Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 6800 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT CREDIT 761-IN May 29, 1987 Project; Department South Asia Regional Office This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. PROJECT COMYLETION REPOR' INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT (CREDIT 761-IN) Abbreviations and Acronyms ADA - Additional Director of Agriculture AEO - Agricultural Extension Officer AO - Agricultural Officer ARF - Adaptive Research Farm (DOA) BAERP - Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project BAU - Birsa Agricultural University DA - Director of Agriculture DAO - District Agricultural Officer Dy. DAO - Deputy DAO DDA - Deputy Director of Agriculture FTS - Field Trial Stations GDk' - Gross Domestic Product GOB - Government of Bihar GOI - Government of India IDA - International Development Association JDA - Joint Director of Agriculture X - Million(s) il&E - Monitoring and Evaluation NAN? - National Agricultural Extension Project NARJ? - National Agricultural Research Project NDO - World Bank New Delhi Office NEC - North-Eastern Council k'CR - Project Completion Report FWD - Public Works Department RAU - Rajendra Agricultural University SARC - State Adaptive Research Committee SAU - State Agricultural University SMS - Subject Matter Specialists 'T&V - Training and Visit System of Extension VLEW - Village Level Extension Worker WE - World Bank FOR OFFICIL USE ONLY THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Offike ot SctwrtvC.wai Operatic"s IValuuamuni May 29, 1987 MEMORANDUM TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND THE PRESIDENT SUBJECT: Project Completion Report on India: Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project (Credit 761-IN) Attached, for information, is a copy of the report entitled 'Project Completion Report: India Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project (Credit 761-IN)" prepared by the FAO/IBRD Cooperative Program in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, Bihar, and submitted to OED by the South Asia Regional Office. Further evaluation of this project by the Operations Evaluation Department has not been made. Rem K. Chopra for Yves Rovani Attachment This document has* restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their offial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Dank authorintion. FOR OMCIAL USE ONLY PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT (CREDIT 761-IN) Table of Contents Pa&e No. Preface .............................. .......................... i Basic Data Sheet ................ ....i Evaluation Summary ................................... v I. INTRODUCTION * ........ ewe. *.. *.o.*o.......0.00......000000...1 II. THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR .................. ........ ..,0 1 Agriculture in India ..... oo000000 .0......0 1 Agriculture in Bihar 00009000000 *.........000.............. 2 III. PROJECT FORMULATION ...*......................... 3 Origin ... 0 3 Project Appraisal .. 0.0.................... 3 Goals and Targets 000.0...000000000000000.00000....@O 4 General Description of the Project ..... ................. 4 Project Components 00....... 000000 00000000000 000000000.... 4 IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATING PERFORMANCE .................. 6 Start-up .06000000000000.. . 6 Revisions ................. . 6 Overall Performance ..0000 *** . 6 Physical Implementation ................... 0.0.00.0 7 Procurement ....7........................... .......00 7 Institutiornl Improvement and Operating Performance .**.. 8 Input Supply and Marketing .....................e..... 14 Routine Project Reporting ............................... 14 V. PROJECT COSTS AND FINANCING ......... 15 Project Costs . ....0..0.*...........*...... 0 15 Credit Allocation and Disbursements ..... ................ 15 Financial Management *00000000000000000000. 0 ....0 .. 16 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties, Its coitents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. VI. ASSESSMAENT OF IMPACT ... ............ 16 Impact on Production ...... *.. ................ ... .. ..... 16 Institutional Impact ................. , 19 VII. BANK PERFORMANCE 19...................................... ... 19 VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED ..o .......... .......O.. 19 Project Justification and Objectives .... ................ 19 Project Content and Scheduling .......................... 20 Project Formulation and Operating Outcomes .............. 20 Evaluation of Implementation and Outcomes ............... 20 TABLES 1. Key Indicators 2. Progress of Ci-.il Works Activities, Units Completed 3. List of Vehicles and E-uipment Procured 4. Staffing Progress 5. Number of Persons Trained Per Year - Extension 6. Equipment Procured: Adaptive Research Component 7. Staffing of Adaptive Research 8. Project Reporting 9. List of Publications of the Monitoring and Evaluation Cell 10. Estimate of Annual Workload of Monitoring and Evaluation Staff in Staffdays 11. 1894-85 Work Plan for Monitoring and Monitoring-cum-Evaluation Surveys and Special Studies 12. Results of M&E Surveys: Farmer Awareness of T&V System 13. Results of M&E Surveys: Rate of Adoption of Recovaendations 14. Monitoring Surveys: Reasons for Partial or Non-Adoption of Recommendations 15. Relationship between Yield Rate and Visits 16. Expenditure Statement Under World Bank Agricultural Extension Project 17. Project Costs: Comparative Analysis 18. Schedule of Disbursement (as of March 15. 1985) 19. Yields of Major Crops: Annual. Five-year Moving Average of Index 20. Change of Cropping Pattern Under Extension in Bihar (from 2 to 5 crops) 21. List of Technologies Generated and Recommended for Adoption of Farmers 22. Crop Production ANNEX I - Comments of the Government of India on the Final Draft Project Completion Report for the Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project (Credit 761-IN) MAP: IBRD No. 12926R - i - PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND WM=ARC PROJEC (CREDIT 761-IN) Preface This to the Project Completion Report (PCR) of the Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project, for which Credit 761-IN was approved on December 27, 1977 in the amount of US$8.0 million. The Credit was closed on March 31, 1985, 2 years and 5 months behind schedule; an unused balance of US$3.83 million equivalent was cancelled. The date of final disbursement was August 23, 1985. The PCR was prepared by E%.^T,BRD Cooperative Program in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture, Bihar, following a mission to that state in March 1985. and is based on a review of the Staff Appraisal Report (No. 1754a-IN of December 14. 1977), the Credit Agreement of January 6, 1978, correspondence with the Borrower, internal Bank memoranda on project issues as contained in relevant Bank files, as well as interviews with officials both in the Bank and in India who have been associated with the project. A copy of the draft report was sent to the Borrower on March 6, 1987 for comments. Comments received from the Borrower have been incorporated and are attached as Annex 1. This project has not been subjected to an audit by OED. - Li - PROWECT COMPLETION REPORT INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL iXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJ(CT tC"EDIT 761-IN) BASIC DATA SHEET KEY PROJECT DATA Actual as % Appraisal of Appraisal Estimate Actual Estimate Total Project Cost (US$ million) 16.0 32.7 204 Credit Amount (US$ million) 8.0 4.17 52 Amount Cancelled (US$ million) - 3.83 Date of Board Approval 12/77 12/27/77 Date of Effectiveness 3/31/78 5/2/71 134 La Closing Date 10/31/83 3/21,'85 12.4 L Institutional Performance Fair Number of Beneficiaries 7.6 3.8 50 (million farm families) STAFF INPUT Lb - Y77 FY78 FY79 FY80 FY81 FY82 FY83 FY84 FY85 FY86 Total Negotiations - 4.8 - - - - - - - - 4.8 Identification/ Preparation 1.2 2.1 - - - - - - - - 3.3 Appraisal - 4.7 - - - - - - - - 4.7 Supervision - 1.6 11.4 5.8 4.1 1.0 8.4 16.3 6.3 15.6 79.5 CUMULATIVE DISBURSEMENTS FY79 FY80 FY81 FY82 FY83 FY84 FY85 FY86 Appraisal Estimate (US$ Million) 0.3 1.6 2.8 4.5 6.8 8.0 - - Actual (US$ Million) - 0.61 0.89 1.33 2.19 2.78 3.93 4.17 Actual as X of Estimate - 38 32 30 32 35 49 52 Date of Final Disbursement August 23, 1985 - iii - MISSION DATA Date No. of Specialization Performance Mission (mo/yr) Persons Represented Rating Trend Problems Identification /c 9/76 /e /f /A /h Preparation / Appraisal 4/77 4 Ecn/Res/Ext(2) Supervision I 6/78 2 Ecn/Ext 3 2 P Supervision II 12/78 2 Ecn/Ext 3 1 P Supervision III 6/79 2 kcn/Sxt 3 2 P Supervision IV 10/79 2 Ecn/Ext 3 2 P Supervision V 5/81 2 Ecn/Ext 3 2 P Supervision VI 11/81 Agr/Ext/Res 3 2 P Supervision VII 5/82 Ext (2) 3 1 M.P Supervision VIII 1/83 Ext (2) 3 2 M.T Supervision IX 9/83 3 Ext/Agr (2) 3 1 MT Supervision X 3/84 3 Agr/Ext (2) 3 2 M,T Supervision XI 9/84 3 Agr(2)/Ext/(Fin) 3 2 MT Supervision XII 2/85 2 Agr/Ext 3 2 M.T Completion 3/85 2 OTHER PROJECT DATA Borrc. r: Government of India Executing Agency: Government of Bihar Follow-on Project: Special Sub-Project under National Agricultural Extension Proj. III Credit No. 1754-IN Amount (US$ million: 9.00 out of total credit of 85.00 million Approval Date: 11-20-86 Fiscal Year: April 1 - March 31 Name of Currency (abbreviation): Indian Rupees (Rs) Currency Exchange Rate: Appraisal Year Average: 1977 US$1.00 - Rs 9.00 Intervening Years Ave.: 1977-84 US$1.00 - Rs 8.80 Completion Year Average: 1985 US$1.00 - Rsl2.00 /a Calculated in .erms of months from oate of Board approval. /b Input as staff weeks. Source: World Bank Planning and Budgeting Department. Ic As a result of Agricultural Sector Survey of Eastern Region States of India (Report No. 1440-IN). /d Prepared by Government of Bihar assisted by NDO. /e Ecn = Economist; Res = Research Expert; Ext = Extension Specialist; Fin = financial Analyst. /f 1 = Problem-free or minor problems; 2 = Moderate problems; 3 = Major problems. LR =. Improving; 2 = Stationary: 3 = Deteriorating. /h L = Political; M = Managerial; T = Technical. - iv - PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT (CREDIT 761-IN) EVALUATION SUMMAJY Introduction The Eastern Region, comprising the States of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Eastern Uttar Pradesh, is India's major rice growing area. Most of the region has moderate to heavy monsoon rains and large areas of relatively alluvial soils. Yet foodgrain yields are generally lower than elsewhere in India and production has barely kept pace with population. With a view to accelerating foodgrain production, the Government of India and the World Bank agreed to undertake a joint review of the Eastern Region to assess agricultural potential and identify critical constraints. This resulted in the Eastern States Foodgrain Review of 1976 and it was agreed to give special emphasis to the development of agricultural projects. The Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project was the fourth in the region. following similar projects in Assam, Orissa and West Bengal. Objectives The principal goal of the project was to provide a sound foundation for the long-term development of extension services and adaptive research activities in order to increase agricultural production especially among small scale farmers. The objective was appropriate at that time and remains relevant today. Over a period of five years, the project was to extend the training and visit methodology of extension in the entire state, improve extension training facilities, develop and strengthen adaptive agricultural research, and establish a Monitoring and Evaluation Cell to monitor the progress of the project. Implementation Experience The project was designed to bring the benefits of improved extension and research to the entire state. lhe envisaged institutional transformation has been only partly met. The project achieved little progress during its initial years. There was delay in sanctioning funds and also the total budget provided was inadequate for full implementation of the program. However. project implementation improved from late 1982 following recognition by Government of Bihar of the advantages of effective agricultural extension service, and its commitment to the project's success. However, implementa- tion never caught up with the planned schedule. The project formulation -v - seriously underestimated the magnitude of administrative problems related to changes within the civil service. The project did not recognize the time it would take to introduce and consolidate a major reorganization within the existing institutions, with the result that many planned posts of VEW. AEO and SMS remained unfilled through the project period. The project objective of institutional development was achieved only in 16 districts of the State. Project implementation suffered from poor internal supervision which was largely due to staffing shortfalls. Substan- tial delays occurred in respect of civil works; there was considerable short- fall in the number of houses, offices and stores constructed. The shortfall was partly because no advance action was taken to select sites and partly because of delayed and inadequate funding. The routine training activities of T&V system were properly followed. However, the quality of training suffered from lack of adequately trained SMSso. Apart from the routine train- ing, other special training of SMS, AEO and VEW was not planned systemati- cally. However, the State Department of Agriculture has lately recognized that the quality of training should be improved and the follow-on project would pay particular attention to training. Implementution of agricultural research program proceeded satisfactorily. Research has been stepped up in the Department of Agriculture, with emphasis on adapting technologies to farming situations. Final project costs are above appraisal estimates, Rs. 279 million against estimate of Rs. 144 million, which were mainly due to increased salaries. As only 10 of salaries were reimbursable, the total project costs situation was very different from the reimbursement situation. Results No economic rate of return calculation was prepared for these projects at appraisal or at completion. It is still too early in the course of project implementation to expect a fully reliable measure of project impact. The comparison of yield data for cereals, pulses and oilseeds col- lected by GOB of pre-project and project years did not indicate a clearly significant impact of the project. An apparent impact of the project has been the change in cropping pattern. which has been observed to follow the lines of extension recommendations., The main trends noted were: increase in cash crop area (mainly potatoes), sad emphasis on rabi crops (black and green gram and wheat). However it is difficult to measure the impact of extension on yields as the causality cannot be clearly established in view of the many non-project factors. The M&E surveys, however, indicated a positive response of farmers to extension advice and the yield obtained by such farmers was higher than those who did not receive extension advice. Sustainability The training and visit system has proved as an appropriate vehicle for technology transfer; as a result of its introduction, new agronomic - vi - practices are found to spread more quickly than before. The greatest con- straint to sustainability is in respect of administrative and operational problems which have been clearly identified, and for which solutions are generally known. Strong commitment by the state government is essential to ensure that those problems are effectively tackled and sufficient funding is provided by the state. The state government has indicated its full commit- ment to the T&V system, and qualitative improvements would be made in the follow-on project (special subproject under the National Agriculture Exten- sion Project III). Findings and Lessons The project objectives of institutional development in terms of developing a framework of extension were achieved only in part of the state. The build-up of operational capability was much slower than planned. The time it would take to introduce and consolidate major reorganization in the existing and already strong institutions was, in retrospect, too optimisti- cally assessed. Extension alone is only one of the contributing factors to increased production, and the project would have a significant impact on agricultural productivity only after considerable further institutional improvement and manpower development have occurred under the follow-on project, and with simultaneous improvements in other support services, such as input supplies, water management and irrigation. - 1 - PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT (CREDIT 761-IN) I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Eastern Region, comprising the States of Assam, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Eastern Uttar Pradesh, is India's major rice growing area. Most of the region has moderate to heavy monsoon rains and large areas of relatively fertile alluvial soils, and tuiere is a large unexploited surface and ground water resource. Yet, foodgrain yields are generally lower than elsewhere in India; production has barely kept pace with population growth and most indicators of social and economic development are lower than for the rest of India. Around 1974, special emphasis was given to the development of agricultural projects in the Eastern Region States, aimed at achieving quick increases in foodgrain production while paying particular attention to problems faced by small farmers. 1.2 One such project was the Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project (BAERP). The core of the project was to reorganize and strengthen the agricultural extension service and related adaptive research throughout the state. 1.3 The estimated total project cost was US$16.01 M of which US$8.0 M would be an IDA Credit. 1.4 Information sources used for the PCR include: the BAERP Appraisal Report (No. 1754a-IN of December 14, 1977) and all BAERP supervision mission reports; related World Bank (WB) reports for Bihar and other states; cor- respondence and information files of the World Bank New Delhi Office (NDO); and discussions with farmers, local government officials, NDO staff and project staff during a field visit in August 1985. II. THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR Agriculture in India 2.1 India has a population of about 750 N (198i), growing at 2.1% annually. The total land surface is some 3.7 M km , of which 49Z is cultiv- able and 11X irrigated. National income has grown at nearly 4% per annum since 1950. Agriculture is the dceinant sector and engages about 70X of the labor force, contributes 40% of GNP and accounts for 60% of total exports. -2- During the past 15 yeats, GOI development plans gave priority to agriculture and sought to raise food grain production by increasing the use of irriga- tion, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, and seeds of improved varieties. In support of this objective, the agricul&ural credit institu- tionts were strengthened and irrigation development eas accelerated. From the mid-seventies, increasing attention was given to establishing improved exten- sion services and upgrading the related research capabilities. 2.2 Since 1960, per capita income has risen at an annual rate of 1.5% reaching US$270 in 1985. Foodgrain production has grown at about 2.3% annually, sightly exceeding the rate of growth of population. Living condi- tions in the cities and among landowners have improved considerably. However, for the rural and urban poor, which comprise around 50% of total population, there has been little change in living conditions. Consequently, GOI is emphasizing the need to raise the growth rate of agricultural output from 2.3 to 3% per annum, in an effort to cope with the growing population and to improve the lot of the poorest. Much of this increases will have to come from rainfed agriculture, and an effective agricultural extension serv- ice is considered to be a necessary vehicle to achieve this. Agriculture in Bihar 1/ 2.3 Bihar in 1985, has about 73 M inhabitants, having risen from the last census of 69.8 M in 1981; it has a total land surface area of 174,000 km2. Population growth is some 2.4% annually (1971-81); about 13% of the popula- tion are scheduled tribes and castes. The net cultivated area is about 8.5 M ha, or 49% of the total surface area. Agriculture is the predominant industry. The state has just over 8 M farm families with an average farm size of 1.1 ha. Some 73% of the farms are less than 1 ha. The cropping intensity of paddy areas is about 130%; 34% of the net cultivated area is irrigated. The per capita income in 1980/81 to 1982/83 was Rs 1,986 compared to the all-India average of Rs 1,724. In terms of agricultural income gener- ated per unit area, Bihar is about average among all states, with Rs 2,500 per ha (1982). 2.4 From May to September the climate of Bihar is humid--tropical in the plains but cooler in the hills. Mean daily temperatures vary from 10 degrees Centigrade in January to over 38 degrees Centigrade in May. The rainfall is 1,200 to 1,600 mm/year, (average 1,272 mm) with 75% concentrated between May to September.. However, supplementary irrigation can contribute to higher yields. Floods in the river valleys are frequent. 1/ Data Sources: Center for Monitoring Indian Economy, Economic Intel- ligence Unit, Bombay: "Agricultural production in India" 1985. -3- 2.5 Paddy is the main cereal crop with some 7 M ha (44% of gross cropped area) followed by wheat with 0.8 M ha (201) and maize with 9%. Of other food crops, oilseeds (rape, mustard, linseed), are important. Sugarcane, jute and potatoes cover 4% of total area and may be considered major cash crops. III. PROJECT FORMULATION Origin 3.1 Soon after independence, GOI began sponsoring a number of programs designed to meet the need for more effective agricultural development: the Community Development Programs in 1952, National Extension Service Blocks in 1953, Intensive Agricultural District Programs in 1960, Intensive Agricul- tural Area Programs in 1963-64, Small and Marginal Farmers Development Program in 1969-70. Despite their proliferation, these programs covered only a small proportion of the farms, generally the wealthier. 3.2 Fifth Plan agricultural production targets looked to the Eastern Region to provide around half of India's increased foodgrain production during the plan period, although it was recognized that, because of the unusually severe constraints to development in the region, a concentrated effort would be needed to realize the full potential. 3.3 In November 1974, GOI and WB agreed to undertake a joint review of the Eastern Region comprising Assam, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and eastern Uttar Pradesh, to assess agricultural potential, identify critical con- straints and ascertain the opportunities to accelerate foodgrain production. This resulted in the Eastern States Foodgrain Review of 1976 and it was agreed to give special emphasis to.the development of agricultural projects. 3.4 The BAERP was the fourth such project to be formulated in the region, following similar projects in Assam, Orissa and West Bengal and was the sixth IDA-supported agricultural extension and research project in India. 'The project was intended to achieve quick increases in foodgrain production. The extension component was designed to address particularly the problems of small farmers. Experience of the training and visit system (T&V) had been obtained in India through pilot projects in the Rajasthan Canal Command Area Development Project" and the "Chambal Command Area Development Project" in 1974/75. Project Appraisal 3.5 The project was prepared by the Government on Bihar (GOB). A World Bank mission visited Bihar in April 1977, resulting in Appraisal Report No. 1754a-IN dated December 14, 1977. -4- Goals and Targets 3.6 The immediate target was to achieve early and sustained improvements in crop production by revitalizing, reorganizing and intensifying agricul- tural extension activities in the T&V pattern. The project was to be phased over five years and cover the whole state. The short-term strategy was to close the gap between the technology already practiced by better farmers and that of the majority of farmers. 3.7 Improvement in production was to be attained by the introduction of new technologies to be developed through the adaptive research component which aimed to evaluate, test and modify technologies developed by Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU) and its substations. 