fILE COPYX Some Aspects of Relative Poverty in Sri Lanka, 1969-70 SWP46'I World Bank Staff Working Paper, No. 461 May 1981 Prepared by: Pravin Visara, Consultant Development Research Center Copyright © 1981 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. The views and interpretations in this document are those of the author 1 I | r r n DV K.i 15 and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated I IL L J V r o9rgarizations, or to any individual acting in their behalf. | W The views and interpretations in. this document are those of:the author-and ,should nct:be attributed to the World Bank, to its.affiliated organizations; or to any individual acting on their behalf. WORLD BANK Staff Working Paper No. 461 May 1981 SOME ASPECTS OF RELATIVE POVERTY IN SRI LANKA, 1969-70 This study presents the main findings of an intensive analysis of the data collected in the Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka from Novem- ber 1969 to October 1970. It highlights the importance of the criteria used to rank households (per capita vs. total household expenditure or income) for the estimates of the level of inequality as well as for the measures of elasticity of demand for different categories of consumption items. The report presents detailed information on various characteristics of households or population falling in different deciles of per capita expenditure, separately for urban, rural and estate sectors and for the country as a whole. The characteristics examined include: (a) demo- graphic and economic characteristics; (b) differences in the incidence of unemployment; (c) nature of housing units; (d) the access to public amenities (such as toilet facilities, water used for drinking, or cool- ing and bathing, and energy used for lighting and cooking); (e) the distribution of total reported income of the households by source; and (f) the pattern of consumption. The report also presents the results of a multivariate analysis of per capita expenditure and income of households and of the earnings of employees. Prepared by: Pravin Visaria, Consultant c assisted by .so°'o Shyamalendu Pal Development Research Center Copyright i 1981 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Preface This paper presents the main findings of an analysis of the data collected in the Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka from November 1969 to October 1970. The survey was spread over a full year and collected data from 9694 households on several important topics including sources of income, pattern of expenditure, housing and access to amenities. The analysis is part of the joint ESCAP-IBRD Project on-Income Dis- tribution in Asia, under which the Development Research Center of the World Bank is conducting an intensive study of the socio-economic characteristics of different income or expenditure groups in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in India, 18 development centers or towns in Nepal, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka and the economy of Taiwan. We are indebted to the Department of Census and Statistics in Sri Lanka, and particularly to Mr. L.N. Perera and Mr. W.A.A.S. Peiris, the former and current Directors.of the Department, for giving us access to the basic tapes of the data collected in the survey. Mr. S.3S.M. Fernando, an Assistant Director in the Department who had participated in the design and execution of the survey, has also been extremely helpful in obtaining some of the detailed background information. In preparing this paper, I have received valuable assistance and advice from Montek Ahluwalia, K. Sarwar Lateef, B.S. Minhas and T.N. Srini- vasan. The extensive statistical work has been done by Shyamalendu Pal, who has shown a very high degree of devotion and dedication to his work. His contribution is acknowledged on the title page. The editorial advice of Vivianne Lake has improved the presentation of the material included in this paper. The responsibility for all errors is solely mine. Pravin Visaria -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. I. Introduction and Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Data and Their Limitations. . . . . .... 2 Measures of Inequality. . . .......... . 3 Characteristics of the Poor. . .......... . . . . 4 Incidence of Unemployment and Characteristics of the Unemployed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Multivariate Analysis of PCE and PCY. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Multivariate Analysis of Earnings of Employees. . , , . . . 13 Components of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 13 Pattern of Consumption. . . . . . . , , , , . 13 Differences in Housing and Access to Public Amenities . . . 14 II. Measures of Inequality and the Importance of Ranking Criterion for Identification of the Poor. . . . . . . 19 Indices of Inequality . . . . . . . . , ,. . , . , . . ,. 19 Income or Expenditure Shares for Different Deciles. . . , . 21 The Poor According to Alternative Ranking Criteria. . , , . 28 III. Characteristics of Households or Population in Different Deciles . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Sectoral Distribution of Households in Different Deciles. . 38 Ethnic Distribution of Households in Different Deciles. . . 41 Demographic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (a) Average Household Size .. ....... . . . . . . . 46 Cb) Age Distribution of Household Heads. . . . . . . . . 47 Cc) Sex and Marital Status Composition of Household Heads . . . . . . . 48 (d) Sex Ratio of Population. , ,. 50 (e) Dependency Ratios and the Age Distribution of the Population. . . . . . . . . . . . .51 (f) Literacy Rates . . . . . . . . . . . a t e . . . . . 53 (g) Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 (h) School Enrollment Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Economic Characteristics of Households and the Population . 61 (a) Type of Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 (b) Labor Force Participation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . 62 (c) Incidence of Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 (d) Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemploy- ment in Ages 10-24 ............... . . 72 (e) Status or Class of Worker of the Employed. . . . . . 80 (f) Occupational Classification of the Employed. . . . . 82 (g) Industrial Distribution of the Employed. . . . . . . 86 Table of Contents (Continued) Page No. IV. Incidence of Unemployment and Characteristics of the Unemployed in Sri Lanka in 1969-70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Definition of Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Incidence of Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Ethnic Group Distribution of the Unemployed. . . . . . . . 93 Unemployment and Unemployed According to Major Source of Household Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Number of Earners in the Household . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Age Distribution of the Unemployed . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Educational Attainment of the Unemployed . . . .103 Marital Status of the Unemployed . . . . , . . . . . . . 105 V. A Multivariate Analysis of Per Capita Expenditure and Income 106 Explanatory Variables at the Household Level . . . . . . . 106 Characteristics of the Main Earner . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Explained Variance in PCE and PCY . . . . . . . . , , 109 MCA for Per Capita Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 MCA for Per Capita Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 VI. A Multivarate Analysis of the Earnings of Employees. . . . . 116 Variables Used as Predictors of Earnings . . . . . . .. . 116 Explained Variances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 VII. Components of Income and the Pattern of Consumption. . . . . 123 Components of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Distribution of Households According to the Major Source of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 The Share of Different Components in Total Income. . . . . 124 Pattern of Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 VIII. Differences in Housing and Access to Public Amenities, , , . 132 Type of House . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 133 Tenure of Accommodation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Number of Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Floor Area Used for Living Purposes... .. 136 Toilet Facilities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 137 Water Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Water Used for Drinking or Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Water Used for Bathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Energy Used for Lighting and Cooking . . . . . . . . . . . 142 -iv- Table of Contents (Continued) Page No. Annex I: A Brief Outline of the Scope of the Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka, 1969-70, and the Data Available on the Tapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Editing Procedures Used for Our Study. . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Exclusion of Some Households During Editing. . . . . . . . . 149 Weights for Obtaining All-Island Figures . . . . . . . . . . 151 Imputation of the Value of the Rice Ration . . . . . . . . . 153 Exclusion of Certain Categories of Expenditure . . . . . . . 158 A Comparison of the Survey Data with National Accounts . . . 169 Savings Rates Implicit in Reported Income and Expenditure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Fertility Data Collected .... . . ..... . . . . . . . 177 Annex II: Comparability of the Socio-Economic Survey with the 1971 Census of Sri Lanka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Exclusion of Single-Member Households from the Survey. . . . 181 The Sectoral Distribution of Households and Population . . . 182 The Survey-Based Estimate of Population. . . . . . . . . . . 185 Demographic Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Economic Characteristics of the Population . . . . . . . . . 188 Participation Rates and Unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Characteristics of the Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 (a) Class of Worker Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 (b) Occupational Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 (c) Industrial Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Occupational Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Housing Characteristics and Available Public Amenities . . . 203 (a) Difference in the Unit of Tabulation . . . . . . . . 204 (b) Type of Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 (c) Tenure. ............ 207 (d) Number of Rooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 (e) Floor Area. ..... ...... . 208 (f) Toilet Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 (g) Source of Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 (h) Energy Used for Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Conclusion .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Table of Contents (Continued) Page No. Annex III: Degree of Correspondence between Main Earners and Heads of Households .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Annex IV: Distribution of Households by Number of Earners . . . . . . 217 Annex V: Supplement on Unemployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Labour Force Participation by Children. . . , . . . . . . . 232 Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment by Educational Attainment ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Seasonal Variations in Unemployment in Sri Lanka. . . . . . 240 Effects of the Reference Period on the 1971 Census Estimates of Unemployment ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 -vi- LIST OF TABLES Page No. Section II Table 1: Sri Lanka: Indices of Inequality with Alternative Ranking Criteria 20 Table 2: Sri Lanka: Decile Limits and Income Shares for Deciles of Households Ranked According to Monthly Total Income of the Household (and Income Shares for Corresponding Deciles of Population), 1969-70 22 Table 3: Sri Lanka: Decile Limits and Expenditure Shares for Deciles of Households Ranked According to Monthly Total Expenditure of the Household (and Expenditure Shares for Corresponding Deciles of Population), 1969-70 23 Table 4: Sri Lanka: Decile Limits and Expenditure Shares for Deciles of Households Ranked According to Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (and the Expenditure Shares for Corresponding Deciles of Population), 1969-70 24 Table 5: Decile Limits and Income Shares for Deciles of House- holds Ranked According to Monthly Per Capita Income (and Income Shares for Corresponding Deciles of Population), 1969-70 25 Table 6: Sri Lanka: Indices of Inequality with Alternative Ranking Criteria and Aggregation in Terms of Households and Individuals, 1969-70 27 Table 7: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Households in the Same Decile or Quintile According to Alternative Criteria by Sector, 1969-70 29 Table 8: Sri Lanka: Correlation Coefficients for Selected Variables, by Sector, 1969-70 31 Table 9: Sri Lanka: Monthly Per Capita and Household Income and Expenditure (in Rupees) and Average Household Size According to the Age Group of the Head of Household, by Sector, 1969-70 33 Table 10: Sri Lanka: Index of Monthly Per Capita and Household Income and Expenditure According to the Age Group of the Head of Household, by Sector, 1969-70 34 -vii- List of Tables (Continued) Page No. Section III Table 1: Sri Lanka: Distribution of Households in Each Decile of Per Capita Expenditure by (A) Sector of Residence and (B) Ethnic Group, 1969-70 39 Table 2: Sri Lanka: Distribution of Households in Each Decile of Per Capita Income by (A) Sector of Residence and (B) Ethnic Group, 1969-70 40 Table 3: Sri Lanka: Selected Characteristics of Population According to the Decile of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure, by Sector, 1969-70 43 Table 4: Sri Lanka: Coefficients of Correlation Between Selected Characteristics and Average Per Capita Expenditure in Deciles of Households Ranked According to Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 45 Table 5: Sri Lanka: Average Size of Household by Sex of the Head of the Household, 1969-70 49 Table 6: Sri Lanka: School Enrollment Rates for Ages 5-24-by Decile of Per Capita Expenditure (PCE) of the House- hold, by Sex and Sector, 1969-70 58 Table 7: Sri Lanka: Labour Force Participation Rates and Incidence of Unemployment Among Persons Aged 10 and Over, by PCE Decile of the Household and Sector, 1969-70 63 Table 8: Sri Lanka: Correlation and Regression Coefficients Showing the Association Between the Labour Force Participation Rates of Persons Aged 10 and Over and the Average Per Capita Expenditure in Different Deciles of Households, by Sector, 1969-70 69 Table 9: Sri Lanka: Correlation and Regression Coefficients Showing the Relation Between the Incidence of Unemployment (for Ages 10 and over) and Average Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 73 Table 10: Sri Lanka: The Percentage of Unemployed Persons in "Poor" Households, 1969-70 76 Table 11: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Unemployed Aged 10-24, 1969-70 79 -viii- List of Tables (Continued) Page No. Section IV Table 1: The Magnitude of the Unemployment Problem Estimated by the Socio-Economic Survey, 1969-70 92 Table 2: Labour Force Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment Among Persons Aged 10 and Over, by Sector and Ethnic Group, 1969-70 94 Table 3: Labour Force Participation Rates and Incidence of Unemployment Among Persons Aged 10 and Over by Major Source of Income for the Household and Sector, 1969-70 97 Table 4: Unemployed Aged 10-14 as Percent of (A) Unemployed Less Than 20 Years of Age and (B) All Unemployed, By Sector and Sex, 1969-70 102 Section V Table 1: Sri Lanka: Results of Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (PCE) of the Household, 1969-70 110 Table 2: Sri Lanka: Results of Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) of Monthly Per Capita Income (PCY) of the Household, 1969-70 111 Section VI Table 1: Sri Lanka: MCA Analysis of Monthly Earnings of Employees by Sex, 1969-70 118 -ix- List of Tables (Continued) Page No. Annex I Table 1: Characteristics of 30 Households Excluded from Analysis 150 Table 2: Sectoral Multipliers for Estimating Characteristics for Sri Lanka 151 Table 3: Sri Lanka: Number of Households According to the 1963 Census and Estimates Based on the 1969-70 Survey 152 Table 4: Sri Lanka: Number of Households in the Sample and Those Reporting Expenditure on Rice in Addition to Free Ration, by District and Sector, 1969-70 155 Table 5: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Households Falling in the Same Decile or Quintile With and Without an Imputation of the Value of Ration Rice, 1969-70 157 Table 6: Sri Lanka: Selected Statistics on Monthly Expenditure (in Rupees) on Specified Items, by Sector, 1969-70, All Island/Urban Areas/Rural Areas/Estate Sector 159 Table 7: Sri Lanka: Selected Statistics on Monthly Expenditure (in Rupees) on Broad Categories of Goods and Services, by Sector, 1969-70, All Island/Rural Areas/Urban Areas/ Estate Sector 164 Table 8: Sri Lanka: Average Monthly Expenditure Per Household (in Rupees) on Selected Groups of Items, by Sector 168 Table 9: Sri Lanka: Average Monthly Household Income (Excluding the Imputed Value of Free Rice Ration) According to the Published Tables and Our Figures, 1969-70 170 Table 10: Sri Lanka: Distribution of Personal Income by Source According to the National Accounts and the Socio-Economic Survey, 1969-70 171 Table 11: Sri Lanka: Ratio of Per Capita Expenditure to Per Capita Income in Different Deciles of Households Ranked According to (A) Per Capita Income and (B) Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70, All Areas/Urban Areas/Rural Areas/Estate Sector 171 Table 12: Sri Lanka: Percentage of (A) Ever-Married and (BY Widowed, Divorced or Separated Women with.a Fertility Record in the Socio-Economic Survey, by Sector, 1969-70. 179 List of Tables (Continued) Page No. Annex II Table 1: Sri Lanka: The Sectoral Distribution of Non- Institutional Households and Population According to the Socio-Economic Survey and the 1971 Census of Housing 184 Table 2: Selected Characteristics of the Population According to the Socio-Economic Survey of 1969-70 and the 1971 Census, Sri Lanka 187 Table 3: Sri Lanka: Percentage Actively Seeking Work Among All Unemployed, 1971 Census 190 Table 4: Sri Lanka: Labour Force Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment for Persons Aged 10 and Over, Excluding the Unemployed not Actively Seeking Work, Socio-Economic Survey and the 1971 Census 192 Table 5: Sri Lanka: Distribution of the Employed by Class of Worker According to the Socio-Economic Survey and the 1971 Census 194 Table 6: Sri Lanka: Occupational Distribution of the Employed According to the Socio-Economic Survey and the 1971 Census 197 Table 7: Sri Lanka: Industrial Distribution of the Employed According to the Socio-Economic Survey and the 1971 Census 198 Table 8: Occupational Divisions According to the Classification Used in the Socio-Economic Survey and Equivalent Categories According to the 1971 Population Census 201 Table 9: Industries or Activities Constituting Traditional and Non-Traditional Manufacturing in our Tabulations of the Industry of the Employed 202 Table 10: Sri Lanka: Distribution of Occupied Housing Units by Number of Households, 1971 Census of Housing 205 Table 11: Sri Lanka: Percentage Distribution of (i) Households Surveyed in 1969-70 and (ii) (Occupied) Housing Units Enumerated in 1971 According to Selected Characteristics of Housing and Available Amenities 206 List of Tables (Continued). Page No. Annex III Table 1: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Households Reporting the Head as the Main Earner According to (A) the Age and Sex of the Head and (B) the Age and Sex of the Main Earner, by Sector, 1969-70 213 Table 2: Sri Lanka: Marital Status Distribution of (a) Heads of Households, (b) Main Earners in Households, by Sex and Sector, 1969-70 215 Annex IV Table 1: Sri Lanka: Absolute Number of Earners and Employed by Sector and Sex, 1969-70 218 Table 2: Sri Lanka: Distribution of Households by PCE Decile and 220 and Number of Earners, All Island, Urban Areas, and Rural Areas, 1969-70 Annex V Table 1: Sri Lanka: Persons Aged Less than 10 Years Classified as in the Labour Force and as Unemployed, by Sector and Sex 1969-70 233 Table 2: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Children Aged 5-14 Classified "Too Young to Work," by Sector and Sex, 1969-70 235 Table 3: Sri Lanka: Labour Force Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment for Persons 10 and Over by Sex and Educational Attainment, By Sector, 1969-70 237 Table 4: Sri Lanka: Labour Force Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment Among Persons Aged 10 and Over, By Sector and Round (Quarter of Survey), By Xex, 1969-70 241 Table 5: Sri Lanka: Labour Force Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment According to the Usual Activity Concept and Activity During the Week Preceding the 1971 Census 243 Table 6: Sri Lanka: Distribution of the Usually Employed According to their Activity During the Week Preceding the 1971 Census 244 -xii- LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Section II Figure 1: Sri Lanka: Average Household Size and the Index of Total and Per Capita Monthly Expenditure of the Household, by Age Group of the Head of the House- hold, by Sector, 1969-70 35 Section III Figure 1: Sri Lanka: Selected Characteristics of Population by PCE Decile and Sector, 1969-70 44 Figure 2: Sri Lanka:, Percentage of Households with (A) No Member Aged 0-14 and (B) No Member Aged 60 and Over by PCE Decile and Sector 52 Figure 3: Sri Lanka: Literacy Rates by PCE Decile and Sector, 1969-70 54 Figure 4: Sri Lanka: Labour Force Participation Rates for Persons Aged 10 and Over by PCE Decile and Sector, 1969-70 65 Figure 5: Sri Lanka: Incidence of Unemployment Among Persons Aged 10 and Over by PCE Decile and Sector, 1969-70 67 Figure 6: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Workers in Different Status Categories by PCE Decile and Sector, 1969-70 81 Figure 7: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Workers in Selected Occupational Groups by PCE Decile and Sector, 1969-70 83 Figure 8: Sri Lanka: Percentage of Workers in Selected Industries by PCE Decile and Sector, 1969-70 87 Section VI Figure 1: Sri Lanka: Average Monthly Earnings of Employees by Sector and Sex, 1969-70 121 Section VII Figure 1: Sri Lanka: Percentage Share of Specified Sources in Total Income of Households in Different PCE Deciles, by Sector, 1969-70 126 Figure 2: Sri Lanka: Percentage Share of Specified Sources in the Total Income of Household in Different Deciles 127 Figure 3: Sri Lanka: Percentage Share of Specified Items of Expenditure in the Total Reported by Households in Different PCE Deciles, by Sector, 1969-70 129 I. Introduction and Summary During the past few years, at least the declared objectives of de- velopment planning activities have begun to assign priority to a reduction in acute poverty. This is partly a reaction to the widespread impression that the improvement or acceleration of the rates of growth of per capita GNP in many countries over the past two or three decades has not had a significant impact on the living standards of the poor. It has been felt that the formulation of appropriate policies to attack the poverty problem would be facilitated by an understanding of the anatomy of poverty or of various socio- economic characteristics of the poor. Irrespective of whether or not this impression is correct, there is no reason why the potential of a large number of income and/or expenditure surveys, conducted in many developing countries of the world during the past quarter century, to aid in this task should be left unexploited. Provided that the surveys also include data on employment or labour force characteristics of the population, a comprehensive tabulation and analysis of the data can certainly generate the missing information. Further, since these surveys generally provide the basic data relating to the distribution of income and/or expenditure, one might be able to assess also the consistency of the distri- bution data with other indices of living standards. With this perspective, the present paper reports the results of an analysis of the data collected in the Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka from November 1969,tO October 1970- Although these data may be considered somewhat dated, no other survey in Sri Lanka has yet had such a large sample (9694 households) interviewed over a whole year and with so comprehensive a -2- schedule. Further, this analysis could provide the benchmarks for comparison with the data of a subsequent survey, such as may be conducted during 1979-80. The Data and Their Limitations The scope of the Socio-Economic Survey is outlined in Annex 1, which also reviews some of the editing procedures used prior to our analysis. Such editing is seldom possible without the availability of modern computers; and the resources required for this process are extremely large. We have certainly not exhausted all possibilities for checking and editing; much of such checking must be done by the original data-gathering agency. Also, given its constraints, the Department of Census and Statistics in Sri Lanka did a commendable job in collecting and processing the data. Therefore, in appraising the limitations of the data, noted in Annex 1, one must recognize the diverse problems faced by a statistical agency in a developing country. It is not really surprising that the reported per capita income was some 35 percent below the personal income indicated by national accounts; the discrepancy was lower with respect to the compensation of employees and much higher for property income. The reported per capita expenditure, however, was only about eight percent below the per capita private consumption expenditure according to the national accounts. Of course, the national accounts estimates are not always good or valid benchmarks, since for certain sectors of the economy, they are based on similar or earlier surveys. Annex 2 compares the main results of the Socio-Economic Survey with those of the 1971 Census. If some allowance is made for the exclusion of single-member households from the frame of the survey (understandable because of the difficulty of contacting and interviewing them), the survey data seem quite comparable with those from the census. The higher literacy and school- enrollment rates reported by the survey than by the census suggest the possibility -3- of some positive selection of sample households. The differences between the survey and the census regarding labour force participation rates and the incidence of unemployment seem to be partly due to conceptual differences.l/ When some adjustment is made for these differences, the estimates based on the survey and the census seem much closer. The characteristics of the employed in terms of status, occupation, and industry show some differences that are mutually consistent but difficult to explain. Yet, on the whole, the Socio-Economic Survey provides a wealth of information about Sri Lanka that merits detailed study. Measures of Inequality Section II examines the measures of inequality of income and expenditure for different sectors and emphasizes the importance of the ranking criterion for the identification of the poor. First, an imputation of the value of the free rice ration distributed to consumers lowers the indices of inequality. Secondly, inequality measures derived from the distribution of individuals according to either the pome- (PCY) or expenditure (PCE) of their households (with every member of the household assumed to have an equal share) are all lower than those based on the distribution of households according to their total household income or expenditure (THY or THE, respectively). Thirdly, if one prefers to compare the distributions of households with the alternative ranking in terms of PCY and THY (or PCE and THE), the differences between the inequality measures are even larger, with the indices based on per capita ranking once again lower than the alternatives. 1/ The number of unemployed in the sample was, however, large enough to permit a detailed analysis of their characteristics, reported in Chapter IV. -4- Even more important are the differences in the households identified as poor under the two alternative ranking criteria. Although the correlations between PCY and THE (or PCE and THE) of households are high, only a small percentage of households fall in the same decile with the alternative ranking criteria. An immediate contributory factor appears to be the direct relationship between average household size and decile based on THY or THE and an inverse relationship between household size and decile based on PCY or PCE. The reclassification of households according to the ranking criterion seems to be related to age group of heads of households. Total household expenditure, or income, first increases and then decreases as the age group of household heads rises; and the same is true of average size of the household. However, per capita household expenditure, or income, first decreases and then increases (with some erratic fluctuations) as the age group of the household heads rises. The use of PCE or PCY as the ranking criterion to identify the poor (in terms of relative poverty) overlooks some economies of scale; but at least in the developing countries, they are unlikely to be important. The adjustment for household size seems, therefore, to be both necessary and useful. Characteristics of the Poor This paper, and in particular Section III, discusses the character- istics of persons or households falling in different deciles in terms of their PCE (sometimes in terms of their PCY).-/ The deciles have been demarcated separately for each sector and for Sri Lanka as a whole. 1/ The incidence of 'absolute' poverty or caloric intake below the requirements is analyzed in Pravin Visaria, "The Incidence of 'Absolute' Poverty in Sri Lanka, 1969-70," mimeographed. -5- Deciles in terms of PCE are preferred because the reporting of expenditures is apparently better in the survey than that of income. Also, consumption might be more closely related to permanent income than to current income (which might reflect a transitory situation). If one looks at the PCE or PCY deciles for the country as a whole, te prcentage of urban_households rises with decile andcthat--of-rurqal households-decl-ines. In other words, fewer rural than urban households are relatively rich, and fewer urban than rural households are poor. The estate sector (or Indian Tamil) households are overrepresented in the second to eighth deciles but not in the bottom decile. The Ceylon Tamil households are clearly overrepresented in the top three PCE deciles and the Sinhalese among the bottom two PCE deciles. As for the demographic characteristics, in every sector both the average size of the household and the dependency ratio decline as per capita household expenditure rises. Differences in the percentage of children less than 15 years of age seem to be the major factor under- lying the decile-differences in average household size. Consistent with these findings, in the bottom decile the middle-aged household heads (aged 35-49 with near-peaked sized households) tend to be markedly over- represented, while the older (aged 55 and over) are underrepresented. With some erratic variations, the percentage of young heads aged less than 35 years shows a mild tendency to rise as per capita expenditure decile rises. (This tendency might have been stronger if the single- member households had not been excluded from the survey.) The poor house- holds in bottom deciles thus face a constraint with regard to the proportion of employable members. The low participation rates for ages 5-14 (discussed -6- in Annex 5> suggest that they do not (or are not able to) overcome this constraint by involving children in economic activity. There is a clear tendency for_fgnale-heaasdof_households to be overrepresented among the lower PCE deciles in urban areas of Sri Lanka but not in rural areas or on the estates. The percentage of females in the population does not show a statistically significant negative association with PCE decile. A partial explanation seems to be. the smaller average size of households with females heads (a large majority of whom were widows, divorced, or separated). However, when households were ranked according to their total income (THY), females were clearly overrepresented in the bottom deciles in terms of the percentage of females among household heads and in the population. Literacy rates show a clear rise with PCE decile, more among females than among males. Even among literates, the educational attain- ment of persons in the bottom deciles tends to be markedly lower. (The differences are even sharper if one focuses on the educational attainment of the main earners of households.) The school enrollment ratios for ages 5-24 rise with PCE decile in every sector. The differences in ages 5 to 14 are small but they nevertheless suggest a need for special efforts to ensure schooling of the young from poor households-if universal primary education is the accepted goal. Among the economic characteristics, the labour force pgrticipation rates of males and persons of both sexes aged 10 and over in all three sectors and those of urban females show a statistically significant positive -7- association with PCE decile. However, inter-decile differences in participation rates are much smaller than those in PCE, and households with zero or low participation rates are not overrepresented in lower PCE deciles. The incidence of unemployment, discussed in detail in Section IV, varies inversely with PCE decile in urban areas and in the estate sector for both sexes and in rural areas for males. As a logical corrollary, except in rural areas, the poor households account for more than a proportionate share of the unemployed. The proportion of households with no unemployment also increased with PCE decile in the urban and estate sectors but not in rural areas. The absence of a cl a5sc4,aion between poverty and unemplqymnt in rural areaa,,.despite the predominance of employees among the employed, seems to indicate the need for information on the intensity of work (or "time disposition" within a specified reference period) performed by the employed.- It seems, however, that efforts to augment employment opportunities in urban areas and the estate sector, taking due account of the characteristics of the unemployed (as well as of the new entrants into the labour force), can have a direct impact on the incomes and consumption of the poor households. Such efforts, however, will not eliminate the differences in PCE (or PCY), which are much larger than those in the incidence of unemployment. 1/ There seems to be a good case for supplementing the data on usual status characteristics of the labour force with more information on current status (i.e., activity during the week preceding the day of interview) and time disposition during the reference week. Such an approach has been adopted in India in the survey of employment and unemployment conducted in the 27th Round (1972-73) and the 32nd Round (1977-78). -8- We have looked at the characteristics of the employed, in terms of status, occupation, and industry. Differences in these characteristics can be expected in urban and rural areas only, because on the estates, most of the workers are employees, working in tea or rubber industries. The decile-related differences in the status distribution of the employed are small in rural areas, but in urban areas, the percentage of employees rises and that of the self-employed falls with PCE decile. The occupational and industrial distributions of the employed show a steady sharp rise in the percentage of white collar workers and of workers in "other services" (other than trade, transport, and financial services) with PCE decile in urban areas and a similar though initially slower rise in rural areas. Apparently, those employees in the upper deciles probably have more stable and better-paying jobs (reflecting also their better educational attainment); presumably, a majority of them in the government or public services. The percentages of agricultural workers in rural areas and of craftsmen and production process workers in urban areas show a clear inverse association with PCE decile. The distributions of main earners of households according to status, occupation, and industry also show decile-related differences broadly similar to those noted above for all employed. Incidence of Unemployment and Characteristics of the Unemployed Section IV discusses at length the data on the incidence of unemployment and the characteristics of the unemployed. The incidence of unemployment in Sri Lanka according to the Socio-Economic Survey of 1969-70 was high--almost 14 percent. However, it was significantly below -9- the 19 percent figure reported by the 1971 Census because only the persons actively seeking work were included among the unemployed in the survey (See Annex 2).. The "temporary" or "casual" labourers working on a contractual basis could be classified as unemployed, if they had worked for less than ten days cduring the reference month preceding the interview, but the effect of this compensating feature cannot be estimated due to the absence of data on days worked by persons classified as unemployed or employed. There were sizeable differences in the incidence of unemployment among females in urban, rural, and estate areas but not in the incidence of male unemployment. Further, given the much lower female participation rates, the absolute number of women classified as unemployed was lower than that of males. In urban areas and on the estates, the incidence of unemployment varied inversely with the decile of households ranked according to their per capita expenditure (PCE, a proxy for income); the same was true for rural males but not for rural females. Perceived from a different angle, except in rural areas, the poor households accounted for more than a proportionate share of the unemployed, indicating that the programmes to relieve unemployment by creating more work opportunities could have a direct impact on poverty. A large majority of the unemployed happen to be in the age group 15-29, and mostly in ages 15-24. The percentage of unemployed persons under the age of 20 varies inversely with PCE decile, particularly among males. In other words, the unemployed males in poor households were younger; their educational attainment was also lower than that of the unemployed in -10- better-off households. Many of them had no schooling or had received only primary education. Unemployed women, on the other hand, had a much higher proportion of those with GCE or higher education than males. Therefore, if the attack on unemployment is to be synchronized with a programme to ameliorate poverty, at least in the short run, priority may have to be given to creating work opportunities for relatively less education and younger persons than for the educated who may be more vocal.I/ Over 90 percent of the unemployed were never married. Quite probably, a majority of the unemployed had deliberately postponed marriage until finding a job and the problem of unemployment might be a factor contributing to the rise in the age at marriage for females. At the titbe of the survey, Sri Lanka had no scheme of unemployment insurance, but the unemployed were supported by other earning members in their households. About 42 percent of the unemployed were from house- holds with only one earner and an additional 35 percent from households with two earners. More importantly, there were no marked differences between urban and rural households in different PCE deciles in the percentage of unemployed with only one or two earners to support them. Quite obviously, however, the unemployed sought an opportunity to augment the income of their families and some of them to acquire the wherewithal to set up their own households. 1/ The validity of this observation may be limited by the fact that our data relate to 1969-70 and the levels of educational attainment have risen all over Sri Lanka during the past decade. Efforts to raise the educational attainment of persons in the poor households may also be an alternative policy. -11- In terms of ethnic groups, the Sinhalese (who reported much higher female participation rates than did other ethnic groups, except on the estates) were the predominant group among the unemployed. According to our survey data, the incidence of poverty was also higher among the Sinhalese. A much higher incidence of male unemployment was observed among households for whom neither wages nor profits were the main source of income. It is associated with a lower male labour force participation rate for the group, probably resulting from an age composition involving a high proportion of aged (60 and over). Differences in unemployment are wider among females, with the rates higher for profit-earning households than for wage-earning households, both in rural and urban areas. A plausible conjecture is that the higher educational attainment of women in profit- earning households, together with the direct association, for women, between educational attainment and the incidence of unemployment, leads to the apparent anomaly. The survey did not collect data on the assets of households; but many of the profit-earning households probably owned land or other assets. An improvement in the productivity of these assets might relieve unemployment in these households and perhaps contribute towards an increase in the demand for the labour of wage-earning households as well. Multivariate Analysis of PCE and PCY Section V reports the results of a multivariate analysis of PCE and PCY of households. We have chosen the technique of multiple classification analysis (MCA), which permits the use of different categories of variables -12- such as status, occupation, ethnic group, education, and industry, which would be used as dummy variables in regressions. Six or seven variables take account of the characteristics of the household as a whole and an additional seven variables are based on the characteristics of the main earner. (As shown in Annex 3, in some 78 percent of the sample households, the main earner was also the head of the household.) The R2 values for PCE in different sectors range between 0.35 and 0.47, and those for PCY between 0.40 and 0.45. The interaction effects seem to be quite strong. The most important variables for explaining the variance in PCE are (i) education and occupation of the main earner, and then (ii) size and child-dependency ratio of the household. Important explanatory variables for PCY are also the education and occupation of the main earner, and the child-dependency ratio; in addition, the labour force participation rate and the incidence of unemployment in the household as well as the industry of the main earner also prove to be more important than household size in urban areas and almost as important as household size in the estate sector. Somewhat surprisingly, race or ethnic group is far behind other variables in explaining the variance in PCE or PCY, even without adjustment for other factors. Likewise, the age of the main earner, a possible indicator of the life cycle factors, has a lower rank among variables explaining the variance in both PCE and PCY, probably because these variables take account of the differences in household size. -13- Multivariate Analysis of Earnings of Employees Section VI reports the results of an MCA of the earnings of employees, who formed over 55 percent of the employed in each sector. The results show a sizeable interaction effect in the explained variance. The main variables explaining the differences in earnings are: education, occupation and age. The life cycle effects seem quite important in the wages and salaries received by employees. Nationality and ethnic group are quite important in explaining the variance in earnings in the country as a whole, before adjustment for other factors; but after adjustment, their importance declines substantially. Components of Income Section VII reviews the distribution of total reported income of households in different PCY and PCE deciles according to source. The percentage share of the imputed value of the free rice ration declines as the decile rises in all sectors, with both PCE and PCY rankings. The share of non-monetary income declines with decile in rural areas and in Sri Lanka as a whole but not in the urban or estate sectors. Rather modest decile-related differences in the share of two major sources of income-- wages and profits--are seen in the rural sector and in the country as a whole, a little more clearly with the PCY ranking than with PCE ranking. Pattern of Consumption Section VII also shows the estimated coefficients of elasticity of expenditure on specified categories of items with respect to total expenditure. As would be expected, the elasticity of expenditure is below unity for food and drink, and fuel and lighting in every sector and -14- for housing on the estates. The elasticity of expenditure on non-ration food is higher than for the aggregate; the consumption on the free rice ration has a negative elasticity. Expenditure on durables, recreation and education,.and clothing, etc., seem to be much more elastic. The caloric intake implied in the reported level and pattern of consumption has been examined in a separate paperA/ Some of the questions raised in these companion papers can be answered only with better data. It is hoped that the next socio-economic survey, proposed for 19.79-80, will be as comprehensive as the one analysed here, and also that with a better conceptual framework, it will provide a sound basis for analysing the dynamics of development over the past decade. Differences in Housing and Access to Public Amenities In the recent discussions on the basic needs of the poor, housing or "shelter," including some associated services, has been assigned almost the same importance as food and clothing. The norms about acceptable minimum housing differ between countries, depending on (among other things), climate and the prevailing standards. However, not much is known about the latter because few countries compile comprehensive data on the extent to which people in different socio-economic groups actually have access to various amenities and housing facilities. The difficulty arises partly from the fact that detailed data on housing and access to amenities are seldom collected at the same time as those on income or consumption 1/ Pravin Visaria, "The Incidence of Poverty and the Characteristics of the Poor in Sri Lanka, 1969-70," July 1980. -15- (although surveys of the latter generally gather information on the rent paid or the expenditure on certain services). The usefulness of data on rent paid is sometimes limited by the problems in imputing the rental value of owner-occupied housing.l/ In Section VIII we have examined data on housing conditions and access to basic public amenities according to the decile of per capita expenditure of the household in each sector in order to examine the pattern of differences in the quality of housing and the availability of amenities. On the whole, the data show few surprises. It is clear that the concept of a house, particularly an attached house, does not quite bring out that a majority of the estate sector households live in "'line rooms" or one- room tenements. Over 95 percent of the estate sector households occupied rent-free accommodations but in terms of the number of rooms or the floor area used for living purposes, they were worse-off than their neighbours in rural areas. The tenure of accommodation in urban and rural areas does not indicate large differences by decile. In urban areas, the percentage of households with "owned" accommodations increased with decile, whereas in rural areas, the renting of accommodations rose with decile. It is quite possible that the rented houses in rural areas tend to be qualitatively superior to many of the owned houses. The number of rooms and the floor area used for living purposes were, however, positively related to the PCE decile. I/ The consumer expenditure surveys conducted by the Indian National Sample Survey, for example, do not impute any value for owner-occupied dwellings, although expenditure on repair and maintenance is recorded. As a result, the consumer expenditure of households owning their dwelling units is understated. -16- Toilet facilities seem to be available to a much higher propor- tion of households than is known to be true for countries in the Indian subcontinent. The proportion of households with access to a flush toilet, the bucket system or water seal toilets increased with PCE decile. As would be expected, the proportion of households with no access to toilet facilities varies inversely with decile. Somewhat surprisingly, a large majority of the estate sector households have access to piped water, either within or outside the house, even more than reported by urban households. It is now known whether the piped water is treated in some way to provide effective protection against water-borne infections, or whether the quantity of water available through pipes or taps is really adequate. However, many who use piped water outside the house or well water for drinking and cooking turn to tanks, rivers or streams for bathing water. This may partly be because the supply of piped water is inadequate, although for a majority of the households, the residential accommodation is small and does not include a "bathroom." Some of the poor in rural areas have to rely on tanks, rivers, or streams even for drinking and cooking water. In urban areas, however, the main decile-related difference involves the availability of piped water within or outside the house. The use of electricity for lighting rises steadily with the decile, particularly in urban areas. A large majority of rural and estate sector households use kerosene for that purpose. The main cooking fuel is firewood, although among urban households, the use of kerosene for cooking rises steadily with PCE decile. -17- From the point of view of sanitation and health, toilet facilities and the availability of a protected water supply are believed to be quite important. Although more needs to be known in this area, it appears that the piped water supplied to the estate sector households could be treated in some form. Even for urban areas, it is not clear whether the piped water available to a majority of the households is either treated or adequate in quantity. With respect to the toilet facilities, it is also necessary to know more about the construction and design of the water seal toilets and the cess pits to appreciate the extent to which they provide a safeguard against the spread of infections through contact with human excrement.