THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 16 / NO 5 MARCH 2018 INSIDE Tracking India’s health progress 1-5 Pathways to Prosperity – Health Outcome Index: World Bank series 6-8 Development Dialogue: The invisible walls that divide Feeling the pulse of states India 9-11 Lighthouse India 12-13 to transform India Interview 14-15 ICR Update: Karnataka Municipal Reform Project 16-17 I ndia has achieved notable gains in improving life expectancy, reducing maternal and child mortality, and addressing other health priorities. However, it has fallen short of several national and global targets. Recent Project Approvals & There are also wide variations across states in health outcomes and Signings 18-20 performance. New Additions to the Public Information Center 21-27 To bring about a transformational change in the health of the people, the NITI Aayog in collaboration with the World Bank and the Ministry of Contact Information 28 Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) embarked on a journey to develop a Photo by The World Bank Health Index, – a first ever systematic exercise – for tracking the progress achieved cumulatively by the states and the Union Territories will define India’s destiny. To draw comparisons among similar entities, states and Union Territories have been ranked in three categories namely, Larger States, Smaller States, and Union Territories. Enabling tool The Health Index can be viewed akin to an annual health checkup, and is an enabling tool for the state governments to identify parameters in which states have improved, stagnated, or declined. on health outcomes and health systems The Health Index report provides the direction performance across states and Union and magnitude of change at a composite Territories (UTs) in India on an annual basis. level as well as for each of the 23 indicators of the Health Index. An analysis of this can help The Health Index ranks states against a range states in focusing attention on better targeting of indicators such as the neo-natal mortality of interventions and improving the delivery rate (deaths occurring in the first 28 days of of health services to meet the needs of the life), full immunization coverage, treatment people. This can also help in cross learning success rate of confirmed tuberculosis cases, among states with similar characteristics that stability of tenure of key administrators, have demonstrated improvement. vacancy of doctors and specialists in health facilities, and functionality of primary health Substantial room for centres, first referral units and Cardiac Care Units, are included in the Index. improvement for all states and UTs Twin goals The introspection will be useful for all states The goal of the Index is not just to rank the and Union Territories. The first report on states based on their overall performance, the Health Index titled, “Healthy States, but also on their incremental annual Progressive India” indicates that even the performance since the progress that is states and UTs that are doing comparatively 12 2 The World Bank in India • March 2018 This is an innovative tool as it not only fosters competition among states by comparing similar states to each other but also nudges the state’s to better its previous year’s performance. For example, though Kerala remained the “healthiest state” in 2014-15 as well as 2015-16, a slight decline in the Health Index value was observed. Large gap between the “healthiest” and the “ailing” states and UTs The gap between the best-performing states and the least-performing states is very wide – Kerala and Uttar Pradesh are separated by 43 points, Mizoram and Nagaland by 36 points, and Lakshadweep, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli by 31 points. Shake complacency and nurture hope well have substantial scope for improvement. For example, even Kerala, Mizoram, and It is envisaged that tracking progress on Lakshadweep, the “healthiest” among large incremental performance will also help shake states, small states and UTs respectively, all complacency among “healthiest large states” have quite a distance from the frontier and such Kerala, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu, that have room for improving their performance. have historically done well. Best Performing Least Performing Large States Kerala 76.55 Uttar Pradesh 33.69 Small States Mizoram 73.70 Nagaland 37.38 UTs Lakshadweep 65.79 Dadra and Nagar 34.64 Haveli The World Bank in India • March 2018 12 3 At the same time, it is expected that it will nurture hope and optimism among large states such as Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh that have historically lagged in performance but are demonstrating greater improvements in health outcomes. Incentivizing states The Health Index has the potential to be gamechanger as it can shift the focus from budget spends, inputs and outputs to outcomes by shining the light on states that have shown most improvement. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare’s decision to link the Index to incentives under the National Health Mission sends a strong signal to states in the shift towards outcome based monitoring and performance linked incentives. Need for improving data quality The process of Index development and implementation highlighted the large gaps (Change background colour as needed) in data availability on health outcomes and health systems performance. It brings out the need for robust programmatic data that can be used for continuous monitoring. Contributed by Sheena Chhabra, Senior Health Specialist, World Bank Download: https://tinyurl.com/y8arm2a8 12 4 The World Bank in India • March 2018 Larger States: Incremental scores and ranks, with overall performance from base year to reference year and ranks Kerala 76.55 80.00 -3.45 1 21 Punjab 62.02 65.21 3.19 2 6 Tamil Nadu 63.28 63.38 0.10 3 15 Gujarat 61.99 63.28 -1.29 4 19 Himachal Pradesh 61.20 62.12 -0.92 5 17 Maharashtra 60.09 61.07 0.98 6 10 Jammu & Kashmir 53.52 60.35 6.83 7 2 Andhra Pradesh 57.75 60.16 2.41 8 7 Karnataka 58.70 59.73 -1.03 9 18 West Bengal 57.87 58.25 0.38 10 13 Telengana 54.94 55.39 0.45 11 12 Chhattisgarh 48.63 52.02 3.39 12 5 Haryana 46.97 49.87 -2.90 13 20 Jharkhand 38.46 45.33 6.87 14 1 Uttarakhand 45.22 45.32 -0.10 15 16 Assam 43.53 44.13 0.60 16 11 Madhya Pradesh 38.99 40.09 1.10 17 9 Odisha 39.23 39.43 0.20 18 14 Bihar 34.70 38.46 3.76 19 4 Rajasthan 34.55 36.79 2.24 20 8 Uttar Pradesh 28.14 33.69 5.55 21 3 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 -4 0 4 8 Overall Reference Incremental Overall Performance Index Score Incremental Change Year Rank Rank Base Year (2014-15) Reference Year (2015-16) The World Bank in India • March 2018 12 5 Pathways to Prosperity Since 2005, fewer jobs for women in India Female labor force participation in India is among the lowest in the world. What’s worse, the share of working women in India is declining. This is a cause for concern since higher labor earnings are the primary driver of poverty reduction. It is often argued that declining female participation is due to rising incomes that allow more women to stay at home. The evidence, however, shows that after farming jobs collapsed post 2005, alternative jobs considered suitable for women failed to replace them, say Urmila Chatterjee, Economist, World Bank, Martin Rama, World Bank’s Chief Economist, South Asia Region, and Rinku Murgai, Lead Economist, World Bank R ising labor earnings have been the main force behind India’s remarkable decline in poverty. The gains arise partly from the participation veer in the opposite direction. Today, India has one of the lowest female participation rates in the world, ranking demographic transition, which increases the 120th among the 131 countries for which share of working members in the average data are available. Even among countries family. But trends in female labor force with similar income levels, India is at the 12 6 The World Bank in India • March 2018 Figure 1: India’s female labor force participation is among the lowest in the world Female labor force participate rate, 2012 (% age 15+) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 a m na n h a s ia ka en an t yp ne si di ta es er na an ha m st ne In u Eg ad pi ig ki et Ye Bh iL G do illi N Pa gl Vi Sr Ph n In Ba Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank (2012). bottom, together with Yemen, Pakistan and on the availability of ‘suitable jobs’ such as Egypt (Figure 