69822 v1 OVERVIEW Rapid Assessment for Resilient Recovery and Reconstruction Planning OVERVIEW Rapid Assessment for Resilient Recovery and Reconstruction Planning ©2012 The World Bank The World Bank 30th Floor, Siam Tower 989 Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand (66) 0-2686-8300 www.worldbank.org/th This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover Photographer: Chaiwat Subprasom/Reuters FOREWORD In 2011, Thailand suffered its worst floods in more than half a century. Caused by excessive and continuous rainfall from successive, powerful monsoons and subsequent, numerous dam breaches, the floods inundated more than six million hectares of land in 66 of the country’s 77 provinces, and affected more than 13 million people from July through December 2011. In response to the disaster, the Royal Thai Government established centralized flood monitoring and relief operations in mid-August, allocated extra flood-relief financial support to the affected provinces, and pledged investment in resilient recovery and reconstruction for all impacted sectors. In October, the Royal Thai Government, led by the Ministry of Finance, initiated an exercise to assess the economic and social impact of the floods and prepare recovery and reconstruction plans. This exercise was done in collaboration with the World Bank and various development partners. This Rapid Assessment for Resilient Recovery and Reconstruction Planning report is the result of the exercise which took place from November 4-25, 2011. Twenty-six of the country’s 66 affected provinces were included in the assessment, which examines 18 main sectors and used a comprehensive and internationally established methodology looking at damage and losses caused by the disaster. The report determines the country’s needs for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction and proposes short-, medium-, and long-term measures in each of the 18 sectors for a sustainable post-disaster reconstruction program. Drawing on global good practices for disaster risk management and building-back-better strategies, the report also gives suggestions on how to improve the resilience of the country’s infrastructure and its communities to the impacts of disasters. This report was made possible through the concerted efforts of government agencies, private sector partners, civil society organizations, and development partners. The speed with which such a comprehensive report was prepared is testimony to the remarkable dedication of a broad range of agencies and individuals, who came together as a team with one serious task at hand; to help the government of Thailand and its people form a full picture of the situation and the challenges ahead. There are many agencies and individuals whose great contributions deserve acknowledgement. This report, and the experience of producing it, will provide a strong foundation for the continued efforts of the government to develop a framework for strategic and rapid responses to future disasters and the integration of disaster prevention and mitigation efforts into a range of development activities for the benefit of the people of Thailand and the country’s future economic growth and prosperity. Areepong Bhoocha-oom Annette Dixon Permanent Secretary Country Director, Thailand Ministry of Finance The World Bank On behalf of the International Development Partners THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW i Christophe Archambault/AFP/Getty Images CONTENTS Foreword i Acronyms iv The Disaster 01 Economic and Social Impacts 02 Damage, Losses and Needs Assessment 04 Recovery and Reconstruction Strategy 05 I Provide support to the affected population with a particular focus on 06 vulnerable groups II Invest in a more climate resilient Thailand 08 III Invest in the competitiveness of the country to support resilient recovery 09 Acknowledgements 10 ACRONymS BBB Build-Back-Better CSOs Civil Society Organizations DAlA Damage, losses and Needs Assessment EWS Early Warning System Fy Fiscal year GDP Gross Domestic Product GPP Gross Provincial Product IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management NESDB National Economic and Social Development Board NGO Non-Governmental Organization THB Thai Baht USD United States Dollar iv THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW OVERVIEW In response to the prolonged and reported in several areas in the north in widespread flooding throughout Thailand May, and tropical depression Haima in 2011, the Royal Thai Government, in arrived in June followed by Nock-Ten in conjunction with the World Bank and July, the combination of which caused other development partners, undertook widespread flooding. The southwest this rapid assessment of the impact of the monsoon in August-September and the floods in 26 of the 66 affected provinces. northeast monsoon in October added to This report outlines these findings, the flooding, which was making its way including damage and loss estimates, into the central plains, filling many major social and economic impacts, and dams to capacity and causing breaches in proposes strategies for resilient recovery 10 major flood control structures. Some and reconstruction planning. 