outcome of the investigation; o Action taken to remedy the situation; and o Date on which feedback was provided to complainant. System established for local communities to report grievances anonymously Construction site Remove all building materials and obsolete structures from the Contractor At the end of Visual inspection of the Material and rehabilitation site after construction. construction activities in site by the PMU/DWIR structures Check the site for contaminated soil and treat any contaminated each respective site and Environmental remaining on site soil with remediation products. and Social Consultant. 174 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Implementation Performance Aspect ID Mitigation action Responsible Monitoring methods timeframe indicators If required, sampling of and in adjacent Replant any natural vegetation lost during construction. portions of the site to areas determine Contamination of contamination soil (e.g. Keep records of clean- discoloration, test up activities / disposal results) of contaminated material 175 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 9.1.2 Institutional arrangement A Contractor responsible for carrying out the Sub-project 1 works (i.e. the rip-rap armor stone bank protection) will be primary responsible for executing the ESMP, including during the preparatory phase (e.g. preparing site waste management plan, setting up facilities in line with the approved site and construction camp organizational scheme etc.). The Contractor together with PMU/DWIR (Environmental and Social Staff) and the external Environmental and Social Consultant provided by ICEM will ensure the environmental awareness of project personnel is maintained through appropriate instruction/training in the Environmental, and Social, Health and Safety Codes of Practices (see attached below). The ICEM Environmental and Social Consultant will complete a weekly inspection checklist (see Annex 4). A monthly compliance report on ESMP implementation will be submitted to PMU/DWIR and World Bank by the Environmental and Social Consultant at and at the end of the construction (see details concerning ESMP reporting below). Incident Register and Complaint Register will be established by PMU/DWIR to keep record of all irregularities and issues of concern. In case of Contractor´s failing to respond directly to complains or accommodate reported grievances, any affected person can report its concern to the On-site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) involving the PMU/DWIR. On-site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) will be established upon the initiative of the PMU/DWIR and following stakeholders are to be invited:  Village Leaders and local representatives (namely representatives of Kyun Sin, Let Pan, Gyaint Gyi, Da Ma Kya, Hin Ywet Su, Nyang Bin Thar communities, and Pa Thein Gyi and Sagaing township administrations to be invited and kept informed)  DWIR Regional office, Department of Labour (Mandalay Region)  Police  Contractor´s staff (work crew managers and supervisor). The roles and responsibilities of key actors in the context of this ESMP are further specified below. Key roles and responsibilities PMU/DWIR a) Ensures the project is complying with the environmental and social requirements included in this ESMP, namely through implementing provisions related to the conduct of the contractor in the environmental and social sections in the ToR for the construction works. b) Develop, promote and foster a shared sense of responsibility for environmental and social performance of the project; c) Promote environmental awareness and understanding among employees and contractors and community towards environmental and social management and linking project environmental performance to its overall performance; d) Encourage an understanding of social and cultural sensitivities in local communities and the importance of minimizing project impacts on local lifestyles and culture; e) Monitor environmental and social performance throughout the project and implement an adaptive management approach to continuous improvement; f) Maintain an on-going commitment to informing, engaging and involving local stakeholders. Contractor a) Ensures to satisfy the environmental and social requirements included in this ESMP through implementing provisions related to the conduct of the contractor in the environmental and WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 social aspects, namely by following the Environmental Code of Practices and Social Code of Practices included in this ESMP and with the advice from Environmental and Social Consultant during the planning and execution of the project works; b) Promote environmental awareness and understanding among employees through training, identification of roles and responsibilities towards environmental and social management and linking project environmental and social performance to the overall performance evaluation of the responsible staff; c) Work with local communities and project-affected stakeholders to ensure that they benefit as a result of project development, namely through:  Offering employment to the local community members  Taking part in the On-site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) throughout the project implementation d) Support to the DWIR/PMU appointed Environmental and Social Consultant during his/her site visits and monitoring activities e) Report immediately any irregularity or issue that might cause environmental problem (such as fuel leakage or pollution) or social conflict (such as complaint from the local community) to Environmental and Social Consultant for an appropriate remediation and report/inform to DWIR/PMU safeguard unit for a decision to implement the remediation. f) Provide appropriate security and enclosures to prevent unauthorized g) entry into the construction camp area. Environmental and Social Consultant (ICEM) a) Provides ongoing support to the PMU/DWIR to supervise Contractor´s performance in Environmental and Social aspects; b) Provides training to the Contractor´s staff on Environmental and Social, Health and Safety Codes of Practices and their application; c) Provide advice to the Contractor on the preparation of specific management plan required by this ESMP d) Carry out environmental monitoring and prepare weekly observation and monitoring records to feed into periodic (monthly) ESMP Reporting and Submit the report to PMU/DWIR and World Bank; e) Provide support PMU/DWIR and Contractor on mitigation of any unforeseen or environmental and social impact identified during the project implementation in coordinating with the engineering supervision specialist; f) Lead in OPIC meetings and additional stakeholder consultation as required On-site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) OPIC will be the key institutional arrangement facilitating communication and addressing concerns of local stakeholders related to the construction site and project management. The PMU/DWIR will chair the committee and will hold a fortnightly update on-site meeting and/or initiate further meetings to address any pressing issue. In addition, the OPIC shall be considered as a platform for identifying and addressing grievances reported by the members of local communities or other stakeholders. 9.1.3 Implementation schedule The ESMP for the bank protection component of the Sub-project 1 will be implemented by an appointed Environmental and Social Consultant and the awarded contractor in coordinating with PMU/DWIR in following phases: 177 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 1. Initial phase (Before construction initiation, approx. January - February 2018) This phase involves setting up the institutional underpinning for the ESMP, namely:  Including the ESMP provisions and related materials (Environmental Code of Practices, and Social, health and safety Code of Practices) in the contracting documents  Setting up the OPIC, and appointing the external Environmental and Social Consultant staff  Finalization of the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan  Preparation and approval of the special management plans (e.g. construction camp scheme, waste management plan) 2. Construction phase (February–April 2018) Initial stage:  Environmental and Social awareness raising training/instruction of the construction staff (upon first appearance on the construction site).  Setting up storage and camp facilities in line with the ESMP Full construction stage:  Executing construction works in line with the Environmental Code of Practices, and Social, Health and Safety Code of Practices.  Regular monitoring and reporting 3. Post-Construction phase (April - August 2018)  Construction site rehabilitation and monitoring  Final reporting 9.1.4 Monitoring and Reporting Monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures and provide information on the progress and results of mitigation as envisaged by this ESMP are presented in this section. Safeguard Unit of PMU/DWIR will provide the supervision periodically along with the International and National Environment and Social Monitoring Specialists from ICEM and ICEM Environment and Social Monitoring Specialist are responsible for regular monitoring supervision and reporting the results of the ESMP monitoring and (i.e. inception, mid-term, and final Report) to PMU/DWIR based on following inputs: During the Initial phase  Own inspection the planning documents (including those prepared by the Contractor),  Own observation of the construction site(s) and camp site(s) design During the construction phase  Own observation of the construction site(s) and camp site(s) - regular weekly and random inspections  Own records from the meetings, notifications and/or interactions in the framework of OPIC  Environmental monitoring reporting prepared periodically (i.e. inception, mid-term, and final Report) by the external Environmental and Social Consultant - including records of Performance indicators (see Mitigation Management and Monitoring Matrix above)  Reporting by the Contractor (based on the records of selected ESMP Performance indicators, which are linked to the construction progress (employment, transport volumes and traffic intensity, etc.) 178 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 During the post-construction phase  Own observation of the construction site(s) and camp site(s)  Observation record prepared by the external Environmental and Social Consultant related to the state of the site after the construction works termination (identification of residual impacts, contamination and waste littering etc.) During the project component and ESMP implementation (i.e. approximately 3-4 months) the formal ESMP Reporting will take place in three stages (i.e. inception, mid-term, and final Report) focusing on 1. Compliance with ESMP, namely state of the implementation of specific mitigation actions 2. Performance in key indicators 3. Reports on critical issues, as required. The National Environmental and Social Monitoring Specialist of ICEM support the development of the substantial content of the ESMP Reporting through:  Submitting weekly records from environmental monitoring according to: o ESMP Performance indicators  Submitting inputs (as requested) to the main periodical ESMP Reporting, summing up observations related to: o Compliance with ESMP, namely state of the implementation of specific mitigation actions o Performance in key indicators o Other critical issues 9.1.5 Costs estimation This section provides overview of the costs associated with mitigation and monitoring measures that are regarded as additional, i.e. beyond costs to be directly bore by the Contractor to comply with existing standards and applicable legislation and key provisions of the Environmental Code of Practices and Social, health and safety code of Practices (e.g. ensuring good state and maintenance of used vehicles, and the like - see indicative list of measures to be implemented by the Contractor without additional costs further below). Only costs associated with the implementation of the ESMP are presented. Costs of ARAP implementation are not included in this overview, as they will be determined and administered through the autonomous process. Neither are included costs of the full-time presence of the Environmental and Social Consultant (1 person), which is budgeted separately within the ESIA/ESMP for the Subproject 1 contract. Table 9.3: Costs estimation for ESMP implementation Subtotal To be paid Item Cost (USD) (USD) by Resources of OPIC fortnightly meetings (8 on-site meetings with participation of PMU/DWIR, and 1,200 1,200 PMU/DWIR coordinated with PMU site visits - no airfare or accommodation etc. included) Initial on-site training in ESMP and codes of practices for the construction staff (half day for the managers and crew 800 800 PMU/DWIR foremen, half day for workers) 179 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Subtotal To be paid Item Cost (USD) (USD) by Site visits by PMU/DWIR 2,000 PMU/DWIR Transportation and Accommodation 2,000 PMU/DWIR Water quality on-site measurement 1,300 ICEM Regular sampling (Costs for 4 locations, fortnightly or in response to complaints, 800 ICEM to be conducted by the ICEM Monitoring Specialist) Contingency (e.g. sampling and analysis of soil, air quality (dust) or noise from construction site in response to \500 ICEM complaints. Construction and camp site(s) equipment 1,200 Contractor Spill containment and clean-up equipment at all work sites (i.e. 1000 Contractor 2 oil spill response kits) Waste bins and/or skips installation at the construction site(s) Regular waste and other disposed materials removal and 500 Contractor transport to the authorized landfill/waste disposal site throughout the construction period and after completion Safety and traffic signs for access roads, storage areas and 500 Contractor facilities Camp facilities and equipment 700 Contractor Hygienic sanitary facilities, i.e. latrines and bathing places. The minimum number of toilet facilities required is one toilet for 500 Contractor every ten persons. Maintain stock of medicines in the sites 200 Contractor Sub Total 7,200 Contingency (5%) 360 Emergency drinking water impacts mitigation: equipment to PMU/DWIR ensure temporary supply of drinking water for affected 3000 3000 for the community (Contingency) Contractor Total 10,560 Indicative lists of measures not incurring additional costs to the ESMP implementation (i.e. to be ensured by the Contractor directly and covered from Contractor´s own resources):  Construction of temporary access roads and tracks;  Construction of temporary storage and housing facilities; 180 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) for workers, such as safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, full-face eye shields, and ear protection as adequate for any particular work;  Regular maintenance and check-up of vehicles, vessels and machinery;  Good house-keeping practices on the construction and camp sites;  Provide appropriate security personnel to ensure prevention of conflict and loss equipment, and material;  Provision of safe and reliable water supply to the workforce;  All clean-up or contamination containment and final rehabilitation of the site(s); and  Appoint staffs in charge of environmental and occupational health and safety as well as communication and community relations (i.e. attending OPIC meetings). Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) for Bank Protection 9.2.1 Overview The construction of bank protection is not expected to have any severe impacts on living standards, no physical relocation and less than 10 % of livelihood or assets affected therefore an ARAP is required to to comply with World Bank safeguard policy OP4.12. The unavoidable loss of livelihoods will occur in relation to the loss of agriculture land in connection with the bank protection works. The affected area from the construction of the bank protection works in the Sagaing channel is farmland, currently used to cultivate peanuts which are due for harvest in mid-February 2018. Average area of farmland belonging to PAPs is 0.50 acres and owners are from both Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin villages. The land that will be impacted in the middle channel is currently classified as Vacant Land and no crops or assets were observed on this land (Figure 9.1). 181 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 9.1: Location of proposed bank protection works The following sections describe the consultation with PAPs and the land donation process. 9.2.2 Consultation with project affected persons (PAPs) in Sagaing channel The management of DWIR/PMU accompanied by the ICEM survey team and RHDHV design team visited the proposed location of bank protection in the Sagaing channel (near Kyun Sin village) and consulted with the village representatives on 28 November to present the preliminary design and possible land acquisition and to listen the local peoples suggestions and concerns as well as to identify the PAPs. After the detail design is finalized, on 28 December 2017, the management of DWIR/PMU accompanied by the ICEM survey team held a consultation with the village representatives and PAPs at the monastery of Kyun Sin Village tract. The purpose of the consultation was to share the final bank protection design, the extent of land required for the slope leveling. 182 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 During this consultation the number of PAPs was identified by checking both the locations proposed in the detailed design and ground condition. It was observed that there are 17 PAPs affected by the construction of the bank protection measures; 7 farmers from Kyun Sin village, and 10 farmers from Ta Laing Zin village. The affected farmlands are used for the cultivation of peanuts which will be harvested around mid-February. The PMU prepared a land ownership map based on these consultations to show the land area that will be impacted by the construction of bank protection works (Figure 9.2). Figure 9.2: Land ownership map for Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin village Table 9.4 below shows the PAPs, estimated total land area (m2), affected land area (m2) and ratio of land area affected. These are estimates only based on GIS, as even through discussions with villagers and DALMS it could not be determined the exact location and area of land plots. The area is considered alluvial land so the government cannot issue land use certificates. Instead the farmers pay tax for growing of crops on the farmlands every year Table 9.4: PAPs and estimated area of land affected by bank protection Total Land Affected No. Name of Land User Village Name area land area Ratio (m2) (m2) 1 U Htun Lu Kyun Sin 3914 138 0.03 2 Community Kyun Sin 1599 320 0.2 3 U Myint U Kyun Sin 1672 428 0.26 4 U Zaw Naing Kyun Sin 2298 700 0.3 5 U Tin Htun Ta Laing Zin 1894 458 0.24 6 U Kyaw Soe Ta Laing Zin 7829 1212 0.1 7 U San Tun Ta Laing Zin 1702 254 0.15 8 U San Lwin Kyun Sin 1736 350 0.2 9 U Zan Yin Talaizin 3276 573 0.2 10 Mar Mar Aye Kyunsin 1692 304 0.18 11 U Win Myint Talaizin 2067 298 0.14 12 Daw Khin Saw Kyunsin 2062 204 0.1 13 U Thein Po Kyunsin 2113 241 0.11 183 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 14 U Man Khin Talaizin 2348 183 0.08 15 U Myint Wai Talaizin 2680 60 0.02 16 U Myint Zaw Talaizin 7558 240 0.03 17 Daw Khin Pyone Talaizin 3621 - 18 U Than Soe Talaizin 3563 - It was reported by PAPs that the area of farmlands along the riverbank is decreasing gradually every year due to erosion and the farmers were supportive of bank protection works (Figure 9.3). Figure 9.3: Observed riverbank erosion near the Kyun Sin village on 28 December 2017 Following the site survey, consultation meetings involving PAPs, village representatives and PMU/DWIR were conducted (Figure 9.4). The discussion centered around the land acquisition required for the construction of the bank protection in the Sagaing channel. The PMU/DWIR proposed the option of the PAPs donating a percentage of their farmland to the State so that the bank protection works can proceed. The village representatives, including PAPs, requested to PMU/DWIR that the construction of bank protection proceeds quickly to prevent riverbanks from further erosion, so they agreed to donate their land to the State without receiving any compensation for crops of the loss of land. It was agreed that the PMU/DWIR would implement a land donation process and also provide funds to the village development committee. 