-/ These issues highlight the importance of sharpening survey ques- tions and coding schemes so that various aspects of the quality and adequacy of housing and amenities can be understood clearly. Those who designed and conducted the Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka have certainly done a commendable job but some additional input of time and effort would yield rich dividends. One clear impression emerging from the survey data is the virtual absence of slums in Sri Lanka in 1969-70. Households occupying "improvised structures" typical of slums formed no more than about two percent of the total for the country as a whole and not more than five percent of even the bottom decile of urban households. Quite probably, this reflects the slow process of urbanization and the excellent road and transportation facilities which permit people to commute fairly long distances to their place of work. However, it is possible that the sample of households selected for survey was biased in favour of better-off households and/or 1/ Some historical background about the spread of toilet facilities in the country as a whole and the supply of piped water on the estates might help to understand whether and to what extent the decline in mortality in the 1940's was connected with improvements in sanitation and water supply. -18- that the survey categories used to classify housing facilities were not quite indicative of the quality of housing.L/ In any case, almost a full decade has lapsed since the Socio- Economic Survey was conducted. It is to be hoped that the second socio- economic survey proposed to be conducted during 1979-80 will provide a basis to examine the changes in housing and access to amenities for different sectors and economic strata during the past decade, largely a period of economic stagnation. It would be helpful also to explore in some detail the issues related to the quality, adequacy, and use of the water supply and toilet facilities. Regarding energy use, the rise in the price of kerosene might have encouraged some switch to firewood as fuel; but it might be difficult to gauge the change from the survey data. 1/ Some suggestive evidence on the'subject is reviewed'in Annex 2. -19- II. Measures of Inequality and the Importance of Ranking Criterion for Identifying the Poor Much of the literature on income distribution in various countries is based on the ranking of households according to their total income rather than their per capita income. Most of the published tables of the Socio- Economic Survey of Sri Lanka also show the various characteristics of households or individuals according to six income classes on the basis of total household income. The importance of taking account of the household size before evaluating the welfare implications of different levels of income has recently received some attention.-Y This point can be illustrated by the data for Sri Lanka as a whole as well as for the country's three sectors-- urban, rural, and the estates. Indices of Inequality Table 1 summarizes the indices of inequality 2/ for the three sectors and for the country as a whole, with a distinction made between the estimates of incojne or expenditure without and after imputation of the value of the free rice ration. The procedures used to estimate the value of the free rice ration are discussed in Annex 1; but it is relevant to note here that almost 93.2 percent of all sample households (9694, i.e., before the exclusion of 30 households due to editing errors--see Annex 1-- had received the free rice ration.-3 Its estimated value forned almost 1/ Simon Kuznets, "Demographic Aspects of the Size Distribution of Income: An Exploratory Essay," Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 25, No. 1 (October 1976). 2/ The indices of inequality have been explained in Annex 5 of Pravin Visaria'i "Poverty and Living Standards in Asia: An Overview of the Main Results and Lessons of Selected Household Surveys," Working Paper No. 2 of the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), World Bank (July 1980). 3/ The corresponding percentages for urban, rural and estate sectors were: 90.5, 93.2, and 98.4, respectively. Table 1 SRI LANKA: INDICES OF I1N-EQUJALITY WITH ALTERNATIVE RAN-KING CRITERIA After Il.Putzat.on of the Without Imputation of the Value of Free Rice Ration Value of rree Rice P.ation Ranking Unit of Gini Kuznets Entropy Gini Kuznets Entropy Criterion Aggregation Coefficient indexy Measure Coefficient Index Measure AN, 18aZCd THY Household 0.357 0.268 0.208 0.381 0.287 0.234 PCY Individual 0.331 0.247 0.185 0.364 0.273 0.218 THE Household 0.310 0.231 0.155 0.330 0.247 0.175 PCE Individual 0.279 0.208 0.131 0.309 0.231 0.156 Urban Sector T'dY Household 0.415 0.312 .0.281 0.435 0.329 0.302 PCY Individual 0.406 0.308 0.273 0.433 0.329 0.303 THE Hiousehold 0.330 0.248 0.173 0.349 0.264 0.192 PCE Individual 0.320 0.243 0.166 0.346 0.263 0.191 ural Sector THY Household 0.323 0.243 0.165 0.346 0.262 0.188 PCY Individual 0.298 0.224 0.144 0.331 0.249 0.174 THE Household 0.292 0.218 0.137 0.311 0.233 0.154 PCE Irndividual 0.261 0.195 0.112 0.290 0.Ž17 0.136 Estate Sector- THrY Househiold 0.258 0.192 0.109 0.272 0.202 0.122 PCY individual 0.228 0.168 0.099 0.260 0.192 0.113 TH{E Household 0.255 0.189 0.106 0.2G38 0.199 0.118 PCE Individuazl 0.227 0.167 0.(89 0.256 0.188 0.111 THY: Total income of the househo Ild THE: Total expenditure1of the household PCY: Per capita income of the household PCE: Per capita expenditure of the household -21- nine percent of the total expenditure in the country as a whole; and its importance varied inversely with PCE decile in every sector.-/ Since the rice ration was allotted per person, larger households, which fall in the bottom deciles with the PCE or PCY ranking and in the top deciles with the THE or THY ranking, benefit to a greater extent than do the smaller households. As a result, the indices of inequality of income or expenditure all decline after imputation of the value of the free rice ration.2/ Income or Expenditure Shares for Different Deciles Tables 2 through 5 show the detailed data that form the basis of the computation of the inequality indices shown in Table 1. The detailed information, given for each of the four ranking criteria, covers (a) the percentage of total population included in each decile of households and (b) the average income per household and per person within each decile of households. In Tables 2 and 3, where the households are ranked according to their total monthly income and expenditure, the average size of the household increases as the decile rises; therefore, the share of the total population included in each decile also tends to rise. The inequality in per capita income or expenditure in each decile is less than that in average household income or expenditure. Further, the share of income or 1/ The corresponding percentages for urban, rural and estate sectors were: 6.6, 9.2, and 11.5, respectively. 2/ Most countries of the world have various kinds of subsidy programmes, many of them designed to benefit specifically the low income groups. It is obviously important to take account of these subsidies although the income distribution data collected in surveys often do not provide the relevent information. -22- Table 2 SRI LANKA: DECILE LIMITS AND INCOMF SHARES FOR DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO MONTHLY TOTAL INCOME OF THE HOUSEHOLD (AND INCOME SHARES FOR CORRESPONDING DECILES OF POPULATION), 1969-70 Percentage Share Percentage Percentage Average Income of Total Income THY Decile Limits of of Per Per For Decile For Decile Decile (Rupees) Households Population Household Person of Households of Population AZZ IeZand 1 Up to 126.10 10.0 5.96 99.05 28.33 3.05 5.35 2 126.10-160.37 10.0 7.62 143.81 32.13 4.43 6.10 3 160.37-189.13 10.0 8.49 174.95 35.11 5.39 6.66 4 189.13-218.57 10.0 9.44 204.12 36.89 6.30 7.26 5 218.57-252.73 10.0 9.93 235.34 40.41 7.26 7.93 6 252.73-292.49 10.0 10.49 272.56 44.22 8.40 8.71 7 292.49-346.60 10.0 11.04 318.21 49.12 9.82 9.69 8 346.60-426.64 10.0 11.53 384.04 56.79 11.85 11.01 9 426.64-570.00 10.0 12.48 491.31 67.10 15.14 13.15 10 Above 570.00 10.0 13.02 917.28 120.43 28.36 24.14 Urban Areas 1 Up to 169.80 10.0 6.32 129.21 32.07 2.51 4.25 2 169.80-218.57 10.0 7.74 194.91 39.96 3.83 4.97 3 218.57-260.90 10.0 8.99 240.75 42.43 4.73 5.60 4 260.90-307.80 10.0 9.95 284.09 45.27 5.58 6.26 5 307.80-36i.20 10.0 10.24 333.76 51.81 6.58 7.04 6 361.20-424.53 10.0 10.66 393.27 58.49 7.73 7.97 7 424.53-518.90 10.0 1U.22 468.76 66.24 9.21 9.16 8 518.90-661.60 10.0 11.43 581.85 80.74 11.43 10.83 9 661.60-940.60 10.0 11.31 781.35 109.60 15.3>6 13.58 10 Above 940.60 10.0 12.14 1659.82 219.55 (33.03 30.34 Rural Areas 1 Up to 122.11 10.0 5.97 95.84 27.31 3.22 5.60 2 122.11-155.77 10.0 7.73 138.91 30.56 4.67 6.32 3 155.77-185.49 10.0 8.90 171.23 32.83 5.77 6.96 4 185.49-213.26 10.0 9.44 199.90 35.93 6.70 7.62 5 213.26-244.44 10.0 9.92 228.83 39.21 7.69 8.37 6 244.44-283.00 10.0 10.37 264.48 43.51 8.92 9.25 7 283.00-332.69 10.0 10.86 305.51 47.84 10.27 10.32 8 332.69-404.86 10.0 11.41 366.01 54.59 12.30 11.72 9 404.86-530.53 10.0 12.08 462.02 65.07 15.54 13.80 . 10 Above 530.53 10.0 13.33 738.62 94.52 24.91 20.04 Estate Sector 1 Up to 121.84 10.0 5.60 97.29 32.88 4.12 2.81 2 121.84-146.59 10.0 6.96 136.05 34.60 5.85 8.56 3 146.59-163.69 10.0 7.49 156.17 40.17 6.73 8.84 4 163.-69-180'74 10.0 8.42 171.77 39.44 7.43 9.06 5 180.74-201.11 10.0 9.43 189.50 *38.89 8.20 9.24 6 201.11-227.60 10.0 10.16 214.26 40.37 9.17 9.45 7 227.60-257.46 10.0 11.42 241.53 40.52 10.35 9.69 8 257.46-303.00 10.0 12.20 278.90 43.98 12.00 10.01 9 303.00-375.S0 10.0 13.35 336.32 48.46 14.47 10.54 10 Above 375.80 10.0 14.98 495.67 64.64 21.66 16.80 -23- Table 3 SRI LANKA: DECILE LIMITS AND EXPENDITURE SHARES FOR DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO MONTHLY TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD (AND EXPENDITURE SHARES FOR CORRESPONDING DECILES OF POPULATION), 1969-70 Average Percentage Share of Percentage Percentage Expenditure Total Expenditure THE Decile Limits of of Per Per For Decile For Decile Decile (Rupees) Households Population Household Person of Households of Population All IsZmd 1 Up to 140.23 10.0 5.98 110.56 33.26 3.40 6.28 2 140.23-177.92 10.0 7.58 159.48 37.41 4.90 6.98 3 177.92-209.94 10.0 9.09 193.83 39.83 5.95 7.48 4 209.94-240.67 10.0 9.55 225.41 41.79 6.94 7.99 5 240.67-273.47 10.0 10.33 257.74 43.88 7.91 8.52 6 273.47-311.05 10.0 10.79 292.06 46.09 8.99 9.16 7 311.05-359.77 10.0 11.09 334.54 51.61 10.28 9.91 8 359.77-427.99 10.0 11.34 391.32 57.19 12.03 10.93 9 427.99-560.14 10.0 11.55 489.25 65.83 15.04 12.53 10 Above 560.14 10.0 12.69 797.17 101.64 24.55 20.22 Vrban Areas 1 Up to 186.40 10.0 5.98 144.58 37.96 3.14 5.50 2 186.40-236.73 10.0 7.58 212.08 44.34 4.65 6.13 3 236.73-279.23 10.0 9.09 258.42 45.07 5.66 6.71 4 279.23-322.42 10.0 9.55 301.16 50.01 6.60 7.35 5 322.42-371.42 10.0 10.33 345.44 53.04 7.57 8.06 6 371.42-430.70 10.00 10.79 399.07 58.78 8.77 8.93 7 430.70-505.42 10.0 11.09 466.06 66.63 10.21 10.01 8 505.42-617.35 10.0 11.34 556.50 77.79 12.20 11.45 9 617.35-806.06 10.0 11.55 701.34 96.32 15.37 13.71 10 Above 806.06 10.0 12.69 1163.64 147.17 25.82 22.15 mral Areas 1 Up to 136.04 10.0 5.70 107.78 31.84 3.48 6.39 2 136.04-173.61 10.0 7.34 154.90 35.90 5.05 7.19 3 173.61-204.81 10.0 8.38 189.27 38.51 6.19 7.72 4 204.81-235.32 10.0 9.09 220.37 41.14 7.16 8.24 5 235.32-267.50 10.0 10.03 251.18 42.58 8.19 8.81 6 267.50-301.76 10.0 10.83 283.80 44.68 9.18 9.44 7 301.76-346.17 10.0 10.99 322.89 49.98 10.52 10.19 8 346.17-406.63 10.0 11.34 373.97 56.08 12.19 11.10 9 406.63-528.39 10.0 12.62 458.44 61.79 14.94 12.64 10 Above 528.39 10.0 13.68 703.70 87.79 23.01 18.22 Estate Sector 1 Up to 132.66 10.0 5.43 109.40 38.15 4.20 8.03 2 132.66-159.70 10.0 6.76 146.38 47.95 5.74 8.50 3 159.70-182.75 10.0 7.67 171.35 42.78 6.69 8.74 4 182.75-203.97 10.0 8.79 193.56 42.59 7.58 8.96 5 203.97-229.29 10.0 9.34 215.99 44.50 8.42 9.17 6 229.29-254.65 10.0 10.76 241.01 43.12 9.40 9.41 7 254.65-283.25 10.0 11.30 268.90 45.55 10.43 9.70 8 283.25-327.57 10.0 12.11 304.86 48.42 11.88 10.09 9 327.57-405.39 10.0 12.98 362.49 53.71 14.12 10.76 10 Above 405.39 10.0 14.87 545.97 71.71 21.59 16.64 -24- Table 4 SRI LANKA: DECILE LIMITS AND EXPENDITURE SHARES FOR DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO MONTHlLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (AND THE EXPENDITURE SHARES FOR CORRESPONDING DECILES OF POPULATION), 1969-70 Average Percentage Share of Percentage Percentage Expenditure Total Expenditure PCE Decile Limits of of Per Per For Decile For Decile Decile (Rupees) Households Population Household Person of Households of Population AZZ Iseand 1 Up to 29.194 10.0 12.45 176.97 24.21 5.94 4.18 2 29.195-35.072 10.0 11.67 220.58 32.20 6.78 5.52 3 35.073-39.954 10.0 11.01 241.45 37.39 7.43 6.35 4 39.955-45.053 10.0 10.75 268.94 42.62 8.27 7.17 5 45.054-50.356 10.0 10.14 282.79 47.58 8.70 8.03 6 50.357-56.517 10.0 9.46 295.48 53.28 9.09 9.02 7 56.518-64.266 10.0 9.71 344.12 60.32 10.57 10.21 8 64.267-76.049 10.0 8.46 347.46 69.89 10.67 11.78 9 76.050-100.015 10.0 8.53 430.86 86.17 13.26 '14.20 10 Above 100.015 10.0 7.78 643.00 140.58 19.80 23.54 Urban Areas 1 Up to 34.167 10.0 12.65 226.82 28.15 4.98 3.75 2 34.168-41.506 10.0 11.79 280.89 37.78 6.16 4.86 3 41.507-48.043 10.0 11.34 320.38 44.83 7.02 5.70 4 48.044-54.380 10.0 10.55 340.86 51.21 7.47 6.50 5 54.381-63.042 10.0 9.91 367.93 58.86 8.07 7.52 6 63.043-73.962 10.0 9.74 417.83 68.20 9.19 8.67 7 73.963-86.353 10.0 9.03 453.14 79.55 9.93 10.11 8 86.354-105.873 10.0 8.94 539.93 95.79 11.84 12.04 9 105.874-142.300 10.0 8.19 625.57 121.08 13.71 15.08 10 Above 142.300 10.0 7.86 978.02 199.83 21.69 25.71 Rural Areas 1 Up to 28.046 10.0 12.36 170.63 23.48 5.56 9.30 2 28.047-33.840 10.0 11.42 208.72 31.10 6.80 5.70 3 33.841-38.424 10.0 11.17 237.53 36.17 7.74 6.57 4 38.425-43.719 10.0 10.77 260.73 41.18 8.50 7.39 5 43.720-48.544 10.0 10.27 278.26 46.06 9.07 8.27 6 48.545-54.554 10.0 9.53 288.01 51.52 9.41 9.25 7 54.555-61.855 10.0 9.71 331.85 59.12 10.82 10.42 8 61.886-72.490 10.0 8.65 337.37 66.31 11.00 11.93 9 72.491-92.565 10.0 8.59 407.16 80.59 13.27 14.22 10 Above 92.566 10.0 7.52 545.38 123.92 17.82 21.96 Estate Sector 1 Up to 30.444 10.0 14.07 190.91 25.70 7.32 4.85 2 30.445-35.426 10.0 12.27 211.96 33.24 8.26 6.33 3 35.427-39.952 10.0 11.43 224.03 37.72 8.73 7.13 4 39.953-43.888 10.0 10.78 234.66 42.09 9.18 7.86 5 43.889-48.140 10.0 10.55 252.05 45.93 9.82 8.60 6 48.141-52.925 10.0 9.79 254.83 50.41 9.93 9.40 7 52.926-58.560 10.0 8.86 256.32 55.69 9.99 10.34 8 58.561-66.595 10.0 8.19 266.72 62.35 10.35 11.54 9 66.596-81.978 10.0 7.36 277.35 72.53,, 10.81 13.36 10 Above 81.879 10.0 6.76 394.25 113.93 15.61 20.59 -25- Table 5 SRI LANKA: DECILE LIMITS AND INCOME SHARES FOR DECILES OF IIOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO MONTHLY PER CAPITA INCOME (AND INCOME SHARES FOR CORRESPONDING DECILES OF POPULATIQN), 1969-70 In*me Percentage Share Percentage Percentage Average Income of Total Income PCY Decile Limits of of Per Per For Decile For Decile Decile (Rupees) Households Population Household Person of Households of Population AZZ IeZand 1 Up to 25.518 10.0 12.17 149.06 20.86 4.59 3.61 2 25.519-31.143 10.0 11.72 195.67 28.41 6.03 4.89 3 31.144-36.354 10.0 10.97 216.50 33.69 6.68 5.73 4 36.355-41.665 10.0 10.43 238.85 39.04 7.37 6.56 5 41.666-47.174 10.0 9.95 259.34 44.34 7.98 7.47 6 47.175-54.037 10.0 9.81 288.73 50.31 8.92 8.52 7 54.038-62.757 10.0 9.43 320.10 57.88 9.87 9.83 8 62.758-75.513 10.0 8.78 355.24 68.69 10.92 11.59 9 75.514-101.720 10.0 8.68 440.93 86.90 13.63 14.40 10 Above 101.721 10.0 8.07 776.70 164.36 24.00 27.40 Vrban Areas 1 Up to 30.433 10.0 11.93 189.08 24.89 3.67 3.01 2 30.434-38.286 10.0 11.93 259.47 34.47 5.10 3.98 3 38.287-45.120 10.0 11.16 295.27 41.85 5.79 4.75 4 45.121-52.778 10.0 10.71 328.87 48.82 6.49 5.59 5 52.779-61.650 10.0 9.87 351.38 57.04 6.97 6.54 6 61.651-73.070 10.0 9.27 394.58 66.97 7.69 7.70 7 73.071-88.273 10.0 9.56 485.24 80.47 9.54 9.19 8 88.274-112.833 10.0 8.91 556.65 99.10 10.95 11.30 9 112.834-166.617 10.0 8.61 738.12 135.99 14.51 14.79 10 Above 166.618 10.0 8.05 1472.24 293.44 29.29 33.15 Ruraf Areas 1 Up to 24.406 10.0 12.17 143.48 20.05 4.82 3.79 2 24.407-29.879 10.0 11.67 187.53 27.34 6.31 5.13 3 29.880-34.778 10.0 10.96 208.15 32.30 7.00 6.04 4 34.779-40.224 10.0 10.31 227.58 37.54 7.65 6.91 5 40.225-45.704 10.0 10.16 256.17 42.89 8.61 7.88 6 45.705-51.878 10.0 9.83 280.47 49.65 9.46 8.97 7 51.879-59.750 10.0 9.75 320.26 55.88 10.77 10.33 8 59.751-71.734 10.0 8.81 341.49 65.77 11.45 12.10 9 71.734-94.333 10.0 8.76 420.00 81.90 14.16 14.82 10 Above 94.334 10.0 7.59 586.30 131.15 19.77 24.03 Estate Sector 1 Up to 26.840 10.0 12.88 155.84 22.91 6.60 4.86 2 26.841-32.028 10.0 13.01 200.29 29.46 8.59 6.30 3 32.029-36.237 10.0 11.39 200.82 34.12 8.68 7.09 4 36.238-39.615 10.0 11.61 227.26 37.85 9.82 7.83 5 39.616-43.538 10.0 10.38 225.71 41.61 9.68 8.57 6 43.539-47.832 10.0 9.64 228.43 45.60 9.83 9.39 7 47.833-53.900 10.0 8.87 232.75 50.77 10.06 10.36 8 53.901-60.650 10.0 8.28 245.01 57.18 10.59 11.59 9 60.651-73.280 10.0 7.44 258.42 66.11 11.03 13.44 10 Above 73.281 10.0 6.48 345.86 104.12 15.13 20.57 -26- expenditure accruing to the deciles of population is different and less unequal than the share accruing to the deciles of households. However, when the households are ranked according to their per capita income or expenditure, the data in Tables 4 and 5 show the contrary to be true. The average household size declines as the decile rises; the bottom four or five deciles of households each account for more than 10 percent of the population. The share of income or expenditure accruing 1/ to different deciles of populationl- shows greater inequality than the corresponding figures for deciles of households. For estimating the inequality indices shown in Table 1, the aggregation was in terms of households (i.e., with average household income or expenditure taken into account to calculate the share for the decile of households) when the THY or THE was the ranking criterion. When PCY or PCE was the ranking criterion, the aggregation was in terms of individuals (i.e., with the per capita income or expenditure taken into account to estimate the share for the decile of households and then, by interpolation, for the decile of population). However, one can also consider the shares of population deciles when using THY or THE as the ranking criterion and the shares of household deciles when using PCY or PCE as the ranking criterion. The resulting indices of inequality are shown in Table 6. Even with the ranking criterion of THY or THE, the aggregation in terms of individuals leads to much lower indices of inequality. The relative decline in inequality is greater in the indices calculated with the THE ranking than with the THY ranking. Further, there are interesting differences in the extent of decline in the indices for different sectors. i/ The shares are estimated by interpolation from a Lorenz curve fitted to the observed values. Table 6 SRI LANKA: INDICES OF INEQUALITY WITH ALTERNATIVE RANKING CRITERIA AND AGGREGATION IN TERMS OF HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS, 1969-70 Aggregation in Terms Aggregation in Terms of of HousehoZds Individvals within Households Gini Kuznets Entropy Gini Kuznets Entropy Area Coefficient Index Measure Coefficient Index Measure (A) HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO TOTAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME All Island 0.357 0.268 0.208 0.256 0.193 0.125 Urban Areas 0.415 0.312 0.281 0.348 0.261 0.221 Rural Areas 0.323 0.243 0.165 0.220 0.167 0.081 Estate Sector 0.258 0.192 0.109 0.108 0.079 0.032 (B) HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA INCOME All Island 0.266 0.196 0.130 0.331 0.247 0.185 Urban Areas 0.344 0.256 0.211 0.406 0.308 0.273 Rural Areas 0.226 0.169 0.084 0.298 0.224 0.144 Estate Sector 0.106 0.071 0.024 0.228 0.168 0.089 (C) HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO TOTAL HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE All Island 0.310 0.231 0.155 0.194 0.145 0.073 Urban Areas 0.331 0.248 0.173 0.241 0.184 0.102 Rural Areas 0.292 0.218 0.137 0.173 0.129 0.053 Estate Sector 0.255 0.189 0.106 0.109 0.078 0.035 (D) HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE All Island 0.204 0.149 0.075 0.279 0.208 0.131 Urban Areas 0.241 0.179 0.100 0.320 0.243 0.166 Rural Areas 0.183 0.135 0.057 0.261 0.195 0.112 Estate Sector 0.104 0.073 0.023 0.227 0.167 0.089 Note: The total income and expenditure of each household were adjusted to include the imputed value of free rice ration. -28- When using the PCY or PCE ranking criterion, the aggregation in terms of households has little to recommend. However, it can be argued that the inequality indices with THY and PCY (or THE and PCE) ranking should be compared with identical units of aggregation, namely, households or individuals. Therefore, Table 6 shows the indices with PCY or PCE ranking and aggregation in terms of households. With the common basis of aggregation in terms of households, the PCY (PCE) ranking criterion shows much lower indices of inequality than the THY (THE) criterion. However, when individuals are the basis of the aggregation, the THY (THE) criterion leads to smaller indices of inequality than the PCY (PCE) criterion. These differences indicate that great care must be exercised in any compilation and comparison of data relating to the distribution of income in different countries./ The Poor According to Alternative Ranking Criteria The differences in the ranking of households according to alter- native criteria are vital to the identification of target groups for any programmes of ameliorating or eradicating poverty, particularly programmes based on the concept of relative poverty. To illustrate, Table 7 shows the percentage of total households (and their population) falling in the same decile (or quintile) when ranked according to alternative criteria. The percentage of households falling in the same quintile is naturally higher than that in the same decile. In the urban and rural sectors, the overlap between the rankings in terms of (a) per capita and total household expenditure (PCE) and THE) is somewhat smaller than that between 1/ The possibility of several alternative estimates of Gini coefficients holds also when the measures refer to the inequality of asset distri- bution (such as land). -2%. Table 7 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED IN THE SAME DECILE OR QUINTILE ACCORDING TO ALTERNATIVE RANKING CRITERIA BY SECTOR, 1969-70 Percentage of Percentage of Households in the Households in the Sector/Criteria Same Decile Same Quintile 1. AZ I Is Zand Per Capita Expenditure and 17.4 (16.2) 33.0 (31.6) Total Expenditure Per Capita Income and 20.6 (19.2) 35.7 (34.3) Total Income Per Capita Expenditure and 34.9 (35.0) 54.1 (53.7) Per Capita Income Total Expenditure and 37.9 (37.7) 56.8 (56.8) Total income 2. Urbcoa Areas Per Capita Expenditure and 21.2 (19.8) 37.5 (35.6) Total Expenditure Per Capita Income and 23.9 (22.1) 41.5 (39.4) Total Income Per Capita Expenditure and 38.7 (37.7) 59.3 '(58.6) Per Capita Income Total Expenditure and 40.5 (39.5) 60.5 (59.5) Total Income 3. Rural Areas Per Capita Expenditure and 16.7 (15.6) 32.9 (31.4) Total Expenditure Per Capita Income and 19.6 (18.1) 35.6 (34.1) Total Income Per Capita Expenditure and 35.6 (35.5) 55.4 (54.7) Per Capita Income Total Expenditure and 36.8 (36.5) 57.1 (57.2) Total Income 4. Estate Sector Per Capita Expenditure and 13.2 (12.5) 25.9 (24.2) Total Expenditure Per Capita Income and 11.9 (10.9) 26.4 (19.2) Total Income Per Capita Expenditure and 24.6 (24.5) 41.3 (41.6) Per Capita Income Total Expenditure and 26.6 (27.6) 43.0 (43.9) Total Income Note: Figures in parentheses show the percentage of total population included in households falling in the same decile (or quintile) according to alternative criteria. -30- the rankings in terms of (b) per capita and total hoiisehold income (PCY and THY). For the estate sector households, however, the reverse is true. The percentage of households in the same decile is higher when ranked in terms of (c> per capita expenditure and income (PCE and PCY) or (d) total household expenditure and income (THE and THY). Another way of looking at the data is to estimate the coefficients of correlation between different indices of income and expenditure. The results presented in Table 8 show that the correlation between per capita and total household expenditure in different sectors ranges between 0.70 and 0.80; the corresponding coefficients for income range between 0.60 and 0.84. An important underlying factor is the difference between the direction of association between (a) size and total expenditure (or income) of households, which is positive, and (b) size and per capita expenditure (or income) of households, which is negative. The same relationships were seen earlier in the data for deciles demarcated according to alternative criteria. It might be useful to repeat that with PCE or PCY ranking, the average household size varied inversely with decile; with THE or THY ranking, the average household size varied directly with decile. When one looks at the ranking in terms of PCE and THE (or PCY and THY), considerable reclassification takes place because of the difference in the direction of association between household size and decile according to the two criteria. The reclassification of households according to the ranking criterion can be examined partly by looking at the relationship between -31- Table 8 SRI LANKA: CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS FOR SELECTED VARIABLES, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 Monthly Monthly Total Total Monthly Monthly Household Household Per Capita Per Capita Household Variable Income Expenditure Income Expenditure Size (TRY) (THE) (PCY) (PCE) (HS) Urbca Areas THY THE 0.83 PCY 0.84 0.63 PCE 0.63 0.72 0.-81 HS5 0.20 0.33 -0.18. RuraZ Areas THY THE 0.83 PCY 0.68 0.47 PCE 0.48 0.61 0.80 HS 0.41 0.48 -0.27 -0.30 Estate ,Sector. THY THE 0.72 PCY 0.60 0.28 PCE 0.31 0.50 0.70 HS 0.46 0.51 -0.33 -0.38 Note: All coefficients are statistically significant at the one percent level. -32- the age of the head of the household and the level of total and per capita expenditure (or income). Table 9 presents the relevant data. In Table 10, the per capita and total household income and expenditure of households with heads in different age groups is shown as a percentage of the average for the total sample. The relationship with respect to expenditure is also shown in Figure 1 (which excludes the households with heads aged less than 20 years because of the small number of sample observations). It can be seen in Table 10 and Figure 1 that as the age of the head of the household rises from age 20 onwards, total household expenditure or income generally rises at first and then declines. This relationship indicates the operation of life cycle factors.-/ However, the average household size also has the same inverted U-shaped relationship with the age of the household head. As a result, the index of per capita expenditure first declines and then rises as the age of the household head increases. Households with young heads and a lower-than-average household size fall in the bottom deciles when the total expenditure (or income) is used as the ranking criterion; but they often fall in the top deciles when PCE or PCY is used as the ranking criterion. Evidently, the households classified as poor in terms of their THY or THE are often not poor in terms of their PCY or PCE. While there probably exist some economies of scale in the consumption of some items, e.g., housing, they are unlikely to be so important, particularly 1/ A similar and in fact more distinctly U-shaped relationship is also observed between the earnings of individual employees (wage or salary earners) and their age. The relevant data for Sri Lanka are discussed in Section VI. -33- Table 9 SRI LANKA: MONTHLY PER CAPITA AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) AND AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE ACCORDING TO THE AGE GROUP OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 Age Group of MlonthZy Houvseho',d Income Month 7A Per Capita lncomne Household Head All Urban Rural Estate All Urban Rural Estate All 323.7 505.0 297.2 232.3 55.3 80.7 50.6 44.7 Less than 20 480.7 199.1 571.9 153.9 96.1 33.2 114.4 51.3 20 - 24 191.3 249.8 186.2 174.2 57.3 71.0 56.6 50.8 25 - 29 217.3 314.6 202.8 194.3 52.9 66.9 49.7 50.5 30 - 34 271.4 398.0 254.7 212.0 53.7 74.2 49.9 46.6 35 - 39 309.4 502.1 284.1 210.4 52.9 82.9 48.2 39.3 40 - 44 338.9 544.2 302.8 237.5 50.8 79.6 44.7 41.3 45 - 49 335.9 515.7 308.2 255.0 49.4 71.8 44.7 43.7 50 - 54 360.2 544.5 331.8 265.8 55.7 78.4 51.3 46.4 55 - 59 368.9 604.1 333.0 270.2 60.7 91.0 55.0 49.5 60 & above 341.8 521.3 312.9 229.0 62.9 89.2 58.0 45.1 Month ti Household Expenditure iVonthlu Per Capita Fxpenc;t-re All 325.2 456.0 306.6 256.6 55.4 72.3 52.2 49.4 Less than 20 413.1 243.1 474.5 152.7 82.5 40.5 94.9 50.9 20 - 24 211.0 266.2 207.6 188.5 63.2 75.6 63.1 54.9 25 - 29 239.9 332.1 226.3 217.6 58.1 70.6 55.5 56.5 30 - 34 284.5 381.3 270.6 242.6 56.3 71.1 53.1 53.3 35 - 39 317.1 448.3 300.7 245.3 54.2 74.0 51.0 45.8 40 - 44 342.8 487.8 317.6 270.1 51.4 71.4 46.9 46.9 45 - 49 350.0 484.2 330.4 284.0 51.4 67.4 47.9 48.7 50 - 54 357.8 497.3 336.9 282.4 55.3 71.6 52.0 49.3 55 - 59 357.4 499.9 339.0 276.9 58.8 75.3 56.0 50.7 60 & above 334.1 457.1 303.8 243.7 59.3 75.8 56.3 48,0 Averaqe Household Size Number of SaroZe House'ioIds All 5.9 6.3 5.9 5.2 9664 4022 3652 1990 Less than 20 5.0 6.0 5.0 3.0 7 3 3 1 20 - 24 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.4 175 52 72 51 25 - 29 4.1 4.7 4.1 3.9 635 223 218 194 30 - 34 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.6 949 379 324 246 35 - 39 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.4 1302 525 482 295 40 - 44 6.7 6.8 6.8 5.8 1219 542 434 243 45 - 49 6.8 7.2 6.9 5.8 1433 595 524 314 50 - 54 6.5 7.0 6.5 5.7 1011 431 383 197 55 - 59 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.5 986 403 380 203 60 & above 5.5 6.0 5.4 5.1 1947 869 832 246 Table 10 SRI LANKA: INDEX OF MONTHLY PER CAPITA AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCORDING TO THE AGE GROUP OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 Age Group of Index of Household Income Index of Per Capita Income Household Head All Urban Rural Estate All Urban Rural Estate All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 20 148.5 39.4 192.4 66.2 173.8 41.1 226.1 114.8 20 - 24 59.1 49.5 62.7 75.0 103.7 88.0 111.8 113.6 25 - 29 67.1 62.3 68.2 83.6 95.3 82.9 98.3 112.9 30 - 34 83.8 78.8 85.5 91.2 97.1 92.0 98.6 104.3 35 - 39 95.6 99.4 95.6 90.6 95.7 102.8 95.2 87.9 40 - 44 104.7 107.8 101.9 102.2 92.0 98.7 88.3 92.3 45 - 49 103.8 102.1 103.7 109.8 89.3 88.9 88.4 97.7 50 - 54 111.3 107.8 111.6 114.4 100.7 97.1 101.3 103.7 55 - 59 114.0 119.6 112.0 116.3 109.8 112.7 108.7 110.8 60 & above 105.6 103.2 105.3 98.6 113.7 110.5 114.6 100.8 Index of Household Expenditure Index of Per Capita Expenditure All Urban Rural Estate All Urban Rural Estate All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 20 127.0 53.3 154.7 59.5 148.9 56.0 181.8 103.1 20 - 24 64.9 58.4 67.7 73.5 114.0 104.5 120.8 111.3 25 - 29 73.8 72.8 73.8 84.8 104.9 97.6 106.3 114.5 30 - 34 87.5 83.6 88.3 94.5 101.5 98.3 101.7 108.0 35 - 39 97.5 98.3 98.1 95.6 97.7 102.4 97.7 92.8 40 - 44 105.4 107.0 103.6 105.2 92.8 98.7 89.8 95.0 45 - 49 107.6 106.2 107.7 110.7 92.8 93.1 91.9 98.5 50 - 54 110.0 109.1 109.9 110.0 99.7 99.0 99.7 99.8 55 - 59 109.9 109.6 110.6 107.9 106.0 109.0 107.3 102.8 60 & above 102.7 100.2 99.1 95.0 107.0 104.8 107.9 97.2 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE INDEX OF MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE 9ar1- - - --,ln- -s.- . ....- I 50~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7. 4.0 40 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:0 .0 6.0 5.6 I0.0_ 500 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0.0 3.0 3.0 A 0 5 CS OP TIIC NOA 0? O WJTI j INDEX OF MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE Lr'0 m C lwel-t5rm-lwlrrrv-rm-rl-Fv 130,0 1 _ _SG 120.0 E.ESTRTE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5. - 10-t | -URBRN INDE oF MOTL P l-E STR CPTA EXEDTR I u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L 9 G E oL D 0 A S 1 : S 0 0 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~13. RUA .0. ... . . . Figure 1. Sri Lanka: Average Household Size and the Index of Total and Per Capita Monthly Expenditure of the Household, by Age Group of the Head of the Household, By Sector, 1969-70 -36- in the low income countries, that the use of THE or THY ranking would prove better than PCE or PCY ranking., Therefore, for formulating programmes of public assistance or poverty amelioration, the PCE or PCY criteria seem to have a distinct advantage. There might be some difficulty in identifying the actual household and its size, which would naturally be affected by (and would change over time through) births, deaths, and migrations; however, the per capita household expenditure and income criterion seems a better indicator of the needs of a group than the criterion of total household expenditure or income. ThM following analysis of the characteristics of households and/or their members falling in different deciles is based on the ranking of households-/ according to per capita household expenditure. The PCE ranking is preferred to the PCY ranking on the ground that consumption is more easily recalled and reported than income. Also, consumption is probably more closely related to the life time earnings of the members of a household than is income during a given short time interval of one month or a year. 1/ It is possible to demarcate deciles so that each decile would have 10 percent of the total population. However, that is not the pro- cedure followed in the present study. As a result, different deciles of households have varying percentages of the total population. The basic features highlighted under the present procedure would be essentially unaffected by the use of different/cut-off points under the alternative approach. -37- III. Characteristics of Households or Population in Different Deciles The characteristics of households or population falling in different deciles in terms of their per capita expenditure provide some insights into the living conditions and activities of the poor as well of the rich. The available data permit us to look at some of the (a) demographic character- istics, such as the average household size, sex ratio and the dependency ratio of the population, the educational attainment of persons aged 15 and over and the school enrollment ratios of persons aged 5-24, and (b) the economic characteristics such as the labor force participation rates and the incidence of unemployment, and the status, occupational and industrial distribution of the employed.l/ Most of the following discussion relates to deciles of households renked according to their per capita expenditure (PCE). For a few characteristics, however, a reference will be made to deciles in terms of per capita or total household income (PCY or TRY). In any case, all our deciles based on the PCE (or PCY, THY or THE) of a household have been demarcated separately for urban and rural areas, for the estate sector and for Sri Lanka as a whole. Obviously, the households falling in a given decile within a sector are not necessarily in that same decile in the country; and the estimates of a given characteristic for a particular decile in the country as a whole are not weighted averages of the corresponding decile-specific values for the three sectors. However, we shall first examine the sectoral and ethnic group distribution of households falling in different PCE and PCY deciles in Sri Lanka as a whole. -38- Sectoral Distribution of Households in Different Deciles Tables 1 and 2 show the sectoral distribution of all Sri Lankan households falling in different deciles when PCE or PCY are used as the ranking criterion.l/ As would be expected, the percentage of urban households tends to rise as the decile rises while that of rural households tends to decline as the decile rises. The percentage of estate sector households first rises and then falls as both PCE and PCY deciles rise; this U-shaped relationship reaches its peak value in the fourth decile of the nation-wide distribution. The estate sector households were overrepresented among the second to seventh deciles partly because their average size is smaller that that of urban or rural households. Consistent with the impression about their relatively low incomes, few of the estate sector households were in the top PCE or PCY decile in the country as a whole. However, their underrepresentation in the bottom decile is somewhat surprising. The problems of measurement of income and expenditure may be a contributory factor; the estate sector households receive most of their income in the form of wages and salaries, and buy all their requirements from the market. Other rural households, on the other hand, receive some non-monetary income, which is difficult to recall and value precisely. However, as will be seen later, the labour force participation rates were higher, and even 1/ Throughout this paper, the absolute numbers of households or persons shown in tables, that are reproductions of computer output, are in hundreds. Figures in the second and third rows of each box are percentages based on the row and column totals, respectively. A more detailed explanation of how to interpret the tables is in the Statistical Appendix, following the list of tables. 2/ The over- or under-representation of households (or persons) with a given characteristic in a particular decile can be judged by comparing either the column percentages or the row percentages. Table 1 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACH DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE BY (A) SECTOR OF RESIDENCE AND (B) ETHNIC GROUP, 1969-70 COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capi.ta Expenditure of the Household ROW Sectoral COL PCT I TOTAL Sectoral CSL PCT 1 2 I 3 I 4 5 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I Distribution ........…I…........-.....i.---I...… …---…--WI…….. .....… …-.… ….....-WI 1 1 174 1 206 I 234 I 255 I 286 1 295 1 308 I 373 1 518 I 790 I 3439 Urban Areas I 5,1 I 6,0 I 6,8 I 7,4 I 8,3 ! 8,6 1 9,0 I 10,8 I 15,1 S 23,0 I 16,4 1 8,3 1 9,8 I 11,2 I 12,2 1 13,o I 14,1 1 14,7 I 17,8 I 24,1 I 37,6 I w-.-T,---I-.......IV.……I_-__.... I……-e---tI- ----- w.I .........I....-.... 2 I 1732 I 1b20 I 1S83 I 1525 I 1513 1 1513 1 1517 S 1472 1 1389 1 1192 1 15057 Rural Areas I 11,5 1 10,8 I lo's I 10,1 I 10,0 I 10,0 1 10,1 I 9,8 I 9,2 I 7,9 I 71,8 I 82,7 I 77.' I 75,5 I 72,8 I 72,1 I 72,1 1 72,4 I 70,3 I 66,2 1 56,7 I 3 1 189 I 268 I 28t I 315 I 301 1 289 £ 269 I 250 I 191 1 118 1 2471 Estate Sector I 7,6 I 10,9 I 11,4 I 12.8 I 12.2 I 11,7 1 10,9 1 10,1 I 7,7 I 4,8 1 11,6 I 9,0 1 12,8 I 13,4 I 15,1 I 14,3 I 13,8 I 12,9 I 11,9 I 9,1 I 5,6 I COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 209O 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 100,01010 COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Ethnic Group COL PCT I TOTAL Distribution I 1 1 2 I 3 I 4 1 5 I 6 £ 7 I 8 I 9 ! 10 I I I 1641 1 1557 I 1462 I 1401 I 1365 1 1441 1 1463 I 1409 1 1440 I 1421 I 14600 Sinhalese I 11,2 I 10,7 I 10,0 I 9,6 I 9,3 I 9,9 I 10,0 I 9.7 I 9,v I 9,7 I 69,6 1 78,3 I 74,3 I 69,7 1 66,9 I 65,0 1 68,7 I 69,8 I 67,3 I 6o,6 I 67,7 1 oI..ea.COOI……-7---I*-……--I……--It-..-....... .. .------.I..... ..I....w... I.. -I-...... 2 I 1?b 1 213 1 258 I 298 1 311 1 25b 1 268 I 301 I 358 I 401 I 2790 Ceylon Tamil 1 4 5 I 7,6 I 9,2 I 10,7 I 11,2 I 9,2 1 9,6 I 10,8 I 12,o I 14.4 1 13,3 I 6,0 I .10,2 1 12,3 I 14,2 I 14,8 I 12.2 I 12,8 I 14,4 I 17,0 I 19,1 1 ........I--......I...Jr. .------.I..........--..-----I-PI.........I........ Indian T 3 ! 152 1 214 I 271 1 271 1 303 I 281 1 2S2 I 248 I 177 I 92 1 2260 Indian Tamil I 6,7 I 9,5 I 12,0 I 12,o I 13,4 I 12,4 1 11,1 I 11,0 I 7,8 I 4,1 1 l0,6 I 7,2 I 10,2 1 12,9 I 12,9 I 14,4 I 13.4 i 12,0 I 11,8 I 8,4 I 4,4 I Other ~4 I 176 I 111 I 107 I 125 I 120 . 119 i 113 I 135 I 124 I 186 I 1317 1 13,3 1 8,4 I .6,1 I 9,5 I 9.1 I 9,1 I 8,5 1 10,3 1 9,4 I 14,2 I 6,3 I 8,4 I 5,3 I 5,1 I 6,0 I 5,7 I 5,7 1 5,4 I 6,5 I 5,9 I 8,9 I WI I . ...I...…- I …-wI...I ...…"IV------WI------ ' -..... wI------- ---TV I COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 209* TOTAL 10,o 10,0 lo,o ?°.° 10,0 lo,o 10,0 to,0 10o. 10,0 -QO Table 2 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN EACH DECILE OF PER CAPITA INCOME BY (A) SECTOR OF RESIDENCE AND (B) ETHNIC GROUP, 1969-70 COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Income of the Household TOTW Sectoral COL PCT I 8TO9TA10L Distribution I 2 I 3 I 4 1 5 I 6 8 7 I 8 I 9 … 10 I Dlstrlbu.tion ._,.___,I,,,_,~~~~... ._.....I._.......I.^-.... I.I...-.,.-.. I....... ...,...------....... --I-w-.... 1 I 1Sb I 208 1 228 I 249 1 285 1 294 1 338 1 357 I 495 I 829 I 3439 Urban Areas I a,5 I 6,0 I. 6,6 I 7,2 I S.3 I 8,6 1 9,8 I 10,4 I 1 4, I 2401 I 16,4 I . 7,5 I 9,9 I 109 I 11,9 I 13,6 I 14,0 1 16,1 I 17,x 1 23,6 I 39,4 I -I-. -----I --vI--------I--------~~~IV ------- I....... M--------- I--------I------ --I ------- "I 2 I 1756 1 1620 I 1575 I 1480 I 1484 I 1509 I 1464 I 1509 1 1451 I 1208 I 15057 Rural Areas I 11,7 I 10,8 I 10,5 S 9,8 ! 9,9 I Io,0 i 9,7 1 0,0 I 9,6 I 8,0 I 71i8 I 83,8 I 77.4 1 75.0 1 70,6 I 70,9 I 71,8 I 69,8 I 72,2 I 69,1 I 57,5 I 3 I 183 I 266 1 296 I 308 I 324 I 298 1 296 I 222 I 155 1 65 I 24'71 Estate Sector S 7,4 I tO,8 I 12,0 1 14,9 I 13,1 1 1 2.1 ; 12,0 1 9,0 1 6,3 1 26 I 11,8 I 8,7 I 12,7 I 14,1 I 17,5 I 'S,5 I 14,2 1 1,I I 10,h I 7,4 I 3,1 I wI----o;0---I……---I..--- I ……-- I … ……-#~X---w I----…-I-v-wIw--w COLUMN 2095 2094 2099 2097 2093 2101 2097 2089 2102 2101 209b7 TOTAL 10*0 10,0 lOo logo logo l0,0 10.0 10.0 10lo0 op0 10- , t 0 0 COUNT I RCO PcT I Decile of Per Capita Income of the Household ROW Ethnic Group COL PCT I TOTA0 Distribution I I I 2 3 I 4 I 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 I 9 I 10 I I I 1670 I 1 52 I 1470 I 1399 1 1377 I 1386 1 1394 I 1385 I 1082 1 4 95 I 14600 Sinhalese I 11, I 10,6 I 10,1 I I 9,6 I 9 I 95 1 9,5 I 9,5 1 10,2 I 10,2 I 69,6 I 79,7 I 73,7 I 70,0 I 686,7 I 65,8. I 65,9 1 66,5 I 66,3 I 70,5 I 71.2 I VI-.--..…-…-------I…..I..... .…I........1. .I ------....I........I.......1"I 2 1 96 I 179 I 242 I 259 i 302 I 310 1 305 1 3b4 I 345 1 389 I 2790 Ceylon Tamil I 3,o I ,04 i 8,7 I 9,3 I 10,8 I 111 1 10.9 I 13,1 I 12,4 I 14,0 I 13,3 I 0,8 I fl,5 I 11,5 ; 12,3 I 10,0 I 1u,7 1i 145 I 17,4 I 16,4 I 18,5 I I-.- I ……-----I-.----w-I……---"--I……---- I--.---1-…….-.-- I……...1. .I . .-.I... -...I 3 1 173 1 232 I 265 1 322 I 303 1 282 I 275 I 224 1 134 I 51 1 2260 Indian Tamil I 7,6 I Io,3 I 11.7 I 14,2 I 13.4 I 12,5 1 12,2 S 9,9 I 5,9 I 2,2 I 10,8 I 8,2 I 11,1 I I 12,6 1 15,4 I It,5 I 13,4 1 13,1 1 10,7 I 6,0 I 2,0 I … … ……--------I......--------… I……..I-............I........I........……-....I 4 I 15b ; 141 I 122 1 118 I 112 I 123 1 123 S 115 I 141 I 166 I 1317 Other I 11,9 I 10,7 1 9,2 I 8,9 I e,5 I 9,4 i 9,4 S 8,6 I 10,7 I 12,6 I 6,3 I 7,5 I 6,7 I 5,8 1 5,6 I 5,3 I 5,9 1 5,9 I 5,5 I 6,7 1 7,9 I U I p.... …………-...I...……...I… … … ……...I…--------I...... we 'I...... --I ........ COLUMN 2095 2090 2099 2097 2093 2101 2097 2089 2102 2101 20967 TOTAL 10,0 10,0 10°0 logo 100o lo,o lO,0 10,0 lo, 1o0o loo1,0 -41- after taking account of unemployment, the households with more than one earner were more numerous on the estates than in urban and rural areas. Therefore, the observed underrepresentation of the estate sector house- holds in the bottom decile of the country as a whole is not altogether implausible. Ethnic Distribution of Households in Different Deciles Tables 1 and 2 also show the distribution of households in each decile by ethnic group. As noted earlier a large majority of the estate sector households were Indian Tamilsl/ and, therefore, there is a slight overlap between the two distributions shown in Tables 1 and 2. The Indian Tamils are underrepresented in the bottom decile as well as in the top quintile in-terms of both PCE and (even more clearly) PCY. Sri Lankan Tamil households are underrepresented in the bottom deciles and overrepre- sented in the upper deciles of both PCE and PCY. The percentage of Sri Lankan Tamils rises steadily from 6.0 to 19.0 percent in the PCE deciles and from 4.6 to 18.5 percent in the PCY deciles. The Sinhalese, comprising the majority in Sri Lanka, are somewhat overrepresented in the bottom quintile of both PCE and PCY. There is little variation in the propor- tion of the miscellaneous "other" ethnic groups in different deciles of PCE and PCY. In Section V and VI, the ethnic group of the main earner of the household or of wage and salary earners are taken into account in the multiple classification analysis (MCA) of PCE (or PCY) of a household as well as the earnings of employees. It is seen there that the percentage 1/ About 83.5 percent of all Indian Tamil households were resident on the estates. -42- of variance in PCE (or PCY) of a household, or in the earnings of employees, that is explained by ethnicity is quite small when an allowance is made for other factors such as educational attainment, occupation, household size, or the child-dependency ratio. Yet, ethnic group is a key variable with important political ramifications in terms of nationality and citizenship. Although the scope of the present study does not permit a detailed discussion of ethnic group as a variable, further analysis of ethnic differences may prove quite rewarding.