66 provinces were affected by severe, record-high flooding, including the Bangkok metropolitan area and its The Disaster surrounding areas.1 By November more than 5.5 percent of the total landmass in Heavy rain combined with multiple the country had been inundated, and at tropical storms throughout the extended the time of writing, approximately 11.2 rainy season played a large part in the million rai (18,000 km2) of farmland extensive flooding. Flash floods were Figure 1. Map of the maximum extent of the floods: September – November 2011 Layer Sources: Admin. Boundaries (DIVA-GIS), Flood Extent Layers (GISTDA). Disclaimer: The borders and coutry names used are indicative and do not represent the views of The World Bank Group. 1 From Thailand’s Meteorological Department (http://www.tmd.go.th/en/event/flood_in_2011.pdf). THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW 01 Christophe Archambault/AFP/Getty Images remained under water.2 Overall, the floods account for 80 percent of the private affected more than 13 million people and sector needs. As for the government, the resulted in more than 680 deaths. majority of needs are estimated to be for water resources management and for the rehabilitation of transportation facilities Economic and Social Impacts such as roads and bridges. Both commercial financial institutions and the The total damage and losses from the government’s specialized financial 2011 floods in Thailand amounted to institutions require approximately THB 411 THB 1.43 trillion (USD 46.5 billion), with billion (USD 14 billion) in loans for losses accounting for 56 percent of the rehabilitation and reconstruction. total. The manufacturing sector bore roughly 70 percent of the total damage Based on the DALA methodology, it is and losses due to the flooding of six estimated that the floods will reduce real industrial estates in Ayuthaya and Pathum GDP growth in 2011 by 1.1 percent from Thani from mid-October to November pre-flood projections. But the 2011. Overall, approximately 90 percent reconstruction that started in 2012 and of the damage and losses from the 2011 will largely be completed by year-end is floods were borne by the private sector. expected to increase real GDP growth in 2012 by 1.7 percent. That is, real GDP Rehabilitation and reconstruction needs3 growth in 2011 would fall from the over the next two years and beyond are NESDB’s pre-flood projection of 4.0 estimated at THB 1.5 trillion (USD 50 percent to 2.9 percent. However, if billion). Approximately three-quarters of reconstruction did not take place, the needs will be borne by the private projected real GDP would fall by THB 50 sector. The manufacturing sector’s needs billion (USD 1.7 billion) in 2012. 2 UN Situation Report 14, dated December 8, 2011. 3 Needs include not only building back a part or all of the damage in each sector, but reconstructing to a higher quality that is more weather resilient and/or has better technology. 02 THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW Figure 2. Damage, losses and Needs Assessment (DAlA) methodology Methodology of study • Destruction of physical assets Damage • Occurs immediately and can be built back • Foregone production/income Losses • Higher expenditures • Occurs over a period of time and cannot be recovered Total Effect = Damage + Losses The floods will negatively affect the billion (USD 13 billion). The bulk of the current account in 2011 and 2012. In needs will be in the period of 6-24 months 2011, exports fell by an estimated USD after the floods have receded, when most 7.9 billion due to the floods hampering of the reconstruction is expected to take manufacturing firms’ production in the place. In Fy 2013, government last quarter of 2011. The reduction in expenditure could amount to almost 11 manufacturing, coupled with a significant percent of its revenue. To be able to fall in tourism revenues, meant the current finance such expenditure, the government account in 2011 was USD 11.9 billion, will need to both prioritize spending and compared to a projected USD 20.6 billion borrow additional resources to fund the had the floods not occurred. In 2012, the required reconstruction needs. It should current account balance is estimated to be noted that, under the current public be USD 12.4 billion, down from an earlier debt law, the government still has enough projection of USD 22.2 billion, mainly due headroom to fund these additional to the increase in imports for expenditures. reconstruction, estimated at USD 7.5 billion, and a shrinking of exports by Poor and marginalized households were roughly USD 1.9 billion. heavily affected and livelihoods severely disrupted. At least THB 110 billion in Government revenue will be negatively wages have been lost due to the floods affected most in 2011 due to and a large proportion of these losses interruptions in manufacturing and occurred within vulnerable populations reduced consumption in the last quarter with limited social protection. Total income of the year. The estimated tax revenue loss from the beginning of the flood to loss is around THB 66.5 billion, or 3.7 2014 is estimated to be around THB 129 percent of the estimated pre-flood billion. Highly affected wage-paying revenues. In 2012, the projected revenue sectors are wholesale and retail trade and losses of THB 52.6 billion – or 2.6 percent repairs, hotels and restaurants, and of pre-flood projected revenues – are financial intermediation, which