184 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 9.4: Discussion with PAPs from Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin village The team also consulted with the Department of Agriculture and Land Management Statistics (DALMS) office in Patheingyi township. It was confirmed that the land types in the proposed project area in the Sagaing channel are alluvial soil and the land area is changing every year due to river bank erosion. So, the government cannot issue land use certificate for this alluvial soil. Instead of this, farmers pay tax for growing of crops on the farmlands every year. 9.2.3 Consultation with project affected persons (PAPs) in middle channel On 29 December 2017, the team visited the proposed site for bank protection works in the middle channel (Figure 9.5). Through consultation with village heads and local communities it was found that the area of land impacted is classified as Vacant Land and land compensation would not be required. No crops or other assets were observed on the land during the site visit. The team identified through consultation that the land area covers three villages: 1) Seta, 2) Hin Ywet Su, and 3) Nyaung Pin Thar. In this case the village representatives, member of Village Land Management Committee, agreed to sign the land donation forms on behalf of the village to donate the land (classified as Vacant Land) to the State. 185 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Figure 9.5: Observed condition of middle channel on 29 December 2017 9.2.4 Land donation process The land donation process was implemented in accordance with the Myanmar Farmland Law 2012 and Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012:  The Farmland Law 2012: affirms that the State is the ultimate owner of all land. The law also provides a private use right over farmland that includes the right to sell, exchange, inherit, lease and ‘pawn’ the land. The Farmland Law also covers conditions under which farmers can retain use-rights, the state’s power to rescind such rights, the process for settling land-related disputes, and basic requirements for compensation in the case the state acquires the land for public purposes.  The Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands Management Law 2012: governs the allocation and use of virgin land and vacant or fallow land. This law provides establishment of the Central Committee for the Management of Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Lands (CCVFV), which is responsible for granting use rights for such lands. Following the consultation with PAPs and village representatives, Voluntary Donation of Land and Assets Agreement Form were developed for the areas of land that would be affected in both the Sagaing and middle channels:  Sagaing channel: Land donation forms prepared for the 7 farmers from Kyun Sin village and 10 farmers to donate % of alluvial land to the State (Appendix 5); and  Middle channel: Land donation forms prepared for village representatives from Seta, Hin Ywet Su and Nyaung Pin Thar to donate the area classified as Vacant Land to the State (Appendix 6). 186 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 9.2.5 Consultation on land donation process The team visited the Subproject 1 site and surrounding villages on 10 & 17-18 January 2018 to finalize the land donation process. The team was composed of two members from ICEM, one from the PMU and one member from Mandalay DWIR office. The field visit was organized to update, explain and collect signatures from the PAPs on the Voluntary Donation of Land and Assets Agreement (VDL) Form. The remaining signatures were collected on a further site visit on 17 January 2018 and during the Public Consultation for the Draft ESIA for Subproject 1 and ESMP for Bank Protection which was attended by PAPs and village representatives. The list of PAPs and village representatives and scanned copies of the land donation forms for the Sagaing and middle channel are provided in Appendix 7. It was also agreed that construction would not take place until after the existing crops were harvested in mid-February 2018. 9.2.5.1 Middle channel On 10 January 2018 the team visited Seta Village by boat and met with a group of seven village members (all male), including two village leaders who represented and would sign the VDL on behalf of the village/land users. The team facilitated the meeting, firstly reaffirming the enhancement project aims and rationale. The team then explained the VDL’s purpose and systematically went through each element and each question on the VDL form in turn with the village members/land users. Two signatures were collected from the village leaders and a further two copies remained with the village members. Village members were also asked if they had any issues and concerns they wish to discuss. The representatives from Hin Ywet Su and Nyaung Pin Thar signed the VDL forms on 18 January 2017 prior to the public consultation on the ESIA of Subproject 1 in Mandalay. 9.2.5.2 Sagaing channel The team then visited the Kyun Sin Village, along the middle channel and the village in closest proximity to the planned works. A total of 14 village members (1 female) gathered in the community building in Kyun Sin village. The team gave a brief background, project overview and update. Followed by an explanation of the VDL form and questions. A total of seven village land users’ signatures from Kyun Sin village were collected. The session ended with any questions or concerns the village members wished to raise. The 10 PAPs from Ta Laing Zin village were unable to attend the consultation meeting in Kyun Sin village and a separate meeting to review and sign the VDL forms was conducted on 17 January 2017. 9.2.5.3 Monitoring and implementation of ARAP The implementation and monitoring of the ARAP will be carried out as part of the overall ESMP. 9.2.6 EMSP Appendices 9.2.6.1 Environmental Code of Practices Waste Management The Contractor shall:  Develop waste management plan for various specific waste streams (e.g. construction waste, domestic and sanitary waste) prior to commencing of construction and submit to PMU/DWIR for approval.  Prohibit burning of solid waste and disposal to the river.  Do not establish site-specific landfill sites. Collect and transport wastes to the approved disposal sites. Vehicles transporting solid waste shall be covered with tarps or nets to prevent spilling waste along the route.  Train and instruct all personnel in waste management practices and procedures. 187 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Provide refuse containers at each worksite.  Place a high emphasis on good housekeeping practices.  Maintain all construction sites in a cleaner, tidy and safe condition and provide and maintain appropriate facilities as temporary storage of all wastes before transportation and final disposal. Fuels and Hazardous materials Management The Contractor shall:  Train the relevant construction personnel in handling of fuels and spill control procedures.  Store fuels, lubricants and hazardous substances in designated areas on a top of a sealed plastic sheet away from watercourses.  Refueling shall occur only within designated areas.  Provide absorbent and containment material (e.g., absorbent matting) where hazardous material are used and stored and personnel trained in the correct use.  Make sure all containers, drums, and tanks that are used for storage are in good condition. Check for leakage regularly to identify potential problems. Construction site and equipment management The Contractor shall:  Stockpile materials in sufficient distance from the river, avoid agriculture land.  Wash out ready-mix concrete agitators and concrete handling equipment at washing facilities off site or into approved bunded areas on site, where final clean up and soil rehabilitation is feasible.  Minimize the generation of sediment during the bank modification and related earth-works, do not dispose the removed top-soil to the river but allow for further utilization.  Monitor the water quality downstream from the construction site and improve work practices as necessary  Do not discharge cement and water curing used for cement concrete directly into the river Ambient environmental quality protection The Contractor shall:  Employ only vehicles and construction machinery in good technical condition and with appropriate exhaust systems.  Cover haul vehicles carrying dusty materials moving outside the construction site  Limit equipment and vehicular movements to within the approved construction zone and access corridors  Construct temporary access tracks through bare lands and send bars to avoid agriculture land and areas with natural vegetation  Focus special attention on minimizing the emissions from generators  Establish adequate locations for unloading, handling, storage, of construction materials, in a  way that dust dispersion is prevented and to avoid noise pollution to local residents  Appropriately site all noise generating activities to minimize impact on local residents Protection of local ecosystems The Contractor shall:  Reduce disturbance to surrounding vegetation. Clear only the vegetation that needs to be cleared in accordance with the plans (both in the construction areas as well as for any associated activities such as sites for stockpiles, disposal of topsoil and construction of 188 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 diversion roads, etc.). Get approval from supervising Environmental and Social consultant for clearance of vegetation.  Supply appropriate fuel in the work camps to prevent fuel wood collection.  Prevent disturbance and destruction of active nests or eggs of birds and turtles.  Provide adequate instruction to the workers regarding protection of flora and fauna, andrelevant government regulations and punishments for illegal poaching. Protection of fisheries The Contractor shall:  Minimize the generation of suspended sediment during the bank modification and related earth-works, do not dispose the removed top-soil to the river but allow for further utilization  Ensure the riverine transports, vessels and ships are well maintained and do not have oil  leakage to contaminate river water.  Contain leakage immediately on river in case of accidental spillage of fuel from vessels or storage area. In this regard, make an emergency oil spill containment plan to be supported with enough equipment, materials and human resources.  Prevent dumping of any wastes into the river. Transport and traffic management  Prepare and submit a traffic management plan to the PMU/DWIR for approval before commencing work  Include in the traffic management plan to ensure uninterrupted traffic movement during construction: o Detailed drawings of traffic arrangements showing all detours, temporary roads, planned project-related barricades or diversions on public roads (if any), and o indication of intensity/frequency of project-related traffic (i.e. number of trucks per day) on supply lines to the construction sites. 9.2.6.2 Social, health and safety code of practices Construction camp management The Contractor shall:  Locate the construction camps preferably on sand bars away from communities in order to minimize risk of social conflict and to avoid the possible adverse impacts of the construction camps on the surrounding communities.  Submit to the PMU/DWIR for approval a detailed layout plan for the development of the construction camp showing the relative locations of all temporary buildings and facilities that are to be constructed together with the location of site roads, fuel storage areas (e.g. for use in power supply generators), solid waste management and dumping locations, prior to the development of the construction camps.  Local authorities responsible for health, religious and security shall be duly informed on theset up of camp facilities so as to allow for effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters.  Provide the following facilities in the campsites: o Adequate housing for all non-commuting workers (i.e. who does not have a residence in adjacent communities) o Safe and reliable water supply. 189 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 o Hygienic sanitary facilities, i.e. latrines and bathing places. The minimum number of toilet facilities required is one toilet for every ten persons.  Provide fuel to the construction camps for their domestic purpose, in order to discourageuse of fuel wood or other biomass.  Provide first aid facility round the clock. Maintain stock of medicines in the facility and appoint fulltime designated first aider or nurse.  Train all construction workers in health care issues and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work.  Provide instruction to all workers on basic sanitation and best hygiene practices. Place display boards at strategic locations within the camps containing messages on best hygienic practices.  Provide appropriate security personnel (police/home guard or private security guards) and enclosures to prevent unauthorized entry in to the camp area.  Dismantle and remove from the site all facilities established within the construction camp  Restore the site to its condition prior to commencement of the works or to an agreed condition with the landowner. Relations with local communities The Contractor shall:  Communicate to the public through community consultation regarding the scope and schedule of construction and access restriction.  Resolve any conflicting issues in consultation with local leaders and supervision consultants  Establish a mechanism that allows local people to raise grievances arising from the construction process - maintain a complaint register.  Inform the local authorities responsible for health, religious and security affairs before commencement of civil works so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters Worker health and safety The Contractor shall:  Provide the workers with a safe and healthy work environment, taking into account inherent risks in its particular construction activity and specific classes of hazards in the work areas.  Provide personal protection equipment (PPE) for workers, such as safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, full-face eye shields, and ear protection as adequate for any particular work.  Implement safety procedures include provision of information, training and protective clothing to workers involved in hazardous operations and proper performance of their job.  Ensure the local authorities responsible for health and safety are duly informed before commencement of civil works and establishment of construction camps.  Not hire children of less than 15 years of age. Draft ESMP for Roughness Measures (Porcupines) This draft ESMP for Roughness Measures (Porcupines)is prepared to provide a summary of the potential adverse impacts and mitigation measures needed for the installation of the porcupines from December 2018 to April 2019. The full and final version of this ESMP and ARAP will be prepared with the preparation of detailed planning of the construction phase, which is envisaged for the October – November 2018. As of now, some important decisions are pending, as for example, whether all three envisaged porcupine fields will be developed, whether some phasing approach extending implementation in several seasons will be adopted, whether on-site production of concrete beams or 190 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 will be used and whether proposed vegetation hedges will be implemented. Further social surveys and assessment of the area will need to be undertaken to finalize the ESMP. The agricultural land and river channels may have also changed as a result of the bank protection works and high-flow season. 9.3.1 Summary of adverse impacts The following adverse impacts related to the implementation of the hydraulic roughness-increasing measures (porcupines)were identified in the Draft ESIA report:  Loss of agricultural land due to effect of porcupine fields. This impact will be gradual, and its nature is uncertain and difficult to predict, which also makes it difficult to put forth adequate mitigation and compensation measures. In a worst-case scenario, gradual decrease of flow in side channels can result in: o decrease of fisheries productivity in the currently used fishing grounds (inns); o restricted accessibility and economy of the ferry services (while the accessibility during dry season through access paths and unpaved roads can improve); o reduction of the available water resources for communities on Sagaing side during the low-flow season; and o development new bank erosion hot-spots both in side channels and in main channel.  Loss of agricultural land due to planting of vegetation hedges (if required)  Risk of visual impact on well-being of adjacent communities;  Temporary impacts on water quality, aquatic ecosystems, and fisheries due to construction- related sediment mobilization;  Temporary risk of water and soil contamination from wastes, and accidental pollution by fuels, and other hazardous substances;  Temporary disturbance to wildlife and habitats due to the presence of workforce and construction operations on the site;  Risk of conflict with local communities and security issues due to presence of workers and their temporary on-site accommodation  Temporary impacts on ambient environmental quality (air pollution and noise emissions) due to increased road transport, construction works and operation of machinery. The adverse impacts were identified through a series of stakeholder consultations and joint field trips/technical meetings between ICEM, RHDHV, PMU/DWIR and WB. This ESMP sets out the mitigation measures required to address and manage these impacts, and also provides recommendations for future monitoring. 