3.8 Overall, the primary aim of the project was to achieve a long-term, statewide, integrated development of institutions and practices dealing with agricultural extension and leading to increase agricultural production. General Description of the Project 3.9 The five-year project provided for: - Reorganization and strengthening of the agricultural extension service by provision of additional staff, housing, equipment, vehicles and staff training* - Development and strengthening of adaptive research by provision of additional staff, vehicles, simple farm buildings and equipment, and - Project monitoring and evaluation by provision of staff, equipment, transport and funds for studies. Project Components 3.10 Extension. By the introduction of T&V system throughout the state, farmers were to be provided, on a regular and systematic basis, with up-to-date advice on farming practices best suited to their specific condi- tions, especially proven practices having immediate impact on production. Preconditions for introducing T&V were the establishment of single line of command from the Director of Agriculture (DA) to the Village Level Extension Workers (VLEWS) and the transfer to the Directorate of Agriculture (DOA) of most existing village level multipurpose workers and merging them with other redeployed DOA staff into a unified extension service employed exclusively for agricultural extension. 3.11 Additional staff were to be provided to achieve staffing patterns in accordance with T&V norms (based on one VLEW for every 850 farm families), enabling the extension service to interact closely with selected contact -5- farmers, who woulc comprise about one-tenth of all crop farmers. Additional staff appointments were to be made to achieve these norms. Extension mes- sages communicated to farmers were to be simple and relevant to seasonal aspects of the area's crops and initially they were to emphasize low-cost improved cultural practices. Introduction of higher cost inputs and prac- tices were to be followed at a later stage. Visit programs of VLEWs, super- visory staff patterns, and training and technical support of all extension staff, were to be in accordance with T&V methodology. 1/ 3.12 To assist extension staff to maintain the required regular and fre- quent farm visits, field staff were to be encouraged to rent housing within their work areas; also suitably sited houses were to be constructed for 25% of field-level staff. Loans for motorcycle and bicycle purchases were to be made available for appropriate levels of field staff and additional vehicles provided at headquarters, district and sub-divisional levels. Incremental vehicle operating costs were to be provided, along with staff travelling allowances, with sufficient incentives for purchase and utilization of cycles and motorcycles. 3.13 In order to strengthen field supervision and technical support, and to further decentralize extension activities, all sub-divisions were to be provided with additional staff. 3.14 The project was to support training of both new and existing staff, by providing attendance costs for orientation, seasonal, foundation and special short courses, and scholarships for advanced training of selected staff. 3.15 Research. The project was to improve the adaptive research program in order to provide practical answers to farmers' problems and to evolve technological packages of practices adapted to local conditions. It was to focus on main crops, especially those grown under rainfed conditions, and to concentrate on developing low-cost practices. Particular attention was to be paid to soil and water management (including conservation), cvltural prac- tices, use of good quality seeds and also to cropping patterns. 3.16 The Field Experiments Service, to be renamed the Adaptive Research Service (ARS) of the DOA, was to assume responsibility for the adaptive research program; it was to be strengthened and headed by a suitably qualified senior officer of the Department of Agriculture. In addition, 36 government-owned seed farms, to be known as Adaptive Research Farms (ARF), located throughout all 31 districts, were to be provided with additional facilities for field experimentation. 1/ Agricultural Extension: Training and Visit System (World Bank, 1977, revised 1983). -6- 3.17 The project was to construct a small office/field laboratory at each of the 36 farms. A small quantity of farm equipment specifically for use of the adaptive research program and transport for supervisors of the field trials program was to be provided. Field staff were also to be eligible for motorcycle and bicycle loans. In addition, incremental staff salaries, allowances and field operating expenses were to be provided. Professional staff of ARS was to be increased and additional support staff assigned at ARFs. 3.18 Monitoring and Evaluation. An M&E unit was to be created in the DOA to carry out sample surveys and special studies which were to provide infor- mation needed for day-to-day project management and longer term policy planning. IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATING PERFORMANCE Start-up 4.1 The Credit was approved by the Board on December 17, 1977 and signed on June 1, 1978. It was declared effective on May 2, 1978, although GOB's sanction for its first phase of implementation in five districts was formally accorded only in September 1978. However, the project only started fully in early 1979, due to an apparent lack of commitment among senior officials. The start of the M&E component was delayed until 1983, due to difficulties in posting key personnel and other supporting staff. Revision 4.2 No formal change was made in the project design. However, up until 1984, only 16 out of the total of 31 districts were covered under the project. This resulted in a revision of targets relating to VLEWs, AEOs, SAOs, etc., and also to civil works and vehicles. The revision was agreed on between GOB and NDO, although no change was made in the Credit Agreement. The original project closing date was October 1983, however it was extended twice, first by one year to October 1984, and later by six months to March 31, 1985. Overall Performance 4.3 Extension anid Research. The project achieved little progress during its initial years. There was a delay in sanctioning funds for the first phase. Also, the budget provided was inadequate for full implementation of the program. This situation, however, eased from 1982-83 onwards following recognition by Government of Bihar of the advantage of an effective agricul- tural extension service and its commitment to the project success. Govern- ment of Bihar took a number of actions including sanctioning and filling of -7- vacant staff positions, initiating efforts to organize and improve field extension and training activities. However, implementation never caught up with the planned schedule. 4.4 Although most of the physical targets were eventually revised, par- ticularly due to the delay resulting from inadequate provision of budget, project progress remained slow because of administrative and procedural delays. However, at the time of project completion, a structural and institutional framework for future development is in place and there are indications that impact targets could be achieved in the future. Physical Implementation 4.5 Civil Works. Originally, the responsibility for civil works was proposed to be vested with the Public Works Department of COB. The initial amount released was Rs 0.54 M for 1979/80. However, the PWD was not enthusiastic to take up the construction of small civil works in remote areas. 4.6 In rural areas, construction was also delayed because no advance action was taken to select sites. Delays were also caused by late sanction- ing of funds and cement shortages. DOA, however, took special action by allocating sites for staff houses on their own farms and this step generally helped, so that the non-availability of proper sites, experienced during the earlier years, was to some extent resolved. Later, GOB agreed that construc- tion could be undertaken up by the Rural Engineering Organization (REO), the Bihar State Cooperative Marketing Union and the Bihar Agricultural Marketing Board. During 1983/84 a sum of Rs 11.6 M was distributed for civil works among the three agencies, which improved project progress significantly. 4.7 Construction was carried out by these agencies in accordance with GOB approved tendering procedures and relevant regulations. No major defects in building have been observed or reported but some of the buildings require more funds for further roof curing and minor reinforcement work. Procurement 4.8 All vehicles (Table 3) and equipment (Table 6) were procured more or less as planned. Vehicles were manufactured locally and purchased as per existing Government procedural methods. Equipment was purchased locally through prudent shopping and no delay was experienced. 4.9 The availability of personal loans for the purchase of motorcycles by AEOs was about 80Z of the number planned; in the case of bicycles for VLEWs, it was only about 33%. The demand for bicycles was low. Motorcycle loans were restricted to Rs 6,500 in the beginning and later raised to Rs 7,600. -8- 4.10 Staffing Structure. The structural reorganization of staff proceeded slowly. Transfer of VLEWs from the Block Development Officers to the exten- sion service in the first phase of five districts was authorized, but only partially implemented. The schedule for expanding T&V throughout the state was cut back so that at the end of the extended project period, T&V was operating in only 16 of the 31 districts, with only 3,340 VLEWs (67X) in position. The key post of ADA (Extension) was unfilled until 1982. Middle management personnel were primarily engaged in general administrative work and practically never carried out vital supervision in the field. The spe- cial project allowance proposed in the appraisal report was not granted and staff of all grades resisted transfer to the extension service. Institutional Improvement and Operating Performance 4.11 Extension. The m4in constraint to implementation has been in the provision of field extension staff. According to Government proce(ure, the appointment of VLEWs is made by District Magistrates for their respective Districts. Action by the Magistrates has been tardy. For instance, posts which were sanctioned one year earlier have not yet been filled. Extension supervisors have little say on such appointments and the criteria for selec- tion are often questionable. The basic qualification of VLEWs is matricula- tion, however, without any basic sciences. Although candidates with inter- mediate science are available (which would facilitate later admission to further studies and promotion), additional qualification above the matricula- tion level is seldom a major factor in selection. 4.12 By and large, project implementation has suffered from poor internal supervision, partly due to staffing shortfalls. More time will be needed to improve extension services and to change attitudes of individuals within and outside the service away from the traditional approach to extension estab- lished previously and prior to the introduction of the T&V system. 4.13 The posts of SMSs have so far failed to attract even those qualified persons already in the Directorate of Agriculture. The SAO who controls the SMSs is of the same rank, or, on occasions, even junior. Housing facilities or housing allowance are not available. There is a monthly incentive allowance of Rs 75 for SMS, but this compares with Rs 150 given to officers of the same rank in the Area Development Program. This discrepancy deters experienced staff from accepting SMS posts. Consequently, those drafted as SMSs are usually agricultural graduates without specialized technical com- petence. 4.14 The post of Deputy DAO was created with the objective that the DAO would be free to look after the work of extension and the Deputy DAO would assist him in his day to day office work. But this did not work satisfac- torily. The Deputy DAOs have remained in the office as planned, but the DAOs have not been able to devote themselves to extension activities because of the many statutory duties and meetings. -9- 4.15 The ADA (Extension) was to have received technical support from a team of senior SMSs in Agronomy, Plant Protection, Soil and Water Management, Training, and Farming Systems. These posts were practically unfilled and the ADA remained without technical support. A single post of JDA (Extension) has been created only recently to assist in technical matters. The experience of the first phase has revealed a need to create a post of DDA to assist the ADA (Extension) in his day to day administration and control of the extension program, particularly in recruiting staff, monitoring of budget affairs and financial accounts, preparing service manuals and job charts, and getting feedback from the field on administrative problems. 