1). Worse still, the rate has farming, which are both flexible and close to been declining since 2005. This is a matter home. However, the number of farming jobs of concern as women’s paid employment is has been shrinking, without a commensurate known to increase their ability to influence increase in other employment opportunities. decision-making within the household, and Our research suggests that more than half of empower them more broadly in society as a the decline in female labor force participation whole. is due to the scarcity of suitable jobs at the local level. This declining trend has been particularly pronounced in rural areas, where female A large body of academic work in India labor force participation among women aged has focused on a different explanation, the 15 years and above fell from 49 percent in so-called ‘income effect’. It is argued that 2005 to 36 percent in 2012. This is the most higher household incomes have gradually recent period for which data are available. allowed more rural women to stay at home, The numbers are based on the National and that this is a preferred household choice Sample Survey’s (NSS) definition of ‘usual in a predominantly patriarchal society. Other status’ of work, but the trend remains similar frequently-mentioned explanations are that with other definitions too. the share of working women is declining because girls are staying longer in school. In a recent paper, we argue that the It is also said that with shrinking family sizes, explanation for this disturbing trend is the and without the back-up of institutional child lack of suitable job opportunities for women. support, women have no option but to stay In a traditional society like India, where out of the work force. women bear the bulk of the responsibility for domestic chores and child care, their work We are skeptical. Staying longer in school outside the home is acceptable if it takes and being less able to rely on family support place in an environment that is perceived for child-rearing could justify a decline in as safe, and allows the flexibility of multi- participation rates among younger women, tasking. Indeed, three-quarters of women but not the equally important drop among who were willing to work, if work was made middle-aged cohorts. There are also reasons available, favored part-time salaried jobs. to downplay the income effect. Between From this perspective, female labor force 2005 and 2012 India experienced roughly a participation can be expected to depend doubling of wages in real terms. The World Bank in India • March 2018 12 7 Figure 2: There are not enough suitable jobs for women along the rural-urban gradation Types of jobs, 2012 (% female adults) Small rural Big rural Small urban Big urban 0-4,999 5,000+ 0-1 million 1 million+ Farmers Non-Farm Self Non-Farm Regular All Casual Source: Based on the National Sample Survey (NSS), 2012 and Population Census, 2001. But across districts, a doubling of real wages much higher rates of female unemployment is associated with a 3 percentage point than the NSS. decline in female participation rates, not with Beyond the income effect and measurement the much larger 13 percentage point fall that issues, the main driver of the decline in actually occurred. Our research shows that female labor force participation rates is these factors explain less than a quarter of the transformation of job opportunities at the recent decline in India’s female labor the local level. After 2005, farming jobs force participation. collapsed, especially in small villages, and Evidence also points to a less ‘voluntary’ alternative job opportunities considered withdrawal of women from the labor force suitable for women failed to replace them. than the income effect explanation implies. Regular, non-farm employment only The NSS, which is the main source of expanded in large cities (Figure 2). As a labor market data, tends to underestimate result, there is a ‘valley’ of suitable jobs women’s work. What most working women along the rural-urban gradation. Fortunately, do in India does not match the image the decline in female labor force participation of a regular, salaried, nine-to-five job. is not irreversible. The trend can be turned Many women have marginal jobs or are around through a more vibrant creation of engaged in multiple activities, including local salaried jobs – including part-time jobs home production, which is often hard to – in the intermediate range of the rural-urban measure well. Female unemployment may be gradation where an increasingly large share underestimated as well. If one were to relax of the Indian population now resides. the stringent criteria used by the NSS to Reference: define labor force participation, and include Urmila Chatterjee, Rinku Murgai and Martin the women who participated under the (Change background colour as needed) Rama (2015) “Job Opportunities along the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Rural-Urban Gradation and Female Labor Act (MNREGA), or were registered with a Force Participation in India.” Policy Research placement agency, then the female labor Working Paper 7412, World Bank. force participation rate would be between 3 and 5 percentage points higher. This This blog was originally published in the measurement problem is further evidenced Indian Express on 26 July, 2016. by the population census data that report 12 8 The World Bank in India • March 2018 Development Dialogue The invisible walls that divide India India’s low level of inter-state mobility is puzzling because there are no explicit barriers. A possible explanation could be that Entitlements linked to domicile discourage inter-state mobility. A nationally portable identity is an important step. But the disincentive to move will disappear only when, say, someone from Bihar can access all social benefits when they move to Maharashtra, say Aaditya Mattoo, a Research Manager at the World Bank and Siddharth Sharma, Senior Economist at the World Bank I ndia is becoming more integrated. Goods and services are beginning to flow more freely thanks to recent reforms. But, to co-authored with Zovanga Kone, Maggie Liu, and Caglar Ozden, forthcoming in the Journal of Economic Geography1. increase economic growth and reduce On the face of it, internal migrants poverty, people too need to move to where represented 30 percent of India’s population they are most productive. In China, for in 2001, the latest Census round for which example, eliminating impediments to internal comprehensive data on migration flows are migration could boost national income by an available. But this number is deceptively estimated 10 percent – a bigger gain than large: two-thirds were migrants within from reducing internal trade costs. districts, and more than half were women India has no explicit restrictions on internal migrating for marriage. labor mobility as in China’s “hukou” system. ---- Yet Indians, particularly men seeking 1 Kone, Zovanga Louis; Mattoo, Aaditya; Ozden, Caglar; education and jobs, are surprisingly reluctant Sharma, Siddharth, 2017. Internal borders and migration to cross state borders. Evidence of these in India. Policy Research working paper; No. WPS 8244 “invisible walls” is presented in an article we Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yckqovw6 The World Bank in India • March 2018 12 9 Figure 1: Inter-state migration flows in the five years ending in 2001 (as percentage of working age population) 10 Percentage of Working Age Population 8 6 4 2 0 India Brazil China United States (35 states) (27states) (31 provinces) (51 states) Source: ???????? Figure 1 reveals internal migration rates Figure 2 shows the origins of migrants across states were nearly four times higher in coming to Nagpur – darker shades signifying Brazil and China, and more than nine times larger shares. The thin lines represent district higher in the United States in the five years boundaries and the thick lines are state ending in 2001. Other researchers found that borders. The four neighboring districts in India ranked last in a comparison of internal Maharashtra (Bhandara, Wardha, Amravati, migration in 80 countries. and Chandrapur) sent a total of 31 percent of Nagpur’s immigrants. The remaining three We looked deeper into the 2001 Census data neighboring districts in Madhya Pradesh on district-to-district migration between each (Balaghat, Chhindwara, and Seoni) sent pair of India’s 593 districts. We examined a total of only 13 percent. In fact, more patterns by gender, age, education, duration migrants came to Nagpur from other districts of stay, and reason of migration. in Maharashtra hundreds of kilometers away To illustrate the restrictiveness of state than from neighboring districts in other borders, consider Nagpur, a district located at states. Almost identical patterns are observed the center of India in Maharashtra, and close when we look at emigration from Nagpur to to three other states – Telangana, Madhya other districts. Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Figure 2: Origins of in-migrants in Nagpur Ujjain Jabalpur Raisen Sehore Narsimhapur Dindori Indore Dewas Hoshangabad Mandla Korba Seoni Harda Bilaspur Chhindwara Kawardha West Nimar Betul Balaghat Janjgir – Ch East Nimar Raipur Gondiya Amravati Nagpur Bhandara Mahasamund Rajnandgaon Durg Jalgaon Akola Wardha Dhamtari Buldana Washim Kanker Naupada Yavatmal Chandrapur Jalna Gadchiroli Kalah Hingoli Bastar Nabarangapur Parbhani Adilabad Bid Nanded Dantewada Koraput 12 10 The World Bank in India • March 2018 In our analysis, we accounted for barriers to While non-portability of benefits inhibits the internal mobility, such as physical distance migration of the poor and the unskilled, two and linguistic differences between districts. other factors contribute to the inertia of those We also considered differences in economic seeking higher education and skilled jobs. and social features. Even after controlling Many universities and technical institutes are for these other influences, state borders still administered by state governments, and state emerged as critical impediments to mobility. residents get preferential admission through We found that migration between neighboring “state quota seats.” For example, the state districts in the same state is at least 50 quota in state medical colleges is more than percent larger than migration between 70 percent in Maharashtra. The “domicile neighboring districts in different states. certificates” necessary for eligibility for the The Government of India’s Economic Survey state quota require continuous residence in 2016–17 uses less detailed, early-release the state, ranging from three years in Uttar data from the 2011 Census data to reach Pradesh to ten in Rajasthan. Not surprisingly, similar conclusions. Even though the rate of the relative share of migrants moving out- migration doubled between 2001 and 2011 of-state to seek higher education is lower in relative to the previous decade, state borders states with higher rates of access to tertiary remain impediments to mobility: labor migrant education. flows within states are much larger than flows Even though the public-sector accounts for across states. only about five percent of total employment In our analysis, state borders turn out to be a in India, it employs more than half of the bigger hindrance to the migration of men than higher-skilled. And in most states, more than of women, and for younger men of working three-fourths of government jobs are with the age. The negative effect was also linked to state rather than central government. State education levels – the more educated were domicile is a common requirement for jobs in more reluctant to cross state lines. state government entities. Sure enough, we find that in states with higher rates of public India’s low level of inter-state mobility is employment, skilled migrants are relatively puzzling because there are no explicit less likely to move out-of-state. barriers. We suggest a possible explanation: the entitlement programs implemented at the The impact of this discrimination in state state level. employment should diminish as the private sector grows. However, some states are First, major social benefits are not portable flirting with broader “jobs for natives” across state boundaries since they are policies. In 2016, Karnataka announced that administered by state governments – both public and private sector firms would even when they are centrally funded. For have to reserve 70 percent of their jobs example, access to subsidized food through for state residents, or lose access to state the Public Distribution System (PDS), and government industrial policy benefits. Orissa, even admission to public hospitals has Maharashtra, and Himachal Pradesh have been administered through “ration cards,” similar quotas for state residents in factory issued and accepted only by the home state jobs. government. We find that in states where the public distribution system offers higher levels India’s “fragmented entitlements” are likely to of coverage, unskilled migrants are less likely dampen growth and perpetuate pockets of to move out-of-state. poverty by preventing people from seeking the most productive opportunities across A nationally portable identity is an important (Change background colour as needed) the entire country. Only when each Indian step. But the disincentive to move will state grants all Indian citizens equal access disappear only when, say, someone from to benefits, education and employment, will Bihar can access all social benefits when they India really be on the move. move to Maharashtra. And those benefits would need to include access to public This article was originally published in the hospitals and schools even when people Indian Express on 09 January 2018 move from one state to another. 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 11 Lighthouse India When nations speak to each other, learning is more powerful A Knowledge Exchange Mission on skills development between Africa and India D ecades ago, Nelson Mandela said that education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world. Today, he Annette Dixon, Vice President South Asia met with the delegation and said, “India has a massive program to quickly upskill its would certainly have added ‘skills’ to it. young population. The diversity of India offers a huge opportunity for African countries to “We came, we have seen and learned. We learn from India’s experience.” are now going away with greater knowledge,” said Professor Abubakar Rasheed, Minister What they saw from Nigeria. He was part of a high-level delegation of ministers and senior officials The delegation toured technical and from six African countries – Ethiopia, vocational training institutes in the country. Senegal, Nigeria, Ghana, Rwanda, Kenya and They met students and their trainers to Tanzania – who came to India to study and understand the training value chain and understand the challenges of putting in place the skilling model. They also studied the a skills development program. His words regulatory mechanisms, the assessment encapsulate the essence of what all members and certification mechanisms, as well as of the delegation felt at the end of their visit. the incentives provided to the private sector to encourage their participation in skills Both India and Africa have a sizeable development programs in these institutes. young population with around 11-12 million entering the job market each year. The The delegation visited India’s first skill governments understand that just having development university – Bharatiya Skill a higher education system is not enough Development Campus – in Jaipur, Rajasthan, anymore. Instead, it has become imperative which offers advanced study opportunities to build human capital by improving primary, like Masters and Doctorates in subjects secondary and higher education and linking it like automotive and electrical engineering, with skill development. informatics and robotics, polymechanic 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 PASET. This would include student exchange programs, on the job training and placement of candidates and, most importantly, collaboration on training the trainers. Dharmendra Pradhan, Indian Minister for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, interacted with the delegation, and was confident that skilling the young workforce in India and Africa would “provide the answer to world poverty”. He was hopeful that “the interactions between the Indian and African nations would create the roadmap for this to happen.” and other utilities. They also visited an The Lighthouse India Initiative automobile training academy – Maruti Suzuki Training Academy – run by India’s largest car Over the years’ multilateral institutions manufacturer. The academy trains school including the World Bank have evolved from dropouts, who face