9.3.2 Overview of mitigation measures For every key concern, adverse impact or risk identified in the ESIA a specific mitigation and/or enhancement measure is proposed. A summary of the key general mitigation measures is provided below in Table 9.5. A detailed overview of specific mitigation actions including responsibilities, time of implementation, monitoring methods, and performance indicators are presented in the Mitigation Management and Monitoring Matrix (Table 9.5). Table 9.5: Summary of key general mitigation measures Concern: Risk of long-term impact on the morphology of downstream side-channels, with potential consequences to  Decrease of fisheries productivity in the currently used fishing grounds (inns),  restricted accessibility and economy of the ferry services (while the accessibility during dry season through access paths and unpaved roads can improve), and 191 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  reduction of the available water resources for communities on Sagaing side during the low-flow season,  development new bank erosion hot-spots both in side channels and in main channel Mitigation/enhancement: PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Long-term (post-project) monitoring is conducted to establish trends for relevant issues, allowing for future decisions on suitable adaptive action. Direct individual compensations through ARAP are not considered suitable for addressing these potential risks due to their long-term and uncertain nature. Instead, depending on the actual development and concerns of the local communities, measures to alleviate negative trends concerning livelihoods and supporting adaptation to the new conditions can be developed. Among these shall be e.g. continuation of the bank protection program in response to any shift of erosion patterns in the territory of the Subproject 1, and improvement of fisheries policy and management to support its sustainability regardless of actual contribution of the Subproject 1 to ongoing change. Program of fitting communities relying on river for water supply with tube-wells shall also continue. The long-term monitoring (see below) is understood as a key mitigation measure to address the above indicated risks. Concern: Compensation in connection with the loss of agriculture land Mitigation/enhancement: PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: In case of agriculture land uptake for the vegetation hedges planting, a compensation for the loss of crops to individual farmers will be carried out according to the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). The ARAP document will be prepared through a dedicated process and its final version will be included as a separate document to the ESMP. Concerns:  Temporary impacts on water quality, aquatic ecosystems, and fisheries due to construction-related sediment mobilization  Risk of water and soil contamination from wastes, and accidental pollution by fuels, and other hazardous substances  Temporary disturbance to wildlife and ecosystems due to the presence of workforce and construction operations on the site  Impacts on ambient environmental quality (air pollution and noise emissions) due to increased road transport, construction works and operation of machinery, Mitigation/enhancement: Environmental Code of Practices application during the construction operations will be adopted by the Contractor. The Environmental Code of Practices is attached (see attachment for the Bank protection ESMP in Section 9.2.6.1). PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Application of the Environmental Code of Practices is included in the contract and technical documentation followed by the contractor. Regular supervision of application of the Environmental Code of Practices during the project implementation is carried out. Concern:  Risk of conflict with local communities and security issues due to presence of workers and their temporary on-site accommodation Mitigation/enhancement: Social, Health and Safety Code of Practices followed during the construction operations will be adopted by the Contractor. The Social, Health and Safety of Practices is attached (see attachment for the Bank protection ESMP in Section 9.2.6.2). 192 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Application of the Social, Health and Safety of Practices is included in the contract and technical documentation followed by the contractor. Regular supervision of application of the Social, Health and Safety of Practices during the project implementation is carried out. Tender documents must specify that local people will be guaranteed to be offered employment first and given preference. On-site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) established with Village Leaders, local representatives, Department of Labour, Police, work crew managers and foremen is established to facilitate consultation on any issues of concern prior to and during construction. Concern:  Risk of visual impact on well-being of adjacent communities Mitigation/enhancement: PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Regular cleaning and debris removal will be carried out to prevent floating wastes to accumulate in the porcupine fields 9.3.3 Mitigation management and institutional arrangement The construction-related mitigation and monitoring actions as well as institutional arrangement will be similar for the porcupines and for bank protection component. See section 8.1 (ESMP for Bank protection) for detailed description of planned mitigation actions and performance indicators, as well as envisaged division of roles and responsibilities. 9.3.4 Implementation schedule The ESMP for the Roughness Measures will be implemented in phases following the construction plan, which is yet to be prepared. In general, following phases are anticipated: 1. Initial phase (before construction initiation, approximately in September 2018) This phase involves setting up the institutional underpinning for the ESMP, namely:  Including the ESMP provisions and related materials (Environmental Code of Practices, and Social, health and safety Code of Practices) in the contracting documents  Setting up the OPIC, and appointing the external Environmental and Social Consultant staff  Finalization of the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan  Preparation and approval of the special management plans (e.g. construction camp scheme, waste management plan) 2. Construction phase (December 2018–April 2019) Initial stage:  Environmental and social awareness raising training/instruction of the construction staff (upon first appearance on the construction site).  Setting up storage and camp facilities in line with the ESMP Full construction stage:  Executing construction works in line with the Environmental Code of Practices, and Social, Health and Safety Code of Practices.  Regular monitoring and reporting 3. Post-Construction phase (April 2019)  Construction site rehabilitation and monitoring 193 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Final reporting 9.3.5 ARAP for roughness measures The construction of porcupines is not expected to have any severe impacts on living standards, no physical relocation and less than 10 % of livelihood or assets affected therefore an ARAP is required to to comply with World Bank safeguard policy OP4.12. The following unavoidable loss of livelihoods may occur in relation to the roughness measures (porcupines): Construction of porcupines (December 2018 to April 2019)  Potential loss of agriculture land or crops in connection with the roughness measures, this will need to be assessed following construction of bank protection. Roughness measures (in operation)- March 2019  Loss of income for ferry operators due to decreased access during low-water season;  Reduced access to water resources (domestic or agricultural); and  Reduced fish catch in the Sagaing and middle channels at the end of wet season. To finalize the ARAP for roughness measures (porcupines) further surveys will need to be conducted to determine the PAPs and to update the entitlement matrix for the villages which may be impacted by the construction of roughness measures. These surveys will be undertaken prior to the planned construction in December 2018 as the agricultural land and river channels may have changed due to the riverbank protection works and high flow. 9.3.5.1 Consultation The project comprises the construction of three porcupine fields in the Sagaing and middle channel near the Kyun Sin, Let Pan and Ta Laing Zin villages. Prior to the decision to implement the bank protection work as mitigation measure, the team had identified PAPs and conducted surveys with the villages of Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages which are located close to the porcupine fields. It was envisaged that these villages may have lost agricultural land due to the construction of porcupines. This situation will need to be reassessed as for the ARAP of bank protection works as the villages in these locations have agreed to land donation (see 9.2.5 above). During construction, the need for transport of materials may temporarily occupy smaller areas of land on the island and near Let Pan. Agricultural land will be avoided, but if necessary, compensation for loss of crops and agricultural land required for construction during that period will be provided. There were concerns that the porcupines may cause blockage of the river for boat transport, at least for part of the year, from Kyun Sin and Let Pan to Mandalay and villages on the Eastern side, which will may cause loss of income for ferry service operators. 9.3.5.2 Compensation for loss of crops If compensation for loss of farmland is required during construction of porcupines, then farmers who have Tax Certificates for land that will affected by the project such that farming of crops is not possible or reduced crop yields during the period of construction will be eligible for compensation. The compensation will be calculated for each eligible PAP by the Compensation and Monitoring Committee, on the basis of the normal yields and prices for the main crops provided by The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI) in Sagaing shown in Table 9.6. Table 9.6: Common crop yields and prices No Crop Yield Rate (basket/ha) Price (Kyats/basket) 1 Peanut 24.6 12,000 2 Butter bean 6.8 40,000 3 Green gram 8.12 37,000 194 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 No Crop Yield Rate (basket/ha) Price (Kyats/basket) 4 Sultapya 7.3 24,000 4 Cow pea 7.56 40,000 6 Lab lab bean 6.8 50,000 7 Sesame 8 40,000 An initial Compensation Agreement Form (Appendix 8) was prepared to compensate farmers from Let Pan and Kyun Sin villages. This approach will be used prior to construction; the figures above may have to be updated to ensure they are still the market rates. Tables of PAPs entitled to compensation (Appendix 10) was also prepared to record the PAPs and potential compensation associated with roughness measures (porcupines). 9.3.5.3 Compensation for loss of income from ferry service operations Compensation will be calculated by the Compensation and Monitoring Committee on the basis of loss of income from ferry services due to inaccessibility of water ways normally used by the ferry service. The compensation will be calculated in 3 stages for 1) construction period, 2) first year of the finalized porcupine fields in place, 3) subsequent year. Compensation will be based on yearly income in 2016- 2017 from transport of persons and cargo to specific destinations passage to which will be blocked. The loss of income will be broken down by month-season as feasible over the period January 2016 to December 2017. A form for compensation for affected peoples in Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages (Appendix 9) was also prepared for loss of income associated with local boat transport. 9.3.6 Monitoring and Reporting Monitoring and reporting procedures for the hydraulic-roughness increasing measures will be similar as for the bank protection component. See section 9.1 (ESMP for bank protection) for detailed description of planned reporting approach. In addition to the monitoring focused on construction-related impacts and risks, the Long-term (post- project) monitoring is proposed as a key measure to address potential long-term negative impacts indicated above. For the description of rationale and indication of practical arrangements related to the proposed long-term monitoring see the Chapter 9 of this ESIA report. Table 9.7: Indicators for Long-term monitoring Responsibility Threshold Key Frequency of Indicator/s for Source of data triggering issue/Impact measurements monitoring further action Impacts on  Turbidity DWIR A Nephelometer or Daily Not specified water quality monitoring similar instrument should be used following standard procedures Impacts on  Reported catch Department Department of Annually Reduction of fisheries reduction of Fisheries Fisheries: Auctions indicators´  Changes in value of the fishing values by 20 % of the fishing licenses compared licenses present values (3 years average) Limited  Number of days DWIR in Reports of ferry Annually Reduction by 20 access of side accessible by cooperation operators % compared to channels for ferry with baseline ferry Concerned transport communities 195 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 9.3.7 Costs estimation This section provides preliminary overview of the costs associated with mitigation and monitoring measures that are regarded as additional, i.e. beyond costs to be directly bore by the Contractor to comply with existing standards and applicable legislation and key provisions of the Environmental Code of Practices and social, health and safety code of practices (e.g. ensuring good state and maintenance of used vehicles, and the like - see indicative list of measures to be implemented by the Contractor without additional costs further below). Only costs associated with the implementation of the ESMP are presented. Costs of ARAP implementation are not included in this overview, as they will be determined and administered through the autonomous process. Neither are included costs of the full-time presence of the Environmental and Social Consultant (1 person), which is budgeted separately within the ESIA/ESMP for the Subproject 1 contract. Also, the costs associated with implementation of the Long-term (post-project) monitoring (see above) are not included, as its implementation will mostly depend on steps that entails more indirect costs such as institutional changes, adjusting reporting practices or adjusting focus of future analytical and research projects. Moreover, the costs of possible future adaptive actions that might be considered in response to findings from the long-term monitoring is difficult to anticipate and quantify with any precision allowing for meaningful allocation of resources from the Subproject 1 financial framework. Table 9.8: Costs estimation for ESMP implementation Item Cost (USD) Subtotal (USD) Additional site management planning by Contractor 500 500 i.e. Waste management plan, Site layout, transport and traffic management plan Resources of OPIC weekly meetings 2.000 2.000 (15 on-site meetings with participation of local PMU/DWIR staff, and coordinated with PMU site visits - no airfare or accommodation etc. included) Site visits by PMU/DWIR 5.400 Milestone visits: 2.000  Trip 1 At commencing of works (2 days) : PMU Environmental Staff (2); Airfare, Accommodation, approx. USD $800  Trip 2 Mid-term (2 days): PMU Environmental Staff (2); Airfare; Accommodation USD $800  Trip 3 Finalization of works (1 day): PMU Environmental Staff (2); Airfare USD $400 Additional resources for weekly inspections by the 1600 PMU/DWIR staff: 1 person, 8 site inspections. i.e. $1600 Contingency (e.g. emergency on-site meeting including travel 800 costs, i.e. $800) Initial on-site training in ESMP and codes of practices for the 1000 construction staff (half day for the managers and crew foremen, half day for workers) Water quality on-site measurement 1.300 Regular sampling 800 196 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Item Cost (USD) Subtotal (USD) (costs for 2 locations, weekly or in response to complaints, to be conducted by the Environmental and Social Consultant) Contingency (e.g. sampling and analysis of contaminated soil 500 from construction site if necessary) Construction and camp site(s) equipment 1.200 Spill containment and clean-up equipment at all work sites 500 (i.e. 2 oil spill response kits) Waste bins and/or skips installation at the construction site(s) 500 Regular waste and other disposed materials removal and transport to the authorized landfill/waste disposal site throughout the construction period and after completion Safety and traffic signs for access roads, storage areas and 200 facilities Camp facilities and equipment 1.400 Hygienic sanitary facilities, i.e. latrines and bathing places. The 500 minimum number of toilet facilities required is one toilet for every ten persons. Fuel for cooking and electricity supply for the camp 200 (accommodation) facilities Maintain stock of medicines in the facility and appoint fulltime 200 designated first aider or nurse Security personnel for the and camp site 500 Total 11.800 11.800 Indicative lists of measures not incurring additional costs to the ESMP implementation (i.e. to be ensured by the Contractor directly and covered from Contractor´s own resources):  Construction of temporary access roads and tracks  Construction of temporary storage and housing facilities  Provide personal protection equipment (PPE) for workers, such as safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, full-face eye shields, and ear protection as adequate for any particular work  Regular maintenance and check-up of vehicles, vessels and machinery  Good house-keeping practices on the construction and camp sites  Provide appropriate security personnel to ensure prevention of conflict and loss equipment, and material  Provision of safe and reliable water supply to the workforce  All clean-up or contamination containment and final rehabilitation of the site(s)  Appoint staff in charge of communication and community relations (i.e. attending OPIC meetings)  Etc. Draft ESMP for Dredging This draft ESMP for the dredging component of the Subproject 1 is prepared to facilitate further stakeholder consultation within the ESIA process. The Full and final version of this ESMP will be prepared later, once the specific location and volume of dredging is confirmed for the 5-year program (see section 1.2.3). For example, no dredging was required in this dry season (2017/18). The presented draft information in the ESIA is provided to outline the general concerns and to formulate the 197 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 approach that will be used to assess and manage the environmental and social risks related to dredging, without providing the specific information on location, extent and scope of the future dredging operations which is needed to prepare the final ESMP. A dredging protocol providing a general overview of potential issues and principles for environmentally sound management of dredging operations is provided below in section 9.5. These principles will be applied in finalizing the ESMP. 9.4.1 Summary of adverse impacts The following adverse impacts related to the implementation of the Dredging component of the Sub- project 1 were identified in the Draft ESIA report: Impacts connected to dredging/excavation:  The direct disturbance and removal of benthic species and communities;  Possible minor negative temporary impact on fisheries-related livelihoods.  Temporary water quality changes which can affect aquatic flora and fauna, both favourably and unfavourably,  Minor limitation of boat traffic during dredging operation.  Increase in turbidity and excessive sedimentation  Possible release of organic matter, nutrients and or contaminants depending upon the nature of the material in the dredging area.  Noise from dredging operations affecting riparian communities Impacts connected to spoil release to the river:  Same as above and in addition:  Settlement of suspended sediments can result in the smothering or blanketing of benthic communities.  Potential impacts on the fish in the deep pools which are good fishing grounds, according to local fisherman. Risks connected to the land disposal of spoil: Risks of land-use alteration (e.g. agriculture land uptake) or habitats modification and site contamination are typical general risks associated with the disposal of the dredged material on land. The Dredging protocol (see section 9.5 below) provides a detailed discussion of these potential impacts. No considerable impact is expected at this stage of planning in the context of Sub-project 1, due to the following factors:  current dredging practice does not involve on-land disposal and the approach is expected to continue;  ongoing AUDP located within the Subproject 1 study area entails dredging to obtain fill-in material for the urban development - this provides interesting opportunity for disposal of any quantity of spoils potentially dredged under the Sub-project 1, provided a coordination and cooperation between responsible stakeholders is achieved; and  This ESMP provides additional guidance on selection of land disposal site, should for some reason the on-land deposition both temporary or permanent be necessary. 