4.16 During the first phase of the project the scientists of the SAUs could not visit the field or make joint visits with extension staff owing to lack of vehicles. Motor vehicles were provided at various levels in the project. However, of the total of 105 vehicles so far provided, about 85% are utilized for extension work. About 15% are utilized for exclusively non-extension work. The deployment of vehicles for purposes other than extension has been due to the fact that the District authorities used vehicles during periods of civil emergency. 4.17 Another transportation problem was the availability of loans for purchase of motorcycles and cycles for AEOs and VLEWs, respectively. For bicycles, the TA provision is only the same per kilometer as is given for travelling on foot and is inadequate to cover maintenance. Therefore, few loans were requested by the staff. 4.18 For historical reasons and because other branches of government do not have village level staff, VLEWs are still considered by farmers to be general as well as technical representatives of Government, to whom all problems should be addressed; to deny farmers such assistance could jeopard- ize the credibility of VLEWs and it is inevitable that this conflict of interest will continue until other supporting services become stronger and division of responsibility can be defined and operated in practice. Recently, some more field staff have been appointed under IRDP and this action will reduce the pressure on VLEWs for non-extension work. A further problem concerns the amount of time taken in program administration, fulfill- ing reporting requirements and attending meetings. This is a problem par- ticularly at middle management levels. 4.19 Research. Research has been stepped up in DOA with the support of the project, with emphasis on adapting technologies to farming situations. Research has also been consolidated in the SAUs (which have zonal outsta- tions) where many new technologies have been developed. In 1982 the Birsa Agricultural University (BAO) with its main campus at Ranchi in southern Bihar, was divorced from the old established Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU). BAU is situated in an area with 60X tribal people and is oriented -10- particularly to that area, with its basically different agricultural and agriculture-related problems. 4.20 The formal division of research responsibilities between the DOA and the SAUs is the traditional one. DOA confines its activities to adaptive research which is carried out first on 36 Agricultural Research Farms (ARF), averaging about 10 ha each. The proven technologies are further tested on farmers' fields (about ten trials of between a quarter and a half hectare each are conducted in the area served by each ARF) before their release for large scale adoption. 4.21 Extension-Research Coordination. The decisions about which tech- nologies should be investigated in the SAUs and the zonal out-stations and which should then be subjected to adaptive trials, are made in the twice-yearly pre-season meetings of the State Adaptive Research Committee (SARC), which includes representatives of both DOA and SAUs. The SAU program is subject to further confirmation by the University's own Agricultural Research Committee. The deliberations of SARC are influenced by feedback from field-level extension staff and researchers, which is generated in the monthly workshops held regularly ct zonal level, and consolidated by the District Adaptive Research Committees. The rather imprecise division of responsibility between DOA and SAUs for adaptive and applied research is well understood by the participants and does not cause major problems. However, there is a tendency for DOA to encroach into some aspects of zonal applied research which the SAUs have not been able to cover due to lack of resources. Whereas BAU accepts this situation, not having had time to develop strong research programs, RAU researchers feel some resentment that their statutory responsibility for the full range of basic and applied research is being eroded by strengthening of DOA's research program under the project. There- fore, although RAU cooperates well in general, there is an atmosphere of potential confrontation, which is fueled somewhat by the fact that no project funds have been available to assist the SAUs iv their extension-related activities (e.g., for transportation of SAU staff to monthly workshops and field visits, and preparation of extension pamphlets). The SAUs are being assisted by NARP, but there are lacunae at the research-extension interface which are not addressed by either of the related WB projects, NAEP and NARP. 4.22 The trials programs of the ARPs and on their satellite farmers' fields have been well planned and executed on the whole, though they tend to become stereotyped state-wise, without much targetting on specific local problems. Also, the ARF program, which is directed from state-level with its own ADA and staff cadre, has not yet been sufficiently integrated into field extension activities (for instance VLEWs and AEOs do not regularly use the farmers' field trials or the ARFs for their reference or demonstration to farmers). -11- 4.23 The overall impression is that the ARF program has improved over the years in the right direction, and has already contributed to the proper transfer of technology messages to producers. An indicative and encouraging sample of technologies which have been developed is given in Table 21. 4.24 Training. The routine training required by the T&V system has been followed, i.e., fortnightly trAining of VLEWs and AEOs by SMSs and SAOs; and monthly workshops for SMSs, SAOs, DAOs and zonal DOA together with SAU staff. However, identification and elaboration of topical impact points has been weak; also practical skill training has been absent. The fact that posts of district level SMS have only recently been approved (and there are still no SMSs at state level) has contributed to the problem. Not only have staff, especially SMSs, been less in number than required, but they have in general been insufficiently qualified to give specialized instruction. The fringe benefit attractions of non-extension agricultural activities have caused the better qualified staff to resist transfer to T&V duties and so regular train- ing quality has suffered. 4.25 As regards non-routine training, very little has been achieved, see Table of Key Indicators (Table 1). The state level officer of DOA respon- sible for education and training, the JDA (Education), is directly respon- sible to the DA and has no special relationship to the ADA (Extension). Therefore, the appraisal stipulation that the ADA (Extension) would be responsible for training did not take account of the actual situation. There has been no master training program and all non-routine training has been on an ad-hoc basis. Proposals for upgrading training for T&V staff (i.e. degree courses) have experienced problems of clearance, as each application has had to receive approval from the APC, Ministry concerned and Cabinet. Of about 50 staff of VLEW rank in MOA who have been selected annually for degree courses, only about 20% have been T&V staff. 4.26 It has been recognized by DOA that a more specialized approach to manpower development is required with the accent on quality rather than quantity. Attention has to be directed to identifying and correcting weaknesses within the training structure as well as gearing course content and participation more closely to personal skill levels. A particular area of weakness has been in the routine training of extension staff, where course content has lacked novelty and specific relevance, mainly because of under- qualified and inexperienced trainers and also limitations in the technical recommendations coming from research. Greater understanding of these problems by trainers and researchers is to be addressed through the follow-on project (NAEP). 4.27 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E). Staffing as per the appraisal report at headquarters consisted of one post of Senior Agricultural Economist, one of Farm Management Specialist, two of Research Officer, two of Senior Statistical Assistant and two of Investigator. In August 1985 the staff position was that the post of Senior Agricultural Economist had been -12- upgraded and redesignated as JDA (Monitoring and Evaluation) and filled by a senior officer having experience only in agricultural extension. The post of Farm Management Specialist had been redesignated as DDA (Training) and, likewise, a specialist in agricultural extension had been appointed. The two posts of Research Officer redesignated as DDA (Research); one is being manned by an officer having sufficient background in statistics and the other is lying vacant. There are six Statistical Assistants working as supporting staff. 4.28 At di3trict level, as per appraisal report, 16 posts of Senior Statistical Assistant have been created, but six of these are lying vacant, 35 posts of Investigators have been created at the subdivisional level as against the 76 posts indicated in the appraisal report; of these posts, presently eight are vacant. 4.29 The M&E Cell was sanctioned in 1978/79, but activities started only in August 1982. By August 1985, out of 10 studies made, 6 reports have been published. Main findings were that: (see Tables 12 and 13) (a) Only around 70% of farmers knew the VLEWs; Cb) In about 30% of all cases VLEWs did not visit contract farmers at all during the survey period; (c) Nearly 60% of non-contact farmers have never been visited by VLEWs; Id) Adoption of HYV seed rate and recommended varieties showed a difference of 20% in the case of non-contact farmers compared with 55% for contract farmers; (e) In fertilizer application, 30%, 20% and 15% of farmers fully adopted the recommendation for nitrogen, phosphate and potash fertilizers application, respectively; (f) In plant protection the fully-adopted rate was lower than for fertilizer, averaging between 10% and 20%; and (g) Recommended agronomic practices have beeni adopted by a large proportion of farmers. 4.30 Some impact of the T&V program was evidenced in the surveys. There has been increase in yield and income on farms under T&V. There has been nearly 100% increase in the use of HYV seeds and fertilizer. Lack of supervi- sion has been found at all levels. 4.31 The methodology of surveys was kept as outlined in the M&E guide but because of manpower constraints, crop cutting samples were left to the DOA's statistical service and the Directorate of Economics and Statistics. -13- 4.32 The work-load of the monitoring and evaluation unit (Table 10) shows the desired concentration on survey work and the unit's supervision of the appropriate categories. Evaluation work still represents only a small por- tion of the work-load (not differentiated in the table) and is limited to first attempts. A work plan is shown in Table 11. 4.33 A special report prepared in November 1983 provided an assessment of general performance which was supported by the impression of the mission, that the M&E work has progressed well, especially considering the late start. Also, however, that there is inadequate staff for both supervision and compilation. 4.34 The M&E surveys may be broadly divided into: - those monitoring the operational implementation of the project, and - those concerned with the adoption of technology. 4.35 The aim of the first group of surveys was tG obtain knowledge on the process and status of the introduction and institutionalization of the T&V system. Analysis of farmeris reactions showed that awareness of the T&V program is low (46-99%) among contact farmers, but lower (31-70%) among non-contact farmers. Frequency and regularity of VLEW's visits and other connected criteria were monitored. Regularity of visits on a fixed day is known to 34-95% of contact farmers and 17-55% of non-contact farmers. Still only 15-61% of contact farmers knew the place of visit of the VLEW. Among non-contact farmers it was 18-55%. These and other data are contained in Tables 12 to 14. 