E1067 V7 Republic of Yemen Ministry of Public Works and Highways Road Maintenance Fund - Implementation Unit. (RMF-IU) FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)For Amran-Hajja Road (45 km) Prepared by: Dr. Adnan Alsanoy, Dr.Najat Al Odyne Dr. Afaf Al-Hyme, Mr. Marzooq Mohsen 12/31/2013 1 Republic of Yemen Ministry of Public Works and Highways Road Maintenance Fund - Implementation Unit. (RMF-IU) FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA ) For Amran-Hajja Road (45 km) Prepared by: Dr. Adnan Alsanoy, Dr.Najat Al Odyne Dr. Afaf Al-Hyme, Mr. Marzooq Mohsen December 2013 2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................... 6 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................. 17 1.1 Location and objectives ..................................................................................... 17 1.2 Characteristics of the alignment........................................................................ 17 1.3 Land Acquisition and Compensation ................................................................ 18 2. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................... 19 2.1 Yemen Environmental Policies and Legislations .............................................. 19 2.2 World Bank Environmental Safeguards And Policies...................................... 19 3. BASELINE CONDITIONS 21 3.1 Physical Resources ............................................................................................. 21 3.1.1. Geographic location .................................................................................... 21 3.1.2. Geology and Soils ........................................................................................ 21 3.1.3. Land Use ..................................................................................................... 21 3.1.4. Climate ........................................................................................................ 21 3.1.5. Water Resources ......................................................................................... 22 3.1.6. Traffic Volume ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.7. Air Quality and Noise ................................................................................. 23 3.2. Biological Resources ......................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Flora ......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2. Fauna ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3. Cultural and Historical Resources ............................................................. 24 3.3. Socio-Economic ................................................................................................. 24 3.3.1. Population Status ........................................................................................ 24 3.3.2. Poverty Status: ............................................................................................ 25 3.3.3 Services and Facilities in the project area................................................... 25 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS. BACKLOG WORKS AND REPAIRS, AND STANDARD MAINTENANCE PHASES. ................................ 26 4.1 Impact scoping .............................................................................................. 26 4.2 Specific Impacts ............................................................................................ 26 4.2.1 Impacts of Waste Generation ...................................................................... 26 4.2.2 Landslides, Soil Erosion, and Visual Intrusion........................................... 28 4.2.3 Impacts of dust and vehicles emissions on Air Quality .............................. 28 4.2.4 Traffic disturbance ...................................................................................... 28 4.2.5 Increased levels of Noise and Vibration ...................................................... 28 4.2.6 Impacts on Water Supply and Ground Water ........................................... 29 3 4.2.7 Impacts on Runoff Water and Drainage ..................................................... 29 4.2.8 Impact on Fauna and Flora ......................................................................... 29 4.2.9 Health and Safety Conditions ...................................................................... 30 4.2.10 Social and Economic Impacts ....................................................................... 30 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES ..................... 31 5.1 Mitigation Tools ................................................................................................. 31 5.2 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................... 31 5.2.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Waste Generation ............................. 32 5.2.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Landslides, Soil Erosion and Visual Intrusion ......................................................................................................... 32 5.2.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Air Quality ....................................... 32 5.2.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Traffic............................................... 33 5.2.5 Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Noise and Vibration .......................... 33 5.2.6 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Water Supply and Ground Water... 33 5.2.7 Mitigation Me asures for Impacts on Fauna and Flora............................... 33 5.2.8 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Human Safety .................................. 34 5.2.9 Mitigation Measures for Social and Economic Impacts ............................. 34 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES .................. 36 6.1 Monitoring Arrangements ................................................................................. 36 6.2 Reporting............................................................................................................ 36 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ............. 39 7.1 General ............................................................................................................... 39 7.2 Responsibilities and Procedures ........................................................................ 39 7.3 Project Costs....................................................................................................... 42 7.4 Institutional Capacity Building and Training Activities .................................. 42 8. SOCIAL CONSULTATIONS ................................................................................ 44 8.1 Consultation Program ....................................................................................... 44 8.2 Men Consultations ............................................................................................. 44 8.2.1 Men Consultations Findings ........................................................................ 44 8.3 Women Consultations ........................................................................................ 45 8.3.1 Findings of Women Consultations .............................................................. 45 8.3.2 Recommendations: ...................................................................................... 46 8.4 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 46 ANNEXES .................................................................................. 47 4 List of Tables and Figures Table No. Page No. Table 1 Summary of general mitigation measures during the backlog works 11 and repairs phase Table 2. Summary of General Monitoring activities during backlog works and 13 repairs phase, and standard maintenance phase Table 3. Summary of ESMP during Backlog Works and Repair Phase 15 Figure 1: Project Location Map – Amran – Hajja Road 15 19 Table 4 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered 25 Table 5: Population and Settlements in Hajja and Amran Governorates Table 6: Poverty Status of Hajja and Amran Governorates 25 25 Table 7: Access to Basic Public Services in Lahj Governorate Table 8: Impact Assessment Scoping Matrix For The Backlog Works and 27 Repair Phase Table 9: Relevant Clauses in Standard Construction Contracts 31 Table 10: Summary of general mitigation measures during the backlog works 34 and repairs phase Table 11: Summary of General Monitoring activities during backlog works 38 and repairs phase, and standard maintenance phase Table 12: Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan 39 Procedures Table 13: Summary of ESMP during the Backlog Works and Repairs Phase 40 Table 14: Institutional Strengthening and Training during the Backlog Works 44 and Repairs Phase, and during the Standard Maintenance Phases Table 15: Number of consulted Women 46 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The Amran – Hajja road project is financed under the Second Rural Access Project (RAP2), and managed by the RMF Implementation Unit (IU). This ESIA contains the results of the environmental and social impact assessment undertaken for the Backlog Works and Repairs Phase as well as Routine Maintenance of the project for Amran and Hajja road. It complies with the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Policies and the Relevant Yemen Regulations. This ESIA document follows the Sectoral Environmental Assessment completed in September 2009. It identifies and assesses the environmental and social risks and impacts. In addition, this report determines the necessary mitigation measures and elaborates the necessary management and monitoring plans to ensure that impacts are dealt with and mitigation measures are followed during construction and maintenance phases. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) follows at the end of this report. The ESIA report was carried out according to the guidelines set out in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Framework (ESIAF) Document prepared for the implementation unit within the RMF. The Environmental and Social Review Processes and the Environmental and Social Screening and Scoping Checklist for the Amran-Hajja road were the main tools used during the preparation of this ESIA report. Project Objectives The project development objective is to upgrade the existing paved road to good conditions and to prevent its future deterioration. Furthermore, to improve traffic safety at critical locations, improve slope stability at mountainous locations, clean cross drainage and side ditches and remove the illegal speed bumps and build new safe speed bumps. A very important objective is to alleviate poverty in the area by creating local employment through road maintenance works by improving access to basic services such as schools, health centers and markets. The backlog maintenance works of the proposed project will meet the future demand for better transportation and communication between many districts and villages, such as, Amran City, Qaren area, Al-Ashmoor, Bani Mawhab, Shers- Bani Wardan, Ain Ali, Hajja City from Hajja and Amran governorates. In addition, keeping in view an anticipated overall development in the northern region of the country, it will reduce travel time and reduce the cost of freight traffic between the two governorates. Moreover, the importance of maintaining this project of 45 km length is to serve directly the Amran-Hajja road with the population of about 2,300,000 inhabitants within the project area. The road attracts freight traffic between Amran and Hajja Governorates. Project Description The proposed project includes one road connecting the Amran and the Hajja Governorates with the length of 45 km. The Hajja Governorate is located 123 km North-West of Sana’a City. It is bounded by the Red sea, Saudi Arabia, and Sa’ada, Amran, Al Mahweet, and Al Hudaida Governorates. On the other hand, Amran Governorate is located 50km North of Sana'a City. It is bordered by Saddas, Sana'a, Hajjah, Mahweet, and Al-Jawf and Sana'a Governorates. 6 The main project activities would include repairs of riprap, road resurfacing, crack sealing, repair and cleaning of shoulders, installation of pipe culverts, installation of road sign, installation of safety barriers and handrails. Legal and Institutional Framework The ESIA of this project is carried out to meet the requirements of the Environment Protection Law (EPL) No. 26 of 1995 in Yemen that sets the framework for protection of the environment, natural resources, society and health. The provisions of this framework law are implemented through the Executive Regulations (By-Law 148-2000), issued by a decree of the Council of Ministers. According to the Law 25 described above, the EMP is required for road maintenance works. In addition, this ESIA report has been prepared in conformity with World Bank Operational Policies OP/BP/GP 4.01 triggered by the project. Baseline Conditions A field study was carried out in details by the environmental, social and gender specialists for the purpose of assessing the existing environmental and social conditions. a. Physical Region and Land Use Physical Region: The physiographic characteristics of the project area are very diverse. The Hajja Governorate is located north- west of Sana’a City. The terrain type of this road is mountainous with very high and steep slopes. Land Use: the road alignment passes through the agricultural land. Most of the terrains have vegetative cover. Agricultural and pastures activities are the major land use characteristic at the project area. b. Climate, Rainfall and Water Resources Climate and Rainfall: Hajja Governorate is characterized by arid tropical climate with the mean temperatures ranging from 25C to 35C, and the relative humidity of 60-80%. This climate covers the coastal plains region and the lower mountain slopes in the west and south. The climate of the Amran Governorate is affected by the height and the surface level. The rainfall in this area ranges from 70 to 400 mm. Water Resources: Water is a scarce commodity with fluctuating supply that has been harvested by Yemenis through intricate system. Yemenis for centuries have been constructing terraces to utilize highlands for cultivation, which are also useful in controlling soil erosion. c. Air Quality and Noise Air Quality: Data in air quality in Yemen in general and the project area in particular is extremely scarce. No proxy data for the project area were found. However, based on the field visit, it was noticed that the air quality along the road alignment is very good and is currently unlikely to be of any concern. 