9.4.2 Envisaged mitigation measures Dredging will cause certain inevitable environmental impacts. The significance of these impacts is primary depending on the location and scope of the dredging operations and therefore the key means 198 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 of preventing and minimizing of any adverse effect is to adopt a rational approach to its planning. That includes the following steps: 1. Determination of need and scope of dredging linked to prior sound analysis. 2. Selection of the dredging technique including considering different environmental impacts of available options (see Section 2.1 of the Dredging protocol attached). 3. Selection of the spoil disposal options. Mix of technical/economic, social and environmental criteria shall be used to facilitate appropriate context-specific decision, i.e.:  Site absorption capacity;  Technical sustainability;  Construction/logistic costs;  Impact on livelihoods (fisheries and agriculture);  Impact on access to livelihoods;  Impacts to potential critical habitats; and  Duration of ecological impact. In the context of Subproject 1, the following additional principles shall be employed:  Maximization of synergy with existing private dredging related to the AUDP shall be pursued (steering the private dredging to contribute to the Subproject 1 objectives, taking advantage of the demand for fill-in material from the AUDP).  No agriculture land or sand-bars shall be used for spoil deposition. Once thorough planning is completed, implementation of further mitigation measures to address impacts due to both dredging/excavation and spoil disposal shall be ensured (Table 9.9). Table 9.9: Summary of key general mitigation measures Concern: General direct impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems connected to both dredging/excavation and spoil dispersal to the river Mitigation/enhancement: PMU/DWIR shall ensure:  Good practice dredging to minimize of spills in dredging location  Good practice dispersal of dredged materials back into the river to select dispersal sites carefully where the sediment loads will be spread the more widely and quickly, without causing sediment build up downstream. This will be achieved through application of the Environmental Code for Dredging Operations. The existing Environmental Code for Dredging Operations applied in the context of AIRBM Nyaung U and Pakkoku River Enhancement Works Micro Projects will be adopted for this purpose. Concern: Temporary impacts on fisheries-related livelihood Mitigation/enhancement: PMU/DWIR shall ensure that: Ecological and social criteria are duly applied in the disposal location selection process and potentially affected fishermen are consulted in order to:  Inform the planning (in the context of spoil dispersal site selection) 199 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018  Establish basis for decision on whether or not a dedicated compensation process through ARAP shall apply in given case  Establish baseline for monitoring In case of need for a compensation for the loss of crops to individual fishermen’s yield it will be carried out according to the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP). If relevant, the ARAP document will be prepared through a dedicated process prior to commencement of the dredging season. Concern:  Contamination and release of toxic materials from sediments PMU/DWIR shall ensure:  Monitoring of toxicity levels in the sediments throughout dredging period and establishing a threshold of acceptable levels for different disposal options.  Routine water quality monitoring downstream of dredging operations 9.4.3 Institutional arrangement The dredge master will be responsible for ensuring compliance with the ESMP. The dredge master will provide advice on effective environmental management of the project to the DWIR engineers and all construction site personnel. The dredge master together with PMU Environmental and Social Staff will ensure the environmental awareness of project personnel is maintained through appropriate training. Environmental Code for Dredging Operations provide a written guidance for detailed planning of the dredging works. Any incidents, including non-conformances to the ESMP are to be recorded using an Incident Record and the details entered into a register. For any incident that causes or has the potential to cause material or serious environmental harm, the work supervisor shall notify DWIR as soon as possible. The dredge master must cease work until remediation has been completed as per the approval of DWIR. A complaints register will be established to record any concerns raised by the community during dredging operation. Any complaint will be reported to DWIR within 24 hours of receiving the complaint. 9.4.4 Implementation schedule Implementation schedule will be developed later in the context of planning for dredging operations (no specific dredging plan exists as of yet). 9.4.5 Monitoring Specific monitoring arrangement will be developed later in the in the context of planning for dredging operations (no specific dredging plan exists as of yet). In addition to conducting bathymetric surveying of the dredging areas to verify if the project geomorphological objectives were achieved. Following indicators shall be monitored during the operation: Threshold Responsibility for Source of Frequency of Key issue/Impact Indicator/s triggering monitoring data measurements further action Water quality  Dissolved Oxygen, PMU/DWIR in Sampling Daily Not specified impacts  Electrical Conductivity, cooperation with downstream of  pH, Contractor dredging  Turbidity 200 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Water quality  Dissolved Oxygen, PMU/DWIR in Sampling Daily Not specified impacts  Electrical Conductivity, cooperation with downstream of  pH, Contractor dispersal site  Turbidity Disturbance and  Volume of dredged PMU/DWIR in PMU/DWIR Continual Any complaint removal of benthic material dispersed in cooperation with in requires species and fishing ground E&S Consultant cooperation response and communities  Reported reduced fish with corrective catch Contractor action Disturbance of  Numbers of fishermen PMU/DWIR in Observation Daily during Not specified fishing areas where using the area on a cooperation with and dumping dredging spoils are regular basis E&S Consultant discussions period dumped with fishermen Impacts on ambient  Total volume/intensity PMU/DWIR in PMU/DWIR Continual Any complaint environmental of dredging cooperation with in requires quality  Hours/day of dredging E&S Consultant cooperation response and operation with corrective  Number of complaints Contractor action Utilization of  Volume of spoil for PMU/DWIR PMU/DWIR Not specified dredged material further use (tons or m3) in  Volume of spoil for on- cooperation land disposal and area with taken up by the deposit Contractor site  Volume of spoil for dispersion in river Dredged material  Presence of PMU/DWIR in Sampling Not specified MRC contamination contaminants in the cooperation with standards for spoil: E&S Consultant Lower Mekong o Heavy metals sediment (Mercury, Lead, Arsenic, Chromium) o Oil and grease o Pesticides  Volume of contaminated spoil for further treatment It is important to acknowledge that effectiveimplementation of the monitoring requires for certain indicators prior establishment of reliable location-specific reference baseline. That will require preparation of dedicated rapid assessment or survey focused on specific area under consideration. This aspect is particularly important for monitoring of fisheries-related livelihood impacts. Therefore, a consultation and survey among the fishermen using the site to estimate typical yield in a given season to be able to detect any significant impacts through the ESMP-related monitoring. 9.4.6 Costs estimation A detailed costs estimation will be developed only later in the context of planning for dredging operations (no specific dredging plan exists as of yet), once details on used dredging technology, dredged volumes and length of operations are elaborated. In general the following items will be necessary to include in the costs calculations: 201 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Estimated Cost (USD) for one dredging Item session (i.e. one location for several weeks) Presence of PMU/DWIR E&S safeguards staff and site visits 2,000 Initial training in ESMP and codes of practices for the crew and 1,000 staff Consultation and Baseline surveying of fisherman community 1,000 Regular daily water quality sampling 1,000 Dredged material sampling for contaminants (twice during the 500 dredging session for a given location) Total 5,500 Dredging protocol 9.5.1 Glossary Term/Acronym Definition and usage Capital dredging The removal of the natural riverbed to obtain the desired depth and/or width of navigation channels Contamination The presence of elevated concentrations of substances in the environment above the natural background level for the area and for the organism. Dredge spoils: Unconsolidated, randomly mixed sediments composed of rock, soil, and/or shell materials extracted and deposited during dredging and dumping activities. Dredge spoils lie unconformably upon natural, undisturbed soil or regolith and can form anthropogenic landforms (e.g., dredge spoil bank). ESMP Environmental and social management plan Maintenance Removal of sediments that accumulate in existing channels, berths and swing basins dredging to enable ongoing use of the waterway or port. Sediment Riverbed material that may be composed of one or more of: sand, silt, mud, gravel and/or rock. The total dissolved comprise inorganic salts, sediments and some small amounts of organic matter that solids (TDS) are dissolved in water. Total suspended the dry-weight of particles trapped by a filter. solids (TSS) 9.5.2 Objective The objective of this dredging protocol is give the PMU, DWIR and the Contractor guidance in the best- practise to manage and handle the dredging operation and planning. This dredging protocol focusses on how to deal with the dredging material - when it is contaminated or clean from pollution, environmental friendly handling of dredging spoils and the transport of the dredge material. The direct and indirect impacts of the dredging activities and contaminated sediments may have to the environment are briefly described. General recommendations are formulated how to select disposal locations of the sediments in the river and (when contaminated) on land. Also the possible impacts and implications of the logistics of contaminated sediment is briefly worked-out. The following references has been used to draft this initial protocol on Dredging Residual Management: 202 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 1) OSPAR Guidelines for the Management of Dredged Material - Summary Record OSPAR 98/14/1-E, Annex 43:23 2) Sednet, Contaminated Sediments in European River Basins - European Sediment Research Network (2004);24 3) World Bank - Environmental, Health, And Safety Guidelines Ports, Harbors, And Terminals (February 2017); 4) International Association of Dredging Companies (IADC). Confined Disposal Facilities An Information Update from the Iadc - Number 1 - 2010 5) Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project (AIRBM) - Environmental and Social Management Plan - Final Nyaung U and Pakkoku River Enhancement Works (Mirco Projects), 2016 – accessible at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/365071468053051652/pdf/SFG1843-REVISED- EA-P146482-Box394883B-PUBLIC-Disclosed-4-8-2016.pdf 6) Bangladesh - Bangladesh Regional Waterway Transport Project 1 (Chittagong-Dhaka- Ashuganj Corridor), Environmental and Social Assessment and Resettlement Policy Framework – Executive summary (SFG1538REV) (May 2016) 7) Bray, R.N. (2008). Environmental Aspects of Dredging, Chapter 6. IADC/CEDA-Taylor and Francis Publishing. Leiden, The Netherlands. For more comprehensive guidelines, both PIANC25and CEDA26 have developed guidelines for disposal of dredged material according to best international practices.  PIANC Envicom Working Group 19 (1992). Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material - A Practical Guide. Brussels, Belgium.  PIANC Envicom Working Group 14. Report no 104 (2009). Dredged Material as a Resource - Options and Constraints. Brussels, Belgium A comprehensive description of the sediment composition in the Ayeyarwady River is described in:  WWF Greater Mekong. (2017), State of the Basin Report Package 3 – Sediments and Geomorphology, Draft Final Report, available at: http://greatermekong.panda.org/. 9.5.3 Impacts of dredging (general) Four stages during the dredging process can be distinguished that should be assessed separately when it comes down to assessing the possible impact of (contaminated) sediments to the environment: 1) excavation, 2) lifting from the river bed to a vessel or on-shore, 3) transportation and 4) disposal. The method chosen to dispose the dredged material may refer to (re-)placement, and storage. In the next sections the direct and indirect impacts to environment of these stages is briefly presented. 9.5.3.1 Dredging techniques The type and method of dredging operations for the specific site should be justified for each project, particularly those involving fine or contaminated sediments. An optimized dredging and disposal methods should be described in the dredging proposal and workplan to avoid, minimize or reduce the 23https://dredging.org/documents/ceda/downloads/environment-ospar-dmguidelines.pdf 24http://sednet.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Sednet_booklet_final_2.pdf 25 International Navigation Association (www.pianc-aipcn.org) 26 Central Dredging Association (www.dredging.org) 203 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 environmental impacts. For example, the equipment used for excavation and lifting is recommended to have reduced spill as much as possible. Table 9.10: Environmental aspects of standard dredging equipment Safety Accuracy Turbidity Mixing Spill Dilution Noise Suction Dredger + - + - - 0 + Cutter Suction + + 0/+ 0/+ 0 0 + Dredger Trailer Suction +/0 - -/0 - 0 - + Hopper Dredger Bucket Ladder - + -/0 0/+ + + - Dredger Backhoe Dredger - + -/0 + + + + Grab Dredger - - -/0 0 + + + Source: (AIRBM, 2016) Adopted from: Source PIANC EnviCOM report 100 ‘Dredging Management Practices for the Environment’. The DWIR or the contractor together with DWIR shall select the dredging equipment and methods to minimize suspension of sediments, minimize destruction of benthic habitat, and increase the accuracy of the dredging operation and disposal methods Environmental Code of Practices procedures provide a written method describing how the management objectives for a particular environmental element are to be obtained. They contain the necessary detail to be site or activity-specific and are required to be followed for all construction works. The environmental impacts related to the dredging methods chosen may have the following affect that should be accounted for and addressed in the dredging proposal (AIRBM, 2016): (a) the physical effects of spoil (spoil fluidity, spoil ground stability; area impacted by spoil); (b) the effects of sediment contamination (confinement of contaminated spoil, material handling problems with contaminated spoil); and (c) water quality (turbidity, contaminant release). The main impacts associated with the dredging activities are the potential impacts of disposing of the dredged material. Beside the direct impacts, the delayed (longer term effects) response of the downstream areas upon changes in sediment supply from upstream sources on the environment and morphology should also be considered. A distinction should be made between the removal of sediments during maintenance dredging projects and sediments dredged from capital dredging. Maintenance dredging sediments have been accumulating in the channel since the last time that particular area has been dredged. Capital dredging involves the removal of sediments which have most likely not previously been dredged. The focus of the following section will be on the environmental impacts of dredging disposal of contaminated material. When talking about the environment the fish, fisheries, benthic and aquatic life are the ones impacted by dredging operations. Terrestrial ecosystems such as birds will experience some to minor from noise and uncontrolled spoils of contaminated sediments. The characteristics of the dredged material and the accessibility to placement sites are all factors to be considered early on in a project. It is noted that the Ayeyarwady River is a highly dynamic and ever changing environment and therefore turbidity and suspended sediment is naturally high, but sudden and single site disposal is likely to put (temporary) stress on the benthic and aquatic ecosystems. 9.5.3.2 Excavation and lifting The dredging machine causes disturbance and removal of benthic species and communities from the river bed. Due to the movement of dredge arm for excavating and lifting of the sediments and sucking up of the sediment causes turbidity which causes physical effects on benthic life. The caused turbidity by the dredging operation may increase the level of suspended sediment for a short time. This can give rise to (indirect) changes in water quality which can affect aquatic flora and fauna, both favorably 204 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 and unfavorably, such as possible release of organic matter, nutrients and or contaminants depending upon the nature of the material in the dredging area. The settlement of these suspended sediments can result in the smothering or blanketing of benthic communities, This impact is expect to be minor due to the dispersion of the plume due to higher flow velocities and the presence of high sediment rates in the river its natural state. 9.5.3.3 Impacts on Benthic life Benthos is the community of organism that live on, in or near the river bad. The aquatic species composition and distribution of sediment-dwelling organisms are influenced by several factors, of which the most important factors are: water flow, sedimentation rate (total suspended solids (TTS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) and water oxygen content (reduced flow, enhanced sedimentation and lowered oxygen content may reduce diversity). The biological aspect that should be understood in the dynamics of sediment dynamics on the water column and river bad are the quality and quantity of plant litter (i.e. a food resource for benthic life), pelagic predators, planktonic algae and bioturbation - these are alter the flux of nutrients and oxygen in the water column. Research indicated that the benthos will recover quickly through recolonization. It is not expected that the loss of benthos will cause an irreversible or notable impact on the ecosystem (AIRBM, 2016). Also the presence of aquatic plants (plants increase species richness and abundance) are key to the production of oxygen, as shelter and spawning places for fish. Aquatic plants and benthic life are heavily influence by the presence of sun light. It is unlikely that in the main channel, there will be aquatic plants that will be affected, though in the side channels, where the water is shallower and slower moving, there may be both submerged and emergent rooted plants. The sediment and its characteristics that will be dredged is no different from the sediment that flows through the river today. The sediment concentrations from dredging operation is not likely to be significant higher than natural the sediment concentrations during high flows in the main channel. The location for spoils disposal needs to be chosen carefully to reduce the impacts of disposal on benthic life. In this part of the Ayeyarwady River, the main channels are used to regular sediment transport patterns - with transport of sediments during the flood season and deposition towards the end of the flood season. Thus, benthic invertebrates are used to being covered with sediment, and provided that the layers are not too thick, they will move to a more suitable position in the sediment after spoils have been dispersed. High concentration of suspended particles reduces the incoming sun light into the water column. 