are all mainly due to the continued low levels of labor-intensive sectors, with losses manufacturing plus import tariff totaling THB 25 billion. exemptions on capital goods for the replacement of manufacturing production Livelihoods have been severely machinery damaged by the floods. disrupted in both rural and urban areas. Urban poor groups and tree crop farmers The government’s fiscal stance will allow in rural areas emerged as some of the it to meet rehabilitation and most affected groups. Agricultural reconstruction needs. The government’s laborers and daily wage earners in urban flood rehabilitation and reconstruction poor areas have been severely affected expenditure could amount to THB 389 with their income generation activities THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW 03 Table 1. Disaster Effects Ownership Summary of damage and losses by sector in Sub Sector Damage Losses Total Public Private Thai baht, millions Infrastructure Water Resources Management 8,715 – 8,715 8,715 – Transport 23,538 6,938 30,476 30,326 150 Telecommunication 1,290 2,558 3,848 1,597 2,251 Electricity 3,186 5,716 8,901 5,385 3,517 Water Supply and Sanitation 3,497 1,984 5,481 5,481 Production Agriculture, livestock and Fishery 5,666 34,715 40,381 – 40,381 Manufacturing 513,881 493,258 1,007,139 – 1,007,139 Tourism 5,134 89,673 94,808 403 94,405 Finance and Banking – 115,276 115,276 74,076 41,200 Social Health 1,684 2,133 3,817 1,627 2,190 Education 13,051 1,798 14,849 10,614 4,235 Housing 45,908 37,889 83,797 – 83,797 Cultural Heritage 4,429 3,076 7,505 3,041 4,463 Cross Cutting Environment 375 176 551 212 339 TOTAL 630,354 795,191 1,425,544 141,477 1,284,066 Source: DAlA estimates, NESDB, and Ministry of Industry. Note: losses for each sector include higher expenditures due to floods. temporarily suspended. In addition, Damage, Losses and Needs alternative, short-term, informal work Assessment opportunities are difficult to find. The rapid assessment estimated Resorting to borrowing both for basic damage, losses and needs for expenditures seems, therefore, to have reconstruction and recovery. Damage been a widespread coping strategy in refers to direct impacts on physical both rural and urban areas. The majority assets, products, raw materials, of rural farming households have loans machinery, and properties. losses refer to with the Bank for Agriculture and reduced or lost production opportunities, Agricultural Cooperatives. With harvests i.e. loss of income, reduced production lost and significant additional investments efficiency, and increasing expenditures required to re-establish their livelihoods, over a period of time. Reconstruction and farmers are concerned that they will recovery needs are projected from the default on their loans and thus will not be damage estimates, and are counted as able to borrow further. For the urban poor, additional economic activities in the loss of earning opportunities has been macroeconomic assessment. The compounded by limited access to formal estimated damage and losses total sources of credit due to collateral approximately THB 1.43 trillion (USD 46.5 requirements and a lack of steady income. billion – Table 1). The damage to physical The only sources of funds available to assets amount to THB 630.3 billion (USD these groups are informal lenders, who 21 billion), where associated losses in charge extremely high interest rates (as economic activities add up to about THB much as 20 percent daily). 795 billion (USD 26.5 billion). It should be 04 THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW noted that these estimates assume losses very little damage, but will be heavily will occur over the three-year period of impacted by losses during the 2011-2013. reconstruction period in which there will be a substantial need for the extension of The floods impacted heavily on the credit repayment plans, and new credit private sector, particularly manufacturing. line extensions. Manufacturing makes up about 38.5 percent of Thailand’s GDP and is one of Recovery and reconstruction needs are the main drivers of Thailand’s exports. The estimated to be THB 1.5 trillion (USD 50 majority (around 70 percent in GPP values) billion) over a five-year period. THB 413 of manufacturers are located in five billion (USD 13.7 billion) is needed for flood-affected provinces, namely Bangkok, immediate recovery, whilst more than half Ayuthaya, Nakhon Sawan, Pathum Thani, of the total needs (THB 927 billion or and Samut Sakhon. Tourism, housing and USD 31 billion) will be spent in the the financial sector were also heavily medium-term. More than 70 percent of affected. Though there was some needs (THB 1.1 trillion or USD 37 billion) damage to tourism infrastructure, the are in the private sector. Within the private greatest impact came from losses in sector, the manufacturing sector accounts revenue from accommodation, for around 77 percent of the rehabilitation transportation, shopping, food and needs as it incurred most of the damage. beverages, entertainment and sightseeing. In housing, some 1.9 million houses were affected with about 19,000 Recovery and Reconstruction homes destroyed. But the greatest Strategy damage was to household goods. The 2011 floods were a powerful and Damage in the housing sector were the intense force of nature that