SFG2047 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (FMAWR) PROJECTS COORDINATING UNIT (PCU) OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCES PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP) FOR THE FADAMA III PROJECT Final Report Eartfiguard Limited Sustainable (Development Consultants Suite 45, (3 Floor), Gorrs Own 'Plaza, 4 Takum Close, Area 11, Calk, E.C.T Abuja, Nigeria 'Bo. , 12428, Garki, F.C.T Abuja, Nigeria Email: eartiwareseginadcom April, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS.....! PART 1: BACKGROUND .......................................................................... .4 Fadama Agriculture .......................................................................................................................4 Pest problems in the Fadama ............................................................................................... 5 Pest management and pesticide use policy ................................................................. 7 PART 2: COMPONENTS OF THE PMP .................................................. 8 P e s t M a n a g e m e n t P l a n Objectives .......................................................................................................................8 Activities and expected results ..........................................................................................9 PART 3: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .......................................... 14 Capacity building ..................................................................................................................... 14 Institutional arrangements ........................................................................................................... .15 Coordination responsibilities ........................................................................................................ 15 Monitoring and evaluation .............................................................................................................16 Sustainability of processes and results ................................................................................. .16 PART 4: WORK PLAN AND BUDGET....................................................... 17 ANNEXES Annex 1: List of banned pesticides .............................................................................................. 18 Annex 2: Crop and livestock protection products approved for use by NAFDAC ........ 18 Annex 3: The PMP development methodology .............................................................. 20 FADAMA 111 Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report INTRODUCTION The pest management plan (PMP) of the original project was disclosed on the 4th of May, 2007. It was subsequently updated re-disclosed under the Additional Financing of FADAMA III on 5th April, 2013 in Nigeria, and on the 13th June, 2013 at the World Bank infoshop respectively. The updated PMP is being re-disclosed now to include the North East Food Security and Livelihood Emergency Support, as part of the required safeguards due diligence. However, the anticipated activities that will be financed by the Bank under this AF are not materially different from those funded by original project, therefore no new safeguards policies are triggered. In addition, the anticipated significant environmental and social adverse impacts are consistent with category B projects (site specific, noncumulative and relatively easy to manage to acceptable levels) and do not exceed the scope of what was envisaged from the original project. This pest management plan has been prepared as part of the ESMF in the context of the Fadama III project. This is an agricultural and rural development project supported by the World Bank and based on the Community-Driven Development (CDD) approach strategy, explicitly supported by the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS). This project has been prepared to address poverty in rural communities. The Government's strategy for raising rural productivity and incomes rests on five pillars: (i) increasing crop yields and livestock productivity; (ii) producing higher-value crops and livestock; (iii) reducing crop and non-crop losses and reducing costs of producer inputs; (iv) strengthening the forward and backward linkages in the rural economy that stimulate investment, employment, and incomes in rural non-farm enterprises; and (v) reducing conflict between various land and water resources user groups. Fadama (a Hausa word) are usually low-lying plains underlined by shallow aquifers and found along Nigeria's major river systems. Such lands are especially suitable for crop irrigation and fishing, and traditionally provide feed resources and water for livestock. Growth potential of this land is enormous, but only very partially developed. The Fadama I project which closed in 1999 and the ongoing Fadama H Project successfully adopted the small-scale irrigation development approach to utilize this potential. The cumulative impact of these earlier successful projects attests to the robustness of the small-scale and community-based approach to fadama development. Although the ongoing Fadama II project is already recognized as a "good practice example" of a water resources management project by both the Government and the Independent Evaluations Group (1EG) of the World Bank, it is only a drop in the ocean, as the support provided under it meets only a very small portion of the needs of the poor in Nigeria, especially since only 18 of the 37 States of the country are covered. The proposed Fadama III project will build on these successes and expand the scope of the project to include the remaining 19 States', plus the Fadama II States which have demonstrated Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Aka 'born, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delia, Edo, Rivers, Ekiti, Ondo, Osun, Benue, Nasarawa, Yobe, Kano, Sokoto and Zamfara. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 1 successful performance, especially in terms of disbursement and pro-poor impact, as well as support more diversified livelihood activities. The overarching development objective of the Fadama III Project is to sustainably increase the incomes of fadama users (thereby contributing to reduction of poverty, increased food security and achievement of a key MDG). Activities to be developed namely in the component 2 "Small-scale community-owned infrastructure" will entail investment fund for community-driven sub-projects that include small scale rural infrastructures, infrastructures for sustainable Natural Resources Management including improved conservation of soils and agronomic practices and water harvesting techniques. Other components addresses advisory services and inputs supports; in addition to strengthening capacity of community-based associations for a variety of activities such as participatory planning and implementation, project design, participatory consultations, and micro-project implementation. Some of these activities related to productive investments could lead to increase agricultural activities which in turn could bring about the use of pesticides (purchase of pesticides or FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Spraying equipment) as farmers are finding some ways of improving their harvests. Increase of pesticides uses can be harmful to both the environment and public health. ln accordance with the World Bank safeguard policies (OP 4.09 pest management) this pest management plan has been prepared to ensure that future sub projects do not engage in unsafe pest management. The objective of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and ensures that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. In Bank-financed agricultural operations, pest populations are normally controlled through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach and following some criteria concerning selection of pesticides: (a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects. (b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species. (c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed to minimize damage to natural enemies. Pesticides used in public health programs must be demonstrated to be safe for inhabitants and domestic animals in the treated areas, as well as for personnel applying them. (d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests. One of objectives of the pest management is to assess the capacity of the country's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management and to incorporate in the project components to strengthen such capacity. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS CONTEXT This pest management plan (PMP) addresses the third National Fadama Development Project (also called Fadama 111) need to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts of the project and promote ecosystem management. The PMP provides an information basis for stakeholder groups to establish functional mechanisms enabling fadama farmers to identify, understand and manage pest and vector problems in the further development of fadama agriculture, reduce personal and environmental health risks associated with pesticide use, and protect beneficial biodiversity such as natural enemies of pests and pollinators in the farmers' efforts to increase productivity. The PMP also raises the need for fadama farmers to understand and respond to the external IPM environment affecting farmers' livelihoods. For example, quarantine pests, alien invasive species and stringent minimum pesticide residue levels limit the potential for farmers to benefit from international trade opportunities. Collaborative linkages between the project and international 1PM groups will help to bring relevant expertise and supporting IPM resources developed 2 Pests = insects, mites, pathogens/diseases, weeds and other organisms that are detrimental to crop and livestock growth and productivity. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 2 elsewhere to strengthen national and local capacity to address pest problems faced by fadama farmers, develop a national IPM policy to encourage national and local compliance? With international conventions and guidelines on pesticides, and to further develop IPM. FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report RECOMMENDED ACTION 1. Diagnose pest problems affecting fadama crop and livestock production as the basis for FCA members to develop a shared vision on priority needs and IPM opportunities. 2. Develop the capacity of FCA members (especially the farmers) to understand and manage pest problems through farmer participatory learning approaches with complementary participatory research on feedback issues emanating from farmers' field experiences. 3. Introduce and promote microbial pesticides and botanicals as alternatives to harmful pesticide regimes and thereby reduce environmental and personal health risks in fadama agriculture: With partnership inputs from the SP-IPM for sustainable access to microbial pesticides. 4. Establish biodiversity monitoring schemes for early warning on changes in pest and vector status, natural enemy complexes, pollinators, and detect migratory pests and introduction of alien invasive species: With partnership inputs from Nigeria node (at IARIABU) of the West African Network for Taxonomy (WAFRINET) and IITA biodiversity center for identification services. 5. Develop/update a national IPM policy including national legislations governing the manufacture, registration, importation, distribution and use of pesticides in order to promote fadama compliance with the World Bank's safeguard Policies, OP 4.09 and BP 4.01, and other international conventions and guidelines on pesticide use: With partnership inputs from FAO Regional Crop Protection Office, FAORAFA in Ghana and the Global IPM Facility for assistance to develop a national IPM policy document and establish a national IPM advisory and oversight committee (multi-stakeholder composition). BUDGET USD 440,000 will be required to effectively implement the proposed activities over five years. The budget is distributed as 49% for capacity building, 25% for advisory services, 15% for environmental management, and 11% for Fadama III management. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 3 FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report PART 1: BACKGROUND FADAMA AGRICULTURE In Nigeria, 69 million hectares of the total land area of 193 million hectares have potentials for crop and livestock production in diverse agro-ecologies (Table 1). Approximately 80% of the rural population is engaged in agriculture, and account for about 95% of production, mostly as a major economic activity. The farms are mainly small in sized (0.1 to 6 ha) and farming is largely under rain-fed conditions. A number of Federal government initiatives aim to increase agricultural production and reduce poverty. These initiatives include the National Special Program on Food Security (NSPFS) being implemented with technical assistance from the FAO. The IFAD's Community-based Agricultural and Rural Development Programme (CBARDP) and Roots and Tubers Expansion Programme (RTEP). Presidential Initiatives covering key arable crops like cassava and rice, as well as livestock, fisheries, and tree crops, and the ongoing Second National Fadama Development Project (Fadama II) financed by the World Bank and the African Development Bank (AfDB). The proposed Fadama III project scope will be national. It will include, first and foremost, the 19 states which did not benefit from the Fadama II project and the Fadama II States that meet the eligibility criteria. The Project's target group include: (a) the direct and indirect beneficiaries (farmers, pastoralists, fishermen, nomads, traders, processors, hunters and gatherers; (b) the disadvantaged groups (widows, the handicap, the sick and economically inactive—from HIV/AIDS or other diseases and other groups at risk; and (c) service providers, including private operators, professional/semi-professional associations operating in the project zone. Fadamas are flood plains and low-lying areas underlined by shallow aquifers and found along Nigeria's major river systems. The proposed project targets approximately 16 million household members, organized in approximately 80,000 Fadama User Groups (FUGs) and 37780 Fadama Committee Associations (FCAs) in nineteen States (plus selected Fadama II States that meets the eligibility criteria) distributed across varied ecological zones. The Fadama agriculture is characterized by mixed cropping and livestock production. The major crops are cereals (e.g., maize, rice, wheat and sorghum), vegetables (e.g., onion, garlic, footed pumpkin, cabbage, garden-egg, carrots, lettuce, cucumber, potatoes, pepper and okra), grain legumes (cowpea), tuber crops such as potatoes, mostly under small scale irrigation systems. In Northern Nigeria, the crops are in mono crops (mostly rice, wheat and vegetables), mixed cropping systems (e.g., maize/sorghum/millet-cowpea, maize/sorghum/millet-groundnut, and maize-cowpea with or without vegetables), double cropping systems (e.g. a mixed crop of maize/millet-cowpea-leafy vegetables as rain fed crops followed by mixed vegetables of onions tomato - peppers as dry season irrigated crops; a second double cropping involves mixed rain fed crops of millet-cowpea with monoculture of onions tomatoes, or pepper in the dry season). In double cropping, the timely planting of successive crops and choice of short duration varieties Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 4 are the most important strategies used to avoid conflicts of crop competition. FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Table 1: Major crops cultivated in the agro-ecological zones Agro-ecological Zone Participating State Principal Crops/livestock Humid Forest lmo, Lagos, Ogun and 0yo Floated pumpkin, rice, maize, (including Coastal okra, garden eggs, pepper, Swamp and rain- tomato, amaranthus; sheep and forest Kaduna, Niger, Plateau, goat, pigs. FCT, Taraba, Kwara and Savanna (transition) Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, Kogi (including Guinea okra, garden eggs, pepper, and derived tomato, onion, sugarcane, carrot, Savanna) Adamawa, Bauchi, Gombe, lettuce, green peas, footed Borno, Kebbi, Katsina and pumpkin, cowpea, soybean; Sudan Savanna Jigawa cattle, sheep and goat. Tomato, garlic, onion, pepper, wheat, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, cowpea, soybean, cucumber, cabbage, carrot; cattle sheep and goat. The overarching development objective of the Fadama III Project is to sustainably increase the incomes of fadama users (thereby contributing to reduction of poverty, increased food security and achievement of a key MDG).The PDO is to be achieved through an integrated approach including provision of matching grants to expand and diversify livelihood opportunities as well as the associated training and technical assistance support to empower the small and poor beneficiary fadama user groups with resources and the skills needed to properly use these resources for their own development. The beneficiaries (farmers, pastoral fists, fishermen, nomads, traders, processors, hunters and gatherers) will be encouraged to organize themselves into economic interest groups, named Fadama User Groups (FUGs), each having, on average, around 25 members. In addition, they will be encouraged to establish Fadama Community Associations (FCAs), which are apex organizations of on average 10 FUGs at the community level. The objective is to reach 5 FCAs per Local Government, or 1900 FCAs in the 380 LGs of the 19 eligible States At the end of five years, Fadama III expects that 75% of the FCAs would have successfully implemented their respective Local Development Plans (LDPs) and other project supported activities, and that 50% of the target men and women fadama users would have increased their real income by 25% compared to baseline figures. A number of production constraints, e.g., erratic availability of water, pest damage, could challenge the realization of these milestones by the FCAs. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 5 PEST PROBLEMS IN THE FADAMAS In 1994, a technical review workshop on the Fadamas summarized that the "lack of data to define the importance of pests and diseases in fadama agriculture has retarded the progress of crop protection". The development situation has not changed much since then. The only comprehensive pest list of fadama agriculture is still the one produced for the Northern Nigeria in 1994 (Table 2). FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Table 2: Crop pest list in fadama fields of Northern Nigeria, 1994 Crop Pest Vegetables 1. Tomatoes Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) Crickets Fruit worm (1Ieliothis spp) Whiteflies 2. Onion Crickets Thrips 3. Okra Flea beetle (Podagrica spp) Cotton bollworm (Dysdercus spp) Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) Disease Cereals Bunchy top diseases Leaf curl disease Bushy stunt disease Vascular wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) Fusarium spp Selerotium spp Grey leaf blotch (Alternaria alternala) Purple blotch (Alternaria porri) Onion anthracnose (Colletotrichum cingulata) Onion rot (Fusarium oxysporium) Powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) Leaf mosaic Leaf mosaic virus I. Rice Nematodes (Aphelenchoides Blast (Pyricularia oryzae) besseyi; Hirshmanniella grazilis; 11. oryza; H. spinicaudata) Brown leaf spot (Cochliobolus miyabeanus) Stem borers (Sesamia calamitis; Chilo