PAKISTAN’S WATER SECTOR ARCHITECTURE INFRASTRUCTURE INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM (IBIS) IBIS serves 17.2 M Regulated through 03 16 02 02 12 44 Hectares Major Barrages Siphons Head Inter-river Canal reservoirs works Link Canals Commands STORAGE AND HYDROPOWER HYDROPOWER GENERATION (GW) Tarbela 3.5 GW 35% Reservoirs are vital for of national Ghazi Barotha 1.5 GW hydropower generation. electricity Mangla 1.0 GW Hydropower accounts for: generation. (*Gigawatt) 19.4 BCM LIVE STORAGE CAPACITY OF MAJOR DAMS (BCM) Original combined live Tarbela 12 storage capacity was: 15 BCM Mangla 7.3 Sedimentation has decreased capacity Chashma 0.87 by 1 % per year to: The level of storage required in a water supply system depends on the variability of inflows, the temporal pattern of demand, and the economically acceptable level of variation in meeting these demands. Reservoir storage capacity alone does not address Pakistan’s lack of water security. ADDITIONAL Improve reliability of rabi supply ADDITIONAL Improve water productivity Manage the increasing variability in flow Fix wastage STORAGE WILL: Provide sediment trap for Tarbela Dam STORAGE WILL Fully mitigate climate change impacts Generate valuable hydro-power NOT: Remove the long-term challenge of sediment FLOOD PROTECTION LENGTH OF LEVEES AND NUMBER OF SPURS BY CHALLENGES 3,500 PROVINCE IN PAKISTAN 800 3,000 700 Sedimentation 600 2,500 Spurs (number) Breaches upstream of barrages Levees (km) Levees Spurs 500 2,000 400 1,500 Increased frequency of floods 300 1,000 200 5 500 3 2 4 Outdated flood infrastructure 100 1 0 0 Lack of integration with non-structrual Punjab Sindh Khyber Balochistan Source: Ali, 2013 Pakhtunkhwa flood management measures HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA FEDERALLY OPERATED REGULAR FLOW GAUGING CHALLENGES 60 STATIONS IN THE UPPER INDUS BASIN 40 Rudimentary and non-standardized Average length of record (years) AND AVERAGE PERIOD OF RECORD Cumulative no. of stations 50 35 infrastructure for managing data 30 40 Lack of accurate data monitoring 25 30 20 Limited active hydrological monitoring 15 outside the Indus Basin 20 10 Limited operational monitoring of 10 5 groundwater 0 0 Uncertainty in hydrological monitoring and 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 lack of trust among the provincial Average length of record Cumulative number of stations Source: WAPDA Unpublished Data. governments in flow measurements WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Water supply and sanitation infrastructure Inadequate public supply Aging pipe Inadequate is weak across provinces. infrastructure networks wastewater treatment Low piped network coverage Dysfunctional infrastructure for sewerage and supply pumping stations INADEQUATE SEWERAGE OR WASTEWATER TREATMENT CAPACITY OF PAKISTAN’S MAJOR CITIES Karachi Quetta 1.8 M m3 sewerage Peshawar Lahore 100 km of generated daily None of the 3 14 major sewerage drains sewers cover 2 out of 3 wastewater wastewater treatment 0 wastewater a small fraction treatment plants are plants are treatment plants of the city functional functional 2.4 M m3 untreated 1 dysfunctional 1.6 M m3 untreated sewerage goes into the wastewater discharge goes into Ravi River daily treatment plant Arabian Sea daily WATER GOVERNANCE Institutional responsibilities for water resource National and provincial legal frameworks management are poorly delineated between 1 national and provincial levels. need strengthening. 4 Inadequate availability of water Provincial policy frameworks are partial, 2 related data. fragmented or non-existent. 5 Extend trans-boundary water management Policy frameworks for urban water services are unclear and not aligned with 3 arrangements beyond the Indus Basin. relevant legislation. 6 FINANCING FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT WATER RECOMMENDED INVESTMENTS IN PRIORITY ACTION AREAS, COMMITMENTS, SECTOR FUNDING ALLOCATIONS AND PERCENTAGE AND EXPENDITURES BY PAKISTAN’S WATER SECTOR TASK FORCE, OF TOTAL FEDERAL BUDGET (2010-17) (PKR BILLIONS) 2013–17 (US$ MILLIONS) 120 Major infrastructure and 26,556 associated institutions 12,650 100 4,411 Raising agricultural 1,920 80 productivity 1,406 338 Recommended Investment 60 1,120 Living better with floods 1,047 Actual Commitment 40 269 2,229 Actual Expenditure 20 Sustainable urban services 3,134 1,198 0 114 164 2* 10 11 13 4 5 6 7 Knowledge management 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 Share of federal budget (%) Federal allocations Provincial allocations Source: Report by Friends of Democratic Pakistan (FoDP), 2012 This series of infographics is developed by LEAD Pakistan based on World Bank Group’s report Pakistan: Getting More from Water (Young et al. 2019).