had a huge second largest – after manufacturing – impact on the lives of many. The floods with comparable losses as a proportion of caused widespread damage and losses damage. The financial sector incurred World Bank that have contributed to a decline in Providing support to the affected productivity; but they also offer populations (and to vulnerable groups in opportunities for advancement and particular) to help prevent further growth. If planned effectively, the recovery indebtedness and allow people to resume and reconstruction program could offer normal livelihood activities is the opportunities to rebuild better, taking immediate priority. Key guiding principles advantage of economically productive of equity, beneficiary/community options. Below, recommendations from participation, transparency and the sectoral assessment teams have been accountability should inform the grouped into three overarching areas that implementation of these recovery broadly encompass the findings and programs. The development of a robust recommendations of the rapid assessment. monitoring and evaluation system will be Detailed recommendations by sector can essential to assess progress and take be found in the sectoral chapters. corrective action where needed. The Table 2. proposed rapid response is expected to Total public and private cover vulnerable and marginalized needs for rehabilitation I Provide support to the affected and reconstruction in households with limited sources of population with a particular focus on Thai baht, millions income and no ability to participate in vulnerable groups Needs Needs Sub Sector Public Private Total ~6 mths 6-24 mths > 24 mths Total Infrastructure Water Resources Management 54,075 15,000 69,075 3,023 15,462 50,590 69,075 Transport 23,583 – 23,538 6,866 14,376 2,296 23,538 Telecommunication 2,026 2,052 4,078 1,675 1,422 980 4,078 Electricity 5,625 – 5,625 899 3,037 1,689 5,625 Water Supply and Sanitation 5,633 – 5,633 2,997 2,635 – 5,633 Productive Agriculture, livestock and Fishery 4,570 – 4,570 3,425 1,125 20 4,570 Manufacturing – 854,356 854,356 172,640 668,045 13,671 854,356 Tourism 3,218 2,186 5,466 4,343 1,123 – 5,466 Finance and Banking 234,520 176,919 411,439 170,140 187,907 53,392 411,439 Social Health 2,318 – 2,318 1,128 870 319 2,318 Social 20,700 – 20,700 13,300 7,400 – 20,700 Education 13,343 – 13,343 8,045 5,298 – 13,343 Housing 5,110 46,870 51,980 14,990 12,510 24,480 51,980 Cultural Heritage 7,514 2,640 10,153 6,183 3,971 – 10,153 Cross Cutting Environment 6,181 2,004 8,184 3,724 1,619 2,841 8,184 TOTAL 388,431 1,102,027 1,490,458 413,378 926,801 150,278 1,490,458 Private needs 304,012 681,587 116,428 1,102,027 Public needs 109,366 245,214 33,850 388,431 as % post-flood revenues 5.5 10.8 1.4 Source: DAlA. Note: The needs of the manufacturing sector include loans from the finance and banking sector of around THB 160 billion. Similarly, the needs of the agricultural sector will be mostly financed through loans from the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC). The needs of these two sectors are also included in the finance and banking sector needs. loan needs of the other sectors are not included in their respective sectors, but are only counted in the finance and banking sector’s needs. 06 THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW Figure 3. Deriving needs from Damage Reconstruction Strategy Reconstruction Program damage and losses Quality/Techno Improvement Financing Needs Mitigation Costs Reconstruction priorities: Relocation Costs • Sector Multi-Annual Inflation • Geographical • Population groups labor-based recovery and reconstruction financial pressures through debt intervention (including the elderly, sick, suspensions and extending loans, can people with disabilities and children). support heavily-affected families and It would also address the needs of those facilitate the resumption of profitable in both urban and rural areas that suffered activities in this principal productive heavy losses during the flooding. sector. Repairing damaged infrastructure Additional social assistance should be put would be a pre-condition for resuming in place to: i) provide one-off activities in the productive sectors, for supplemental cash transfers to poor which access to financial services will affected households (THB 4,000 per be required. household); and ii) provide additional income support for the elderly and people Ensure a comprehensive social with disabilities for approximately three accountability framework is in place for months (increase from THB 500 to 1,000). the recovery effort, particularly given the In addition, labor-intensive public works emerging tensions observed in programs with a strong community communities (THB 0.1 billion). Some key participation component would provide features of the proposed system include: much-needed additional income for those i) ensuring information on available able to work; priority would be given to programs, resources and levels of vulnerable and marginalized groups assistance are made public and including migrant workers. Finally, accessible to beneficiaries on a timely addressing the need for credit at basis through appropriate channels and specialized financial institution (SFI) rates that a complaints mechanism is for the urban and rural poor will be