zacconius; M al i arph a separete I I a) Black kernel (Curvularia spp) Foot and root rot (Drechsera rostrata; fusarium equiseti; F. culmorum; F. acuminatum) Rusts (Stem rust, brown rust and leaf rust) Smut: loose smut 2. Wheat Quelea birds (Quelea quelea) Grasshoppers (Hieroglypus daganensis; Aiolopus similatrix; Oedaleus senegalensis; Namadacris seplemfaciata) Nematodes (Meloidogyna incognita; Javancia) Termites (Microtermes lepidus) Aphids (Rhoplasosiphum maidis; Methapolophium spp; Microsiphum spp) Stem borer (Sesamia calamistis) Vegetable and cowpea production is a particular economic agricultural activity in many parts of the Fadamas and good examples where IPM can reduce farmers' dependence on harmful pesticide regimes and increase income earning opportunities. Farmers often respond to pest infestations in these crops by heavy applications of pesticides which threaten environmental quality and pose risks to human and livestock health. Pesticides used in vegetable agroecosystems, for example, include WHO toxicity Class 1 a materials such as parathion, and Class lb materials such as Furadan/carbofuran. The incautious dependence on chemical pest control options undermines national economic growth through farmers' non-compliance with trade barriers on pesticide residues in export produce. According to EC directive 91/414, for example, approximately 80% of the active ingredients used in Africa will be banned for use in Europe, and 1PM is a fast-emerging trade policy issue. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 6 FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PM?) Final Report PEST MANAGEMENT AND PESTICIDE USE POLICY The general pest control objectives in the existing (1988) agricultural policy for Nigeria are to:  Control, and/or eradicate and maintain good surveillance of the major economic pests whose outbreaks are responsible for large-scale damage/loss to agricultural production.  Provide protection to man and animals against vectors of deadly diseases. Towards this end, there are IPM implementation cases amongst the key crops in fadama agriculture. For example, for control of root knot nematodes in tomato and okra, farmers are encourage to integrate resistant crop varieties with seed dressing and compatible crop rotation schemes to prevent build up of the pests. For downy mildew control in maize, farmer training by the Rice/Maize center in Ibadan has promoted the integration of resistant crop varieties with seed dressing (using Apron plus), timely identification, rouging and burning of affected plants and general farm hygiene. Similarly, 1PM recommendations for control of the African Rice Gall Midge include combination of resistant crop varieties with seed dressing, timely planting, pest monitoring to guide pesticide applications. Generally, however, in the responses to actual and potential pest threats to intensify agriculture, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (FMAWR) annually purchases and distributes pesticides (through tender) to the States. A number of national institutions play different roles in the pesticide supply, and the Federal Government had issued a number of legislation and institutional framework using four main organizations (FMEH, FMH, NAFDAC and FMLP) for the regulation of the distribution and use of pesticides. The current legislative tools are:  FEPA Decree 58 of 1988 as amended by Decree 59 of 1992 and 1999 but complemented by rules and regulations such as FEPA S.1.5, FEPA S.1.9 dealing with disposal and distribution/use of pesticides.  NAFDAC Decree 15 of 1993, as amended by Decree 19 of 1999.  The Factories Acts 1990 being implemented by the Factories Inspectorate Division of FMLP.  The Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Decree 42 of 1988 being implemented by FMEH.  Based on the approval of the agencies mentioned above, Annexes 1 and 2 lists current banned and approved Pesticides stocks in Nigeria. FMAWR acts upon request of the Federal Pest Control Services which prepares the lists of pesticide needs for its operation. For example, N100 million was allocated on request in year 2001 through the Ecological Disaster Fund. In addition, the Federal Government purchased and distributed spraying equipment and protective gears. This and similar examples of pest related threats to investment projects, such as the ongoing Fadama II and the proposed Fadama III, highlight the need for robust Pest Management Plans as integral components of project implementation. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 7 FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report PART 2: COMPONENTS OF THE PMP PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN This Pest Management Plan (PMP) addresses the Fadama III project; and it is an update on the ongoing Fadama III project. It stresses the need to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts of the project and promote ecosystem management. The PMP provides an information basis for stakeholder groups to establish functional mechanisms enabling fadama farmers to identify, understand and manage pest and vector problems in the further development of Fadama agriculture, reduce personal and environmental health risks associated with pesticide use, and protect beneficial biodiversity such as natural enemies of pests and pollinators in the farmers' efforts to increase productivity. It further raises the need for fadama farmers to understand and respond to the external IPM environment affecting farmers' livelihoods. For example, quarantine pests, alien invasive species and stringent minimum pesticide residue levels limit the potential for farmers to benefit from international trade opportunities. Collaborative linkages between the project and international 1PM groups will help to bring relevant expertise and supporting 1PM resources developed elsewhere to strengthen national and local capacity to address pest problems faced by fadama farmers, develop a national IPM policy to encourage national and local compliance with international conventions and guidelines on pesticides, and to further develop 1PM. OBJECTIVES Table 3 summarizes the PMP matrix of objectives and activities. The PMP will enable Fadama III project to monitor pests and disease vectors and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts associated with pest/vector control in fadama agriculture and promote agro-ecosytem management. The plan provides fadama decision-makers and fadama users groups with clearer guidelines on integrated pest management (1PM) approaches and options to reduce crop and livestock losses with minimal personal and environmental health risks. Overall, the PMP will empower crop and livestock farmer groups to contribute significantly to household and national economies. The specific objectives of the PMP are to:  Assist fadama users to plan and design location specific IPM activities.  