7 Noise: The field survey indicated that the current noise levels along the road alignment are low and do not exceed 55dB due to relatively low traffic volume and speed as well as lack of noisy activities along the road alignment. d. Biological Resources Fauna: The most common livestock in the area are goats and sheep. People raise also cows, camels and donkeys. Wild animals are found in different areas, especially predators like lions and tigers. Other animals include monkeys, rabbits, foxes, reptiles and birds. The presence of wild animals is found in sparsely populated areas. The valleys are particularly rich in animal and plant species such as Makhlav, Gadeela, Goma’a and Shares. The plants species includes acacia, lotus and eucalyptus. None of these species are under protection or threat. There are no nature protected areas in the Amran and Hajj governorates. e. Socio-Economic The Amran and Hajja Governorates are located in North and West-North of Yemen. Majority of the local population depends on agricultural revenue. The local population still uses the old means of transportation such as donkeys. The most important agricultural crops are fruits, vegetables and grains. Other agricultural activities include beekeeping and fish farming in coastal areas, livestock cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and donkeys in addition to poultry due to the availability of natural trees & grasses and the appropriate climate. The livestock keeping is particularly intensive in part of the Amran Province where there is arable land which is used for crops in rainfall seasons and for pastures in non-agricultural seasons (the north-western districts such as Harf Sufyan, Alsur and Al Agaflah). The Amran Province is ranked ninth among the provinces of the Yemen Republic in terms of the number of animals, reaching 807 thousands, equivalent to 4.54% of the total number of animals in Yemen (2005 statistical data). Given that Hajjah borders Saudi Arabia, it witnesses increasing trade activities through the Gateway of Harad City, which is one of the most important customs outlets of the Republic of Yemen. The terrain of the province contains some of the most precious metals such as gold, copper, nickel, cobalt, marble, and quartz. Environmental and Social Impacts Impact scoping was applied to identify and bring focus of environmental assessment study to the key impacts of high magnitude and significance to be considered in the ESIA and to raise the concerns of the impacted communities and involved institutions. In this report, scoping is limited to the backlog works and repairs phase itself. Since this project does not involve the construction of new roads, the negative impacts associated with land acquisition are not expected along the Amran-Hajja road. Also, no adverse impacts are anticipated in respect of sensitive habitats, wildlife or cultural heritage. A number of pre-rehabilitation-related impacts have been identified, most of which are low or moderate. From an environmental and social point of view, the principal concerns are those related to problems associated with: 8  Landslides some location of the road due to the mountainous terrain, which the road is crossing;  Blocked side ditches and cross drainage by accumulated debris;  The lack of safety measures at sharp curves which cause accidents by negligent driving habits;  The traffic congestion and jam because of grown small basic shops that are movable along the roadside; and  The growing natural trees adjacent to the road. The expected negative social and environmental impacts associated with the construction and maintenance of this project are minor, localized, short-term and reversible. The impact scoping exercise indicates that overall, the beneficial impacts of this project (backlog works and repairs phase) on physical and natural resources, safety; job creation and local economic development are expected to outweigh negative impacts. All potentially adverse impacts arising during the road works could be mitigated satisfactorily through the inclusion of suitable environmental and social mitigation measures and monitoring program attached to the bidding documents. Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures will eliminate or reduce the negative impacts of the project. The objective of them is to address the identified negative impacts shown in the screening, scoping and impact analyses. All these mitigation measures should be ensured and approved under the terms of reference and contract for construction and supervision, and as necessary by the agreement with communities that will be stated in the SFA. Therefore, the mitigation plans include measures in order to reduce and mitigate the potentially adverse impacts and strengthening the positives ones. The key mitigation measures proposed include (Table 1): proper management, temporary storage and safe disposal of construction waste, construction of retaining walls and gabions, water spraying during operations causing dust emissions, control measures for waste fuel, oil and lubricants, reduction of noise and dust levels through restricting working hours and proper maintenance of equipment, rehabilitation of areas used for construction detours and sites used for temporarily storage of construction materials, provision of alternative access to residents and roadside businesses. Most of the proposed ESMM mitigation activities would be ensured under provisions in the construction supervision contract documents and as necessary by agreement with the communities that will be stated in the SFA. All costs associated with the mitigation measures for all environmental and social impacts would be incorporated into the overall project budget. Environmental and Social Monitoring Activities The monitoring activities will aim at verifying compliance of project activities with the mitigation measures. It will be the responsibility of the environmental and social specialists’ at the project’s implementation unit. Table 2 presents monitoring activities, and specifies monitoring indicators, frequency, responsibilities and costs. Monitoring activities will rely primarily on field observations, feedback from stakeholders and other affected people, and documentation of their reactions to the project works and their perception of the adequacy of the mitigation measures. Photographic documentation will be required in the continuous and regular monitoring. 9 The project officer of the Second Rural Access Project (RAP2) shall conduct site inspections every 2-6 weeks to monitor the compliance of the project activities, the contractor and the supervising consultant with the applications of all mitigation measures for environmental and social impacts. The Environmental and Social Specialists within the (RAP2) are responsible for overall monitoring of the environmental and social issues resulting from the project activities, and review of monthly reports on contractor compliance. The results of the monitoring will be archived in a project dossier for the WB Audit. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The Environmental and Social Management Plan summarizes the findings of the ESIA. It presents the key impacts identified, mitigation measures and monitoring arrangements - see Table 3 for details. The ESMP establishes a procedural framework for implementing and monitoring the environmental and social mitigation measures for the Amran-Hajja project. The estimated costs of implementing mitigation measures is 4,700 USD (assuming good works practices) and the cost of hiring full time environmental monitoring specialist, vehicle and camera. Social Consultations Social consultations were carried out with both male and female beneficiaries. Consultations with the male beneficiaries from the selected local communities along the road were carried out in December 2012. Four road sites were selected for the consultation process. A total of 25 beneficiaries were randomly selected for the above mentioned sites and interviews. Due to the fact that most of the respondents were illiterate, data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The interviews started by a general talk and a brief explanation of the nature and objectives of the project and the study to gain the trust and confidence of the respondents, and ensure reliable and well informed responses. Likewise, consultations with the female beneficiaries were carried out in December, 2012 through field visit and interview with women in different areas along the road to be financed by the project. 47 women were interviewed in 3 areas. During the consultation process, questionnaires were also used to solicit people’s views, concerns, and feedback on the road maintenance activities to be supported by the project. The main feedback received was to put traffic signs at places where school children and students cross to schools, also where women and animals cross to fields and where health centers are placed. The consultation participants recommended also setting a group of residents to control traffic movement next to schools during school time, and to build speed bumps near entrance to villages. 10 Table 1. Summary of general mitigation measures during the backlog works and repairs phase No. Impact Measure Responsibility Cost Waste Proper solid waste disposal or liquid waste recycling at generation, designated permitted sites 200 USD 1 Contractor storage and Plan for solid and liquid waste management disposal Periodic inspection of equipment maintenance Landslides, Provision of open area ~1m wide stripe, behind cut side soil erosion, channels, to temporarily accommodate fallen debris Part of the contract. and visual Increase the mass thickness of the rock fill to provide Supervision Consultants intrusion additional resistance to instability Consultants will issue work 2 and orders to be Build retaining walls and gabions Provision of adequate drainage systems Contractors financed by the works Planting trees and restoration of vegetation in sensitive contracts. zones Deterioration Usage of well-maintained equipment of air quality Water spraying during dry periods and strong winds for Supervision dust control Consultants 3 and 500 USD Cleaning of vehicle tires. Covering trucks carrying loose construction materials and Contractors fill to avoid dust generation Traffic Informing the public about schedule of disruption repairs/maintenance works Supervision Consultants Included within 4 Provision of temporary alternative access roads/by-passes and the contractor’s Installation of traffic signs fees. Contractors Speed bumps near schools and entrances to villages Increase of Usage of quiet/well- maintained equipment noise levels Limiting noisy activities to normal daylight hours Inform the public about the location and timing of noisy Supervision Included within Consultants the contractor’s 5 activities and Minimizing noisy operations in the Shares market area Contractors fees. Use of safety instructions and personal protective equipment by workers Damage to Fixing the damaged riprap after compacting the top soil water along the eroded side ditches supply, Coordination with land owners on scheduling drainage maintenance activities system and Keeping the drainage ditches and culverts unblocked by Supervision Consultants 6 groundwater periodic cleaning and 3,000 USD Proper side sloping the road to prevent the accumulation Contractors of water on the road surface Storage of liquid materials (especially hydrocarbons) in sealed containers far away from the water sources in authorized dumpsites Damage to Planting trees at critical locations and known animal Supervision fauna and crossing pathways Consultants 7 and 500 USD flora Periodic cleaning and maintenance of culverts to facilitate amphibians crossing Contractors Health & Provision and use of personal protective equipment to Contractor Included within 8 Safety workers and the contractor’s supervision 11 Installing construction and warning signs consultant fees. Socio- Informing the public and coordinating with them on the Contractor economics schedule of maintenance activities and 9 supervision 500 USD Provision of alternative access roads/ by-passes consultant Traffic management Estimated mitigation costs: 4,700 USD 12 Table 2. Summary of General Monitoring activities during backlog works and repairs phase. Indicator Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Responsibilities Cost to be (incl. methods & (incl. review and (incl. equipment & monitored equipment) reporting) individuals) Waste Waste type, Along the  Maintaining a record Supervising Input of full time management quantity, road of type, quantity, and Daily consultant in environmental disposal, disposal location of coordination with monitoring location of solid and liquid waste dedicated engineer/specialist solid and generation engineer- reporting to a liquid waste specialist from dedicated engineer generation RMF at RMF Landslides Landslides Along the  Site inspection and Supervising Input of full time soil erosion, soil erosion, road photographic Once a consultant in environmental and Visual and Visual documentation of week. More coordination with monitoring intrusion intrusion excavation and frequent dedicated engineer/specialist maintenance activities during the engineer- reporting to a  Photographic rainy season specialist from dedicated engineer documentation of RMF at RMF planting and re- vegetation activities Air quality Dust Along road  Visual observation and Supervising Input of full time and at photographic Twice a consultant in environmental intersections documentation of week coordination with monitoring equipment induced dedicated engineer/specialist emissions and dust engineer- reporting to a clouds during specialist from dedicated engineer excavation activities RMF at RMF  Measurement of dust, NOx and SO2 concentration in the air (special attention: the Shares Market) Traffic Congestion Along road  Site supervision- Supervising Input of full time and at inspection and Twice a consultant in environmental intersections photographic week coordination with monitoring documentation dedicated engineer/specialist engineer- reporting to a specialist from dedicated engineer RMF at RMF Noise Hearing Along the  Site supervision, Supervising Input of full time noise level road and at inspection and Twice a consultant in environmental intersections documentation to week coordination with monitoring ensure implementation dedicated engineer/specialist of mitigation measures engineer- reporting to a  Random noise specialist from dedicated engineer monitoring (focus: the RMF at RMF Shares market area) Water supply Water pipes Along the  Close supervision and Supervising Input of full time road documentation of pipe Once a week consultant in environmental re-location activities coordination with monitoring  Observing nearby dedicated engineer/specialist springs for potential engineer- reporting to a siltation following a specialist from dedicated engineer 13 rainfall event RMF at RMF Runoff water Vegetation, Along the  Site inspection and Supervising Input of full time and drainage canals, road photographic Once a week consultant in environmental culverts documentation of re- coordination with monitoring vegetation activities dedicated engineer/specialist  Checking on culverts engineer- reporting to a particularly following specialist from dedicated engineer rainfall events RMF at RMF Fauna and Vegetation, Along the  Site inspection and Supervising Input of full time flora animals road photographic Once a week consultant in environmental documentation of coordination with monitoring excavation and re- dedicated engineer/specialist planting activities engineer- reporting to a specialist from dedicated engineer RMF at RMF Safety Accidents Along the  Inspection/supervision Continuous Supervising Input of full time and injuries road and photographic consultant in environmental documentation coordination with monitoring  Maintaining a record dedicated engineer/specialist of injuries and engineer- reporting to a accidents specifying specialist from dedicated engineer cause and location RMF at RMF Socio- Commercial Along the  Site inspection and Continuous Supervising Input of full time economics activities road documentation of consultant in environmental community activities coordination with monitoring along road dedicated engineer/specialist engineer- reporting to a specialist from dedicated engineer RMF at RMF One full time environmental Estimated monitoring costs: monitoring engineer/specialist 14 Table 3. Summary of ESMP during backlog works and repairs phase. Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility stCoC No. Monitoring Implementation Waste Proper solid waste disposal Maintaining a record of 200 USD generation, or liquid waste recycling at type, quantity, and Input of full storage and designated permitted sites disposal location of time 1 disposal Plan for solid and liquid solid and liquid waste Contractor environmental waste management generation monitoring Periodic inspection of specialist equipment maintenance Landslides, Provision of open area ~1m Site inspection and soil erosion, wide stripe, behind cut side photographic Part of the and Visual channels, to temporarily documentation of contract. intrusion accommodate fallen debris excavation and Consultants Increase the mass thickness maintenance activities will issue work of the rock fill to provide Photographic orders to be additional resistance to documentation of Supervision financed by the 2 instability planting and re- Consultants and works contract. Build retaining walls and vegetation activities Contractors Input of full gabions time Provision of adequate environmental drainage systems monitoring Planting trees and restoration specialist of vegetation in sensitive zones Deterioration Usage of well-maintained Visual observation and of air quality equipment photographic Water spraying during dry documentation of periods and strong winds for equipment induced 500 USD dust control emissions and dust Input of full Supervision Cleaning of vehicle tires. clouds during time 3 Consultants and Covering trucks carrying excavation activities environmental Contractors loose construction materials Measurement of dust, monitoring and fill to avoid dust NOx and SO2 specialist generation concentration in the air (special attention: the Shares Market) Traffic Informing the public about Site supervision- disruption schedule of inspection and Included in the repairs/maintenance works photographic contractor’s fees. Provision of temporary documentation Supervision Input of full time 4 alternative access roads/by- Consultants and environmental passes Contractors monitoring Installation of traffic signs specialist Speed bumps near schools and entrances to villages Increase of Usage of quiet/well- Site Included in the noise levels maintained equipment supervision/inspection contractor’s Limiting noisy activities to and documentation to Supervision fees. 5 normal daylight hours ensure the Consultants and Input of full Inform the public about the implementation of Contractors time location and timing of noisy mitigation measures environmental activities Random noise monitoring 15 Minimizing noisy operations monitoring (focus: the specialist in the Shares market area Shares market area) Use of safety instructions and personal protective equipment by workers Damage to Fixing the damaged riprap Close supervision and water supply, after compacting the top soil documentation of pipe runoff and along the eroded side ditches re-location activities drainage Coordination with land Observing nearby system owners on scheduling springs for potential maintenance activities siltation following a 3,000 USD Keeping the drainage ditches rainfall event and culverts unblocked by Site inspection and Input of full Supervision periodic cleaning photographic time 6 Consultants and Proper side sloping the road documentation of water environmental Contractors to prevent the accumulation harvesting activities and monitoring of water on the road surface re-vegetation activities specialist Storage of liquid materials Checking on culverts (especially hydrocarbons) in particularly following sealed containers far away rainfall events from the water sources in authorized dumpsites Impact on Planting trees at critical Site inspection and 500 USD fauna and locations and known animal photographic Input of full flora crossing pathways documentation of Supervision time 7 Periodic cleaning and excavation and re- Consultants and environmental maintenance of culverts to planting activities Contractors monitoring facilitate amphibians specialist crossing Health & Provision and use of personal Inspection/supervision Included in the Safety protective equipment to and photographic contractor’s fees. workers documentation Contractor and Installing construction and Maintaining a record of Input of full time 8 Supervision warning signs injuries and accidents environmental Consultants specifying cause and monitoring location specialist Socio- Informing the public and Site inspection and economics coordinating with them on documentation of 500 USD the schedule of maintenance community activities Input of full Contractor and activities along road and time 9 Supervision Provision of alternative documented. environmental Consultants access roads/ by-passes monitoring Traffic management specialist 4,700 USD plus one full time ctsetsmitsEt o environmental monitoring specialist, vehicle and camera 16 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.1 Location and objectives The Second Rural Access Project (RAP2) project of Amran and Hajja governorates is composed of one road with the total length of 45 km connecting the two governorates. Furthermore, it is an important link between the capital Sana'a City and Amran to Hajja city. The project development objective is to upgrade the existing paved road to good conditions and to prevent its future deterioration. Furthermore, to improve traffic safety at critical locations, improve slope stability at mountainous locations, clean cross drainage and side ditches and remove the illegal speed bumps and build new safe speed bump, alleviate poverty in the area by creating local employment through road works, improving access to basic services such as schools, health centers and markets. The scope of the project include installation of 148 warning road signs, 42 directional road signs, 4,000m of guardrails, 348m of safety barriers, and 110 of handrails. It is expected that the rehabilitation and maintenance period should not exceed (48) months. The project will improve transportation and communication between many districts and villages, such as, Amran City, Qaren area, Al-Ashmoor, Bani Mawhab, Shers- Bani Wardan, Ain Ali, Hajja City from Hajja and Amran governorates, and reduce travel time and reduce the cost of freight traffic between the two governorates. The road runs in different regions such as: mountainous, valleys and agricultural and flat lands, flat-rolling- mountainous and pure mountainous. The mountainous terrain of the road alignment includes very high slopes and sharp curves. The population density is very high especially in Hajja. Location of target road is shown on location map below (Figure 1). Figure 1:Project Location Map – Amran – Hajja Road 1.2 Characteristics of the alignment The existing alignment is classified as a main asphalted road. It starts at Amran city and runs towards the West and then the North towards the Hajja City. More than 60% of the road alignment runs through mountainous terrain and it is characterized by mountainous terrains with very high slopes and sharp curves, 17 such as, Kahlah Afar Heights. It is an asphalt pavement with side shoulders and ditches. Topography is mostly agricultural terrace land. General views along the road are shown in Plate 1 below. The population density is high, especially in Hajja. The main land uses are agriculture, grazing, commercial, houses and facilities. Amran-Hajja road project includes re-construction of segments of the road that have unstable side slopes. In addition, the scope of works includes shoulder repairs, cleaning blocked culverts, repairs of riprap, road resurfacing, crack sealing, installation of road sign, installation of safety barriers and handrails. 1.3 Land Acquisition and Compensation Since all civil works are limited to improvements on the existing alignment, no additional land acquisition is required for the permanent right of way, no resettlement of any individual or demolition of houses will occur during rehabilitation and maintenance period. However, temporary occupation of lands beyond the alignment would almost certainly be required for contractor’s camp and for the storage of materials and equipment. The camp will be placed in a suitable area in agreement with land owners and local beneficiaries for the duration of the backlog works and repairs. This camp will be rented and after works completion will be decommissioned. In addition, PLATE 1: General Views of the Road Amran–Hajjah 18 2. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Yemen Environmental Policies and Legislations Since 1990, the GoY has established institutions and responsibilities for environmental management, joined International Conventions and continues to develop sector legislation and procedures. National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) was adopted in 1995 and the Environmental Protection Law (EPL) was enacted a year later. The NEAP established priority issues and actions in the main environmental fields such as “Water Resources, Land Resources, Natural Habitats, and Waste Management”. The Environment Protection Law (EPL) number 26 of 1995 legislate the protection of the environment, and permits Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The provisions of this law are implemented through Executive Regulations (By-Law 148-2000), issued by a decree of the Council of Ministers to protect the Environment, Natural Resources, Society, and Health. According the Law No. 26, the EMP is required for projects during the maintenance phase (information confirmed by the Environmental Protection Authority). The law equally stipulates the incorporation of environmental considerations in economic development plans at all levels and stages of planning for all sectors. It also, requires the preparation of EIAs for projects proposed by the public and private sectors. In addition, Yemen is signatory of 15 International Conventions on environmental issues:  Framework Convention on Climate Chang FCCC (1995).  Convention on Biological Diversity (1995).  Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1995).  Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1995).  Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1995).  United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCD (1996).  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES (1997).  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants POP’s (2002).  The Ramsar Convention of Wetlands (2001).  The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (2002).  Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (2002).  Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2004).  Protocol concerning Regional Cooperation of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden Environment (1982).  Regional Convention for the Conversation of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden PERSEGA (1982).  Convention concerning the protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1980). 2.2 World Bank Environmental Safeguards And Policies The World Bank has ten operational safeguard policies which apply to various development projects which the Bank is either implementing or funding. The purpose of these policies is to ensure that social and environmental risks are prevented or at least minimized while increasing socio-economic benefits of approved projects in addition to preserving the environment. 19 These policies have been a means to increase the effectiveness and positive impacts of development projects and programs supported by the Bank. The Bank’s 10 safeguard policies include: Table 4. World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered Applicability Policy Reference to RAP2 1 Environmental Assessment OP / BP / GP 4.01 Yes 2 Involuntary Resettlement OP / BP/ GP 4.12 No 3 Natural Habitats OP / BP 4.04 No 4 Cultural Property OP 4.11 No 5 Pest Management OP 4.09 No 6 Indigenous Peoples OP 4.10 No 7 Forestry OP / BP 4.36 No 8 Safety of Dams OP / BP 4.37 No 9 Projects in Disputed Areas OP / BP / GP 7.60 No Projects on International 10 OP / BP / GP 7.50 No Waterways With respect to this project, one key policy was triggered. This is Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01). This project is classified as category A. Consequently, a comprehensive ESIA was required that will allow integration of environmental measures in project planning, design, implementation and operation. Sectoral Environmental Assessment for the RAP project was completed in September 2009. However, given the A classification of the Amran – Hajjah road sub-project, this ESIA was triggered. The project will not involve any involuntary taking of land or restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. Installation of road signs, safety barrier and handrails, temporary storage of construction materials will not require additional land taking. There is no need for temporary land acquisition for construction camps. The maintenance activities are relatively small scale and do not require construction camp. The roles of both the Bank and the Borrower stated by this operational policy are summarized below. The Bank screens and sets the environmental assessment category and advises the borrower what are the Environmental Assessment requirements. The Bank reviews the findings and recommendations of the EA to determine whether they provide an adequate basis for processing the project for Bank financing. When the borrower has completed or partially completed the EA work prior to the Bank's involvement in a project, the Bank reviews the EA to ensure its consistency with the OP/BP 4.01. The Borrower assists the bank in project screening, and he is responsible for carrying out environment assessment in compliance with the Bank’s rules and national laws. The Borrower is also responsible for consulting project affected persons and local Non-Governmental Organizations. The Borrower discloses the draft/final ESIA and responds to any feedback provided by the Bank and/or the Public/stakeholders. 20 3. BASELINE CONDITIONS This part is a description of the initial conditions in Hajja and Amran Governorates prior to the project start up. Baseline data provide description of the current conditions along the road including the physical, ecological and socio-economic aspects. 3.1 Physical Resources 3.1.1. Geographic location The physiographic characteristics of the project area are very diverse. Hajja Governorate is located north- west of Sana’a City with the distance of 123 km. It is bounded by the Red sea, Saudi Arabia, and Sa’ada, Amran, Al Mahweet, and Al Hudaida Governorates. On the other hand, Amran Governorate is located 50 km north of Sana'a City. It is bordered by Saddas, Sana'a, Hajjah, Mahweet, and Al-Jawf and Sana'a Governorates. 