9.5.3.4 Impact on fish and fisheries Fish will be disturbed by the noise and vibrations of the mechanical activities and the spillage of dredge spoils, and avoid the locations where dredging is taking place. In general, fish will move away from areas of the river during the dredging activities and disposal of the sediments back into the river. There may be some limited mortality of fish in these locations. Likewise, fishers will not choose to fish in these areas because of this disturbance and avoidance. The disposal of the sediments will create localized areas where the turbidity and sediment concentrations will be temporarily very high and falling progressively downstream. The extent of the sediment dispersal plume will depend upon the chosen location, equipment and dredging method. Fish will tend to avoid those areas where the turbidity is high and temporary move to other locations. It would be important to select disposal locations where the sediment will be dispersed rapidly and widely, i.e. in the main channel where the flows are greatest. As mentioned before, there is no significant impact expected due to the natural high sediment load in the Ayeyarwady River. One of the peak seasons for fishing, as was reported by local fisherman, is for three months from September to November. Their explanation is that breeding and growing takes place during the flood season and so there are more fish around to be caught at the end of the flood season when the water is going down, which also tends to concentrate in the fishing areas. The timing of dredging and disposal 205 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 back to the river is also important for fish populations. It is understood that dredging will take place from mid-October for about six weeks, i.e. at the end of the high flow season, also when sediments are being deposited naturally due to reduced flow. Dredging operations will coincide with and disturb key fishing areas at a peak fishing season. Some of the main migratory species, such as Mrigal and Tank Goby are caught in October to November, while others such as Hilsa, Gangetic goonch and the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergi are caught in February to April. Thus in the disposal of the dredge spoils, it is important that the sediment plume does not cover the whole width of the main channel and so block off migration routes for the October/November migratory species. The main channel is one of the most important fishing areas near Mandalay City. Fishermen should be notified of where and when disposal will take place so they can adopt and avoid the impacted areas as their fishing grounds. 9.5.3.5 Irrawaddy Dolphin The Ayeyarwady Dolphin protected area (ADPA) is located just upstream of the Sub-project area, upstream of Mingun. According to IUCN, surveys undertaken between 1996 and 2003 indicated that the dolphin population, comprising about 60 individuals are concentrated in geomorphologically complex stretches of the Ayeyarwady with channel convergences, islands, and defiles. It is advised that during dredging operations, when dolphins are spotted in close proximity, work shall be stopped immediately until they have moved away from the area. The Ayeyarwady Dolphin is an endangered species which is highly sensitive to the vibrations of the dredging vessels. 9.5.4 Contaminants Sediment acts as a potential sink for many hazardous chemicals, (Sednet, 2004) due to its chemical properties. Of special interest is the oxygen consuming organic material, the reduced compound, the heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Zinc and Iron) and organic toxic compounds that have accumulated in the deposited sediments. Other pollutants such as Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), eco-toxicological and hydrocarbons could be detected in the sediments. Contaminants can be degraded or fixed to sediment components, thus decreasing their bioavailability. Above certain levels, contaminants in sediment will impact the ecological or (bio-) chemical water quality status. The abundance of certain species may decrease as a result of sediment contamination while other, more susceptible species may disappear completely, resulting in a decreased biodiversity and or an imbalance of the ecosystems. Dredging material in this part of the Ayeyarwady River consist mainly of sand with a small amount of silt (AIRBNM, 2016). No gravel or clay was observed in the analysis of sediment samples obtained during the site visit. Sand material generally had a minimum capacity to retain pollution including heavy metals. For a more comprehensive analysis of the composition of the sediments see WWF Greater Mekong, 2017. Because Myanmar has no water or sediment quality standards in place, the ones used for the Lower Mekong can be used as reference due to the similar hydrological and aquatic features these rivers have in common. In these guidelines there is a distinction made between aquatic and human quality standards: Water Quality Index for the Protection of Aquatic Life, Water Quality Index for Human Impacts and Water Quality Index for Agricultural Use.27 Using the example of sediment analysis including the screen levels from the Mekong River Commission and comparing this to the sediment samples taken upstream (S_01) and downstream (S_02) of Mandalay within the ESIA Baseline analysis 27Multi-Media(Water, Sediment, Biota) Monitoring and Assessment Report - MRC Technical Paper No. 41. Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, - (MRC, 2014) 206 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 in Table 9.11. It can be seen that these are currently below the thresholds for Arsenic, Chromium, Lead and Mercury, but POPs have not been measured. Table 9.11: Sediment Criteria used in upper and lower Mekong, compared to sediment samples taken around Mandalay 9.5.4.1 Sources of contaminants When talking about contaminations it is important to have an understanding on the possible source for future integrated river (basin) management: (1) point sources and (2) diffuse sources. A mining pit is an example of a point source, and the urban area of Mandalay City and its industrial areas can be characterized as a diffuse source. A common distinction is between these two sources of pollution; a distinction which reflects their behaviour under changing meteorological conditions (Vink and Berendt 2001):  Point sources are identifiable points. Major point sources under this definition include municipal wastewater effluents and industrial wastewater effluents. An obvious point source 207 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 of sewage and industrial effluents is the discharge directly into the river at the junction of 26th Street and Myo Patt road in Mandalay.  Diffuse sources are highly dynamic and widely spread pollution sources and their magnitude is closely related to meteorological factors such as precipitation. Major diffuse sources under this definition include surface runoff (load from atmospheric deposition), groundwater, erosion (load from eroded material), and diffuse loads of (paved) urban areas (atmospheric deposition, traffic, corrosion) including combined sewer overflows since these events occur discontinuously in time and are closely related to precipitation. The contamination and pollution of the sediments in Sub-project1 are likely to come from diffuse sources Mandalay Urban Areas, and possibly a few point sources, such as mining areas. This is however not assessed at this stage for this project. 9.5.4.2 Indirect impacts on habitats Many aquatic sediment species are likely to play important functional roles in freshwater ecosystems. Food-chain transfer and bio-magnification may result in effects on health of animals consuming contaminated benthic species, reproduction or health of fish-eating birds and mammals such as cormorants and otters. Consumption of severely contaminated fish or consumption of meat or milk from livestock on severely contaminated flood plains could also have an impact on human health. The actual impacts of contamination on the ecosystem rather than chemical assessment should be the determining factor for deciding whether remediation of contaminated sediment is necessary for environmental reasons. The relation between sediment contamination (hazard) and its actual impact on the functioning of ecosystems (ecological status) and develop strategies to assess and manage the risks involved. (Sednet, 2004). 9.5.5 Disposal of dredged sediments. 9.5.5.1 Disposal options Every dredging project should take into consideration the final use or destination of the sediment that will be excavated. Whenever possible, it is advice that dredge spoil should be treated as a resource. Dredged materials which is not contaminated can be used for construction (separated into sand and gravel fractions) or land fill, such as the Amarapura project to provide economic benefits. Drafting a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the sediments and its productscould give insight in the possibility as resource. The quality and structural soil parameters shall be determined to check whether the sand is suitable for construction. Next to that other analyses should be incorporated to support this, being a cost - benefit analysis, environmental, social, cultural and practical considerations play a role in determining the next steps in handling the sediments. The most appropriate disposal site depends on both environmental impacts and financial and economic costs. The potential effects on the environment demand attention during the planning and decision-making processes. Most dredged material is clean and does by itself not present an environmental threat. It can thus be placed or disposed of safely in a variety of ways depending on the type of project, the location and the needs of the community. The environmental best practice approach is to minimise both the quantity of material that has to be dredged and the impact of the dredging and disposal activities. Dredged material that is too contaminated for relocation back into the river, and cannot be used directly as building material, but is subject to treatment and/or confined disposal options. Land disposal is preferable where spoil is seriously contaminated and when fine sediments are likely to impact sensitive aquatic environments (AIRBM, 2016). Fine sediment is usually found in the marine environments and not at this stretch of river. When contaminants exceed the low screening level, and toxicity, an assessment of the costs and benefits of a range of disposal options, including land disposal may be required. When chemical contaminants exceed the maximum screening level, DWIR will be 208 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 required to assess the costs and benefits of a range of disposal options, including disposal in open water, confided storage or treatment. 9.5.5.2 Disposal back in the river If the material is not contaminated, it can be disposed back into the river or in bank enclosures; at appropriate sites. From an environmental and morphological point of view the most appropriate location of sediment disposal back into the river is in the vicinity of dredged site to maintain the natural balance. It is advised not to offset the large scale sediment transport in the Ayeyarwady River. Although open-water placement may be inexpensive, it gives the least amount of control over hydrodynamic and environmental aspect. The selection of appropriate dredging and disposal methods is critical to achieving this objective. Technical indicators and economic merits are to be assessed for the potential sites and the likelihood of social or environmental & ecological impacts. Technical indicators such as the volume of spoil to be placed on a spoil ground should be estimated, including an allowance for over-dredging and bulking. The total area covered by spoil should be minimized and locations with higher flow velocities enhances the dispersion of the plume. The impacts of the logistical side of the dredging operations (barges or operations of pipe line) may have impact on river traffic, pollution and local disturbances due to noise, vibrations and possible leakages of oil and grease material from the machines. The noise and vibrations may cause high potential to affect riparian population, disturbance of (migrating) birds and aquatic life such as fishes. The number of fish deep pools may be impacted when sediment is disposed here and thus the fish catch. These are good fishing grounds, according to local fisherman (result survey (AIRBM, 2016). Spawning areas and signification vegetation that are used for shelter and spawning areas for fish may be negatively impacted to sudden changes in the water and sediment quality, such as turbitity (blocking the sun light), amount of nutrients available or being covered with a thick layer of the dredge plume. Pools can be productive for invertebrates’ production and may be feeding grounds for other species – but these impacts are not expected to be irreversible or significant (AIRBM, 2016). The Ayeyarwady River is the fifth larger river in terms of sediment load and turbidity is normally high in the river and therefore the dredging activities will have no significant increase in turbidity. Figure 9.6: Key biodiversity areas & protected areas - Stretch 1 209 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Areas that should be avoided to dispose the sediments in the main and side channels of the Ayeyarwady are areas where endangered species have been are spotted (flora, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and benthic animals). This list of threatened (Vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN) or critically endangered (CR) species28 of aquatic fauna or flora at the project locations should be request at Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation and in accordance with the Environmental Conservation Law (2012) and the Environmental Conservation Rules (2014). From this the government agency can provide the latest protected or sensitive areas and which sites are designated as key biodiversity areas, or preferred no-go zones for sediment disposal due to the spawning or resting areas for fishes or birds. These zones for Stretch 1 (Mandalay - Nyaung Oo) are shown in Figure 9.6 . Local stakeholder consultations can give better insight in local conditions to certain species. The nearby and affected communities need to stay informed during the full process. DWIR to carry out a turbidity monitoring at least once a day during operations approximately 100 meters from dredging boat and compared with the baseline condition (i.e. before dredging). A Nephelometer or similar instrument should be used following standard procedures. 9.5.5.3 Disposal on land: Treatment When the sediment is too contaminated to dispose straight back into the river there are two ways to deal with the dredged sediment: treatment of the material or storage. The main objective of treatment should be beneficial use, for example as a construction material. Treatment is mainly done by low-tech methods such as dewatering, in e.g. (controlled) wetlands, separation and stabilisation, often in combination with confined disposal. Treatment mainly refers to removed dredged material. In both cases for storage and treatment, it is important to also incorporate the possible impacts of transportation the contaminated sediment, e.g. trucks should be watertight to avoid spilling of the contaminated material on the road along the route from the river bank to the disposal site. If the sediment is contaminated with substances that may cause harm to the environment. Dewatering of the (with a high slat content) sediments before disposing it in the confined area should be done such that there is no leakage to the environment. 9.5.5.4 Disposal on land: Confined storage Confined disposal will remain a necessary and important option because treatment of all contaminated dredged material is not economically feasible. A confined disposal facility is an area specifically designed for the containment of contaminated dredged material that provides control of potential releases of contaminants to the environment. It is a practical solution which Dikes or other structures may be used to isolate dredged material. The main objective of the site is to retain dredge material solids which are not clean and allow the discharge of clean process water from the confined area (dewatering). This maximises the amount of solids that can be stored and the lifetime of the storage facility because the dry matter volume is less than the dissolved volume. The site should be suitable such that the water can be discharged back into the river. An upland facility is constructed on dry land in which the dredged material is stored above the groundwater level, with an enclosing dike to confine the dredged material. In some cases, a watertight liner may be necessary to prevent emissions into the groundwater. An island confided disposal facility is also diked but constructed in water and the dredged material is at least partially stored under the water level such as borrow pits in river floodplains. The latter is impractical or expected to be expensive in construction along the Ayeyarwady because of the required high dikes to protect washing out of the contaminated material during high river discharges and water level fluctuations. Both sites are easy to monitor because the area is confined. 28 The abbreviations refer to the IUCN Red List 210 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 It is important in the design and allocation of a confined storage facility is the suitability of its functionality over its lifetime. Inspection, monitoring and maintenance is essential to ensure its integrity. In the design of the facility attention should be given to the storage, drainage, and the chemical and mechanical specifications of the installations. 