Promote participatory approaches in IPM for farmers to learn, test, select and implement "best-bet" IPM options to reduce losses due to arthropod pests, diseases and weeds.  Promote biodiversity monitoring to serve as early warning systems on pest status, alien Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 8 invasive species, beneficial species, and migratory pests.  Establish linkages to develop a national IPM policy to promote IPM and compliance with international conventions and guidelines on pesticide use in fadama agriculture.  Monitor and evaluate the benefits of IPM including its impact on food security, 'the environment and health. FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS Table 4 outlines the matrix of activities, expected results, milestones and performance indicators of the PMP. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development consultants 9 FADAMA 111 Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Table 3: Planning matrix for the Pest Management Plan 'of the Fadama 111 Protect Narrative summary Expected results Performance indicators Assumptions/risk s Goal: Empower crop and  Food security enhanced, environmental  Evidence of improvements in food  National livestock farmers to contribute quality improved, crop and livestock availability, level of poverty, and security significantly productivity and environmental protection in remains to household and farmers' income increased FCAs. stable  Government national economies continue to support food security through policies environmentally friendly pest programme management practices. Purpose Medium-term results/outcomes  Availability of sufficient food. 1. In the immediate future, halt  Farmers in FCAs prioritize their pest  Perception of state agencies regarding reverse losses cause by and IPM opportunities to mitigate identify and problems the value of IPM in fadama agriculture. pests in order to increase negative environmental and social impacts profitability of Fadama associated with pesticides. agriculture.  Level of compliance with World Bank etc.  Level of compliance with World Bank etc. 2. In the longer term,  Farmers in FCAs adopt ecologically sound strengthen national and local options to reduce crop and livestock losses  Level of chemical control practices capacity with minimal. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 10 ■Types and level of use of alternatives to reduce environmental and personal and environmental health risks. synthetic pesticides health risks associated with  Fadama decision makers provided with pest management practices clearer guidelines enabling then to in the Fadamas. promote 1PM approaches and options in fadama agriculture  Collaborate linkages established to develop a national IPM policy to promote compliance with international conventions and guidelines on pesticide use FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Table 4: Components activities and expected results of the PMP Activities Expected results Milestones Performance indicators Assumptions/ri sks Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 11 1. Record stakeholders' Result 1: Members of  Pest problems diagnosed and Social,  Type and nature of overviews on crop and FCAs and other relevant related IPM opportunities participatory methods for economic and livestock pests. stakeholder groups identified problem analysis political 2. Conduct field diagnosis to develop common  Potential constraints farmers situation specifypests’ Thai culture to understanding of key  Documented information on the remain stable may face in the use of the undermine Fadama agriculture. pest problems and agree technologies specified status of pests and natural on corrective action. enemies of pest and 3. Identify farmers' coping  Pest lists including quarantine mechanisms and researcher pollinators in fadama pests and alien invasive species agriculture. recommended IPM options developed. against the pests.  Inventory of alien invasive  Potential for improving existing species and quarantine pests 4. Develop and explain historical profile of pesticide pest control practices assessed  Types and availability of use and other pest control  Pest monitoring schemes for natural enemies for use in biological practices in the Fadamas. early warning on alien invasive control of named pest species and migratory pests are 5. Specify partnership organized and functional opportunities at local, national  Types and availability of and international levels to ■ Action plan for location-specific microbial pesticides and assist in the implementation 1PM activities developed botanical pesticides to replace of the PMP  PMP implementation chemical pesticides mechanism developed by  Type and number of crop each cluster of 10 rotation schemes to reduce build neighboring FCAs up of named pest species  Type of composting and mulching as alternatives to mineral fertilizers  List of principal actors and of partners FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Table 4 (contd.): Components activities and expected results of the PMP Activities Expected results Milestones Performance Assumptions/risk indicators s Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 12 1. Develop participatory Result 2: Human  Type and number of PLMs Farmers adopt  One IPM orientation workshop per learning modules (PLM) in resource capacity for IPM group of 50 FCAs organized in yr 1 developed and apply new line with farmers delivery and improved  PLM for crop/livestock and pest  Type of IPM skills covered in identified training needs implementation study visits by agric staff technologies. developed. management practices developed and 2. Conduct short to medium adapted to suit local needs  Number of farmers' learning Fadama users term training of farmer In partnership with groups implemented and their support groups on skills Nigeria/FAO project  3 sets of 2 week training of service trainers courses for 90 extension  Gender and number of relevant to the PLMs TCP/NIR/2903 (I) on extension agents and of providers sustainable legumes and agents (30 per of 3 sub-regions) comply with 3. Organize international completed • farmers trained. cereal production through international study visits on specialized  Gender and number of Integrated production and  At least 9000 farmers trained through trained farmers conventions IPM skills of relevance to pest integrated engaged in participatory extension the PLMs participatory/experiential learning at guiding management for synergy of 300 sites (clusters of 10 FCAs per pesticide use 4. Intensify training of men efforts in participatory  Extent to which new site) and MRLs in and women farmers in 1PM learning approaches, and knowledge/skills are used by extension agents & farmers to trade knowledge and skills. with the CGIAR System  At least 3 sets of study visits organized for at most 12 technical support promote adoption of IPM Critical mass of 5. Promote farmer-led wide Program on IPM (SP- options staff trained IPM) for supporting IPM staff extension to increase remain within the resources.  