3.1.2. Geology and Soils The complex geologic setting of Yemen is the result of regional tectonic (continental drift) forces. During the Tertiary, the rifting process continued causing the Arabian Peninsula to drift northeast ward, pulling away from the East African plate. The rift valleys of the present day Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden opened between Ethiopia and Yemen. As would be expected with its proximity to the Red Sea Rift Fault system, Yemen is moderately seismically active. The geology of the project area includes Tertiary volcanic rocks and the Amran Limestone formation with the thickness of 500 –1000 m. The country’s soils are generally sandy to salty and loamy in coastal plains region. Soil erosion caused by water run-off and/or winds is often serious. Sand and dust storms, which generally blast across the lowlands and highlands, promote soil erosion. 3.1.3. Land Use Agricultural and pastures activities are the main land use characteristic of the project area. Amran and Hajjah are famous for the cultivation of grain crops and fruits. In addition, they are one of the most important centers for traditional crafts and trade. The vicinity of the road alignment includes stores, shops and markets. Most of the terrains are covered by vegetation especially in valleys and mountainous terraces. Hajjah and Amran potential in tourism stems from beautiful nature, agricultural terraces, moderate climate and cultural heritages, which are embodied by thirty six historic castles. The Hajjah overlooks the Red Sea, which makes it an extraordinary destination for tourists. Moreover, where there are 36 islands along its coastline where rare coral reefs can be found in addition to outstanding coast .Amran city is still surrounded by a mud wall with one gate. It contains old market traditional buildings made of clay mixed with straw. Amran has inherited Islamic archaeological wealth, as it was once the center of the traditional industry and trade. The tourism potential has not been sufficiently utilized. Given that Hajjah borders Saudi Arabia, it witnesses increasing trade through the Gateway of Harad City, which is one of the most important custom outlets of the Republic of Yemen. The terrain of the province contains some of the most precious metals such as gold, copper, nickel, cobalt, marble, and quartz. 3.1.4. Climate Hajja Governorate is characterized by arid tropical climate. This climate covers the coastal plains region and the lower mountain slopes in the west and south. The features of these climatic conditions are high 21 temperatures and low precipitation ranging from 0 to 200 mm. The mean temperature ranges from 25 to 35 degrees centigrade, while relative humidity ranges from 60 to 80%. The eastern region of the province, especially the mountain areas, is characterized by heavy seasonal rainfall in the summer and some winter rains. Rainfall is limited in the western parts and confined to the summer period . The climate of the Amran Governorate is mountainous and it is affected by altitude. In the northern parts of the province, the climate is moderate, except for upper highlands where it is cold, especially in winter. In the western parts of the province, it is very cold in winter and mild in summer. Rain falls in most of the districts in the summer and it is heavier in the western mountainous parts. The precipitation level varies from 200 to 400mm. 3.1.5. Water Resources Water is a scarce commodity with fluctuating supply that has been harvested by Yemenis using intricate system. Yemenis for centuries have been constructing terraces to utilize highlands for cultivation, which are also useful in controlling soil erosion. In Yemen's agriculture, water is of crucial importance. In most areas the rainfall is insufficient for rain fed agriculture. The significance of water harvesting for the economy of Yemen and to virtually all rural communities is such that they must be a primary consideration in road design programs. Based on the field visits to Hajja and Amran project alignment region, several systems were found for water harvesting. Direct discharge to terraces from mountain tops Amran-Hajja road is located largely in mountain slopes and would accumulate rainwater runoff. It is an established practice that farmers construct simple water harvesting structures with local available material on the existing track to drain rainwater runoff to terraces. Irrigation System Diversion channels to divert water from catchments areas are used. Farmers use local materials to build those channels, which are used during rainfall when water is in abundance. This system is not working efficiently and it is of limited use. Using these channels in irrigation lead to water wastage as much of the collected water is lost through drainage. The local communities use stones and soils to build drainage channels. This system is overall deemed old and ineffective. Water Wells The local population use water from ponds and pools, hand wells, and tube wells scattered at the valleys and at some places along the road alignment to meet their demand of water for drinking and other household purposes. 3.1.6. Traffic Volume Amran-Hajja road is a main road connecting two governorates. The road is used by heavy trucks, pickups and passenger cars. Traffic is confined mainly to day hours. The field visit revealed that there are many small shops adjacent to the ROW causing congestion and delay especially at peak hours. The traffic volume data were not found. 22 3.1.7. Air Quality and Noise Data and information on the air quality in Yemen in general and the project area in particular are absent. Based on field visit, it was noticed that the air quality along the road is very good. No significant pollution sources were identified. The traffic pollution is minor. However, the air pollution and noise are raised near markets, such as Shares Market where many trucks and vehicles stop, and where traffic congestions are reported. However, even in these sensitive locations the noise levels are below 50dB during peak hours. 3.2. Biological Resources 3.2.1. Flora The geographical position of Yemen and the diverse topographical features, have given the country a great diversity of natural environments and a high level of biodiversity. Yemen is very rich in its flora and has a wide range of natural vegetation types. The vegetation of Yemen is a mixture of the East African Highlands, Sahara-Arabian regions, the Mediterranean regions and has its own endemic flora. The vegetation in most part of the sub- project area is used by the residents for their daily uses, for firewood and as rangeland for livestock. Most cultivable lands in the road are found along the valleys. Many kinds of vegetables are grown along the road. The fruit trees were encountered, such as bananas, oranges, and mango. Many wild plants are grown along the route with large diversity from mountains plants. There are some of the coastal plains vegetation plants have been noticed during the site visits. Endangered or protected plant species are not reported in the project area. Plate 2 shows examples of vegetation cover along the road alignment. Plate 2. Illustration of vegetation cover along the Amran – Hajjah road alignment. 23 3.2.2. Fauna Yemen has a rich and diverse terrestrial fauna due to the wide range of habitats in the country (high mountains, plains, dry sand-deserts, marshes, coastal habitats), and the country’s position at the juncture of three major biogeographic regions, the Palearctic, Afro-tropical and Oriental regions. The most common livestock in the area are goats and sheep. People raise also cows, camels and donkeys. Wild animals are found in different areas. They include monkeys, rabbits, foxes, reptiles, birds, and predators: lions, tigers, hyenas, foxes. The presence of wild animals is found in sparsely populated areas. The valleys which are rich in plant and animal species such as, Makhlav, Gadeela, Goma’a and Shares. Endangered or protected animal species are not reported in the project area. There are no nature protected areas in the Amran and Hajjah governorates. 3.2.3. Cultural and Historical Resources No historical and cultural sites were found nearby the sub-project area. The closest historic sites are Al- Kaaheli, Al-Nassera, and Al-Thafeer castles are located in Mabain district approximately 9 km away from Amran-Hajja Road. Another important historical site in Amran governorate is Raidah city which is approximately 22km away from the Amran-Hajja road. The specific areas selection for the project has been based on the screening criteria of need for road access improvement, populations’ existence below the poverty line, and an existing labor supply. Needless to say the specific characteristics of these stakeholders are not documented in detail, as for instance the number of settlements and their size, the distribution and size of the population disaggregated by age and gender, levels of education, and degree of educational attainment, employment, or the nature and distribution of social services. Some of these data can be compiled in the course of screenings and consultations, but the focus of data gathering should be on the specific characteristics of project affected people rather than the establishment of extensive social and economic databases. The social parameters of Yemeni society are different only in degree, not in structure. Yemeni society is still tribal, patriarchal, stratified, and ruled largely by customary law. It is at the level of the social structure that it is essential to know the context and provide information in order to avoid social or tribal tensions, and to ensure that benefits of the project are spread throughout the population, not captured by local elites, and includes the most vulnerable: the elderly, poor, women and children. The road of the project has been affected positively costumes and traditions and family relationships. Moreover, It facilitated tourist arrivals whether Yemenis or foreigners those are interested in scenic sights in countryside. This connection among regions’ people indicates changes in customs, traditions, and life style. For example, maxing tourists with the local people affect the typical composition of the local communities as a result of their dealing with them. 3.3. Socio-Economic 3.3.1. Population Status Population of Amran Governorate is about 874,621. Population constitutes 4.5% of the total population of Yemen. They are distributed administratively into 20 Districts, and Amran city is the capital of the province. On the other hand, the population of Hajja Governorate is about 1474139. They accounted for 7.5% of the total population of Yemen, and it occupies the fifth place among governorates in terms of population density. Population is distributed administratively into 31 24 districts, and Hajjah City is the capital the province. The sub-project serves the two governorates directly. On the basis of the available data contained in the table No. 6 the total population for affected by road project in both governorates is 2857279 inhabitants (2012estimated). Table No. 5: Population and Settlements in Hajja and Amran Governorates Governorate No. of Number Of Hh Total Total districts (Family) Population Population mid 2004 2012 Amran 20 99013 874621 1067672 Hajja 31 186851 1474130 1789625 Total 51 285864 2348751 2857297 Data Source: Central Statistics Organization 2004 3.3.2. Poverty Status: Hajja and Amran are somewhat poor governorates especially in the rural areas. Nearly one-fifth of the population lives below the poverty lines as in most Yemeni governorates according to statistics in 2009 before the Yemeni crisis in 2011. For example, the large number of the poor people lives under basic needs. The RMF should employ local people in the construction and maintenance works as mechanism for poverty reduction strategy. Table 6. Poverty Status of Hajja and Amran Governorates Governorate Number Of Poor Number Of Poor Number Of Poor By Rural areas By Urban Areas By District (2009) Amran 438366 43835 482201 Hajja 705689 61914 767603 Total 1144055 105749 1249804 Data Source: Yemen Poverty Assessment, the Yemen Government, the World Bank, and the UNDP taking into consideration SFD's integration of the urban & rural districts' indicators by using the balance equation for the population. 3.3.3 Services and Facilities in the project area Local people have difficulties in access to basic public services, such as education, water supply and sewage in many districts. Please see the table no.8 below. Table No. 7: Access to Basic Public Services in Amran and Hajja Governorates Governorate %HH Using %HH %HH without % of HH %Illiteracy Wood & without suitable without water Ratio Adult Coal Electricity sewerage sources Both Sexes Amran 88.5 46.4 74 65.83 76.29 Hajja 75 56 43 26 60 Data Source: Central Statistics Organization 2004 *HH=House Holds 25 4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS. BACKLOG WORKS AND REPAIRS, AND STANDARD MAINTENANCE PHASES. 4.1 Impact scoping During the field work, scoping was used to identify the key potential impacts that should be given more attention. Scoping was primarily conducted as expert exercise, however input from the public and various authorities consulted during this process were also considered and incorporated. Table 8 below provides a matrix of potential impacts associated with the implementation of the sub- project and likely to occur. The key activities during backlog repairs and maintenance activities are listed against physical resources, natural resources and landscape elements. The estimated magnitudes of impacts are also presented. The scoping exercise indicated that minor environmental and social impact are expected such as waste generation and debris at few locations, noise, and landslides especially in mountainous locations, temporary disruption of traffic circulation and temporary disruption of social and economic activities. Since this project does not involve the construction of new roads, the negative impacts associated with resettlement and land acquisition are not expected. The impact scoping exercise indicated that overall, beneficial impacts of the project on (Physical Resources, Safety, Job Creation and Local Economic Development) are expected to outweigh negative impacts. 4.2 Specific Impacts 4.2.1 Impacts of Waste Generation The project activities will generate construction waste during the repairs/maintenance works. In addition, during the maintenance works, waste generation is expected due to trimming and stabilizing the side slopes, and due to the inadequate waste disposal. Improper disposal of waste can destroy terraces and agricultural lands below the road in Shares Valley. Construction waste generation is also expected where segments of the road require reconstruction (scrapped tarmac and shoulders fixing). During maintenance works, excess fill material will be generated. Another important waste generation is expected from cleaning of the blocked drainage system. The generated waste should be stored temporarily in locations agreed with the local communities, reused in road construction and ultimately disposed off in designated areas. The temporary storage of debris and fill materials may lead soil erosion, siltation of water courses, and damage to soil and agricultural land (especially to terraces). Waste generation may arise at the contactor’s base camp and work site as a result of inadequate provision and use of sanitary and waste facilities and spillage or leakage of polluting substances. Organic waste from labor camps may lead to local contamination of groundwater. The expected volume of waste is low. The subsequent impacts are minor, local, short-term reversible. 