critical established; ii) that stringent community in the recovery process to prevent validation processes are used to confirm escalating levels of debt (particularly for lists of eligible beneficiaries for the those borrowing from informal money measures proposed above (in particular lenders). This could be achieved through for the targeting of cash transfers and non-profit organizations and by expanding selection of participants in public work the membership of community-based schemes); and iii) that partnerships with savings groups. civil society organizations, research institutions and the media are established Providing recovery assistance to the for effective third party monitoring of the recovering productive sectors such as recovery effort. agriculture, SMEs and other businesses will facilitate the rapid restoration of A strong communications strategy business. The cash-for-work programs with clear lines of communication and mentioned above can couple the timely information dissemination is a vital compensation with employment component in any effective recovery and opportunities, benefit communities and reconstruction strategy. Strong businesses with cleanup and restoration communications, itself, is a form of aid in of infrastructure. In the agriculture sector, that it helps people understand who, what, equitable compensation to affected how and where to access the support farmers and the rapid distribution of available to help get their lives back on quality inputs, while closely monitoring the track. Strategic communication also helps effectiveness of the distribution build consensus among major system, along with the alleviation of stakeholders, including different levels of THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW 07 government, communities, and the private allow more space for water and rivers to sector; this will take mere ideas related expand during peak water periods – a to recovery support programs, policy measure that must carefully consider initiatives, financial access, and technical social impacts and land use assistance to the next level of successful compensation. Investment in small- and implementation with widespread coverage medium-sized water reservoirs upstream and support. and implementing community watershed management programs would also improve flood management capacity. II Invest in a more climate resilient Thailand Understanding the nature of disaster Creating a more climate resilient Thailand risks through hazard mapping is of will require a range of measures, only paramount importance for disaster risk some of which are highlighted here. management and disaster resilient development planning, and requires a Strengthen flood management through detailed mapping and modeling exercise integrated water resources management that includes climate change projections. as a key step towards water management The key is really to understand the nature for consumption, productive use and and geographical distribution of risk and disaster risk management related to expected damage and to incorporate droughts, floods and tropical storms. The these risks into planning, design, and concept of integrated water resources specifications of infrastructure assets. management (IWRM), founded on the river Making these risk maps available to the basin model, exists in the Thai framework, public in conjunction with training can but would benefit from improvements, improve general understanding and is the and strengthening and streamlining IWRM first step towards planning a strong throughout sectoral planning and disaster risk management strategy. programming. A panel of local and international flood experts could: i) review Establishing an effective early warning and analyze the 2011 flood event; and system (EWS) is a vital tool for mitigating ii) provide recommendations to the the impacts of disasters. An effective Strategic Committee on Water EWS must be based on high-quality, Management to ensure that lessons learnt real-time data gathered from detailed in 2011 are integrated into any strategic hazard mapping that takes into account plans going forward. In addition, reviewing geographic and infrastructure and passing the pending water bill and characteristics, and historical disaster appointing a high-level ‘champion’ for information. An EWS can be established the IWRM model would give it the political over time, starting with the most deadly or power required to effectively costly disasters before integrating all institutionalize IWRM throughout other disasters. This comprehensive development planning. approach will ensure an effective, efficient system that provides clear messaging Key structural recommendations for flood that the public can trust. management prioritize the immediate rehabilitation of hydraulic assets and an Infrastructure should be built-back- increase in drainage capacity. Ensuring better (BBB), stronger and safer than it regular maintenance of these assets in was before the flood in order to ensure the future will improve the efficiency and households and businesses are more extend the life of flood management resilient to future disasters. The housing infrastructure. Undertaking a design and heritage sector assessments review of critical flood embankments, highlighted useful lessons from traditional and carrying out dam