- Demographic Characteristics Table 3 and Figure 1 summarize the main demographic characteristics of the population in each PCE decile of households. Table 4 summarizes the coefficients of correlation between various characteristics and the average per capita expenditure of households in different deciles. Table A.2 in the Statistical Appendix shows the size distribution of households in each PCE decile. Table A.3 shows the age composition of the heads of households in each PCE decile by sex, and it permits the estimation of the percentage of females among household heads in each decile. The distributions of population by sex, broad age groups, and five year age groups are shown in Tables A.4, A.5, and A.6 in the Statistical Appendix. Tables A.7 and A.8 show the distribution of households in each decile according to the child-dependency ratio (children aged 0-14 as a proportion of persons aged 15-59) and the aged-dependency ratio (persons aged 60 and above as a proportion of persons aged 15-59). Some of these characteristics deserve a brief discussion. 1/ Such an analysis is in progress in the comparative study of the developmental experience of Sri Lanka,and Kerala and Punjab States of India, undertaken by B.S. Minhas. Table 3 SRI LANKA: SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE DECILE OF MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 PCE Decile All Island Urban Rural Estate All Island Urban Rural Estate (A) Average Household Size (B) Dependency Ratios* 1 7.31 8.06 7.27 7.43 1233 1194 1336 1053 2 6.85 7.44 6.71 6.38 1105 953 1078 968 3 6.46 7.15 6.57 5.94 927 932 957 976 4 6.31 6.66 6.33 5.58 895 813 954 777 5 5.94 6.25 6.04 5.49 833 789 832 674 6 5.55 6.13 5.59 5.06 757 756 801 619 7 5.70 5.70 5.71 4.60 721 682 757 583 8 4.97 5.64 5.09 4.28 692 614 708 494 9 5.00 5.17 5.05 3.82 572 563 618 452 10 4.58 4.89 4.41 3.46 525 487 535 333 All 5.87 6.30 5.88 5.20 831 785 861 711 (Cl Percentaqe of Femc=lee i tion (D) Percentage of Femaies Anmng Household Heads 1 50.4 49.8 50.3 50.0 14.4 17.9 12.9 10.3 2 48.9 48.6 49.6 47.8 13.4 16.3 15.9 10.5 3 50.6 49.1 50.5 47.3 12.6 13.1 11.5 9.7 4 49.4 50.4 50.7 49.0 10.2 14.2 10.7 5.6 5 47.8 51.4 47.9 47.0 10.3 16.0 11.3 8.9 6 49.3 49.5 48.3 49.4 9.7 14.8 8.2 10.9 7 49.6 50.3 48.7 49.9 11.3 16.0 9.3 8.9 8 50.6 49.5 50.7 48.3 12.8 12.8 13.2 .8.9 9 48.7 51.2 49.0 51.9 11.6 16.0 11.0 11.7 10 48.9 49.5 47.7 47.9 12.1 10.1 12.0 6.8 All 49.4 49.9 49.4 48.8 11.8 14.7 11.6 9.3 * Persons aged 0-14 plus 60 and above per 1000 persons aged 15-59. -44- Figure 1 SRI LANA76;--SLECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF-POPULATION BlY PCE DECILE AND SECTOR,1969L-70 * -- ! - : . -- T . . ~~~~~~~~~~~~Se-x Ratio of Povulation _ 't ._ Averag7e Household Size -~ .... --1125' r ; 8 _ _ 1100 t: \ /t 7 t -- *- - -- __ 1075 j :t - ' - 1- 6 _ *__ 1_ 0 57f+t0 t-t > 5 ;* .- 1025 ; --;; ~_ J !/ ! 4 , . . .......1000 lt,/< ,-'!-,-,\ _£:__ t | 1 f f - - - = $ _~~-- __ - ---- PCE Decile PEDcl 18 _ _ L :: ~Percent r o Fem 4ale Heads l<()OiL-~~- Depen.dency Ratio i-_1 =t--- ---------- : l0 ........'' 16 -- 0 -A 17 :s lOOC ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-T= ,-I- 1 m_ _ 7 . 1200 - 1 6 -7 7 r 1l 800 X i'---li _\8\_ ,_- _ _ _, . 12 -4 j t .1 \ it- -~~~~~~~~~~~~ , , : : 1 - >_ 1 1 _ - - -I 1# =_-:---- , . -O--/--,~~~~~~~ --a , 400 _{- 1 -t(-- 14%. / 900 i13 -~+ ''t :s' s'I'\'i . _+_:,. j. ...............' __ . ' _.__; _ ........ ,._ _., _ ................ _-- .: 1 . ... * ,' _, .......................... .jM % ''*y' - * 6~-- t~- 1-\f/ '-^L- o-~~~7- PC DeteIQ_ : .. . ' ' 3 i ( * -i s i7. Legnd ._ Al1san2bb Dcl ........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ...rba 7ra ----- 7rlAra 700 ~ ~ ----EtaeSco Table 4 SRI LANKA: COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION BETWEEN SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS AND AVERAGE PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE IN DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1969-70 Characteristic All Island Urban-Areas Rural Areas Estate Sector 1. Average Household Size -0.87** 0.86** ) -0.93** -0.89** 2. Dependency Ratio -0.85** -0.85** -0.87** -0.88** 3. Percentage of Females -0.14 -0.70* -0.16 -0.30 among Household Heads 4. Percentage of Females -0.27 -0.11 -0.55 -0.07 in Population 5. Literacy Rate U Males 0.83** 0.78** 0.76* 0.63 Females 0.93** 0.84** 0.86** 0.89** Persons 0.90** 0.82** 0.83** 0.80** 6. Labor Force Participation Rates MIles 0.67* 0.70* 0.74* 0.93** Females 0.23 0.92** 0.21 0.18 Persons 0.80** 0.98** 0.86** 0.74* 7. Incidence of Unemployment Ages 10 and over t!ales -0.90** -0.89** -0.72* -0.81** Females -0.23 -0.95** N -0.69* Persons -0.93** -0.93** -0.50 -0.80** * significant at the five percent level. ** significant at the one percent level. NOTE: With a quadratic specification, R2 for unemployment among rural females increased to 0.76. -46- (a) Average Household Size Except for a slight reversal in rural areas, the average size of a household in each sector steadily declines as the PCE decile rises. The coefficients of correlation between average household size and average per capita expenditure in different deciles are all negative. The inter-decile range of variation in average household size is wider in the estate sector than in urban or rural areas. The overall average household size on the estates is about 11 percent below the average for the country as a whole (the latter is almost the same as for rural areas). Somewhat surprisingly, the average size of urban households is seven percent above the average for the country as a whole. Even in Peninsular Malaysia in 1973, the average size of an urban house- hold (5.44) was a little larger than that of a rural household (5.39), but the difference was small. The findings for Sri Lanka are contrary to general impressions based on the expectation of lower fertility in urban areas and deserve further exploration.L/ Table A.2 in the Statistical Appendix shows the size distribu- tion of households in each PCE decile by sector. As noted earlier, the survey excluded single-member households from its frame. The percentage of two- and three-member households rises almost consistently with decile in all sectors, with the inter-decile differential particularly striking in the estate sector. The differences in the size composition of house- holds falling in different deciles are an important subject for further research. 1/ As noted in Annex 2, the Sri Lankan censuses of 1963 and 1971 have not attempted any tabulation of the data on household size and, therefore, the subject has received little attention. It is hoped that the 1981 Census would correct this omission. -47- (b) Age Distribution of Household Heads The average household size and the size distribution of house- holds in different PCE deciles can be expected to be related to the age composition of household heads. The identification of a household head in a survey is a difficult problem since it is difficult to assess the structure of authority within a household. Nonetheless, 78 percent of heads of households were also identified as the "main earners." The relevant data are discussed in Annex 3. As indicated by Figure 1 in Section II, the size of households first increases and then decreases as the age group of the household increases. Table A.3 in the Statistical Appendix shows the age distribution of household heads in each PCE decile by sector and sex of the head. Since classification takes into account ten age groups and ten deciles, the data for female heads of households, particularly those for the estate sector, are subject to the problem of a small sample and should be viewed with due caution. In the country As a whole, the bottom decile of households shows a marked overrepresentation of middle-aged heads (aged 35-49, who tend to report near-peak sized households) and an underrepresentation of older heads (aged 55 and over). The latter are underrepresented in the bottom two deciles and overrepresented in the upper deciles. The percentage of young heads (aged less than 35 years) shows a mild tendency to rise with PCE decile; but some erratic fluctuations are evident. The data for individual sectors also seem to show trends broadly similar to those for the country as a whole, except that in urban areas the young heads are not overrepresented in the top decile and on the estates, the older heads do not seem to be overrepresented in the upper -48- deciles. On the whole, the inter-decile differences in the age distribution of household heads seem to be less sharp in urban areas and on the estates.l/ A large majority of heads of households tend to be males and what is said above holds for them also. The data for female heads are based on a relatively small number of sample households; but in the country as a whole and in rural areas, female heads aged 25 to 44 years of age seem to be overrepresented in the bottom two or three deciles whereas the other female heads (presumably having smaller sized households) seem to be overrepresented in the top two or three deciles. On an average, female heads of households tend to be older than male heads, and therefore, the data seem to raise a question about the general impression of overrepresenta- tion of females among the poor. This question merits further detailed discussion. (c) Sex and Marital Status Composition of Household Heads Table 3 and Figure 1 show the percentage of female heads of households in each PCE decile, by sector. The percentage of female heads was indeed above the average level in all three sectors in the two or three bottom PCE deciles and also in the country. However, the percentage change quite erratically. According to the results presented in Table 4, the negative association between the percentage of female heads and PCE decile is statistically significant at the five percent level in urban areas, but not in rural areas or the estates. Thus, the hypothesis of 1/ In the multivariate analysis in the next section, we have used age group of the main earner as an explanatory variable. It ranked quite low among the variables explaining the variance in PCY or PCE. -49- overrepresentation of females among the heads of households in bottom deciles finds clear support in urban areas of Sri Lanka but not in rural areas or the estates. If, on the other hand, households are ranked according to their total household income (THY), the percentage of females among heads shows a clear inverse relationship with decile.i! For Sri Lanka as a whole, females form over 25 percent of the heads of households in the bottom decile in terms of THY and about 8.4 percent of those in the top decile. Table 5 shows that the average size of households with females heads was smaller than that of households with male heads; partly as a result, the relationship between PCE or PCY and the percentage of female heads is quite weak. TABLE 5 SRI LANKA: AVERAGE SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD BY SEX OF THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969 - 70 Households Households All with with Sector Households Male Heads Female Heads All 5.87 5.97 5.05 Urban Areas 6.30 6.43 5.20 Rural Areas 5.88 5.97 5.02 Estates 5.20 5.24 5.02 1/ The relationship between PCY deciles and the percentage of female heads is similar to that in terms of PCE deciles. Likewise, the relationship between the percentage of female heads and the THE (total household ex- penditure) deciles is expected to be similar to that in terms of THY deciles. Data in terms of THY deciles are shown in Pravin Visaria, "Poverty and Living Standards in Asia: An Overview of the Main Results and Lessons of Selected Household Surveys," Working Paper No. 2 of the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), World Bank, August 1980. -50- The lower average size of households with female heads is related to the fact that a large majority of these females (74 percent in urban and rural areas as well as the country as a whole, and 67 percent on the estates) tend to be widowed, divorced or separated. Interestingly, however, the data show that only the divorced and separated female heads of house- holds in rural areas were clearly overrepresented among the poor; the absence of any strong system of alimony might be a contributory factor. (d) Percentage of Females in the Population Another approach to assess the hypothesis about the overrepresenta- tion of women among the poor is to examine the percentage of females in the population by PCE deciles. According to the data shown in Table 3 and Figure 1, the percentage of females in the population was above average in the bottom four deciles in rural areas, in the bottom decile on the estates, and in the lowest and third (from the bottom) deciles in the country as a whole. In urban areas, the percentage of females exceeds the average only in the fourth and fifth PCE deciles. The measures of association summarized in Table 4 do not lend support to the hypothesis of overrepresentation of females among the poor in terms of the PCE ranking. When the data were tabulated according to the decile of total household income (THY) or expenditure (THE) of the household, the percentage of females in the population did show a tendency to rise with decile. However, as noted in Section II, the ranking of households according to their PCE (or PCY) seems to be a better index of living standards; and the results based on THE (or THY) deciles should be viewed with a great deal of reservation. -51- (e) Dependency Ratios and the Age Distribution of the Population Table 3 and Figure 1 show that the dependency ratio decreases consistently in each sector as PCE decile rises. Table 4 shows this inverse association to be statistically significant. This finding is closely related to the observed inverse association between household size and PCE decile. The larger households iP the bottom deciles seem to have a higher proportion of dependents, mainly children below the age of 15. Persons aged 60 and over account for only six percent of the total population; and although Table A.6 shows that their percentage in the population tends to rise with PCE decile, the variations in dependency ratios are mainly due to differences in the proportions of children. This point is further confirmed by Tables A.7 and A.8 in the Statistical Appendix, and Figure 2. The percentage of households with no member aged below 15 rises from about four or five in the bottom decile to 42 in the top decile in urban and rural areas and from two to almost 63 among the estate sector households. On the other hand, the proportion of households with no member aged 60 or above shows relatively small inter-decile variations (between 65 to 70 percent in urban areas, between 64 and 74 percent in rural areas and between 75 to 84 percent on the estates). Interestingly, the estates report the lowest dependency ratio, lower than that of the urban population. Table A.6 reports a lower proportion of both the young (below age 15) and the elderly (60 and above) in the estate sector than in rural or urban areas. Quite probably, the explanation lies in differences in migration, and fertility and mortality rates, topics that need a more detailed study than is feasible in the present paper. -52- Figure 2 SRI LANKA: 'PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH (A) NO MENLBER AGED 0-14 AND (B) NO MEMBER AGED 60 AND OVER BY PCE DECILE AND SECTOR !i---. |-- HOUSEHOLD WITI NO. EPMER AGED 0 - 14 - - _ 70 -[ 60__ __ _, ,, , , r. 40~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 20 ... : - - .. .. . . ..._.............. - . - M 7 10.-- Fl 40 _ ,_ , __~~~~7 .: . -_. . . < _ -4--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ _7 rl ... , ...... .... ...... ....F-:.: ..:-I~ -|..... -- ,. i _ ~~ - - - t7 - i P Decile--:1 ;:r~: I:Zi - H -.EHOLD-WITH -NO. . ER-AGED 60 -&-OVE_R 90__ t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 50 . 17 a - -I W 9 - 1U S I - -> 2 , X .. . ..... 7--- :- -: -1 Legend: All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas EstaLe Sector -53- (f) Literacy Rates Table A.9 in the Statistical Appendix and Figure 3 below show the literacy rates of persons aged 15 and over by sex and sector of resi- dence. Persons aged 0-14 are excluded from consideration to focus attention on persons who can potentially undertake economic activity. Also, each decile of households accounts for almost the same percentage of persons aged 15 and over. As shown in Annex 2, the survey seems to have selected a sample with a higher level of literacy than was reported about one year later by the 1971 Census. However, literacy rates in Sri Lanka are much higher than those in the Indian Subcontinent (higher than even the most literate state of Kerala in India). Female literacy rates are lower than the male counterpart, particularly on the estates. As expected, the literacy rate rises steadily with PCE decile for both males and females in each sector. The inter-decile variations are larger for females than for males. The measures of association in Table 4 confirm the statistical significance of the positive association between literacy rate and PCE decile in each decile. Figure 3 SRI LANKA: LITERACY RATES BY PCE DECILE AND SECTOR, 1969-70 All 16Zand Urban Areas _. g$1.+ .. .... 90 ___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 ii:I 1i8 , R | , . . I . j z~~~~~~~J J: . '! ! i l ! - - : l : ! 60 4.~L4 }~.~I~601 I PCE Decile PCE Decile Rural Areas Estate Sector ---1-- i -.: - j - ; 80 @190 1 s_4----r-^ ---s7 I LI i .1.1 90 $! 8° ~-i. t -i I- t --- :! t_ 4 ._ _a 0 1-1 !. @1 0 T"" 7- 6tz 0 + " - I~~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'qI I O .2 ... -.. .... PCE Decile Legend:.* *Males PCE Decile 60 - 4Femaies Versons -55- (g) Educational Attainment Table A.10 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of the population aged 15 and over by educational attainment-/ to highlight the differences in the level of schooling of those classified as literate in Table A.9.2/ As would be expected, the level of education rises with PCE decile in every sector. In urban and rural areas, the percentage of males as well as females with no schooling (corresponding closely to illiteracy rates) varies inversely with PCE decile; the same is also true of the estate households, but the range of differentials appears small in relative terms, particularly among females. The educational standards of the literates in the lower PCE deciles are, however, markedly lower than of those in upper deciles. Few of the former have gone beyond the middle school; that is not the case for persons in the upper deciles. The proportion of those with primary education varies inversely with PCE decile in urban areas among both males and females and in rural areas among males; but the inverse relationship seems very weak among rural females and among the estate sector males and females. 1/ Until 1972, the General Certificate of Education (G.C.E.) was given on passing an examination at the end of the tenth grade. The Advanced Level GCE was awarded on passing an examination at the end of the twelfth grade. In Table A.10 in the Statistical Appendix, those who had studied up to anywhere between the sixth and tenth grades but had not passed the GCE examination have been grouped together in a single category labelled as "middle school," although the term is not strictly valid. 2/ As would be expected, the percentages of illiterates in Table A.9 are very close to those of persons with no schooling in Table A.10. (For the estate sector males, the percentage of illiterates was reported to be 21.4 whereas the percentage of those with no schooling was 21.7. Some persons with no formal schooling can also be literate and therefore it is not possible to view these differences as indicative of errors.) -56- The percentage of those with post-primary school but pre-GCE (or HSC, High School Certificate ), education seems to rise with PCE decile in the estate sector and among rural females but not in urban areas or among rural males. The differences are sharper at the other end of the educational ladder; the percentage of those having passed GCE or higher examinations rises steadily with PCE decile in every sector. A majority of those who had passed the advanced GCE examination or had been to college were from the top two PCE deciles. The data on educational attainments discussed above related to the entire population aged 15 and over and included some who might have been students at the time of the survey. A case can be made for focussing attention on the educational attainments of the earners only. Accordingly, Table A.ll shows the distribution of the main earners of households by PCE decile and educational attainment. The pattern of differences in the educational attainment of main earners is similar to that seen in the data for the population as a whole. In fact, except on the estates, differences are sharper, because the average or median age of main earners of households would naturally be higher than that of the population aged 15 and over. Also, there are clear sectoral differences in the educational attainment of main earners in each PCE decile, with the proportion of those with no schooling or only primary education lowest in urban areas, almost the highest in the estate sector and intermediate in rural areas. -57- (h) School Enrollment Rates The differences in educational attainment outlined above are expected to decline over time because of the decision of the Government of Ceylon in 1945 to provide essentially free education "from kindergarten to the university."-/ While school enrollment is not compulsory by law, the school enrollment rates, based on the 1971 Census, seem high for ages 5-9 and 10-14 (84.5 and 71.2 percent respectively).-/ Our data relating to the students are based on questions about the "type of activity" and priority would be given to a person's classi- fication as employed or unemployed.3/ However, as shown in Annex 5, the labor force participation rates for ages 5-14 were quite low and the resulting bias would be quite small. Table 6 shows the school enroll- ment ratios by age and PCE decile for ages 5-24.4/ A small part of the inter-decile differences in school enroll- ment ratios for the age group 5-9 may be due to differences in the per- centage of children below the prescribed "minimum age of admission," raised (from five) to six years in 1964.5/ However, the ratios do show a 1/ United Nations, ESCAP, Population of Sri Lanka (Bangkok, 1976), p. 210. The mother tongue of the pupil was adopted as the medium of instruction in all schools. Only the tuition is free. A student's family would have to bear the other costs, including earnings foregone. 2/ Ibid., pp. 212-216 3/ Students were defined as "persons attending school or any other educational institution on a regular basis and ... not fully employed otherwise." 4/ The percentage of students in the total population by PCE decile of households can be seen in Table A.12 in the Statistical Appendix. These percentages show a tendency to decline with PCE decile, particu- larly among males, largely because of the differences in age composi- tion outlined earlier. 5/ United Nations, Op. Cit., p. 210. -58- Table 6 SRI LANKA: SCHOOL ENROLLMENT RATES FOR AGES 5 - 24 IIY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (PCE) OF THE HOUSEHOLD, BY SEX AND SECTOR, 1969-70 Doeile of Per Capita Expenditure Sex/Age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All ALL ISLUND Males 5- 9 70.3 77.4 78.7 77.3 79.4 79.5 80.2 80.5 83.5 89.8 78.0 10 - 14 75.2 82.8 78.4 85.0 86.5 89.0 91.4 85.5 86.3 82.3 83.2 15 - 19 31.1 34.3 38.7 42.6 43.6 39.0 49.3 46.6 56.9 59.7 42.9 20 - 24 5.8 5.4 4.1 3.6 6.4 6.8 4.9 7.8 9.6 18.7 7.3 Females 5 - 9 65.8 72.6 78.7 79.5 80.2 80.6 80.3 84.5 86.1 81.9 77.1 10 - 14 61.0 70.0 75.8 79.8 78.0 79.7 76.7 83.9 83.6 78.8 75.1 15 - 19 24.0 29.9 28.0 33.9 34.7 32.1 42.5 39.0 45.1 48.9 34.7 20 - 24 4.1 5.0 6.3 3.8 6.3 5.3 6.2 7.2 7.0 12.0 6.3 Persons 5 - 9 68.2 75.1 78.7 78.4 79.8 80.1 80.3 82.6 84.7 85.9 77.6 10 - 14 68.5 77.0 77.2 82.3 82.7 84.3 83.7 84.7 84.8 80.6 79.3 15 - 19 27.5 32.0 33.0 38.3 39.0 35.4 45.8 42.2 50.7 54.3 38.7 20 - 24 5.0 5.2 5.3 3.7 6.3 6.0 5.6 7.5 8.3 15.4 6.8 UR.AN AREAS MAles 5 - 9 77.1 83.3 84.2 82.2 87.0 83.1 84.1 94.9 89.4 96.1 84.3 10- 14 81.1 86.3 89.3 90.0 90.5 91.0 84.6 91.6 75.9 75.2 86.1 15- 19 37.1 42.8 44.7 55.6 51.7 59.8 55.2 70.6 70.1 55.4 53.2 20 - 24 4.5 8.4 8.6 8.8 10.9 9.5 12.0 23.3 21.6 26.1 13.1 Females 5 - 9 76.5 80.3 82.0 78.3 84.9 81.8 85.7 82.6 89.0 90.1 81.8 10 - 14 75:4 79.1 88.5 84.0 87.6 86.3 82.3 86.0 83.3 79.6 83.0 15 - 19 34.3 27.7 36.8 37.5 43.8 45.9 44.5 56.4 54.1 54.9 42.6 20 - 24 3.0 4.4 4.0 2.7 6.8 4.8 8.7 15.9 13.4 10.2 7.2 Persons 4 A. .5- 9 76.8 81.8 83.2 80.3 85.9 82.5 85.0 88.9 89.2 93.2 83.1 10 - 14 78.6 83.9 88.9 86.8 89.1 88.6 83.4 88.7 79.6 77.2 84.6 15 - 19 35.7 35.6 40.7 46.3 47.6 52.7 49.8 63.6 62.5 55.1 47.8 20 - 24 3.7 6.5 6.3 5.5 8.6 7.1 10.3 19.5 17.3 18.4 10.1 RURAL AREAS Hales 5 - 9 72.3 81.1 81.0 76.2 80.7 78.0 75.2 82.4 80.6 88.5 78.5 10 - 14 75.5 85.6 79.0 85.0 87.4 89.2 91.5 85.8 86.9 90.1 84.3 15 - 19 32.7 36.6 37.4 43.2 48.9 42.4 47.4 45.7 50.5 60.9 43.4 20 - 24 5.4 5.9 5.3 4.2 5.1 5.3 4.9 5.6 6.8 15.5 6.4 Females 5 - 9 66.5 74.1 79.6 82.9 80.4 85.8 82.6 82.4 84.1 81.6 78.4 10-14 59.6 73.0 78.9 82.1 82.1 79.4 78.0 83.6 88.4 76.6 76.6 15 - 19 24.7 34.6 33.7 29.5 40.5 38.7 44.1 38.8 45.8 45.2 36.7 20 - 24 4.2 7.8 4.6 8.2 5.3 7.4 8.0 7.2 7.0 11.0 7.1 Persons 5- 9 69.6 77.7 80.3 79.6 80.6 81.8 78.8 82.4 82.3 85.5 78.4 10 - 14 67.8 79.8 78.9 83.5 85.1 84.6 84.6 84.7 87.7 83.1 80.6 15 - 19 28.7 35.6 35.4 36.6 44.4 40.6 45.6 41.8 48.0 53.0 39.9 20 - 24 4.8 6.9 4.9 6.2 5.2 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.9 13.2 6.8 ESTATE SECTOR Hales 5 - 9 41.0 53.6 67.7 68.3 62.5 82.7 72.1 79.4 76.0 77.3 62.6 10 - 14 55.1 69.7 70.5 73.1 74.7 83.3 71.1 76.9 84.8 58.3 69.8 15 - 19 14.6 14.9 20.3 17.6 20.0 25.0 18.4 22.0 41.4 20.5 20.0 20 - 24 4.5 - 1.9 1.6 3.0 1.8 1.8 7.3 9.1 2.3 3.2 Females 5 - 9 47.5 52.9 56.8 61.6 63.6 61.5 64.3 70.0 85.7 83.3 59.9 10 - 14 43.3 43.4 51.8 43.7 52.9 58.2 44.2 59.5 65.5 51.9 49.. 15 -19 5.2 2.5 1.9 1.7 9.2 12.9 6.0 4.9 14.3 11.4 6.o 20-24 - - - - - 1.5 - - 3.0 - 0.5 Persons 5 - 9 44.3 53.3 62.8 64.7 62.9 72.1 68.2 74.3 81.7 80.0 6i.3 10 - 14 49.4 58.9 61.8 59.1 64.7 69.9 56.7 66.2 75.8 54.9 59.9 15 - 19 9.7 8.1 11.9 9.2 14.8 18.2 10.5 13.4 25.4 15.7 12.8 20 - 24 2.5 - 0.9 0.8 1.7 1.7 0.9 3.2 5.4 0.9 1.8 -59- tendency to rise with decile in every sector, indicating the need for some special effort to ensure school enrollments of the young from poor households. The differences are particularly large on the estates, where the government regulations about the provision of school facilities are not operative because of special exemptions or rules. Unlike the school enrollment ratios for the age group 5-9, those for the next higher age group show a sex difference indicating priority for the education of sons over that of daughters. The highest ratios for this age group are no longer seen in the top decile or two, but households in the bottom decile in rural areas and the estate sector reported the lowest ratios. The school enrollment rates for ages 15-24 show a clear tendency to rise with PCE decile both in urban and rural areas, but not on the estates estates, where (a) the number of sample persons might be small, and (b) the labor force participation rates are much higher than for other sectors, so that the percentage of those continuing school beyond age 15 is likely to be significantly lower. Obviously, the better-off house- holds are able to send their children to high schools and colleges more easily than the less well-off; and this would help to maintain some of the differences in earnings and incomes associated with investment in human capital. Overall, if the complements of ratios shown in Table 6 indicate those not enrolled in school, the percentages of those aged 5-14 but not going to school are not lower than the proportions of persons aged 15 and over who reported no schooling (Table A.10 in the Statistical Appendix). The one exception is the female population on the estates. -60- This impression may partly arise because the sample households in the survey had reported higher school enrollment ratios and higher literacy rates than the 1971 Census of population. (See Annex 2, Table 2 and the related discussion.) Also, persons from ages 5 to 14 who do not go to school may be able to receive education later; but it would be useful to examine data from other surveys to ascertain whether the efforts to attain universal literacy and primary education have reached a plateau. -61- Economic Characteristics of Households and the Population Economic characteristics of households and/or of the population in different PCE deciles, such as the levels of labor force participation and unemployment, the status, and the occupational and industrial distribution of workers or of the main earners of households, are all of considerable interest for understanding the main correlates of differences in levels of living.l/ Our survey data on the subject are based on a question about the "type of activity." While no explicit reference period was specified for the question, the definitions for classifying the employed and unemployed indicate that the objective was to record the usual status of the respondents (See Annex 2). (a) Type of Activity Table A.12 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of population of all ages by type of activity according to the PCE decile of the households. Since the question was asked only of persons over five years of age, we find a category of "not recorded" accounting for about 12.4 percent of the population, only a little higher than the percentage of persons in the age group 0-4 (12.2 percent according to Table A.5 in the Statistical Appendix). 1/ Sri Lanka probably has the highest rates of open unemployment in Asia. Besides the numerous labour force surveys, conducted specifically to quantify and analyse the varied dimensions of the problem of employment and unemployment, the population censuses as well as the consumer finance surveys of the Central Bank of Ceylon have collected and tabulated fairly extensive information on the subject. A comparative examination of these data can be a major project in its own right. Some of these issues have been competently reviewed by Pitiyage Wilson in his Ph.D. dissertation on "Economic Implications of Population Growth--Sri Lanka Labour Force, 1946-1981," (Canberra: The Australian National University, 1975). See also his chapter on "Economic Activity of the Population" in: United Nations, ESCAP, Population of Sri Lanka (Bangkok, 1976), pp. 252-282. -62- The distribution of persons in various categories is generally consistent with what might be expected from the age composition of the population. In the country as a whole, and in each sector, the groups whose share in the total population declines as PCE decile rises include (a) the not recorded, essentially age group 0-4, (b) too young to work, and (c) students. On the other hand, the percentages of the (d) employed (except among rural females), (e) house workers, and (f) retired or disabled, all show a tendency to rise with PCE decile. The percentage of unemployed in the total population fluctuates irratically.L/ A large majority of the house workers were females and if the data were limited to ages 15 and over, the proportion of house workers in each decile would largely be a complement of female participation rates. The percentage of employed rises almost steadily with PCE decile. This trend is par- ticularly marked among males in all sectors and females in urban and estate sectors, and would be evident in the crude labor force participation rates (i.e., employed plus unemployed as percent of the total population) since the employed form a majority of persons in the labor force. (b) Labor Force Participation Rates Table 7 shows the labor force participation rates and the in- cidence of unemployment for persons aged 10 and over in each PCE decile, by sector and sex. (The absolute figures are shown in Tables A.13 and A.14 1/ There were marked sectoral differences in the percentage of unemployed in different deciles and these are discussed later. The picture in the country as a whole is influenced significantly by the pattern in rural areas. Table 7 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATICN RATES AND INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG PERSONS AGED 10 AND OVER, BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND SECTOR, 1969-70 AZZ IsZand Urban Areas Rural Areas Estate Sector PCE Decile Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (A) Labour Force Participation Rates 1 41.8 59.7 24.3 38.4 60.0 17.4 39.3 58.1 21.0 64.4 67.4 61.4 2 43.3 63.8 22.3 41.3 - 64.5 17.3 39.8 63.2 16.5 67.3 68.3 66.3 3 45.3 66.2 24.6 40.2 64.7 15.5 42.6 65.5 20.0 67.0 70.6 63.0 4 46.1 67.6 24.2 40.3 66.8 14.9 42.1 67.1 17.6 70.0 71.4 68.4 5 45.3 67.5 21.4 40.0 66.2 15.5 41.6 66.1 15.7 70.0 73.3 66.3 6 47.6 71.2 23.3 42.1 67.4 16.0 44.0 69.0 16.7 72.6 77.0 68.1 7 46.5 71.2 21.6 42.2 68.9 15.5 45.4 73.1 16.8 73.7 79.8 67.8 8 47.1 72.4 22.5 43.8 66.1 21.5 43.0 71.1 15.8 75.5 80.9 69.9 9 48.0 73.4 21.5 45.5 65.9 26.1 47.3 74.7 19.3 73.4 79.0 68.1 10 48.8 71.0 25.7 51.7 70.4 32.7 47.2 71.8 20.5 74.1 87.0 60.3 All 45.8 68.1 23.2 42.3 65.9 19.0 43.1 67.7 18.0 70.3 74.6 65.9 (B) Incidence of UnempZoymentX 1 15.0 14.2 17.7 26.3 19.9 47.9 13.5 13.0 14.7 18.2 26.1 9.4 2 15.0 13.6 18.8 25.8 20.1 47.5 13.1 10.9 21.6 11.6 15.6 7.4 3 15.5 12.7 23.2 21.1 16.9 38.5 16.6 11.8 32.0 8.2 12.2 3.3 4 15.0 12.9 20.9 19.6 14.1 43.3 13.6 10.8 24.1 9.7 13.1 5.8 5 14.5 13.4 18.1 20.7 14.8 43.8 15.3 13.1 25.4 8.9 13.3 3.4 6 13.2 11.1 19.8 16.7 11.7 38.3 14.7 12.2 26.0 7.6 10.6 4.2 7 15.3 11.5 27.8 14.0 9.1 35.5 14.5 10.3 33.3 7.7 10.9 4.0 8 .13.0 9.2 25.0 13.3 9.8 24.4 15.3 10.1 38.1 5.8 7.5 3.8 9 12.8 9.9. 23.0 11.9 9.3 18.1 15.3 11.1 31.7 4.1 5.0 3.2 10 9.5 8.1 13.7 6.0 4.4 9.6 10.3 8.9 15.7 3.3 4.0 2.3 All 13.9 11.7 20.6 17.5 13.2 32.4 14.3 11.2 25.9 8.9 12.3 4.9 *Unemployed as percent of the labour force aged 10 years and over. -64- in the Statistical Appendix.) Persons aged 0-9 are excluded from con- sideration to mitigate the effect of differences in age composition; as a result, the inter-decile differences appear smaller than in the crude participation rates that can be estimated from Table A.12 in the Statistical Appendix. Figure 4 shows the participation rates in graphical form. According to the measures of association between participation rates and the PCE summarized in Table 4 above,!/ it is evident that there exists a statistically significant positive association between participation rates and PCE decile among males in all three sectors and among urban females. Further, since the male participation rates are much higher than those of females, a statistically significant positive association is also seen between the participation rates of both sexes together and PCE decile. To examine whether households with zero or very low participa- tion rates are overrepresented in the lower PCE deciles, Table A.15 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of households by decile and by the labor force participation rate for persons aged 10 and over.-/ Between 36 to 40 percent of urban and rural households reported a participation rate of 50 percent and there was also some bunching around values of 33, 67, and 100 percent. (On the estates, over two-thirds of 1/ The decile-related differences in participation rates for the age group 10-24 are discussed in Annex V. 2/ For 1.3 percent of the households, the labor force participation rate could not be estimated either because the Ages of their members were not recorded or because all members were coded as less than 10 years of age. -65- Figure 4 SRL'g'': LAOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RAES FOR PERSONS AGED 10 AND OVER BY PCE DECILE AND SecTOR, 1969-70 r--t- --f_iALL ISLANfiD _1--i -: -i-- oa.1 .| .L ,I_- ^- ;O_BA.N AR. so. , - I' i 7 - 1 90 1 . - - 1 ' .._ 80. V 80 _ i m _ sf 0 _i :---- :1 ~ ,~7n70- _ _ - 0 0 = f : _ .--. m 60 - .i 1 i t - 40,: :- . --- -' ---" ti 0; nt 30 < 5 5 X 3~~~~~~~~~~~0:: : . :: _-__ -.__ 30. , - - j . - qs -*-! :. -J ! 3 =!. .-- - I -i- - l-- ,:=--@---t-: -- --- : - -i---] --- ]20 2 -: :; : t i .t. i.3. t 1.~..:-q r s o ~~l---l ~L[ i f~~t-- m _ _ ::: .1 : - =....-:.I ............::::. - - ......... .- _ : lo. = go 7--T ~| - `7 7 -`iT8 i_.....=__-_ ;4,F0~~~~~~ T. ---- Femle 70~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~esn -66- the households had reported a participation rate of 100 percent.) However, households with zero or low participation rates were not overrepresented in lower PCE deciles. On the whole, the inter-decile differences in participation rates are much smaller than those in PCE. The same would probably be true of the employment rates (i.e., the percentage of employed persons aged 10 and over or persons of all ages) on the ground that the unemployed may not have any significant earnings. (c) Incidence of Unemployment The simultaneous collection of data on the economic activities and the consumption and income of the households interviewed in the Socio-Economic Survey provides an excellent opportunity to examine the extent of association between poverty and unemployment. This is impor- tant because of the widespread impression that given the low levels of income in a country like Sri Lanka, only the well-off can afford to remain openly unemployed, although the free rice ration perhaps ensures a minimum subsistence. Table 7 and Figure 5 show the incidence of unemployment among persons aged 10 and over according to the PCE decile of their households. There is a clear inverse relationship between the PCE decile and the incidence of uneiaployment in urban areas and the estate sector for both sexes but not for rural males or females. The incidence of unemployment among rural females takes a bimodal inverted-U (or -W) shaped curve with respect to PCE decile. Since rural females form a high p4g'5,. S Jba: e .c m oe thlnOset tAwn ?4raons -Ad 10 and ovar By rCE Docile and Sectot. 1969-70 ALL ISrAJD MRBEA AREAS .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I 40- ~RRA A-EA -' ESAE_CO 40 SO m XS X C |40 -' 30 111E 30 a 20 .. ,_ e< ............ :.s*! 20 _. ,. _ I 0 10 PCI Decile PCE Decile RURAL AREAS ESTATE'SECTOR -K 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 'I 40 I J:.. 40 - ii-~~ 30 Pmae 30 . 30le 20. ....... ....L.. 2 ,-..... lo 4~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 101* I,-~~-4. ~~ P' L 61dI PCI Debi" 1 tegend: IeEn Females . .. .. .Males -68- proportion of the total women in the country, there is no clear relation- ship between unemployment among females and PCE decile in the country as a whole. In fact, even among rural males, the inverse relationship between the incidence of unemployment and the PCE decile is quite mild; the inter-decile range of variation in the incidence of unemployment is much smaller for rural males (4.1 percent) than for urban or estate sector males (15.5 and 22.1 percent, respectively). The correlation coefficients showing the extent of association between the incidence of unemployment and the average monthly per capita expenditure of households in each decile, shown in Table 4 above, confirm the inverse relationship between the two variables for both sexes together and separately in urban and estate sectors, for males in rural areas and the entire country, and for the two sexes together in Sri Lanka as a whole. The observed association between poverty and unemployment in non-rural areas can also be confirmed by estimatingl/ the proportion of unemployed persons in households that are considered poor, on the basis of (a) the adequacy of their caloric intake per equivalent adult or (b) whether their per capita.expenditure was below the poverty line (i.e., the PCE which, according to regressions, implied the attainment 1/ The estimates, seen in Table 8, of unemployed persons in poor house- holds in terms of PCE are based on some interpolations. For example, the percentage of poor households in rural areas was 41.0 percent. The unemployed in these households was estimated by adding up the unemployed in the bottom four deciles with 10 percent of the unemployed in the fifth decile. Table 8 SRI LANKA: THE PERCENTAGE OF UNEMPLOYED PERSONS IN "POOR" HOUSEHOLDS, 1969-70 Poor Households in Terms of Poor Households in Terms of Caloric Intake Per Equivalent Adult Per Capita Expenditure Percentage Percentage of Unemployed Percentage Percentage of Unemployed of Poor of Poor Sector Households Persons Males Females Households Persons Males Females Urban Areas 49.0 64.5 66.6 61.4 51.3 66.8 68.9 63.7 Rural Areas 44.1 44.9 45.7 43.8 41.0 41.5 41.9 41.1 Estate Sector 31.0 48.6 48.8 48.1 24.1 42.0 41.7 43.0 All Island 43.3 48.4 49.8 45.7 40.7* 45.7* 46.3* 45.0* *Figures are weighted averages of the sectoral estimates. -70- of the recommended level of caloric intake per equivalent adult.L/ Table 8 shows that except in rural areas, the poor households accounted for more than a proportionate share of the unemployed. It confirms that many of the unemployed tend to be from households that are poor in terms of their caloric intake and/or per capita consumer expenditure. (In non-estate rural areas the association between poverty and unemploy- ment is not very clear.Y/) Table A.16 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of households by PCE decile and the incidence of unemployment. Between 72 and 83 percent of the households in the three sectors reported no unemployment,-/ and these percentages increased with PCE decile in urban and estate areas, but not in rural areas. These data are fully consistent with the clear association between poverty and unemployment in urban and estate sectors and the absence of such association in 1/ The differences between the estimates of poverty according to the criteria are discussed in: P. Visaria, "The Incidence of 'Absolute' Poverty in Sri Lanka, 1969-70," Working Paper No. 6 (June 1979). 2/ When households are ranked according to their PCE, the size of the household varies inversely with decile. Therefore, the bottom 30, 40, and 50 percent of the households in the estate, rural and urban sectors, respectively, comprise 37.8, 45.8, and 56.2 percent of the population. However, the positive association between the labour force participation rates and the decile is such that the percentage of labour force in each decile of households tends to be approximately equal in urban and rural areas (though not on the estates). 3/ If households for whom the participation rate or the incidence of unemployment could not be estimates are excluded from consideration, these figures would rise to 76.3, 80.3, and 83.9 percent for urban, rural, and estate sectors, respectively, The figure for the entire country would be 80.1 percent. -71- rural areas.!' It might be useful to look at the latter through surveys with data on the time disposition of the employed within the reference period. Our data suggest that efforts to increase employment oppor- tunities in urban areas and the estate sector, taking due account of the characteristics of the unemployed, can potentially have a direct impact on poverty.-/ Since such programs can also stimulate migration from rural areas, they should probably cover the entire island. However, it is also true that the observed inter-decile differences in unemployment in even the urban areas (which are the largest among the three sectors) are smaller than the differences in PCE. We must look, therefore, at the characteristics of the employed3/ such as status, occupation and industry. As noted in Annex II, these data pertain essentially to the usual status characteristics and may not be as informative as data gathered through a simultaneous recording of the usual and current status (taking account of the time disposition within the reference week), attempted in India in the 27th and the 32nd Rounds of the NSS, conducted during 1972-73 and 1977-78. 1/ The possible argument that the concept of unemployment may not be understood by the rural labour force does not seem to hold much strength in Sri Lanka because as shown in the next section, nearly 55 percent of the employed in non-estate rural areas were "employees." 2/ Various characteristics of the new entrants into the labour force must also receive due consideration. 3/ The percentage of employed persons in each PCE decile was very nearly equal in the country as a whole and in rural areas but not in urban and estate sectors. -72- (d) Participation Rates and the Incidence of Unemployment in Ages 10-24 In view of the concentration of unemployed persons in the age group 10-24, Table 9 focusses attention on the three five-year age groups of 10-14, 15-19, and 20-24 which account for a large majority of the unemployed. It shows the labour force participation rates and the incidence of unemployment by PCE decile of the household as well as the decile distribution of the unemployed, by sex, age, and sector of residence. Participation rates for the age group 10-14 were generally low but showed a surprising rise in the top one or two deciles in each sector. Partly as a result, the measures of association between the participation rate and PCE decile, summarized in Table 10 (Part A), show a positive relationship that is statistically significant among persons and females in all sectors and among males in non-rural sectors. Interestingly, the unemployment rates for persons aged 10-14 in the top decile were relatively low or zero in urban and rural areas, and the negative relationship between these rates and PCE decile was statistically significant among males in non-rural areas and persons in urban areas in the entire country. In the age group 15-19, persons completing their school education or otherwise dropping out from schools begin to enter the labour force, and the participation rates rise substantially relative to the age group 10-14. In absolute terms, rates rise more among males than among females, but most markedly in the estate sector where the sex-4ifferential is quite small. The relationship between PCE decile and -73- Table 9 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND TUIE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN AGES 10-24 BY PCE DECILE OF THIE HOUSEIIOLD AND SECTOR, 1969-70 All. Island Urban Areas RlFal Areas Estate Sector PCE Decile of Age Grou2 Age Grou1 Age Group Age Group Household 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 (A) Labour Force Particip-ation Rates 1 4.9 43.4 69.2 4.9 39.0 64.6 4.5 41.4 68.3 10.5 72.4 93.4 2 4.6 41.3 66.7 3.8 40.8 61.2 3.7 35.2 60.0 10.8 70.3 95.4 3 3.8 39.4 68.6 3.6 34.0 51.9 3.5 37.1 67.0 5.1 73.7 94.5 4 4.6 39.3 68.7 4.2 28.1 60.9 4.8 37.3 60.3 8.1- 72.5 94.6 5 3.6 35.9 62.4 3.2 32.6 57.5 2.3 28.8 60.4 5.9 76.3 93.2 6 3.6 40.7 62.5 5.4 25.4 60.3 3.6 32.0 57.4 5.8 70.9 93.4 7 2.3 33.9 65.0 9.3 29.4 56.7 2.1 34.0 61.1 10.3 81.9 95.3 8 5.6 32.4 62.3 6.7 22.7 56.3 3.4 30.8 59.2 5.9 73.2 88.1 9 7.8 28.9 61.3 17.0 25.6 53.1 6.7 29.4 62.7 9.7 62.0 84.7 10 12.8 30.9 55.3 19.8 32.9 60.5 8.1 28.1 51.8 19.6 66.3 84.3 All 4.9 37.3 64.1 6.6 31.6 59.3 4.0 33.9 60.7 8.7 72.4 81.7 (B) Incidence of UnempZoiy,ment 1 36.4 41.9 27.3 38.5 61.5 51.0 18.2 39.1 24.2 92.3 47.8 20.4 2 50.2 38.1 31.4 41.2 62.6 51.8 50.0 36.2 28.6 60.0 30.8 18.4 3 45.2 42.0 31.6 31.2 59.3 40.6 38.5 42.0 36.8 66.7 29.9 9.7 4 58.1 41.9 29.5 33.3 56.8 43.9 56.3 37.4 29.1 75.0 30.4 13.8 5 18.5 41.9 33.3 27.3 60.0 43.8 28.6 42.2 33.8 33.3 28.2 14.5 6 15.7 39.7 29.0 5.9 54.5 41.8 - 43.6 37.9 16.7 25.6 13.3 7 22.9 39.7 37.4 8.7 40.0 32.2 - 45.7 38.4 70.0 23.3 IO.9 8 12.5 36.8 33.9 - 26.2 36.7 - 34.4 39.5 75.0 18.3 6.1 9 12.8 33.0 25.9 2.6 33.8 31.0 16.7 49.2 30.8 66.7 2.3.6 7.4 10 0.7 21.6 35.0 - 15.6 20.7 - 21.2 40.2 - 14.5 4.4 All 28.7 39.1 31.4 15.5 50.4 40.0 24.4 39.5 34.1 61.6 28.9 12.3 (C) DeciZe Distribution of the Unep'.poyed 1 20.7 16.1 7.7 29.4 18.4 12.9 13.8 15.2 5.7 34.8 26.7 17.6 2 22.8 12.5 8.9 20.6 19.2 14.1 24.1 11.1 7.1 17.4 13.3 14.5 3 14.9 13.2 10.6 14.7 14.0 12.2 17.2 13.7 11.9 8.7 10.8 7.6 4 21.7 12.8 10.8 14.7 10.4 11.6 31.0 11.7 8.1 13.0 10.0 13.0 5 5.0 10.6 10.4 8.8 12.5 10.8 6.9 10.2 11.2 4.3 12.1 12.2 6 3.6 10.2 9.0 2.9 7.5 11.4 - 9.9 10.5 1.4 8.3 21.5 7 3.2 8.4 14.6 5.9 7.1 7.4 - 9.3 13.8 10.1 8.3 8.4 8 3.5 6.2 9.9 - 3.3 8.7 - 6.4 11.2 4.3 4.6 6.9 9 4.2 6.5 9.1 2.9 5.0 6.4 6.9 9.3 10.7 5.8 2.5 5.3 10 0.4 3.6 9.0 - 2.5 4.3 - 3.2 9.8 - 3.3 3.1 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: "-": The rate for the cell was zero. -74- Table 9 (Continued) SII LANKA: IOJM ?MCZ PARTICIPATlON lATh AND TEZ IUCIDCK 0Z 1OF U DULZ T FO1 M_U in ACCS 10-24 BY *C2 DCILE oF THE R0USE0OLD AND SECTOl, 1969-70 AUZ Island Urban Areas Rural Areas Estate Sector Decile of Age Group Age Group Age Group Age Group Household 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 (A) Labour Force Participation Rates 1 6.7 61.5 89.7 6.4 56.5 93.6 6.3 59.7 90.5 11.8 80.9 95.5 2 5.6 60.4 92.7 5.6 53.5 87.4 4.3 56.6 91.8 11.9 76.1 98.1 3 5.6 57.9 95.1 6.2 50.9 90.1 5.5 60.4 92.6 5.3 78.1 98.1 4 6.1 51.2 94.9 5.3 41.8 90.4 6.9 52.0 94.8 6.4 68.6 96.8 5 4.8 51.5 92.4 4.1 46.2 87.4 4.0 45.9 93.2 6.0 77.1 97.0 6 6.4 54.0 91.6 5.1 37.0 90.5 5.4 48.0 92.6 6.3 72.9 96.4 7 3.1 48.0 93.1 10.6 42.7 87.2 3.4 49.5 92.6 13.3 78.9 98.2 8 7.3 46.5 91.4 5.9 28.7 76.7 6.2 46.7 93.3 3.8 73.2 92.7 9 7.6 40.9 89.5 22.4 27.8 75.9 7.1 46.6 92.4 9.1 58.6 90.9 10 13.7 38.1 80.0 22.9 43.6 73.0 5.6 35.9 83.5 25.0 74.4 95.5 All 6.3 52.1 91.1 8.2 43.8 85.4 5.4 51.2 91.8 9.3 75.2 96.0 (B) Incidence of UnenpZoyment 1 39.9 43.6 22.8 26.3 57.1 35.0 25.0 41.1 22.4 100.0 66.7 33.3 2 45.6 41.1 29.5 30.8 58.0 44.8 44.4 36.6 23.1 61.5 37.5 30.2 3 40.7 40.6 26.3 35.7 53.7 34.3 36.4 38.1 23.9 80.0 49.0 17.3 4 58.9 39.5 29.8 33.3 48.4 36.3 54.5 29.9 29.7 80.0 51.4 21.7 5 24.8 44.1 31.7 28.6 50.7 38.5 28.6 40.3 30.3 60.0 44.4 21.9 6 11.6 43.0 25.6 - 46.8 31.5 - 41.7 33.3 33.3 40.0 '20.8 7 14.2 38.8 30.9 7.7 31.1 22.9 - 44.7 30.1 66.7 50.0 18.5 8 5.6 35.2 25.4 - 20.5 31.3 - 30.2 23.8 - 33.3 9.8 9 14.2 39.3 21.2 3.8 32.5 26.1 16.7 45.8 24.8 66.7 29.4 10.0 10 1.3 18.5 35.0 - 13.6 20.2 - 18.2 37.0 - 27.6 7.1 All 28.8 39.7 27.8 14.9 45.5 32.7 25.3 37.4 28.0 66.1 45.4 19.9 (C) Decile Distribution .of the UnemplZoed 1 24.8 17.2 6.8 23.8 20.3 10.1 19.0 16.5 5.9 36.6. 