26 Table 8. Impact Assessment Scoping Matrix For The Backlog Works and Repair Phase. Impact Category Physical Resources Natural Resources Other economic Nature Protected Areas Noise and Vibration Wildlife Movement Agricultural Land Species Diversity Habitat Change Surface Runoff Slope Stability Surface Water Fragmentation Project Activities Groundwater Soil Erosion Resettlement Topography Job creation Air Quality Hydrology Vegetation Ecosystem Landscape develop. Siltation Safety Local Generation of debris and construction -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 waste Repairs of retaining walls -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 B 0 B Road realignments -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 B 0 B Trucking materials 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Restorations of shoulders -1 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 B 0 B Drainage restoration, repairs of 0 0 0 B B 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 B 0 B culverts and side ditches Resurfacing 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 B 0 B Storage of diesel/oils 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 Legend: 0 = no adverse impact; -1= Low adverse impact; -2= Medium adverse impact; -3= High adverse impact; B= Beneficial impact (bold –high) 27 4.2.2 Landslides, Soil Erosion, and Visual Intrusion Amran-Hajja road is mountainous and as a result landslides and soil erosion occur continuously especially during the rainy season in summer at unstable slopes. The soil erosion and the lack of slope stabilization measures cause damage to farmlands below the road and threat to people and property. These landslides and soil erosion must be fixed urgently to prevent further deterioration. During the repairs activities, excavation and earth removal activities render slopes and topsoil more vulnerable to landslides and erosion – especially during the rainy season. In addition to soil erosion, excavation and mount cutting activities can result in depletion of the riparian vegetative cover and an evident visual impact on the landscape. Landslides and soil erosion can cause negative impacts in several spots of the road located in the Shares Valley. No such impacts are expected during the standard maintenance activities as these usually do not required earth removal and excavation works. Landslides and soil erosion caused by repair works can cause negative impacts agricultural land, soil and vegetation especially, especially during rainy season. The nature of landslides and soil erosion impact is minor, localized and reversible. 4.2.3 Impacts of dust and vehicles emissions on Air Quality During the construction phase, air quality can be affected negatively by dust generated by excavation works, transport and storage of fill materials and construction waste, as well as gaseous emissions from operation of equipment such as dozers, excavators, trucks. However, most of the repair/construction works will be done using hand held equipment and labor work such as cleaning works. The dust arising and emissions to air will be limited to less than a 100m wide corridor along the road and no impact is expected on the neighboring habitat. This impact is more significant in sensitive areas with slightly elevated baseline concentration of dust, NOx, SO2 such as the Shares Markets where traffic congestion was reported. During the field surveys, it was noticed that construction/repair works on the road can cause local minor impacts associated with dust and air pollutants emissions from construction equipment and works. The nature of impacts on air quality impact is temporary, localized, limited, minor and reversible 4.2.4 Traffic disturbance During the backlog works phase, traffic flow along the road undergoing the maintenance activities will be disturbed. This effect is very temporary. The traffic flow will be affected in some locations because the road might need to close temporarily which will affect traffic movement. This may lead to short- term traffic delays and impact on local economic life. This impact is very short term, localized and minor. 4.2.5 Increased levels of Noise and Vibration Using the construction and repairs vehicles and equipment during the construction phase will lead to increase of noise levels in the target areas. The local residents and the workers as well as students and shopkeepers near the road may be affected. Noise emissions will be much lower during the maintenance phase due to much smaller scope of works that will involve heavy machinery. The significance of these impacts will be higher in locations with higher existing baseline noise levels (the Shares markets). 28 In both phases, the area that may be potentially impacted would typically be limited to less than a 100 m wide corridor along the road and the associated increase in noise level is expected to be less than 5 dBA. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized, minor and reversible. 4.2.6 Impacts on Water Supply and Ground Water According to the field visits findings, there would be no significant impacts on the water supply system caused by the road works. This is due to limited scope of works of the project (road repairs and rehabilitation). The project activities are unlikely to affect the water supply system as the field surveys did not reveal any water pipes underneath or crossing the road. The local population uses water from wells and water tanks in some areas of the project as a water supply. There are wells in the project areas. One of them is in Shares Valley below the road. The effects on ground water quality are associated with soil erosion and siltation nearby water wells as well as drainage and soak away sinks. Contamination of ground water may be caused also by hazardous wastes and spill. This impact is low of low significance and short term. 4.2.7 Impacts on Runoff Water and Drainage Runoff Water: Generally, the road is designed to concentrate runoff water on the surface and adjacent channels and ditches along the road. According to the field visits’ findings, there is no expected impact to occur as a result of runoff water on the asphalt surface as the asphalt surface is well designed with good slope cambers on both sides of the road. However, the expected negative impact could occur on road side ditches due to erosion at different locations. The potential issue is expected only during road resurfacing but this impact is very short term. The nature of this effect is minor, localized, and reversible. Blockage of Cross Drainage/Culverts: According to the survey data, there are several locations where drainage culverts are filled with accumulated sand and other debris. Cleaning of drainage culverts will require unskilled workers, and thus it will create job opportunity for the local population. During standard maintenance phase, the issue of runoff water is not expected to be cause of concern. The periodic cleaning of culverts should be conducted. This type of impact is localized, major and reversible. 4.2.8 Impact on Fauna and Flora Fauna: The road repair/maintenance works will not cause adverse impacts on the wildlife. The works will not cause fragmentation of ecosystem as side fencing will not be installed. The project does not traverse any known biodiversity hotspot, nor is it close to any area identified as neither having particular biodiversity value nor hosting endangered species. Therefore, the activities from the backlog repairs/maintenance are not expected to have any negative impact on fauna. The nature of this impact is negligible. 29 Flora: The project impact on flora is expected in the locations where natural growing trees occur adjacent to road shoulder causing impaired visibility and narrowing the road corridor. These trees are of no ecological value and their cutting for safety purposes will not cause any significant impacts. No impacts on fauna and flora are expected during the standards maintenance works. The nature of this effect is minor, localized and reversible. 4.2.9 Health and Safety Conditions Road works activities pose potential risk to the safety of workers as well as the general public through traffic disturbance or negligent-careless use of heavy equipment. Disturbance of slope during road works and deposition of debris on mountainous sections of the road may cause increasing risk of accidents. The nature of this impact is temporary, localized, minor and reversible. 4.2.10 Social and Economic Impacts No doubt establishing the road improves the local lives socially and economically. The road improved the social relationships among families and community members. It resulted in easy movement by linking villages and areas with cities. This link led to mixing people with each other. It facilitated tourist arrivals whether Yemenis or foreigners those are interested in scenic sights in countryside. This overlap among regions’ people created changes in customs, traditions, and life style. Likewise, social and economic impacts will be improved by maintaining the road. The maintenance works will improve access to markets and public services. Furthermore, it will bring smooth road surfaces which may lead to fewer vehicle repairs thereby resulting in longer vehicle life and lower maintenance expenditures. During the maintenance work phase, the time of travel will be delayed and may lead into some temporary losses. The public may feel some noise, but it will create new job opportunities during the operation phase. The nature of this effect is positive. Road users and passengers might get affected negatively during maintenance activities especially at market places such due to traffic jam which translates into economic lost and delay. However, the owners of the market places (small shops) adjacent to road might benefit positively from travelers and workers which translate into economic increase. During operation phase, the improved road conditions will reduce travel time and promote development. In addition, smoother road surfaces may lead to fewer vehicle repairs thereby resulting in longer vehicle life and lower maintenance expenditures. No encroaches were identified within the right of way. The maintenance activities are relatively small scales (such as shoulder repairs, cleaning blocked culverts, repairs of riprap, road resurfacing, crack sealing, installation of road sign, installation of safety barriers and handrails) and within the right of way of existing road. The negative impacts on operation of shops are negligible. 30 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES This section contains the Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures (ESMM) for the proposed project. These mitigation measures aim to address the expected potential negative impacts of the project. All these mitigation measures should be ensured and approved under the terms of contract for construction and supervision, and as necessary by agreement with communities that will be referred to in the SFA. The mitigation measures presented in table 10 includes measures to reduce and mitigate the potential adverse impacts and strengthening the positives ones. 5.1 Mitigation Tools There are specific measures required from the contractor to reduce the potential impacts of physical works and also the proposals for monitoring contractor compliance/performance during construction. These measures are attached in the construction documents (volume 2 General Specifications and Regulations). The General Specifications and Regulations contain specific Environmental, Health and Safety Requirements for:  Proper management of construction waste.  Control measures for waste fuel, oil and lubricants.  Reduction of noise and dust levels.  Rehabilitation of areas used for construction detours and sites used for temporary storage of construction materials.  Use and proper maintenance of construction equipment. The following table summarizes the Relevant Clauses in Standard Construction Contracts (see Annex E for Environmental and Social Procedures to be included in the construction contracts). Table 9. Relevant Clauses in Standard Construction Contracts (see Annex E) Clause # Issues 4.1 to 4.10 General Requirements 5.1 to 5.16 Safety Requirements 6.1 to 6.5 Environmental and Health Requirements 7.1 to 7.5 Additional Requirements for Work in Public Areas 8 Contractor's Site Check List 5.2 Mitigation Measures The specific mitigation measures during the backlog works and repairs phase address the potential impacts described in the previous section. 31 5.2.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Waste Generation The debris and waste in side ditches and on the road surface should be cleaned, transported and disposed at suitable places in agreement with the local beneficiaries to avoid damages to terraces and agricultural lands below the road. The mitigation measure for the construction and resurfacing waste (including shoulders) is to remove the excess material and dispose it in designated areas. In addition, the mitigation for waste generation during cleaning of the blocked drainage is to dispose the waste at vacant land agreed with the local population. All contractors must define and commit to a clear plan for solid and liquid waste management for the RMFIU approval prior to initiating repair and maintenance activities. Information signs should be installed for road users about proper disposal of empty diesel, fuel oil containers along the road alignment. During maintenance phase, there should be an educational campaign to local population and vehicle drivers about the importance of keeping surrounding area clean with respect to health and environmental quality. 5.2.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Landslides, Soil Erosion and Visual Intrusion The project areas are mountainous with deep valleys. The most dangerous point of the landslides is in Kuhlan Affar slope. The risk of landslides and soil erosions may affect the road repairs and maintenance activities especially during the rainy seasons. The soil erosion and landslides may cause damage to farmlands below the road. They also can harm human life and animals. The land needed for the mitigation measures is not agricultural land nor is it in use by people or owned by people. It is adjacent to and part of road. Hence, there is no expected adverse impact due to the use this land for temporarily accommodate fallen debris. The mitigation measure include: (i) provision of an open ~1m wide piece of land behind cut side channels, to temporarily accommodate fallen debris; (ii) building of retaining walls and gabions; (iii) increase the mass thickness of the rock fill to provide additional resistance to instability; (iv). Rip rapping the damaged drainage system after compacting lose material; (v) planting of trees and vegetative cover in sensitive zones. 5.2.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Air Quality The short-term impacts of road works on air quality can be effectively mitigated. The mitigation measures include:  Maintained equipment and project vehicles in good conditions.  Using good quality fuel to reduce exhaust emissions.  Cleaning of vehicle tires.  Spraying of water during dry periods and strong winds to reduce dust generation.  