safety reviews houses and structures that fared better in immediately are integral to ensuring the this flood than some of the more modern safety of flood control structures going homes, whilst the flood control chapter into the next rainy season. The Royal highlighted the need for stronger dikes Initiative for Flood Management suggests around the industrial estates that will be a rethink on flood barriers that would 08 THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW integral to mitigating such severe losses framework and economic options for the in this sector in the future. The BBB country. Some of these opportunities principle holds true for all sectors that include reviewing land use planning, have damaged infrastructure. which has the potential to improve Disseminating targeted, technical Thailand’s economic planning, information to community groups, CSOs, development strategies and businesses, industry, the public and environmental management, thereby individual home owners will help people reducing vulnerability to hazards and understand best practice, and what can mitigating social conflict. The tourism feasibly be done with the support the industry has the potential to come back government is offering and with their stronger than before with strong limited means. If any hazard mapping promotional campaigns, refurbishment information is made available during this and regeneration of cultural heritage reconstruction phase, these inputs attractions, and the opportunity to should be included as an integral part of re-examine priorities for strategic this process. positioning and future growth. In the agriculture sector, investing in research and development (R&D) to improve yield III Invest in the competitiveness and quality of floating rice – which is less of the country to support resilient vulnerable to flood risk than recovery short-duration rice – and intensification of Take advantage of the opportunities the crop varieties could improve overall reconstruction period presents. Despite competitiveness of farmers in its negative impacts on loss of lives and flood-prone areas. Climate-friendly the economy, this reconstruction-planning investments through BBB strategies could period also represents a strategic improve energy-efficient equipment and opportunity for the country to rethink technologies which could reduce energy development priorities and create consumption and operating costs in the momentum to address some of the long run. Finally, the insurance sector has long-standing structural issues that may an opportunity to profit from the current have remained unaddressed. This turns situation through expanding its insurance crisis into opportunity, and paves the way products, including weather insurance for a range of improvements to the legal and agricultural insurance products. THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW 09 ACkNOWLEDgEmENTS This Rapid Assessment was conducted by a multi-partner team that was led by the Ministry of Finance of the Royal Thai Government and the World Bank. Special thanks go to GFDRR, the Grand Duchy of luxembourg and the World Bank for their financial assistance that enabled the Rapid Assessment to take place. The Ministry of Finance coordination team consisted of Areepong Bhoocha-oom, Pongpanu Svetarundra, Amnuay Preemanawong, Chor. Nan Phetpaisit, Churarat Suthithorn, Kulit Sombatsiri, Krissada Uthayanin, Prasit Suebchana, Suwit Rojanavanich, Sirisak Harabutra, Panadda Puangrub, Chunhachit Sungmai, Kulasake limpiyakorn, Seksun Ngawsuwan, Upama Jaihong, Komanwan Sirlup, Trilada Thamadisai and Benjarat Tanongsakmontri. Special thanks to a coordinator team from the Comptroller General’s Department which includes Apilarp Hengprasert, Chalermrat Ruangwarakom, Chanin Kurin, Chayanit Kongdang, Jirapa Sa-nguanpong, Nachapa Phuttarudeesuk, Namphet Wongpratheep, Napapun Ketnin, Nattasoonthorn Nilthongkum, Nitiyaporn Imjai, Papasinee Klowutthisatern, Phanumet Pornsrianan, Pornrudee Wuttipanyarattanakul, Raticha Chartapichai, Rungnapa Suteebut, Saree Kaewmet, Sawitree Petchrak, Sinchai Ngampichaya, Somphol limpamalaiphorn, Somsri Pherngpha, Sujera Khamkhar, Sunisa Sapsart, Suthisa Jarumethavit, Suttirat Rattanachot, Thanachoke Rungthipanon, Theerawadee Chomputtha, Wanwisa Wisetchatkul, Worasit Prachanpol, and yupaporn Kultangwatana. The World Bank coordination team consisted of Annette Dixon, Jeeva Perumalpillai-Essex, Julia M. Fraser, Abhas Jha, Waraporn Hirunwatsiri (Task Team leader), Henrike Brecht, Kirida Bhaopichitr, Chanin Manopiniwes, Chutima lowattanakarn, Pajnapa Peamsilpakulchorn, Rachel Cipryk, and vachraras Pasuksuwan. The report was compiled and edited by Rachel Cipryk. Roberto Jovel, Ahmad Zaki Fahmi, and Rami Quttaineh gave guidance on the DAlA methodology. The Rapid Assessment teams comprised members from line ministries in the Royal Thai Government and the international and local organizations in which their names are listed here according to the sector teams. Agriculture Sector comprised Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), Kasetsart University, Office of Agricultural Economics (OAE), and Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) as a team leader. Cultural Heritage Sector comprised Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the World Bank as a team leader. Disaster Risk Management Sector comprised Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank as joint team leaders. Education Sector comprised Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Ministry of Education (MOE), SEAMEO Regional Center for Higher Education Development, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Bank as a team leader. 