211 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 10 MONITORING In order to allow for effective application of both mitigation and compensatory measures, monitoring of key environmental and social issues is necessary both throughout the Subproject 1 implementation and afterwards. This monitoring is proposed with two components:  ESMP-related monitoring  Long-term (post-project) monitoring ESMP-related monitoring The ESMP-connected monitoring will be focusing on detecting any significant construction- or dredging-related impacts and verification of effectiveness of the preventive and mitigation actions implemented within the ESMP (and ARAP) - see Chapter 8. This component includes a number of qualitative and quantitative indicators specified in the respective ESMPs and monitoring results will be reported throughout the Subproject 1 implementation and final evaluation. The monitoring indicators presented in the Table 10.1and Table 10.2below represent a selection of key parameters included in the relevant ESMPs. Table 10.1: Key Monitoring indicators for construction-related impacts Key Responsibility for Source of Frequency of Threshold triggering Indicator/s issue/Impact monitoring data measurements further action Loss of  Area (acres) of Land ARAP After each project Exceeding area agricultural land agricultural land Compensation construction specified in ARAP Committee phase completion Waste  Volume of Contractor Contractor Monthly record Accumulation of waste collected waste/litter creating and removed E&S Consultant Weekly visual ambient for sound inspection of environmental quality disposal construction issues or public health  Presence of areas risks litter and other waste in the project area Water quality  Dissolved E&S Consultant Water Weekly during impacts Oxygen, quality the period of downstream of  Electrical sampling construction construction Conductivity, works  pH,  Turbidity Impacts on  Reported E&S Consultant ARAP Not specified Any complaint fisheries reduced fish Own Throughout the received catch/access to observations construction fishing grounds period, and in for fishermen response to received complaints Ambient Number of E&S Consultant Own Daily visual Any complaint environmental registered observations assessment requires response and quality impacts complaints corrective action (noise, air Number of days pollution) with affected ambient 212 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 environmental quality Impacts on Recorded E&S Consultant Own Daily visual Any disturbance of biodiversity appearances of observations assessment concerned habitats or concerned species species and related recommendations given to the construction staff Loss of vegetation or other habitats (number of cases and area) Employment Number of local Contractor Own records Throughout the Less than 20 % of total inhabitants project workforce employed in the project works Social conflict Number of PMU/DWIR in Own records Throughout the Any complaint complaints or cooperation with project requires response and cases dealt with Contractor corrective action by OPIC Table 10.2: Key monitoring indicators for dredging-related impacts Key Responsibility Source of Frequency of Threshold triggering Indicator/s issue/Impact for monitoring data measurements further action Water quality  Dissolved PMU/DWIR in Sampling Daily Not specified impacts Oxygen, cooperation with downstream of  Electrical Contractor dredging Conductivity,  pH,  Turbidity Water quality  Dissolved PMU/DWIR in Sampling Daily Not specified impacts Oxygen, cooperation with downstream of  Electrical Contractor dispersal site Conductivity,  pH,  Turbidity Disturbance and  Volume of PMU/DWIR in PMU/DWIR Continual Any complaint removal of dredged cooperation with in requires response and benthic species material E&S Consultant cooperation corrective action and dispersed in with communities fishing ground Contractor  Reported reduced fish catch Disturbance of  Numbers of PMU/DWIR in Observation Daily during Not specified fishing areas fishermen using cooperation with and dumping period where dredging the area on a E&S Consultant discussions spoils are regular basis with dumped fishermen Impacts on  Total PMU/DWIR in PMU/DWIR Continual Any complaint ambient volume/intensity cooperation with in requires response and of dredging E&S Consultant cooperation corrective action 213 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 environmental  Hours/day of with quality dredging Contractor operation  Number of complaints Utilization of  Volume of spoil PMU/DWIR PMU/DWIR Not specified dredged for further use in material (tons or m3) cooperation  Volume of spoil with for on-land Contractor disposal and area taken up by the deposit site  Volume of spoil for dispersion in river Dredged  Presence of PMU/DWIR in Sampling Not specified MRC standards for material contaminants in cooperation with Lower Mekong contamination the spoil: E&S Consultant sediment o Heavy metals (Mercury, Lead, Arsenic, Chromium) o Oil and grease o Pesticides  Volume of contaminated spoil for further treatment Implementation of the ESMP-related monitoring component will take place along with the respective ESMPs, which also include provisions for reporting of the results. In this manner the PMU/DWIR Environmental and Social safeguard staff will conduct the overall monitoring and will be able to compile adequate results for Sub-project 1 implementation reporting based on the:  Own observation of the construction site(s) and dredging operations - regular and random inspections;  Own records from the meetings, notifications and/or complaints and interactions with stakeholders;  Environmental monitoring reporting prepared periodically (i.e. inception, mid-term, and final Report) by the external Environmental and Social Consultant;  Reporting by the Contractor. Long-term (post-project) monitoring The proposed long-term (post-project) monitoring is intended to focus on change in key selected indicators to check development of preliminary identified risks and to capture unforeseen impacts. 214 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The lack of certainty about the future development of certain critical features of the local environment established during the impact assessment (see Chapter 5) means that some potential future changes (including change negatively impacting local inhabitants or ecosystems) might be impossible to clearly attribute to the effects of the Subproject 1. This in turn makes any present attempt to design mitigation and/or compensation measures addressing such problematic aspects likely inadequate. At the same time, the present lack of certainty and missing basis for identification of (in the future) potentially affected parties (to allow for a meaningful individual compensation nif applicable), shall not result in disregarding the concerns of local communities or ecosystem protection objectives. Therefore, the proposed long-term (post-project) monitoring shall be understood as a key component of a broader framework for an adaptive management of the environmental and social conditions in the context of the water way improvement planning. Such adaptive management shall thus inevitably include actions beyond the scope of the Subproject 1. Following key issues shall be subject of long-term monitoring: Table 10.3: Indicators for long-term monitoring Key Responsibility Frequency of Threshold triggering Indicator/s Source of data issue/Impact for monitoring measurements further action Development  Flow distribution DWIR Bathymetric Seasonally Reduction by 20 % of the  Area and depth of measurements compared to baseline morphology the fishing inns of the side channels Impacts on  Numbers of Department of Department of Annually Reduction of fisheries fishermen using Fisheries Fisheries: indicators´ values by the side channels Auctions of the 20 % compared each year and fishing present values (3 years fishing effort licenses. average)  Reported catch Annual focus reduction group  Changes in value of discussions the fishing licenses with fishermen using the side channels Limited access  Number of days DWIR in Reports of Annually Reduction by 20 % of side accessible by ferry cooperation ferry compared to baseline channels for with Concerned operators ferry communities transport Reduction of  Number of days DWIR in Own Seasonally Reduction by 20 % water without flow in the cooperation observations compared to baseline resources for side channels with Concerned the adjacent communities communities Bank erosion  Number of new DWIR in Own Seasonally Not specified erosion hotspots cooperation observations concerning local with Concerned communities communities  Total length of bank area of erosion hotspots 10.2.1 Implementation of the long-term monitoring 215 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The issues to be monitored within the long-term monitoring framework are proposed because they concern environmental changes that a) are likely to be detected only within several years after interventions planned under Subproject 1, and b) if they occurtheir causal link with the Subproject 1 interventions will be difficult to establish. Regardless of the acknowledged uncertainties, it is in the public interest that the above indicated environmental issues represented by the selected indicators shall be monitored and some framework for adaptive management shall be developed independently of the limited temporal and financial scope of the Subproject 1. Following capacities and resources shall be possible for the DWIR/PMUto mobilize without additional excessive costs to ensure sustainability of the Long-term monitoring in the upcoming 5-10 years:  Annual dredging and water way development planning for the Mandalay area shall include as far as possible above indicated indicators (i.e. bathymetric measurements in side channels)  Stretch 1 development planning and accompanied studies to be prepared within the scope of the AIRBMshall include (i.e. in respective ToRs) dedicated baseline and subsequent monitoring analyses of the relevant indicators in the Subproject 1 area (i.e. erosion hotspots, water resources access of the local communities, etc.)  DWIR/PMU shall request cooperation of other relevant organizations and stakeholders e.g.: o Department of Fisheries to share data for relevant indicators (and include additional reporting requirements in the conditions for fishing lease contracts if suitable) o Department of Transport to share data for relevant indicators (and include additional reporting requirements in the conditions for ferry services license contracts if suitable) o Township administrations to share existing relevant information o Mandalay university to adjust field research program to assist to the Long-term monitoring needs 216 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 11 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATES In the time of this draft ESIA report preparation the Subproject 1 planning comprises three components with following tentative implementation schedule: 1. Bank protection - to commence construction in February 2018 2. Roughness measures (concrete porcupines and hedges) - to commence construction in October 2018 3. Dredging program - the location and extent/volume of dredging required in 2018/19 in the upstream and downstream areas is still to be specified. With the exception of the bank protection component, the detailed implementation schedule and work plan for construction and dredging (if any) works is not yet available and therefore three ESMP with different level of detail were prepared (see Chapter 8). At this stage therefore only limited estimation of costs associated with the implementation of environmental and social impacts mitigation measures and monitoring is possible. Following key costs can be indicated: Table 11.1: Estimation of direct costs for implementation of the ESIA recommended mitigation and monitoring measures Item Estimated Cost (USD) Subtotal (USD) Direct costs of the ESMP implementation 29.100 ESMP for Bank protection component 11.800 ESMP for the Porcupines and vegetation hedges component 11.800 ESMP for the Dredging component 5.500 Costs allocated for compensation through ARAP Up to 20.000 ARAP for the Bank protection Low thousands ARAP for the Porcupines and vegetation hedges component Low thousands ARAP for the Dredging component Low thousands Total Up to 50.000 In addition, given to the nature of the project and uncertainties encountered during the ESIA, it is acknowledged that certain costs might arise in connection with monitoring and management of ongoing environmental changes in the Sub-project 1 area (see Chapter 6, and section 9.2 for description of the rationale). These costs shall however not be understood as directly induced by the Subproject 1 implementation, as they are associated rather with the management of general environmental change that would likely in some way arrived regardless of the design of the Subproject 1 interventions. Table 11.2: Indication of potential costs for implementation of the ESIA recommended additional steps to improve management of social and environmental issues in the Sub-project 1 area Item Cost (USD) Subtotal (USD) Long-term monitoring Thousands per annum Procured analyses (including monitoring of relevant Thousands issues in the Sub-project 1 area in the ToR of future analytical works conducted in the context of AIRBM planning for Stretch 1) Adjusting reporting procedures and cooperation of No direct costs DWIR with other institutions. No direct costs Future adaptive management actions Thousands per annum Bank erosion control/protection Uncertain 217 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Item Cost (USD) Subtotal (USD) Water resources improvement (donation of tube wells 10.000-20.000 to disadvantaged communities) in total Fisheries policy improvement (e.g. illegal fishing Thousands control) Leasing rates and conditions adjustment Total Thousands annually + Tens of thousands in investment measures or other one-time spendings 218 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 12 APPENDIX 1: BASELINE SAMPLING RESULTS Air quality Table 12.1: Air quality parameters recorded during the survey period [AQ_01] Temperat Humidity Direction (mg/m3) Relative (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) ure (°C) PM2.5 speed PM10 Wind Wind NO2 SO2 (%) CO Time 9:30 1 1 7 8 17 68 29 69 9.2 10:00 1 1 24 9 17 70 29 64 8.1 10:30 1 1 9 9 17 69 29 52 7.1 11:00 1 1 14 8 17 69 29 53 10.2 11:30 2 1 52 8 17 69 29 53 11.7 12:00 2 1 19 8 18 70 29 57 13.6 12:30 2 1 19 8 17 70 29 61 12.1 13:00 2 1 19 8 18 71 29 54 8.6 13:30 1 1 19 8 17 69 29 57 11.4 14:00 1 1 19 8 17 68 29 53 10.7 14:30 1 1 19 8 18 69 29 50 9.2 15:00 2 1 19 9 18 70 30 54 8.4 15:30 2 1 19 8 18 69 30 51 8.3 16:00 1 2 19 8 19 68 29 53 9.6 16:30 1 2 19 8 20 66 29 54 9.5 17:00 1 2 2 8 19 68 29 56 9.7 17:30 2 2 2 8 20 66 29 70 8.6 18:00 2 2 2 8 19 70 29 61 6.8 18:30 3 2 2 8 20 70 29 59 6.2 19:00 3 2 2 8 19 69 29 56 7.1 19:30 2 2 2 8 19 69 29 58 8 20:00 2 2 2 8 19 70 29 51 8.6 20:30 1 2 2 9 21 73 28 59 8.4 21:00 2 2 2 9 19 74 28 62 6.4 21:30 2 2 2 9 19 75 28 58 5.2 22:00 3 1 2 9 19 75 28 62 6.9 22:30 3 1 19 9 19 74 28 62 6.9 23:00 2 1 19 10 19 76 28 64 6.5 23:30 2 1 19 9 19 76 28 62 6 0:00 1 1 19 9 19 75 28 58 6.1 0:30 1 1 19 10 19 74 28 61 7.8 1:00 1 1 19 9 19 74 28 66 7.5 1:30 2 1 2 9 19 75 28 64 6.1 2:00 2 1 2 11 19 74 28 57 7.2 2:30 3 1 2 9 19 72 28 59 8.5 3:00 3 1 2 10 17 71 29 62 8.7 3:30 2 1 2 11 17 70 29 57 7.7 219 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Temperat Humidity Direction (mg/m3) Relative (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) ure (°C) PM2.5 speed PM10 Wind Wind NO2 SO2 (%) CO Time 4:00 2 0 2 11 19 71 29 60 8.1 4:30 3 0 19 10 19 71 29 55 7.5 5:00 1 0 19 11 22 69 29 55 8.8 5:30 2 0 19 10 20 69 29 58 10.2 6:00 2 1 19 10 20 70 29 60 8.1 6:30 3 1 2 10 19 71 29 58 7.7 7:00 3 1 2 10 20 71 29 60 7.7 7:30 2 1 2 11 22 70 29 62 9.5 8:00 2 1 2 10 21 70 29 67 9 8:30 4 1 2 10 22 72 28 67 7.3 9:00 4 1 2 11 22 73 28 70 7.2 Table 12.2: Air quality parameters recorded during the survey period [AQ_02] Temperat Humidity Direction (mg/m3) Relative (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) ure (°C) PM2.5 speed PM10 Wind Wind NO2 SO2 (%) CO Time 9:30 2 0 16 8 16 68 28 149 9.3 10:00 2 0 11 8 16 66 28 160 5.9 10:30 2 0 18 8 16 67 28 183 6.1 11:00 2 0 18 9 16 69 28 188 7.1 11:30 2 0 18 9 17 67 30 182 7.7 12:00 2 0 18 9 17 67 30 149 5.9 12:30 2 0 18 9 17 69 30 150 3.8 13:00 2 0 18 9 17 69 30 145 6.7 13:30 1 1 18 10 17 67 30 154 6.3 14:00 0 1 18 9 18 68 30 152 5.9 14:30 0 1 18 9 17 68 29 161 5.9 15:00 0 1 18 10 18 67 29 154 6.1 15:30 0 1 13 9 17 68 29 147 7.2 16:00 0 2 4 9 17 67 29 150 4.5 16:30 0 2 6 11 18 67 29 162 3.9 17:00 0 2 17 9 18 66 29 187 5.1 17:30 2 2 0 10 18 67 29 193 3.6 18:00 2 2 19 11 19 68 29 185 3.8 18:30 3 2 19 11 20 67 28 173 5.2 19:00 3 2 19 10 19 67 28 187 8.3 19:30 2 2 19 11 20 67 28 173 8.1 20:00 2 2 19 10 19 67 28 179 5.1 20:30 1 2 19 10 20 63 28 147 5.3 21:00 2 2 19 10 19 64 28 160 6.5 21:30 2 2 19 10 19 64 28 154 8.6 220 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Temperat Humidity Direction (mg/m3) Relative (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) ure (°C) PM2.5 speed PM10 Wind Wind NO2 SO2 (%) CO Time 22:00 3 1 19 11 19 67 28 160 7.6 22:30 3 1 11 10 21 65 28 189 8.7 23:00 2 1 14 10 19 63 28 151 7.2 23:30 2 2 10 11 19 65 28 183 6.5 0:00 1 2 16 10 19 65 28 176 7.7 0:30 1 2 19 10 19 65 28 175 4.4 1:00 1 2 17 10 19 64 28 130 2.6 1:30 2 2 1 10 19 63 28 145 3 2:00 2 2 17 10 19 63 28 180 3 2:30 3 2 12 10 19 64 28 159 4.3 3:00 3 2 12 10 19 64 28 174 1.9 3:30 2 1 12 10 19 65 28 151 2 4:00 2 1 12 10 19 65 28 167 3.4 4:30 1 1 12 10 19 67 28 133 4.5 5:00 1 1 12 11 17 66 28 144 2.3 5:30 1 1 12 11 17 67 28 131 4.4 6:00 1 1 12 13 19 67 28 143 6.7 6:30 1 1 12 12 19 67 29 141 4.2 7:00 1 1 12 14 22 67 29 147 4 7:30 1 1 15 13 20 67 29 143 4.3 8:00 1 1 13 14 20 67 29 131 3.5 8:30 4 1 22 13 19 67 29 110 2.2 9:00 4 1 15 13 20 67 30 130 5.5 Surface water quality sampling: dry and monsoon sampling Table 12.3: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 01 Results Surface Water Points (SW_01) Parameter Dry season (28/04 - Monsoon (18 to Unit 03/05/2017) 23/ Sep/2017) 1 Temperature 22.71 27.54 ˚C 2 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) 8.75 8.6 mg /l 3 pH 8.35 7.15 - 4 BOD 10 10 mg O2/L 5 COD 32 64 ppm 6 Turbidity 111 58.2 NTU 7 Conductivity 0.052 0.071 mS/cm 8 Oxidation Reduction Potential 289 283 mV 9 Total Hardness 26 38 mg/l as CaCO3 10 Carbonate Nil Nil mg/l as CaCO3 11 Iron 3.8 2.1 mg/l 12 Manganese Nil Nil ppm 221 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Results Surface Water Points (SW_01) Parameter Dry season (28/04 - Monsoon (18 to Unit 03/05/2017) 23/ Sep/2017) 13 Chloride (as Cl) 4 2 mg /l 14 Sulphate (as SO4) 5 2 mg /l 15 Total Dissolved Solid 0.035 0.046 mg /l 16 Suspended Solid 152 70 mg /l 17 Ammonia Nil 0.11 mg /l 18 Arsenic 0 Nil mg /l 19 Chromium 0.001114 0 mg /l 20 Lead 0 Nil mg /l 21 Zinc Nil Nil mg /l 22 Cadmium 0 0 mg /l 23 Copper Nil Nil Mg/l 24 Salinity 0 - ppt 25 Specific gravity 0 - Sigmat 26 Total coliforms >16 18 MPN/100ml 27 Faecal coliforms 0 - MPN/100ml 28 Ecoli ,Escheric 0 - MPN/100ml 29 Oil and Grease 43.9 4.39 ppm 30 Mercury (x10-5) 1.20 - Mg/l The following tables shows the national and international standards for surface and drinking water quality. Table 12.4: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 02 Results Surface Water Points (SW_02) Parameter Dry season (28/04 - Monsoon (18 to Unit 03/05/2017) 23/ Sep/2017) 1 Temperature 22.71 28.82 ˚C 2 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) 8.75 8.09 mg /l 3 pH 8.35 7.32 - 4 BOD 10 12 mg O2/L 5 COD 32 64 ppm 6 Turbidity 111 34.6 NTU 7 Conductivity 0.052 0.117 mS/cm 8 Oxidation Reduction Potential 289 277 mV 9 Total Hardness 26 42 mg/l as CaCO3 10 Carbonate Nil Nil mg/l as CaCO3 11 Iron 3.8 2.7 mg/l 12 Manganese Nil Nil ppm 13 Chloride (as Cl) 4 3 mg /l 14 Sulphate (as SO4) 5 3 mg /l 15 Total Dissolved Solid 0.035 0.076 mg /l 16 Suspended Solid 152 86 mg /l 222 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 17 Ammonia Nil 0.1 mg /l 18 Arsenic 0 Nil mg /l 19 Chromium 0.001114 0 mg /l 20 Lead 0 Nil mg /l 21 Zinc Nil Nil mg /l 22 Cadmium 0 0 mg /l 23 Copper Nil Nil Mg/l 24 Salinity 0 - ppt 25 Specific gravity 0 - Sigmat 26 Total coliforms >16 16 MPN/100ml 27 Faecal coliforms 0 - MPN/100ml 28 Ecoli ,Escheric 0 - MPN/100ml 29 Oil and Grease 43.9 6.2 ppm 30 Mercury (x10-5) 1.20 - Mg/l The following tables shows the national and international standards for surface and drinking water quality. Table 12.5: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 03 