Covering trucks carrying construction materials and fill to avoid dust generation.  Avoiding earthworks near schools during the school hours. The gaseous impact will be limited to less than a 100m wide corridor along the road and no impact is expected on the neighboring habitat. During operational stage, gaseous emissions can be reduced by using good quality fuel and keeping equipment in good conditions to control 32 mufflers emissions. Mitigation measures must be strictly enforced in the Shares market area due to elevated level of baseline. 5.2.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Traffic The impact of the road works activities on traffic can be mitigated by measures including: (i) informing the public about the location and length of time expected for temporary traffic disruption; (ii) the provision of alternative access roads during road works; (iii) on the spot traffic management. 5.2.5 Mitigation Measures for Impacts of Noise and Vibration The impact of road works on noise levels can be mitigated and reduced by using well maintained equipment, and limiting noisy activities to normal daylight working hours. The contractor should also inform the public about the location and timing of noisy activities. Mitigation measures must be strictly enforced in the Shares market area due to elevated level of baseline. The increase of noise levels during the maintenance phase will be very minor due to limited scope of works. The mitigation measure that should be applied is limiting road works to daytime hours. Road workers need to receive safety instructions and personal protective equipment. 5.2.6 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Water Supply and Ground Water The road works should not disturb water harvesting and irrigation systems especially in the agricultural land. Siltation of surface water should be mitigated by fixing the damaged riprap after compacting the top soil along the eroded side ditches. The mitigation measures against the blockage of cross culverts during road works are to control sediment runoff into culverts, cleaning of clogged culverts and side sloping. This type of work is labor intensive which will create job opportunity for the poor people in the project area. The schedule of such works should be coordinated with land owners. Mitigation measure for protecting wells and groundwater from hydrocarbon pollution is to store fuel, lubricants and solvents in sealed containers, and conducting refueling and small repairs on paved surfaces. During the maintenance phase, the impact on water supply and groundwater is negligible due to the limited scope of works. Any blockages of culverts will require periodic cleaning. 5.2.7 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Fauna and Flora Fauna: The project does not traverse any known biodiversity hotspot, nor is it close to any area identified as having particular biological values such as (birds and sensitive animals). Periodic cleaning and maintenance of culverts will need to be applied to facilitate amphibians crossing. Flora: No important biological asset will be removed or cut to maintain the road. Although, very few trees have been planted to the side of the road (approximately 4-5 meters from the edge of the road shoulders), no negative impact is expected to affect these trees. Trees planting can be applied at critical locations known as animal crossing pathways. 33 5.2.8 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Human Safety Road workers need to receive safety instructions and personal protective equipment. Construction signs should be used to avoid accidents. Implementation of traffic management plan and bypasses in the working areas should be organized to establish a safe working environment. Regarding the risk of landslides in the mountainous sections of the road, it is important to build retaining walls and gabions to prevent landslides. 5.2.9 Mitigation Measures for Social and Economic Impacts The socio-economic impacts of the project on residents can be minimized by shortening the maintenance period, providing alternative access to residences and roadside businesses and by adopting traffic management plans to ensure a safe and efficient movement of traffic during maintenance as well as by informing the public about the schedule of road works activities. Contractors are responsible for adhering to these mitigation measures and implementing them throughout the duration of their contracts in coordination with the Supervising Consultant and the RMF. The latter will ensure adequate monitoring as outlined below. Table 10. Summary of general mitigation measures during the backlog works and repairs phase. No. Impact Measure Responsibility Cost Waste Proper solid waste disposal or liquid waste recycling at generation, designated permitted sites 200 USD 1 Contractor storage and Plan for solid and liquid waste management disposal Periodic inspection of equipment maintenance Landslides, Provision of open area ~1m wide stripe, behind cut side soil erosion, channels, to temporarily accommodate fallen debris Part of the contract. and visual Increase the mass thickness of the rock fill to provide Supervision Consultants intrusion additional resistance to instability Consultants will issue work 2 and orders to be Build retaining walls and gabions Provision of adequate drainage systems Contractors financed by the works Planting trees and restoration of vegetation in sensitive contracts. zones Deterioration Usage of well-maintained equipment of air quality Water spraying during dry periods and strong winds for Supervision dust control Consultants 3 and 500 USD Cleaning of vehicle tires. Covering trucks carrying loose construction materials Contractors and fill to avoid dust generation Traffic Informing the public about schedule of disruption repairs/maintenance works Supervision Included Provision of temporary alternative access roads/by- Consultants within the 4 and contractor’s passes Installation of traffic signs Contractors fees. Speed bumps near schools and entrances to villages Increase of Usage of quiet/well- maintained equipment Supervision Included noise levels Limiting noisy activities to normal daylight hours Consultants within the 5 and contractor’s Inform the public about the location and timing of noisy activities Contractors fees. 34 Minimizing noisy operations in the Shares market area Use of safety instructions and personal protective equipment by workers Damage to Fixing the damaged riprap after compacting the top soil water along the eroded side ditches supply, Coordination with land owners on scheduling drainage maintenance activities system and Keeping the drainage ditches and culverts unblocked by Supervision Consultants 6 groundwater periodic cleaning and 3,000 USD Proper side sloping the road to prevent the accumulation Contractors of water on the road surface Storage of liquid materials (especially hydrocarbons) in sealed containers far away from the water sources in authorized dumpsites Damage to Planting trees at critical locations and known animal Supervision fauna and crossing pathways Consultants 7 and 500 USD flora Periodic cleaning and maintenance of culverts to facilitate amphibians crossing Contractors Health & Provision and use of personal protective equipment to Contractor Included Safety workers and within the 8 supervision contractor’s Installing construction and warning signs consultant fees. Socio- Informing the public and coordinating with them on the Contractor economics schedule of maintenance activities and 9 supervision 500 USD Provision of alternative access roads/ by-passes consultant Traffic management Estimated mitigation costs: 4,700 USD 35 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES 6.1 Monitoring Arrangements The monitoring activities for both environmental and social measures of this project will be the responsibility of the environmental and social specialists’ of the project’s implementation unit. Table 11 presents Monitoring Framework which specifies monitoring indicators, frequency, responsibilities and costs. Monitoring activities will rely primarily on field observations, feedback from stakeholders and other affected people, and documentation of their reactions to the project works and their perception of the adequacy of the mitigation measures. Photographic documentation will be required in the continuous and regular monitoring. At the RMFIU, qualified social and environmental specialists dedicated to ensure compliance with mitigation measures, provide adequate monitoring of the works, and contribute to continuous capacity building at the RMF. After completion of the project (i.e. during the maintenance phase) and thereafter, periodic routine inspections/monitoring will continue by the dedicated environmental and social specialist at the Implementation Unit, according to the monitoring framework. Social impact would be managed primarily through the Social Framework Agreement (SFA) between RMF through (RMF) and Beneficiaries. Upon completion of the project or at the conclusion of the overall project, it is expected that the specialists who gained experience under the RMF will remain with the Implementation Unit and develop and implement a routine plan of periodic joint environmental and social inspections/monitoring. The World Bank will monitor the implementation of road specific ESIAs/ESMPs and other Safeguards related documents (SFAs, Resettlement Plans etc.). In particular the Bank must ensure that proper monitoring takes place and that the reports are filed regularly. Should these reports indicate incomplete monitoring of specifically identified social issues; these will be reported to the responsible staff in the RMFIU. 6.2 Reporting After each inspection, a report shall be compiled that is location and activity specific. This shall identify areas of contractor’s non-compliance with the ESMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. The E&S specialists shall prepare these reports and follow-up with the contractor to comply with all ESMP items or otherwise corrective actions would be taken. In addition, the RAP2 shall prepare a monitoring report twice a year, and brief supervision memo on each project to be reviewed by the Environmental and Social Safeguards team - before every WB mission. In addition, an annual report of all the environmental and social monitoring activities will be compiled by the RAP2 and submitted to the Bank as part of the overall project implementation. 36 Table 11. Summary of General Monitoring activities during backlog works and repairs phase, and standard maintenance phase. Indicator Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Responsibilities Cost to be (incl. methods & (incl. review and (incl. equipment & monitored equipment) reporting) individuals) Waste Waste type, Along the  Maintaining a record Supervising Input of full time management quantity, road of type, quantity, and Daily consultant in environmental disposal, disposal location of coordination with monitoring location of solid and liquid waste dedicated engineer/specialist solid and generation engineer- reporting to a liquid waste specialist from dedicated engineer generation RMF at RMF Landslides Landslides Along the  Site inspection and Supervising Input of full time soil erosion, soil erosion, road photographic Once a consultant in environmental and Visual and Visual documentation of week. More coordination with monitoring intrusion intrusion excavation and frequent dedicated engineer/specialist maintenance activities during the engineer- reporting to a  Photographic rainy season specialist from dedicated engineer documentation of RMF at RMF planting and re- vegetation activities Air quality Dust Along road  Visual observation and Supervising Input of full time and at photographic Twice a consultant in environmental intersections documentation of week coordination with monitoring equipment induced dedicated engineer/specialist emissions and dust engineer- reporting to a clouds during specialist from dedicated engineer excavation activities RMF at RMF  Measurement of dust, NOx and SO2 concentration in the air (special attention: the Shares Market) Traffic Congestion Along road  Site supervision- Supervising Input of full time and at inspection and Twice a consultant in environmental intersections photographic week coordination with monitoring documentation dedicated engineer/specialist engineer- reporting to a specialist from dedicated engineer RMF at RMF Noise Hearing Along the  Site supervision, Supervising Input of full time noise level road and at inspection and Twice a consultant in environmental intersections documentation to week coordination with monitoring ensure implementation dedicated engineer/specialist of mitigation measures engineer- reporting to a  Random noise specialist from dedicated engineer monitoring (focus: the RMF at RMF Shares market area) Water supply Water pipes Along the  Close supervision and Supervising Input of full time road documentation of pipe Once a week consultant in environmental re-location activities coordination with monitoring  Observing nearby dedicated engineer/specialist springs for potential engineer- reporting to a 37 siltation following a specialist from dedicated engineer rainfall event RMF at RMF Runoff water Vegetation, Along the  Site inspection and Supervising Input of full time and drainage canals, road photographic Once a week consultant in environmental culverts documentation of re- coordination with monitoring vegetation activities dedicated engineer/specialist  Checking on culverts engineer- reporting to a particularly following specialist from dedicated engineer rainfall events RMF at RMF Fauna and Vegetation, Along the  Site inspection and Supervising Input of full time flora animals road photographic Once a week consultant in environmental documentation of coordination with monitoring excavation and re- dedicated engineer/specialist planting activities engineer- reporting to a specialist from dedicated engineer RMF at RMF Safety Accidents Along the  Inspection/supervision Continuous Supervising Input of full time and injuries road and photographic consultant in environmental documentation coordination with monitoring  Maintaining a record dedicated engineer/specialist of injuries and engineer- reporting to a accidents specifying specialist from dedicated engineer cause and location RMF at RMF Socio- Commercial Along the  Site inspection and Continuous Supervising Input of full time economics activities road documentation of consultant in environmental community activities coordination with monitoring along road dedicated engineer/specialist engineer- reporting to a specialist from dedicated engineer RMF at RMF One full time environmental Estimated monitoring costs: monitoring engineer/specialist 38 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 7.1 General The Purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Plan is to summarize findings of the study and establish a mechanism for implementation of mitigation measures addressing the expected negative impacts and monitor their efficiency. The report includes specific management plan based on the findings of consultations with local stakeholders (see Table 12 below). The ESMP for this project will be reviewed in accordance with the World Bank guidelines and disclosed prior to the launching of the works contract. Table 13 presents the comprehensive ESMP framework during the backlog works and repairs phase. 