difficulties in finding being part of exchanges between nations suitable jobs, to become skilled automobile to being ‘facilitators of learning exchanges technicians. between nations. The ‘Lighthouse India’ initiative provides a platform to facilitate What they learnt knowledge flows across states within India and create strategic partnerships The visitors showed keen interest in the with other countries to share and transfer public-private partnership model and how knowledge and experience, which would to incentivize the private sector to use CSR inform development policies, scale up good funds and participate in the government’s practices and innovations. skill development initiatives. The countries, especially Rwanda and Ghana, were The World Bank office in India and Africa impressed to see the benefits of bringing all facilitated this exchange as part of the South- activities related to skills development and South Knowledge Exchange Facility set up education under one nodal authority for better under the ‘Lighthouse India’ initiative. coordination and implementation. Going forward, the South-South Knowledge With “Africa looking to transform itself into Exchange Grant Facility has endorsed an industrialized nation,” all counties felt that knowledge exchange initiatives between specialized university for skills development, southern hemisphere countries in South like the one they saw in India, would be a America, Africa and SouthEast Asia in areas model worth emulating. of hydropower development, climate resilient (Change background colour as needed) agriculture, and land acquisition. Going forward, future knowledge sharing activities would be facilitated through an As nations start speaking to each other, the MOU between the GOI, the World Bank and learning will be far more powerful. 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 13 Interview Bank can be an extremely powerful broker of knowledge: Junaid Ahmad T he Lighthouse India is a platform to facilitate knowledge flows across states within India and to create strategic partnerships with other countries to share and transfer knowledge and experience, which would inform development policies, scale up good practices and innovations. We caught with our Country Director, Junaid Ahmad, for an in-depth understanding of this initiative of the World Bank Question: What is Lighthouse India? D evelopment is best catalyzed when people learn by doing. The notion of lighthouse is that you are a beacon for someone. An Indian state innovating on how local government programs are run, say in West Bengal, can be a source of information for other states, say Madhya Pradesh or Karnataka, which are also trying to figure out how to strengthen local governments. In a federal system like India, the potential for learning from each other is vast especially where innovation is constantly happening. The problem is that the lessons from these innovations and the information about them is not moving smoothly across borders. Lighthouse India is based on the Bank unique position to facilitate these exchanges and link them to actual implementation. It is not only about exchanges between states in India. As India moves along the development trajectory towards high middle income, the nation itself is transforming. The lessons of this transformation are going to be critical for other countries. The Bank can also proactively broker these exchanges between India and other countries as India acts as a “lighthouse” for others. It is important to stress that Lighthouse India is not just a passive exchange of best practices. It is an active exchange of practices and approaches where the expertise and experiences of India can be leveraged by another country. And as always, these exchanges are never one way: as India shares, it will gain from the development experiences of others. Importantly, Lighthouse India will change the way we do analytical and advisory services. The latter will be built around operational issues and offer the analysis to understand better implementation challenges. Question: How is Lighthouse India important for Bank’s strategy in engaging with India? First, Lighthouse India is essential in supporting the strategy of scaling up development impact. Let me take the example of livelihood programs. We’ve been working in Andhra 12 14 The World Bank in India • March 2018 January 2015 Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha supporting the creation of self-help groups of women and facilitating their access to micro credit and economic activities. We could respond to every state that requests our assistance for this kind of activity. On the other hand, if we have worked in three or four States, we can then leverage their expertise and experience to support others. In this context, the World Bank can act as a broker of exchanges where states learn from the experience of each other. And this could be in any area such as local government strengthening or in solar power generation. Second, Lighthouse India will play an important role in the delivery of global goods. For example, in the case of climate change, if we support the collective efforts of nations to de-carbonize their growth path, we may be able to achieve the objectives set out in CoP 18 in Paris. India has set for itself the aspiration of delivering 175GW of renewable energy in the coming years. Not only will India’s energy strategy help in delivering the global goal of sustainable development, its experience with scaling up renewable energy and energy efficiency will support the collective efforts of other countries to achieve their own objectives in the energy sector. This is where Lighthouse India can play an important role of leveraging India in the achievement of global goods. Question: Can you share examples of how knowledge sharing under Lighthouse India will support sharing and learning from states? There are several examples we can draw from. First, a group of African countries are very interested in understanding India’s experience in the skills-development area. How is India investing in skilling its workers? How does India leverage public private partnerships work around skilling? Several teams from Africa have already visited India and we are now talking of an active program of exchange. Second example is India’s experience with coastal zone management. India has a center in Chennai that is doing cutting edge research on coastal zone management. Several African countries are now beginning to talk about coastal zone management and are eager to connect with Chennai. Third, is an example from the energy sector. The Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) of India is making a huge difference in promoting energy efficiency across the country. Saudi Arabia is creating an EESL of its own and are looking at India for expertise and experience. Fourth example is around the ease of doing business. India has launched an important benchmarking exercise of its states around a series of metrics on the ease of doing business. It is competitive federalism at its best. The process by which states improve on their ease of doing business by learning from each other is the principle of Lighthouse India at work. These examples suggest a different approach to development assistance than before. They are based on the principle whereby one country or one state within a country will learn from the practices of each other and in the process also leverage each other’s expertise and experiences in shaping policies and service delivery. It builds on our experience with South- South exchanges by following up the exchanges with active investment and expertise from the host country. The Bank will need to excel in becoming a broker of these exchanges and embed analytical and advisory services around them. Question: How do you see Lighthouse India being implemented in the coming years? We expect Lighthouse India to be implemented by ensuring that the exchanges are linked with operations. For example, in the skills area, we expect expertise from India to be (Change background colour as needed) leveraged to support operations in several African countries. Increasingly, we expect our Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA) to be determined by the programs embedded in Lighthouse India. Ultimately, Lighthouse India draws from the comparative advantage of the Bank: “knowledge in implementation.” The TheWorld WorldBank Bankinin India •• India January 2015 15 