10 THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW Energy Sector comprised Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO), Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA), Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA), and the World Bank as a team leader. Environment Sector comprised Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE), Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP), Mahidol University, Office of Natural Resources and Environment Policy and Planning (ONEP), Pollution Control Department (PCD), Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), and the World Bank as a team leader. Financial Sector comprised Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC), Bangkok Bank, Bank of Thailand (BOT), Cooperative Promotion Department, Fiscal Policy Office (FPO), Government Housing Bank (GHB), Government Saving Bank (GSB), National village and Urban Community Fund Office, Office of Insurance Commission (OIC), Public Debt Management Office (PDMO), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), Small and Medium Enterprises Development Bank of Thailand (SME Bank), Thai Bankers’ Association, Thai Bond Market Association, Thai Chamber of Commerce (TCC), Thai Credit Guarantee Corporation (TCG), Thai General Insurance Association, and the World Bank as a team leader. Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Sector comprised Royal Irrigation Department (RID), Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute (HAII), Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), Marine Department, Department of Groundwater Resources (DGR), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the World Bank as a team leader. Health Sector comprised Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Health Insurance System Research Office (HISRO), Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), National Health Security Office (NHSO), and the World Bank as a team leader. Housing Sector comprised Asian Coalition for Housing Rights (ACHR), Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI), Department of Disaster Risk Management (DDRM), Department of Public Works and Town Planning (DPT), Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), and the World Bank as a team leader. Industry Sector comprised Department of Industrial Works (DIW), Federation of Thai Industry (FTI), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Ministry of Industry, and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) as a team leader. Livelihoods and Employment Sector comprised International labor Organization (IlO), Mahidol Migration Center, Ministry of labor (MOl), and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) as a team leader. Macroeconomic Sector comprised National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FPO), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), and the World Bank as a team leader. Social Impacts Assessment comprised and was led by members from the World Bank. THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW 11 Social Protection Sector comprised Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI), Ministry of labor (MOl), Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS), National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), Social Security Office (SSO), and the World Bank as a team leader. Telecommunications Sector comprised CAT Telecom Public Company limited (CAT), National Broadcast and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC), Public Relations Department (PRD), Thailand Post, Telecom of Thailand Public Company limited (TOT), True Corporation, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) as a team leader. Tourism Sector comprised Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), Tourism Council of Thailand (TCT), Thai Travel Agents Association (TTAA), and the World Bank as a team leader. Transport Sector comprised Airports of Thailand (AOT), Department of Highways (DOH), Department of Rural Roads (DRR), Marine Department, Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP), State Railway of Thailand (SRT), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), and the World Bank as a team leader. Water Supply and Sanitation Sector comprised Department of Groundwater Resources (DGR), Department of Water Resources (DWR), Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA), Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA), Pollution Control Department (PCD), Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Wastewater Management Authority (WMA), and the World Bank as a team leader. A full list of acknowledgements can be found in the main report. 12 THAI FlOOD 2011 RAPID ASSESSMENT FOR RESIlIENT RECOvERy AND RECONSTRUCTION PlANNING – OvERvIEW World Bank THE WORLD BANk 30th Floor, Siam Tower, 989 Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 Tel: (66) 0-2686-8300 Fax: (66) 0-2686-8301 E-mail: thailand@worldbank.org www.worldbank.org/th