7.2 Responsibilities and Procedures The overall implementation of the ESMP is the responsibility of the RAP2, through the RMFIU, which includes qualified environmental and social specialists. The procedures of the RMFIU are designed to incorporate, or “mainstream” environmental and social considerations into the overall process for road planning and implementation. The procedures are summarized in the following table. Table 12. Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plan Procedures No. Project Cycle Phase Activities Responsibilities 1 Planning Scoping and  Initial site visit & consultations. consultant team Screening  Identification of issues and applicable safeguards policies  Categorization  Action plan 2 Design Preparation of  Draft ESMP Consultant ESMP, SFA and  Draft SFA /RMFIU Consultations  Women consultations Disclosure and  Disclosure of draft ESMP& SFA to RMFIU/ agreement communities Consultant signing  Signing of final SFA Districts,  Abbreviated RAP landowners and  Landowners participation communities Finalization and  Final version of ESMP Consultant Incorporation  Incorporation of EMP into contract /RMFIU  Documents 3 Execution Implementation  Implementation Contractors and monitoring  Monitoring & reporting on RMFIU, RE & environmental and social mitigation local measures community 4 Operations Operations and  Implementation Contractors Maintenance  Monitoring & reporting on RMFIU RE & environmental and social mitigation local measures Community Note: ESMP = Environmental and Social Management Plan SFA = Social Framework Agreement 39 Table 13. Summary of ESMP during the Backlog Works and Repair Phase. Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility stCoC No. Monitoring Implementation Waste Proper solid waste disposal Maintaining a record of 200 USD generation, or liquid waste recycling at type, quantity, and Input of full storage and designated permitted sites disposal location of time 1 disposal Plan for solid and liquid solid and liquid waste Contractor environmental waste management generation monitoring Periodic inspection of specialist equipment maintenance Landslides, Provision of open area ~1m Site inspection and soil erosion, wide stripe, behind cut side photographic Part of the and Visual channels, to temporarily documentation of contract. intrusion accommodate fallen debris excavation and Consultants Increase the mass thickness maintenance activities will issue work of the rock fill to provide Photographic orders to be additional resistance to documentation of Supervision financed by the 2 instability planting and re- Consultants and works contract. Build retaining walls and vegetation activities Contractors Input of full gabions time Provision of adequate environmental drainage systems monitoring Planting trees and restoration specialist of vegetation in sensitive zones Deterioration Usage of well-maintained Visual observation and of air quality equipment photographic Water spraying during dry documentation of periods and strong winds for equipment induced 500 USD dust control emissions and dust Input of full Supervision Cleaning of vehicle tires. clouds during time 3 Consultants and Covering trucks carrying excavation activities environmental Contractors loose construction materials Measurement of dust, monitoring and fill to avoid dust NOx and SO2 specialist generation concentration in the air (special attention: the Shares Market) Traffic Informing the public about Site supervision- disruption schedule of inspection and Included in the repairs/maintenance works photographic contractor’s fees. Provision of temporary documentation Supervision Input of full time 4 alternative access roads/by- Consultants and environmental passes Contractors monitoring Installation of traffic signs specialist Speed bumps near schools and entrances to villages Increase of Usage of quiet/well- Site Included in the noise levels maintained equipment supervision/inspection contractor’s Limiting noisy activities to and documentation to Supervision fees. 5 normal daylight hours ensure the Consultants and Input of full Inform the public about the implementation of Contractors time location and timing of noisy mitigation measures environmental activities Random noise monitoring 40 Minimizing noisy operations monitoring (focus: the specialist in the Shares market area Shares market area) Use of safety instructions and personal protective equipment by workers Damage to Fixing the damaged riprap Close supervision and water supply, after compacting the top soil documentation of pipe runoff and along the eroded side ditches re-location activities drainage Coordination with land Observing nearby system owners on scheduling springs for potential maintenance activities siltation following a 3,000 USD Keeping the drainage ditches rainfall event and culverts unblocked by Site inspection and Input of full Supervision periodic cleaning photographic time 6 Consultants and Proper side sloping the road documentation of water environmental Contractors to prevent the accumulation harvesting activities and monitoring of water on the road surface re-vegetation activities specialist Storage of liquid materials Checking on culverts (especially hydrocarbons) in particularly following sealed containers far away rainfall events from the water sources in authorized dumpsites Impact on Planting trees at critical Site inspection and 500 USD fauna and locations and known animal photographic Input of full flora crossing pathways documentation of Supervision time 7 Periodic cleaning and excavation and re- Consultants and environmental maintenance of culverts to planting activities Contractors monitoring facilitate amphibians specialist crossing Health & Provision and use of personal Inspection/supervision Included in the Safety protective equipment to and photographic contractor’s fees. workers documentation Contractor and Installing construction and Maintaining a record of Input of full time 8 Supervision warning signs injuries and accidents environmental Consultants specifying cause and monitoring location specialist Socio- Informing the public and Site inspection and economics coordinating with them on documentation of 500 USD the schedule of maintenance community activities Input of full Contractor and activities along road and time 9 Supervision Provision of alternative documented. environmental Consultants access roads/ by-passes monitoring Traffic management specialist 4,700 USD plus one full time ctsetsmitsEt o environmental monitoring specialist, vehicle and camera 41 7.3 Project Costs The estimated costs of implementing mitigation measures (in additional to the standard good practice in engineering works) is 4,700 USD (see table 11). The quantities, specifications and detailed costs of design measures to avoid or mitigate negative impacts will be assessed by the technical engineers at the RMFIU who will incorporate them into the works bidding documents. The environmental monitoring costs will be confined to hiring one full time environmental monitoring specialist provided with a vehicle and basic equipment (camera etc) – see table 12. 7.4 Institutional Capacity Building and Training Activities Road Maintenance Fund (RMF) is the responsible agency for maintaining the road network and maintenance services contracts. Currently, there is an Implementation Unit (IU) in RMF. The Implementation Unit implements activities funded by Rural Access Program which follows the World Bank. Taking into account increased responsibilities, the Implementation Unit (IU) will be strengthened by hiring qualified social and environmental specialists. In addition, the IU will be supported by employed qualified independent consultants for monitoring and supervising the implementation of maintenance contracts. The Second Rural Access Program (RAP2) will provide training and strengthen capacities for RAP2 team and for contractors. Strengthening capacities and training program will contain any of the topics:  Introduction to basic environmental laws, regulations, and standards;  Methods of environmental impact assessment (screening, baseline conditions, scoping, impact prediction, impact significance, mitigation measures);  Pollution impact on health;  Pollution control measures with focusing on solid and liquid waste management;  Erosion and drainage; and  Traffic and human safety measures. 42 Table 14. Institutional Strengthening and Training during the Backlog Works and Repairs Phase, and during the Standard Maintenance Phases Institutional Position(s) Scheduling Responsibilities Scheduling Cost Estimates Strengthening (Institutions, Activity contractors, construction supervision consultants) Methods of RMF Throughout RMF, Consultants Once per Equivalent of one full environmental consultants project year time environmental impacts implementation monitoring assessment engineer/specialist for each project who shall Mitigation RMF, Throughout RMF, Consultants, Once per coordinate Included and report within the Consultants, project Contractors year contractor’s to a dedicatedfees Contractors implementation engineer Varies at RMF with projects depending on its characteristics Monitoring RMF, Throughout RMF, Consultants Once per Equivalent of one full Consultants project year time environmental implementation monitoring engineer/specialist for each project who shall coordinate and report Training Participants Types of Content Scheduling to a dedicated Cost Estimates Training engineer at RMF ESMP Staff of Learning-by-  Basic environmental Twice a $35,000 to $50,000 Implementation RMF, doing laws, regulations, and year during Consultants, standards construction Contractors, Workshops  EIA methods and NGOs,  Pollution health operation impacts EPA, etc. phases  Pollution prevention measures with emphasis on solid and liquid waste management  Soil erosion, landslides, and water drainage  Sampling methods and environmental monitoring guidelines  Protection of cultural heritage in developmental projects  Traffic and pedestrians safety measures 43 8. SOCIAL CONSULTATIONS 8.1 Consultation Program Consultations were carried out with both men and women. The consultations program had multiple objectives:  To establish from regional stakeholders their concerns of key development issues and their linkages to the environment and social development;  To provide a forum for the initial definition of critical environmental and social issues;  To confirm the suitability of the initial list of beneficiary’s communities selected for consultations and;  To obtain assistance by contacting leading members of target communities whenever necessary. The program involved a program of semi-structured discussions with communities in the affected road areas. The consultations were carried out for men during the preparation of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study. Researcher used the following tools to collect information for the study: meetings, questionnaire surveys and photographic evidence. 8.2 Men Consultations Consultations with men from the selected local areas along Amran-Hajja road were conducted in December 2012. The size of the sample is 25 respondents. It was selected randomly from four sites (Al Masna'a, Al Thfa, Amran, Shares Market) along the target road that in both governorates, Amran and Hajja. Due to the fact that most of the respondents are illiterates, data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The interview started by a general talk and a brief explanation about the nature and objectives of the study to gain the trust and confidence of the respondents to ensure the most possible reliable data. The consultation took place to ensure (i) that participants are aware of all the activities to be undertaken, their timetable and possible impacts, and; (ii) that their consent is documented so as to prevent later misunderstandings between the project, contractors, and the general population. 8.2.1 Men Consultations Findings During the Social Consultations that were carried out with the local people, most of the locals have shown their cooperation and willingness to cooperate with the contractor and showed their interest to work with the contractor as workers. Findings of the consultations also were concentrated on to speed up the process of road maintenance works. At the end of the consultations, photos of the consultation sessions were taken. The locals reiterated the need for road maintenance to improve road safety and reduce 44 damage to agricultural lands resulting from floods and limited number of box culverts. Other comments were related to the need to include local workers in the maintenance works, correcting dangerous curves, implementation of works without delays, and removal of random speed bumps. It is worth noting that this round of consultations included representatives from the civil society organizations and women participants. 8.3 Women Consultations The woman consultations were carried out in December, 2013 through field visit and interview with women in different villages along the Amran-Hajja road to be financed by the project. 47 women were interviewed in three areas (see table 15 below). Table 15. Number of consulted Women Road Governorate Areas No. of women Amran Amran city 12 Amran-Hajja Hajja Hajjah - KuhlanAffar 35 Total 47 The consultant visited number of schools and health centers and noticed that some schools are located near to the road side which may cause accidents to students. She was informed that in some areas, there is electricity but other places there's not any electricity so they use kerosene for lighting. Some people get water from wells, rain, or water pipes. They grow different kinds of plants, such as, Coffee, Mangoes, Corn, Maize, etc. 8.3.1 Findings of Women Consultations During the consultation process, questionnaires are also used to solicit people’s views, concerns, and feedback on the road maintenance activities to be supported by the project. The key findings of the women consultation are the following:  The main concern is that improved road may increase the speed of vehicles in front of schools and residential areas. That will have potential impacts on safety of students, children and local residents. They expressed that road bumps should be built to reduce the vehicles’ speed near the schools and villages and to place traffic signs at places where students cross to schools, also where women and animals cross to field. The said that it is possible to set a group of people to organize traffic movement next to schools during the time of going to school and out of school.  Women are afraid to cross the road during the maintenance for grazing activities, getting water and collecting firewood. They hope the maintenance activities can be shortened as much as possible.  The women showed their concern about the traffic jam in markets at the peak hours, so it is very important to remove the random sales in the markets because they cause traffic jams. 45 At the same time, the women consulted also recognized the positive impacts of the project and expressed their expectations for job opportunities from the road maintenance. The positive impacts are the following:  Increasing the level of Services in the Centers of those Area,  Increasing the numbers of Girls who want to go to school,  Easy access to markets to get goods,  The maintenance will contribute to decrease the accidents and dangers that populations have, and  The maintenance will provide traffic safety. 