March 2018 12 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Karnataka Municipal Reform Project Context benefited from improved infrastructure, and better Karnataka was rapidly urbanizing with rising municipal services. incomes and a strong demand for quality services from a growing urban population. However, Karnataka Municipal Reform Project Karnataka’s Urban Local Bodies (ULB) were characterized by lack of accountability, weak Approval Date: 14 March, 2006 local capacity, and excessive central controls, which had impeded service delivery, discouraged Closing Date: 31 December, 2015 investments, and as a result stifled productivity of Total Project Cost US$ 277 million the urban economy. It was felt that a systematic approach for the medium to long term was needed Bank Financing: US$ 185 million to ensure sustainable delivery of quality services at local levels. Implementing Government of Agency: Karnataka Project Development Objectives Outcome: Satisfactory The objective of the Karnataka Municipal Reform Project was to help improve the delivery of urban Risk to Moderate services through enhancing the quality of urban Development infrastructure and strengthening the institutional Outcome: and financial frameworks for urban services at the Overall Bank Moderately Satisfactory ULB and state levels. Performance: The main beneficiaries were the 164 ULBs that Overall Borrower Moderately Satisfactory implemented the reforms and the 2.5 million Performance: residents of the targeted areas in the state who 16 The World Bank in India • March 2018 12 Achievements ULBs. A computerized e-governance platform was implemented for registration of birth and Throughout the state, 89 subprojects (71 death. Over 14 million digitized birth and death completed by project closure) in road certificates were issued. A GIS-based Property rehabilitation, storm water drain construction, Tax system was introduced that surveyed and water supply, drainage, sanitation, and rainwater assessed over 1.5 million properties in the project harvesting (RWH) were commissioned in 29 ULBs financed ULBs alone. Over 25000 staff, more than (target 32 ULBs), benefiting an estimated 2 million double the original target, at the state and ULB citizens. All 213 ULBs in Karnataka adhered to levels were trained in over 21 different areas of a series of institutional and financial reforms to expertise. better plan, manage, and finance urban services leading to improvement in service delivery. Lessons Learnt The Project saw the successful implementation ● Reforms and infrastructure investments of one of the largest and most complex urban take time to implement. The KMRP was a sewerage projects in India. This activity supported complex project, covering various sectors and the very ambitious task of constructing an geographical areas. The standard period of 4-6 underground drainage of 308 km of main and trunk years is not sufficient to implement and show sewers, about 2,000 km of branch sewers and results for such complex projects. laterals, along with the restoration of about 2,000 km of roads affected by the sewerage construction ● Financing and implementation of municipal program. projects through state-level institutions requires maintaining a delicate balance Over 30,000 poor households in slums were between state-level support and local provided with either toilets or sewerage ownership. The state-owned Karnataka connections. As a result, around 32 slums were Urban and Industrial Development Finance declared open defecation free (ODF) with 100 Corporation provided strong technical support percent of the residents having access to toilets, through dedicated staff in ULBs while also drainage and sewage disposal facilities. giving ULBs the flexibility to determine their project priorities, systems of accounting, The Project design did not include any direct taxation etc. gender related interventions but women benefitted in many ways. First, the expansion of water supply ● Service utilities often lacked the appropriate to about 120,000 people alleviated the hardships skills required to work with poor in slums. of women in fetching water from distant places. They lacked the ability to deals with social and Second, the women beneficiaries felt that their community issues. safety, dignity, and self-respect were significantly ● Not only toilets but connections. The Project and positively enhanced as a direct result of the adjusted its approach to achieving the goal program. The convenience and comfort of having of improved sanitation by moving beyond the a toilet within the home resulted in freeing up provision of toilets and allocating time and time for more productive activities. The pro-poor money to the task of connecting both new and sanitation activities also had positive impacts on existing toilets to the sewerage network. the elderly and disabled, who benefited in terms of comfort, convenience, and ease of access to Experience under the project showed that toilet (Change background colour as needed) toilets. construction should usually be accompanied by a program to connect the toilets to the Karnataka undertook very ambitious set of sewerage system and that this cannot be left reforms, in terms of sectors and coverage of to the beneficiaries alone. 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 17 Recent Project Approvals Maharashtra Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved a $ 420 million project to increase climate resilience in Vidarbha regions of Maharashtra. It will be implemented in rural areas largely dependent upon rainfed agriculture. It agriculture for small and marginal farmers will strengthen the resilience of small and while ensuring that farming continues to marginal farmers against adverse climate remain a financially viable activity for them. (Change background colour as needed) events by promoting agricultural technologies The Project will benefit over 25 million people and farming practices that are aimed at spread over an area of 3.5 million ha and improving soil health, water-use efficiency cover 5,142 villages across 15 most climate and crop productivity. vulnerable districts of Marathwada and Recent Project Signings Capacity Augmentation of National Waterway 1 (Jal Marg Vikas) Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a $375 million loan agreement to support India develop its first the-art infrastructure and navigation services needed to develop the waterway – known as National Waterway 1 – as an efficient logistics modern inland water transport fairway on artery for northern India, while adopting the the Ganga river between Varanasi and the least intrusive methods of making the river seaport of Haldia. The 1,360 km-stretch of navigable. the waterway will bring thousands of jobs in The Project will help save more than 150,000 cargo logistics and transportation to one of (Change background colour as needed) tons of CO2 equivalent in greenhouse gas the most populous regions in the country. emissions annually by moving cargo away The Project will help the Inland Waterways from fossil fuel-consuming road and rail Authority of India (IWAI) put in place state-of- networks. 18 The World Bank in India • March 2018 12 The Uttarakhand Water Supply Program for Peri-Urban Areas T he Government of India, the Government of Uttarakhand and the World Bank Board have signed a $120 million loan The agreement for the project was signed by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry agreement which will help increase access to of Finance, on behalf of the Government improved water supply services in peri-urban of India; Arvind Singh Hyanki, Secretary, areas in the state of Uttarakhand. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, (Change background colour as needed) on behalf of the Government of Uttarakhand; The Project will help the state increase the and Hisham Abdo, Acting Country Director, coverage and availability of water supply World Bank, India on behalf of the World in peri-urban areas. Over 700,000 people Bank. residing in peri-urban areas of the state are expected to benefit from the program. Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Project T he Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu and the World Bank have signed a $318 million loan agreement majority are small and marginal, are expected to benefit from improved and modernized tank irrigation systems. for the Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture (Change backg The Project will rehabilitate and modernize Modernization Project to promote climate about 4,800 irrigation tanks and 477 check resilient agriculture technologies, improve dams, spread across 66 sub-basins, in water management practices, and increase delivering bulk water to irrigation systems. market opportunities for small and marginal farmers. About 500,000 farmers, of which a 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 19 Uttar Pradesh Pro-Poor Tourism Development Project Uttar Pradesh (UP) is one of India’s biggest cultural and tourist destinations, home to some of the country’s most iconic assets like the Taj Mahal in Agra, to one of the most ancient living cities in the world, Varanasi. Two of the world’s most important Buddhist sites, Sarnath and Kushinagar are also in UP. In 2016, the state attracted 211 million domestic and just over 6 million international visitors. Despite this, UP remains India’s third poorest state, with a 37.7 percent poverty rate. The Project will support the state government’s priority of re-structuring tourism in a way that optimizes the state T he Government of India, the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the World Bank have signed a $40 million loan agreement assets in an inclusive and sustainable manner directly benefiting poor residents and local (Change background colour as needed) entrepreneurs, such as rickshaw drivers, for the Uttar Pradesh Pro-Poor Tourism local artisans and street vendors, in both Development Project to increase tourism- economic and non-economic terms. related benefits for local communities. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project T he Government of India, the Government of Tamil Nadu and the World Bank have signed a $100 million loan agreement to business plans. Thirty percent of the financing for these business plans will be through a matching grant program from the promote rural enterprises, facilitate their project and the remaining 70 percent will be access to finance, and create employment leveraged from other financial institutions. opportunities for youth, particularly women, The agreement for the Project was signed across 26 districts of Tamil Nadu, directly by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, benefitting over 400,000 people. Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry The Project will create an enabling of Finance, on behalf of the Government of environment for producer organizations and India; Praveen P Nair, Project Director (FAC), (Change background colour as needed) enterprises to promote businesses across Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project on select value chains. Based on the analysis, behalf of the Government of Tamil Nadu; and communities will identify commodities and Junaid Ahmad, Country Director, World Bank subsectors in the value chain for preparing India, on behalf of the World Bank. 20 The World Bank in India • March 2018 12 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: India States Briefs The World Bank PIC By World Bank India The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Available On-line 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Published February 2018, New Delhi – 110 001, India 18 State Briefs Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Website: www.worldbank.org Any effort to understand Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia India must begin by Email: indiapic@worldbank.org acknowledging the existence of not one but PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR many Indias. The country Viva Books Pvt Ltd is home to over 1.2 billion people spread across 3.3 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj million square kilometers of land. India’s population New Delhi – 110 002 resides in a variety of geographies and is characterized Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 by diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 affiliations. Well-being and prosperity vary widely across Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net the country. Other Preferred Stockist in India Despite appreciable progress, some of the ‘low-income Anand Associates states’ (LIS) – namely Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, 1219 Stock Exchange Tower Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh 12th Floor, Dalal Street – continue to lag behind the rest of the country. After Mumbai – 400 023 2005, all LIS, with the exception of Bihar and Rajasthan, Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 grew at a slower pace than other states. Poverty Email: thrupti@vsnl.com reduction in these states was also not as responsive to Website: www.myown.org economic growth as in the rest of the country. Underlying Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) this divergence is the variance in the capacity and Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) performance of institutions across the country. Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd Download: https://tinyurl.com/z3wd2ye Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com Website: www.alliedpublishers.com A decade of rural transformation: Lessons learnt from the Bihar Rural Bookwell Livelihoods Project – 24/4800 Ansari Road, JEEViKA Daryaganj New Delhi – 110 002 By World Bank Group Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 Available On-line Email: bookwell@vsnl.net Published January 2018, 118 pages English Version, Paperback Report No. 122548 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 21 The book documents a decade of journey of the Bihar Bengal. The pronounced spatial and temporal variation Rural Livelihoods Project (BRLP) from 2006 to 2016 in in cyclone impacts will provide robust controls for one of the poorest states in India. It shares the lessons comparative research on household and community learnt with the development practitioners and colleagues adaptation to cyclones in the study region. around the world who have the same motivation and The methodology developed in the paper is general and goals for rural poverty alleviation and transformation for could be expanded to an arbitrarily large set of coastal shared prosperity. locations. Detailed assessment of observance: Basel core Other Publications principles for effective banking supervision By World Bank Group Global Financial Development Report 2017/2018: Available On-line Bankers without Borders Published January 2018, By World Bank Group 198 pages Available On-line English Version, Paperback Published November 2017, Report No. 122859 178 pages This assessment of the English Version, Paperback implementation of the ISBN: 978-1-4648-1148-7 BCP in India was jontly SKU: 211148 undertaken by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) The Global Financial and the World Bank in 2017, at the request of the Development Report 2017- Indian authorities. The scope of the assessment is the 2018 brings to bear new scheduled commercial banks, and the assessment evidence on the debate on the benefits and costs of reflects the regulatory and supervisory framework in international banks, particularly for developing countries. place as of the completion of the assessment. It is not It provides evidence-based policy guidance on a range intended to analyze the state of the banking sector or of issues that developing countries face. crisis management framework, which are addressed by Countries that are open to international banking can other assessments conducted in this FSAP. benefit from global flows of funds, knowledge, and opportunity, but the regulatory challenges are complex India: Policy Research Working Papers and, at times, daunting. WPS 8316 Riding the wave: An East Asian Miracle for the 21st Cyclonic storm landfalls in Bangladesh, West Bengal Century and Odisha, 1877-2016: A spatiotemporal analysis By Sunando Bandyopadhyay, Susmita Dasgupta, Zahirul By World Bank Group Huque Khan and David J. Wheeler Available On-line Published December 2017, Recurrent cyclonic storms 138 pages in the Bay of Bengal English Version, Paperback inflict massive losses on ISBN: 978-1-4648-1145-6 the coastal regions of SKU: 211145 Bangladesh and India. The wave of prosperity This paper constructs across the East Asia region a georeferenced panel since the 1980s has lifted database that can be used three out of five of its citizens into economic security, to obtain such information where their risk of falling into poverty is minimal. for Bangladesh, West Alongside this, a solid middle class has emerged in Bengal, and Odisha. Cyclone strike locations and most countries. But these successes do not guarantee impact zones are analyzed for several historical periods that inclusive growth—growth that reduces poverty and between 1877 and 2016. The findings indicate that delivers upward mobility and economic security for all— although the median location has shifted eastward, there is assured. is a marked variability in location, especially after 1960. Riding the Wave identifies a selective policy agenda Impacts also have varied considerably within and with three pillars: fostering economic mobility, providing across zones over time, with the highest-impact zones greater economic security, and strengthening the in northern Odisha and the Sundarbans region of West institutions required for inclusive growth. 