26.2 19.8 2 20.5 13.9 9.5 19.0 19.7 15.8 19.0 12.7 7.1 19.5 10.4 15.1 3 15.7 12.8 9.3 23.8 14.9 13.2 19.0 13.6 8.3 9.8 12.0 8.5 4 20.8 11.7 13.0 14.3 10.5 11.5 28.6 9.1 10.6 9.8 9.8 12.3 5 7.5 11.2 11.7 9.5 11.5 11.3 9.5 10.6 13.0 7.3 13.1 13.2 6 3.5 10.3 8.8 - 7.5 11.0 - 10.6 11.4 2.4 7.7 10.4 7 1.9 8.3 13.4 4.8 6.4 7.0 - 8.9 13.4 9.8 8.2 9.4 8 1.6 5.2 8.1 - 2.7 8.7 - 5.5 7.9 - 5.5 4.7 9 3.2 6.6 8.7 4.8 4.4 6.5 4.8 9.3 10.6 4.9 2.7 3.8 10 0.6 2.8 10.7 - 2.0 4.8 - 2.5 11.8 - 4.4 2.8 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Notes "-" ndicsteas the rate for the cell was xero. -75- Table 9 (Continued) SRI LANlA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATHS AID THE INCIDEN’C OF UNIILOY)MNT FOR FEMALES IN AGES 10-24 BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND SECTOR, 1969-70 ALL IGs-and Urbam Arcas Rural Areas Estate Sector DecilE f Age Group Age Group Age Group Age Group Household 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 10-14 15-19 20-24 (A) Labour Force Partioipation Rates 1 2.9 25.7 48.5 3.0 21.0 40.6 2.6 23.5 45.1 9.2 64.6 90.9 2 3.5 23.3 40.6 1.9 27.2 33.3 2.9 15.0 30.0 9.2 65.4 92.6 3 1.8 23.1 45.7 0.9 18.1 33.3 1.1 17.2 44.4 4.8 68.5 91.1 4 3.3 27.1 39.9 3.2 15.0 34.5 2.9 21.6 26.5 9.9 75.9 92.6 5 2.1 21.5 34.1 2.4 20.4 33.3 - 13.7 26.5 5.7 75.4 88.5 6 0.9 28.5 37.5 5.6 14.3 31.7 1.5 15.1 26.9 5.5 69.4 90.9 7 1.6 20.4 39.6 8.1 16.4 26.8 0.8 20.7 30.4 7.7 83.6 92.2 8 3.8 22.0 37.8 7.4 16.5 36.4 0.8 18.1 31.5 7.1 73.2 84.5 9 8.0 18.1 34.2 11.4 23.3 32.3 6.3 14.4 32.2 10.3 64.3 80.6 10 11.9 23.6 30.6- 16.1 24.8 47.2 10.4 20.4 21.0 14.8 59.1 76.6 All 3.4 23.5 38.6 4.8 19.8 34.7 2.5 17.9 31.1 8.0 70.0 87.7 (B) Incidence of Unemp Zoyment 1 27.2 37.7 35.8 71.4 73.7 81.5 - 34.2 28.1 .81.8 25.8 4.0 2 59.1 30.7 35.6 75.0 72.3 71.1 60.0 34.8 44.4 57.1 24.5 6.0 3 61.2 45.2 41.1 - 74.2 58.0 50.0 53.6 60.4 50.0 10.8 2.0 4 56.9 46.5 28.6 33.3 79.2 60.8 60.0 56.7 26.9 71.4 13.6 6.3 5 - 37.1 37.4 25.0 78.8 55.1 - 47.6 46.7 - 10.2 4.3 6 43.7 33.9 36.2 11.1 73.7 69.6 - 50.0 51.7 - 14.0 6.7 7 37.8 41.6 51.3 10.0 62.5 61.8 - 47.8 63.2 75.0 8.9 2.1 8 26.3 39.3 51.1 - 36.4 47.9 - 42.9 77.1 100.0 3.3 6.7 9 11.6 35.1 37.8 - 35.5 41.5 16.7 58.8 48.6 66.7 3.7 5.6 10 - 26.8 35.0 - 18.2 21.6 - 26.3 52.4 - - 2.0 All 28.4 37.8 39.5 16.5 60.9 56.9 22.2 45.0 51.4 56.0 13.3 4.7 (C) Decile Distribution of the Un&mploued 1 12.7 13.8 9.0 38.5 15.2 16.5 - 12.1 5.4 32.1 28.1 8.0 2 27.3 9.2 7.9 23.1 18.5 12.0 37.5 7.5 7.2 14.3 22.8 12.0 3 13.2 14.0 12.7 - 12.5 10.9 12.5 14.0 17.5 7.1 7.0 4.0 4 23.6 15.3 7.5 15.4 10.3 11.6 37.5 15.9 4.2 17.9 10.5 16.0 5 - 9.3 8.5 7.7 14.1 10.1 - 9.3 8.4 - 8.8 8.0 6 3.7 10.0 9.3 7.7 7.6 12.0 - 8.4 9.0 - 10.5 16.0 7 5.8 8.5 16.4 7.7 8.2 7.9 - 10.3 14.5 10.7 8.8 4.0 8 7.4 8.1 12.6 - 4.3 8.6 - 8.4 16.3 10.7 1.8 16.0 9 6.3 6.3 9.8 - 6.0 6.4 12.5 9.3 10.8 7.1 1.8 12.0 10 - 5.4 6.4 3.3 4.1 - 4.7 6.6 - - 4.0 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: Indicates the rate for the cell wv zero. Table 10 SRI T.ANKA: C0.RFFTI.TFNTS OF CnRRFT.ATTON RFTWFFN CFT.F.CTFnT C11ARArTFRTqTTrc. AND THE AVERAGE PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE IN DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, 1969-1970 Characteristic All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas Estate Sector Age Group/Sex (A) Labor Force Participation Rate Ages 10-14 Males 0.81** 0.85** 0.15 0.65* Females 0.87** 0.96** 0.77* 0.66* Persons 0.86** 0.92** 0.69* 0.67* Ages 15-19 Males -0.91** -0.49 -0.89** -0.36 Females -0.30 0.28 -0.01 -0.34 Persons -0.80** -0.35 -0.76** -0.44 Ages 20-24 Males -0.84** -0.89** -0.69* -0.42 Females -0.79* 0.51 -0.60 -0.89** Persons -0.91** -0.41 -0.73* -0.84** (B) Incidence of Unemployment Ages 10-14 Males -0.73* -0.72* -0.61 -0.73* Females -0.64 -0.61 -0.41 -0.35 Persons -0.76* -0.78** -0.57 -0.63 Ages 15-19 Males -0.90** -0.89** -0.54 -0.74* Females -0.55 -0.91** -0.26 -0.82** Persons -0.91** -0.92** -0.50 -0.81** Ages 20-24 Males 0.37 -0.79** 0.62 -0.84** Females 0.07 -0.92** 0.36 -0.27 Persons 0.31 0.93** 0.60 0.84** * Significant at the five percent level. ** Sioniffnant at the one nercpnt lIup1l -77- the participation rates for the age group 15-19 is negative and statistically significant among males (and both sexes together) in rural areas and in the country as a whole, but not for females or even for males in urban or estate sectors (see Table 10, Part B). Labour force participation rates of the age group 15-19 were not a good index for the proportion of these who actually worked. About 50 and 40 percent, of the urban and rural labour force, respectively, aged 15-19 were reported to be unemployed; the rates for females were much higher than for males. On the estates, the unemployment rate for the age group was close to 30 percent but much higher for males than for females. The relationship between the incidence of unemployment-for the age group 15-19 and PCE decile was negative and statistically significant in urban and estate areas for both sexes and for males and persons in the entire country. The negative relationship was not statistically signifi- cant in rural areas (see Table 10, Part B). In urban and rural areas, participation rates for the age group 20-24 were nearly twice those in ages 15-19 for both males and females. A similar rise was not possible on the estates, because of the already high rates for the age group 15-19. The decile differences suggested a statistically significant negative relationship between PCE and the participation rates among males in urban and rural areas and in the country as a whole, and among females only on the estates and in the country as a whole. Among urban females, the relationship seemed positive though not significant (Table 10, Part A). -78- The incidence of unemployment in ages 20-24 was significantly lower than in ages 15-19 among males in both urban and rural areas, but among females only on the estates (and to a small extent in urban areas). Rather surprisingly, among rural females, the incidence of unemployment was higher in the age group 20-24 than in ages 15-19.-Y The differences in the incidence of unemployment in ages 20-24 by PCE decile indicated a statistically significant negative relationship between the two among urban and estate sector males and among urban females but not among estate sector females or rural males and females (see Table 10, Part B). The decile distribution of unemployed persons shown in Table 9 is a function of both the participation rates and the incidence of unemploy- ment in each decile. One clear feature of Table 9 is the concentration of most of the unemployed in ages 10-14 in the bottom four deciles. Table 11 below shows the percentage of unemployed in each age group from the poor households, i.e., households whose PCE was lower than estimated (on the basis of regression of caloric intake on PCE) as necessary to attain the recommended level of caloric intake per equivalent adult. The estimates involve some interpolations and are approximate. Also, since unemployed persons aged 10-24 constitute a large majority of the unemployed as a whole, the results are necessarily similar to those presented in Table 8. However, the percentage of unemployed from poor households shows a tendency to decline with the age of the unemployed in each sector. While it might 1/ As shown in Annex 5, the unemployment and participation rates differed considerably according to the level of education. The educational composition of rural females aged 20-24 was naturally different from that of the younger age group. Table 11 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF UNENPLOYED AGED 10 - 24 IN "POOR" HOUSEHOLDS BY SECTOR AND SEX, 1969-70 HPoueholds Ages 10 - 14 Ages 15 - 19 Ages 20 - 24 Households Sector as % of "All" Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females All Island* 40.7 83.4 84.1 82.7 55.4. 56.2 54.3 38.8@ 38.8@ 38.0 Urban Areas 51.3 88.6 90.4 85.7 75.3 77.9 71.6 63.1 63.3 62.7 Rural Areas 41.0 86.8 86.6 87.5 52.7 53.6 50.4 33.9 33.2 35.1 Estate Sector 24.1 55.8 60.1 49.3 44.4 41.5 53.8 35.2 38.4 21.6 Note: The "poor' households had lower per capita expenditure (PCE) than the amount required to attain the recommended level of caloric intake per equivalent adult, estimated through a regression of caloric intake on PCE. * Figures are weighted averages of the sectoral estimates. (In other words, the "poor" households in the island as a whole consisted of those identified as poor in each sector; they were not categorised as such on the basis of an all-island poverty line.) @ Figures appear to be the same because of rounding. -80- be more difficult for unemployed persons aged 10-14 or 15-19 than for older work seekers to find suitable jobs, more of the former seem to be from poor households. (e) Status or Class of Worker of the Employed Table A.17 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of the employed (of all ages) in each sector by PCE decile and status or class of worker. On the estates, over 95 percent of all employed were employees, with hardly any differences by PCE decile; therefore, we can focus attention on the urban and rural sectors. (See Figure 6). Not unexpectedly, employers formed a very small percentage of the employed both in urban and rural areas but their percentage tended to rise with PCE decile, particularly among male workers. The unpaid family workers form a surprisingly small percentage of workers--no more than 12 percent of even the female workers in rural areas, where they are normally an important group. In any case, there is no clear relationship between the percentage of unpaid family laborers among the employed and PCE decile. As for the other status categories of employees and the self- employed, the proportion of employees tends to rise and the proportion of self-employed tends to decline rather sharply among urban female workers and to a small extent also among urban male workers. In rural areas, the association between the percentage of self-employed or employees and PCE deciles, seems to be quite weak, with rather erratic fluctuations particularly among rural female workers. Figure 6 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS IN DIFFERENT STATUS CATEGORIES BY PCE DECILE AND SECTOR, 1969-70 All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas ( T lri T.! --!-i--ra---i I - F i- 4jU-- Employers I 1 i 0~ ! . i . . ,i1--.--- II .-S-'----r-- F , o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ;> . .- -- . I F I I___ . Employees t0 .2 , < f I ' I j' -01 _ I0~ ~ ~ ~ ;-. I I I I i - - . , ,, , ,l,,, ,, , 1 -F..IFl.. ,-"' '-:-i -j . --,--.L;... j - r.~.Ii , ;' : - . !- - i I -i : i j .. j' 11 1 : j '' ~ ~ ~ 1 - K;i,C,;, i, . ,,>~ Self-Employed 20. , j I' . H F 10 ---<-_; t i ', s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I s ,-!-- j l-i ... ir- 5,0~ ~ ~ . . : - i F!s - 'F -d j I i. , ! I - * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - -F. Fanitty~Workera;20 i j | t i i ! i ;, . . , IS.] . I I 40 - -= = 3 _,f i < -) - +- i .l 8 , , ; | 1 ’E c PIE Fecle Legend; Persons; , , ,........... Males; - --- Females. -82- As a background for the multivariate analysis which will be reported 6n in Section IV, Table A.18 in the Statistical Appendix shows the class of worker or status of the main earners in households in different PCE deciles. Very few of the main earners were unpaid family helpers and some six to eight percent of the households in urban and rural areas were not employed so that their status was unspecified. Once again, the percentage of employees among main earners showed a tendency to rise with PCE decile in urban areas but with respect to other categories or other sectors the inter-decile differences were small. As shown in Section IV, the differences in the class of worker or status of the main earners seem to account for only a very small percentage of the variance in per capita expenditure (PCE) or income (PCY) of households, even before adjustment. for other variables. C) Occupational Classification of the Employed Occupation of the employed seems to be a sharper distinguishing variable than status. Table A.19 in the Statistical Appendix distinguishes between ten major occupational divisions of the employed, with an attempt to distinguish, somewhat arbitrarily, between craftsmen engaged in the production of what may be considered non-traditional products and those working on traditional products. Figure 7 shows the percentage of workers in agriculture, craftsmen and white collar occupations in each sector, by sex. In urban areas, the percentage of white collar as well as service, sports, and recreation workers rises and that of craftsmen declines sharply Figure SUZ LINKhA ?EURCMrG OF WOIKIRS in OIL=SID OCOFUIACUAL 40UP ST PCs OUCU. MD SIMII, 1969-10 PJ3AU LASM L A.AA$ ;rm UC1m 10 7J7~ . 7Vj T1 . I' 4! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~L £41~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 to'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~Um ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ", V.1..... O--aPrsons ---YeinalBes -84- with PCE decile. Although agricultural workers, presumably resident in the rural fringe of urban areas, comprise a small percentage of the total number of employed persons, their share does vary inversely with PCE decile. In rural areas, the agricultural workers naturally predominate but their share among all employed declines while that of white collar, service, sport and recreation workers rises with PCE decile. The professional workers (mainly teachers and health workers) form more than 45 percent of the female employees in the top PCE decile. The percentage of craft workers, and particularly women craft workers, takes on an inverted-U shape with respect to PCE decile. On the estates, more than 90 percent of all employed (even more of the female workers) are agricultural workers; and the differences between PCE deciles are small. The white collar workers are, however, a significant though small percentage of the employed in the top two deciles; and they are numerically a more important group than the craftsmen because the processing of tea or rubber produced on the estates takes place elsewhere. The picture for the country as a whole is naturally an amalgam of the sectoral trends: the percentage of agricultural workers declines while that of white collar workers rises with PCE decile. The decile- related differences in the percentage of craftsmen are much smaller than for agricultural or white collar workers, particularly those in the percentage of male craftsmen. Within the ranks of white collar workers, the percentage of professional, administrative and clerical workers shows sharper inter- decile differences and generally rises with decile in all sectors. The -85- percentage of sales workers shows smaller inter-decile differences with some erratic fluctuations and takes on an inverted-U shape with respect to PCE decile in urban areas, but shows a tendency to rise with decile in rural areas as well as in Sri Lanka as a whole. The admittedly arbitrary distinction between "traditional" and "non-traditional" craftsmen, seems to be particularly relevant to urban areas where the percentage of traditional craftsmen falls sharply as PCE decile rises, while the percentage of non-traditional craftsmen rises first and then falls as decile rises. As would be expected, the percentage of non-traditional craftsmen is smaller in rural areas than in urban areas but, in the former, shows a mild tendency to rise with decile. Our multivariate analysis reported in Section IV, considers occupation of the main earner of the household as one of the variables and, therefore, Table A.20 shows the distribution of households by PCE decile and occupation of the main earner.L/ Broadly speaking, the trends are similar to and generally sharper than those seen in the occupa- tional distribution of the employed. But there are some clear differences. The percentage of main earners engaged in service, sports or recreation occupations does not rise with PCE decile (while it does in Table A.19). The percentage of the non-traditional craftsmen among main earners shows 1/ The number of main earners classified as "not employed" in Table A.20 is slightly lower than in Table A.18 because of some errosion in the data. The difference is evident essentially in rural areas. -86- a sharp inverse relationship with PCE decile in urban areas as well as in the country as a whole (rather than an inverted-U shaped curve seen in the occupational distribution of the employed in urban areas)./ On the whole, it is not surprising that the occupation of the main earner appears to explain about 14 to 20 percent of the variance in PCE (or PCY) of households, before adjustment for other factors, in different sectors. (g) Industrial Distribution of the Employed The industrial distribution of the employed in different PCE deciles, shown in Table A.21, is more detailed than the occupation clas- sification. It distinguishes between 15 categories, five of which are subsectors of agriculture. A somewhat arbitrary distinction if made between "traditional" and "non-traditional" manufacturing on the basis of the items produced. Figure 8 shows the percentage of workers in selected industries by PCE decile and sector. First, the percentage of paddy workers among employed males varies inversely with PCE decile in rural areas as well as in Sri Lanka as a whole; but there are erratic fluctuations in the corresponding percentage among female workers. Not surprisingly, paddy workers are a negligible group in urban areas and non-existent on the estates. Secondly, the percentage of tea industry workers constitutes a large majority of the employed on the estates and varies inversely with PCE decile. (Rubber tapping is the second most important activity on the estates, but the share of rubber industry among estate workers shows some 1/ Of course, the "not employed," whose share among main earners rises with PCE decile in urban areas, were not a category among the employed and the column percentages in Table A.20 are influenced by their presence. But the broad trends would not be affected by their exclusion. -87-- Figure 8 SRI LANKA: PERCENTrAGE OF WORKERS IN SZLZCrZD INDUSTRIES BY PCE DEaILE AND SECrOR, 1969-70 so- -~~~~~~~ -~.. .......4 .. L LOS- ..- l o S .- - - K ' "I O - I. m ~ -4:~~~V T7...-7 I, Tea. 1 .S . . . . .I. ... 30 F .-i.--.--.- . . -i--- .1 1~~~~~~- PI O!! PM *0.. , 2 O 1U Manu±acturing, 0O- 4 -I Other Services .:.. OS ----- -- 20I .~~~~~~~~~~~~.. .. -Fmealesi -88- erratic fluctuations. The share of other industries among the estate sector workers shows a complementary rise with decile.) Tea is much less important in non-estate rural areas although it accounts for more than 20 percent of female workers from the bottom three deciles of households. Thirdly, the percentage of urban female workers employed in manu- facturing varies inversely with PCE decile; but otherwise the decile- related differences in the share of the manufacturing sector are small, with no clear tendency. (The percentage of urban male workers engaged in "non-traditional" manufacturing shows a mild tendency to rise with PCE decile, but the opposite is true for urban female workers.) Some of the sharpest differences are seen in the percentage of those employed in "other services" (i.e., services other than trade, hotels, transport, communication, and financial), in urban and rural areas, and in the country as a whole. The share of female workers in the top PCE decile that are engaged in these "other services," essentially public services, exceeds 70 percent; most of them are probably white collar workers. In the country as a whole and in rural areas, the percentage of male workers employed in trade and hotels, etc., seems to rise with PCE decile; but for female workers and/or in urban areas, these seems to be little relationship with PCE decile. The same is true of the share of transport and communication industries among the employed. Table A.22 is a counterpart of Tables A.17 and A.19 and shows the industrial distribution of main earners of households in each PCE decile. It shows trends that are broadly similar to those seen in the industrial distribution of all employed. On the whole, as shown in Section IV, although our industrial classification is more detailed than the occupational -89- classification, the industry of the main earner is a less important explanatory variable for explaining the variation in the PCE (or PCY) of households than occupation. -90- IV. Incidence of Unemployment and Characteristics of the Unemployed in Sri Lanka in 1969-70 Definition of Unemployment The Socio-Economic Survey had defined the unemployed as those who were seeking work. Temporary or casual laborers working on a con- tractual basis could also be classified as unemployed if they had worked for less than 10 days during the reference month preceding the survey.L/ While this latter instruction would tend to widen the classification of persons as unemployed, the survey definition was less comprehensive than that of the 1971 Census, which counted persons not seeking but available for work among the unemployed.Z/ The survey instructions were restrictive in their specification that the unemployed would be persons in the "employable" ages 15-55. However, the data include some unemployed persons aged more than 55 (about 0.7 percent of all unemployed) and less than 15. (About 0.8 percent of the unemployed were aged less than 10 years.) Quite probably, the defi- nition was later modified or was not strictly followed in the field. 1/ The survey did not collect information on the number of days which a person classified as employed during the reference period had actually worked. It is not possible, therefore, to estimate the percentage of unemployed who had worked for less than ten days during the reference month. 2/ Some underestimation of the incidence of unemployment may have resulted from the exclusion of single-member households from the universe of survey. The unemployed might be overrepresented among such households. While they might have formed about four to five percent of the total households, they probably accounted for about 1.4 percent of the total population. -91- (Our discussion of labour force participation and incidence of unemploy- ment is limited to persons aged 10 and over because, as shown in Annex 5, the number of persons aged less than 10 and in the labour force or unemployed was relatively small.) Incidence of Unemployment Before turning to the characteristics of the unemployed, a brief reference to the overall magnitudes is in order. Table 1 summarizes the data on the estimated number of unemployed in Sri Lanka according to the 1969-70 survey. The overall incidence of unemployment in the country as a whole was about 14 percent, with sizeable sectoral variations in 1/ female unemployment but not in male unemployment.- Although the incidence of unemployment among females was higher than among males in urban as well as in the non-estate rural areas, the number of unemployed females was smaller than that of males because of their lower labour force participation rates. While the frustrations experienced by one-quarter or one-third of the women seeking without success to participate in economic activity cannot be ignored, the nature of jobs sought by them might well be specific in terms of the distance between their residence and possible place of work. The welfare implica- tions of the unemployment of females may also be different if they seek essentially to supplement the earnings of male members in their 1/ Annex 5 reviews the available evidence on seasonal or quarterly variations in the incidence of unemployment, which seem to be quite small. A different picture might emerge if the labour force and employment data were collected for a short reference period of one week, i.e., in terms of "current" activity. -92- Table 1 SRI LANKA: THE MAGNITUDE OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM ESTIMATED BY THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1969-70 Sector Persons Males Females (A) Estimated Nwnber of Unemployed Persons, 1969-70 Urban 122,100 71,400 50,700 Rural 404,900 253,100 151,700 Estate 62,700 46,300 16,400 All 589,700 370,900 218,800 (B) Incidence of Unemployment*(UnenpZoyed as Percent of Labor Force) Urban 17.5 13.2 32.4 Rural 14.3 11.2 25.9 Estate 8.9 12.3 4.9 All 13.9 11.7 20.6 (C) Number of UnempZoyed Persons in the Sample Urban 1,428 835 593 Rural 982 614 368 Estate 505 373 132 All 2,915 1,822 1,093 * The data pertain to ages 10 and over only. For the population as a whole (including persons of all ages) the incidence of unemployment was 14.0 percent. The absolute numbers shown above in Part A and in the Statistical Appendix are for unemployed of all ages. However, as shown in Annex 5, very few of the unemployed were aged less than 10 years, and, therefore, the results are unaffected by their inclusion. -93- households. It is necessary, therefore, to examine the characteristics of unemployed males and females separately. However, some more specific information on the characteristics of the unemployed in different deciles of households might help to identify particular groups deserving special attention. Before examining the demographic characteristics of the unemployed such as age and education, we shall look at the incidence of unemployment according to ethnic group and major source of household income. Ethnic Distribution of the Unemployed Table 2 shows the ethnic distribution of the unemployed. To put the data in some perspective, the labour force participation rates (for persons aged 10 and over) and the incidence of unemployment by ethnic group have also been shown. It is evident that there were sizeable ethnic differences in the labour force participation rates of females but not in those of males within each sector. Excluding the Indian Tamils who are a relatively small group in urban and rural areas, the Sinhalese women reported a much higher labour force participation than did the Sri Lankan Tamils or "others." Further, the Sinhalese males as well as females reported a significantly higher incidence of unemployment than did the other ethnic groups, except on the estates (where the Indian Tamil males and the Sri Lankan Tamil females reported a higher unemployment rate than did the Sinhalese). The observed differences in participation and unemployment rates, together with the ethnic composition of the population, make the Sinhalese the predominant group among the unemployed-both in urban and rural areas and among persons of both sexes. (On the estates, the Sinhalese Table 2 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG PERSONS AGED 10 AND OVER, BY SECTOR AND ETHNIC GROUP, 1969-70 Persone Males Females Urban Rural Estate All Urban Rural Estate All Urban Rural Estate All Ethnic Group Areas Areas Sector Island Areas Areas Sector Island Areas Areas Sector Island (A) Labour Force Participation Rates Sinhalese 43.6 43.8 58.8 44.0 65.1 67.3 76.0 67.1 22.4 19.7 41.9 20.5 (2517) (2958) (201) (5676) Sri Lankan Tamils 38.9 38.7 69.9 41.4 66.3 70.3 73.3 69.5 12.4 7.0 65.6 13.0 (777) (455) (207) (1439) Indian Tamils 47.3 59.2 72.3 70.2 70.5 79.2 75.0 75.2 18.4 40.2 69.6 65.0 (79) (60) (1564) (1703) Others 41.1 37.7 52.9 39.5 68.6 67.5 66.7 68.0 13.3 7.9 41.3 11.0 (649) (179) (18) (846) All 42.4 43.1 70.6 45.9 66.0 67.8 74.8 68.2 19.0 18.0 66.1 23.2 (4022) (3652) (1990) (9664) (B) Incidence of Unemployment Sinhalese 20.0 15.9 9.3 16.4 14.8 12.6 10.3 12.9 34.8 27.6 7.4 28.3 Sri Lankan Tamils 11.1 6.9 10.4 8.4 8.8 6.1 11.0 7.2 22.7 14.5 9.2 14.5 Indian Tamils 14.1 0.8 9.1 8.5 10.9 - 13.1 11.7 29.6 2.2 4.6 4.7 Others 14.9 5.9 2.2 10.1 12.5 5.1 - 8.4 27.3 13.3 5.3 20.4 All 17.6 14.3 9.2 14.0 13.3 11.3 12.5 11.8 32.4 25.9 5.2 20.7 (C) Ethnic Distribution of the Unemptoyed Sinhalese 74.6 93.4 8.3 80.4 70.2 91.7 8.1 77.1 80.8 96.2 9.1 86.1 Sri Lankan Tamils 10.4 4.8 10.9 6.6 11.9 6.2 8.9 7.6 8.3 2.4 15.9 4.8 Indian Tamils 1.5 0.1 80.6 9.0 1.7 - 83.1 10.7 1.3 0.3 74.2 6.1 Others 13.5 1.7 0.2 4.0 16.3 2.1 - 4.6 9.6 1.1 0.8 3.0 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Notes: 1. Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households. 2. In th8 total population enumerated by the 1971 Census, the four ethnic groups shown in the table accounted for 71.9, 11.1, 9.4 and 7.6 percent, respectively. -95- are underrepresented among the unemployed whereas the other ethnic groups are overrepresented.) Further, the percentage of households reporting inadequate caloric intake (per equivalent adult) also tends to be somewhat higher among the Sinhalese (45.3) than among the Sri Lankan Tamils (38.6) or the Indian Tamils (29.5). 1 Unemployment and Unemployed According to Major Source of Household Income The survey did not distinguish between (a) the new entrants into the labour force seeking work for the first time2/ and (b) the unemployed who had worked before. If the latter group is identified separately and its characteristics in terms of "usual" occupation, industry, and class of worker are recorded, it would become possible to examine differences in the incidence of unemployment according to the usual status of the labour force. An alternative possibility is to examine the incidence of unemploy- ment according to the major source of income of the household.3/ For a majority of the sample households, wages or profits were the major source of income; and, therefore, all other sources have been grouped together. 1/ Among the "other" ethnic groups, 55.1 percent of the households had reported inadequate caloric intake (per equivalent adult); the cor- responding figure for the entire sample was 43.3 percent. See: Pravin Visaria, "The Incidence of 'Absolute' Poverty in Sri Lanka, 1969-70," mimeographed. 2/ The age distribution of those classified as unemployed, discussed later, suggests that, quite probably, a majority of the unemployed were new entrants into the labour force. 3/ The survey distinguished between the household income originating from (a) wages and salaries, (b) profit from business enterprises or farming (including other self-employment), (c) rents, dividends, interest, etc., (d) pensions, remittances, etc., (e) other periodic cash receipts, and (f) non-monetary household income. The major source of household income has been defined as that source which accounted for a higher percentage of the total income than did other sources, considered separately. -96- The distinction has little relevance for the estates, where over 97 percent of the households were wage or salary earners; but among urban and rural households, those with "profits" as the major source included farmers, businessmen owning their enterprise as well as professional workers. Table 3 shows the relevant data by sector and sex. Interestingly, the male labour force participation rates were almost the same for wage- and profit-earning households, but significantly lower for households with "other" sources as the major source of income. Since these other sources included not only rent, interest, dividends, and non-monetary income but also pensions, remittances, and other periodic cash receipts, the members of these households presumably included a high proportion of the aged or other non-employables, who would naturally be outside the labour force. The female participation rates, however, were the highest in wage-earning households and the lowest in the profit-earning households. Households with other sources as the main source of income had an inter- mediate level of female labour force participation. In urban areas, female participation rates were almost the same in profit-earning and in "other" households. The factors underlying these differences in female participation rates include (a) differences in reporting biases which often lead to an understatement of the work performed by "unpaid family helpers" but do not affect wage earning women, (b) possibly limited work opportunities for women on small farms or family enterprises,-/ and (c) some cultural 1/ It is presumed that the age composition of women aged 10 and over would not be significantly different between wage- and profit-earning house- holds. Therefore, the absence of age standardization of participation rates would not be a contributary factor. -97- Table 3 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG PERSONS AGED 10 AND OVER, BY MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THE HOUSEHOLD AND SECTOR, 1969-70 Major Source Percentage Labour Force of Household Distribution Participation Rates Incidence of Unemployment Income of Households Persons Males Females Persons Males Females ALL ISLAND Wages/salaries 60.4 50.1 70.3 29.3 13.1 11.5 17.2 Profit* 29.8 42.1 69.3 13.5 13.8 11.0 29.2 Other 9.8 31.2 48.8 16.3 24.4 19.3 37.4 All 100.0 45.9 68.2 23.2 14.0 11.8 20.7 URBAN AREAS Wages/salaries 69.9 44.4 68.0 20.4 16.7 12.7 30.2 Profit* 20.9 42.2 68.8 15.6 17.0 12.1 38.8 Other 9.2 25.6 37.5 16.2 33.0 29.6 39.3 All 100.0 42.4 66.0 19.0 17.6 13.3 32.4 RURAL AREAS Wages/salaries 52.2 46.2 69.8 22.0 13.7 10.8 23.2 Profit* 36.6 42.0 69.3 13.0 13.3 10.8 27.9 Other 11.2 32.1 50.9 16.1 23.3 18.0 37.7 All 100.0 43.1 67.8 18.0 14.3 11.3 25.9 ESTATE SECTOR Wages/salaries 97.3 70.9 74.9 66.7 9.1 12.5 5.2 Profit* 1.3 62.2 84.9 35.6 11.5 15.6 - Other 1.4 44.6 50.0 38.9 12.1 10.5 14.3 All 100.0 70.6 74.8 66.1 9.2 12.5 5.2 *Including income from farming, own enterprise and professions. I -98- factors which might possibly permit women in wage-earning households to join the labour force but restrain the economic activity by women in profit- earning households. Differentials in the incidence of unemployment according to the major source of household income, noticeable only for females, show higher unemployment among profit-earning households and thereby indicate somewhat more limited work opportunities for them. Prima facie, a higher incidence of unemployment among profit-earning households than among wage-earning families seems anomalous.-1 However, an underlying factor might be dif- ferences in the levels of female education. As shown later, the incidence of female unemployment showed some tendency to rise with the level of education. If the profit-earning households had a lower proportion of females with no schooling or only primary education, the incidence of unemployment could well be higher among female members of such households. Urban as well as rural households with '"other sources" as the major source of livelihood reported the highest levels of unemployment both among males and females. The rural households with "other" sources as the main source of income also had a higher-than-average incidence of poverty in terms of the level of per capita expenditure (at which rural households could attain the recommended level of caloric intake per 1/ While the data and the categories are not comparable, in Gujarat and Maharashtra States of India, the incidence of unemployment according to alternative criteria was much higher among persons who reported themselves to be "employees" in terms of their usual activity. These data, based on the 27th Round of the Indian National Sample Survey, have been analyzed in: Pravin Visaria, "Poverty and Unemployment in India: An Analysis of Recent Evidence," World Development, forthcoming. -99- equivalent adult according to regression-based estimates./ It might be useful to examine more closely various characteristics of households with "other" sources of income to understand the high incidence of unemployment among them. However, the remainder of this paper is confined to the characteristics of the unemployed persons themselves. Table A.23 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of the unemployed in each sector according to the major source of income for the household. Consistent with the distribution of households according to major source of income (Table 3), a majority of the unemployed belonged to households for which wages and salaries were the major source of income. The proportion of unemployed from households reporting non-wage income as the major source was higher in rural areas than in urban or estate sectors. Further, relatively more of the unemployed in the bottom deciles were from households reporting wages and salaries as their major source of income. The unemployedc from the upper deciles of households, on the other hand, were more likely to be from non-wage-earning households. It is quite likely that households deriving a major part of their income from non-wage sources have other assets to fall back upon. Insofar as this is true, it could be an additional factor indicating that the unemployed from poor households might experience greater hardship than those from better-off households. An improvement in the productivity of 1/ The incidence of "absolute" poverty--caloric intake per equivalent adult below the "recommended" J.level--was lower than the average for the relevant sector among both urban and rural households with "other" sources as their main source of income. See: Pravin Visaria, "Incidence of 'Absolute' Poverty in Sri Lanka, 1969-70," mimeo. -100- assets, particularly land, can relieve unemployment among the rural profit- earning households and perhaps create additional work opportunities for members of the wage-earning households as well. Number of Earners in the Household One of the questions raised in the discussions about unemployment relates to the sources of livelihood to which the unemployed have access. Table A.24 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of the unemployed in each PCE decile according to the number of earners in the household../ Tables A.25 and A.26 show the distributions according to the number of male and female earners. Almost every unemployed person (except about one per 1,000) had access to the earnings of at least one member in the household. About 42 percent of them lived in households with only one earner and an additional 35 percent were from households with two earners. The urban-rural dif- ferences in the proportion of unemployed males or females living in house- holds with one or two earners were small. On the estates, however, the high labour force participation rates (together with low incidence of unemployment) implied that the percentage of unemployed living in single- earner households was smaller than in urban or non-estate rural areas. Table A.25 indicates that about six to eight percent of the unem- ployed males and females in urban and rural areas were from households with- out any male earner. On the estates, the percentage was a little higher, around ten percent. However, a large majority of the unemployed had the support of a male earner in the household.. 1/ The data have been presented separately for unemployed males and females. -101- More importantly, there were no sharp differences between PCE deciles in the percentage of urban or rural unemployed with only one or two earners in the household. On the estates, the percentage of unemployed with only one earner in the household actually increased with PCE decile. The single earners in those households had either high incomes or a rela- tively smaller family (or both) to place them in the upper PCE deciles. Age Distribution of the Unemployed Turning to individual characteristics of the unemployed, Table A.27 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of the unemployed in each PCE decile by age. Persons aged less than 20 years are grouped together, but the participation rates below age 10 were so low that despite a high incidence of unemployment among them, the unemployed aged 5-9 (shown in Section 1 of Annex 5) formed only 0.8 percent of all unemployed persons. The participation rates for the age group 10-14, shown in Section III above, varied between three and nine percent among males and females in the three sectors; but the unemployment rates for the age group being quite high, about 10 percent of all unemployed less than 20 years of age were aged 10-14. Table 4 shows their percentages by sector and sex. In the country as a whole, over 90 percent of all unemployed persons were between the ages of 10-29, inclusive, with the age group 10-24 accounting for 84 percent of the unemployed males and about 78 percent of the unemployed females.-/ An approximately similar concentration of 1/ The Indian National Sample Survey reports a large majority of the un- employed to be in the age groups 15-24, a majority of whom are new entrants into the labour force. By age 30, most of those seeking some economic activity find a niche in the economy, at least in some form of self-employment if a "job" ensuring a stable income is not found. A majority of the unemployed age 30 and over are likely to be persons who have lost some job held before. -102- Table 4 SRI LANKA: UNEMPLOYED AGED 10 - 14 AS PERCENT OF (A) UNEMPLOYED LESS THAN 20 YEARS OF AGE AND (B) ALL UNENPLOYED, BY SECTOR AND SEX, 1969-70 As Percent of Unernployed As Percent of Aged Less Than 20 Years AZZ Unernptoyed Sector Persons Males Females Persons Males Females All Island 9.8 9.5 10.2 4.0 4.2 3.6 Urban Areas 6.5 6.5 6.5 2.4 2.5 2.2 Rural Areas 7.7 8.0 6.8 2.9 3.4 2.2 Estate Sector 21.3 12.6 30.2 13.7 11.0 21.2 -103- the unemployed in ages 10-29 is seen for all three sectors and both sexes. The median age of unemployed females seems a little higher than that of males in urban and rural areas but not on the estates where the opposite is true. There is an interesting difference in the age distribution of the unemployed in different PCE deciles in urban and rural areas.-/ The percentage of those aged below 20 among the unemployed tends to vary inversely with decile. The tendency seems marked in the case of unemployed males in urban and rural areas and weak among females. The explanation appears to lie in the differences in the age at which children in various deciles leave the schools and join the labour force. Among the poor households, children seem to leave school at an earlier age and join the labour force even though gainful employment opportunities seem rather distant.-/ Such pressures are naturally less in the better-off households. This is confirmed by,the decile-related differences in school enrollment ratios, discussed in Section III, and also by the data on the educational attainment of the unemployed in different deciles which are examined next. Educational Attainment of the Unemployed Table A.28 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of the unemployed in each PCE decile by educational attainment. To minimize' the problem of the small number of sample persons in several cells, the 1/ The decile-related differences in the age distribution of the unemployed on the estates are relatively small. 2/ Such. a tendency would develop not only because of the limited ability of the poor households to pay for the direct cost of education but also because the opportunity cost of continuing a child in school is seen to be high relative to the available family resources. -104- data have not been cross-tabulated by age. Labour force participation rates and the incidence of unemployment by educational attainment are discussed in Section 3 of Annex 5. Interestingly, the proportion of those with General Certificate of Education (GCE) or higher education is substantially higher among unemployed females than among males, both in urban and rural areas. The proportion of unemployed persons with only primary education or even middle school education is smaller among females. Quite probably, women with no education or a low level of education either accept whatever work is available or do notaactively seek jobs and report themselves as unemployed as often as their better-educated sisters. An important inter-sectoral difference in the educational attainment of the unemployed occurs in the higher proportion of illiterates and those with only primary education on the estates than in urban or non-estate rural areas. This is consistent with the low levels of literacy and education among the estate sector households; few of their unemployed were educated beyond the middle school. Between urban and non-estate rural areas, the educational distribution of unemployed males shows rather small differences. Among unemployed females, however, the percentage of those who had passed GCE or advanced GCE/HSC was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Once again, the reluctance of rural women with a low level of education to actively look for a job might be an explanation. -105- Consistent with what was said above on the basis of the age distribution, the proportion of the unemployed with no schooling or only primary education varies inversely with decile; and the proportion of those with GCE or higher education rises with decile. Most of the unemployed who had passed advanced GCE/HSC and beyond were not among the poor in terms of the PCE of their households. On the other hand, the unemployed among the poor or the bottom deciles were predominantly those with no formal schooling or those educated up to the pre-GCE level; a fact that should be given due consideration in determining the nature of jobs to be created for them. Marital Status of the Unemployed The data presented in Table A.29 in the Statistical Appendix suggest that over 90 percent of the unemployed were never married; the percentage is slightly higher among males than among females. There were no sectoral differences in the percentage of never married among unemployed males; but among unemployed females, the percentage of the "never-married" was higher in urban areas than in rural areas or on the estates. The inter-decile differences in the proportion of married persons among the unemployed were relatively small and showed no consistent trend. It seems, however, that a majority of the unemployed males were postponing marriage, and their tendency to postpone the responsibility of supporting a spouse or family is likely to be a contributing factor to the reported rise in the mean age of females at marriage from about 20.9 years in 1953 to 22.1 years in 1963 and 23.5 years in 1971.