4.36 The other group of surveys assessed if farmers were familiar with recommended practices and whether they had adopted them. If negative they were asked why they had not complied. In Tables 13 and 14, rates and reasons for partial or non-adoption of recommendations are given. Lack of capital (too expensive) or non-availability of inputs rank among the most frequent replies. Lack of irrigation and a technology not being profitable are less frequently mentioned. Although these surveys do not answer the ultimate question of the growth rate in production, they do nevertheless express measurements of the appeal of the technologies being introduced (as a feed- back to research) and the effectiveness of the extension service in trans- ference of messages to farmers. There were limitations in the surveys related to data gaps and over-simplification of the technology content; therefore, the results should be seen merely as indicative. Some correla- tions with yields are given in Table 15. 4.37 One special study was carried out by the M&E cell (Table 10) to supplement the routine seasonal monitoring and evaluation studies. The -14- guidelines for the studies were that they should be "both flexible and ver- satile, easy to carry out and should focus on well defined topics and small social and geographic units". Subjects chosen were "Characteristics of Contact Farmers in Bihar" and "Socio-Economic Conditions of Farmers in Bihar". Publication of the first special report is under preparation. Input Supply and Marketing 4.38 Bihar's agricultural technology is not highly developed, compared to India generally. Bullocks are the main draught animals and there is little mechanization by tractors. This is partly explained by the rather small size and extensive fragmentation of holdings. Food crop production is of major importance in terms of contribution to GDP. Fertilizer consumption in food crops is some 31 kg/ha (1984) up from 19 kg in 1978/79, compared to an all-India average of 35 kg/ha. 4,39 Fertilizer is mainly applied to paddy, wheat, maize, potato and sugarcane, but the rates for paddy and wheat are still too low. Seed as input needs still more attention. Only some 25% of paddy fields are planted to HYV. Of the wheat area 90% is already under HYVs. During the project years planting of improved seeds nearly doubled. Accordingly, short term credit went up from Rs 78.7 M in 1980/81 to Rs 180 M in 1984/85. Foodgrain yields are low (paddy 0.9 t/ha). Per capita foodgrain production averaged 135 kg/ha from 1979 to 1982, against the all-India average of 181 kg in 1983. In the years 1970 to 1981 Bihar had 0.84% annual food production growth, against all-India 2.2%. 4.40 The situation in agricultural marketing is also still far from satis- factory, though much ha3 been achieved during the recent years. Out of 672 wholesale markets in the State, 117 regulated markets han been set up by the end of 1979-80, and four more will have been set up during the Sixth Plan period. The World Bank helped to finance 47 of these markets. Besides these wholesale markets, there are some 7,000 public rural 'hats' and a number of privately owned 'hats', of which some 200 have been developed along modern lines. Storage and warehousing facilities in rural areas were supported by commencing construction of 116 rural godowns during the period 1980 to 1984, 7 of which are already completed. However, in remote areas of Bihar outlets for inputs and facilities for collection of the produce are still poor. Routine Project Reporting 4.41 Semi-annual project progress reports have been received regularly, although late at times. Financial reporting was especially weak; some "icertified statements" for 1978-79 to 1981-82 were received but were returned by WB to GOB for correction and verification; they have not yet been re-submitted (see Table 8). -15- V. PROJECT COSTS AND FINANCING Project Costs 5.1 Total project costs including contingencies amounted to US$16.01 M or Rs 144 M. The cost breakdown i& given below. Functions Percent Extension 81.2 Staff Training 3.6 Adaptive Research 12.1 M&E 3.1 Total 0QO.O Category of Expenditure Civil works 28.4 Equipment and vehicles 24.0 Consultancy & fellowships 0.2 Evaluation/Studies 0.4 Training costs 1.8 Establishment 45.2 Total 0-0.0 Project Financing Total project costs was financed as follows: IDA credit US$ 8.00 COB/GOI 8.01 US$ 16.01 Disbursements of the credit were permitted as follows: - 1001 of the cost of consultants and of foreign costs of imported vehicles and equipment; - 80% of cost of civil works and of locally procured equipment and vehicles and local training, fellowships and evaluation; and - 101 of total salaries of extension and adaptive research personnel engaged on the project. Credit Allocation and Disbursements 5.2 The comparison between the credit allocation under different categories and the actual disbursements were as follows: -16- Credit Allocation Disbursement ---------(US$ million) ---------- Civil Works 2.900 0.542 Local training/follow-up 0.250 0.199 Equipment and vehicles 2.400 1.116 Salaries, incremental staff 1.940 2.313 Consultancies 0.001 - Unallocated 0.500 - 8.000 /a 4.17 7ia--Light difference in totals due to rounding. Financial Management 5.3 Funds were initially handled by the Director of Agriculture. In December 1983 Government delegated powers of disbursing officer to the ADA (Extension). Budget provisions for the project were made on an annual basis by submission of estimates of expenditure from the MOA to the Ministry of Finance. Provisions were not adequate to meet the project requirements as proposed in the appraisal report. Particular difficulties arose in budgeting because the project was not included in the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974/79). The project was included in the Sixth Plan; procedures of annual sanction of the scheme were thereby facilitated. However, the system of annual sanctions did not permit long-standing planning and had an adverse bearing on the execution of the project. Even with 18 months extension of the project date, reimbursable expenditures remained low. 5.4 The original total project costs were estimated at Rs 144 M (US$16.01 M) with reimbursements from the Credit amounting to Rs 72 M. The actual expenditures on the project for the period 1978-79 until March 31, 1985 were Rs 297 M as given in the statement, Table 16. Although this amount was much higher than the original estimates of proposed costs, the overrun was caused entirely by expenditures on salaries, due to inflationary increases and the extended project period. As only 10% of salaries were reimbursable, the total project cost situation was very different from the reimbursement situation. VI. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT Impact on Production 6.1 For the assessment of the growth of production, natural conditions prevailing in recent years as well as levels of inputs have to be taken into consideration. Besides changing factors (amount and timeliness of rainfall, utilization of improved seed, fertilizer and agro-chemicat application rates) -17- there are those factors which remain constant like soil quality but which still have varying effects on production according to other related condi- tions such as flooding and erosion. Average crop yields may decline as areas of less-favored soils are brought into production. The increased area coming under irrigation adds another variable. Also the effectiveness of supporting services like credit, marketing and agricultural extension as well as linked research are all relevant. Summarizing, in Bihar the following factors are worth mentioning: - in the year 1978/79 there were severe floods; - weather conditions were not favorable from 1979/80 to 1983 due to drought; also 1985 has again been too dry; - much of the land in the river valleys is endangered by frequent flooding; - irrigation plays a major role; - high yielding varieties seeds are not yet widely used particularly for rice; and - input supply is still rather poor. In remote areas there is no supply at all; also, about 25% of farmers do not qualify for loans. 6.2 Although it is still too early to expect a fully realistic and measurable impact of the project, the official yield data of the pre-project and project years have been compared and indexed (Table 19). It should be noted that, given the range of variables affecting production and limitations on the quality of data available, the information on the pre-project and project years is only a poor substitute for information on with and without project conditions. The index figures of rolling five-year averages, taking the pre-project period 1971/75 as the base line, for major crops are as follows: 1971/72-1975/76 1972/81 1978/82 1979/83 1980/84 Rice 100 102 99 92 93 Wheat 100 92 93 95 97 Pulses 100 95 97 99 - Oilseeds 100 104 93 89 - Gram 100 96 101 104 - Maize 100 135 - 130 - 6.3 It may be observed that by 1985, average yield trends did not indi- cate a clearly significant impact of the project. However, as noted above, there are many problems in assessing or isolating impact of one factor (the project) alone and factoring out the impact of other variables, such as high -18- variation of natural factors like amount and timeliness of rainfall and the often devastating flooding. Also population pressure leading to expansion of cultivation into marginal soils plays a role. Besides, the effect of agricultural extension and research on growth also depends upon physical infrastructural improvements, like drainage or development of minor irrigation. 6.4 Lack of uniformity over time of the data bases of official statistics hamper long-term analysis. Also, the standard error in district level estimates is often in excess of the normally accepted 5X. The disaggregation of project and non-project factors, therefore, presents considerable dif- ficulties. Although a multi-factoral regressional analysis is theoretically possible, it would only be worthwhile after improving the accuracy and uniformity of data. 6.5 The absence of significant increase in yields is also due to inade- quacies in fertilizer and other input supply. Often, farmers do not obtain fertilizer at times required. For last Rabi season fertilizer was not avail- able in December when required. More retail outlets are necessary and small farm short-term credit to all farmers; many farmers are not eligible for such loans due to failure of repayment of earlier loans. 6.6 The desired coordination between the Input Supply Agency and the Agricultural Extension Service has not been fully developed. Though exten- sion functionaries are not directly involved - and should not be involved - in input supply work, better assessment of the requirements and improvement in logistic work are necessary. 6.7 It is not useful to apply an economic rate of return calculation for the extension activities. The yield increase of 1 zo 22 by 1985 which would generate a rate of return of above 50% (as postulated in the appraisal report may well have occured, but causality cannot be clearly established in view of many non-project factors. 6.8 Though the economic results of the project cannot be expressed mathe- matically, changes of farmers' attitudes about improved farming methods, and in the rates of adoption were enthusiastically stated by farmers and agricul- tural officials. 