12 22 The World Bank in India • March 2018 Disease Control Priorities The multidisciplinary approach includes Third Edition (Volume 5–9) recommendations that are evidence-based, scalable, and adaptable in multiple settings. It provides By World Bank Group comparable assessments of selected interventions, Available On-line packages, delivery platforms, and policies. Published November 2017, Volume (5-9) English Version, Paperback Volume 5: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Related ISBN: 978-1-4648-0518-9 Disorders SKU: 210518 Volume 6: Major Infectious Diseases The Disease Control Priorities (DCP) series focuses Volume 7: Injury Prevention and Environmental Health on identifying affordable, effective health interventions Volume 8: Child and Adolescent Health and likely to lead to measurable reductions in mortality and Development disability. Volume 9: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty From the Blogworld Transport is not gender-neutral By Karla Gonzalex Carvajal and Muneeza Mehmood Alam barriers that limit their mobility. The numbers speak for themselves. Some 80% of women are afraid of being harassed while using public transport. In developing countries, safety concerns and limited access to transport reducing the probability of women participating in the labor market by 16.5%, with serious consequences on the economy: the global GDP could grow by an additional $5.8 trillion if the gender gap in male and female labor force participation is decreased by 25% by 2025 (Change background colour as needed) (International Labour Organization). Women and men have different mobility needs and patterns, yet transport policies for most countries remain unrelentingly gender-blind. T ransport is not gender-neutral. This was the key message that came out of a high-level gender discussion co-hosted by the World Bank Read more: https://tinyurl.com/ycv5v2nf and the World Resources Institute during the recent Reviving Degraded Wetlands in India’s North Bihar Transforming Transportation 2018 conference, which By Pyush Dogra was held in Washington DC between January 11-12, 2018. This was the first time in the 15-year history of this annual event that a plenary session looked K anwar Jheel is the largest in a series of 18 wetlands spread across the Ganges flood plains in India’s north Bihar. For generations, these specifically at the gender dimensions of transport. wetlands have been the mainstay for this densely Women represent the largest share of public populated region, enabling families to farm the fertile transport users around the world, yet they face many soil and fish in nutrient-rich waters. 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 23 From the Blogworld So how does a country achieve UHC? One possible answer might be to discuss broad health system paradigms, but quite another would be to talk about the nuts and bolts of implementing a specific program. While the choice between paradigms is made, at most, once in a decade, figuring out how to (Change background colour as needed) implement a program happens every day. For this, practitioner-to-practitioner learning is one of the best ways to help implementers make real progress on the road to UHC. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y8dd3qea During the monsoon, when the River Burhi Gandak In evaluating development projects, pressing for – a Ganges tributary – overflows its banks, the better tools in measuring job creation wetlands absorb the runoff, protecting this extremely By Alvaro Gonzalez and Joanna Corzo flood-prone region. When the rains are over, the water shrinks to one tenth the size, exposing marshes and grasslands that create a mosaic of (Change background colour as needed) habitats for a wide variety of flora and fauna. In winter, over 60 species of duck and waterfowl visit these wetlands on their annual migration routes along the Central Asian Flyway. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/ycefspur Insuring India: States learn about health insurance from each other By Owen Smith and Sheena Chhabra T here is a well-known idiom saying that you can’t compare apples and oranges. But this is precisely the challenge researchers often face when it comes to measuring the jobs impact of development projects. Having standardized impact evaluation tools and methods is a milestone for private sector-led job investments, and it allows international financial institutions, development practitioners, and governments to build on existing knowledge to develop solutions. And this is precisely one of the goals that Let’s Work partnership, composed of 30 different institutions, is currently pursuing; to track the number of jobs (Change background colour as needed) generated from private sector-led interventions, the I ndia faces many challenges on the road to Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Almost two- thirds of total health spending is paid out-of-pocket quality of those jobs, and how inclusive those jobs are in a standardized way, so apples are compared to apples and oranges to oranges. by households, placing India among the top 10 countries in the world in this regard. Recent global Read more: https://tinyurl.com/ychyndky estimates that aim to measure country progress towards UHC also highlight India’s gaps in terms of service coverage. 12 24 The World Bank in India • March 2018 India Project Documents Secondary Education Project Second Programmatic Electricity Distribution Reform Development Policy Loan for Rajasthan Project Date 21 December 2017 Date 23 January 2018 Project ID P118445 Project ID P159669 Report No. ICR4122 (Implementation Completion and Results Report) Report No. 122923 (Program Information Document) Himachal Pradesh State Roads Project Technology Center Systems Project Date 20 December 2017 Date 18 December 2017 Project ID P118445 Project ID P145502 Report No. ICR4237 (Implementation Completion and Results Report) Report No. RES30302 (Project Paper) Energy Efficiency Scale-up Program for Results Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project Date 09 January 2018 Date 21 December 2017 Project ID P162849 Project ID P096124 Report No. 122860 (Project Information Document) Report No. RES30302 (Project Paper) 122550 (Project Information and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) India ICDS Systems Strengthening and Nutrition Improvement Project Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project Date 15 January 2018 Date 21 December 2017 Project ID P165493 Project ID P097985 Report No. PIDISDSA23443 (Project Information and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Report No. RES30277 (Project Paper) Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project Jharkhand Municipal Development Project Date 24 January 2018 Date 21 December 2017 Project ID P64058 Project ID P158502 Report No. 23090 (Project Information and Report No. SFG3957, SFG3852 Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) (Environmental Assessment, 3 Vol.) Technology Center Systems Project Jharkhand Power System Improvement Project Date 18 December 2017 Date 21 December 2017 Project ID P145502 Project ID P162086 Report No. RES30302 (Project Paper) Report No. SFG3910, SFG3888 (Environmental Assessment, 3 Vol.) Maharashtra Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture Karnataka Health System Improvement Project Date 19 December 2017 Date 19 January 2018 Project ID P160408 Project ID P071160 Report No. PIDISDSA22567 (Project Information and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Report No. ICR4290 (Implementation Completion and Results Report) 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 25 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 8332 sector data set Effect of climate policies on labor markets in By Uwe Deichmann, Anna Reuter, Sebastian Vollmer developing countries: Review of the evidence and and Fan Zhang directions for future research WPS 8321 By Marc Andrew Christian Hafstead, Roberton C. Using satellite imagery to assess impacts of soil Williams III, Alexander Alexandrovich Golub and et.al. and water conservation measures: Evidence from WPS 8331 Ethiopia’s Tana-Beles Watershed Prioritizing water supply infrastructure investments By Daniel Ayalew Ali, Klaus W. Deininger and Daniel C. in Sri Lanka: An application of the world bank Monchuk infrastructure prioritization framework WPS 8320 By Darwin Marcelo, Deblina Saha, Aditi Raina and Ruth Optimizing finance for development Schuyler House By Tito Cordella WPS 8330 WPS 8319 Redistribution and group participation: Experimental Regional carbon pricing for international maritime evidence from Africa and the UK transport: Challenges and opportunities for global By Marcel Fafchamps and Ruth Hill geographical coverage WPS 8329 By Goran Dominioni, Dirk Heine and Beatriz Martinez South Caucasus in motion: Economic and social Romera mobility in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia WPS 8318 By Sailesh Tiwari, Cesar A. Cancho, Moritz Meyer and Broadband internet, labor demand, and total factor Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky productivity in Colombia WPS 8328 By Carlos Ospino Informal sector heterogeneity and income inequality: WPS 8317 Evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo The making of behavioral development economics By Franck M. Adoho and Djeneba Doumbia By Allison Davis Demeritt and Karla Hoff WPS 8327 WPS 8316 Tobacco price elasticity and tax progressivity in Cyclonic storm landfalls in Bangladesh, West Bengal Moldova and Odisha, 1877-2016: a spatiotemporal analysis By Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky and Francisco Juan Alberto By Sunando Bandyopadhyay, Susmita Dasgupta, Zahirul Meneses Ponzini Huque Khan and David J. Wheeler WPS 8326 WPS 8315 Digital technology adoption and jobs: A model of firm Financial sector strategies and financial sector heterogeneity outcomes: Do the strategies perform? By Irene Brambilla By Martin Melecky and Anca Maria Podpiera WPS 8325 WPS 8314 Investment in ICT, productivity, and labor demand: The Global data set on education quality (1965-2015) case of Argentina By Nadir Altinok, Noam Angrist and Harry Anthony By Irene Brambilla and Darío Tortarolo Patrinos WPS 8324 WPS 8313 Why are more sovereigns issuing in Euros? Choosing The impact of social mobilization on health service between USD and EUR-denominated bonds delivery and health outcomes: Evidence from rural By Antonio Velandia-Rubiano and Rodrigo Silveira Veiga Pakistan Cabral By Xavier Gine, Salma Khalid and Ghazala Mansuri WPS 8323 WPS 8312 The impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on firm entry Lessons from reforming financial management and performance in Turkey information systems: A review of the evidence By Yusuf Emre Akgunduz, Marcel van den Berg and By Ali Hashim and Moritz Piatti-Fünfkirchen Wolter Hassink WPS 8311 WPS 8322 The changing way governments talk about poverty Relationship between energy intensity and economic and inequality: Evidence from two centuries of Latin growth: New evidence from a multi-country multi- American presidential speeches 12 26 The World Bank in India • March 2018 By Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez, Axel Eizmendi and German A comparative analysis of different indicators of Jeremias Reyes corruption By Alexander James Hamilton and Craig Hammer WPS 8310 Winners never quit, quitters never grow: Using text WPS 8298 mining to measure policy volatility and its link with ICT adoption and wage inequality: Evidence from long-term growth in Latin America Mexican firms By Axel Eizmendi, Oscar Calvo-Gonzalez By Mariana De La Paz Pereira Lopez and Leonardo Iacovone WPS 8309 A primer on human capital WPS 8297 By Roberta V. Gatti and Luca Flabbi Bank ownership: Trends and implications By Maria Soledad Martinez Peria, Jeanne Emma Verrier WPS 8308 and Robert J. Cull Structural reforms and firms’ productivity: Evidence from developing countries WPS 8296 By Wilfried Anicet Kouakou Kouame and Sampawende Using gross trade data to map archetypal GVCs J.-A. Tapsoba By Michael Joseph Ferrantino and Gabriela Schmidt WPS 8307 WPS 8295 Female migration in Lesotho: Determinants and Can mothers afford to work in Poland: Labor supply opportunities incentives of social benefits and childcare costs By Shubha Chakravarty, Ioana Alexandra Botea and Nell By Ali Bargu and Matteo Morgandi Compernolle WPS 8294 WPS 8306 Micro-level analysis of Mexican retail markets and Marital shocks and women’s welfare in Africa their response to changes in market structure and By Dominique Van De Walle and Marie Albertine Djuikom competition policies By Alvaro S. Gonzalez, Leonardo Iacovone and Luis WPS 8305 Fernando Sanchez Bayardo Impact of phone reminders on survey response rates: Evidence from a web-based survey in an international WPS 8293 organization An evaluative look behind the curtain: World Bank By Lode Smets Group staff’s early experience with the shared prosperity goal WPS 8304 By Zeljko Bogetic and Lodewijk Smets Simulating pension income scenarios with penCalc: An illustration for India’s national pension system WPS 8292 By William Joseph Price and Renuka Sane How effective are early grade reading interventions? A review of the evidence WPS 8303 By Jimmy Graham and Sean Kelly What explains the gender gap reversal in education? The role of the tail hypothesis WPS 8291 By Laurent Loic Yves Bossavie and Ohto Kanninen Selection, firm turnover, and productivity growth: Do emerging cities speed up the process? WPS 8302 By Albert G. Zeufack, Taye Alemu Mengistae and Transport corridors and their wider economic benefits: Patricia Jones A critical review of the literature By Mark Roberts, Martin Melecky, Theophile Bougna WPS 8290 and Yan Xu Preschool and child development under extreme poverty: Evidence from a randomized experiment in WPS 8301 rural Mozambique Insecurity and industrial organization: Evidence from By Sebastian Martinez, Vitor Azevedo Pereira and Afghanistan Sophie Naudeau By Ott Toomet, Sylvan Rene Herskowitz, Thomas Scherer and et.al. WPS 8289 How (not) to fix problems that matter: Assessing and WPS 8300 responding to Malawi’s history of institutional reform Cross-border spillover effects of the G20 financial By Michael Woolcock and Katherine Bridges regulatory reforms: Results from a pilot survey By Ilias Skamnelos, Jan Rademacher, Clive Briault, Brian WPS 8288 Kwok Chung Yee and et.al. State ownership of financial institutions in Europe and Central Asia WPS 8299 By Ilias Skamnelos, Aurora Ferrari and Davide Salvatore Can we measure the power of the grabbing hand? Mare 12 The World Bank in India • March 2018 27 The World Bank in India VOL 16 / NO 5 • March 2018 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Annamalai University ◆ New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 Centre for Studies in Social ◆ Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata Giri Institute of Development ◆ Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune Guru Nanak Dev University ◆ Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank Indian Institute of ◆ 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 Institute of Development ◆ (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur Institute of Economic ◆ The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore Karnataka University ◆ Dharwad Kerala University Library ◆ Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad Pt. Ravishankar Shukla ◆ University Raipur Punjabi University ◆ Patiala Rights and Permissions: The material in this work is copyrighted. University of Bombay ◆ No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form Mumbai or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, Uttaranchal Academy of ◆ recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, Administration Nainital without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Designed by Thoughtscape Design Studio, New Delhi and printed by Sona Printers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, March 2018