Farmers accurately relate pests to  Number & type of IPM fadama secondary adoption of respective damage symptoms; information materials communities proven IPM options. developed/disseminated recognize natural enemies/biological control agents against the pests; test a  Number and type of new 1PM 6. Strengthen researcher- range of IPM options and select "best- options introduced and farmer- extension linkages bet" options to implement and adopt. adopted. through participatory  At least 30% of trained farmers  Gender and number of research on issues farmers adopting IPM undertake participatory extension; and technologies. emerging from farmer at least 50% farmers adopt new IPM training options in targeted crop or livestock  Area of crops under IPM 7. Develop/disseminate Incremental benefits due to pest ■ At least 70% of information materials IPM decision-support developed is disseminated and used by control information resources for extension agents and farmers.  Type and number of user- field agents, farmers, policy friendly taxonomic keys for makers, and the general ■ Significant reduction in pest pest and natural enemy public damage by at least 30% of baseline recognition by farmers data in target crop/livestock _ FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Table 4 (contd.): Components activities and expected results of the PMP Activities Expected results Milestones Performance indicators Assumptions/ri sks Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 13 1. Test and promote Result 3: Harmful  Local commercial enterprises ■ Level of reduction in Government botanical alternatives to pesticide regimes initiated and/or strengthened to chemical pesticide use; type and synthetic pesticides. replaced by produce and/or market botanical and number of pesticides development pesticides 2. Test and promote environmentally replaced by botanical or partners friendly alternatives  At least one botanical pesticide microbial pesticides remain microbial alternatives to widely synthetic pesticides In partnership with the: ■ Number of commercial committed to used in place of chemical international 3. Develop/update a national /. SP-IPM for pesticides enterprises engaged in the production of botanical conventions IPM policy including sustainable access to  At least one microbial pesticide and guidelines legislation to govern the microbial pesticides. registered and widely used in pesticides; and quality of the place of chemical pesticides products on safe manufacture, importation, pesticide use 2. FAO Regional Crop  Surveillance systems to protect distribution and use of Protection Office, ■ Volume of sale of microbial pesticides fadama agriculture from Critical mass of FAORAFA in Ghana and and botanical pesticides banned/harmful pesticide staff trained 4. Establish a national the Global IPM Facility regimes is fully operational  Level of compliance with World remain within IPM advisory and oversight for assistance to develop  Existing pesticide regulations are Bank safeguard policies by the fadama committee to guide national a national IPM policy fully enforced fadama farmers and pesticide communities and local compliance with document and establish a  A multi-stakeholder National dealers/service providers World Bank safeguard national IPM advisory IPM advisory and oversight Policies, OP 4.09 and BP committee established to guide  Effectiveness of the 1PM advisory and oversight committee and oversight committee 4.01 and other international (multi- stakeholder compliance with international conventions concerning conventions and  Number of pest surveillance composition). guidelines on pesticide use, pesticide use groups and pesticide law 3. Nigeria node (at and promote the 1PM 5. Sensitize the population on development. enforcement mechanisms IARIABU) of the West IPM issues and activities African Network for  Effectiveness of public through  Radio and other public campaigns Taxonomy (WAFRINET) awareness of formal and informal and IITA biodiversity on impact of pesticides in agriculture, educational channels and center for identification environment and health conducted public awareness services. through radio and TV spots, mass campaigns field days, rural market days, information workshops, and focus groups discussions campaign FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report PART 3: IMPLEMENTATION STATEGY CAPACITY BUILDING The success of IPM depends largely on developing and sustaining institutional and human capacity to facilitate informed decision making by farmers, and empower farmers to integrate scientific and traditional knowledge to solve location-specific problems, and respond to market opportunities. Poor communication between farmers, extension agents and researchers has often led to poorly-targeted research or to poor adoption of promising options generated by research. The full benefits of investments in agricultural research thereby remain untapped under these circumstances. Farmer participatory research (FPR) and participatory learning (PL) approaches in capacity building efforts help to bridge this gap and make research results more understandable and useful by farmers. This is particularly the case in knowledge intensive disciplines such as IPM. In IPM, there is the need for farmers to accurately identify and diagnose pests and pest problems, understand trophic relationships that underpin biological control opportunities, and use such knowledge to guide pesticide and other kinds of interventions. Through the participatory approaches Fadama III will build local capacity to ensure rapid spread and adoption of ecologically sound and environmentally friendly management practices in fadama communities. The farmers