6.9 An apparent impact of the project has been the change in the cropping pattern, which has been observed to follow the lines of extension recommenda- tions and indicate the positive effect of T&V. The main trends ares (see Table 20) - Increase in cash crops area (mainly potatoes); - New emphasis on Rabi crops (black and green gram); and - increase in wheat production. -19- Institutional Impact 6.10 The effect of the project on institution building in the DOA has been disappointing. Considerable follow-up will be necessary to establish T&V as a viable operational system. The build-up of operational capability was much slower than planned and had not been fully achieved by the end of the extended project period. The institutional framework of T&V has been intro- duced and the mechanics of T&V are accepted and practiced routine, but train- ing sessions are not well prepared, mainly due to shortage of qualified SMSs. Farmers' response has been positive to extension advice. Similarly, farmers who were visited by the extension staff twice or more during the crop season obtained higher yield than those who have one or no visits (see Table 15). The gains achieved lack momentum, however, and will easily be lost unless the effort is sustained. VII. BANK PERFORMAdCE 7.1 The World Bank, mainly through supervision missions (see Basic Data Sheet) and other technical back-stopping by NDO staff contributed sig- nificantly to project achievements and to maintaining some sort of momentum of T&V at field level. The comprehensive field reports prepared during supervision appear to have been particularly valuable; going far beyond the scope of the usual supervision report and having provided specific observa- tions and recommendations which have given continuity and substance to the supervision/development process. Continued support for the process is being formulated for inclusion in a future phase of NAEP. 7.2 Early in the project there were significant delays in civil works implementation. The inclusion of an architect in an early supervision mis- sion would have helped identify constraints in construction and promote viable courses of action to circumvent the problems. Delays in disbursement might have beea reduced if early supervision missions had devoted more effort to resolving budgetary constraints faced by the project. VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED Project Justification and Objectives 8.1 The main objective of the project was to strengthen and reorganize the extension service and related applied research activit;es in order to increase agricultural production especially among small-scale farmers. That objective was appropriate at the time of project formulation and remains relevant today. -20- Project Content and Scheduling 8.2 The project content was boldly conceived to bring the benefits of extension and research to the whole cropped area of the state. The results have not fully justified the original boldness, in that the envisaged institutional transformation has been only partially achieved. However, the senior state authorities have eventually become convinced that the T&V sys- tem, as proposed by the project, will be effective in raising agricultural production when it reaches the optimum level of performance. 8.3 With regard to scheduling, the project was over-optimistic in assess- ing the time it would take to implement major reorganizations within the existing and entrenched institutions. The degree of progress achieved by the end of the project period was much less than planned. Project Formulation and Operating Outcomes 8.4 The project design in relation to extension and research was generally well-conceived and comprehensive. However, project preparation and appraisal gave insufficient attention to the details of the administra- tive mechanisms needed for achieving institutional reforms within the civil service personnel context. 8.5 The aims and objectives of the various types of courses and training sessions included in the project were insufficiently described in the appraisal report. As a result, implementation of the training component was especially poor. An input by a training specialist during formulation could have given clearer and specific guidance for implementation in the form of a prospective master plan for training. 8.6 Civil works components were well conceived but all fell behind schedule. Some of the delays could have been foreseen and perhaps fore- stalled by involving a professional architect in project formulation. Evaluation of Implementation and Outcomes 8.7 It is too early for an evaluation to be made of the impact of the project, which would have to be measured in terms of improvements in yields and production. The project objectives in institutional development have not yet been achieved, however. In particular, the generation of an adequate amount and quality of technical packages of practices for transference to farmers, has been - and continues to be - slow. 8.8 Compared with similar projects, in other Indian States, achievements have been disappointing. It seems likely that, during the project formula- tion period, more attention should have been given to the degree of commit- ment to the T&V system and its financial implications to all of the -21- authorities concerned with its implementation. In the early stages of implementation, the project was not well supported even within the DOA. 8.9 The State Finance Department was apparently also not committed to the project; it was reluctant throughout to sanction the appropriate budgetary provisions. The decision to base the reimbursement of salaries on 10% of the total extension and research salary bill rather than on a higher proportion of incremental salaries, was undoubtedly an incentive for the Ministry of Finance to resist new staff appointments. 8.10 The project can have a major impact on agriculture only after further institutional improvement has occurred and the system has built up greater momentum. It is too early to predict with certainty what the eventual impact will be. However, responses of farmers and DOA staff have been enthusiastic and new practices are found to spread more quickly than before; the improve- ment has been noticeable in both irrigated and rainfed areas. 't/Z I J l,( l)8t lf C/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 23 - Table 1 Page 1 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT (CR. 761-IN) Key Indicators Target Original Achievement Appraisal Revised 1/ As at July 1985 Comments AGRIC'JLTURAL EXTENSION Staff VEW 8,980 4,997 3,340 4,317 sanctioned AEO 1,123 625 2/ 366 532 sanctioned SAO, ASAO 157 35 (66) 58 66 sanctioned DAO, Dy. DAO 62 32 29 32 sanctioned SMS - subdivision 228 70 53 70 sanctioned - district 155 58 0 - headquarters 4 4 4 Not full-time Zonal JDA 7 7 7 ADA 1 1 1 Civil Works YEW houses 2,245 800 91 (72) 3/ 163 sanctioned AEO house/office 281 52 30 (12) 42 sanctioned Vehicles 4WD - headquarters 1 1 1 - district 31 16 16 - subdivision 145 76 69 Motorcycle 1,123 - 281 Bicycle 6,735 - 864 Training Snr. staff 630 - 6 VEW refresher - - 770 SMS/AEO refresher 1,500 - 0 SMS special courses 120 - 46 AEO orientation 1,130 - 302 Univ. Deput - BSc. 140 - 80 - 24- Table 1 Page 2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION Staff DDA (in lieu Snr. Ag. Econ.) 1 1 1 Presently JDA Research Officer (DDA) 2 2 1 Farm Management Specialist (DDA) 1 1 1 Works as DDA (Trg.) Snr. Stat. Asst. (HQ) 2 2 8 Snr. Stat. Asst. (field) 31 16 10 Investigator (field) 76 35 27 VEHICLES 4WD - headquarters 2 - 2 Motorcycle 31 10 Bicycle 76 - 0 ADAPTIVE RESEARCH STATIONS Staff HQ - JDA/DDA 4 4 2 - Asst. Agron., etc. 3 3 - - Research Officer 5 5 - Asst. Agron. 36 18 15 Jnr. R.S. 108 54 36 Field Asst. - - on ARS 144 72 72 - in district 288 144 140 VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT 4WD 37 18 15 Poer Tiller (tractor) 36 18 18 Meteorological equipment 36 18 18 To oe set up Weighing, etc., equipment 36 18 18 - 25.- Table 1 Page 3 CIVIL WORKS Office/store 36 18 14 Threshing floor 36 18 14 Garage/store 36 18 14 TRAINING AND CONSULTANCY Fellowships (ARS staff) 60 mm - 0 Consultants 10 mm - 0 1/ Revised target for 16 distr-icts. w/ A later revision. - Completed and (in progress in brackets). .lENDIA REOIT 761-IN Il1lAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Progreas in Civil Works Activities. Units Iomuleted Tarqet as _ 1 0 -82 D12-03 83-84& p4-pS __ rotal per Sanction Marketing Board eicasco. un __ REO M. B V L W Quarters Not Comp. - 3 (REO) - - 21 48 72 (3 64 906) a 163 Completed - - - 43 48 91 A* EO Not Coop. - 2 (REO) - - 4 6 12 (2 16 24) = 42 a Completed - - - - 12 18 30 Adaptive Research Not Coop. - - - - - - - - - _ Complex Completed - - - - - 14 14 - _ 14 Note, 1. Agencies mentionedg they use contractors, do not undertake work themselves. 2. Unit price Marketing Boerd (M) VLW Rs. 49.500 (Base 1985) AEO Rs. 66.500 0 Siseomaun (B) VLW Rs. 52.300 AEO Rs. 66.700 ARC Rs.12'.000 Rural Eng. VLW Rs. 4:.700 (Base 1986) Organisation (REO) AEO Rs. 60.900 ( - ) ) -27 - Table 3 INDIA: CREDIT 761-IN BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT List of Vehicles & Equipment Procured (Period 1978-79 to 31 March 1985) Number Number 1/ Number 2/ Item purchased distributed misallocated VEHICLES 4 WD Diesel Jeeps 101 100 1 4 WO Diesel Station 2 1 1 Jeep Trailer 7 7 - Car 1 - 1 Motorcycle 281 279 - Tractor with Trailer & accessories 7 7 _ EQU IPMENT Typewriters - Hindi 39 35 4 *- - English 2 2 - Duplicating Machine 42 42 - Photocopier 1 1 - 16 mm Film Projector 36 31 1 Entertainment Films 2 2 - Dictaphone 6 Nil 6 Electric Generator 36 36 - Audio Visual System 36 23 - Public Address System 30 22 _ Overhead Projector 35 29 - Table Calculator 21 8 - Pocket Calculator 66 31 - Canvas Sheet 38 - - Ourry Carpet 41 30 - Cash Chest 1 1 - Steel Almirah 38 34 4 Steel Chair 160 140. 20 Steel Table 21 19 2 1/ Balance being still in stock. 2/ Items of equipment which have been &',located to non-extension functions in DOA. - 28 - INDIA: CREDIT 761-IN Table 4 BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT STAffING PROGRESS Extension Appraisal tarRet Achievement as on Orig. Rev. Sane. 78-79 79-80 80-81 81-82 82-03 83-84 84-85 VEW 8980 4997 , 4317 2240 2240 2240 2474 3131 3389 3340 AEO 1123 625 532 280 280 280 257 284 377 366 SAO 157 66 66 34 26 28 29 34 54 58 DAO/ADAO 62 32 32 10 10 10 22 23 26 29 SFS (district) 155 58 15 15 10 12 (2) - - (2) SMS (subdiv) 288 70 70 48 27 33 33 44 51 53 SMS (HQ) 4 4 (3) - - - - - - (3) Zonal JDA 7 7 7 4 4 4 6 6. 7 7 ADA (Ext) 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 1 1 Asst. D.A. - - - - - 1 (*) 1 1 1 MONITORING AND EVALUATION: nA (MIE) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1() (Sr.Agri.Econo- mica) DDA (Pesearch) 2 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1(5) DDA (Training) 1 1 1 - 4 1 1 1 1 1 (5) SSA HQ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .2 2 8 JSA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 investigator HQ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Z 2 a SSA (disttict) 31 16 16 3 3 2 5 9 10 10 Invest. (field) 76 35 35 11 11 11 11 21 27 27 ADAPTIVE RESEARCH: JDA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 DDA 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 Asst. Agron. 36 18 18 7 6 6 7 16 16 15 JRA 108 54 54 1S 21 21 21 26 36 36 (1) Orig.^ original target in appraisal report Rev. * revised target agreed GOB/W8 in 1981 because only 16 districts would be covered Sanc.f number of posts setually sanctioned in GOB budgetary provision (2) In 81-82 district SMS posts werd abolished but from 85-86 are to be restored (3) JDA post vas sanctioned at the end of fi. .ancial year 84-85 to act as SMS Agronomy (4) Posted to assist ADA (Ext) as technical secretary (5) The incumbents have never been suitably qualified for M&Z and wore mostly engaged on other duties before 83-4 IADIA: CREDIT 761-1N 8liAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Number of persons trained per Year - Extension INote 6) TvoJe of Trainitn 1978-79 79-S0 00-81 81-82 82-B3 83-84 84-8s TOTAL Pre-season Trainina (number of personnel trained per year) (I) VEWs 900 1989 1989 1989 26f2 3131 3340 3340 (2) Other staff 150 21S 230 230 440 450 481 48; (2) Soecia) Short Courses (total number of courses) (3) VEW/AEO (3) Other staff - - 5 5 14 6 100 130 Orientation 30 35 - 107 60 - 120 352 VEW Refresher (4) - - 234 234 255 210 175 1108 Pre-service and Promotion courses VEWfVLW (4) (5) - - 174 t80 as 86 - 526 Promotional Training (4) - 50 50 50 49 42 - 241 OSc./MSc. for VEWs (4) - - I I 1 4 - 7 foreign Visits - I - 2 - - 2 5 TQ3A1. courses held 30 86 464 579 465 348 397 2369 TOTAL courses planned (7) 650 640 710 790 820 - - 3610 (1) Courses are held twice per year, for about 6 days per year. however. these numbers include VLWs not engaged on extension duties. Separate data tor extension are not available. (2) The highest number trained in any one year; the same staff are trained every year. (3) No special short course was arranged for VEWs or AEOa. (4) Numbers include about 50% of personnel assigned to non-extension duties; separate extension data not available. (5) VEWIVLW pre-service training comprises nine-month courses at four Extension Training Centres. (6) Excluding regular fortnightly training of all VEW/4VO and monthly workshops attended by all SMS. SAO and