-1 1/ United Nations, ESCAP, Population of Sri Lanka (Bangkok, 1976), p. 116. Figures refer to the "singulate" mean age at marriage or the mean number of years lived by a (hypothetical) cohort of females before first marriage. -106- Y. A Multivariate Analysis of Per Capita Expenditure and Income This section reports, separately for each. sector and for the country as a whole, the results of a multiple classification analysis (MCA) of per capita expenditure (PCE) and income (PCY) in Sri Lanka. It is a complement to the univariate analysis presented in the previous section. Six or seven variables (six when the households in each of the three sectors are considered separately and seven for the country as a whole) are defined for an entire household, and an additional seven variables take account of the characteristics of the main earner of the household." As shown in Annex 3, in about 78 percent of the households (after applying the weights discussed in Annex 1), the main earner was also the head of the household. Therefore, our results are unlikely to be different from those taking account of the characteristics of the household heads.-/ Explanatory Variables at the Household Level Among the variables defined for the household as a unit, the sector of residence, the ethnic group, and household size need no explanation. As noted earlier, the urban and rural households were 1/ As noted in Section III, the main earner of a household is defined as the persons reportedly contributing more to the household income than any other member. 2/ Results of MCA taking account of the characteristics of the household heads have been examined, and those for Sri Lanka as a whole are summarized in Pravin Visaria, "Poverty and Living Standards in Asia," Working Paper No. 2 of the Living Standards Measurement Study (August 1980). -107- predominantly Sinhalese, with Sri Lankan Tamils as the second most important group and very few Indian Tamil households. On the estates, I(' however, the Indian Tamils were the predominant group. (See Table A.1 in the Statistical Appendix.) The burden of dependency in the household is represented by the two variables--child-dependency ratio and old-age dependency ratio-- defined respectively as the number of children aged 0-14 years and the number of elderly persons aged 60 years or more as a ratio of the number of members aged 15-59. For about one percent of the sample households which had no member in the age group 15-59 these variables cannot be defined. About 21.4 percent of all households reported no member aged less than 15 years while 70.9 percent of all households had no one aged 60 or more. In 11.1 percent of all households both the dependency ratios assume a value of zero (i.e., all the members were aged 15-59 years). The level of economic activity at the household level is represented by the two variables--the labour force participation rate and the incidence of unemployment. The labour force participation rate is defined as the ratio of the number of persons aged 10 and over reporting to be in the labour force (employed plus unemployed) to the total number of persons in the household aged 10 and over. The variable ranges between 0 and 1. Among households for which this variable can be defined (i.e., households which had at least one member in the age group 10-99), 4.2 percent had a zero participation rate and 18.6 percent had a participation -108- rate of one, signifying that all the persons aged 10 and over participated in the labour force. In the estate sector, 68.0 percent of the households had a participation rate of one with only 0.8 percent of the households reporting a zero participation rate; much different figures were reported for urban areas (9.7 and 4.7 percent) and the non-estate rural areas (12.5 and 4.7 percent).-/ The incidence of unemployment in a household is defined as the ratio of unemployed persons to all persons aged 10 and over and reported to be in the labour force. This variable cannot be defined for 5.5 percent of the households who had reported no member in the labour force, or for whom the information was inadequate. The variable takes values between 0 and 1, with 75.7 percent of the households reporting no unemployed member and 2.2 percent reporting all participants in the labour force to be unemployed.- Characteristics of the Main Earner The characteristics of the main earner taken into account to explain the per capita expenditure (PCE) and income (PCY) of households are: sex, age, marital status, education, employment status, occupation, 1/ As seen in Section III, these differences reflect the composition of industrial and occupational activities in the three sectors. In the estate sector, females are employed mainly on tea plantations for plucking and related labour. About 71.5 percent of the estate sector households had a female labour participation rate of one for ages 10 and over, compared to only 9.1 and 12.0 percent of urban and rural households respectively. 2/ Once again, the unemployment rate for females on the estates was considerably lower than from urban and rural households. In the estate sector 81.1 percent of households had no unemployed female while, in the urban and rural sectors, only 18.4 and 20.9 percent of the house- holds respectively had no unemployed females. -109- and industry. Some of these variables such as occupation, industry and education of the main earner may be intercorrelated,-/ but the subject 2/ has not been fully explored-/ on the grounds that it will be evident from the interaction effect, i.e., the difference between total R2 and the sum of variance explained by each variable after adjustment for other factors. Explained Variance in PCE and PCY Tables 1 and 2 show the proportion of total variance in PCE and PCY, respectively, explained by the thirteen or fourteen variables outlined above, both before and after adjustment for other variables. The total R is almost the same for both PCE and PCY in the country as a whole (0.413 and 0.403, respectively). However, we are able to explain more of the variance in PCE than in PCY for urban areas and more of the variance in PCY than in PCE for rural and estate sectors.)/ 1/ The MCA assumes an additive model and the program is "normally insensi- tive to interaction effects," unless the correlation between two or more predictors is extremely high. See: Frank M. Andrews, et. al. Multiple Classification Analysis, Second Edition (Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, 1973), p. 17. 2/ As shown below, a key feature of the MCA technique is its ability to show the effect of each explanatory variable on the dependent variable both before and after the effects of all other explanatory variables are taken into account. (The variables are measured as sets of classes or categories.) In the case of correlated predictors, one could observe either an 'overlap effect' (e.g. when the relationship between the two predictors is positive and they are both positively related to the dependent variable) or a'suppressor effect' (e.g. when the pre- dictors are negatively related to each other and positively related to the dependent variable). In the former case, the two variables con- sidered together will explain less than the sum of the two, each con- sidered separately, whereas in the latter case, the variables together would explain more of the variation in the dependent variable than the sum of the two considered separately. 3/ Tables A.30 and A.31 in the Statistical Appendix show the mean PCE and PCY, respectively, of households with specified characteristics in each sector. The MCA technique requires a partitioning into categories of even continuous variables such as the dependency ratios, participation rates, and incidence of unemployment. We have attempted to demarcate the groups in a manner that would minimize the problems of (a) too few sample households in a category and (b) too unequal a distribution of sample households. Because of the bunching of households around certain values of these continuous variables, the latter problem is very difficult to avoid. Table 1 SRI LANKA: RESULTS OF MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS (MCA) OF MONTHLY PER CA'RITA EX2'ENDITURE (PCE) OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969-70 AU Iesiand Urban Areas PRuaZ Areas Estate Sector Variance Explained Vari'nce Explained Variance Explained Variance Explained Without With Without With Without With Without With adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustmant adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment for other for other Rank for othe: for other Rank for other for other Rank for other for other Rank factors factors of factors factors of factors factors of factors factors of Predictors + 82 B2 B2 n2 B2 B2 2 62 B2 2 B2 (A) Household Characteristics Sector .056 .009 8 -- -- -- - - - _ Race .009 .003 12 .007 .00l$ 12 .007 .0C8 6 .017 .0049 Household Size .073 .059 2 .091 .053 2 .094 .073 1 .163 .086 2 Child-Dependency Ratio .096 .033 4 .l03 .028 4 .111 .040 4 138 .060 4 Old Age-Dependency Ratio .005 .001$ 13 .004+ .002$ 11 .010 .001$ 12 ,005 .002$ ll Labour Force Participation Rate .011 .009 7 .041 .017 7 .018 .007 8 .039 .006$ G Incidence of Unemployment .004 .010 6 .026 .021 6 .003$ .006 9 .024 .013 6 F (2) Characteristics of the Main Earner Sex N$ N$ 14 .004 $ 13 N$ N$ 13 .012 .001$ 13 Age .010 .008 9 .017 .014 8 .015 .007 7 .012 .003$ 10 Marital Status N$ .003 11 .001$ .003+ 10 N$ .005 10 ..001$ .002$ 12 Education .209 .102 1 .267 .139 1 .140 .069 2 .121 .040 5 Class of Worker .023 .006 10 .028 .011 9 .013 .005 11 .007 .065 3 Occupation .177 .046 3 .197 .C42 3 .135 .033 5 .150 .135 1 Industry .108 .020 5 .080 .028 5 .106 .037 3 .023 .010 7 Multiple R2 .413 .470 .352 .405 (Sample Size) (9664) (4022) (3652) (1990). Interaction Effect .104 .111 .061 -.022 N: Less than 0.0005. $: Not significant at the ten percent level.. *: Not significant at the five percent level. +: Not significant at the one percent level. All other variables are significant at the one percent level. Table 2 SRI tANRA: RESULTS OE MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS (MCA) OF MONTHLY PER CAPITA INCOME (PCY) OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969-70 A1Z Island Urban Areas Rural Areas Estate Sector Variance Explained Variance Explained Variance Explained Variance Explained Without With Without With Without With Without With adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment adjustment for other for other Rank for other for other Rank for other for other Rank for other for other Rank factors factors of factors factors of factors factors of factors factors of Predictors n2 B2 B2 n2 B2 B2 _ _ n B2 82 n2 2 (A) Household Characteristics Sector .060 .010 8 - - - - Race .010 .002 11 .004 .001$ 11 .008 .009 10 .018 .009 9 Household Size .035 .014 7 .038 .014 7 .074 .029 5 .130 .034 7 Child-Dependency Ratio .080 .035 3 .075 .023 6 .134 .064 2 .175 .107 2 Old Age-Dependency Ratio .005 N$ 13 .002$ N$ 12 .014 .001$ 12 .002$ .002$ 11 Labour Force Participation Rate .017 .020 4 .054 .030 4 .036 .019 7 .035 .034 6 Incidence of 'Jnemployment .004 .019 5. .019 .025 5 .006 .019 6 .024 .031 8 (3) Characteristics of the Main Earner Sex N$ NS 14 .001 N$ 13 N 13 .011 .002 12 Age .010 .010 9 .017 .012 8 .021 .010 9 .023 .003$ 10 Marital Status .001$ .001+ 12 .001 .001$ 10 .002+ .002 11 .004+ .001$ 13 Education .229 .117 1 .247 .132 1 .167 .072 1 .097 .036 4 Class of Worker .025 .009 10 .026 .010 9 .020 .011 8 .016 .034 5 Occupation .168 .051 2 .165 .048 2 .161 .046 3 .156 .167 1 Industry .093 .017 6 .061 .035 3 .119 .033 4 .020 .043 3 Multiple R2 .403 401 .408 .451 (Sample Size) (9664) (4022) (1990) (1990) Interaction Effect .098 .070 .093 -.052 N: Less than 0.0005. * Not sigrificant at the ten percent level. $: Not significant at the five percent level. +: Not significant at the one percent level. All other variables are eiinificant at the one percent l-vel. -112- MCA for Per Capita Expenditure Let us consider the MCA results of PCE first. In the country as a whole, prior to adjustment for other factors (i.e., in terms of squared eta coefficients), education, occupation, and industry of the main earner, child-dependency ratio, sector of residence and size of the house- hold and, finally, status of the main earner, in that order, explain between 21 and two percent of the variance in PCE. Ethnic group, old age-dependency ratios in the household, incidence of unemployment and age of the main earner each explain one percent or less of the variance but are statistically significant at the one percent level. Sex and marital status of the main earner as well as the labour force participation rate of the household are statistically insignificant, even at the ten percent level. With the exception of a few minor differences, the squared eta coefficients for each of the three sectors follow roughly the same pattern as those for the country as a whole.l/ When adjustment is made for other factors (i.e., in terms of the squared beta coefficients), educational attainment of the main earner emerges as the most important predictor of PCE in the country as a whole. 1/ The minor differences include (a) the statistically insignificant value of the variance explained by old age-dependency ratio in the estate sector; (b) the much higher (four percent) value of the variance explained by labour force participation rate of the household in urban and estate sectors. In addition, differences in household size explain a higher percentage of the variance in PCE in all the sectors; and the opposite is true for the industry of the main earner on the estates, where a large majority of the earners are engaged in the tea industry alone. -113- Other important variables (in order of significance) explaining the variance in PCE are household size, occupation of the main earner, the child dependency ratio, and the industry of the main earner. Incidence of unemployment and age of the main earner come next in the order of their importance in explaining the variance in the PCE of households, but their beta squared coefficients are similar. The sector of residence, status of the main earner, and ethnic group lose much of their importance as predictors of PCE when other factors are allowed for. The MCA results of each of the three sectors after adjustment for other factors (i.e., squared beta coefficients) are somewhat different. In urban areas, education of the main earner remains the most important explanatory variable of PCE of a household; and variables, such as the labour force participation rate and the incidence of unemployment, are much more important in urban areas than in the country as a whole or in other sectors. In rural areas, househQld size is almost as important as the education of the main earner; and the industry of the main earner is a slightly more important predictor than is his occupation. On the estates, occupation of the main earner appears to be the most important predictor of PCE,-witi household size, status of the main earner, and the child- dependency ratio next in importance; education of the main earner is a less important predictor of the PCE. On the whole, we see the operation of suppressor effects (when the variAbles are negatively related to each other but have a positive correlation with the dependent variable) in the MCA results for urban and rural areas and the country as a whole. The sum of squared beta -114- coefficients in these sectors (0.359, 0.291, and 0.309, respectively) is less than the total R2 (0.470, 0.352, and 0.413). On the estates, however, the overlap effects (when both the variables are positively related to each other) seem to be operative, with the sum of squared beta coefficients (0.427) two percentage points higher than the total R2 (0.405). MCA for Per Capita Income The relative importance of different predictors (after adjusting for other factors) in explaining the variation in PCY is essentially similar to that in explaining PCE. Education of..the main earner is also the most important predictor of PCY, however, in the estate sector, the occupation of the main earner and the child-dependency ratio of the household are more important than education. The interaction effects are also similar. As in the case of PCE, the sum of squared beta coefficients' for different predictors of PCY in the country as a whole and' its urban and rural areas (0.305, 0.331, and 0.315, respectively), is significantly below the R values (0.403, 0.401, and 0.408, respectively). For the estate sector, however, the R2 value (0.451) is lower than the sum-of squared beta coefficients (0.503). The main differences between the MCA results for PCE and PC! are the following: (a) Household size seems to be less important in explaining PCY than in explaining PCE in each sector. (This is consistent with the lower (absolute) values of correlation coefficients between PCY and house- hold size than of those between PCE and household size, shown in Table'4 in Section II. However, the differences in the squared beta values are much larger.) (b) As would be expected, the labour force participation -115- rate and the incidence of unemployment in the household explain more of the variance in PCY than of the variance in PCE. The explanatory power of the occupation of the main earner is also a little stronger with respect to PCY than to PCE in each sector. Industry of the main earner performs slightly better in explaining the variance in PCY than in PCE in urban and estate sectors, but not in rural areas. Rather surprisingly, the age group of the main earner, presumed to indicate the life cycle effects, explains no more than about one percent of the variance in PCY. The life cycle effects seem relatively unimportant because per capita expenditure or income has been used as the dependent variable in defining which allowance has already been made for the differ- ences in household size. As will be seen in Section VI, the age variable proves to be a more important predictor of the earnings of employees than of PCE or PCY (although educational attainment and/or occupation once again turn out to be more important for explaining the variance in earnings). The low importance of ethnic group in explaining differences in PCE or PCY, both before and after adjustment for other factors, is surprising. However, the explanation probably lies in our inability to explain more than about 45 to 47 percent of the variance in PCE and PCY partly because we have focussed on the characteristics of the "main earner" and thus have not taken full account of those of all members of the households.- 1/ The results of MCA, using the characteristics of the head of the house- hold, also give roughly the same R2 values as those shown above; and the relative importance of different predictors is similar to that reported here. -116- VI. A Multivariate Analysis of the Earnings of Employees This section examines the results of a multiple classification analysis (MCA) of the earnings of employees. As shown in Table A.16 in the Statistical Appendix, nearly two-thirds of all employed persons were employees. Even in non-estate rural areas, the employees formed over 55 percent of the employed. Except for the casual labourers, the employees generally receive a relatively stable income and the problems in recalling or reporting their earnings-/ are much less serious than those involved in estimating the income of the self-employed, including farmers.!/ In addition, income from wages and salaries formed nearly 46 percent of all reported income in the survey and the factors explaining the variation in it merit attention. Variables Used as Predictors of Earnings Variables used in this analysis include most of the characteristics of individuals on which we have information, namely, sex, age, educational attainment, ethnic group, and occupation. Marital status and the industry in which the employee worked were not used in the analysis partly because they did not perform well in the multiple classification analysis of PCE and PCY reported in the previous section. Nationality of the earner was also used to identify whether there were differences in the earnings of those who were Ceylonese by descent and others who had become Ceylonese by registration. (It turned out that a large majority of the Ceylonese 1/ Obviously, the data would not approximate wage or salary rates unless every employee is assumed to be working full-time. 2/ The income from wages and salaries reported in the survey was 28 percent below the corresponding figure in the national accounts; the discrepancy was 39 percent for profits, 78 percent for rent, interest and dividends, and 35 percent overall. -117- by registration were estate sector employees, quite probably Indian Tamils). The survey round, or quarter, was added to the variables to identify the possible existence of seasonality in earnings in rural and estate areas. And finally, the sector of residence was an obviously relevant variable for the data analysis of the country as a whole. Explained Variance Table 1 presents the results of MGA separately by sector of residence and sex of the employee. Taking both sexes together, the R values are around 48 percent for urban, rural, and all employees but 41 percent for the estate sector employees; and, except for the estate sector, the R2 values are higher for female employees than for male employees. The sectoral differences in the R2 values are smaller for male employees than for female employees. The major explanatory variables of differences in earnings in urban areas and the country as a whole are education, occupation, and age. In rural areas, occupation seems more important than education, with age almost as important as education. On estates, occupation is also more important than education; sex of the employee, much less important than education before adjustment for other factors, becomes more important after adjustment. Our R2 values for female employees in urban and rural areas and Sri Lanka as a whole are much higher than for male employees partly because of the higher explanatory power of occupation for the former. The variance explained by education is also higher for female employees in urban and rural areas than for male employees. -118- Table 1 SRI LANKA: MCA ANALYSIS OF MONTHLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES BY SEX, 1969-70 Ma les Femazes Persons VARIANCE EXPLAINED VARIANCE EXPLAINED VARIANCE EXPLAIXED Without Without Without adjustment With adjust- adjustment With adjust- adjustment With adjust- for other ment for for other ment for for other ment for factors other factors factors other factors factors other factors Area/Predictor n2 B2 n2 B2 n2 e2 All I.otand Sex __- - - 0.041 0.010 Age 0.072 0.043 0.068 0.019 0.070 0.036 Sector 0.090 0;013 0.077 0.003 0.101 0.010 Education 0.297 0.139 0.532 0.149 0.330 0.139 Round 0.0005@ 0.0G05@ O.001@ 0.0007@ 0.0004@ 0.0004@ Nationality 0.034 0.003 0.027 0.0007@ -0.044 0.0005 Ethnic Group 0.040 0.008 0.035 0.008 0.050 0.007 Occupation 0.294 0.090 0.56; 0.260 0.332 0.102 R2 0.447 0.671 0.483 (Sample Size) (9134) (4085) (13219) Vrbout Areas Sex __ __ . _ 0.017 0.013 Age 0.103 0:048 0.183 0.043 0.109 0.045 Sector - - - _ _ Education 0.326 0.168 0.575 0.227 0.334 0.175 Round 0.002 0.00@0 0.005 0.0005@ 0.001 0.0007'e Nationality 0.003 0.00058 0.005 0.0009@ 0.003 0.0001o Ethnic Group 0.017 0.003 0.021 0.005@ 0.015 0.003 Occupation 0.300 0.084 0.577 0.182 0.316 0.089 R 2 0.452 0.721 0.481 (Sample Size) (4063) (982) (5045) * Not significant at the ten percent level. @ Not significant at the five percent level. -119- Table 1 (continued) SRI LAN1A: MCA ANALYSIS OF MONTHLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES BY SEX, 1969-70 Males Femates Persons VARIANCE EXPLAINED VARIANCE EXPLAINED VARIANCt EXPLAINED Without Without Without adjustment With adjust- adjustmernt With adjust- adjustment With adjust- for other ment for for other ment for for other ment for factors other factors factors other factors factors other factors Area/Predictor n2 _ _2 n2 B2 n2 _ 2 Rural Areas Sex __ __ __ __ 0.048 0.022 Age 0.123 0.081 0.110 0.039 0.118 0.073 Sector __ __ __ __ __ __ Education 0.198 0.068 0.485 0.100 0.249 0.072 Round 0.0005@ 0.0004@ 0.00078 0.003@ 0.0002@ 0.0006@ Nationality 0.001@ 0.004 0.002@ 0.002@ 0.002 0.001@ Ethnic Group 0.006 0.021 0.015 0.0038 0.008 0.014 Occupation 0.311 0.150 0.556 0).319 0.343 0.153 R2 0.417 0.637 0.476 (Sample Size) (2537) (720) (3257) Estaten Sex __ __ - __ 0.056 0.119 Age 0.057 0.038 0.030 0.025 0.045 0.027 Sector __ __ _ __ __ Education 0.203 0.064 0.183 0.124 0.208 0.063 Round 0.002 0.0005 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.0004~ Nationality 0.077 0.017 0.003 0.005 0.046 0.006 Ethnic Group 0.081 0.0038 0.0038 0.002@ 0.055 0.003 Occupation 0.317 0.175 0.133 0.025 0.301 0.162 R2 80.424 0.225 0.411 (Sample Size) (2534) (2383) (4617) I Not significant at the ten percent level. @ Not significafnt at the five percent level. -120- Before adjustment for other factors, the age group of the employee accounts for about 11 to 12 percent of the variance in earnings in urban and rural areas but less than 5 percent on the estates. After adjustment, the share of variance explained by age declines substantially. In view of the importance of age as an indicator of life cycle effects, Figure 1 shows the earnings of employees by sex, age, and sector. The curves for male employees in urban and rural areas form a clear inverted U-shape; the corresponding curve for the estate sector is quite flat, indicating little scope for an increase in earnings through the presumed accumulation of skills with age and experience. The curve for female employees on the estates, mainly tea pluckers, forms virtually a straight line for ages 20-64; the corresponding curves for urban and rural areas show some erratic fluctuations, presumed to be partly because of errors in age reporting. Ethnic group and nationality turn out to be important for explaining the earnings of male employees on the estates before adjustment for other factors, but not after adjustment. The seasonal variation in earnings, indicated by the round or quarter of the survey, is also quite small and not significant at the ten percent level. One must note, however, the strong interaction effects (i.e., suppressor effects) indicated by variance not explained by any specific factor in the MCA for all groups of employees, except for females and persons of both sexes on the estates. The recommended procedure in such cases is to create some additional joint variables and make supplementary MCA runs. The constraints of time and resources, however, preclude such an effort. Figure 1 -121- SRI LANKA: AVERACF. MONTHLY EARNINCS OF EMILOYEES BY SECOR AND SEX, 1969-70 ALL ISLAND URURN 320.0 n F rrrT 'T'T 'T"'F 340.0 350.0 -r.TTrr, rrrrr.T.,-r'r . .-.. T-T- 350.0 3z.0. 32..0 32b.0 325.0 ooo.o 300.0 300.0 300.0 276.0 __75.0 Z76.0 275.0 250.0 2s0.0 cn s20. - 250.0 z 2zs.o0 22z.0 Z225.0 22s.0 200.0 200.0 Id 200.0 1 200.0 3- t75.0 175.0 r 575.0 175.0 ]c10s.0 0 012.0 120.0 106.0 12\7.0 0 7.0.0 cc a: £20.0 > £60.0 100.0 ; \60.0 -0s.o 75.0 ts.0.0 .0 50.0 50.0 0 6- 25 .0 15~~~0 .0 6 . ts': L l'. J - I ~~~~20. 2.0 20. AGE GROUP fiGE GROUP RURAL |ESTrRA1E 350.0 T .*.- ....... l 4 l TTn 350.0 350.0 ....... 11 T 3EO.O 325.0 326.0 326.0 _ _ 325.. 300.0 , 300.0 300.0 3 .0 275.0 _ _ 275.0 27S .0 _ 275 .0 W>t50.0 _ 250.0 c:7250.0 _ tso.O Z 25.0 225.0 Z35.0 220.0 3 t00.0 200.0 i 200.0 too.0 Z176.0 175.0 7 175.0 275.0 r 160.0 s.2: o. 50 600.0 250.0 600.0 _ 50.0 Z 225.0 *26.0 Z 625.0 25.0 00.0 200.l.0 00.0 t00.0 $ £0.0 170.0 5-10.0 575.0 0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. AGE GROUP AGE GROUP rRBLE O' SYMBOLS e --ARL E .-FEMAeLE -122- The results presented above are consistent with the general impression that wages and salaries are determined jointly by education, occupation, and age of the employee. The actual magnitudes of prevailing differences can be seen in Table A.32 in the Statistical Appendix. The figures shown separately by sex and sector might be of general interest. -123- VII. Components of Income and the Patteranof Consumption This section examines briefly the importance of different component sources of income in the total income of households in different deciles, based on (a) per capita expenditure and (b) per capita income of the household. It also presents some highlights of the pattern of consumption by PCE decile. Components of Income The Socio-Economic Survey distinguished between six sources of income: (a) wages, salaries, etc.; (b) profits from business or farm (including self- employment); (c) rent, dividends, interest, etc.; (d) pensions, remittances, and cash allowances received from outside the household; (e) other periodic cash receipts; and (f) non-monetary household income. Information on items (a) to (e) was sought from every income receiver in the household. Data on non-monetary income were gathered for the household as a whole, with explicit questions on (i) the goods and services received free from employers or other sources; (ii) the quantity and value of goods produced by the household enterv prise or a self-employed member, consumed by the household; and (iii) the net rental value of owner-occupied housing units,V Regarding monetary income, the interviewers were asked to record "the average monthly income based on the total income over the year preceding the survey" because "the income received during a particular month was not considered to be quite meaningful,"1 particularly for persons whose activities 1/ All items received free or consumed out of own produce were valued at pre- vailing market prices. The net rental value was estimated by deducting the monthly expenditure on maintenance and minor repairs and property taxes from the gross rental value, calculated on the basis of "the prevailing market rents for similar types of houses in the neighbourhood." -124- and receipts were subject-to seasonal variations, e.g. farmers. This procedure presumably led to the use of a uniform reference period of "last one year" for all respondent households and eliminated the possible variations in response errors by differences in the duration of recall required of wage and salary earners on the one hand and farmers or businessmen on the other.-/ Distribution of Households According to the Major Source of Income We have used the available data on income from different sources to identify the major source of household income, defined as that which accounted for a higher percentage of the total income than other sources. Table A.33 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of households in each sector by PCE decile and the major source of income; while Table A.34 shows the corresponding data in terms of decile. As expected, the data confirm that wages or salaries are a more major source of income for a higher proportion of urban households than for rural households; on the estates, over 97 percent of the households had wages as their main source of income. However, the decile related differences in the proportion of households with wages or profits as their major source of income were rather small with no clear trend. One distinct feature of the data is the inverse association between PCE or PCY decile and the percentage of rural households for whom non-monetary income was the major source. The Share of Different Components in Total Incomes Tables A.35 and A.36 in the Statistical Appendix show the percentage distribution of the total income received by households in different PCE and PCY 1/ It can be argued, however, that an extended reference period of a whole year in a survey would lead to recall problems and an underreporting of income. For understanding the actual levels of living, however, social scientists would be interested in a stable or long-term situation rather than a short-term of one month or less. The ideal reference period for evaluating the welfare of a household is much longer than the period for which reasonably reliable data can be collected in a survey. -125- deciles, in terms of the six components mentioned above plus the imputed value of the free rice ration. Figures 1 and 2 show graphically the percentage share of the four major sources of income, namely, wages and salaries, profits, non-monetary income and the imputed value of the free rice ration, in the total income for different deciles. (The three other sources of income are rather insignificant.) In Sri Lanka as a whole, the share of wages as well as profits rises with PCY decile, but the trends are much less clear when households are ranked according to PCE. The share of non-monetary income and the value of the free rice ration, however, declines with decile when ranked according to both criteria. The sectoral differences in the components of income are rather large and deserve to be reviewed. One consistent feature of the differences in the components of income in all three sectors is the decline in the importance of the value of the free rice ration. The percentage share of non-monetary income declines with decile in rural areas but rises, with a very small slope, in urban areas, and remains virtually unchanged across deciles in the estate sector.-L In rural areas, the share of profits in total income seems to rise rather steadily with PCY decile, which might be expected because of the likely positive relationship between land-ownership and decile. The top decile of rural households also seems to receive a much higher share of its income in the form of wages and salaries than do the bottom two deciles;-/ but the intermediate deciles show very small differences. 1/ We do not know the sub-components of non-monetary income; but a large part of such income on the estates might be the imputed value of "rent-free" housing units, provided by the employers. As shown in Section VIII, a large majority of the estate sector households in each decile were provided fent-free housing. 2/ This is consistent with the fact that, as shown in Section III, the percentage of white collar workers among the rural employed rose steadily with PCE decile. -126- Figure 1 SRI LANKA. PERCENrAGE SHARE OF SPECIFIED SOLRCES IN THE TOTAI. INCOME OF HOUSEHOLDS IN.DIFFERENT PCE DECILES, BY SECTOR, i969-70 ALL ISLAND . .. URRAN AREAS . ~~~~~~~~.. . ........ 8 0 . .... ..... ... . ..... * 70 ..- 40 30 -.---- -V---i-- __ U ...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ..... 20 ~~~~~77 .......Mges &Salaries : IILJ.LiiAr -. ~~ ~~.... o-mntr Income.4 - . ... . *~~~~:~~:I-.-Aputed Value of Ration Rice --- RURAL AREAS . ..ESTATE SECTOR -7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 70 -- ----- ------ 7 0 -------- --.--. - 40 30 ... 20... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4. 6 9 ii) Decile According to Per Capita Ex ,enditure Decile According to Per Capita Expenditure -127- Figure 2 SRtI LA?KA: PERCENTACE SHARE OF SPECIFTED SOURCES IN THE TOTAL rNcomO' OF HOUSEHOLD IN DIFFERENT DECILES' (Based on Per Capita income), 1969-70 .~~~ALL ISL.AND - -.- URBAN AREAS '170 - 60.- ,40 20 ... . ......... gesS Salariesd... I ~-Profits -t ~~~~~~~... ..4on-iwrietary Income .-.-.Imputed Value of Ration-Rice RURtAL ARES .2.~. ESTATE SETOR 70 . I--.- -. 60 0 - - . - . . - - . . . - . - - . . - ---- - -- - --- **50.. 3C 240 N.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 23 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 Declle Accordi.ng to Per C ZicaT!c'le Dec1lc .'Gcor.,itlj Lu Per Caipita Incomte -128- In urban areas, the decile-related differences in the share of profits are rather erratic and necessarily complementary to those in the share of wages and salaries (which is much higher than in rural areas, but shows no clear trend). On the estates, wages and salaries form an even higher share of income than in urban areas, and show a tendency to rise with decile. Pattern of Consumption Tables A.37 and A.38 in the Statistical Appendix show the distribution of per capita and total expenditure of households in different PCE deciles by broad categories of items.l/ Figure 3 below shows the Engel curves for three major categories of items--(a) food and drink (including the value of the free rice ration); (b) clothing, footwear, etc.; and (c) housing rent (excluding property taxes and expenditure on repair and maintenance).-/ Table 1 shows the elasticities of expenditure for 12 categories of items, estimated on the basis of the aggregate data for deciles of households, and also those based on the detailed data for all sample households reporting some expenditure in the relevant category. Table 7 in Annex 1 shows the number of sample households in each sector reporting some expenditure in each of the 12 broad categories. It is evident that the size of the sample for different categories of expenditure varied significantly. The estimated elasticities based on the aggregated data for deciles differ considerably from those based on the detailed data for households. In 1/ Table A.39 shows the per capita expenditure on broad categories of items according to deciles of households ranked according to their total expenditure. 2/ For a discussion of these exclusions, see Annex 1. -129- Figur e 3 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE SHARE OF SPECIFIED I,TES OF EXPENDITURE IN THE TOTAL REPORTED BY HOUSEHOLDS IN DIFFERENT PCE DECILES. BY SECTOR, 2969-70 ALL ISLAND URBAN AREAS 60 14 10 -----A..- - --- 3 0 . ..... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . ..-Food & Drink, including the Value of Rice Ration --Housing rent . ...Clothing, footwear,etc. . ... L ---- -- --------~~ I I RURAL AREAS .ESTATE SECTOR 70 60 ......------ 5 0 40 ~30 .- ... .. - ------.------. -...... ..... ........ 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 PCE Decile PCE Decile -130- Table 1 SRI LANKA:. ESTIMATES OF ELASTICITY OF EXPENDITURE ON SPECIFIED GROUPS OF ITEMS, WITH RESPECT TO OVERALL PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 All Urban Rurail Estate Expenditure Category Island Areas Areas Sector (A) Estimates Based on Data for Decifes of HousehoUds 1. Food & Drink (incl. rice ration) 0.71 0.65 0.73 0.75 a. Food & Drink 0.84 0.75 0.87 0.90 b. Value of Rice Ration -0.08* -0.18* -0.06a/ O.02a/ 2. Liquor & Tobacco (incl. betel & arecanut) 1.04 1.03 1.11 1.22 3. housing Rent 1.44 1.60 1.21 0.92 4. Fuel & Light 0.80 0.81 0.78 0.51 5. Clothing, Footwear & Other Personal Effects 1.84 1.89 1.91 2.17 6. Items of Household Operation 1.51 1.49 1.51 1.20 7. Personal Care & Health Expenses 1.38 1.34 1.40 1.61 8. Transport & Communication 1.64 1.30 1.60 1.46 9. Recreation, Entertainment 6 Education 2.15 1.90 2.16 2.26 10. Consumer Durables$ 2.62 2.61 2.65 3.10 (B) E8trinates Baeed on Data for Households Reporting Scrn Expenditue 1. Food & Drink (incl. rice ration) 0.81 0.73 0.82 0.89 a. Food & Drink 0.88 0.79 0.89 0.94 b. Value of Rice Ration 0.45 0.31 0.48 0.65 2. Liquor & Tobacco (inel. betel & arecanut) 0.87 0.91 0.92 0.95 3. Rousing Rent 1.03 1.28 0.90 0.37 4. Fuel & Light 0.74 0.75 0.72 0.47 5. Clothing, Footwear & Other Personal Effects 1.10 1.09 1.18 1.24 6. Items of Household Operation 1.30 1.35 1.28 0.95 7. Personal Care 6 Health Expenses 1.23 1.16 1.22 1.18 S. Transport & Communication 1.17 1.11 1.21 0.88 9. Recreation, Etnertainment & Education 1.62 1.65 1.59 1.00 10. Consumer Durables$ 1.31 1.38 1.26 1.43. a/ Not significant at the five percent level. * Significant at the five percent level only. $ Excluding motorcycles and new or used cars. All other values are significant at the one percent level. NOTE: All elasticity estimates have been obtained by regressing the logarithms of expenditure on items in esch category on the logarithms of total expenditure. Estimates in Section (A) are based on the aggregate data for deciles of households, whereas those in Section (B) are based on the detailed data for all households which reported non-zero expenditure in the relevant category. -131- Sri Lanka as a whole, elasticity of expenditure on liquor and tobacco exceeds one according to aggregate data; but it is below one according to detailed household-level data. The elasticity of expenditure on rent for housing (including the imputed rent for owner-occupied housing) is slightly above one according to detailed data but below one according to aggregate data. It can be argued that since households not reporting any expenditure in a broad category are excluded from the sample when the detailed data are used to estimate elasticities, the results are biased to some extent (although the direction of the bias is not clear). The estimates based on aggregated data might, therefore, be given more attention. Consistent with a priori expectations, the elasticity of expenditure on food and drink is below unity; however, the elasticity of demand for non- ration food and drink is higher than for the aggregate because of the negative elasticity of the consumption of the free rice ration./ Among other items, the elasticity of expenditure is below unity for fuel and lighting in every sector and for housing on the estates. Some of the highest elasticity values are reported for (a) consumer durables and (b) recreation, entertainment, and education, with (c) clothing, footwear and related items following closely. 1/ The coefficients are not significantly different from zero for rural areas and the estate sector. -132- VIII. Differences in Housing and Access to Public Amenities Sri Lanka is one of the few countries for which very good data on the access to services and housing are available for the country as a whole. The Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka has collected rather detailed information on housing conditions and the access to basic amenities. With respect to housing, information was sought on: (i) the type of dwelling unit (a single house/an attached house/ a flat (apartment)/an annex/a part of a house with no independent access/an improvised structure); (ii) the tenure of accommodation (owned/rented/free of rent/other); (iii) number of rooms,I/ (iv) approximate floor area used for living purposes (in square feet) (up to 100/100 - 250/250 - 500/500 - 1000/1000 - 2000/over 2000 square feet). The amenities covered in the survey included: (i) source of water for (a) drinking, (b) cooking, and (c) bathing (piped water within the house/piped water outside the house or street taps/well/tank/river or stream); (ii) type of available toilet facilities (flush toilet/bucket system/ water seal/cess pit/none); (iii) main source of energy for (a) cooking and (b) lighting (elec- tricity/gas/kerosene oil/firewood/other). 1/ A room was defined as "a space...enclosed by walls...of a size large enough to hold a bed (100 sq. ft. at least) *1@ Kitchenettes, corridors, verandahs, etc., bathrooms and toilets were not counted as rooms. -133- These data pertain only to the expenditure deciles because the reporting of expenditure is believed to be better than that of income. According to the data presented in Table A.37, the share of expenditure on housing in the total rose with decile when households were ranked according to their per capita expenditure. (The tendency was less clear when the total expenditure was used as the ranking criterion.) We have excluded taxes ("rates") on houses and expenditure on the maintenance and repair of housing units from the reported expenditures.-/ However, this section deals only with the physical aspects of housing and access to amenities and not with expenditures on these items. Type of House Table 40 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of households by PCE decile and type of house, separately by sector. As pointed out in Annex II, the "attached houses" on the estates were quite probably "line rooms" or "tenements" according to the census classification. The categorization of the type of house may not, therefore, be precise. How- ever, almost or over 90 percent of the households in each of the three sectors live in "a house"; in urban and rural areas, a large majority of them in a "single" house and the remainder in "attached" houses. Only a few households occupied a part of a house without any independent access, 1/ Only 992 (10.2 percent) of the sample households had reported expenditure on the maintenance and repair of houses. The average monthly expenditure (per reporting household) on maintenance was Rs. 17.89 (ranging between Rs. 0.15 and Rs. 3000.00) with a standard deviation of 111.54. The pay- ment of some taxes on the houses was reported by 1863 (19.2 percent) of the sample households, with a mean value (per reporting household) of Rs. 6.03 (ranging between Rs. 0.04 and Rs. 266.00) and a standard de- viation of 15.58. -134- one percent in urban areas and less in rural or the estate sector. The percentage of households residing in "improvised structures", that may be typical of slums, was also small (less than or a little above two percent). The inter-decile differences in the percentages of households occupying houses of different types were generally small in rural areas. In urban areas and on the estates, the proportion of households residing in "single" houses and "flats" (apartments) increased with PCE decile whereas that in "attached" houses declined with decile. About five percent of the households in the bottom PCE decile, both in urban and rural areas, lived in "improvised structures", which may be regarded as slums; and this per- centage was inversely related to the decile, particularly in urban areas. Tenure of Accommodation Table 41 in the Statistical Appendix shows considerable differ- ences between sectors in the proportions of households reporting owned, rented and rent-free accommodation. In urban areas, an almost equal pro- portion of households reported owned and rented accommodation; together they accounted for 94 percent of all urban households. In rural areas, over 85 percent of the households owned their houses, whereas on the estates, almost 97 percent of the households lived in "rent-free" quarters.-/ 1/ Average monthly rent for housing (inputed for owned or rent-free housing) reported by estate sector households was Rs. 10.56 (with a standard deviation of 9.86), 44 percent lower than the figure reported by rural households -- Rs. 18.96 (with a standard deviation of 17.88) and less than one-fifth of the figure for urban households -- Rs. 55.41 (with a standard deviation of 90.71). -135- In urban areas, the percentage of households with owned accom- modation increased with PCE decile; and that of households with rented or rent-free accommodation decreased as PCE decile rose. The inter-decile differences were large with respect to the percentage of urban house- holds with rent-free accommodation. It seems that the rent-free accommo- dation was available to a greater extent to the bottom deciles than to others; but it may consist essentially of improvised dwellings. In rural areas, the percentage of households enjoying rent-free accommodation was quite even across deciles, ranging between five and ten percent. The percentage of rural households renting their housing in- creased with decile from 2.2 to almost 15 percent, while the percentage of households owning their housing units ranged between 79 and 89 percent. On the estates, over 95 percent of the households in each decile enjoyed rent- free accommodations. Number of Rooms Information on the number of rooms is difficult to interpret without taking account of the size of rooms. Nevertheless, data in Table 42 in the Statistical Appendix show that the distribution of urban and rural households according to the number of rooms occupied by them was very similar, while households on the estates differed quite sharply from the rest. More than 50 percent of the estate sector households, almost three times the figure for urban and rural households, occupied only one room; and the percentages of those with three or more rooms were much smaller on the estates. Thus, the "attached houses" provided rent-free to the estate sector households were like "tenements" as was reported by the Census of Housing. -136- Turning to inter-decile differences, the patterns for urban and rural households-/ and also for all households in the country as a whole were similar. The percentage of households occupying one or two room accommodations, together accounting for about 54 percent of the total, steadily declined as decile rose. The percentage of households with three rooms was almost uniform across deciles, ranging between 19 and 27 percent. However, the proportion of households reporting larger accommodations with four or more rooms steadily increased with decile. On the estates, however, there was no clear relationship between PCE decile and the number of rooms occupied nor, as will be shown in the next section, between PCE decile and the floor area occupied by households. Floor Area Used for Living Purposes Prima facie, it seems that information on the floor area used for living purposes should be better than that on the number of rooms because the latter can vary considerably in their area. Therefore, the data presented in Table 43 in the Statistical Appendix are of more interest than the data on the number of rooms. Very few households--less than 1.5 percent of the urban and rural households, and 2.4 percent of those on the estates-reported a living area of less than 100 square feet. In urban and rural areas, the modal living area was between 250 and 500 square feet. On the estates, however, nearly seventy percent of the households occupied a living area of between 100 and 250 square feet. The rent-free accommodations provided to the estate sector households consisted of units that had rather small living areas. 