8.3.2 Recommendations:  Building speed bumps at the site of schools to reduce the speed.  Put traffic sings on the road, especially at places where students are crossing to the schools, also at the places where women and animals are crossing to field or to the other side.  Build speed bumps at places before the entrances and exits of villages with appropriate engineering specifications.  Construct the necessary informative signs at specific and needed locations.  Building support retaining walls, culverts, concrete Irish crossing in areas that so require. 8.4 Conclusion Backlog Maintenance Works and Repairs Phase, and the Standard Maintenance Phase are associated with some potential negative impacts, most are of a temporary nature and can be alleviated with appropriate measures. Contractor is responsible for adhering to these mitigation measures and implementing them throughout the duration of his contract in coordination with the Supervising Consultant and the RAP2. The latter will ensure adequate monitoring. In addition, a beneficiary committee (BC) (Annex B) was established and a Social Framework Agreement (SFA) (Annex A) was prepared based on consultation with local people. The positive impacts indicate that overall, beneficial impacts of this project on physical and natural resources, safety, job creation and local economic development are expected to outweigh negative impacts. 46 ANNEXES 47 ANNEX A: Social Framework Agreement (SFA 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 ANNEX B: Beneficiary Committee List (BC) 56 57 58 59 60 ANNEX C: Scheduling and Reporting Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Subsequent years Activity Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Mitigation Measures a. Traffic b. Air quality c. Noise d. Landslides soil erosion, and visual intrusion e. Socio-economics f. Waste management g. Water supply h. Runoff water and drainage i. Fauna and flora j. Safety Monitoring a. Traffic b. Air quality c. Noise d. Landslides soil erosion, and visual intrusion e. Socio-economics f. Waste management g. Water supply h. Runoff water and drainage i. Fauna and flora j. Safety Institutional Strengthening Mitigation Monitoring Training 61 ANNEX D: Environmental and Social Screening Checklist for Project Amran – Hajjah road A. Project Related Issues Yes No Remark 1. Will the project involve land expropriation or demolition of existing structures? × 2. Will the project require that populations be resettled or compensation for resettlement × provided? 2. Will the project involve widespread land disturbance or site clearance? × 3. Will the project require large amounts of raw / construction materials? × 4. Will the project generate large amounts of residual wastes and wasted construction materials At few locations mentioned in √ or eroded soil? comments 5. Will the project require the setting up of ancillary production facilities? × 6. Will the project affect land use zoning and planning or conflict with prevalent land use × patterns? 7. Will the project land be encroached upon by urbanized or industrialized areas or areas × intended for urbanization or industrialization? 8. Will the project result in potential soil contamination or ground and surface water May be, however could be contamination, e.g., from oil, grease and fuel from equipment yards, from herbicides for √ mitigated vegetation control and from chemical (e.g., calcium chloride) for dust control? 9. Will the project lead to an increase in suspended sediments in streams affected by road cut × erosion, decline in water quality and increased sedimentation downstream? 10. Will the project involve the use of chemicals or solvents? × 11. Will the project require blasting? × 12. Will the project make significant demands on utilities and services, and require significant × levels of accommodation or service amenities to support the workforce during construction? 13. Will the project increase the levels of harmful air emissions? × 14. Will the project increase ambient noise levels? × 15. Will the project involve the disturbance or modification of existing drainage channels × (canals) or surface water bodies (lakes, lagoons)? 16. Will the project lead to the disruption / destruction or damage of terrestrial wildlife habitats, biological resources or ecosystems through interruption of migratory routes, disturbance of × wildlife habitats, and noise related problems? 17. Will the project induce marred landscape (e.g., scars from road cuts) and lead to landslides, × slumps, slips and other mass movements in road cuts? 18. Will the project lead to long-term or semi-permanent destruction of soils in cleared areas not × suited for agriculture? 62 19. Will the project lead to the destruction of vegetation and soil in the right-of-way, borrow × pits, waste dumps, and equipment yards? 20. Will the project lead to environmental and social disturbance by construction camps? Issue of minor importance & can be √ mitigated 21. Will the project lead to the creation of stagnant water bodies in borrow pits, quarries, etc., × suited for mosquito breeding and other disease vector? 22. Will the project lead to health hazards and interference of plant growth adjacent to road by May be but with minimum effect √ dust raised and blown by vehicles? 23. Will the project lead to erosions of lands below the roadbed receiving concentrated outflow × carried by covered or open drains? 24. Will the project lead to unplanned use of the infrastructure being developed? × 25. Will the project result in health hazards and interference of plant growth adjacent to road by × dust raised and blown by vehicles 26. Will the project lead to the illegal invasion of homelands and indigenous people by squatters × and poachers causing serious social and economic disruption? 27. Will the project be equally profitable to all beneficiaries in the region? √ 28. Will the project be equally accessible by all beneficiaries in the region? √ B. Site Related Issues 1. Is the project located in an area with designated natural reserves? × 2. Is the project located in an area with unique natural features? × 3. Is the project located in an area with endangered or conservation-worthy ecosystems, fauna × or flora? 4. Is the project located in an area falling within 500 meters of national forests, protected areas, wilderness areas, wetlands, biodiversity, critical habitats, or sites of historical or cultural × importance? 5. Is the project located in an area such that it would create a barrier for the movement of × conservation-worthy wildlife or livestock? 6. Is the project located close to subterranean water sources, surface water bodies, water Groundwater wells √ courses or wetlands? 7. Is the project located in an area with designated historic or cultural resources? × 8. Is the project located in a polluted or contaminated area? × 9. Is the project located in an area of high visual and landscape quality? × 10. Is the project located in an area susceptible to landslides or erosion? √ May be at few locations 11. Is the project located in an area of seismic faults? × 12. Is the project located in a densely populated area? × 63 13. Is the project located in prime agricultural land? × 14. Is the project located in an area of tourist importance? × C. Comments and Recommendations The existing alignment is classified as a main asphalted road. The terrain type is Mountainous with very high slopes and sharp curves, such as, Kahlah Afar Heights. The population density is high. Impacts are primarily related to slope stability, safety, generation of wastes and social issues. The proposed road will undergo a routine maintenance which will include shovels and truck, masonry and labor works. However, the major concerns will be related to landslides at few locations, blockage of side ditches and drainage culverts, damage of riprap, removal of stones accumulated on road surface at several locations by locals, and possible rock fall. 64 Annex E. Environmental and Social Procedures for Inclusion in the Technical Specifications of Contracts. I. General 1. The Contractor and his employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the Engineer to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of his operations on the environment. 2. The Contractor shall not be permitted to unnecessarily strip clear the right of way. The Contractor shall only clear the minimum width for construction and diversion roads should not be constructed alongside the existing road. 3. Remedial actions which cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be carried out on completion of each Section of the road (earthworks, pavement and drainage) and before issuance of the Taking Over Certificate: (a) these sections should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation; (b) water courses should be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear flow paths; and (c) borrow pits should be dressed as fish ponds, or drained and made safe, as agreed with the land owner. 4. The Contractor shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas. 5. The Contractor shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital. 6. To prevent dust pollution during dry periods, the Contractor shall carry out regular watering of earth and gravel haul roads and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage. II. Transport 7. The Contractor shall use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Engineer, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of road, and shall restrict loads to prevent damage to roads and bridges used for transportation purposes. The Contractor shall be held responsible for any damage caused to the roads and bridges due to the transportation of excessive loads, and shall be required to repair such damage to the approval of the Engineer. 8. The Contractor shall not use any vehicles, either on or off road with grossly excessive, exhaust or noise emissions. In any built up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor. 9. Adequate traffic control measures shall be maintained by the Contractor throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer. III. Workforce 65 10. The Contractor should whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and shall provide appropriate training as necessary. 11. The Contractor shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system for any residential labor camp and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses. 12. The Contractor shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the workers. 13. The Contractor shall not allow the use of fuel wood for cooking or heating in any labor camp or base camp and provide alternate facilities using other fuels. 14. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located in appropriate areas as approved by the Engineer and not within 500 meters of existing residential settlements and not within 1,000 meters for asphalt plants. 15. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet. 16. The contractor shall not use fuel wood as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the Works. IV. Quarries and Borrow Pits 17. Operation of a new borrow area, on land, in a river, or in an existing area, shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer, and the operation shall cease if so instructed by the Engineer. Borrow pits shall be prohibited where they might interfere with the natural or designed drainage patterns. River locations shall be prohibited if they might undermine or damage the river banks, or carry too much fine material downstream. 18. The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with stable side slopes, and are drained ensuring that no stagnant water bodies are created which could breed mosquitoes. 19. Rock or gravel taken from a river shall be far enough removed to limit the depth of material removed to one-tenth of the width of the river at any one location, and not to disrupt the river flow, or damage or undermine the river banks. 20. The location of crushing plants shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust control devices. V. Earthworks 21. Earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season. 22. The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the work. 66 23. The Contractor shall complete cut and fill operations to final cross-sections at any one location as soon as possible and preferably in one continuous operation to avoid partially completed earthworks, especially during the rainy season. 24. In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, in accordance with the drawings, cut off drains and toe-drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or other plant cover. Cut off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and slope erosion. 25. Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated tipping areas as agreed to by the Engineer. 1. Tips should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any watercourse. Drains may need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer. VI. Historical and Archeological Sites 27. If the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall: a. Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. b. Delineate the discovered site or area. c. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture take over. d. Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture immediately (less than 24 hours). e. Contact the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture who would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archeologists of the Ministry of Culture (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. f. Ensure that decisions on how to handle the finding be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of Culture. This could include changes in the layout (such as when the finding is an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. g. Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the Ministry of Culture; and h. Construction work will resume only after authorization is given by the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture concerning the safeguard of the heritage. VII. Disposal of Construction and Vehicle Waste 28. Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The disposal of 67 remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the project engineer. The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare flora. Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas. 29. In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Supervisor/Engineer. 30. Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area. 31. All arrangements for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, will be considered incidental to the work and should be planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and directed by the Engineer. 32. Vehicle/machinery and equipment operations, maintenance and refueling shall be carried out to avoid spillage of fuels and lubricants and ground contamination. An oil interceptor will be provided for wash down and refueling areas. Fuel storage shall be located in proper bounded areas. 33. All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines. Fuel storage and refilling areas shall be located at least 300m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer. 68