will learn biological and ecological processes underpinning IPM options, and use the newly acquired knowledge to choose compatible methods to reduce losses in production and post-harvest storage. A foundation element of the capacity building exercise is diagnosis of pest problem and IPM opportunities to provide baseline information that will enable FCA stakeholder groups to develop a shared vision on felt needs and IPM strategies. Through informal interviews, field visits, and planning meetings, fadama stakeholder groups will develop joint understanding of the key issues affecting production and develop a common IPM plan based on agreed concerns. The PMP implementation will be anchored at FCA level with field action by farmer groups which will receive training and advisory services from SFCOs, appropriate NG0s, and community leaders who would have graduated from Training of Trainers (ToT) sessions. Training at all levels will be based on participatory learning modules for capacity building in IPM information delivery. The participants will be equipped with skills in facilitation, group dynamics, non-formal education methods to encourage adult learning. Farmer training will focus on farmers' group learning for informed decision making on IPM issues. Group learning will be experiential through farmer-led field trials and discussions on practical aspects of crop and livestock production and pest management including indigenous knowledge/technologies. Farmer group learning will be facilitated by ToT trained men and women extension agents. Group decision making will be achieved through AgroEcosystem Analysis (AESA) involving a comparison of IPM practices with normal farmer practices. At each AESA, farmers observe, record and monitor changes in soil, crop/livestock and trophic relationships affecting crop/livestock growth. Farmers analyse and discuss their findings and recommend corrective action based on the results of their own analyses. Group learning helps to increase scientific literacy, ownership of biological and ecological information and knowledge, and informed decisions making habits in the communities. For participatory extension, the FCA will establish new farmer learning groups in the community. Also trained farmers will be expected to promote secondary adoption of proven options. For example, each farmer trained will train at least 10 new farmers through demonstrations and farm visits. Additionally the farmers will organize field days to train other farmers and explain new/improved IPM practices they have learnt. Field day participants will include representatives of national and local policy makers from government, development agencies, NGOs, rural and national press media, researcher institutes, and national extension services. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Annual work plan will be developed in consultation with the FCA in line with their respective local action plans to indicate institutions and networks that will be required to provide research and development support. The principal actors will include a number of local institutions directly involved in implementing the PMP while other agencies (partners) will include international and national institutions to provide technical and other support for implementation of the plan. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 14 FADAMA UI Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Table 5: Actors and partners Actors Partners The actors will collaborate with Federal 10. NAERLS (for materials Pest Control Services (FPCS) and National production) Fadama Coordination Office (NFCO) of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (FMAWR) to:  Contribute field staff to be trained as IPM Trainers.  Organize its members into farmer groups for training and promotion of 1PM practices.  Facilitate extension and farmer training  Prepare and produce field guides and other relevant 1PM information materials  Provide policy guidance/oversight for implementation of the PMP  Monitor, supervise and coordinate IPM activities  Document user compliance on pesticide use Examples of actors: I. FPCS 2. NFCO 3. Research Institutes and Universities 4. Federal Ministry of Health (MH) 5. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) 6 Fadama Community Association (as the principal beneficiaries) 7. State Fadama Coordination Offices 8.Federal Ministry of Health (for disease vector control) 9. Federal Ministry of Environment and Housing Development (for environmental management) The partners will be IPM experts who:  Serve as technical reviewers for sub- projects submitted by FCAs for funding under Fadama III.  Provide technical support in pest and natural enemy identification  Assist to organize study tours and networking with international IPM groups.  Provide expertise in planning, training and field implementation of IPM Examples of partners: I. The CGIAR System wide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM) which is dedicated to breaking isolation barriers to the full realization of IPM research results 2. The Global IPM Facility which assists interested Governments and NGOs to initiate, develop and expand IPM programmes mostly through farmer field school training. 3. Research institutes/universities (e.g., IARJABU for research support ) and thematic networks (e.g., the Nigeria node of the West Africa Network for Taxonomy, (WAFRINET-Nigeria, supported by IITA biodiversity center for pest and natural enemy identification and assessment) 4. NGOs COORDINATION RESPONSIBILITIES NFCO responsibilities are to standardize training needs assessment across sites; and organize national workshops to develop participatory learning modules. SFCO responsibilities are to liaise with FCAs to plan training implementation; provide technical support such as in preparing and delivering specific training materials, and evaluating resource materials; identify and select suitable local training resource persons and materials; and prepare training progress reports. The Local Fadama Desk (LFD) will collaborate with FCA to identify and organize farmers groups for training; prepare, organize and supervise training implementation plan; verify reports of persisting pest problems and farmers training needs; monitor performance of farmer trainers and post-training assignments; and prepare training progress reports. MONITORING AND EVALUATION The following indicators will be incorporated into a participatory monitoring and evaluation plan. Capacity to inform: Types and number of participatory learning modules (PLM) delivered; category and number of extension agents and farmers trained and reached with each PLM; category and number of participants reached beyond baseline figures; practical skills/techniques most frequently demanded by extension agents and farmers; and crop/livestock management practices preferred by farmers. Capacity to motivate: Category and number of farmers who correctly apply the skills they had learnt; new management practices adopted most by farmers; category and number of other farmers trained by project trained farmers; types of farmer-innovations implemented; level of pest damage and losses; rate of adoption of IPM practices; impact of the adoption of IPM on production performance of Fadama farmers. Major benefits: Increase in crop/livestock production; increase in farm revenue; social benefits: e.g., improvement in the health status of farmers; level of reduction of pesticide purchase and use; and number of FCA families using preventive mechanisms against diseases. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 15 FADAMA 111 Pest Management Plan (PM?) Final Report SUSTAINABILITYOFPROCESSESANDRESULTS Short-term technical study visits (to other West African countries with proven experience in IPM development and implementation) for hands-on laboratory and field training, and farmer participatory learning will help to create favorable conditions for continuity of IPM processes and results. The tour will involve both the regulatory authorities (e.g., FPCS and PCU) and members of the FCAs. Scientific information, adapted into user-friendly format will strengthen training and extension delivery, and increase IPM literacy in fadama communities. Strategic alliances with international 1PM groups will strengthen national capacities to integrate new IPM options in crop and livestock production. Farmer-educational activities will be central to the exit strategy which will feature increased roles and responsibilities of committed national and local communities to take primary responsibilities in the development of action plans and expertise exchange for IPM development and promotion. To support these gains, Fadama III will seek the assistance of FAO Regional Crop Protection office, FAORAFA Accra and the Global IPM Facility to develop/update a national IPM policy including national legislations governing the manufacture, importation, distribution and user of banned pesticides. Additionally a national IPM advisory and oversight committee (multi- stakeholder composition) will be established to promote national and local compliance with international conventions and guidelines on pesticides, and encourage the further development of IPM. Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 16 FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report PART 4: WORKPLAN AND BUDGET Annual work plan will be develop d in consultation with the INCA in line with their respective LDP. Approximately US$ 440,000 will be required to effectively implement the PMP over a five-year period (Table 5). T a b l e 5 B u d g e t s u m m a r y Line item Yr. 1 Yr. 2 Yr. 3 Yr 4 Yr5 Total 1. Capacity building 1PM orientation workshop 30000 15000 0 0 0 45000 Training of Trainers 45000 0 0 0 0 45000 Farmer group training 24000 24000 24000 24000 0 96000 Study visits 15000 10000 5000 0 0 30000 Sub-total 11400 49000 29000 24000 0 216000 0 2. Advisory services 1PM problem diagnosis 16000 10000 10000 0 0 36000 Field guides/IPM materials 3000 15000 12000 0 0 30000 Public 4000 8000 8000 4000 3000 27000 awareness/sensitization campaigns Pest/vector surveillance 5000 5000 3000 3000 2000 18000 Sub-total 28001 38000 33000 7000 5000 111000 ) 3.Environmental management 5000 10000 5000 5000 0 25000 Equipment; bed nets; chemicals, neem 10000 15000 10000 6000 3000 44000 Support to 1PM research and development Sub-total 15000 25000 15000 11000 3000 69000 4. Project management PMP coordination 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 10000 Monitoring and evaluation 7000 7000 13000 9000 36000 Sub-total 9000 9000 15000 11000 2000 46000 16400 11900 20000 440000 Grand total 89000 48000 0 0 Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants 17 FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report Annex 1: List of banned pesticides 1. A idrin 2. Chlordane 3. DDT (Dichlochphenye trichloroethane) 4. Dicldrin5. Endrin 6. Heptachlor 7. Toxaphene 8. Chlordimeform9. Mercury Compounds 10. Luidane 11. Parathion 12. Methyl Marathion13. Methyl bromide14. Ilexachlorobenzene Annex 2: List of crop and livestock protection products approved for use by NAFDAC a ) I n s e c t c i d c s Organochlorines 0 rga noph osphorus Carbamates Pyrethroids insecticides insecticides 1. Endosulfan Organophosphor 1.Carbaryl 1. Lambda - 2. Helptachlor us 2.Carbofura Cyhalothrin n 2. Cypermethrin 3. Lindane I. Diazinon 3. Deltamethrin (Restricted to use 2.Dichlorvos 3.Propoxur 4. Phenothrin on Cocoa only) (DDVP) 4.Carbosulfa 5. Permethrin 3.Chlorpyrifos n 6. Tetramethrin 5.Furathioca 7. Cyfluthrin 4.Chlorpyrifos - 8. Allethrin rb Methyl 6.Temik 5.Dicrotophos 6.Dimethoate (Aidicarb 7.Monocrotopho s 8.Perimiphos - Ethyl 9.Perimiphos - Methyl 10. Ethion 11. Rugby (Cadusofas) 12. Malathion 13. Te meguard (Temephos ) 14. Isazofos 15. Parathion - Methyl 16. Phospha medon 17. Methidathion b) Herbicides and fungicides Organophosphorus Carba mates Other herbicides Fungicides Organophosphorus 1. 1. Dimethachlor 1. Benomyl 1. Anilofos Asulam 2. Metazachlor (Nitroheterocy 2. Piperophos 3. Monosodium clic 3. Glyphosate Methyl Arsonate Compound) 4. Glyphosate (MSMA) 2. Dazomet Trimesium 4. Fluxixpyr (Thiadiazine (Touchdown or 5. Imazaquine Fungicide) Sulfosate) 6. Triassulfuran 3. Folpet 5. Amideherbici (Amber) (Phthalimide des (Acetochior; 7. Osethoxydim Fungicide) Alachlor; 8. Oxadiazon 4. Metalaxyl Propanil; (Ronster) (Acylalamine Butachlor; 9. Clomaone Fungcide) Metalochlor) 10. Trifluralin 5. Cyproconazole Triazines and 11. Stamp (Alto - 100SL) Triazoles (Atrazine; 500 6. Bavistin Ametryn; Desmetryn; (pendimetha (Carbon) - Terbuthalazine; lin) Benzimide Terbutrex 12. Fluazifop - 7. Triadmenol Terbutryne) P.butyl Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants (Bayfidon 18 Chiorophenoxy GR Conzole herbicides Fungicide) (Prometryn; Simazine; 2.4-D (2.4 Dichlorphenoxy acetiacid) 7. Urea and guadinidines ; (Diuron ; Linurex (=Linuron); Fluometurone; Chloroxuron; Neburon) Quaternary nitrogen compounds (paraquat; FADAMA III Pest Management Plan (PMP) Final Report diguart Earthguards Limited. Sustainable Development Consultants 19