1/ Urban and rural households together accounted for 88 percent of all households in the country as a whole. It is not surprising, therefore, that the pattern for the island as a whole was similar. Note, however, that the deciles were demarcated separately for each sector and also for the island as a whole. -137- The inter-decile differences in the floor area used for living purposes follow the expected pattern. Rouseholds in the bottom deciles had smaller living areas than those in upper deciles. Both in urban and rural areas and in Sri Lanka as a whole, the percentage of households with a living area of less than 500 square feet steadily declined and the per- centage of those with a larger livitig area increased as PCE decile rose. On the estates, however, the relationship between the floor area and PCE decile was quite weak. The percentage of estate sector households in the bottom decile, occupying a floor area of more than 500 square feet, was higher than that in the next eight deciles and almost the same as in the top decile. But, at the same time, six percent of the households in the top decile occupied a floor area of more than 1000 square feet. The relatively high percentages of households in the bottom and top deciles with a living area of more than 500 square feet partly explain the appearance of an inverted u-shaped relationship between PCE decile and the percentage of households with a living area of 100 to 250 square feet. Toilet Facilities The quality of toilet facilities can be an important means ot preventing certain infections that spread through contact with human excre- ment. The inclusion of a survey question on the nature of available toilet facilities was intended to gather some useful information on the subject. Table 44 in the Statistical Appendix shows almost one-third of households as having no toilet facilities. The percentage is, nonetheless, much lower than in the Indian subcontinent. There are interesting inter-sectoral differences in the distribution of households according to the nature of available -138- toilet facilities. The flush toilet and the bucket system are naturally more common and available to about 50 percent of the households in urban areas. In the non-urban areas, they were available to more households (about eight percent) on the estates than in the rural sector (less than four percent). The percentage of households reporting no toilet facilities whatsoever was also lower on the estates than in rural areas. The water seal toilets and cess pits are also quite widely in use, with the latter reported by almost 46 percent of households both in rural and estate areas. Not surprisingly, cess pits are less common in urban areas. The pattern of inter-decile differences in the nature of available toilet facilities is consistent with a priori expectations. The proportion of households with access to a flush toilet, the bucket system or water seal toilets increased with PCE decile, while the proportion of households relying. on cess pits or with no toilet facilities declines as PCE decile rises. The pattern holds for urban areas with the one main difference that more than half of the urban households in the top decile use a flush toilet; and in the remaining nine deciles, the proportion of those using the bucket system varies little. In rural and estate areas also, the proportion of households with no toilet facilities varies inversely with PCE decile; but-the pro- portion of those relying on cess pits varies little according to decile. The percentages of those using the flush toilet and the water seal toilets rise with decile in both rural and estate areas. With respect to the bucket system, however, there is a dissimilarity between rural and estate areas; the percentages of households using it rise with decile in rural areas but show a mild downward relationship with decile in eatate areas. -139- Water Supply The quality and adequacy of water supply is also believed to be an important factor in the sanitation and health standards of the population. The Socio-Economic Survey inquired into the main source of water used for (a) drinking, (b) cooking and (c) bathing. Probably because of difficulties in measuring "adequacy" of water supply, no question was asked about it. Tables 45, 46 and 47 in the Statistical Appendix show the distribu- tion of households by PCE decile and reported sources of water used for drinking, cooking and bathing. There is a close similarity in the reported sources of water used for drinking and cooking, while those of water used for bathing are quite different. Therefore, the data presented in Tables 45 and 46 will be discussed together. Water Used for Drinking or Cooking There are substantial sectoral differences in the distribution of households according to the reported source of water used for drinking or cooking. Piped water, either "within" or "outside" the house, is the source of drinking and cooking water for nearly 75 percent of the estate sector house- holds and about 57 percent of urban households; but only about four percent of the rural households enjoy that facility. Almost 90 percent of rural households and 43 percent of urban households, but only 18 percent of estate sector households, rely on wells for drinking or cooking water. The percentage of households relying on river or stream water was around six percent in rural and estate areas but almost zero in urban areas. Tank water is seldom used for drinking or cooking. -140- The availability of piped water to a very high proportion of the estate households -- even more than the corresponding figure for urban households -- makes it possible to safeguard them against water-borne in- fections. Unfortunately, there is no information on whether the piped water is in fact treated through chlorination or otherwise. If piped water within or outside the house is considered as one source, the percentage of urban households relying on it for drinking or cooking shows little relationship with decile, although the figures for the bottom and the top deciles are 58 and 80 percent, respectively. The latter figure for the top decile is significantly higher than the corresponding figure for other deciles; also, it is complemented by a very small proportion of well-water users. Otherwise, the main decile related difference in the source of water in urban areas is seen in whether the piped water is supplied within the house or outside. In rural and estate areas, some important inter-decile differ- ences are seen in the proportion of households using river or stream water for drinking or cooking; both vary inversely with decile. In other words, the poor use river or stream water more frequently than others. In rural areas, there is some compensating increase with decile in the proportion of households using well water; but the inter-decile differences are small. This is even more true with respect to the proportion of households receiving piped water. Water Used for Bathing Recent studies indicate that the provision of "safe drinking- water supplies alone is not sufficient to control the acute diarrhoeal -141- disease...because contaminated water used for bathing...can transmit diarrhoeal diseases.""i' The survey did well, therefore, to ask a separate question on the sources of water used for bathing. According to the data shown in Table 47 in the Statistical Appendix, the sources of water used for bathing differ considerably from those for drinking or cooking water. It appears that many of the households using piped water outside the house or well-water for drinking or cooking turn to tanks, rivers or streams for bathing water. This is particularly evident on the estates where 70 percent of the households seem to use a river or stream for bathing, although over 75 percent of them had reported access to piped water within or outside the house for drinking and cooking. Even in the non-estate rural areas, nearly 35 percent of the households reported the use of tanks, rivers and streams for bathing although only about seven to eight percent used these sources for water used to drink or cook. The same seems to be true for urban households. Several factors seem to con- tribute to this situation. The houses of many households are small and do not include a "bathroom."'l/ It is also possible that the quantity of piped water available within or outside the household is not ample enough to permit its use for bathing. Perhaps, the time and effort required to draw water from the wells is also such that several households prefer to use the water from a tank, river or stream for bathing. 1/ "Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases: WHO's Programme Takes Shape," WHO Chronicle, Vol. 32 (1978), p. 371, cited in: United Nations Economic and Social Council, "UNICEF/WHO Joint Study on Water Supply and Sanitation Components of Primary Health Care," Document No. E/ICEF/L.1386 (December 15, 1978), p. 4. 2/ According to the 1971 Census of Housing, only 4.0 percent of all occupied housing units had a bathroom inside (15.8, 0.8 and 3.7 percent in urban, rural and estate areas, respectively). An additional 2.9 percent of the occupied housing units had a bathroom outside the premises (11.7, 0.3 and 4.8 percent in urban, rural and estate areas, respectively). -142- There is little doubt, however, that the less well-off turn to a tank, river or stream for bathing water to a greater extent. The proportion of households using these sources certainly varies inversely with PCE decile. The preferred sources of the better-off vary by sector, partly reflecting availability. In urban areas, the proportion of households using piped water within the house for bathing, very clearly rises with PCE decile (although in every decile, these percentages are lower than those of house- holds using such water for drinking or bathing). In rural and estate areas, the major alternative is naturally well water; and the proportion of house- holds using it for bathing rises with PCE decile. Energy Used for Lighting and Cooking The inclusion of questions on the main source of energy used for lighting and cooking in the Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka, which was conducted four years before the sharp rise in the price of petroleum and its by-products, speaks well for those who designed the schedules. It is partly a reflection of Sri Lanka's dependence on imports of kerosene and of the item's importance in the total import bill. Table 48 in the Statistical Appendix shows the distribution of households according to the main source of energy used for lighting. Kero- sene is the main source of energy used for lighting in over 96 percent of the rural and estate sector households and at least three-fifths of urban households. However, the proportion of households using electricity rises sharply with PCE decile, from 7.0 to 88 percent in urban areas, and from zero to 12 and 15 percent in rural and estate areas, respectively. -143- The data presented in Table A.49 in the Statistical Appendix indicate that very few households use electricity for cooking. Even kerosene is probably too expensive to be used for cooking for a majority of the households, and 94 percent of them use wood as the fuel for cooking. There are large inter-decile differences in the source of energy used for cooking. The percentage of urban households using kerosene as cooking fuel increases from 5 percent in the bottom decile to 58 percent in the top decile; the corresponding figures for rural areas are less than one-half and 8.5 percent. On the estates, where less than one percent of all house- holds reported use of kerosene for cooking, the figure for the top deciles was 6.4 percent. Thus, the use of kerosene as fuel for cooking is a sign of at least a relatively good economic condition. -144- ANNEXES -145- Annex I A Brief Outline of the Scope of the Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka, 1969-70, and the Data Available on the Tapes The Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka conducted from November 1969 to October 1970 was probably the first to be spread over a full year.-/ It was comprehensive in the content of its schedules and included questions on: (a) general characteristics of the members of the household; (b) housing conditions and access to amenities; (c) ownership of selected durable goods (cooker, refrigerator, sewing machine, radio receiver and a telephone);2/ (d) morbidity or illness during the two weeks preceding the survey and the nature of treatment taken; (e) fertility of married women; (f) recreational, cultural and religious activities; (g) average monthly income of each income receiver, by source, and the non-monetary income of the household (including the quantity and value of items consumed from the produce of the household) and the rental value of the owner-occupied housing; (h) quantity and value of consumption of food, drink and tobacco during the reference period of one week, expenditure on non-durable goods and services during the "preceding month" and the expenditure on consumer durables during the preceding year.- The data collected from about 9,694 households on such a wide variety of 1 A similar survey spread over a full year in reportedly planned for 1979-80. In India, the NSS has conducted most surveys over a full year since 1958. 2/ The absence of any information on the area of land owned and operated, the availability and nature of irrigation facilities and the frequency and pattern of cropping seems to be a regrettable omission. 3/ The food expenditure data have been multiplied by an appropriate factor to obtain estimates for a full month. On the other hand, the expenditures on durable goods have been divided byl12 to estimate the monthly figures. -146- subjects are an excellent source of information on the living conditions of the people of Sri Lanka and can be a benchmark for studying the changes in these conditions during the subsequent period.l/ As is often the case, the potential of these survey data has not been exploited fully. The Department of Census and Statistics has published a detailed set of tables in two volumes. Several characteristics of the earners,, earnings and pattern of consumption have been tabulated according to six classes of monthly household income--in rupees--(up to 200; 200-399; 400-599; 600-799; 800-999; and 1,000 and over).-/ A preliminary set of table based on the data collected during the first two quarters, i.e., November 1969-April 1970, was made available to an ILO mission that investi- gated various aspects of employment and unemployment in Sri Lanka. At the request of the FAQ and with the assistance of UNICEF, the food consumption data were used to analyse the nutritional levels in Sri Lanka.21 The data have also been used for (a) a study of the consumption patterns- and (b) the preparation of social accounting matrices.5/ The present analysis 1/ Certain limitations of the data on the economic characteristics of the population (i.e., labour force participation, unemployment and the charac- teristics of employment) have been noted in Annex 2 below in the context of the comparability of the survey data with the 1971 Census data. The proce- dures and definitions used to collect data on the quantity and value of food, drink and tobacco have been summarised in "The Incidence of 'Absolute Poverty' in Sri Lanka, 1969-70," Annex 1 (June 1979). 2/ Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka, 1969-70, Rounds 1-4. Statistical Tables, Vol. I; Population Labour Force and Housin , Vol. II; Household Income. Consumption and Expenditure (Colombo, 1973). 3/ Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka, 1969-70, Special Report on Food and Nutritional Levels in Sri Lanka (Colombo, 1977). 4/ L.N. Perera, et. al., "The Effect of Income on Food Habits in Ceylon: The Findings of the Socio-Economic Survey of Ceylon, 1969/70." Marga. vol.2, no. 1 (1973), pp. 81-110. 5/ Graham Pyatt, Alan R. Roe and Associates, Social Accounting for Development Planning With Special Reference to Sri Lanka (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). -147- supplements these efforts with a special emphasis on the socio-economic characteristics of households falling in different deciles when the per capita expenditure of the household is used as the ranking criterion. Our efforts have been facilitated by the decision of the Sri Lankan Department of Census and Statistics to transfer the data on punch cards and computer tapes for electronic processing. The available facili- ties and resources in Sri Lanka precluded an extensive editing of the data on the computer. Certain obvious inconsistencies presumably caused by punching or coding errors, were, therefore, detected during our scrutiny of the tape. These are documented here to illustrate the possible checks that should be attempted during the editing of data. A few other issues relevant to the analysis of the data, e.g., the weights to be applied to sectoral figures to obtain the estimate of the national characteristics are also discussed briefly. Editing Procedures Used for Our Study When the data are on a computer tape, several internal consistency checks are possible. If the original schedules were accessible, they could be checked to identify whether some coding or punching errors were the source of observed inconsistencies. Since the latter alternative was closed to us, some arbitrary decisions were necessary; they are listed below to facilitate an understanding of a few small differences between our results and the pub- lished tables from the survey. 1. There must be only one record showing the characteristics for each house- hold and it must contain data on all major characteristics. (A fragmentary record for one household was dropped.) -148- 2. The number of cards or records for the characteristics of members of a household must equal the reported household size. In other words, there should be no duplicate records; and also, the records for every household must be complete. The results of this check are discussed below. 3. As specified by the prescribed codes, each field, except for occupation and industry of an employed person, must be numeric or blank. A few errors were detected and corrected. However, a preliminary exploration of the fer- tility data, discussed later in this annex, indicated several errors in punching or coding variables such as sex, marital status and age. Such errors are certainly not unusual in large data sets, and obviously can only be identified and corrected by agencies having access to the original sched- ules. Nevertheless, analysts must acknowledge their existence and exercise due caution in the interpretation of results. 4. A person reported to be an income receiver must have non-zero income. 5. Income and expenditure figures must be non-negative. 6. The reported total income of an individual must equal the sum of incomes from different sources. (For 19 individuals, there was some discrepancy. Their reported total income was changed to equal the sum of the components.) 7. The reported total income of a household must equal the sum of incomes of individual members. (For 204 households, total income did not equal the sum of the incomes of the members. In most cases, the amount of discrepancy was less than 10 rupees. The difference was more than 10 rupees for only 85 households. For all the 204 households, the reported total income was changed to equal the sum of the income of individual members.) -149- 8. The reported total monthly expenditure of a household must equal the sum of the expenditure for the different categories, prorated to a monthly interval. As a result of the editing outlined above, our figures of total income and expenditure are unlikely to match those in the published tables. Some of the differences, discussed below, arise because of our decision to exclude from consideration certain items of expenditure. Exclusion of Some Households During Editing A basic check during editing involved a verification of the re- ported household size against the number of individuals for whom the tape contained detailed information. This helped (a) to eliminate some duplicate records for the same individual in the case of nine households and (b) to identify 30 households where the reported household size exceeded the number of persons for whom we had information.- (For one household, the reported size exceeded the number of members by two; for the remainder, the difference was of one person only.) Since it was not possible to estimate the number of equivalent adults (taking account of the sex and age composition of mem- bers) in order to examine the incidence of "absolute" poverty in terms of inadequate caloric intake, nor to rely upon the figures of total household income for these 30 households, it was decided to exclude them from our analysis. Table 1 below shows the characteristics of these excluded households according to the survey round, sector of residence, reported household size, and the decile in terms of per capita and total household income (including .the imputed value of the rice ration) in which they would have fallen if the 1/ For four other households, there was good evidence to believe that the house- hold size reported on the record was incorrect. The errors were corrected. -150- Table 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF 30 HOUSEHOLDS EXCLUDED FROM ANALYSIS Remaining Excluded Households Sample Households as Characteristic.. Excluded Households Percent of Total (a) Round 1 8 2150 0.37 2 2 2151 0.09 3 5 2719 0.18 4. 15 2644 0.56 All 30 9664 0.31 (b) Sector Urban 15 4022 0.37 Rural 5 3652 0.14 Estate 10 1990 0.50 All 30 9664 0.31 (a) Reported Household Size 2 - 712 - 3 '1 1126 N 4 3 1357 0.22 5 2 1476 0.14 6 5 1364 0.37 7 4 1171 0.34 8 6 909 0.66 9 3 624 0.48 10 4 420 0.95 11+ 2 505 0.40 All 30 9664 0.31 (d) PCY Decile of the HousehoM 1 7 756 0.93 2 4 850 0.47 3 2 887 0.23 4 2 946 0.21 5 2 954 0.21 6 6 950 0.63 7 4 988 0.40 8 2 963 0.21 9 1 1056 0.09 10 - 1314 _ All 30 9664 0.31 (e) THY Decile of the Household 1 3 790 0.38 2 3 851 0.35 3 4 930 0.43 4 2 896 0.22 5 1 923 0.11 6 5 948 0.53 7 -4 981 0.41 8 - 975 - 9 8 1025 0.78 10 - 1345 - All 30 9664 0.31 N - negligible. PCT: Per 'C!pta Income. TRY: Total Household Income. -151- reported household size had been correct. It is clear that the excluded households formed only about one-third of one percent of the total sample, but there was a slight overrepresentation of the bottom PCE quintile and the estate sector among them. Our overall results are not likely to be affected significantly by the exclusion of these households. Weights for Obtaining All-Island Figures The sampling design adopted for the survey was self-weighting at the sectoral level. However, separate multipliers must be used to ob- tain the estimates for Sri Lanka as a whole. Our multipliers, adjusted for the exclusion of the 30 households noted above, are based on the estimated number of total households in each sector in the tables published by Sri Lanka. Table 2 SECTORAL MULTIPLIERS FOR ESTIMATING CHARACTERISTICS FOR SRI LANKA Estimated Number of Households Sector Households in Sample Multiplier Urban Areas 343,915 4022 85.508 Rural Areas 1,505,683 3652 412.290 Estate Sector 247,139 1990 124.190 In the published tables the estimates of the number of households in each sector are not entirely consistent with the number of households re- portedly enumerated by the 1963 Census. As shown in Table 3 below, if both sets of figures are correct, there must have been a decline of almost 12 per- cent in the number of households between 1963 and 1969-70 in Sri Lanka as a whole. Perhaps the exclusion of the single-member households from the frame of the Socio-Economic Survey discussed at some length in Annex 2, explains a part of this apparent decline. It would be useful to explore the factors -152- Table 3 SRI LANKA: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO THE 1963 CENSUS AND ESTIMATES BASED ON THE 1969-70 SURVEY Number of 1/ H Households - Number of Household2/ Percentage Sector 1963 Census 1969-70 Survey Estimate Change Urban Areas 375,042 343,915 - 8.3 Rural Areas 1,695,610 1,505,683 -11.2 Estate Sector 301,545 247,139 -18.0 All 2,372,197 2,096,737 -11.6 1/ Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, Socio-Economic Survey of Sri Lanka, 1969-70, Rounds 1-4, Statistical Tables: Vol. I, Popula- tion, Labour Force and Housing (Colombo, 1973), p. (i). 2/ Ibid., Vol. II, Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure (Colombo, 1973), pp. (i)-(iii). -153- underlying the observed differences because a decline in the number of households in all sectors, despite continuing population growth, is not plausible.-/ However, the necessary investigation can be done only in Sri Lanka and is beyond the scope of the present paper. Imputaticn of the Value of the Rice Ration and its Implications Before estimating the per capita expenditure of a household, an attempt was made to impute the value of the rice ration which was supplied free in Sri Lanka through the survey period. Sri Lanka is one of the few developing countries with a well- established system for providing a free ration of certain essential consumer goods to its citizens. During 1969-70, when the Socio-Economic Survey was conducted, the government supplied two pounds of rice every week to every citizen.-! The survey data on the consumer expenditure of the household in- clude separate information on the quantity and value of non-ration rice-- and the quantity of the rice ration. According to the survey instructions, no value was imputed for the rice consumed by the households out of their ration. This instruction may be justified on the ground that the rice ration was a public transfer, met 1/ The differences have been brought to the attention of the Sri Lankan Department of Census and Statistics. Even in India, the National Sample Survey continues to underestimate the number of households (and population) in almost every round. 2/ Kazuko K. Artus, "Food Distribution Program of Sri Lanka," World Bank, Development Economics Department, Public Finance Division, Paper No. 20, mimeographed, p. 35. Beginning September 26, 1970, an additional two pounds of rice per week were to be supplied at a price "not much below the purchase cost" of 0.375 rupee per pound, involving a subsidy of .05 rupee (about 12 percent below cost). Since the survey ended on October 31, 1970, it would not have had much impact on the reported expenditures. In any case, since the month of interview is not recorded in the available data, it is not possible to identify households whose consumption of rice would reflect the impact of an "additional ration". 3/ The estimated expenditure on non-ration rice includes the imputed value of consumption out of own produce, valued at prevailing market prices. -154- almost wholly out of imparts on the government account. Furthermore, the valuation of the rice ration may be difficult because of the possible dif- ferences in the quality of rice produced locally and sold in the market and of that supplied as ration. It was decided to make a rough estimate of the value of the rice ration by calculating the average price of non-ration rice implied by the quantities and value of rice reported as purchased by the household in each district. The -implicit prices were calculated for the three sectors within each district. Table 4 shows that over 94 percent of the total sample households had reported the quantity and value of the non-ration rice. (The estimates for different districts ranged between 92 and 100 percent, with rather small inter-sectoral differences.) The sector-specific estimates of the value of non-ration rice for individual districts are subject to several limitations, arising from the small sample in some cases as well as the differences in the frequency, vol- ume and timing of the purchases, varying proportions of own-produced and actually purchased quantities and the differences in quality. Nevertheless, they provide some approximate idea of the opportunity cost of the rice ration received by the respondent households.l/ Consistent with general impressions, the average value of a pound of rice implicit in the data for rural areas was lower than that in urban areas; but the estate sector households apparently paid a higher price than 1/ The market price of rice could be higher in the absence of distribution of the rice raticn. Our procedure makes no allowance for this possibility. Much would depend on the response of paddy production to a different set of prices. Table 4 SRI LANiKA: NUMBER OF IHOUSEHOLDS IN THE SAMPLE AND TROSE REPORTING EXPENDITURE ON RICE IN ADDITION TO FREE RATION, BY DISTRICT AND SECTOR, 1969-70 URBAN AREAS RURAL AREAS ESTATE SECTOR ALL AREAS Households Households Households Households Value of Non-Ration Total Reporting Total Reporting Total Reporting Total Reporting Rice (Cents of a Sample Expenditure Sample Expenditure Sample Expenditure Sample Expenditure Rupee Per Pound) District Households on Rice Households on Rice Households on Rice Nouaeholds on Rice Urban Rural Estate Number Percent Areas Areas Sector 1. Colombo 2036 1865 591 561 20 20 2647 2446 92.4 63.0 59.7 67.4 2. Kalutara 289 273 234 231 86 81 609 585 96.1 59.5 59.1 64.6 3. Galle 260 243 235 221 44 44 539 508 94.2 59.2 59.8 60.7 4. Matare 90 80 171 164 39 39 300 283 94.3 61.8 58.8 59.4 5. eambantoto 44 44 111 104 - - 155 148 95.5 64.0 62.1 - 6. Moneragala 9 9 53 50 8 7 70 66 94.3 69.9 69.7 64.9 7. Amparai 76 75 84 83 16 16 176 174 98.9 70.8 67.6 70.4 8. Polonnaruwa 8 8 55 51 8 8 71 67 94.4 67.3 54.7 80.0 9. Anuradhapura 54 52 125 125 - - 179 177 98.9 65.6 59.5 - I 10. Puttalam 72 69 143 141 6 6 221 216 97.7 57.9 60.3 56.4 F Lfl 11. Jaffna 378 365 247 227 - - 625 592 94.7 66.6 68.7 - 12. Mannar 19 19 27 27 - - 46 46 100.0 56.3 63.1 - 13. Vavuniya 12 11 46 46 5 5 63 62 98.4 74.6 65.1 69.3 14. Trincomalee 73 66 47 44 - - 120 110 91.7 63.6 56.5 - 15. Batticaloa 142 139 109 108 - - 251 247 98.4 65.7 64.0 - 16. 16. Kandy 184 167 253 223 509 472 946 862 91.1 69.4 64.7 65.5 17. Matale 52 52 98 93 101 100 251 245 97.6 59.2 60.3 65.8 18. Nuvara-Eliya 37 35 69 61 384 359 490 455 92.9 72.4 72.0 72.7 19. Badulla 76 72 142 132 363 357 581 561 96.6 67.2 66.3 71.8 20. Ratnapura 42 34 197 193 225 217 464 444 95.7 57.5 57.4 64.4 21. Kegalle 33 33 216 204 138 132 387 369 95.3 61.9 60.0 64.6 22. Kurunegala 52 52 404 395 48 46 504 493 97.8 68.3 62.7 62.1 All 4038 3763 3657 3484 2000 1909 9695 9156 94.4 63.5 61.6 67.4 Percentage of All Sample Households Reporting Expendi- ture on Rice 93.2 95.3 95.4 94.4 - - - Note: The reported expenditure on rice includes consumptioa out of own production, for vhich value was imputed at "prevailing market prices". means there was no estate sector household in the relevant district. -156- even the urban households. The difference between the estate sector and rural areas were small in Kandy and Nuwara-Eliya Districts, which together account for almost 45 percent of the estate households. In Kurunegala, the estate sector households reported a slightly lower price per pound of rice than did the rural households; but together with Moneragala and Puttalam Districts, where the number of estate sector households in the sample was very small, Kurunegala seems an exception to the general rule. The imputed value of the rice ration formed about 6.6, 9.2 and 11.5 percent of the total consumer expenditure (including the rice ration) of urban, rural and estate sector households, respectively. The corres- ponding figure for the country as a whole was 8.8 percent. While construc- ting the deciles of households, we noticed that the ranking of a consider- able percentage of households was changed when the value of the rice ration was imputed. Table 5 below shows the percentage of households falling in the same decile or quintile with and without imputation, according to the ranking critericn and sector. On the whole, the percentage of households with a change in their ranking is a little smaller when per capita income or expenditure is used as the ranking criterion than when the total house- hold income or expenditure is the ranking criterion. The effect of the im- puted value of rice is smaller in per capita terms, and the proportion of households whose decile ranking is altered is smaller with the per capita criterion. Table 5 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS FALLING IN THE SAME DECILE OR QUINTILE WITH AND WITHOUT AN IMPUTATION OF THE VALUE OF RATION RICE, 1969-70 All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas Estate Sector Ranking Criterion Same Same Same Same Same Same Same Same for Households Decile Quintile Decile Quintile Decile Quintile Decile Quintile Total Income 75.7 88.1 81.3 91.4 75.1 87.7 68.4 83.9 U, Per Capita Income 85.3 92.8 88.2 94.5 84.1 92.1 84.2 92.5 Total Expenditure 75.8 87.9 81.1 90.0 74.5 87.1 72.2 86.5 Per Capita Expenditure 84.6 92.1 87.7 94.0 83.8 90.8 86.5 92.6 .-158- Exclusion of Certain Categories of Expenditure We have excluded from consideration reported consumption expendi- ture on a few items: (a) "rates" or taxes on owned housing and expenditure on the repair and maintenance of housing units, (b) expenditure on the main- tenance and repair of private vehicles, and (c) miscellaneous items, i.e., trade union and other professional contributions, cost of litigation, in- terest on consumer debt, gifts and donations, expenses on family weddings, births, funerals and other social or ceremonial occasions, and (d) motor- cycles and scooters, and new or secondhand motorcars. While the exclusion of these items leads to some underestimation of inequality in consumption, the primary justification for this procedure is that expenditure on these items is seldom met out of current income and their-inclusion has led to negative savings rate for several households. Table 6 shows, for each sector and the country as a whole, (a) the estimated total expenditure on each of the specified items, (b) the estimated number of households repdrting some expenditure on particular items, (c) the mean values of expenditure for all households and for reporting households, along with standard deviations and the range. These data relate to.the total sample, before.the exclusion of 30 households. The total expenditure figures (in hundreds) are estimates for a month, after the applicaticn of relevant sectoral weights. For items like motorcars, the mean figures are obtained-by dividing the reported amounts by 12. In other words, the average cost of a new car, reportedly purchased by four sample households, was Rs. 15,393. (Prima facie., the figure looks im- plausibly low because of the high import duties on cars and the absence of any domestic production.) Table 6 SRI LANIA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON SPECIFIED ITEMS-, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 ALL ISLAND HOUSEHOLDS STATISTICS FOR STATISTICS FOR TOrAL REPORTING ALL REPORTING EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUM MAXIMUM ITEMS (In hundreds) SOME NONE MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE Housing Rent 502183.94 20931.23 36.14 23.95 42.33 23.99 42.35 0.00 1900.00 (9673) ( 21) Housing Rates, 11391.73 2500.82 18466.55 .54 4.73 4.56 13.00 0.00 266.00 (Tax) (1863) (7831) Housing Repairs, 47525.99 2468.36 18499.01 2.27 46.93 19.25 135.60 0.00 3000.00 Maintenance ( 992) (8702) Servants and 29956.57 689.65 20277.72 1.43 12.94 43.44 57.19 0.00 600.00 Chauffers ( 502) (9192) Laundry, Other 77543.50 13480.42 7486.95 3.70 6.90 5.75 7.48 -0.00 215.00 F Household Services (6848) (2846) ,n Maintenance of 90661.86 1507.23 19460.14 4.32 43.82 60.15 152.87 0.00 3820.00 Private Vehicle ( 772) (8922) Trade Union and 6894.68 3314.23 17653.14 .33 1.95 2.08 4.51 0.00 125.00 Other Contributions (2040) (7854) Litigations 16865.23 256.75 20710.62 .80 17.83 65.69 147.64 0.00 1750.00 ( 105) (9589) Interest on 26410.39 1260.15 19707.22 1.26 11.87 20.96 43.98 0.00 700.00 Consumer Bebt ( 666) (9028) Gifts and Donations 61487.51 4506.53 16460.84 2.95 12.92 13.73 25.08 0.00 800.00 (2004) (7690) Weddings, Births 147136.14 3457.39 17509.98 7.02 94.23 42.56 228.81 0.00 6000.00 and Other Socials (1621) (8073) Motor Cycles and 3914.94 28.11 20939.26 .19 7.37 139.27 147.89 0.00 416.65 Scooters ( 10) (9684) New Motor Cars 8837.83 6.67 20966.70 .42 24.10 1324.42 291.06 .0.00 1791.60 4) (9670) Second-Hand 21068.94 19.17 20948.20 1.00 36.80 1099.23 538.16 0.00 2499.90 Motor Cars ( 11) (9683) NOTE: Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households while those above the parentheses the estimated number of households in hundreds. a SD: Standard Deviation. Table 6 (Continued) SRI LANKA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON SPECIFIED ITEMS, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 URBAN AREAS HOUSEHOLDS STATISTICS FOR STATISTICS FOR TOTAL REPORTING ALL REPORTING EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUM MAXIMUM ITEMS (In hundreds) SOME NONE MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE Housing Rent 190565.14 3429.78 9.37 55.41 90.71 55.56 90.79 0.00 1900.00 (4626) ( 11) Housing Rates, 9035.58 1343.46 2095.69 2.63 10.91 6.73 14.66 0.00 266.00 (Tax) (1577) (2460) Housing Repair, 6362.71 420.84 3018.31 1.85 20.01 15.12 55.49 0.00 1000.00 Maintenance ( 494) (3543) Servants and 16667.57 345.02 3094.13 4.85 25.90 48.31 67.82 0.00 600.00 Chauffers ( 405) (3632) Laundry, Other 25737.76 2778.92 660.23 7.48 8.79 9.26 8.89 0.00 155.00 Household Service (3262) ( 775) Maintenance of 41808.44 415.73 3023.42 12.16 87.94 100.57 234.94 0.00 3820.00 Private Vehicles ( 488) (3549) Trade Union and 1478.30 432.77 3006.38 .43 3.69 3.42 9.90 0.00 125.00 Other Contribution ( 508) (3529) Litigations 6196.77 44.30 3394.85 1.80 39.19 139.88 319.63 0.00 1750.00 52) (3985) Interest on 8284.62 289.65 3149.50 2.41 18.65 28.60 58.23 0.00 700.00 Consumer Debt ( 340) (3697) Gifts and Donations 15785.84 840.83 2598.32 4.59 19.99 18.77 36.99 0.00 800.00 ( 987) (3050) Weddings, Births 30654.81 577.59 2861.56 8.91 116.17 53.07 279.51 0.00 6000,00 and Other Social ( 678) (3359) Motor Cycles and 737.23 3.41 3435.74 .21 8.26 216.35 176.73 0.00 374.99 Scooters ( 4) (4033) New Motor Cars 3691.46 2.54 3436.59 1.07 40.89 1444.39 520.20 0.00 1791.60 3) (4034) Second-Hand 6830.62 6.82 3432.33 1.99 55.65 1002.25 809.80 0.00 2499.90 Motor Car ( 8) (4029) NOTE: Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households while those above the parentheses the estimated number of households in hundreds. SD: Standard Deviation Table 6 (Continued) SRI LANKA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON SPECIFIED ITEMS, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 RURAL AREAS HOUSEHOLDS STATISTICS FOR STATISTICS FOR TOTAL REPORTING ALL REPORTING EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUM MAXIMUM ITEMS (In hundreds) SOME NONE MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE Housing Rent 285448.02 15034.24 20.59 18.98 17.88 18.98 17.88 0.00 300.00 (3652) ( 5) Housing Rates, 2250.42 1148.72 13908.11 .15 1.61 1.96 5.51 0.00 75.00 (Tax) ( 279) (3378) Housing Repair, 40669.00 2046.28 13010.55 -2.70 54.42 19.87 146.49 0.00 3000.00 Maintenance ( 497) (3169) Servants and 12732.64 321.15 14735.68 .85 8.62 39.65 44.20 0.00 265.00 Chauffers ( 78) (3579) Laundry and Other 46475.74 8959.16 6097.67 3.09 6.48 5.19 7.72 0.00 215.00 Household Services (2176) (1481) Maintenance of 47846.96 1058.14 13998.69 3.18 29.73 45.22 103.36 0.00 903.00 F Private Vehicles ( 257) (3400) Trade Union and 2560.90 1412.22 13644.61 .17 1.28 1.81 3.81 0.00 40.00 1 Other Contributions ( 343) (3314) Litigations 10649.30 209.98 14846.45 .71 9.59 50.72 63.83 0.00 385.00 ( 51) (3606) Interest on 16482.27 811.10 14245.73 1.09 10.65 20.32 41.42 0.00 500.00 Consumer Duty ( 197) (3460) Gifts and 43552.36 3442.03 11614.80 2.49 11.54 12.65 21.44 0.00 400.00 Donations ( 836) (2821) Weddings, Births 107133.85 2449.77 12607.00 7.12 95.89 43.73 234.38 0.00 3700.00 and other Socials ( 595) Motor Cycles and 3177.70 24.70 15032.13 .21 7.74 128.63 144.47 0.00 416.65 Scooters ( 6) (3651) New Motor Care 5146.37 4.12 15052.71 .34 20.67 1249.95 .00 0.00 1249.95 1) (3656) Second-Hand 14238.32 12.35 15044.48 .95 34.33 1152.73 344.66 0.00 1499.94 Motor Car ( 3) (3654) NOTE: Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households while those above the parentheses the estimated number of households in hundreds. SD: Standard Deviation. Table 6 (Continued) SRI LANKA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON SPECIFIED ITEMS, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 ESTATE SECTOR HOUSEHOLDS STATISTICS FOR STATISTICS FOR TOTAL REPORTING ALL REPORTING EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE EXPENDITURE HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUM MAXIMUM ITEMS (In hundreds) SOME NONE MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE gousing Rent 26170.78 2465.21 6.18 10.59 9.86 10.62 9.86 0.00 200.0 (1995) ( 5) Housing Rates, 105.53 8.65 2462.74 .04 .91 12.20 10.02 0.00 32.00 (Tax) ( 7) (1993) Housing Repair, 494.28 1.24 2470.15 .20 8.94 400.00 .00 0.00 400.00 maintenance ( 1) (1999) Servants and 556.37 23.48 2447.91 .23 3.78 23.70 31.47 0.00 145.00 Chauffers ( 10) (1981) Laundry, Other 5330.00 1742.33 729.48 2.16 3.96 3.06 4.42 0.00 123.00 Household Services (1410) ( 590) Maintenance of 1006.46 33.36 2438.03 .41 6.26 30.17 45.43 0.00 178.00 Private Vehicles ( 27) (1973) Trade Union and 2855.48 1469.24 1002.15 1,16 1.i6 1,04 1.60 0.00 21.00 Other Contributions (1189) ( 811) Litigations 19.15 2.47 2468.92 .oI .34 7.75 9.40 0.00 15.00 2) (1998) Interest on 1443.50 159.40 2311.99 .67 4.39 10.31 14.18 0.00 100.00 Consumer Debt ( 129) (1871) Gifts and Donations 2549.30 223.66 2247.73 1.03 6.43 11.40 18.43 0.00 .150.00 ( 181) (1819) Weddings, Births 9347.48 430.02 2041.37 3.78 22.91 21.74 51.29 0.00 600.00 and Other Socials ( 348) (1652) Motor Cycles and 0.00 0.00 2471.39 0.00 22.91 0.00 51.29 0.00 0.00 Scooters ( 0) (2000) New Motor Cars 0.00 0.00 2471.39 0.00 22.91 0.00 51.29 0.00 0.00 0) (2000) Second-Hand 0.00 0.00 2471.39 0.00 22.91 0.00 51.29 0,00 0.00 Motor Car - ( 0) (2000) NOTE: Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households while those above the parentheses the estimated number of households in hundreds. SD: Standard Deviation. -163- Table 7 shows the data for monthly expenditure on broad cate- gories of goods and services after the exclusion of 30 sample households and of the selected items of expenditure noted above. These data are likely to be of general interest and provide some background for the dis- cussion of the pattern of consumption in Section VII. Table 8 shows the average monthly expenditure per household on selected groups of items and the aggregate amount according to the published tables and our figures. Figures for food and drink, excluding the imputed value of the free rice ration, are also shown because of the importance of the category in total consumption expenditure. The differences between the published tables and our figures (excluding the value of the ration) arise because of the exclusion of certain items of expenditure outlined above. Other differences which might be attributed to the exclusion of 30 households or to the editing of reported expenditure data are very small. Table 7 SRI LANKA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES OF GOODS AND SERVICES, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 (WWSEWOLDS STATISTICS FOR STATISTICS FoR PFPf1P7IjG ALL REPORTING EXPENDITURE EXPENDITUItE HIUUSE HMLOS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUM MAXIMUM CATEGORIES SI' SMr!E NO MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE Major Expenditure Categories Food and Drink 1'Od',.?, I 2 09'.`2 .85 199,85 98.93 199,85 98,92 0,00 1274,14 Including Rice ( Qh93) 1) (Imputed Value e)0(b5g?,34 1 s',7. 23 1388,1'4 28,64 18,06 30,67 lb.94 0,00 351,43 of Ration Rice) (a0 50) ( 664) Liquor, Tobacco 4343,.20 lQS(3.tl 113,76 2o.95 25,93 22,19 26.17 0,00 1127,s7 and Betel (agol) 7 90) Housing... .Rent, ~~bll07.M5 2095?.06 15.29 26,76 65,77 26.78 65,79 o ,00 3040,00 Maintenance, Etc. Fuel and Light 23Q005.17 20Q52. (8 15.29- 11.40 7,76 11,41 7,76 0,00 200,00 (9)688) 6 6) Clothes,Footwear bz245s.I3 1149Q.71 8976. 6 24,92 46,17 43,57 53,98 0,00 1267,75 and Related (Ss 3d) (uI5b) Household 2055 0.h67 2080,55 161.82 9,80 18,32 9.88 18,37 0,00 638,U0 Operation (96?4) ( 70) Personal Care 191939.79 2023h,U8 731,29 9.15 16,01 9s,9 16,20 0,00 7649,s and Health (934') ( 3 Transport and 277892,?21 1076,SR 2890.79 13,25 47,90 15,37 51,28 0,00 3835,30 Communication (eQ1) (1293) Recreation,Educa- 204912,87 1273Q.32 822A.05 9,96 29,84 16,40 36.88 ,o00 654,00 tion and Culture (6188) (3506) Consumer Durable :o92e2.8a SqSo,r83 15016.5J 8,o7 52,52 28,94 95,60 0,00 2499,90 (Monthly Figure) (?f0a) (7050) Expenditure Excl 6J05103.S0 20987,37 0. 00 305,48 246.18 30s,a8 26,18 19, 73 5599,20 Rice and Misc. Miscellaneous 2S9I93,94 9980,53 109ho,89 12,3b 98,h2 25,97 141,70 0,00 6000,00 (LJqbr) (4728) Expenditure Excl h664297,94 200h7.37 .0,0 317,84 279,e3 317.84 279,63 19,73 7275,99 Ration Rice (9694) ( 0) Expenditure Excl 7005b95.84 20Qh7.37 0,00 334,12 249,02 334,12 249,02 34,09 559V,20 Miscellnae.us----- -- ----------------------------------------------------- - --- Total Household 7204hks.7A 2nQh7.37 0,00 34e,4s 2ez,07 346.49 2ze.o7 3f,o9 7319.I9 Expenditure (Q&)U) C 0) Table 7 (continued) SRI LANKA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES OF GOODS AND SERVICES, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 --------------- ------…--- ------------------------------------… ................................. HOUISEHOLDS STAIISTICS FOR STATISTICS FOR EYPENDITURE REPORTING ALL REPORTING IIU AIU EXPENDITULRE HnUSEHOLDS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUM MAXIMUM CATEGORIES stUM st)M NO MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE --- -- --- -- --- -- -- --- -- --- -- -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - ------ --- -- - - - -- - - -- - -- Major Expenditure Categories Pood and Drink 817t5n*7u 3a 38,30 ,85 253.30 123,39 253,37 123,34 0,00 1274,14 Including Rice (4036) t 1) (Imputed Value tUSe'3b. 2J 3 1P,.7 32b.28 30o02 20,26 33.16 18,69 0,00 351,43 of Ration Rice) "3654) ( 383) Liquor,Tobacco 7c,313. 94 2Qt5.23 523,92 23.0b 37,50 27,21 39,32 0,00 1127,57 and Betel ;322) bib) Housing... Rent, 21)s9be,3.aJu 3a37.4a 1,70 59,89 99,5a 59,92 99.55 0,00 2000,0 0 Maintenance, Etc. re35) ( 2) Fuel and Light 3h908,b2 3437.45 1.70 16,56 11.53 16.57 11,52 0,00 200,00 (4035) ( 2) Clothes,Footwear 11Ae89.3b IQ29,57 1509,58 32,20 60,63 57.a7 71'44 0,00 1267,75 a and Related (22b5) (1772) U Household b1377,80 341.44a 2ai,71 17,85 32,07 17,98 32,15 0.00 638,o0 Operation (0008) C 29) Personal Care 4'7'22.36 339O,59 18.56 13,82 24,88 14,02 25,00 ,0 0 764,95 and Health (3980) t 57) Transport and 85726,07 3085,61 353,54 24,93 91,63 27,78 96.32 0,00 3835,30 Communication (3622) C 'Ji5) Recreation,Educa- o780a,5a 2h39,21 799,94 19,72 40,33 25,69 44,34 0,00 556,40 tion and Culture (3098) ( 93q) Consumer Durable "9149,01 1)o59,77 2379,38 i4.29 81,65 46,38 141,98 0,00 2499,90 (Monthly Figure) ( 12'4) (2793) Expenditure Excl lssb29.63 3"39.15 0,00 445,64 377,74 445 64 377,74 32,22 5599,20 Rice and Misc. (4o37) 0) Miscellaneous 24000,35 1h7s.70 1763.45 18,14 129,30 37,24 183,33 0,00 6000,00 (19h7) (2070) Expenditure Excl 1895529.98 3039,15 0,00 463,79 420,25 463,79 420,25 32,22 7275,99 Ration Rice 407- 0 Expenditure Excl lb3c5365.87 3i;39,15 0,00 0475,6b 377,74 475,86 377,7Q 39,81 5599,20 MJsce11q~~~~~~~~eQj~~~ ('4037) 0 ) Total Household Expenditure 7k,2? 