Results Surface Water Points (SW_03) Parameter Dry season (28/04 - Monsoon (18 to Unit 03/05/2017) 23/ Sep/2017) 1 Temperature 22.71 27.65 ˚C 2 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) 8.75 8.55 mg /l 3 pH 8.35 6.87 - 4 BOD 10 12 mg O2/L 5 COD 32 64 ppm 6 Turbidity 111 57.1 NTU 7 Conductivity 0.052 0.07 mS/cm 8 Oxidation Reduction Potential 289 303 mV 9 Total Hardness 26 32 mg/l as CaCO3 10 Carbonate Nil Nil mg/l as CaCO3 11 Iron 3.8 2.48 mg/l 12 Manganese Nil Nil ppm 13 Chloride (as Cl) 4 2 mg /l 14 Sulphate (as SO4) 5 5 mg /l 15 Total Dissolved Solid 0.035 0.045 mg /l 16 Suspended Solid 152 79 mg /l 17 Ammonia Nil 0.12 mg /l 18 Arsenic 0 Nil mg /l 19 Chromium 0.001114 0 mg /l 20 Lead 0 Nil mg /l 21 Zinc Nil Nil mg /l 22 Cadmium 0 0 mg /l 23 Copper Nil Nil Mg/l 223 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 24 Salinity 0 - ppt 25 Specific gravity 0 - Sigmat 26 Total coliforms >16 20 MPN/100ml 27 Faecal coliforms 0 - MPN/100ml 28 Ecoli ,Escheric 0 - MPN/100ml 29 Oil and Grease 43.9 8.26 ppm 30 Mercury (x10-5) 1.20 - Mg/l Table 12.6: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 04 Results Surface Water Points (SW_04) Parameter Dry season (28/04 - Monsoon (18 to Unit 03/05/2017) 23/ Sep/2017) 1 Temperature 8.32 28.21 ˚C 2 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) 7.19 8.32 mg /l 3 pH 12 7.19 - 4 BOD 64 12 mg O2/L 5 COD 50.4 64 ppm 6 Turbidity 0.088 50.4 NTU 7 Conductivity 293 0.088 mS/cm 8 Oxidation Reduction Potential 44 293 mV 9 Total Hardness Nil 44 mg/l as CaCO3 10 Carbonate 2.58 Nil mg/l as CaCO3 11 Iron Nil 2.58 mg/l 12 Manganese 3 Nil ppm 13 Chloride (as Cl) 10 3 mg /l 14 Sulphate (as SO4) 0.057 10 mg /l 15 Total Dissolved Solid 88 0.057 mg /l 16 Suspended Solid 0.13 88 mg /l 17 Ammonia Nil 0.13 mg /l 18 Arsenic 0 Nil mg /l 19 Chromium Nil 0 mg /l 20 Lead Nil Nil mg /l 21 Zinc 0 Nil mg /l 22 Cadmium Nil 0 mg /l 23 Copper - Nil Mg/l 24 Salinity - - ppt 25 Specific gravity 21 - Sigmat 26 Total coliforms - 21 MPN/100ml 27 Faecal coliforms - - MPN/100ml 28 Ecoli ,Escheric 8.15 - MPN/100ml 29 Oil and Grease - 8.15 ppm 30 Mercury (x10-5) 28.21 - Mg/l 224 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Table 12.7: Results baseline sampling for the surface water monitoring site 05 Results Surface Water Points (SW_05) Parameter Baseline (28/04 - Monsoon (18 to Unit 03/05/2017) 23/ Sep/2017) 1 Temperature 22.71 27.56 ˚C 2 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) 8.75 8.61 mg /l 3 pH 8.35 6.82 - 4 BOD 10 10 mg O2/L 5 COD 32 64 ppm 6 Turbidity 111 59.1 NTU 7 Conductivity 0.052 0.07 mS/cm 8 Oxidation Reduction Potential 289 301 mV 9 Total Hardness 26 30 mg/l as CaCO3 10 Carbonate Nil Nil mg/l as CaCO3 11 Iron 3.8 2.2 mg/l 12 Manganese Nil Nil ppm 13 Chloride (as Cl) 4 2 mg /l 14 Sulphate (as SO4) 5 8 mg /l 15 Total Dissolved Solid 0.035 0.045 mg /l 16 Suspended Solid 152 75 mg /l 17 Ammonia Nil 0.11 mg /l 18 Arsenic 0 Nil mg /l 19 Chromium 0.001114 Nil mg /l 20 Lead 0 Nil mg /l 21 Zinc Nil Nil mg /l 22 Cadmium 0 Nil mg /l 23 Copper Nil Nil Mg/l 24 Salinity 0 - ppt 25 Specific gravity 0 - Sigmat 26 Total coliforms >16 5 MPN/100ml 27 Faecal coliforms 0 - MPN/100ml 28 Ecoli ,Escheric 0 - MPN/100ml 29 Oil and Grease 43.9 5.32 ppm 30 Mercury (x10-5) 1.20 - Mg/l 225 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 13 APPENDIX 2: INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS International Water quality standards MRC criteria29 Surface water quality QCVN 08:2008 WHO National - Unit standards WQCA WQCH & 2015 / standard (MNEQEG)(max) [measured] BTNMT@ limit 1 Temperature - natural natural - - ˚C Dissolve Oxygen 2 - >5 ≥6 ≥5 - Mg/l (DO) 3 pH 6-9 6-9 6-9.1 6-8.5 6.5-8.5 S.U. 4 BOD 30 3 4 ≥6 - Mg O2/L 5 COD 125 (ppm) - 5 15 - (mg/l) 6 Turbidity - - - 5 NTU 70-150 7 Conductivity - - - - µmho/cm µS/m Oxidation 8 Reduction - - - - - mV Potential Mg/l as 9 Total Hardness - - - 500 500 CaCO3 Mg/l as 10 Carbonate - - - - - CaCO3 11 Iron - - - 1 0.3 Mg/l 12 Manganese - - - 0.5 mg/l 0.05 mg/l Ppm 13 Chloride (as CL) - - - 400 250 Mg/l Sulphate (as 14 - - - - 200 Mg/l SO4) Total Dissolved 15 - - - 500 1500 Mg/l Solid 16 Suspended Solid 50 - - 20 - Mg/l 17 Ammonia - 0.1 - - - Mg/l 18 Arsenic - 10 10 0.01 0.01 Mg/l 19 Chromium - 50 50 0.05 0.05 Mg/l 20 Lead - 50 50 0.02 0.001 Mg/l 21 Zinc - - - 0.5 5 Mg/l 22 Cadmium - 5 5 0,005 0.003 Mg/l 23 Copper - - - 0.02 2 Mg/l 24 Salinity - - - - - ppt 25 Specific gravity - - - - - Sigmat 26 Total coliforms 400 - - 2500 Satisfactory MPN/100ml 27 Faecal coliforms - - - - Satisfactory MPN/100ml 28 Ecoli ,Escheric - - - 20 Satisfactory MPN/100ml 29 Oil and Grease 10 - - 0.01 - Mg/l 29WQCA - MRC criteria and target value for the protection of aquatic life WQCH - MRC criteria and target value for the protection of human health 226 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 MRC criteria29 Surface water quality QCVN 08:2008 WHO National - Unit standards WQCA WQCH & 2015 / standard (MNEQEG)(max) [measured] BTNMT@ limit 30 Mercury - 0.001 0.002 0.001 - Mg/l Explanation of used methodology to assess the surface water quality parameters A. Myanmar’s National Environmental Quality (Emission) Guidelines (MNEQEG) 30 On noise, vibration, air emissions, liquid discharges from sources - This is not applicable to the type of projectedunder Subproject 1. B. Emision-port_EMF_June2017 For ports and harbours C. Mekong River Commission Source: 1. MRC (2014). Multi-Media (Water, Sediment, Biota) Monitoring and Assessment Report, MRC Technical Paper No. 41. Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, 134 pp. 2. Kongmeng LY, Henrik LARSEN (2014), 2014 LOWER MEKONG REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING REPORT, MRC Technical Paper No. 60, Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, 56 pp. D. Vietnamese surface water quality standards (Ministry Of Natural Resources And Environment) QCVN 08:2008 & A1 - Use for domestic water supply purposes (after applying conventional treatment), 2015/ BTNMT conservation of aquatic plants and for other purposes such as type A2, B1 and B2) BOD at 200C @ Cadmium and hardness - as for underground water quality Chloride (as CL) as 'Clorua’ Chloride (Cl-) Conductivity µmho/cm (1 µmho/cm = 1 µS/cm) - 70-150 µS/m= 0.7-1.5 mS/cm Column B specifies C value of pollution parameters as a basis for calculating the permissible maximum value in domestic wastewater as being discharged into water resources not used Total coliforms for the purpose of domestic water supply (with water quality equivalent to that in column B1 and B2 of the national technical Regulation on surface water or coastal water quality). Chromium Total chromium as used in QCVN 09:2015/BTNMT - not in QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT 1. VIETNAM MONRE - QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on underground water quality; Source: 2. VIETNAM MONRE - QCVN 09:2015/BTNMT - National Technical Regulation on underground water quality (only available in Vietnamese language); 30GMS EOC - Myanmar’s National Environmental Quality (Emission) Guidelines - GMS Economic Cooperation Program 227 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 14 APPENDIX 3: PUBLIC CONSULTATION PARTICIPANT LIST Contact Details of Stakeholders’ Level Stakeholders Name Title/Position Email Tel Mr.Myo Thin Minister 09 431 45 887 ECD Mr.Min Thein Deputy Director myanmarseal@gmail.com 09 971 114 080 Mr.Zaw Min Thaik Deputy Director zawmintheikengineer@gmail.com 333 23 680 Rural Department Ms.Thiri Win Officer 09 775 735 547 Ms.Kyauk Kyauk Khaing 09 402 521 810 Township and Region (where applicable) Mr.Win San Deputy Director Yaungni.yn65@gmail.comm 200 0 445 D.W.I.R Mr.Mya Than Assistant Director myathan.mya@gmail.com 09 421 600 4219 Mr.Saung Daing Deputy Director saungdaing@gmail.com 09 442 220 219 Mr.Zaw Min Officer zawminsdg@gmail.com 09 537 0 471 Irregation Department Mr.Than Oo Assistant Director than1973@gmail.com 09 534 1 767 G.A.D (Sagaing) Mr.Win Min Htun Assistant Director jackowin@gmail.com 09 431 110 82 Ms.Thet Mu Assistant Director Thetmu3848@gmail.com 09 216 6 247 G.A.D Mr.Win Hlaing Officer 30 street ,corner of 68 street 09 457 867 841 IWT (Ports and Inland Water Transport) Mr.Tun Tun Oo IWT 35 Street,Sein Pan Quarter 09 539 6 129 Mr.Tin Htun Aung Officer 09 202 7 701 Agriculture Ms.Kyi Assistant Director 09 256 008 090 DALMS (Department of Agricultural Land Mr.Myat Thu Wai Deputy Officer Ah Shae Pyin Staff Housing,Mandalay 09 896 801 046 Management and Statistics) Herbal Medicine Dept Ms.NI NI Than 09 259 020 149 Ministry of Construction Ms.Nyein Nyein Hlaing Assistant Director 28 street between 70 x 71 street 09 767 876 78 Ministry of Construction (Bridge Construction 1) Ms.Khin Myat Thu Win Assistant Director MCDC (UPALD) Mr.Zaw Zaw Tun 36 street between 69 x 70 street 09 441022 087 Zoology Dept (Mandalay University) Dr.Naw Dolly Wilbur Professor naw.wilbur@gmail.com 09 522 8 412 Universities & (Ms) Institutes Research Zoology Dept (Mandalay University) Dr.Soe Soe Aye(Ms) Professor soesoeaye@gmail.com 09 334 73 080 Zoology Dept (Mandalay University) Dr.Moe Moe Khaing (Ms) Associate Professor Moemoeohn95@gmail.com 09 973 519 673 Zoology Dept (Mandalay University) Dr.Ni Ni Win (Ms) Associate Professor niniwinzoo@gmail.com 09 256 262 697 Mandalay University Dr.Nay Myo Hlaing (Mr) Assistant Lecturer nmhlaing01@gmail.com 09 782 037 597 Mr.San Myint Vice President 32 street between 68 x 69 street 09 256 032 219 CSOs Dr.Aung Win Kyi (Mr) President Aungwinkyi23@gmail.com 09 253 282 210 Dr.Aung Myaing (Mr) General Secretary Profaungmyaing723@gmail.com 09 442 078 793 228 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Contact Details of Stakeholders’ Level Stakeholders Name Title/Position Email Tel G.A.M (Geographic Association Myanmar) Dr.Win Maung (Mr) Professor (Rtd) drwmgbakba@gmail.com 09 777 734 116 MCPNC Mr.Tun San 09 793 991 521 MATA Mr.Thaw Thaw Htet thtet336@gmail.com 09 797 128 289 Mr.Cells Leading Member 09 402 504 046 Mr.Myo Min Thet Member 09 440 055 092 Mr.Win Min Naing Oo Member Mr.Khin Maung Aye Member Vedkhumar019@gmail.com 09 201 4 696 Natural Green Alliance Dr.Hla Min (Mr) Member 09 256 517 655 Mr.Maung Maung Oo Leading Member Assic9@gmail.com 09 202 4 423 Mr.Chit Ko Ko angle.v.mdy@gmail.com 09 449 192 288 Sein Yaung So Ms.Khin Nilar Mya knlm.mdy@gmail.com 09 431 03 804 Mr.Aung Zeyya 09 444 009 112 Mr.Maung Maung Thant 09 259 511 328 Tha Bar Wa Sein Tamar Yeik (Mandalay) Ms.Tin Mar Yee Tinmaryi.mdy@gmail.com 09 976 1616 791 ?? Mr.Win Maung Mawyagarwi,Mdy 09 798 887 576 Mr.Thein Myo Win 09 792 996 870 MDS Mr.Kyaw Zin Win 09 444 033 486 Mr.Ye Htet Hein 09 444 033 486 MBCCD,AUDP Mr.Zaw Lin Coordinator zawlinwaz@gmail.com 09 797 284 746 IFI Watch Mr.Htet Aung Shine Campaign cc.ifiwatchmyanmar@gmail.com Coordinator Ms.Lin Khin Hlaing Hlaing Senior Program Spc.ifiwatchmyanmar@gmail.com 09 422 521 294 Coordinator Min Ye Hla Village Mr.Kyi Toe 09 760 614 620 Mr.Zaw Oo 09 780 864 341 Leaders/Villagers Mr.Tin Soe 09 780 864 341 Village Tract Mr.Thein Soe 09 770 332 508 Mr.Tun Lu Kyun Sin Village Mr.Swe Oo Mr.Paw Thaung Mr.Myint Than Mr.Kyaw Min Tun Village tract leader 229 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Contact Details of Stakeholders’ Level Stakeholders Name Title/Position Email Tel Mr.Khin Mg Win 09 402 721 354 Mr.Kyaw Hmwe Mr.Ye Min Tun Mr.Aung Win Hin Ywat Su Village Mr.Tun Tun Oo Mr.Swe Htun Mr.Htay Lwin Mr.Aung Min Nyaung Pin Thar Village Mr.Aung Kyaw Win Mr.Khin Maung Aye Mr.Naing Soe Mr.Tint Swe Mr.Aung Gyi Mr.Maung Maung Sel Tar Mr.Myint Lwin Mr.Khaing Zaw Htike Bo Hla Kone Village Mr.Nyein Maung ?? Mr.Zaw Zin Mr.Win Oo Myanmar Times Mr.Kyaw Ko Ko 09 402 600 99 Democracy Today Thiha Ko Ko Reporter asce.democracytoday@gmail.com 09 430 596 87 Mizzima Mr.Aung Ko Oo Reporter akomdy@mizzima@gmail.com 09 400 263 7997 Mr.Aung Myat Soe Host aungmyatsoe18com 09 971 002 593 Sky Net Mr.Ye Yint Thu Cameraman yytrapper@gmail.com 02 76 660 Ms.Ei Moh Moh Khaing Reporter Eimon.mdy2013@gmail.com 09 782 857 528 Media Myanmar Digital News Modern Kumudra Ms.Khatar Phyu Reporter khatarphyu@gmail.com 09 444 031 183 Daily Eleven Ms.Lae Lae Aung Reporter Laelae181@gmail.com 09 797 138 224 The Voice Mr.Yan Moe Naing Reporter yanmoenaing@gmail.com 09 254 294 884 The Fifth Wave Mr.Naing Lin Oo Nainglynnoo1995@gmail.com 09 400 012 616 7 Days News Mr.Se Thu Lin Reporter Sethulin122@gmail.com 09 259 478 632 Mandalay Daily Mr.Myo Kyaw Reporter myokyawmdy.news@gmail.com 09 910 42 918 09 402 716 407 230 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Contact Details of Stakeholders’ Level Stakeholders Name Title/Position Email Tel Mandalay Age (Journal) Mr.Lin Khaing Reporter jawkhinesweclym@gmail.com 09 265 893 998 MRTV Ms.Theint Theint Thu Reporter 09 977 130 801 Win Ms.Aung Zeyar Win Reporter aungzeyarwin@gmail.com 09 440 550 541 Mr.Arkar San Reporter Arkarsan16@gmail.com 09 262 169 209 Mr.Aung Ko Oo Cameraman Mr.Thiha Ko Ko Editor Ukkg278@gmail.com 09 426 500 625 DVB Mr.Eain Khaing Myae Reporter Ayekyawhtwe2012@gmail.com 09 962 218 857 Mr.Aung Myint Tun Writer 09 252 759 080 ?? Mr.Thein Naing 09 954 124 429 Mr.Rory Hunter ICEM Contry Director Rory.hunter@icem.com.au Mr.Alwin Commandeur RHDHV River Expert Alwin.commandeur@rhdhv.com 09 793 109 020 Project team Dr.Lwin Lwin Wai ICEM Yinn Mar Swe Hlaing ICEM Thinzar Oo ICEM 231 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 15 APPENDIX 4: PUBLIC CONSULTATION COMMENTS AND FEEDBACK MATRIX Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project (AIRBMP) Subcomponent 3.2. Navigation Improvements (Mandalay to Yangon with a focus on the Mandalay - NyaungOo section) Public consultation for the Draft ESIA of Subproject 1 and ESMP for Bank Protection Date: 18 January 2018 Time: 09h00am - 12h00am Location: Mandalay Opening Speech: U Myo Thit, Minister of MONREC Presenter: Detail Design (RHDHV), ESIA/ESMP (ICEM) Stakeholder Consultation Specialist: LwinLwin Wai Types of participants: CSOs, University teachers, Government officers & staff, INGO/NGOs, community members in project area Numbers of participants: approximately Representatives Discussuon Topics Ko Maung MaungOo,  Asked how the design (A3 and B4) options were selected. DWIR: The final design was selected considering the results of the MCA workshop CSO  Discussed about a fact mentioned in the draft executive and through stakeholder consultation. summary of ESIA report that Ayeyarwady River is an ICEM: The catchment area of the Ayeyarwady River Basin, includes China and International River. CSOs disagree this point, they India. However, will review the report and note in updated text that understood that Ayeyarwady is the start from confluence of theAyeyarwady River flows entirely in Myanmar. two sister rivers: MaliHka and N’mae Hka  Questioned about the dredging area highliged with yellow boundary (from Exectuive Summary for ESIA) and the level of RHDHV: No need to dredge near Ma-Yan-Chan Port at present. Future dredging in requirement for downstream dredging. Further, he asked downstream dredging will depend on movement of sandbar and sedimentation. about the definition of “no dredging” in this year. Modeling results and bathymetric surveys can improve dredging program. ICEM: The boundary for dredging was to indicate that the dredging area in upstream and downstream may vary over next 5 year. Will update map in final ESIA. Geography  Recommended about sand exploitation. When dredging, DWIR: Noted Association, NGO local community should be given work permit on sand mining enterprise to get local benefit. 232 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Nature Green Alliance,  Concern raised that Let Saung U village is facing serious DWIR: Subproject-1 area does not cover to that area, but we will study under the CSO erosion now, the village has moved 3 or 4 times due to Stretch 1. We already collected the interested consultancy firms for both design erosion. and ESIA study. The study is going to start in 2018. ICEM: We have already visited LetSaung U village on July 26 2017.We did social  River flows have alteredor decreased because of Lower survey and village tract consultation there as part of the Environmental and Social Yeywa hydropower plant located upstream in the Myitnge River. Consequently, a sand bar appeared under Innwa Assessment (ESA) of Stretch 1. We learnt that villagers were concerned about bridge in the Ayeyarwady River. erosion, however this consultation today only covers the Subproject 1 area.  Will the villagers from Let Saung U village participate in this workshop? Ko Maung MaungOo,  Regarding past dredging, dredged waste is disposed into the DWIR: It depends on the waterway condition and equipment available. If the CSO river. Instead of throwing the dredged material into the river, sandbar to be dredged out is in the mid of the channel, it is difficult for pumping it should be taken out of the river and used for construction. out to the bank. But we will consider the suggestion and discuss with businessman whenever it is feasible.  In term of porcupine structure, the tender system should be more transparent and anti- corrupt. This includes quality DWIR: We will do tender system according to international best practice and control specifications for the construction of concrete World Bank policy. RHDHV will monitor the construction and inspect the quality of beams. materials and equipment to international standards. Nature Green Alliance,  According to your data, there is a small concentration of ICEM: Clarified that these concentrations were in sediment samples not water CSO arsenic, heavy metals (lead, chromium) and mercury in the quality. At present the concentrations of arsenic, heavy metal and mercury are water quality samples which may contaminate drinking low, however recommending that sediment sampling is done pre and post water. dredging in the future. PMU: It is not likely that dredging will be carried out near the porcupine fields.  Will dredging be required in the area of the porcupines?  Who will inspect/monitor the quality of concrete piles (ie RHDHV will do monitoring of construction and inspect quality of concrete piles to tensile stretngh) and would this be DWIR or a third party ensure they meet international standards. Geography Discussed about the validity of RHDHV modeling, and wanted to RHDHV: The modeling shows the changes in sediment transport and water flow in Association, NGO know whethe the following was incorporated: wet/dry seasons and low, average and extreme years. The modeling is not perfect 1) erosion peak time but the model show how the Ayeyarwady River in the Subproject 1 may respond to river training measures and dredging in the future. 2) measurement of sediment load at the peak flow time 3) beadload sediment volume during the dry season 4) measurement of sediment load during the first high flow when erosion mostly occurs 233 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 5) Input and output of sediment volume in this section? 6) height of bank protection 7) gradient difference and height of the porcupines. Mandalay University  How do you compensate for the impacts of loss of farmland ICEM: It was explained that the farmers from Kyun Sin and Ta Laing Zin had agreed and fisheries? How do you consider compensation in the to the land donation process as they are concerned about the issues of riverbank short and long term? erosion. The construction area is also on the sandbars where there is no vegetation or agricultural land. Mitigation measures will be implemented through the ESMP to manage any impacts.  