DAD. (7) From Appraisal Report: it is not Possible to compare directly the appraisal forecast with the actual achlrvement. because of different methods of counting LR-3H-TA86 -30- Table 6 INDIA. CREDIT 761-IN BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCN PROJECT Eguipment Procured . Adaptive Research Component ADAPTIVE RESEARCH FARMS (Equipment per farm) A. Meteorological Eguipment Non-recording rain gauge. Stevenson screen. Wind vane. Open pan evaporimeter. Dry and Wet bulb thermometers. Minimum and Maximum therometers. Soil thermometers. (set) S. Labora-ory Farm Equipment Tractor with trailer. Power tiller. Duster. Sprayer. Wheat thresher. Measuring tapes. Balances and Scales. Callipers. Steel tape. Spring balance. Pocket calculator. Petromax lamp and torch. C. Vehicles Jeep. Jeep trailer. ADAPTIVE RESEARCH HEADQUARTERS A. Equl2mnts Duplicating machine. Mazox copier. Calculators. Typewriter. B. Vehicle Jeep (Diesel). NB: This list does not include a set of furnitures purchased for each of the ARfs and H.Q. - 31 - Table 7 INDIA: CREDIT 761-IN BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Staffina of Adaptive Research No. of Posts Revised In position Planned Planned July 1985 HEADQUARTERS - (Adaptive Research) ADA (A.R.) 1 JOA (A.R.) - 1 1 JDA (Soil Science) 1 _ DOA (Soil Science) - 1 1 JDA (Agronomy) 1 DDA (Agronomy) -1 1 JDA (Statistics) 1 - DDA (Statistics) - 1 1 Stenographer 1 - 1 ADAPTIVE RESEARCH FARMS (NO.18) Assistant Agronomist 18 - 15 Junior Research Assistant 54 - 18 Store Keeper 18 - 18 Jeep Driver 18 - 16 -32 - Table 8 INDIA: CREDIT 761-IN BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Project Reporting REPORTS REQUIRED No. Type Frequency EntttY Reporting Format Agreed 1 Project Progress 6-monthly GOO Yes 2 Accounts & audit Annual GOB Yes 3 M & E Summary Annual GOB No REPORTS RECEIVED REPORT NO. 1 REPORT NO. 2 - REPORT NO. 3 Required Received Peguired Received Required Received (period ending) (period ending)I/ (period endingr *09.78 03.79 ) ) 03.83 3/ Received 03.79 08.79 03.80 ) ) 03.44 - Received 09.79 08.80 03.81 ) J ) / 03.80 12.80 03.82 )Due ) 09.80 04.81 03.83 ! ) 03.81 09.81 03.84 ) ) 09.81 04.82 03.85 ) ) 03.82 02.83 09.82 06.83 03.83 09.83 09.83 01.84 03.84 08.84 09.84 02.85 03.85 1/ Report due within nine months of this date. 2/ Some "Certified statements' for 1978-79 to 1981-82 received but these have been returned to GOB for verification and correction; not yet re-submitted. 3/ Monitoring and evaluation only started functioning recently; earlier reports not requested. - 33 - Table 9 INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT (CREDIT 761-IN) List of PubLications of the Monitoring and Evaluation CelL A. MONITORING SURVEYS 1. Rabi, 1982-83 Nov. 82 to Mar. 83 Published 2. Kharif, 1983-84 June 83 to Dec. 83 Published 3. Rabi, 1983-84 Nov. 83 to Mar. 84 Published 4. Kharif, 1984-85 June 84 to Dec. 84 To be published B. MONITORING-CUM-EVALUATION SURVEYS 1. Rabi, 1982-83 Published 2. Kharif, 1983-84 Published 3. Rabi, 1983-84 Published 4. Kharif, 1984-85 To be published C. SPECIAL STUDIES Characteristics of Central Farmers and Socio-Economic Conditions of Farmers in Bihar To be published - 34 - fable 10 BIHAR AMRUTUA EX IONU MAN NM MM Estimte of Anual Vorkica of niftorWin aW Evlut10ion Staff in No-DAYS JOA M PUT in Statistics I Statistial Field Tr of Activity jar Res. 9fficer Scmililst I/ Assstant InvestiL&tor Questionnire design 2 5 - - Modification of questioaire 1 - . Sale design 1 - - Selection of sale - - - 45 - Training 6 6 5 22 6 Supevision of field wort 60 100 go 45 - Field rkof surveys - - - - 80 Scrunity of data - 14 - 90 - Taulation of data and analysis - - 60 Report writing - 90 - Adeinistratlon 90 30 30 - _ Meeting with other officers 60 60 45 - Misellarous go 90 45 s0 90 Total orking days per individual 310 310 310 322 n6 l/ I fact a genral etenion spcialist, nking as ODA (Training). - 35 - NDIA Cn£DIT - 761-IN Table 11 SIMUI GRITCULUAL TNSI0ot & _ESAtaCM PRIOJECT 1984-85 Work Plan for Monitoring and Monitoring-cum-Evaluation Surveys and Special Studies Khatif Kha:tf Rsbi Rabi Special Study MS M45 MS M&2 1. Questionnaire design 1.4.84 1.7.84 1.10.84 1.12.84 15.4.84 1S.7.84 15.10.84 15.12.84 2. ModIficAtion of question- 16.4.84 16.7.84 16.10.84 16.12.84 naire 23.4.84 23.7.84 23.10.84 23.12.84 Printing of schedules 25.4.84 25.7.84 25.10.84 25.12.84 30.4.84 30.7.84 30.10.84 30.12.84 4. Designing of the survey 16.4.84 - 16.10.84 - fl 18.4.84 18.4.84 5: Drawing of samples 16.4.84 16.7.84 16.10.84 16.12.84 30.4.84 18.7.84 30.10.84 30.12.84 6. Training of Field Staff 3.6.84 - 3.10.84 - 5.6.84 5.10.84 7. Yield vork 1.8.84 15.10.84 10.1.85 1.3.85 15.9.84 15.12.84 15.2.85 15.4.85 8. Scrutiny 6 analysis 10.10.84 16.12.84 16.2.85 16.4.85 No special study work do" 30.10.84 30.12.84 28.2.85 15.5.85 in 1984-85. FroM 1985-86 three special studie hae been tae up. 9. Report writing 1.11.84 1.2.85 1.3.85 1.6.85 30.11.84 28.2.85 30.3.85 30.6.85 10. Prlnting of reports 1HD.A CREDIT 761-IN BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Results of MiE Survevs Farmers Awareness of TbV System MS Rabi USE Rabi MS Kha-1f MAE Kharif US Rabi USE Rabi MS Kharif MEE Kharif 1982-s3 1082-@3 1903-01 M2;-84 1983-84 1983-84i t904-8z 1904-05 ................................... (Percentage of Farmers) . Farmers knowinu VEW Contact fkrrers 46 99 56 69 70 60 70 67 Non-contact farmers 31 70 46 50 44 42 43 40 Frequency of visits of VEW durina oravious four weeks (a) Nti visit Contact 11 5 33 33 33 30 31 29 Non-contact 16 39 58 59 57 58 58 59 (b1 One visit Contact 12 17 17 26 23 23 20 22 Non-contact tO 29 15 21 19 20 16 18 (ci Two and more visits Contact 33 78 50 41 45 47 49 51 Non-contact 19 32 26 21 24 22 26 28 Reft4laritv of visits on the fixed day Contact 34 95 42 39 43 40 49 46 Non-contact 22 55 22 18 17 20 22 20 Place of visit (a) field. Contact Is 61 14 36 32 43 41 40 Non-contact 8 23 7 13 14 20 21 is (b) OtbAr otJAce cr CuIbt) .t It 34 23 41 44 40 29 30 Nun-cuntdct tO 50 1G 34 32 37 28 30 t Ms 5 Monitoring Sear vey. 2 m&e 5 Monitoring--cum-Evaluatlon Suevey. -I . -z ez *£ n 1s it I - 9Z 52s ,lm .2 Zt 82 IC 1$ it i£ £112ZZ 1135Sit *1 1£aSIe*J at lSi ?F1841 "as - - - - 4 - * -1 1£ III a P i1 tIIz1lBIA 1i a 91 £t IS a CZ of a to el a U is It It "16pe t qa U6 I" 01-961 5 831 - - - - - - * 11 91 at a U n a *1 of p1LI ItU^8 el la 2 S 95 8 £ S t t IC9t £9 Pfi i 1P 'Iii'j fSll U'1 u'I SS S1U1 N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I W1fWTIi ^ ~~~~~~~~~To) tww ii fumin r zxu) rtl a 13 I- i- a a I r s El I SI as Jsyita W g sw Typ^ww"TMVV" riXEfrwl OJ Sltnq I nrm^wTti INOIAi CREDIT 761-IN BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Monitorina Surveys 2 Reasons for Partial or Non-adoption of Recomm_ndations (Percentage of Farmers) Lack of Too Lack of Input not proper Not profitable Recommendation Sample size Expettsve Irrigation avallable knowledge and others CF NCF CF NCF CF NCF CF NCF CF NCF CF NCF Kharlf 1903-84 1086 1103 1 t. Seed rote - - 13 13 6 4 9 9 tO 14 13 s ) 2. Selection of HYV - - 21 25 18 17 18 IB 13 iS 9 9 3. AppliCation of fertilizer - - 41 42 28 37 14 11 15 i6 3 3 4. Plant Protection measures - - 37 46 - - 25 25 16 16 1 2 S. ^Aronomic practices - - is is 22 27 6 7 le 22 3 3 Rabi 1983-84 740 576 1 Seed rate - - It IS 6 3 7 9 3 4 4 6 2. Applicatton of fertilizer - - 39 42 25 30 22 24 a 14 15 20 A. Plant Prot-ction measures - - 37 42 - - 25 34 12 to 12 23 4. A4W tomtc practices - - 61 25 I to 10 21 a 19' 6 Is CF s Contact Farmer NCF a hon-Contact Farmer -39- Table 15 INDIA: CREDIT 761-IN BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Relationship Between Yield Rate and Visits Survey No. of Visits Irr"iated Rainfed' Total Rabi 1982-83 Nil 1,707 N.A. 1,707 (Wheat) One 1,782 N.A. 1,782 Two or more 2,103 N.A. 2,103 Total 1,915 N.A. 1,915 Kharif 1983-84 Nil 1,994 1,631 1,845 (Paddy) One 2,631 2,287 2,533 Two or more 2,718 2,482 2,701 Total 2.496 1,892 2,520 Rabi 1983-84 Nil 2,026 1,550 1,981 (Wheat) One 2,039 1,508 1,869 Two or more 2,279 1,395 2,186 Total 2,154 1,479 2,050 Relationshie Between Yield Rate of Crops and Main Source of Advice to Farmers Survey Source of Advice Irrigated Rainfed Total Rabi 1982-83 Extension personnel 1,997 N.A. 1,997 (Wheat) Other farmers 1,910 N.A. 1,910 Other sources 1,880 N.A. 1,880 No advice 1,670 N.A. 1,670 Total 1,945 N.A. 1,945 Kharif 1983-84 Extension personnel 2,652 2,286L 2,592 (Paddy) Other farmers 2,179 1,868 2,104 Other sources 2,642 1,699 2,228 No advice 2,222 1,508 1,904 Total 2,565 1,893 2,396 Rabi 1983-84 Extension personnel 2,240 1,602 2,166 (Wheat) Other farmers 1,943 1,496 1,870 Other sources 2,216 1,570 2,167 No advice 1,98 1,475 1,921 Total 2.154 1,553 2,079 INDIAt CREDTI 7.fi1-1N BtHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTEhSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT Exoend1ture Statement under World Bank Agricultural EEtenslon Protect Si no - I t e m s 1978-79 1979-80 1980-Uil 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 TOrTA ............................... ............ R 0 0) .......................... ............ ......... ROo)....,,,.,,,.,,,,,I 1. Civil Works - - - 690.000 - 11.657.500 - 12.247.500 0 2. Equipments 844.Y31 110.7t9 855.085 2.070.836 t10.150 3,296.285 449.938 7.737.744 3. Vehfctes 2.993.58t 129.753 1,102.1t9 t55.983 - - - 4.901.438 4. Training and 14.749 | 80.266 8.253 31t.370 S85.631 640.05t 879.674 2.527.000 Fellowships S. Satsries 23.332.337 13.236.400 26.729.895 27.394.553 41.2S7.604 56.325.013 69.693.996 263.999.798 6. Physical Contingency & Misc. E,penditure 494.849 1.075.235 718.617 620.080 636.451 1.081.325 1.297.701 5.924.258 Including Trials T O T A L 27.680.247 14.632.373 29.413.969 31.749.822 48.619.838 73.000.160 72.321.309 297.417.736 It I"DIA2 CR1DIT 761-1 SlSHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARC" PROJECT PrCoect Costs :COrnarative AnalYsIs I of Exoend- Additional Amount of the .1/ 1ture to be Amount Amount already aount Items of work Lcredit allocated rnAmkbursea actually re£mbursef cl-amed Disbursnment Z/ Planned Revised by we sent by WO by 7J85 aarcfni .... ... ... I.. ... ... .... ... ... ... Rs million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Clvil Works 26.1 31.9 80 12.2 / af S101 1.489 20.6 2. Equipment a VehiCles 21.6 26.4 so 12.719 10.284 - 38.9 3. Trainin S Feltlowship 2.25 2.75 80 2.527 2.02 _/ 73. 6 $ 4. Consult-cy 0.09 0.11 o - - 5. Salaries 17.46 21.34 10 263.999 22.328 1.35 110.9 6. Unallocated 4.S 5.50 - - . - 7. Physical contingency - - - 5.924 and trlals TOTAt 72.00 88.00 - 297.417 39.733 2.839 48S .If The smount shown in the Credit Agreement Is US dollers, converted here to Rs. The planned' is at the original rate of Rs 9 - USS 1. the 'Revised Is the same aount converted at the operational rate of Ro It = USS t. These amounts do not reconcile sith the Table of Totsl Project Costs as contained in the Appraisal report. Also. In respect of 'salaries'. the appraisal estimate was the incremtental cost, whereas reimbursement Is S percentage of total extension staff cost. I/ Total reombursement as percentage of the 'se.itstl stpaeeb i.redit allocation. It This amount was advanced to the construction agencies appointed by GOB but statement of expenditure received from them was Rs 8.237 M. on which reimburse- ment claimed. _i Ps 0.444 M. expenditure Incurred and is being claimed. - 42 - Tstble IS II: CRff 761-IN SOA lAMRIC&UL EXMNSIgo AS RESEMO PECr Schle o1' Di0ewet (La n 15 March 198S) A C C U L U L A t E D I S A U R S E M E N T S Lats Lats !La EstatetAltE l Aetutal ar1aiL S as S an. tl E. FY 6 Oartrs Total Estiate Estiate Estimate E(culttv) Est1jt@ (2/83) ................. . .. .......... . .. ( I ........ ... ).. ..t FY 1979 79 - 3 0 0.1 0 2.00W 2 4 0 0.3 0 4.063 1,3549 ist 0.3 0.6 50 4.899 814% 2nd 0.3 1.0 33 - 0 3rd 0.5 1.3' 38 5.275 AO.5% 4th 0.6 1.6 36 - 0 FT 19181 nst 0.6 1.9 32 7.269 38.3% 2nd 0.7 2.2 32 9.899 44.9% 3rd 0.8 2.5 32 - 4th 1.0 2.8 36 - FY 1O2 1st 1.2 3.1 39 - 2nd 1.2 3.5 1.5 34 10.823 30.9% 3rd 1.2 4.0 1.1 30 11.974 29.9% 4th 1.3 4.5 1.5 29 - - FY I9& lst 1.3 5.0 1.7 26 19.616 39.6% 2nd 1.3 5.6 1.9 23 - 3rd 1.8 6.2 2.1 29 - 4th 2.2 6.8 2.3 32 22.331 32.8% 1st 2.2 7.6 2.5 29 25.543 33.6% 2nd 2.S 8.0 3.0 31 30.118 3J.6% 3rd 2.8 35 - 4th 2.8* 35 - - 1St 3.1 39 39.766 53.2% 2nd 3.1 39 2.839 (eapected) 3rd Closing date 10.31.83 * 3.31.85 SourCe: '1> - W4 orld Boak. p £ * 6011. I2 - U6 96 1 61*' - U £- A m off tot tit "I wis toII getiot 11 V - S as u *..q u at 4;T zz @*nw* £6 66 ill Sal *)j* tq111 - 1191 6*3 ,sl' 9us Ul - ass us i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t ~~~sated AV4e - 10 911~~" US L9IFSI 11£ 139 U9 3*3 e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n 114 an - lid - 9su: 29n t I~ ~ ~~FU Ul Will! U IWl tU - 3E'i 3E'6 ~~~it's to' UI' 5Its6 in6' h.Z' to' £91 W6 to - sn e~~ms goc fta u1 toS a9 us us at ,c 9wSpi Su£ hi Oi 9 to5 619 6in lS It 119 61 15 99£ tit 114 - M - M *6 16IZ If'll Wll fll tilli 15t AUS II6 Sml -55'! NS'6 Z-4't 5l,' mLI of's itz'l tIZ' *nl 3fue 9C1 ral oul we" 91,11 1I SU .D*1 "I P16 is S 16 US" 358 £16 5*6 F jJjt" #101 i - 44 - Table 20 (tOtAi CR3IT ?61-1N Izs A3C1L1L"RAI. lo AISZ NDM 05334CR PlojcT C _ ns CrontAa _atte" joiset mtomeam Lan Snor (Itro. to S crops) tWO Ie om. caigs toa 'cgeppng patters at too impiientstato ot TY .oteaston to Saner. Apo-*co8gicbLooe-vs- M&St%nO estcropping patta. _ t044 croppn pato.t. tternos t. Do" no wtn tatauzar tots. time era am soonh La BInr. btut up untu n. Tnv 78stz 05" eiS ilint et oetr lose n tatte so0n" oa. btCe ot tooe r,40m50 pattetti Ut* 0onn ..A4 cno Odoot O tOr tcn Molrte 2096 KaiC ot tao distrits bcotana Ctopping Pattern I.tc_eeOB Croppian fttteau lb. Nme o on 2er antsm L tLo Scn netn U uaatu Itrsaere Uftartiaat tmtii4 tnciueaoo ot Cte an. USa Cr.n I Mtto AUVSSiA Plans Uat ane bt Cnmparto. Itce- PaLrs at apoead/ l is *-Whet an.-pne/cn n Ibias r.. or Due to tacneOae La GesCAa . Smama, SStct. n, tQtO. Leta. Serity ouas-Potsco bae-Arstar (Sep. omm) Sltu Crt_- trrigatso arm Hubs*trmr. Vestieta cc" bA&e n-9bet matate-eet Potato tat Patto Risce-PuAsom (hattIe. btst-Potato- P547-UeSta Cr6eJ Cr'. P?4y Potato (ase-CrtA tstato-Ulieat Vk&**-q"t Potato- Onsou RaCa-Uba"t-CrS. RACa0-Potato-Osiowa nicuetU8IO of Rosi sa Grnet Cr5S MtrtO Fast A.uuyaSA Putted. Katoapr. RAce-Patio,. Kaua. Juts-ace batstAre (t.) JutOmst Plt"c (Jute cil i- Son r. Arart aRteuheat Raise-Rpo2tbet Jets-baa rbaa. etton. or" datev- Rise-Post of Linseoe. IrSe-Potano Rtts-PVLe ti4) Jutea-RUS- sitied) Lotayrus Rige-potato Rilce-be-orsnm Jute-Ric Cr R&xas-Grseo-Us - _ Cr_ . Riase-1areasGre.n (nciueao ot SateS_. Oats. a Cres Or'. W eutt SunIt A4ttaia Gays. Anurgaoae. ate-aos biOs-Potato RitOs'.- of L5tu Racarbet-Grea Dus to otrase. an Reatee. lbojpau. RIc*-Paira ot Lacuprwo bg-ftiseea Riee 1oew_ Ci". rwatee are Patna Cr_5 or Lentil Rice-bet batca RAter-Vamt-Omost Jowar-fatsop Rice-otvato- 145m-Atet r Ores iatsO-AttCt OGtom RAICOsersoma-R*. ba.o-Fstjew. ltce-otate-Osion -Ctr_ (TL aa) madstP atato-Gro_ -Vbst (do) p Ct_ arm MbSS-Potato-teet ntsy St"" Ftot.. t"Qbwe .e Crtwaadt MV reepczlasced RIet as to Cnattal e4 Raeti o .3. portion of Rtca-Palto RiCe-beet haCs-Sa±t4oer RacO-Ilaea anters Platee. Rabaul ditrict 5tiea-felIm Rca-Potato RXiC-LMtt4 uAcGeu-Ptato-fte Rut? atr (grosmy ,Na r-fattor Relany-satrioer au_e*-fteat"Vt 04507 loan to Lou Conoata-PtW SorIee Potato Creue-Vegeoe 00o4) balso-Arnar mat PAca-Uet-Orse. cr'. RACs-tiSe Soyaboa-Ubsar ot Vegetable S eneta Flaote S lV. portion o@ Riletse-low bAls-Potato S_mm as Zone 4 RiCelat x"ry ar" (Sr,.44Y Rafli disntrit NAa-tauon Rn_e-Poctto Rc-S cflmer RMe- e e am" lof to &OM mise-peara ot ltRcn-Usert Rtace-LeotU batstPoto-Vbeft eso) L tbyte Rice Seem Gteu eo Go0s4 -e.low Paro-Ssstous, Sdrta_VetaaIa H043s-Athrba .c-I5tC Soyegoe-Srttlsreir aea RAe-mba - 45 - Table 21 Page 1 INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT (CREDIT 761-IN) List of Technologies Generated and Recommended for Adoption of Farmers 1. Varietal - Sita, Janki, Sugandha. Radha and Rajendra Dhan in rice under different field situation. - Laxmi and HaeLant in maize. - Bahar in Arhar. - 12 in Moong and Navin in Urd, Q Varuna and B.R. 40 in Rai. M13 and 333 AK.12-24 and Kubair in G.nit. - 8.0.70 and 8.0.91 in sugarcane. R.A.U.-1 in Millet and RS-5 in sweet potato. - HP1101, HP1209, and C 306 in wheat. 2. Agronomical Cultivation of winter maize. summer planting of Urd in wheat-paddy rotation, cultivation of summer till. two tier planting of sweet potato with Rs-5 and Q cross-4. Interculturing of maize and Arhar in alternate rows of 75 cm each. 3. Plant protection (a) Insects - Control of Mango hopper by carbaryl or monocrotophos or endosulfan at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha. - 46 - Table 21 Page 2 - Treatment of 3 weeks rice seedling with either fenitrothion or phosphamidon or endosulfan at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha. Another spray if needed after 40-50 days of transplanting of seedlings. - In maize, application of carbaryl or phorate granule e 5 kg/ha. Phorate @ 10 kg/ha granules (102) against white grubs. Application of gamma BHC at sowing time in Sugarcane. Neem seed Kernal suspension against pod bvorers in Arhar. Early sowing of mustard against aphid infestation. (b) Diseases Treatment of wheat seeds with Vitavas (0.25 g/kg) for control of loose smut. 4 sprayings of Dithane M-45 against late blight of Potato 0.251 maize rust. Baviston 0.05% spray for control of sheath rot of rice, brown spot of rice and leaf spot of millets. Seed treitment of pulses with Baviston + Theirsm. Rajendra Dhan 201, Saket 4, Ratna, IR 20 are resistant to Tungro virus of rice and tolerant to bacterial blight disease. Soil and Fertilizer Management Application of ZnSo4 Q 25 kg/ha every three years, and pyrite 9 1.5-2.0 ton/ha in low pH soil repeated every 3rd year. Use of Rhizobium and Algae cultures in legumes and rice respectively. Reclamation of salt affected soil. Water Management Water schedule for wheat, malze, paddy and sugarcane. Cte(63 teS .. .. ...............,.............................. ...... v M tn ................................... ........... lice 4,21Q.4 4,57.6 4M3.7 4,2t.6 1,4.5 3,1. 4,15U. 3,*1.6 4,33.6 4,47.6 4,44.5 4,117.5 4,432A 4,S1.6 4,1. 5,43.5 5,4t.5 3,534.9 5,64.1 4,151.? n ut Uu.I A.1 X4.4 157.2 M.7 V17.4 $7. V7.6 1,113.2 132.S 76. 94 4.0 751.6 912.1 68.4 MI 7.2 8619.5 7U.I .Jr. *.1 t .9 U2.l 1.4 S.4 9.0 7.3 .4 6.0 5.0 4.2 6.2 1.1 I.6 7.9 5.4 5.8 6.6 6. 5.** 137.6 31.6 96. 6 nJ ".7 U.6 243.1 "A. Q.1 i.j 53.1 62.1 86.5 611 7.1. 9.1 119.1 12)1 71.2 5n4.2 n3.4 sket 5261 417.2 417.1 47.3 365.0 983.5 n53.1 . 66 1,12. 2,41 1576e 4,6 I,RSJ 0.7 2,6.6 2,214J 2,56. 1,mA 2,53.9 2,261.3 kStw 2$4.1 2M7.1 171.1 162.1 126.4 233.5 163.6 177.6 141.5 355. 126.4 6. 6.6 18.6 El 31.4 9.3 9.? *S.$ U.S frau 263.6 2m.7 m1.5 334.4 3U3.3 264.5 156.6 147.6 174.2 171.3 I333.1 04.1 I5J 034.1 111.3 124.4 13.0 l.S 146.1 123.J StlO eulse6 76.1 666.7 6ns.3 7t.2 .4 675.6 763. 7.6 717.6 542.J 522.1 5i1.6 716.6 R. 24 45S. 763.6 A3.$ R2.3 774.3 U_lei 34.2 31.5 J.? 31.6 12.1 28.3 1361 43.2 43.2 31.9 11.6 24 44.3 6L6 3.T 46.1 37.6 t7. 42.6 H.6 lietd d AntV4 55.6 27.5 32.6 33.3 21.6 54.6 39.1 51. 53.5 349 44.6 43.0 49.2 t .6 41.3 5z.7 .3 33.2 39.4 46.4 lnn M174.t 3. 2U.6 112.6 t".6 594.6 U6.1 125.1 U3.1 T.6 133. .1 134.6 121.3 Ilt.2 5351 176.7 33.3 34.3 145.1 lul . 1t,444. ,157.1 6.6 64.6 9.6 6.6 466.6 60.0 . 476.6 A.6 31.2 50.6 MI. a.7 172.0 63. 93.2 19A 033.1 J;"acas. 4,U6.1 5,664.6 1,151.1 5,942.6 41- 3,917 5,1194.6 6,563.6 4,201.0 4,477. 4,333.0 5,157. 5,530.6 4,161. 4,175.0 4,D.4 3,570.2 3,M93.6 3,.4 4,37a.3 PtaSew 831.2 .6 61.6 7A.4 765.6 6.6 1,1,7.1 On2.$ 1,121.5 A.4 .6 149.6 5,414.0 1,311.2 1,53.4 1,131.1 1,0R.4 ,1,2. 1,221.1 ma113l,t 163.6 3.6 6.9 ISe.- 76.6 114. 94.6 14.6 n7.4 41.6 6.0 74.6 ".46 17.6 41.1 71.0 71.7 47.5 52.0 5t45 - ,k- T1, I's f " , if h / k Annex 1 - 49 - Bake 1 mX Uttt ht."*~~~Omt 74/41) (90) _ f. *t* flu. S.L. s'.^a, *mgcle|trfor LIDWOW. *} ( FDoperlmt eI Agriculture & Coqp.'tfhmn) mIniTRY OPF AGICULTURE OVIRMINMNT Of INDIA coo N"ee t1 ) VI-T&woo INN t, 4: d" rstTqt VwW, qf V ent Wok No*.A R K. Pu rm. Nefvw MM.Ih sA"r Shri Natbur. This has refetene 0 toy p. lette No. 3(1G6)/86-F9V W- -d " Ostber ISfe ed mar l*nt1 t daft ret ?"lase A9gr-Ietualteb aJeuRi r. (Ctedit ?61-}) to Are 3.k0 Hall of the I6eld Oank ( Olhi SPlice). The comments as forwarded by you were bosed an thoes oomnioeted to Shki 3*b. S.jo 30@it se"etary, KA vido out letter No. 5(19)/6-T&V dated 7th ;uly, 1986. We have oge.ntly r*ooivod a draft PCR en the tase prepared by the bwld Banks South Eset Region. £nsloeed kindly find a copy, Apparently, the ommonts that were eoemmtce?ed to Pr. 3ohn Hall de not find mention In this draft. It SEA has no objection we eSy bring thLi to the notia, of the Uorll Bank9forwarding owu comment.* it-*l t@@ yours sinicerelys, Sd/- 5... Gheal)O Undwr Sesrtaro'y, r Tn Bank WZR, Department ot lEonoic Affairs, Nofth Block New DeZh 11001 opy to Mr. Graham Qonaldson, Division Chief, Agriculture & Human Resources, Operations Lvaluation Department, Tho Ilorld Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Development Association, 1818 H btreet, N.i"LU llashington, D.C, 20433 U.S.A. Director (F ield tension). - 50 - my,; Annex 1 -- ~~~~~~Page 2 NJI IU. naai DWAL XN3R* 000n D UNUOIX !tgtA 1101 SUUDRAE 11IU1AR AL 1131 BW! DAT!D *IAR 6, 1987 ADX8D3 !0 Joint a5531AIT. 2I! 01 UGOJOKIC AI?AIIUGAWING ma@ 01EM O101I 23101 iif 3PIO! 01FSINAZ ASRICMUL!UI MI=8Z X01 AD MBAR0 110C8 (OR 761Iff). GOIIS o0 US !ATh WQY!. 01 31 AO WV?. OP MIA ONX =3 DiA 1.0.1. WM BUT 3? = TO X. J=BI ALt S,NIJIR 13080 Oiw NNW DmI 0103 TM OUR LN!3 DAM 0010 7, 11 901 01 fVARl T3XD NIB ION TO tI3 VOMD MIK 2O 0 13oo1oaA3)ISN US FINAL P.C.R(.) neARza(.) _ _ _ W., _ m a Om_ g _w _ _ _ _ J° - '0 (- 5 WILVII 5 ; bayed 30 hrarh, 1987 Deputy Beoretary cop j st In confirmation to:- it. an Donalson, Divlsion Chief Agriculture & Huam eqouroes, Operations Bvaluation Deprtment, fo Wor' Bankg, 1818 . Streot, N.W. Vahla6ton, '.0.2043 , UBA. I flnd frou the copy of the POC now sent by ou that the comments sent by us to Ir. Hall are not rflectod thoria. A copy of the comnats y 4p earlier to Mr. Hall is enclosed for your } esdy rmiaaoe. fnoes may kindly be incorporated In the fnal . Dpuy Irrtar t$3) -~ 51 -Annex 1 Page 3 Comments on the draft Project CoMletion Report (PCR) of Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Para 4.3 Project implementation improved from late 1982 following recognition by Government of Bihar of tho advantagel of an effective agricultural extension service and its commitment to the project's success. Government of Bihar took a number of actions including sanctioning and filling of vacant staff positions, initiating efforts to organise and improve field extension and training activities, compliance with financial covenants and importantly, pro- vision of adequate budgetary resources from 1983-84. These measures resulted in setting up of a structural and institutional foundation ; future development during the later part of the Project. Para 4.21 The draft PCR inadvertently mentions that the monthly workshops are held at sub-divisional level . These work- shpps are held at zonal level in Bjhar. Para 4.Z5 It is now accepted by the Department of Agriculture that the training quality should be improved and greater understanding of these problems by trainers and researchers is to be addressed in all the future projects. Para 6.1 The impact of the Project has been apparent in 3 areas: (i) shift from food crops to cash crops like potato, (ii) exphasis on rabi crops, and (iii) increase in wheat production. para 8.10 2bx A reference has been made in the first sentence for this para to the Ministry of Finance. Presumably, this refers to the Department of the State Government. 84 8s5 86 sr 887 INDIA B I H A R AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION and RESEARCH PROJECT POLITICAL-GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS , * State Copital @ District HeodQuarters Main Roads Jfi- . ru- .--.-.. Raylws District Boundaries WEST ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~State Boundaries } ? - w E s-T r 7Xj0 20 40 60 International Boundaries ''j iil., - ~ ~ Rivers ( - . - ' . °l , 20 40 60 Location of Constituent Colleges, Research Stations and Substations -27°4-A M P A - Location of Adoptive Reseach Farms 27-- ~cWAMP Af { z; GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS: k t - 27 ' / i' ~ ~ ^'~ Northern Plains I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Central Plains 6 ? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~i Plateau and Hilly Areas 0 a t S [ W \1sA l 4 G u R S A.) \U 4, P 5 | 261 u -~ ~ ~~~~~~~~-- * ~.N\N'~ N KV~Z- Nˇ#v StZAL IBRD 12926R I. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S -W. .A.1%. (S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mrt8