3a39,1 0,00 ) 93,80 420,2a 493,80 020,20 39'81 7319,29 Table 7 (continued) SRI LANKA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES OF GOODS AND SERVICES, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 ........................................................................................................... HnUSFNOLDS STATISTICS FOR STATISTICS FOR REPURTING ALL REPORTING f WFPENITURF. EXPENDITURE HOUSEHULDS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUm MAXIMUM CATErGnRTES S'Jm Snmfl NO MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE _,______._. ._._.. _ __ _ ..... ..... …______________-.-.-.-.--------.-----.-.--.---..-..-__-...--_._____.-...-..-...-...-.-___._..--.-.....-..__. p Major Expenditure Categories Food and Drink 2899880.57 1soS6.83 0.00 192.60 90,85 192,60 90,85 2b,19 SI 3,39 Including Rice (3657) C 0) (Imputed Value of1ui522,98 lao3s.75 1021,08 28,19 17,71 30,25 16,57 0,00 182,27 Ration Rice) (3409) C 248) Liquor,Robacco 309853,59 14451,59 605,24 20,58 23,52 21,44 23,62 0,00 264,86 and Betel '3510) C 147) Housing ... Rent, 328367,64 1504a,48 12,35 21,81 58,33 21,83 58,35 0 00 3040,00 Maintenance,Etc. (354') ' 3) Fuel and Light 1618?7,86 150411.48 12.35 10,75 6,37 10,76 6,36 0,00 52,70 (3654) c 3) Clothes, Footwar348102.79 8596.84 6059.99 23,12 43,32 40,49 50.82 0,00 554,11 and Related (2088) (1569) Household 129570,63 14933,31 123.52 8,61 14,22 8,68 14,26 0,00 283,20 Operation (3q27) C 30) Personal Care 131591,92 14591.58 465,25 8,74 13,71 9,02 13,54 0,00 260,00 and Health (3544) c 113) Transport and 177749,73 12981,73 2075,10 11,81 14,87 13,69 37,21 0,00 958,00 Communication (3153) ( 504) Recreation,Educa-131988,82 8975,63 6081,20 8,77 28,41 14,71 35,59 0,00 654,00 tion and Culture (?180) (1477) Consumer Durable 11327e216 4516,64 10540,19 7,52 47,72 2S,08 84,57 0,o00 1b2,94 (Monthly Figure) (097 (2560) Expenditure Excl4307682,73 15056.83 0,00 286,09 207,61 286.09 207,61 19,73 3668,42 Rice and Misc. (3657) ' 0) Miscellaneous' 180378,68 6571,15' 8485,68 11,98 9e,06 27,45 147,00 0,00 3700,25 (1596) (2061) Expenditure Excl4488061,41 15056,83 00oo 298,07 24e,85 298,07 242,85 19,73 4745,56 Ration Rice (3657) ' 0) Expenditure Excl47S2205.71 15056,83 0,00 314,29 211,41 314,29 211,41 34,09 3720,11 Miscellaneo '(3657) ' 0) _ _,,__,_,. ..,,..,,,,_,,,,_,,,___,....... 9 ._-............ . ...--.-*.. .--wwe---ewt- Total Household 49125114,3q 15056.83 0,00 326,27 28b,00 326.27 246,00- 34,09 4745,56 Expenditure '365b ' ° Table 7 (continued) SRI LANKA: SELECTED STATISTICS ON MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES OF GOODS AND SERVICES. BY SECTOR. 1969-70 HOUSEHnLDS STATISTICS FOR STATISTICS foR REPORTIN*G ALL REPORTING FXPF'#n!TUNE EXPFNnITURE HOUSEHULDS HOUSEHOLDS MINIMUM MAX,IMUM GATF(rqILS sut snOM NO MEAN SD MEAN SD VALUE VALUE .__,_____. ,w *...w ---. .... ....-.-- -. …...__....__.____,,_______.___------ ------------.------------------------................---___---_,__...... Major Expenditure Categories Food and Drink o19220,80 2471,39 0.00 169,63 79 70 169,63 79,70 21,43 1023,47 Including Rice (2000) 1 0) (Imputed Value of 72833.12 2a30,61 40,78 29,47 16,75 29,96 16,45 0,00 135,34 Ration Rice) ( 1967) ( 3) Liquor,Tobacco 50198,68 2436.79 30.60 20,31 19,24 20,60 19,22 0,00 3a0,33 and Betel (1 972) ( 28) Housing ... Rent, 2677b,?7 2470.15 1,24 10,83 16,05 10,84 16,05 0,00 600,00 Maintenance, Etc. (1999) ( 1) Fuel and Light 20208,69 2070.15 1.24 8,18 S,42 8,18 5,42 0,00 73,45 tl999) ( 1) Clothes,Footwear 63463,99 1 u4,30 1007,09 25,68 37,96 43,34 40,62 0,00 415,00 and Related (1185) ( 815) Household 14592.25 2457.80 13,5g 5,90 8,40 5,94 8,41 0,00 271,90 Operation ( 1989) t 1) Personal Care 12825,'J6 2293.91 217,48 5,19 11,06 5,a9 11,45 0,00 304,60 and Health tl824) C 176) Transport and 14416.42 2009.24 462,15 5,83 11,14 7,18 11,96 ,0o0 203,00 Communication ( 626) ( 374) Recreation,Educa- 9119,50 112,048 1346,91 3,69 13,94 8,11 19,79 0,00 200,50 tion and Culture ( 910) (1090) Consumer Durable O801,71 3704.2 2096.97 2,75 12.91 18,17 28,66 0,00 268,74 (Monthly Figure) 303) (1697) Expenditure Excl 5b4791.14 2471,39 0,00 228,53 132,41 228,53 132,41 34,43 1895,41 Rice and Misc. (2000) t 0) Miscellaneous 1641 ,91 1733,68 737.71 6,64 24,42 9,c7 28,69 0,00 605,00 (1403) ( 597) Expenditure Excl 581206.05 2471,39 0,00 235,17 139,77 235.17 139,77 34, 43 1925,41 Ration Rice (2000) C 0) Expenditure Excl 637620,27 2471.39 0,00 258,00 138,65 258,00 138,65 43,43 1932,31 Miscellaneous (20 0 ' 0 Total Household ,Su 0 .I8 2u7i,39 c,00 260,b4 145,71 26,646 145,71 440,3 1962,31 F.rn P de i t-'!ra f2nOO) I 0) -168- Table 8 SRI LANKA: AVERAGE MONTHLY EXPENDITURE PER HOUSEHOLD(IN RUPEES) ON SELECTED GROUPS OF ITEMS, BY SECTOR Source Expenditure of All Urban Rural Estate Category Figures Island Areas Areas Sector Food and Drink Published tables 172.81 225.31 165.60 143.70 Our figures (a) 171.11 223.36 164.35 139.61 (b) 199.74 253.35 192.54 169.06 Housing Published tables 26.57 59.34 21.66 10.84 Our figures 23.95 55.50 18.95 10.56 Transport & Communication Published tables 13.28 25.15 11.78 5.87 Our figures 8.91 22.77 8.60 5.41 Miscellaneous Published tables 12.09 18.04 11.62 6.69 Our figures - - - - Durable Goods Published tables 8.23 14.71 7.63 2.89 Our figures 6.45 11.03 6.00 2.75 Total Published tables 319.52 466.85 298.96 239.71 Our figures (a) 317.84 463.79 298,07 235.17 (b) 346.49 493,80. 326.27 264.64 (a) Excluding the imputed value of the free rice ration. (b) Including the imputed value of the free rice ration. -169- A Comparison of the Survey Data with National Accounts As shown in Table 9, our estimates of the average income of a household in each sector are quite close to the published figures. The validity of a comparison of the components of the survey data on income with those of national accounts is limited because for many of the house- holds (particularly those whose receipts were affected by seasonal varia- tion),the survey sought to record the average monthly income over the pre- ceding year and the reported average might have been imprecise. Further- more, the estimation of national accounts for certain sectors, such as the non-governmental "unorganized" services sector, is based on certain assumptions which are, in turn, based on some earlier surveys; therefore, it would be a mistake to presume that the national accounts estimates are necessarily valid benchmarks.-/ In our case, an additional small problem is the spread of the sur- vey over parts of two calendar years. We have added one-sixth of the in- come from each source estimated for the national accounts for 1969 to five- sixths of the corresponding income for 1970. The underlying assumption of an even flow of income over a year is unlikely to introduce any serious error. Table 10 shows the results of our comparison. Overall, the survey-based figure of per capita income was 35 percent below that based on national accounts. ~The differences by source of income were consistent with impres- sions that (a) income from property is under-reported most; and (b) the 1/ According to one analyst, items, whose current value is "assumed to grow at a trend rate" (related to the rate of growth of the population), formed 15 percent of the estimated gross domestic product (GDP) of Sri Lanka. Some 33 percent of the GDP was estimated indirectly (i.e., as a multiple of other items). See: Arun Shourie, "National Accounts and the Regression Enthusiast, Sri Lanka: A Study," Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 9, no. 52 (December 28, 1974). 2/ The difference appears to be smaller--31 percent--if "pensions, remittances and other cash receipts" reported in the survey are included. -170- profits of unincorporated enterprises are under-reported to a greater ex- tent than are wages and salaries.-/ Table 9 SRI LANKA: AVERAGE MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME (EXCLUDING THE IMPUTED VALUE OF THE FREE RICE RATION) ACCORDING TO THE PUBLISHED TABLES AND OUR FIGURES, 1969-70 Published Figures-/ Our Estimates-/ (Rupees) (Rupees) All Island 295.00 295.61 Urban Areas 475.00 478.55 Rural Areas 269.00 269.05 Estate Sector 204.00 202.86 1/ Figures relate to 9694 households. 2/ Figures relate to 9664 households. The differences by sector are identi- fied in Table 1 in this Annex. 1/ The unincorporated enterprises include farms and the self-employed. Their income is subject to seasonal fluctuations and a question about the "total income over a year" elicits responses that can involve considerable recall lapse. -171- Table 10 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL INCOME BY SOURCE ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1969-70 Absolute Amount in Rupees Source of Income 1/ Socio-Eco^?mic Percentage National Accounts- Survey- Difference Compensation of 35.1 25.3 -27.9 Employees (48.0) (53.6) Income from Un- 34.7 21.2 -38.9 incorporated (47.6) (44.9) Enterprises Rent, Interest 3.2 0.7 -78.1 and Dividends (4.4) (1.5) Total 73.0 47.2 -35.3 (100.0) (100.0) 1/ Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Sri Lanka, 1973 (Colombo, 1973), p. 252. 2/ Excluding pension, remittances, cash allowances and other periodic cash receipts. The imputed value of free rice ration is also not taken into account. Note: Figures in parentheses show income from a specific source as percentage of the total. -172- Savings Rates Implicit in Reported Income and Expenditure Data An examination of the savings rates implied by the income and expenditure data is useful in the evaluation of the reporting of such data. The data pertain to essentially one month, and there is no reason to ex- pect that the households would try to save during each month. However, dissaving cannot continue indefinitely for the sample as a whole, and, therefore, some inferences may be possible. Table 11 provides the basic data for each sector, including both the percentage of households in each PCY and PCE decile that report nega- tive and positiVe savings and their dissavings or savings rates. About 61 percent of all households (52, 62 and 65 percent of urban, rural and estate sector households, respectively) reported negative savings (i.e., expenditure greater than income during the month); but consistent with a priori expecta- tions, the percentage of households doing so varies inversely with PCY decile. The top four deciles in urban areas, the top three deciles in rural areas and only the top quintile on the estates, all reported positive savings in terms of PCY; the overall savings rates for the three sectors were 11.3, -3.2 and -10.4 percent, respectively. For the country as a whole, the re- ported savings rate was no more than 0.3 percent. The estimated per capita private consumption expenditure during the survey period according to the national accounts was Rs. 58.50; by comparison, the survey figure of PCE (excluding the value of the rice ration) was Rs. 50.55, about 13.6 percent lower.-/ Apparently, the survey provided better estimates of consumption expenditure than of income levels. 1/ As noted earlier, we have excluded certain categories of consumption expendi- ture from consideration. If they were not excluded, per capita consumer ex- penditure according to the survey would have been Rs. 54.08, only 7.6 percent below the estimated per capita private consumption expenditure. The value of the free rice ration (estimated to be Rs. 4.88 per capita) is presumed to be left out of the national accounts estimate of private consumption expenditure. TABLE 11 HOUSEHOLDS WITH NEtATVE SAVIN7S HOUSEHOLDS WTr lI POSITVE SAVINCS ALL HOUSEHOLDS Ratio ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ratio of Ratio of Parcer.tage of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure Percentage of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure Number of Per Capita Per Capita Expendituro all househOldS Expenditure IncOoe to In coe all household s Expenditure Income to Income ls enph Expenditure Incco e to In coce Decile J. this class (rupees) (rupeesL (2) in this class (rupees) (rupees) (2) Souseholds (rupee) (rupees) ) (A) Per C4Eita ,rcome 1 88 7 29.04 20.71 140.2 11.3 20.27 21.95 92.3 756 27.95 20.86 134.0 1 88.7 29.04 17.7 25.20 28.64 88.0 850 35.44 28.41 124.7 2 82.3 37.63 28.36 132.7 172503388. 887 40.04 33.69 118.0 3 76.1 43.44 33.64 129.1 - 23.9 29.87 33.85 88.2 84.04 118. 4 73.6 49.17 39.03 126.0 26.4 33.78 39.06 86.5 946 44.70 39.04 114.5 5 66.2 55 27 44.20 125.0 33.8 38.16 44.58 85.8 954 48.79 44.34 107.0 6 S9 S 61.74 50.25 122.9- 40.5 43.22 50.38 82.5 950 53.83 50.31 107.0 6 59.5 61.74 1204 476 4783 57.95 80.2 938 58.55 57.88 101.2 F 2.46 83.29 68.57 121.5 55.2 55.15 68.77 77.5 963 67.03 68.69 97 6 9 40.0 104.67 86.31 121.3 60.0 67.58 87.24 77.5 1056 81.35 86.90 93.6 t 10 23 4 104.67 86 121.3 76.1 117.43 173.03 67.9 1314 126.86 164.36 77.2 10 23.9 161.14 132.86 121.3 335687397689664 55.44 55.27 100.3 All 60.7 54.58 43.36 125.9 39.3 56.80 73.94 76.8 (a) Per Capita Exrcrditure 1 57.2 24.43 20.40 119.8 42.8 23.91 30.08 79.5 776 24.21 24.45 99.3 2 60.0 32.20 26.94 119.5 40.0 32.20 40.72 79.1 850 32.20 32.19 100.0 3 60.3 3. 30.82 121.4 39.7 37.37 47.99 77.9 884 37.39 37.58 99.5 4 60.2 42.58 34042 123.7 39.8 42.67 53.94 79.1 922 42.62 42.28 100.8 4 64.9 47.55 38.3S 123.9 35.1 47.65 58.38 81.6 943 47.58 45.29 105.1 5 59.5 53.29 43.13 123.6 40.5 53.26 68.69 77.5 945 53.28 53.48 99.6 7 65.3 60.31 48.61 124.1 34.7 60.35 74.43 81.1 945 60.32 57.15 105.5 8 63.0 69.72 54.56 127.8 37.0 70.16 87.01. 80.6 994 69.89 66.73 104.7 9 60.4 85.85 66.13 129.8 39.6 86.68 108.92 79.6 1097 86.17 83.01 103.8 10 56.4 136.01 101.99 133.4 43.6 146.05 211.41 69.1 1308 140.58 151.83 92.6 A1l 60.7 54.5S 43.36 125.9 39.3 56.80 73.94 76.8 9664 55.44 55.27 100.3. Table 11 (Cont'd) SRI LA'KA: RATIO OF PER CAPITA WXPENDITUBZ TO PER CAPITA INCOHZ IN DIFFERENT DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACOORDING TO (A) PER CAPITA INCOHM ASD (B) PER CAPITA EVENDITURE, URBAN AREAS. 1969-70 HOUSEdOLDS WrTH NEGATIVE SAVINGS HOUSEHOLDS wi2w PosIIrvE SAVINCS ALL HOUSEHOLDS Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Percentage of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure Percentage of Per Capita Per Capitc Expenditure Number of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure a11 Households Expenditure Income to Income all iouseholds Expenditurs Income to Income Sample Expenditure Income to Income DecI1* In this class (rupees) (rupees) (X) in this class (rupees) (rupees) (X) Households (rupees) (ru-ees) (C) (A) Per Cita Inrowoi 1 84.2 34.47 24.69 139.6 15.8 23.73 25.82 91.9 398 32.61 24.89 131.0 2 76.9 43.86 34.49 127.2 23.1 30.84 p4.41 89.6 402 40.52 -34.47 117.6 3 68.6 52.75 41.80 126.2 31.4 36.36 "*.1.97 86.6 401 47.09 41.85 112.5 4 57.3 60.78 48.98 124.1 42.7 42.64 48.63 87.7 403 52.48 48.82 101.5 5 56.9 71.14 57.03 124.7 43.1 48.24 57.06 84.5 406 60.09 57.04 105.3 6 51.1 81.01 66.85 121.2 48.9 55.37 67.07 82.6 399 67.62 66.97 101.0 7 44.3 96.03 80.22 119.7 55.7 65.21 80.65 80.9 402 77.84 e0.47 96.7 8 40.3 115.41 98.47 117.2 59.7 79.38 99.46 79.8 402 92.37 99.10 93.2 9 27.4 155.74 133.70 116.5 72.6 104.18 136.78 76.2 402 117.44 135.99 66.4 10 11.8 250.84 210.83 119.0 88.2 176.84 301.43 58.7 407 183.37 293.44 62.5 A11 51.8 67.26 54.49 123.4 48.2 77.72 108.39 71.7 4022 72.34 80.66 c9.7 (t) Per CaPta Ezwenditure 1 51.0 28.50 24.47 116.5 49.0 27.80 34.42 80.8 398 28.15 29.43 95.7 2 56.7 37.56 31.84 118.0 43.3 38.05 46.69 81.5 402 37.78 38.37 98.5 3 54.0 44.83 37.04 121.0 46.0 44.84 54.96 81.6 402 44.83 45.43 S3.7 4 55.2 51.05 41.38 123.4 44.8 51.39 65.77 78.1 402 51.21 52.53 S7.5 S 57.7 59.07 47.88 123.4 42.3 58.55 75.27 77.8 402 58.86 59.20 99.4 6 54.3 68.21 55.82 122.2 45.7 68.19 86.78 78.6 403 68.20 70.69 96.5 7 54.2 79.46 63.55 125.0 45.8 79.65 102.53 77.7 402 79.55 81.73 97.3 S 51.7 95.32 75.79 124.1 48.3 96.28 125,47 76.7 402 95.79 100.55 95.3 9 48.5 120.42 95.33 126.3 51.5 121.68 174.76 69.6 402 121.08 137.05 88.3 10 34.6 192.25 151.54 126.9 65.4 203.47 330.26 61.6 407 199.83 272.21 73.4 all 51.8 67.26 54.49 123.4 48.2 77.72 108.39 71.7 4022 72.84 80.68 89.7 Table 11 (Cont'd) SRI LANXA: RATIO OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE TO PER CAPITA INCOME IN DIFFERENT DECILES OF HUUSF2OLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO (A) PER CAPITA INCOME AND (S) PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL AREAS. 1969-70 HOUSEgOLDS WrTH NEGATIV SAVnIGS HOUSEHOLDS WITH POSITIVE SAVINGS ALL HOUSEHOLDS Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Percentale of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure Percentage of Per Capita Per Capita Experliture Number of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure all households Expenditure Income to Income all Households Ex'enditure Income to Income Sample Expenditure Income to Incone Dectle In this class (rupees) (rupees) (X) in this class (rupees) (rupees) (2) Uouseholds (rupees) (rupees) (1) (A) Per Capita Incore 1 89.6 27.70 19.93 139.0 10.4 19.51 21.03 92.8 365 26.81 20.05 133.7 2 84.4 36.21 27.37 132.3 15.6 24.39 127.14 89.9 365 34.39 27.34 125. e F 1 77.5 42.06 32.31 130.2 22.5 28.71 32.30 88.9 365 38.99 32.30 123.7 n 4 72.1. 46.86 37.59 124.7 27.9 32.86 37.40 87.9 365 42.76 37.54 1:3.9 5 72.1 52.74 42.81 123.2 27.9 36.67 43.07 85.1 365 47.51 42.87 113.8 6 59.6 60.33 48.68 123.9 40.4 42.19 48.61 86.8 366 52.62 48.65 It3.2 7 54.0 66.75 55.85 119.5 46.0 46.17 55.90 62.6 365 56.73 55.88 1;'.5 8 44.5 79.17 65.62 120.6 55.5 53.01 65.88 80.5 364 63.96 65.77 97.2 9 40.7 98.57 81.22 121.4 59.3 65.08 82.32 79.1 366 77.77 81.90 5 .0 10 26.5 146.32 119.47 122.5 73.5 i6.74 135.53 71.4 366 108.73 131.65 E2.6 Lii 62.1 52.21 41.59 125.5 37.9 52.15 65.77 79.3 3652 52.19 50.59 l(j3.l (B) Per Cvita Expenditut.o 1 61.9 23.78 19.75 120.4 38.1 22.94 28.11 81.6 365 23.48 22.77 I 03.1 2 61.4 31.17 26.07 119.6 38.6 30.96 39.49 78.4 365 31.10 31.01 3 3 59.5 36.15 30.09 120.1 40.5 36.20 46.57 77.7 365 36.17 36.71 4 63.6 41.13 33.10 124.3 36.4 41.26 53.04 77.8 365 41.18 40.53 Ir'.6 5 63.3 46.08 37.14 124.1 36.7 46.02 57.94 79.4 365 46.06 44.67 161.1 6 62.0 51.50 41.72 123.4 38.0 51.55 64.49 79.9 366 51.52 50.41 102.2 7 63.0 58.21 48.41 120.2 37.0 57.96 73.35- 79.0 365 58.12 57.17 1G1.7 8 65.8 66.32 51.97 127.6 34.2 66.29 80.84 82.0 365 66.31 61.78 107.3 9 60.0 81.06 62.70 129.3 40.0 79.84 97.68 81.6 365 80.59 76.05 106.0 10 60.4 126.00 93.49 134.8 39.6 120.37 156.17 77.1 366 123.72 118.83 lG:.1 All 62.1 52.21 41.59 125.5 37.9 52.15 65.77 79.3 3652 52.19 50.59 103.2 Table 11 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: RATIO OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE TO PER CAPITA 1SCOME IN DIFFERENT DECILES OF HOUSEHOLDS RANKED ACCORDING TO (A) PER CAPITA INCOME AND (B) PER CAPITA EXPEDIITURE, ESTATE SECTOR. 1969-70 HoJSCIoLGS 'ry NEGATIVE SAVINCS HOUSEHOLDS WrTH POSrITVE SAVINGS L'C POUSEHiOLL Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Percentage of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure Percentage of Per Capita Per Capita Expenditure Number of Per Capita Per'Capita Expenditure all P.ouseholds Expenditure Income to Income all Households Expenditure Income to Income Sample Expenditure Income to Income Decile in this class (rupees) (rupees) . L) in this class (rupees) J5ees) (S) Households (rupees) (rupees) (7, (A) Per Crwita Ienome 1 88.3 34.12 22.92 148.9 11.7 20.37 22.87 89.1 196 32.34 22.91 141.2 2 79.8 40.82 29.39 138.9 20.2 24.58 j29.71 82.7 198 37.23 29.46 126.4 3 79.5 46.14 34.09 135.3 20.5 28.56 tP34.23 83.4 200 42.10 34.12 123.4 4 71.0 48.88 37.91 128.9 29.0 31.03 37.71 82.3 200 43.11 37.85 113.9 1 5 71.2 53.92 41.61 129.6 28.8 34.46 41.62 82.8 198 47.65 451.61 11-.5 -_l 6 64.8 58.39 45.61 128.0 35.2 37.94 45.58 83.2 199 50.04 45.60 109.7 ON 7 61.0 65.40 50.80 128.7 39.0 42.01 50.73 82.8 200 55.59 50.77 109.5 1 8 49.0 73.45 57.20 128.4 51.0 45.41 57.16 79.4 200 58.11 57.18 101.6 9 43.1 83.85 65.66 127.7 56.9 52.58 66.41 79.2 197 65.01 66.11 96.3 10 41.6 123.52 96.07 128.6 58.4 76.63 109.61 69.9 202 95.64 104.12 91.9 All 64.9 53.41 40.30 132.5 35.1 41.79 52.93 79.0 1990 49.37 44.70 110.4 (8J Per Capita E.oenditurs 1 34.2 27.33 22.34 122.3 65.8 24,84 33.39 74.6 196 25.70 29.58 8:,.9 2 53.8 33.35 27.25 122.4 46.2 33.09 42.14 78.5 199 33.24 33.54 99.1 3 57.8 37.62 31.21 121.2 42.2 37.55 47.42 79.2 199 37.72 37.48 10',.6 4 59.5 42.17 33.70 125.1 40.5 41.96 52.89 79.3 2C0 42.09 40.60 10-;.7 5 63.3 45.86 36.72 124.9 36.7 46.08 55.98 82.3 199 45.93 42.S; 10:.9 6 69.3 50.34 39.13 128.6 30.7 50.58 59.87 84.5 199 '0.41 4-.63 113.0 7 69.8 55.74 41.89 133.1 30.2 55.55 72.24 76.9 199 55.69 49.91 111.6 8 74.2 62.49 46.83 133.3 25.8 61.79 70.64 87.5 198 62.35 51.65 120.7 9 78.9 72.56 52.64 137.8 21.1 72.38 82.82 87.4 199 72.53 58.23 124.6 10 87.1 110.68 73.00 151.6 12.9 139.06 204.34 68.1 202 113.93 88.03 129.4 A11 64.9 53.41 40.30 132.5 35.1 41.79 52.93 79.0 1990 49.37 44.70 110.4 -177- 1/ Fertility Data Collected-= For all married women, the survey investigator was expected to record: (a) age at marriage; (b) present age (age at last birthday accord- ing to the data on the "general characteristics" of members); (c) number of live births; (d) number of living children; (e) date of last live birth and (f) whether there was a live birth during the 12 months preceding the survey. According to the instructions, the fertility data were to be col- lected for all "ever-married" women. The published tables relate only to currently married women because, as shown in Table 12, the number of women for whom fertility records are available was quite low among widowed, divorced or separated women. Overall, the data were collected, in general, only for women aged less than 50, i.e., those in reproductive ages; and covered about 93.7 percent of all ever-married women in ages 15-49 (after usihg weights). For 11 women, the sex code was mispunched or miscoded; and for 21 women the marital status was mispunched or miscoded (they were coded as never-married). It is presumed that child-bearing out of wedlock is generally unknown in Sri Lanka and, in any case, is unlikely to be reported to investi- gators. Therefore, the marital status code of "never-married" for a woman with a fertility record is presumed to be incorrect.-2 1/ An exploration of these data was initiated in connection with the research project undertaken by B.S. Minhas to study "Growth, Poverty and Basic Needs." For several reasons, the work had to be interrupted. The discussion of these data is intended to illustrate some of the possible errors that need to be identified and eliminated as far as possible, before an analysis can begin. 2/ An examination of data for other members of the household suggests that in the case of 16 out of 21 women, whose marital status has presumably been mis- coded, (or mispunched), the marital status of some other members also seems to be miscoded (or mispunched). Likewise, in the case of one out of 11 women whose sex was mispunched or miscoded, the sex codes for other members also seem to be incorrect. -178- For 32 women, the age coded on the individual record was dif- ferent from that coded on the fertility record. Since the age data were collected only once on the schedule, the differences are presumed to be due to some errors. It is obviously not possible to assert that the age reported in the individual record must be correct. One might check for consistency of the reported age of the women with that of other members in the household and make some (reasoned) guesses. However, these guesses would have been better reasoned if the relationship to the head of the household had been explicitly identified on the records. As is often the case in fertility surveys, for 688 women, information on the number of live births and/or living children was not put on the record.- (For 48 out of 688 women, only the number of living children was not reported. For others, the data were missing on both items.) While these could be cases of punching errors, a more likely explanation is be- lieved to be the absence of any entry in response to these questions on the schedule,s. It is not easy to supply such missing information, although some "reasoned guesses" may be possible by taking into account the duration of marriage or the difference between the present age and the reported age at marriagi. In 144 cases, where the difference between the latter two is less than one1 year, it may be safely presumed that the absence of arty entry im- plies a;case of zero live births and therefore no living child. A similar assumption would be less valid when the duration of marriage exceeded one year or more. 1/ For an examination of the problem in various censuses and surveys, see: M.A. ElBadry, "Failure of Enumerators to Make Entries of Zero: Errors in Recording Childless Cases in Population Censuses," Journal of the Amerft.n' Statistical Association, vol. 56, no. 296 (December, 1961), pp. 909-924. -179- Table 12 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF (A) EVER-R 4ARPjED AND (B) WID0M'ED, DIMO';CED OR SEPARATED WONIEN WITH A FFRTILITY RECOND IN THIE SOCLO-ECONOMIC SURVEY, BY SEGTCiG, 1969-70 Urban Arcas Rurat Areas Estate Sector Women Women with Women Women with Women lWomen with Age of in the Fertilitv Record in the Fertility Rscord in the Fertility Record Woanri Sanmple No. Percent Sample No. Perceiit Samnle cNC. Percent A 2I Ever-Afdrried Wlomen Less than 15 9 3 33.3 5 4 80.0 - - - 15-19 116 105 90.5 119 106 89.1 58 52 89.7 20-24 506 483 95.5 468 434 92.7 303 283 93.1 25-29 648 612 94.4 556 531 95.5 406 394 97.0 30-34 629 597 94.9 477 458 96.0 253 246 97.2 35-39 749 698 93.2 587 558 95.1 323 307 95.1 40-41i 516 474 91.9 477 446 93.5 220 205 93.2 45-49 527 436 82.7 496 451 90.9 231 210 90.9 50 & above 1037 7 0.i 510 8 1.6 304 4 2.7 15-49 3691 3405 92.3 3180 2984 93.8 1794 3.696 94.5 (B) Widowed, Davorced or Sevarated Wome7, Less than 15 - - - - - - 1 - 0.0 15-19 3 - 0.0 5 3 60.0 2 1 50.0 20-24 32 3 25.0 22 9 40.9 11 2 18.? 25-29 33 10 30.3 27 11 40.7 12 6 50.0 30-34 30 7 23.3 25 11 44.0 7 3 42.9 35-39 61 17 27.9 38 13 34.2 19 6 31.6 40-44 56 21 37.5 34 9 26.5 22 9 .*o.9 45-49 97 23 23.7 66 23 34.8 33 14 42.4 50 & above 737 1 0.1 463 1 0.2 187 - 0.0 15-49 292 81 27.7 219 79 36.1 107 41 3a.3 Note: The figures relating to the number of women with a fertility record, Presented above, were compiled before the errors in sex, age or marital status were identified. They will change if and when such errors are corrected. -180- Annex II Comparability of the Socio-Economic Survey With the 1971 Census of Sri Lanka The Socio-Economic Survey, conducted only a year before the 1971 Census, covered a full year from November 1969 to October 1970. The popula- tion census was taken on October 9, 1971 on a de facto basis, involving the enumeration of all persons "at the place at which they were present between 5pm and llpm on that day." The census information was, of course, recorded during the preliminary census a month or so earlier, and the final census consisted of a check on the earlier information, with an emphasis on the elimination of entries for persons no longer present and the enumeration of persons who were absent during the preliminary census.- Both in the survey and the census, urban areas were defined in terms of the-boundaries of the jurisdiction exercised by "municipal councils, urban councils and town councils". There may be some non-comparability in- troduced by the changes in these boundaries during the two years between the selection of the primary sampling units for the survey2/ and the census; however, such changes were probably quite small. Since the census did not distinguish the estate sector from other rural areas, comparisons between the census and survey data must be made for the entire rural sector and the urban sector. The estate sector in the survey included all estates over 20 acres *in area having ten or more resident workers; the remaining non-urban area was considered rural. 1/ Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, Census of Population, 1971. Sri Lanka: General Report (Colombo, 1978), pp. 12-13. 2/ The frame for the selection of the sample blocks was based on the 1963 Census; but the selected blocks were relisted and the sample households were selected from the updated list. During the intercensal period 1963-71, 37 new town councils were created. -181- Exclusion of Single-Member Households from the Survey The coverage of the Socio-Economic Survey was slightly restricted by the exclusion of "institutional" households as well as single-member households. It was felt that the single-member households were particularly difficult to contact and that their exclusion from the survey would not pose a serious prcblem. Unfortunately, the 1971 Population Census has not tabu- lated the data on the size and composition of households, although a question on the relationship of every individual to the head of household was included in the census schedule. The 1953 Census was the last to tabulate the enu- merated (non-institutional) households according to size. The single-member households enumerated in 1953 constituted 5.1 percent of all households for the country as a whole.- These figures are higher than the recent estimates based on the Consumer Finance Surveys conducted by the Central Bank of Ceylon in 1953, 1963 and 1973, which showed the percentage of single-member house- holds in the country to be 5.0, 3.9 and 4.5 percent,respectively.-/ The latter may be underestimates if some of the single-member households were missed or were difficult to interview, as is likely, during the listing of households prior to the selection of sample'households. According to the 1971 Census of Housing, conducted along with the Census of populaticn, the percentage of occupied (non-institutional) housing units with only one occupant was 4.2, 6.3 and 7.1 in urban, rural, and estate areas, respectively (6.0 percent in the country as a whole).-/ While a housing 1/ Ceylon, Department of Census and Statistics, Census of Ceylon, 1953. Sup- plementary Report on Housing mimeographed (Colombo, 1962). The single- member hous'holds accounted for 0.8 and 1.6 percent of the urban and rural population, respectively, in 1953. 2/ L.N. Perera, "Families, Households and Housing Needs," in ESCAP, Population of Sri Lanka (Bangkok, 1976), pp. 286-7. 3/ In rural and estate areas, the data were collected only from a 10 percent sample of the census or enumeration blocks in each district, whereas in urban areas, the housing schedule was canvassed in all housing units and living quarters other than housing units (e.g., institutions, boarding houses, barracks, etc.). -182- unit with only one occupant would constitute a single-member household, units with more than one occupant may also comprise some single-member households. Of all housing units, 84.6 percent (84.0, 85.4 and 80.4 per- cent of all units in urban, rural and estate areas, respectively) were occupied by only one household. However, households occupying entire housing units accounted for 76.3 percent of the estimated total number of households (74.0, 77.9 and 70.5 percent in the three sectors, respectively). It is not possible, therefore to assess with any confidence the extent of correspondence between the percentage of single-member households and that of housing units with only one occupant, as reported by the Housing Census. The exclusion of single-member households from the frame that was used to select the sample for the Socio-Economic Survey does not seem to be a serious limitation in terms of the proportion of excluded population. How- ever, there is some evidence that the single-member households tend to be overrepresented in the upper deciles if per capita income or expenditure is taken as the ranking 'criterion (and in the bottom decile if the ranking is in terms of the total income or expenditure of the household). The picture emerging from the Socio-Economic Survey may be slightly biased; but otherwise, the size of the sample as well as the wealth of information collected in the survey make it a very rich data base for analysing the characteristics of different income or expenditure groups. The Sectoral Distribution of Households and Population At this stage, some discussion of the 1971 Housing Census data on the distribution of occupied housing units, households and the occupants of housing units in different sectors is appropriate. Of the total housing units, -183- 96.3 percent were non-institutional, and 93.0 percent of the non-insti- tutional units were occupied. The residents in these occupied housing units formed 97.4 percent of the total individuals enumerated by the 1971 Census of population. The available tables show the distribution of housing units by the number of resident households and provide some in- formation on the number of households in Sri Lanka a little before the 1971 Population Census. These data are presumed to be broadly comparable to those from the Population Census. Also, they can be compared with the esti- mates based on the Socio-Economic Survey which excluded the institutional households. Table 1 compares the sectoral distribution of households and popu- lation based on the 1971 Housing Census with that estimated from the 1969-70 survey. Compared to the census, the survey seems to underestimate urban households and overestimate the rural and estate sector households. The same is true with respect to population. These differences partly reflect the ap- proximation involved in the particular weights suggested by the Department of Census and Statistics in Sri Lanka for deriving estimates for the entire country from the survey data for the three sectors.-/ As a result of the differences between the survey and census with respect to the sectoral distribution of households and population, the survey- based estimates of the various characteristics of the total population in Sri Lanka would differ from those of the 1971 Census, particularly when there are 17 As noted above in Annex 1, some 30 sample households were excluded from the tape during editing. However, the multipliers were adjusted to obtain the number of households estimated in the published report. -184- Table 1 SRI LANKA: THE SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF NON-INSTITUTIONAL HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND THE 1971 CENSUS OF HOUSING Distri-bution of Distribution of /on-InstitutionaZ HousehoZds Non-InstitutionaZ PopuZation 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 Sector Survey Housing Census* Survey Housing Census* All Island 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Urban Areas 16.4 19.5 17.6 20.9 Rural Areas 71.8 69.5 71.9 70.1 Estates 11.8 11.0 10.5 9.0 *The estimates are based on Table 5 of the Housing Census report which shows the distribution of occupied housing units by the number of households. For 7.0, 7.3 and 12.2 percent of the occupied housing units, the number of households was not specified. We have prorated them among the housing units for which the number of households was reported. The average number of households in housing units with four or more households has been assumed to be five. Under these assumptions, the average size of households in urban, rural and estate areas was 5.4, 5.1 and 4.1, respectively (5.0 in the island as a whole). Source: Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, Housing Census. 1971, Volume 1, All Island Tables (Colombo, 1973), Tables 4 and 5. -185- substantial intersectoral differences. The comparisons for specific sectors such as the urban and rural sectors would therefore deserve more attention. (Our survey-based estimates for rural areas are also weighted averages of the separate estimates for the estates and non-estate rural areas but these weights are almost the same as indicated by the 1971 Housing Census.) The Survey-Based Estimate of Population The reference date of the survey-based estimate of population can be taken as May 1, 1970, mid-point of the survey period. Unfortunately, the 1971 Population Census data do not show separate figures for the institutional population whereas the survey data pertain to only the non-institutional popu- laticn. If this difference is ignored, between May 1, 1970 and October 9, 1971, population growth on the order of 3.1 percent appears quite reasonable. The birth and death rates in Sri Lanka during 1970 and 1971 were about 29.7 and 7.5 per 1,000 population, respectively, implying a natural increase of about 2.2 percent. Since the net emigration from 1963-71 was very small, the rate of population growth was almost the same as the rate of natural increase and over a 17 month period, population would grow by about 3.2 percent, al- most the same as implied by the estimates. According to the 1971 Census of Housing, 2.36 percent of the total population lived in institutions, i.e., "living quarters other than 'housing units' ". If this same percentage is applied to the population census count, the survey-based figure of population seems to be an overestimate. Demographic Characteristics Table 2 shows the survey and census estimates of the main demographic characteristics (sex ratio, broad age composition, marital status distribution, -186- literacy rates and the school-enrollment ratios) as well as the labor force participation rates and the incidence of unemployment. The exclu- sion of single-member and institutional households from the frame of the Socio-Economic Survey probably explains in part the lower sex ratio of the population according to the survey than that according to the census, par- ticularly in urban areas. The age distribution of the population according to the two sources is remarkably similar, although for urban males, the census reported a notably higher proportion in working ages. This fact is reflected also in the higher dependency ratio of the urban population covered by the survey than that reported by the census. i The literacy rates reported by the survey are higher than those based on the census for both sexes, and for urban and rural areas. Likewise, the schcol-enrollment ratios for ages 5-24 are also significantly higher according to the survey than according to the census.-/ The pattern of dif- ferences is indicative of the expected positive association between the literacy of parents and, the schcol enrollment rates of children. Quite pro- bably, the illiterates tend to be underrepresented in the survey because of the difficulties they encounter in responding to detailed questions on income and/or expenditure. Interestingly, the literacy rates as well as the school- enrollment ratios in Sri Lanka are significantly higher than those prevailing in the Indian subcontinent. The marital status distribution of the population according to the two sources is somewhat different, particularly for females. For males, the survey reported a somewhat lower proportion of the never-married than did the 1/ The census had asked an explicit question on "attendance at school or other educational institution" and students were supposed to be "regularly attend- ing classes" during the two months preceding the census. The survey data are based on a question about the "type of activity". -187- Table 2 v0u1 ClAIC!Sll 6Cs O U 0ULATICN ACCOMD.C T0 "Il Wa-CO UC SQ1VEY oF 1"69-70 AND liE 1971 CEISUS. SU LA All Island Vnben Aural 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 O,ar.ctertatte Survey Census Sur-y C...u. Surve Census Ci) $xRt 1021 1061 1004 1157 1027 1040 11^1eS P. 1000 females) 0) Iroud At., Dtstnibutton 0-14 39.6 38.6 38.6 34.2 39.8 39.8 15-64 53.8 56.9 57.5 62.0 55.5 55.5 65+ 4.6 4.6 3.9 3.8 4.7 4.6 Ali Ages 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 keles 0-14 38.6 39.5 36.8 37.4 39.0 40.1 7S-64 57.7 56.4 59.1 59.3 57.5 55.9 65W 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.6 4.0 A11 Ages 100.0 200.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ?esonso 0-14 39.1 39.0 37.7 35.7 39.4 40.0 15-64 56.8 56.8 58.3 60.2 56.5 55.9 65+ 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.4 All Aes 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0) 71d1 Ase Nil.s 20.0 20.3 20.3 22.2 19.6 19.9 Feales 20.1 19.8 20.8 20.9 19.4 19.5 Peosons 20.0 20.2 20.5 21.5 19.5 19.7 (4) IDennd..e. Ratio 724 761 713 659 773 793 05) LOteracy Lat-. (for pop. 15 yrs nd over) Wel- 90.1 86.0 95.0 90.6 89.0 84.5 Fe-lea 72.7 68.5 85.2 80.3 69.9 65.1 par.s 81.4 77.6 90.1 85.9 79.6 75.0 (6) "arital Statu, of Pearons Aged 15 aud O-er pales IeIr Harrced 42.2 43.7 45.0 48.7 41.6 42.0 Martied 54.6 53.6 52.0 49.1 55.1 55.0 V1doved7Dvtorc.d 3.2 2.7 2.9 2.2 3.4 2.9 ALL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Moalee Rover Married 32.6 31.3 35.0 34.1 32.0 30.5 aIrried 56.7 59.1 52.2 56.3 57.7 59.9 Yidov dlolvorrad 10.9 9.6 12.8 9.6 10.4 9.6 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 160005 Newt Married 37.4 37.7 39.9 42.0 36.1 36.4 Nettled 55.6 56.2 52.1 52.4 56.3 57.4 Widswd/Dinunc.d 7.1 6.0 8.0 3.6 6.7 6.2 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (7) Psecootuge of Student. ln Jueul.tlun AR8. 5-24 S-S 73.7 61.6 80.3 64.2 72.3 60.9 10-14 8.1 72.2 86.2 77.0 82.5 70.9 15-19 42.7 36.5 33.3 63.6 40.6 34.3 W0-24 7.2 9.4 13.1 12.6 6.0 8.1 5-9 73.3 60.2 78.0 63.5 72.3 19.4 10-14 74.8 67.4 82.9 74.0 73.2 65.6 15-9 34.4 32.4 42.6 39.7 32.8 30.4 20-24 6.3 7.8 7.2 U1.4 6.0 6.8 5-9 73.5 e0.9 79.2 63.8 72.3 60.2 10-14 79.1 69.8 84.6 75.5 77.9 68.3 15-19 38.4 34.5 47.8 41.8 36.5 32.3 20-24 *.7 8.8 10.1 12.2 6.0 7.4 ) Lbor force PartttLoAtton Rate (for pop,. aed 10 end *nr) MehI 68.1 68.3 65.9 68.9 68.6 65.3 pese 23.2 26.0 19.0 21.1 24.1 27.4 tersons 45.8 48.0 42.3 46.9 46.6 48.3 *) Inetdhnceuto7n Unj rent ienop. eed 10 and unT) elee 1;i.7 14.3 13.2 17.0 11.4 13.4 Fmale 10. 31.1 32.4 47.6 18.6 27.4 Verous 13.9 18.7 17.5 13.4 13.2 17.3 li=_,.T P-rat aged 0-14 _td 6* aod ever per n0 1. e. es1-4. -L88- census; once again, the exclusion from the survey frame of one-member households (likely to have a high proportion of never-married males) may be a partial explanation. But the higher proportion of the never-married and widowed women in the surveyed households than in the census seems un- usual, although the differences do not seem to be outside the range of pos- sible sampling error. It is possible that the apparent errors in the coding or marital status, noted in Annex 1, have also contributed to these differ- ences. Economic Characteristics of the Population There was some difference between the 1969-70 Survey and the 1971 Census regarding the collection of data on the economic characteristics of the population. In the census, no reference period was specified; essentially, the "gainful worker" approach was adopted, although all persons "available for work" were recorded as unemployed, irrespective of whether they were actively seeking employment or not.-/ In the Socio-Economic Survey, a reference period of one month was used, although its effect may be nominal for persons engaged mainly in seasonal occupations because their "usual status" (or occupation) was recorded; on the other hand, one month preceding the survey was prescribed as the reference period for "regular" workers receiving remuneration as em- ployers, employees or as own-account workers. Persons working temporarily or casually on a contractual basis were classified as employed if they had worked for at least ten days during the month preceding the survey. Unpaid family 1/ Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, The Population of Sri Lanka (Colombo, 1974), pp. 63-64. Persons classified as "employed" in response to the question on usual activity were also asked whether they had "actually worked" at the usual job or at any other job for "at least one day in the week preceding the date" of enumeration. The results are discussed in Annex 5. -189- workers in household enterprises were classified as employed if they had worked for at least ten days during the month or the season preceding the survey. The unemployed were defined as persons aged 15 to 55, who were not classified as employed in terms of the criteria just outlined and were seeking work (excluding persons "mainly engaged" in household work and students). If these criteria were strictly applied in the field, some of the unemployed may have worked for less than ten days during the reference month; but persons aged less than 15 or more than 55 and not actively seek- ing work would not be eligible for classification as unemployed in the Socio- Economic Survey. We shall return to this question later. Participation Rates and Unemployment The labor force participation rates for males aged 10 and over in rural areas and in Sri Lanka as a whole, as shown in Table 2, are almost identical according to both the Socio-Economic Survey and the census. For females, however, the survey apparently led to some understatement of the participation rates, both in rural and urban areas. An important contribu- tory factor seems to be the definition of the unemployed (i.e., the inclusion of persons not actively seeking but available for work among the unemployed in the census but not in the surveyi . The proportion of employed among women aged 10 and over was actually higher according to the survey (12.8 and 1/ According to the 1971 Census, the unemployed include "all persons who are nQt employed but are seeking employment/work and also persons who are available for work even though they may not be actively seeking work be- cause they felt that no suitable work was available." See: Republic of Sri Lanka, Census of Population 1971, Volume II, All Island Tables, Part II, The Econosically Active Population (Colombo, 1976), p. vii. -190- 21.4 percent in urban and rural areas, respectively) than according to the census (11.1 and 19.9 percent, respectively).-/ With regard to the unemployed, the 1971 Census tables distinguish between those actively seeking work and "not actively seeking work." Table 3 shows the percentage of active-work seekers among all the unem- ployed that were enumerated by the 1971 Census. Consistent with general impressions, the percentage of active work seekers was lower among females than among males. However, the proportion of unemployed women actively seeking work was lower in urban areas than in rural areas. Table 3 SRI LAN: PERCENTAGE ACTIVELY SEEKING WORK AMONG ALL UNEMPLOYED, 1971 CENSUS Persons Males Females All Island 60.0 64.5 54.2 Urban Areas 57.0 65.8 44.9 Rural Areas 61.3 64.0 57.7 It can be argued that for a proper comparison of the 1971 Census data with the 1969-70 survey data, the unemployed not actively seeking work 1/ As discussed in the last section of Annex 5, if a relatively short reference period of one week had been used in the census, the percentage of women classified as employed would have been slightly lower (10.9 and 19.0 per- cent in urban and rural areas, respectively); and the differences between the'census and the'survey'would have been slightly larger. However, given the fact that the'survey estimates represent the average situation over a full year, whereas the adjusted census data on activities'during the week preceding the enumeration of population refer to October, the differences in the proportion of employed seem gratifyingly small. -191- must be excluded from the census figures on the labor force and the un- employed. The effect of such an adjustment is illustrated in Table 4. The adjusted estimates of participation rates according to the 1971 Census are quite close to, (and, for rural males and urban females, lower than) the estimates based on the 1969-70 Survey. This is quite different from the picture shown in Table 2. The adjusted estimates of the incidence of unemployment based on the census are all lower than those shown by the Socio-Economic Survey. The survey estimates represent an average situation over a full year but the re- ference period was one month. The census data, on the other hand, are based on a "usual activity" concept and the resulting estimates are quite high and remarkably close to the survey figures. Given the possibility that some of those classified in the Socio-Economic Survey may in fact have worked for less than ten days during the reference period of one month (if they were temporarily or casual employees), the differences in the incidence of unem- ployment seen in Table 4 appear small and negligible. The differences between the estimates of unemployment provided by the 1969-70 Survey and the 1971 Census seem to be due entirely to the differences in the concepts used by them.