For biodiversity protection, how do mitigate for the loss of ICEM: Biodiversity protection and impacts on fisheries will be managed through habitat? How about mitigation plan? the ESMP. The contractor will also be trained and instructed that if any important birds (i.e. bar headed geese, ruddy shelduck) or turtles that they are to stop work immediately. For fisheries, a comprehensive baseline was established so that the short-term impacts of construction can be mitigated, and the longer-term impacts associated with the installation of the porcupines can be monitored post-project. Zoology Department,  How will drinking water be supplied to villages and ICEM: If necessary, plan on distribution of drinking water will have for community. Mandalay University consruction workers in the area? In a mitigation plan, will provide waste management education to construction  Mandalay University studied the concentration of chemicals workers. in water and also the concentration of chemicals and heavy metals in fish because of bioaccumulation, this may increase with the project. Mandalay University  Discussed about the measurement of water quality. How do ICEM: The ESIA took five samples during the dry and wet seasons, the objective is you measure water quality? Project planning stage? Yearly? to develop a baseline to measure the impacts of the project on water quality Do you have a plan to do data collection on fishes and during construction and installation of the bank protection. Total suspended solids biodiversity throughout the whole year? Suggested that long- (TSS) and turbidity will be measured during the ESMP and mitigations to reduce term data collection on aquatic ecosystem should be done spills and sediment mobilization implemented. For aquatic ecosystems, the before and after the project. monitoring program includes ESMP-related monitoring and post-project monitoring to measure any long-term or unforeseen impacts. Villager from Kyun Sin: Explained that they use tubewells for drinking water and not the riverwater. 234 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 MaungMaungOo, CSO  Suggested to have Good Grievance Mechanism during ICEM: It was explained that through consultation with villages in the Subproject 1 project implementation and monitoring group during the 5 area that an On-Site Project Implementation Committee (OPIC) would be years project period. established. The OPICwill be established to facilitate consultation on any issues of concern prior to and during construction. PMU: OPIC will include Grievance Mechanism and Monitoring Program. PMU: The financial reporting process is done annual and is described in AIRBM website: www.airbm.org  Suggested to havequality control inspection, cash flow and PMU: We have good experience of implemetnging porcupines in delta region. project implementing with transparency  What are the good example of porcupine and its advantages and disadvantges Head of Village, Kyun  Kyun Sin village is suffering annual erosion. Since water level PMU: Noted, at present, we are advertising the bid for bank protection in Sin village can be risen up again in April, he suggests starting the newspaper, it will close at the end of January and will plan to start the work in mid construction as early as possible of February. 235 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 16 APPENDIX 5: VOLUNTARY DONATION OF LAND AND ASSETS AGREEMENT FORM FOR SAGAING CHANNEL Project description: The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, and Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR), is implementing Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project (AIRBMP) with the support of World Bank. Aiming to promote safe navigation and improve public safety along the Mandalay waterway, component 3 (River navigation Enhancement) of AIRBM project will implement Hydraulic roughness measures (porcupines) and associated bank protection works in Side channel (Kho Taung ) and Middle Channel (Nyaung Pin Thar). Bank protection work will be implemented during 2017 ~ 2018 dry season and hydraulic measures will be implemented during 2018 ~ 2019 dry season respectively. The project would cover some land area along the river bank in order to implement bank protection at the side and middle channels and the owners/user of that land voluntary donate their land and assets for the sake of improvement of river and prevention of erosion. VOLUNTARY DONATION OF LAND AND ASSETS AGREEMENT FORM Name of Land User: ID Number: Beneficiary of the project: Y/N Sex: Age: Occupation: Contact address of affected person: Contact phone number: Village: Village Tract: Township: Region/State: Description of land that will be Area affected Total Land Ratio of land Map code: holding area affected to total taken by the project: (sqft): (sqft): land held: Description of crops growing on the land now and project impact: Type of crops Details Area of Crops Crop 1 : Crop 2 : Crop 3 : Others : Describe any other assets (if any) that will be lost or moved to implement the project: 236 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 By signing or providing thumb-print in this form, I, ________________________ the land user or owner agrees to donate land and/or assets to the State. The donation is voluntary. I acknowledge that I can refuse to sign or thumb print for donation and apply for compensation instead. Date----------------------- Date------------------------ Recipients Signature Donors Signature Date---------------------- Date ------------------------- Witness Signature Witness Signature Department of Agriculture Village Tract Administrator Land Management and Statistics (DALMS) 237 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 17 APPENDIX 7: VOLUNTARY DONATION OF LAND AND ASSETS AGREEMENT FORM FOR MIDDLE CHANNAL Project description: The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, and Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR), is implementing Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project (AIRBMP) with the support of World Bank. Aiming to promote safe navigation and improve public safety along the Mandalay waterway, component 3 (River navigation Enhancement) of AIRBM project will implement Hydraulic roughness measures (porcupines) and associated bank protection works in Side channel (Kho Taung) and Middle Channel (Nyaung Pin Thar). Bank protection work will be implemented during 2017 ~ 2018 dry season and hydraulic measures will be implemented during 2018 ~ 2019 dry season respectively. The project would cover some land area along the river bank in order to implement bank protection at the side and middle channels and the owners/user of those land voluntary donate their land and assets for the sake of improvement of river and prevention of erosion. VOLUNTARY DONATION OF LAND AND ASSETS AGREEMENT FORM Representative of Land User(s): Representative: Name: Beneficiary of the project: Y/N Representative ID Number: Sex: Age: Occupation: Contact Address of Representative: Village: Village Tract: Township: Region/State : Indicate type of land that will be Area affected Total Land Ratio of land Map code: donated to the State (please circle): holding area affected to total (sqft): (sqft): land held: Vacant land Farm land Grazing land Other (please specifiy): Description of crops growing on the land now and project impact: Type of crops Details Area of Crops Crop 1 : Crop 2 : 238 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Crop 3 : Others : Describe any other assets (if any) that will be lost or must be moved to implement the project: By signing or providing thumb-print in this form, I, ________________________ the representative of the land user agrees to donate land and/or assets to the State. The donation is voluntary. I acknowledge that I can refuse to sign or thumb print for donation, and apply for compensation instead. Date----------------------- Date------------------------ Recipients Signature Donors Signature Date---------------------- Date------------------------- Witness Signature Witness Signature Department of Agriculture Village Tract Administrator Land Management and Statistics (DALMS) 239 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 18 APPENDIX 8: LIST OF PAPS AND SIGNED LAND DONATION FORMS List of 17 PAPs from Sagaing Side Channel 18.1.1 Kyun Sin Village No. Name of Land User National ID Number Age Occupation 1 U Htun Lu 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 058434 56 Farmer 2 U Myint U 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 058434 53 Farmer 3 U Zaw Naing (on behalf of) U Thein Soe 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 090288 41 Farmer 4 U San Lwin 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 058446 53 Farmer 5 Daw Mar Mar Aye (on behalf of) Daw Nwet Nwet Win - 43 Farmer 6 Daw Khin Saw (on behalf of) U Wai Zin Soe - 26 Farmer 7 U Thein Po (on behalf of) U Aung Swe Oo 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 058523 48 Farmer 18.1.2 Ta Laing Zin Village No. Name of Land User National ID Number Age Occupation 1 U Tin Tun 5/Sa Ka Na (N) 063119 57 Farmer 2 U Kyaw Soe 5/Sa Ka Na (N) 005497 41 Farmer 3 U San Tun 5/Ma Ta Na (N) 034165 45 Farmer 4 U Zan Yin (on behalf of) Daw Htay Kyi 5/Sa Ka Na (N) 063108 - Farmer 5 U Win Myint 5/Sa Ka Na (N) 191639 42 Farmer 6 U Man Khin 5/Sa Ka Na (N) 063081 62 Farmer 7 U Myint Wai 5/Sa Ka Na (N) 063017 53 Farmer 8 U Myint Zaw 5/Sa Ka Na (N) 063189 55 Farmer 9 Daw Khin Pyone (on behalf of) U Myint Zaw 5/Sa Ka Ka (N) 063176 50 Farmer 10 U Than Soe 5/Sa Ka Ka (N) 063101 49 Farmer List of Representatives from Middle Channel 18.2.1 Seta Village Name of Representative of No. National ID Number Age Occupation Position Land Users 1 U Tint Swe 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 048551 71 Farmer 100 HH Head 18.2.2 Hinywetsu Village Name of Representative of No. National ID Number Age Occupation Position Land Users 1 U Kyaw Min Tun 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 000166 45 Farmer Village Head 18.2.3 Nyaung Pin Thar Village Name of Representative of No. National ID Number Age Occupation Position Land Users 1 U Khaing Zaw Htike 9/Pa Tha Ka (N) 092760 35 Farmer Village Head 240 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 241 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 242 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 243 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 244 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 245 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 246 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - 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March 2018 265 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 266 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 267 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 268 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 269 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 270 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 271 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 272 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 273 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 274 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 275 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 276 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 277 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 278 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 279 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 280 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 19 APPENDIX 8: COMPENSATION AGREEMENT FORM Compensation Agreement Form (Form - 1) (AIRBM Sub-Project 1) Compensation for affected peoples in Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages Date; ----------------------- Ministry of Transport, Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems is implementing AIRBM Project with the credit of World Bank. DWIR is responsible for smoothnessof commodities transportation and navigation of vessels along the Ayeyarwady River. DWIR will construct a field of porcupine structures to reduce water flow in secondary channels. Hence, valuation of the loss of crop is undertaken as follows: Total amount of produce = -----------------------------Viss/Crop type Current local price = ------------------------------Kyat/ Viss Amount of lost in MMK = ------------------------------Kyat/Crop Amount of compensation total = ---------------------- -------Kyat Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems has provided the compensated amount of the loss caused by construction activities and of placement of porcupine field to farmer who is household head namely ----------------------------- at the amount of -------------------------------------- Kyats (in words --------------------------------------------------- -----) was paid by --------------------------------------------------- infront of --------------------------------------, -------------------------- village. Witness Receiver Signature-------------------------- Name------------------------------- NRC No.------------------ Address -------------- Witness Receiver Signature ------------------------ Name ---------------------------- NRC No. -------------------------- Address --------------------------- 281 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 20 APPENDIX 9: COMPENSATION FOR AFFECTED PEOPLES IN KYUN SIN AND LET PAN VILLAGES Compensation for affected peoples in Kyun Sin and Let Pan villages Date; ----------------------- Ministry of Transport, Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems is implementing AIRBM Project with the credit of World Bank. DWIR is responsible for smoothnessof commodities transportation and navigation of vessels along the Ayeyarwady River. DWIR will construct a field of porcupine structures to reduce water flow in secondary channels. Hence, valuation of the loss of fish catches is undertaken as follows: Total amount of fish caught = ----------------------- Viss/day Current local fish price = -------------------------------Kyat/ Viss Amount of lost in MMK= ---------------------------------Kyat/day Total amount of loss for (----------) days= ---------------------------- Kyat Cost for relocation of huts (if any) = --------------------------------------Kyat Amount of compensation total = ---------------------- kyat Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems has provided the compensated amount of the loss caused by construction activities and of placement of porcupine field to fisherman who is household head namely ----------------------------- at the amount of -------------------------------------- Kyats (in words --------------------------------------------------- -----) was paid by --------------------------------------------------- infront of --------------------------------------, -------------------------- village. Witness Receiver Signature-------------------------- Name------------------------------- NRC No.------------------ Address -------------- Witness Receiver Signature ------------------------ Name ---------------------------- NRC No. -------------------------- Address --------------------------- 282 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 21 APPENDIX 10: TABLES OF PAP ENTITLED TO COMPENSATION Tables of PAP entitled to compensation List of farmers in Kyun Sin entitled to compensation Name Education Relationship Contact Benefit Item of HH Sex Age Occupation Address level to HH head number type head List of Kyun Sin ferry service license holders and workers entitled to compensation Education Relationship Contact Benefit Item Name Sex Age Occupation Address level to HH head number type 283 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 List of Kyun Sin village fishers entitled to compensation Education Relationship Contact Benefit Item Name Sex Age Occupation Address level to HH head number type List of Let Pan ferry service license holder and workers entitled to compensation Education Relationship Contact Benefit Item Name Sex Age Occupation Address level to HH head number type 284 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 22 APPENDIX 11: ESMP WEEKLY INSPECTION CHECKLIST Site: To be completed for Sagaing and Date: middle channel Completed Contractor by: representative: Waste management Waste management plan for solid wastes in place Yes  No  N/A  Waste management plan for domestic (sanitary) in place Yes  No  N/A  Skips/bins are provided at construction site Yes  No  N/A  Solid waste effectively collected on-site Yes  No  N/A  Solid waste transported off-site for disposal Yes  No  N/A  Incorrect solid waste disposal observed i.e. burning or disposal to river Yes  No  N/A  Toilets provided for on-site for employees Yes  No  N/A  No evidence of solid waste spills Yes  No  N/A  Observations (please provide text): Fuels and hazardous materials management Register maintained of fuel and other hazardous goods onsite Yes  No  N/A  Designated storage area for fuel and oil/grease for machinery Yes  No  N/A  Bunding or containment material provided in case of spill Yes  No  N/A  Designated re-fuelling area for machinery provided Yes  No  N/A  Oil spill response kit near storage area Yes  No  N/A  Fire extinguisher near storage area Yes  No  N/A  No visible signs of any spills of fuel or hazardous liquids Yes  No  N/A  Storage drums, containers or tanks in good condition Yes  No  N/A  Observations (please provide text): 285 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 Construction site and equipment management Construction site plan displayed in site office Yes  No  N/A  Emergency response plan communicated to employees/villages Yes  No  N/A  Safety fencing up during operation of excavators and other equipment Yes  No  N/A  Excavators operated safely and stored away from villages Yes  No  N/A  Dust control measures in place during earth works (dry channels) Yes  No  N/A  Equipment stored away from village area Yes  No  N/A  Equipment not stored on agricultural land or vegetation Yes  No  N/A  Clearance of vegetation only in designated areas Yes  No  N/A  No signs of increased sediment downstream of excavation or construction work Yes  No  N/A  (wet channels) No water quality, noise or dust issues reported to Contractor over last week Yes  No  N/A  Transport Management Transport management plan in place Yes  No  N/A  Designated access routes used for transporting materials/workers to site Yes  No  N/A  Liquid or solid wastes observed near boats unloading rocks and materials Yes  No  N/A  Clearance of vegetation only in designated areas Yes  No  N/A  Dust issues associated with access route Yes  No  N/A  Observations (please provide text): Biodiversity conservation Endangered or Vulnerable Species Observed on-site, near access road to temporary landing facility (please describe) Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 286 WB | ESIA and ESMP for Subproject 1, ESA for Stretch 1, and ESMP Monitoring and Reporting during Construction of Subproject 1| ICEM ESIAReport with ESMP - March 2018 The bar-headed goose Anser indicus Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris Turtles Livelihood activities (i.e. fishing, fuelwood collection) observed in channel and sandbar OPIC and community safety Designated area for construction camp/facilities provided Yes  No  N/A  Security or fencing in place to prevent unauthorised access to site Yes  No  N/A  Camp facilities provided away from nearby villages Yes  No  N/A  No construction impacts to pagoda or any areas of cultural significance Yes  No  N/A  Villages informed of Grievance Redress Mechanisms Yes  No  N/A  Workers/contract informed of reporting accidents or pollution incidents Yes  No  N/A  Construction or transport of materials affecting agricultural land Yes  No  N/A  Construction or transport of materials affecting channel Yes  No  N/A  Observations (please provide text): Corrective actions required Accidents or environmental and social issues reported in last week (please list): Items to be raised at next OPIC meeting (please list) Date of next inspection: 287