- Characteristics of the Employed As seen above, the data on the characteristics of the employed ac- cording to the 1971 Census refer to the usual activities of the respondents. For a large majority of the respondents (except the casual and temporary em- ployees), the usual activity would also be the activity of the reference 1/ The data would have been even more useful if the new entrants into the labor force who were unemployed had been distinguished from others, and information on the characteristics of the last (or usual) job (or work) of the unemployed with previous work experience had been collected and tabulated. -192- Table 4 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR PERSONS AGED 10 AND OVER, EXCLUDING THE UNEMPLOYED NOT ACTIVELY SEEKING WORK, SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND THE 1971 CENSUS ALL Island Urban Areas Rural Areas 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-7O 19712 Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census ' (adjusted) (adjusted) (adjusted)' Labor Force Participation Rate Persons 45.8 44.4 42.3 42.2 46.6 45.1 Males 68.1 65.0 65.9 64.9 68.6 65.0 Females 23.2 22.3 19.0 15.6 24.1 24.3 Incidence of Unemployment Persons 13.9 12.1 17.5 14.8 13.2 11.4 Males 11.7 9.7 13.2 11.9 11.4 9.0 Females 20.6 19.6 32.4 29.0 18.6 17.9 Note: The 1971 Census estimates shown above are adjusted. They exclude the unemployed not actively seeking work, enumerated in 1971 Census, from the labor force as well as the unemployed. -193- month preceding the Socio-Economic Survey. Therefore, a fairly close comparability can be expected in the characteristics of the employed ac- cording to the two sources. However, the occupational classifications used by the survey were not quite the same as those used by the census tabulaticns. The survey used two-digit classifications whereas the census used more detailed classifications. As discussed in the next section of this annex, we have attempted to regroup the latter to attain a broad com- parability. (a) Class of Worker Distribution Table 5 shows the distribution of the employed by status of class of worker. For all workers in the country as a whole and for rural male workers, the distributions according to both sources are remarkably close. For rural female workers, the survey reported a higher proportion of em- ployees and a lower proportion of family,helpers than did the census. For urban workers (both male and female), however, the proportion of employees was higher and that of the self-employed lower according to the census than according to the survey. (The differences are somewhat larger for urban female workers than for male workers.) Among the factors that might partly explain the differences in the status compositicn of rural female workers and urban workers, special atten- tion should be given to the following: (i) the differences in the frame or universe of "urban areas" used by the survey and the 1971 Census; -194- Table 5 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED BY CLASS OF WORKER ACCORDING TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND THE 1971 CENSUS ALL IsZand Urban Areas RuraZ Areas 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 Class of Worker Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census fik MALES Employer 2.7 3.8 5.0 6.1 2.2 3.1 Employee 61.3 63.7 74.2 80.2 58.7 58.5 Self-Employed 31.3 29.0 18.6 12.8 33.9 34.0 Family Helper 4.7 3.6 2.2 1.0 5.2 4.4 All 100.0: 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 FEMALES Employer 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.6 0.9 0.6 Employee 80.2 76.9 78.5 91.1 80.5 74.r- Self-Employed 12.2 11.2 17.2 5.3 11.5 12. Family Helper 6.6 11.2 2.8 2.0 7.2 12. All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 PERSONS Employer 2.3 3.1 4.3 5.4 1.9 2.5 Employee 65.7 66.6 75.0 81.8 63.9 62.5 Self-Employed 26.9 25.0 18.4 11.7 28.5 28.7 Family Helper 5.2 5.2 2.3 1.1 5.7 6.4 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -195- (ii) the possibility that casual and temporary employees in terms of their usual activity might be self-employed or family helpers during the specific months for which the survey collected information; and (iii) the fact that the estate sector with very high female parti- cipation rates and a predominance of employees among the workers was slightly overrepresented among the rural households included in the Socio-Economic Survey (see Table 1 above). It will be seen below that the differences in the industrial distribution of the employed according fo the two sources are consistent with differ- ences in the class of worker distribution. It is not possible, however, to assess the precise contribution of the three factors noted above to the observed differences. (b) Occupational Distribution The next section reviews the differences between the classifi- caticns of occupations used by the survey and the 1971 Census, and outlines our attempt to ensure a broad comparability by regrouping the more detailed census data. Our distinction between the craftsmen and production process workers producing "traditional" and "modern" products is only approximate and subject to error. Our primary objective is to explore the differences in the occupational compositicn of workers in households in different deciles. Table 6 shows the occupational classification of the employed ac- cording to the two sources. In assessing the comparability of the two distri- butions, one must note that the percentage of workers with "unspecified" occupations was higher in the census than in the survey, particularly in urban areas. -196- For rural workers - both male and female - the occupational distributions according to the two sources are remarkably similar. The lower proportion of craftsmen according to the survey, relative to the census, was offset by a higher proportion of workers in the occupations relating to services, sport and recreation. The proportion of rural male workers in white collar occupations (taken as a group) was also higher according to the survey (14.5 percent) than according to the census (11.4 percent). For urban areas, the proportion of male workers in white collar occupations was higher according to the survey (39.5 percent) than accord- ing to the census (34.3 percent); for female workers, the two proportions were almost the same (40.0 and 41.0 percent, respectively). The compensa- ting differences are observed in the proportions of craftsmen and production process workers (both for male and female workers) and the proportion of workers engaged in agricultural and service, sports and recreational occupa- tions (for female workers only). Since the white collar and agricultural occupations are not difficult to specify and/or classify, it is presumed that the workers with unspecified occupations were either craftsmen of some kind or persons engaged in miscellaneous service, sports and recreational occupaticns. The overrepresentation of white collar workers among the employed according to the survey is consistent with the higher literacy rates (for persons aged 15 and over) and school enrollment ratios (for ages 5-24) in the surveyed households, shown in Table 2 above. Table 6 ml AMX& OCCUATIOU DIflUUlnIo 0or18 TIU 139 WWUM TO TO BDCCIO-UCUWIKC MVUI AMM TH 1971 CENSUS PEIOSONS MATLS FEIUlES All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas All island Urban Areas Rural Areas 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 Occupation Survey Census Survcey Census Su%vev Cens:ia Survey Cennus Survey Census Survey Census Survey Censup Survey Census Survey Census Professi..al. Iechic.al *nc tOeted *b4.7 4.8 9.9 8.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 7.3 5.9 3.1 2.9 7.6 9.0 21.1 26.3 5.7 6.3 ALdnir.strvttve, Executive nde 1.1 0.4 3.2 1.1 0.7 0.2. 1.3 0.5 3.S 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.2 8.t 0.6 0.5 0.1 N 4.1 3.6 11.5 9.2 2.7 2.1 4.8 4.0 12.1 *9.;2 3.3 2.5 1.6 2.2 8.8 9.4 0.5 1.0 5ales 7.6 7.5 15.0 14.4 6.2 5.6 R.7 9.0 16.3 18.0 7.2 5.8 3.8 2.1 9.5 4.8 3.0 1.7 Agrlculture- Frestry. Ruxtirt a;d Ftshirg 51.6 8.8 8.4 9.0 59.7 59.7 48.9 45.3 9.7 9.2 56.8 56.5 60.4 61.1 2.4 7.7 68.8 69.5 >Jnets, 'luerry-en. etc. 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 N 0.1 0.0 Tr-np.rt -ri Co--utcattlo 3.5 3.7 6.3 6.9 3.0 2.9 4.6 4.7 7.6 7.9 4.0 3.7 0.9 0.3 0.8 1.1 - 0.2 Cr-fts:oen - T-dItIon.1 17.2 20.1 25.1 27.2 15.7 18.1 17.5 21.2 24.8' 28.3 16.0 19.0 16.3 16.4 26.6 20.9 14.9 15.6 3.0 2.9 6.1 6.1 2.4 2.0 3.7 3.6 7.4 6.9 3.0 2.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.2 Craftsren - wolers Ier c!-s. 5pt-ts and 6.8 5.5 14.2 12.4 5.4 3.7 6.0 5.5 10.8 10.7 5.0 3.9 9.2 5.7 28.9 22.9 6.4 '.0 tetotat lon Vnsp.cifled 0.2 2.5 0.2 4.8 0.2 1.9 0.2 2.4 0.2 4.7 0.2 1.7 0.2 2.8 0.4 5.4 0.2 2.4 ALL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: - means there -as no person in the category. N means negligible. Table 7 SRI LANKA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED ACCORDING TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND 1971 CENSUS PERSONS MALES FEMALES All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas All Island Urban Areas Rural Areas 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 Industry Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey Censua Paddy 20.1 22.0 2.7 3.2 23.4 27.1 24.1 24.3 3.1 3.5 28.3 30.7 6.8 14.0 0.6 1.1 7.7 16,1 Tea 16.9 15.3 0.5 1.4 19.9 19.1 10.5 9.4 0.6 0.9 12.5 12.0 38.0 36.2 0.2 4.7 43.5 41,3 Rubber 5.3 3.8 0.2 0.5 6.3 4.7 4.4 3.1 0.1 0.4 5.3 3.9 8.5 6.3 0.5 1.3 9.6 7.1 Fishing 1.4 1.5 3.9 2.4 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.9 4.8 2.8 1.2 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 Other Agriculture 8.7 7.5 1.7 1.8 10.1 9.1 9.4 8.2 1.8 2.0 10.9 10.-1 6.5 5.2 1.4 0.8 7.2 5.9 Mining and Quarrying 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 Manufacturing - Traditional Products 9.1 8.7 13.0 10.7 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.7 11.5 10.3 7.1 6.9 13.3 12.0 19.6 13.0 12.4 11.8 Manufacturing - Modern Products 1.7 0.6 3.2 1.3 1.5 0.4 1.9 0.7 3.1 1.4 1.7 0.5 1.2 0.2 3.6 1.0 0.8 0.1 I Utilities 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.1 N - 0.1 0.2 N Fr Construction 2.7 2.8 3.9 3.3 2.5 2.7 3.5 3.6 4.6 3.8 3.3 3.5 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 Trade, Hotel, Etc. 9.2 9.4 18.1 19.5 7.5 6.7 10,6 11.3 19.6 21.5 8.8 8.1 4.5 2.9 11.5 7.6 3.5 2.1 Transport and Communication 4.8 4.9 10.8 10.5 3.7 3.4 6.2 6.2 12.9 12.0 4.9 4.4 0.2 0.4 1.6 1.6 - 0.2 Financing, Insurance and Business Services 0.4 0.7 1.7 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.1 - 0.1 Community, Social and Personal Services 14.5 13.5 32.5 28.4 11.1 9.5 13.4 12.7 27.3 23.9 10.7 9.2 17.9 16.3 55.1 55.0 12.5 10.1 Inadequately described 4.0 8.6 6.5 14.6 3.5 7.0 4.4 9.4 7.1 15.0 3.9 7.7 2.2 5.8 3.9 12.0 2.0 4.8 ALL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note: "-" means there was no person in the category. N means negligible. -199- (c) Industrial Distribution The industrial distribution of workers shown in Table 7 is some- what more detailed than the occupational distribution. The agricultural workers are shown according to the commodity produced by them (or their farm or enterprise). Craftsmen and the white collar workers are also distributed according to the activity of their enterprise. However, the higher proportions of workers with "industry inadequately specified" suggest that the industry of workers was more difficult to identify and classify than their occupations. The industrial distribution of rural male workers is quite similar according to both sources. For rural female workers, however, the census reported a much higher proportion of paddy cultivators than did the survey. This is consistent with the much higher proportion of family helpers among the female workers enumerated by the census. It is quite possible that with a reference period of one month, many of the women working in paddy cultivation are classified differently. For urban workers, the main differences in the industrial distri- butions according to the two sources are seen with respect to (a) manufac- turing activities (for both male and female workers) and (b) the percentage of female workers working in "trade, hotels and restaurants". However, the much higher proportions or urban workers with an inadequately described in- dustry in the census make it difficult to compare the two distributions. Occupational Classification W4hile the time interval between the end of the field work for the 1969-70 survey and the 1971 Census of Population was less than one year, -200- their classificatien schemes regarding the occupation of the employed were somewhat different. These changes partly reflected the revision of the internationally recommended standard classification of occupations in the late 1960s. The revisions were designed to ensure greater homo- geneity within each occupational division. In particular, certain occu- pations which were related to transport, recreation and sports were ex- cluded from the category of "professional, technical and related workers". On the other hand, certain occupations in transport and communication activities, which were essentially clerical in nature, were regrouped with the category of "clerical and related workers". We have regrouped the 1971 Census data on the occupations of the employed to ensure comparability with our data based on the Socio-Economic Survey. One cannot regroup the survey data because they are based on a two-digit classification scheme. The 1971 Census data, on the other hand, have used a more detailed classification scheme and can be regrouped easily. Table 8 below shows the main occupational divisions of the employed according to the classification scheme used in the Socio-Economic Survey and the equivalent categories in the 1971 Census scheme. It also elaborates our distinction between "craftsmen and production process workers" engaged in the production of "traditional" and non-traditional" products. The industrial classification used by the two sources of data was quite comparable. However, Table 9 below shows the industries or activities that constitute "traditional" and "non-traditional" manufacturing in our tabulation scheme. Table 8 -201- O:OIIPATIONAI. ItVIS,I0Ni ACk`t)11DlTG El THE ('IASS[ V ICATION HSEII IN illE SOVIO-EKuLNUMIC SURKVLY ANU KQUlVAL.Nr CL AlEvlRIES ACCROI)NC 1'U IHE 1971 POPULtAI'ON CEhSUS Occupational Divisions According to Occupational Divisions According to the Socio-Economic Survey the 1971 Population Census 1. Proftssional., Tecinical and Rolated Workers Majur group 0/1, Professional, Technical and re- lated Workers excluding Aircraft and Ships' officers (04) Photographers and Cameramen (163) Composers and Performing Artists (17) Atheletes, Sportsmen and Related Workers (18) 2. Adailoistrative. Executive and Managerial Major group 2: Administrative and Managerial Workers Workers 3. Clerical Workers Major group 3: Clerical and Related Workers excluding Transport and Communication Supervisors (35) Transport Conduccors (36) Mail Distribution workers (37) Telephone and Telegraph Operators (38) 4. Sales Workers Major group 4: Sales Workers 5. Workers in Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting Major group 6: Agricultural, Animal Husbandry and and Fishing Forestry workers, Fishermen and Hunters 6. Miners, Quarrymen and Related Workers Minor group 71: Miners, quarrvmen, well drillers and Related Workers 7. Workers in Transport and Communication Aircraft and Ships' officers (04) Occupations Transport and Communication Supervisors (36) Mail Distribution Workers (37) Telephone and Telegraph Operators (38) Transport Equipment Operators (98) 8. Craftsmen (engaged in the production of Production Supervisors and General Foremen (70) traditional products) Wood Preparation Workers and Paper Makers (73) Spinners, Weavers, Knitters, Dvers and Spinners, Weavers, Knitters, Dyers and Related Workers (75) Related Workers (70) Tanners, Fellmongers and Pelt Dressers (76) Tailors, Cutters and Related Workers (71) Food and Beverage Processors (77) Leather Cutters, Lasters and Severs Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Product (except Gloves and Garments) and Workers (78) Related Workers (72) Tailors, Dressmakers, Sewers, Upholsterers and Carpenters, Joiners, Cabinet Makers and Related Workers (79) Related Workers (77) Shoemakers and Leather Goods Makers (80) Painters and Paperhangers (78) Cabinet Makers, Furniture Makers and Related Bricklayers, Plasters and Construction Woodmakers (81) Workers not elsewhere classified (79) Stone Cutters and Carvers (82) Compositors, Pressmen, Engravers, Book- Glassformers, Brick and Tile Makers, Potters binders and Related Workers (80) and Related Workers (89) Potters, Ki2lnmen, Class and Clay Formers Paper and Paperboard Products Makers (91) and Related Workers (81) Printers and Related Workers (92) Millers, Bakers, Brewers and Related Food Painters (93) and Beverage Workers (82) Production and Related Workers not elawhere Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Product classified (94) Makers (84) Bricklayers, Carpenters and other Construction Craftsmen and Production-Process Workers Workers (95) mot elsewhere classtfied (85) Dockers and Freight Handlers (971) Packers, Labellers and Related Workers (86) Packers and Labellers and Related Workers (975) Longshoremen and Related Freight Handlers (88) Material-handling Equipsent Operators nut Labourers not elsewhere classified (89) elsewhere classified (979) Laborers not elsewhere classified (99) 9. Craftsmen (engaged in the production of Metal Processors (72) non-traditional products) Chemical Processors and Related Workers (74) Blacksmiths, Toolmakers and Machine-Tool Furnacesen, Rollers, Drawers, Moulders and Operators (83) Related Metal Making a nd Treating Workers (73) Machinery Fitteis, Machine Assemblers and Preci- Precision-Instrument Makers, Watchnakers, sion Instrument Makers (except electrical) (84) Jewellers and Related Workers (74) Electrical Fitters and Related Electrical and Toolmakers, Mechani3ts, Plumbers, Welders, Electronic Workers (85) Platers and Related Workers (75) Plumbers, Welders, Sheetmetal and Structural Metal Electricians and R.lated Electric Preparers (87) Electronics Workers (76) Jewellery and Precision Metal Workers (88) Chemical and related Process Workers (83) Rubber and Plastic Products Makers (90) Station-Enoine and Excavating ard Lifting Stationary Engine and Related Equipment Equipmeat Operators and Related Workera (87) Operators (96) Riggers and Cable Splicers (972) Crane and Hoist Operaitors (973) Earth-moving and Related Machinery Operators (974) 10. Service, Sports and Recreation Workers Major group 5: Service Workers and Photographers and Cameramen (163) Composers and Performing Artists (17) Atheletea, Sportsmen and Related Workers (18) Broadcasttng Stotion and Sound tquipmrnt Operators and Cinema Projectionists (86) 11. Unspeciftied Major group X: Workers not classifted by occupai ion Note: Flgures in paoronthe.s r,.fcr LI tk, - or r or wlonor grolus nf t1c oc,upat lonnl classfictietIon uqed hy the t171 Census and the S,e,troromsl Surv-y. -202- Table 9 INDUSTRIES OR ACTIVITIES CONSTITUTING TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING IN OUR TABULATIONS OF THE INDUSTRY OF THE EMPLOYED .anfufacturing industriea/ NMiufactux'ir-j Ind:satrias/ Activities Acco.rJing to Activities According to the Socio-Econc-7ic Surtwv, the 1971 Popularion L'CUl2iS 1. Manufacturing: Traditional Products Food (20) Food Manufacturing (211/212) Beverage Industries (21) Beverage Industries (213) Tobacco Manufa_tures (22) Tobacco Manufactures (214) Manufacture of Textile and Other Wearing Manufacture of Textiles (221) Apparel and Other Made-Up Textile Manufacture of Wearing Apparel, except Footwear (222) Goods (23) Manufacture of Leather and Products of Leather, Manufacture of Wood, Banboo, Cork and Leather Substitutes and Fur except Footwear Manufacture of Furniture and and Wearing Apparel (223) Fixtures (24) Manufacture of Footwear, except Vulcaniz.d or Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products (25) Moulded Rubber or Plastic.Footwear (224.) Printing, Publishing and Allied Manufacture of Wood and Cork Products, except Industries (26) Furniture (231) Manufacture of Leather and Leather Products Manufacture of Furniture and Fixtures, except including Footwear (27) primarily of Metal (231) Manufacture of Rubber and Rubber Products (28) Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products (241) Other Manufacturing Industries (35) Manufacture of R,ubber Products (255) Manufacture of Pottery, China and Earthenware (261) Manufacture of Glass and Glass Products (262) Manufacture of Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products (269) Other Manufacturing Industries 2. Manufacturing: Modern Products Manufacture of Industrial Chemicals (251) Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Manufacture of Other Chemical Products (252) Products (29) Petroleum Refineries (253) Manufacture of Products of Petroleum, Coal Manufacture of Miscellaneous Products of Petroleum and Refinery (30) . and Coal (254) Manufacture of Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacture of Plastic Products not elsewhere except Products of Petroleum, Coal and classified (256) Refiners (31) Iron and Steel Base Industries (271) Basic Metal Industries Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Basic Industries (272) Non-Ferrous (32) Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products except Machinery and Equipment (281) except Machinery and Equipment (33) Manufacture of Machinery except Electrical (282) Manufacture of Machinery and Equipment Manufacture of Electrical Machinery Apparatus, including Transport Equipment except Appliances and Supplies (283) Electrical Machinery (34) Manufacture of Transport Equipment (284) Manufacture of Professional and Scientific and Measuring and Controlling Equipment not else- where classified, and of Photographic and Optical Goods (285) llote: Figures in parentheses show the industrial groups according to the industrial classification used by the 1971 Census and the Socio-Ecomomic Survey. -203- Our distinction between the manufacturing of traditional and modern products is necessarily a little arbitrary and approximate. The technology used for producing even the "traditional" items can be quite sophisticated and it is not possible to distinguish "modern" industries on the basis of the census data. However, the underlying idea was to understand whether workers employed in industries producing traditional products tend to be concentrated in lower deciles in terms of the per capita expenditure of their households. Despite the scope for error, some experimentation in distinguishing traditional from non-traditional indus- tries seems worthwhile. Housing Characteristics and Available Public Amenities The Socio-Economic Survey data on the characteristics of housing (type of structure, tenure, number of rooms and the floor area) and avail- able public amenities (available toilet facilities, main source of water and source of energy used) reported by the households can be usefully com- pared with the data compiled by the 1971 Census of Housing.-/ The housing census schedule contained questions somewhat similar to those of the survey except that it excluded the question on the source of energy used for cooking. With respect to water supply, the survey asked separate questions on the "main source" of water for (i) drinking, (ii) cooking, and (iii) bathing, whereas the census had only one question on the "source of water supply". The survey data indicate that the proportion of households reporting a given source was almost identical for water used for drinking and cooking; but a significant 1/ In rural and estate areas, the data were collected from a 10 percent sample of the census or enumeration blocks, whereas in urban areas the housing schedule was canvassed universally. -204- proportion of households relying on piped water and wells for drinking and cooking water used a tank, river or stream for bathing purposes. In the discussicn below, the distribution of households according to the "main" source of drinking water reported in the survey is compared with the census data on the "source of water supply". (a) Difference in the Unit of Tabulation One serious problem in comparing the housing and amenities data from the two sources is the difference in the unit of tabulation. The sur- vey data relate to households whereas the housing census data refer to the occupied housing units. (One can exclude living quarters other than housing units.) As shown in Table 10, almost 85 percent of all housing units were occupied by only one household; after prorating the housing units for which the number of households was not specified, the percentage rises to almost 92 percent. However, of the estimated total number of households,l/ 76.3 percent (74.0, 77.9 and 70.5 percent in urban, rural and estate areas, re- spectively) occupied an entire housing unit. Unfortunately, it is not possible to retabulate any of the available data to ensure better comparability. We shall, therefore, compare the distribution of households according to the survey with that of occupied housing units according to the 1971 Census of Housing. Table 11 compares the data on the distribution of households and occupied housing units according to (a) type of structure, (b) tenure, (c) the number of rooms, (d) size of floor areas, (e) the nature of available toilet facilities, (f) the main source of drinking water, and (g) energy used for lighting. 1/ In the housing census tables, housing units with four or more households are shown as one group. We have assumed the average number of households in these units to be five. -205- Table 10 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS BY NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, 1971 CENSUS OF HOUSING Sector of Residence Number of Urban Rural Households All Areas Areas Estates (A) Reported Listribution 1 84.6 84.0 85.4 80.4 2 6.2 7.0. 6.3 4.3 3 1.0 1.2 0.7 2.2 4 or more 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.9 Unspecified 7.8 7.0 7.0 12.2 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (B) Listribution After Prorating or the ExcZusion of the Unspecified Category 1 91.7 90.3 92.1 91.6 2 6.7 7.6 6.8 4.9 3 1.0 1.3 0.3 1.0 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Sri Lanka, Housing Census 1971, Volume 1, AZZ IslZod TabZes, (Columbo, 1973), Table 5. -206- Table 11 SRI LAlA: PERCENTAWE Dt5TRIBUTIcN o0 (1) HOUSEItOLDS SURVEYED IN 1969-70 xID (LI) (OCCUPIED) t'TSINC UNITS EUMRATED IN 1971 ACCORDIGC TO SELECTED CItARACTERISTICS Of HOUSING AND AVAILABLE AMEITIES ALL StSA7D URBAAN ARFAS RUfi A6'r4S -Y?A" FrCMTOR Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census Survey Census 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-70 1971 1969-7O 1971 0ousing Housing Housing Housing Hoeshotds U.-nis Hoteelolds this HgousnhoLds otits fouiehoZds Chits 1) Tvoe of Scructure A house 92.7 82.3 85.7 73.9 93.8 93.8 95.9 13.1 (An attached house) (18.4) (n.-) (25.1) (n.-) (5.2) (A.-) (89.8) (n.a) Flat/Anaexc 4.3 1.5 10.7 5.1 2.9 0.5 3.6 0.5 Improvised structure 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.1 0.3 0.5 Line room/teaement U.& 12.9 U.& 16.9 0.8 2.5 e.5 85.1 Under construction r0.4 .a 0.4 U.& 0.4 n .a - Other* 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 Unspecified - 0.3 - 0.5 . 0.3 - 0.3 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 IA) Tenure Owned 68.8 63.3 46.7 47.7 85.1 76.9 0.4 2.0 Rented 12.9 12.4 46.8 41.1 6.9 6.2 2.5 1.7 Rent Free. 17.4. 15.1 5.6 6.2 7.1 6.3 96.8 88.7 Other 0.8 9.3 0.9 5.0 0.9 10.6 0.3 7.6 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2) Number of Room 1 21.1 33.6 17.5 31.6 17.1 28.5 50.1 70.9 2 32.6 30.9 29.6 26.8 33.2 34.2 33.5 16.6 3 22.9 .16.4 23.4 15.3 24.6 18.6 11.6 3.9 4 12.0 8.0 13.0 8.8 13.3 8.7 3.0 1.9 5 5.9 3.5 7.8 4.5 6.4 3.6 0.9 1.0 6+ 5.1 2.8 8.3 4.4 5.0 2.7 1.0 1.3 Not reported 0.4 4.7 0.4 8.7 0.5 3.7 - 4.5 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3) Ploor Ares (Sq. Ft.) Up to 100 1.5. 10.1 1.3 14.8 1.4 8.7 2.4 11.3 100 - 249 29.4 31.8 24.8 26.7 24.0 28.1 69.0 64.3 250 - 499 36.1 28.8 32.8 24.3 39.0 31.7 23.0 17.2 500 - 999 24.3 20.3 24.6 18.6 27.4 23.3 4.9 3.7 1000 - 1999 7.3 6.2 13.4 10.2 7.0 3.9 0.5 1.1 2000+ 1.4 1.4 3.1 3.4 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.6 Unspecified - 1.5 - 2.0 - 1.3 - 1.8 All . 100.0 i00.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4) Available Toilet FaciLUties Flush toilet 4.7 6.8 20.8 22.7 1.3 2.2 3.1 8.2 Bucket system 6.6 4.8 27.6 19.4 2.1 1.0 4.8 4.1 Water seal 15.7 14.3 23.9 19.2 12.8 9.9 21.3 33.9 Cess Fit 40.7 38.8 13.7 18.3 46.0 44.4 46.0 38.2 None 32.2 34.3 13.8 19.1 37.6 41.5 24.6 13.4 Not Reported 0.2 1.1 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.0 0.2 2.2 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5) Main Source of Drinkint Water Piped Water Withitn house 8.3 4.4 23.6 16.3 1.1 1.1 31.4 5.2 Outside house 12.7 15.7 33.5 29.0 2.7 3.7 44.0 69.6 well 73.0 68.8 42.8 50.5 88.9 81.9 17.9 15.4 Tank 0.9 112 . -3 1330.3 9. River/Stream 5.1 0 } 46 13.3 6.4 } 9.8 Not Reported - - - - - - - . - All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6) Energy Used for Lighting Electricity 8.6 9.0 38.0 34.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 4.1 Kerosene 90.8 89.4 61.6 64.0 96.4 93.5 97.2 94.2 Other 0.4 - 0.3 0.1 0.4 - 0.1 0.1 Unspecified 0.2 1.6 0.1 1.4 0.3 1.6 - 1.6 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 * In the survey it vas identified as "a part of a house vith no independent access". a.& Not applicable because the survey tabulations did not identity the category. -207- (b) Type of Structure Data on the type of structure raise an important question in de- fining or categorizing a "house". The survey distinguished "a single house" from "an attached house" whereas the census did not use the latter category. For rural areas, the combined percentage of households in "single and attached" houses was the same as the percentage of rural housing units described as a "house". For the estates, however, the survey reported almost 90 percent of the households to be resident in "attached houses" whereas the census cate- gorized them as "line rooms" or "tenements". The latter is probably a more apt description of the estate housing; but the survey did not use those terms, although the two were almost certainly identical. The census classification of "occupied housing units" as "under construction" is a little puzzling; pre- sumably, a part of such houses was already occupied. On the whole, if one allows for the various possible elements of non- comparability, the two distributions according to the type of structure can be taken as broadly similar. (c) Tenure The distribution of households and housing units according to the nature of tenure seems remarkably similar, if some allowance is made for the fact that the percentage of housing units not categorized by the census as owned, rented or rent-free was much higher than the corresponding survey figure for households. Both sources confirm that a large majority of the dwelling units are owned in rural areas and rent-free in the estate sector, but in ur- ban areas, the degree of owned and rented accommodations is about even. -208- (d) Number of Rooms Regarding the number of rooms, the census figure of the percent- age of housing units consisting of single rooms is significantly higher than the survey estimate of the proportion of households occupying only one room. While the survey procedure of excluding single-member house- holds (many of whom might be in single rooms) from the sample may have con- tributed to this difference, it does not seem a sufficient explanation. It is possible that there was some difference in the definition of a room in the two sources; or perhaps, the sample households were better off than the average. (e) Floor Area The difference between the survey estimates of the floor area oc- cupied by households and the census figures on the floor area of occupied housing units are similar to those with respect to the number of rooms. Since the survey investigators were required to visit the sample households seven times during the week, they might have collected better data than did the census enumerators. (f) Toilet Facilities The distributions of households and housing units are quite similar except for the estate sector. The percentage of estate sector households re- porting no toilet facilities was much larger than that of housing units, pre- sumably because many of the former (being mainly "line rooms") were occupied by more than one household. (The data in Table 10 do not seem to be consis- tent with this conjecture, perhaps because most of the housing units with "un- specified" number of households had several households resident in them. In other words, the prorating procedure may be inappropriate for the estate sec- tor.) -209- (g) Source of Drinking lWater The two distributions are generally similar if one considers piped water within or outside the house as one group. The survey cate- gories of the availability of piped water supply "within" or "outside" the house are naturally affected by whether the unit of tabulation is a household or a housing unit. It is not surprising, therefore, that a much larger proportion of surveyed households had reported piped water within the house as the main source of their drinking water than the cor- responding proportion of housing units in the census. However, piped water appears to be most extensively available on the estates, even more than in urban areas. / (h) Energy Used for Lighting The data on the energy source for lighting according to the survey and the housing census are remarkably similar. On the whole, while the surveyed households might be better-off than the average with respect to the number of rooms and the floor area, the distribution concerning the type of structure, toilet facilities, source of drinking water and the energy used for lighting can be regarded as more or less similar. Conclusicn On the whole, the Socio-Economic Survey with its large sample and a wealth of information shows a high degree of comparability with the 1971 Census. The exclusicn of single-member households from the coverage of the 1/ While we do not have data on the quantity or adequacy of piped water (and whether it is "treated"), it can perhaps provide the estate population with an important safeguard against water-borne parasites and infections. -210- survey probably lowers the estimates of inequality of expenditure or in- come (measured in terms of the shares of deciles of households). However, the population of excluded households formed a small percentage of the total. More important are the differences between the survey and the cen- sus in the sectoral distribution of total households and population, which imply that the sectoral weights for estimating the characteristics of the total population of the country from the survey data would differ from those in the census. The separate estimates for urban and rural sectors are likely to be more comparable. The surveyed population had a lower sex ratio (less excess of males) than did the population enumerated by the 1971 Census. The broad age distri- butions were quite similar, however. The surveyed households had a higher literacy rate, higher school-enrollment ratios and a higher proportion of white collar workers among the employed, than reported by the census, indica- ting some selectivity in the households covered by the survey (particularly ,1 if the interviewers conducting the survey were broadly the same as or similar to the census enumerators). There was some difference in the concepts and procedures used by the survey and the census to record the economic activities of the popula- tion and to measure unemployment. When the census data are adjusted for these differences, the participation rates from the two sources seem quite similar; the adjusted incidence of unemployment reported by the census seems lower than that shown by the survey, but the difference seems small and negligible. -211- The characteristics of the employed -- their status, occupation and industry -- according to the two sources differ to some extent. For rural female workers, the survey reports a higher proportion of employees and a lower proportion of unpaid family workers; for urban male and female workers, the survey reports a smaller proportion of employees and a higher proportion of the self-employed. The difference with respect to rural fe- male workers is consistent with the higher proportion of female paddy far- mers (mostly unpaid family workers) enumerated by the census. For urban workers, the generally small differences in the occupational and industrial classification of the employed are difficult to interpret because of the higher proportion of workers for whom industry and occupation were inadequately described in the census. On the whole, apart from the apparent overrepresen- tation of white collar workers among the employed, the survey data show a remarkably degree of consistency with the 1971 Census. -212- Annex III Degree of Correspondence between Main Earners and Heads of Households The literature about household heads reports considerable scepticism about the extent to which persons reported as heads are the effective heads rather than individuals who are reported as such because of their seniority in terms of age. This is a valid point but the micro-studies that seek to identify the decision-makingroles of different members of a family are obviously not feasible in a survey framework where one has to accept the responses of the respondents, albeit with some caution. Our survey data for Sri Lanka are subject to an additional problem that the information about the relationship to the household head, recorded on the survey schedules, was not transferred to the punch cards or the tape.- /We have been told that the household head was assigned the serial number one in every case; it is presumed that except for some punching errors, we have been able to identify the actual household heads. Our data permit some examination of the extent to which the reported 2/ household heads were also the main earners. Table 1 reports the percentage of households where the head and the main earner happened to be the same individuals, according to the sex and age group of (a) the reported household head, and (b) the main earner. 1/ Ideally, the survey data on relationship to the household head should be retained on the tapes for every member of the household because of the advantages they offer for a verification of the consistency of information. 2/ In household enterprises or farm families, the contributions of unpaid family workers tend to be attributed to the head of the household; and, therefore, the response about the household head may well determine who the main earner would be. However, as reported elsewhere in the paper, some 66 percent of all workers (as also the main earners) in Sri Lanka were employees and the problem might be less serious than in a country like India. Table 1 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING THE HEAD AS THE MAIN EARNER ACCORDING TO (A) THE AGE AND SEX OF THE HEAD AND (B) THE AGE AND SEX OF THE MAIN EARNER, BY SECTOR, 1969-70 AZZ Island Urban Areas RuraZ Areas Estate Sector Age Group Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons (A) Data According to the Age Group and Sex of the HousehoZd Head Less than 20 91.4 86.3 89.4 50.0 0.0 33.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 100.0 100.0 20 - 24 97.4 92.9 97.0 97.9 100.0 98.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 77.8 82.4 25 - 29 96.4 87.1 95.8 95.2 62.5 92.8 98.5 92.9 98.2 89.3 87.5 89.2 30 - 34 95.9 71.5 94.3 94.7 77.3 93.7 97.7 69.6 95.7 89.5 77.8 89.0 35 - 39 94.6 65.9 92.2 95.3 73.1 93.1 95.7 61.9 92.7 88.0 91.7 88.1 40 - 44 92.9 66.2 90.7 93.4 59.3 90.0 94.0 69.7 92.2 85.5 60.9 83.1 45 - 49 89.3 50.6 84.5 90.1 35.5 82.7 91.1 56.3 86.8 78.2 38.2 73.9 1 50 - 54 81.4 40.5 76.1 84.0 36.5 77.0 82.6 42.9 77.5 69.8 32.0 65.0 G 55 - 59 74.6 32.6 68.1 78.6 23.6 67.0 76.0 34.5 70.0 61.1 39.3 58.1 60 and above 54.8 20.6 48.9 50.4 28.8 45.1 57.7 19.0 51.3 33.8 3.7 30.5 All 82.6 43.4 78.0 82.8 39.8 76.5 83.8 44.0 79.2 75.5 47.3 72.9 (B) Data According to the Age Group and Sex of the Main Earner Less than 20 3.7 7.4 4.6 2.3 0.0 2.2 4.7 12.5 5.9 0.0 3.3 1.8 20 - 24 30.2 18.0 28.6 22.3 20.0 22.1 32.1 22.7 31.2 28.9 11.7 23.2 25 - 29 56.4 26.9 52.8 52.0 26.3 49.6 54.3 31.7 52.1 73.6 18.4 59.2 30 - 34 75.1 37.4 71.6 70.7 32.7 67.0 73.7 41.0 70.8 88.7 25.9 82.3 35 - 39 86.9 45.0 82.4 82.6 54.3 79.4 86.8 51.0 83.4 93.6 19.3 80.5 40 - 44 91.9 54.4 88.3 89.6 64.0 87.3 92.0 60.5 89.3 95.9 30.4 83.5 45 - 49 95.2 58.8 91.1 92.6 60.0 89.6 95.2 66.7 92.1 99.5 27.7 86.9 50 - 54 *96.3 53.9 91.3 93.9 50.0 88.5 96.5 61.8 92.8 99.2 27.6 85.3 55 - 59 97.3 64.6 93.8 95.1 69.0 92.5 97.6 67.9 94.7 98.2 47.8 89.4 60 and above 97.9 79.8 '96.3 97.4 91.0 96.3 98.3 76.5 96.6 93.7 33.3 91.5 All 81.8 46.8 78.0 79.0 55.3 76.5 81.9 53.3 79.2 85.6 21.9 72.9 -214- Overall, in about 78 percent of the households, the head was also the main earner; the figure for the three sectors ranged between 73 and 79 percent. The head was the main earner in 75 to 84 percent of households with male heads, but only in 40 to 47 percent of the households with female heads. In a majority of the households with young heads (aged less than 35), the heads were also the main earners. This was true of all three sectors and of households with female heads also, although a little more frequently for the latter than for households with male heads. The percentage of households where the head was also the main earner varied inversely with the age group of the head; the change was more steep if the head was a female. Conversely, the percentage of households with an identical head and main earner varied directly with the age group of the main earner; but the relationship was less strong if the main earner was a female. The latter point was particularly true of the estate sector with a predominance of Indian Tamils and very high labour force participation rates of females, who were main earners in 20 percent of all,households. (Only 10.6 and 9.6 percent of the urban and rural households, respectively, had females as their main earners.) On the whole, a large majority of the male heads of households tend to be the main earners also. On the other hand, as shown in Table 2, a majority of females reported as heads of households were not the main bread-winners of the family. Two-thirds or more of them were widowed, divorced or separated and got reported as heads presumably because other members were much younger. A female main earner seems less likely to be reported as a household head. The explanation probably lies in the socio-cultural traditions. Perhaps because of their lower literacy and educational attainment, females tend to be Table 2 SRI LANKA: MARITAL STATUS DISTRIBUTION OF (a) HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, (b) MAIN EARNERS IN HOUSEHOLDS, BY SEX AND SECTOR, 1969-70 AZZ Heads MaZe Heads FemaZe Heads All Urban Rural Estate All Urban Rural Estate All Urban Rural Estate Marital Status Island Areas Areas Sector Island Areas Areas Sector Island Areas Areas Sector (A) Heads of HousehoZds Never Married 2.2 2.6 2.1 2.9 2.3 2.6 2.1 2.7 2.0 2.9 1.4 4.9 Currently Married 85.7 83.3 86.2 86.2 94.0 93.7 94.3 92.1 24.4 22.8 24.3 28.3 Widowed 10.9 13.1 10.5 10.2 3.3 3.4 3.0 5.0 67.3 69.5 67.4 61.4 Divorced/Separated 1.2 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.2 6.3 4.7 6.9 5.4 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Females as Percent of All Heads 11.8 14.7 11.6 9.3 - - - - - - - - (B) Main Earners in HousehoZds Never Married 12.1 12.9 11.7 13.5 11.9 12.8 11.8 11.8 13.7 13.6 11.5 20.4 Currently Married 81.5 81.0 81.9 79.9 85.4 85.3 85.6 84.2 49.6 44.5 46.4 62.8 Widowed 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.6 2.0 1.5 1.8 3.6 30.7 36.0 35.2 13.6 Divorced/Separated 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.4 5.9 5.9 6.9 3.3 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Females as Percent of All Main Earners 11.0 10.6 9.6 20.0 -216- less willing to provide information to survey investigators and seek the support of male members of the family who get reported as heads. Some further light may be shed on this issue if the relationship of main earners to the reported heads of households can be identified. -217- Annex IV Distribution of Households by Number of Earners The main purpose of this annex is to outline briefly the dis- tribution of households in different PCE deciles by the number of earners. First, a brief discussion of the difference between the number of earners and the number of employed is in order. Table 1 compares the number of earners (or income-receivers) in each sector with the number of employed, by sex. Prima facie, the figures appear remarkably close. However, the unpaid family workers generally who form about five percent of all employed, do not report earnings. In fact, some of the self-employed may not report individual earnings either and therefore may not report to be earners. There is a compensating possibility of some of the retired having income from pensions or other similar sources. Remittances, cash allowances and other periodic cash receipts (such as board- ing fees paid by boarders, recorded against the head of the household) can lead to the classification of the non-employed as earners or income-receivers. Therefore, the number of earners can easily exceed the number of employed. It is somewhat puzzling, however, that among males, the number of earners was lower than the number of employed in urban as well as rural areas, whereas the opposite was the case among females in all three sectors. A cross-tabu- lation of earners by type of activity and status of the employed (or class of worker) might help to understand the factors accounting for the observed pat- tern. Table 1 SRI LANKA: ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF EARNERS AND EMPLOYED BY SECTOR AND SEX, 1969-70 (figures in hundreds unless otherwise stated) MaZes FemaZes Persons Percentage Percentage Percentage Sector Earners Employed Difference* Earners Employed Difference* Earners Employed Difference* All Island 26958 27786 -3.0 8644 8364 +3.3 35603 36150 -1.5 Urban Areas 4537 4662 -2.7 1062 1058 +0.4 5606 5720 -2.0 Rural Areas 19161 19889 -3.7 4569 4333 +5.4 23725 24222 -2.1 Estate Sector 3254 3235 +0.6 3016 2973 +1.4 6272 6208 +1.0 *The difference between (a) the number of earners and (b) the number of employed as percent of the latter. 0 Note: Figures for males and females do not always add up because of rounding. -219- Table 2 below shows the distribution of households in each sector by total number of earners and the number of male and female earners. It is not surprising that the number of households with no earner was negligible. In fact, only about six percent of households in each of the three sectors were without any male earner. The percentage of households reporting no female earner was 74 in both urban and rural areas but only 14 on the estates. More interestingly, there were no clear or marked differences in the distribution of households in different PCE deciles by number of earners. Table 2 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF EARNERS, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 Number of COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW ROW PCT COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL Earners- CO CI _-__ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 4 10 O 0 0 0 0 0 8.6 0 50.0 41.4 .0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 .2 1 1155 1166 1026 1068 1176 1065 1070 1167 1179 1194 11268 10.3 10.3 9.1 9.5 10.4 9.5 9.5 10.4 10.5 10.6 53.7 55.2 55.7 48.9 51.0 56.0 50.8 51.1 55.7 56.2 56.9 2 609 530 693 680 597 693 625 676 644 670 6418 9.5 8.3 10.8 10.6 9.3 10.8 9.7 10.5 10.0 10.4 30.6 29.1 25.3 33.0 32.5 28.4 33.0 29.8 32.3 30.7 31.9 3 180 263 259 215 179 218 280 174 192 151 2112 5,5 12.5 12.3 10.,2 8,5 10.3 13.3 8,2 9.1 7.2 10,1 8.6 12.6 12.3 10.3 8,5 10.4 13,4 8,3 9,1 7,2 4 82 92 87 74 107 72 80 58 64 65 781 10.5 11.8 11.1 9.5 13.7 9.2 10.2 7,5 8,2 8.4 3.7 3.9 4.4 4.1 3.5 5,1 3.4 3.8 2.8 3.0 3,1 5 51 29 22 32 34 38 29 15 8 7 264 19.1 11.0 8.2 12.0 12.7 14.6 11.2 5.7 2.9 2.7 1.3 2.4 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.4 .7 .4 .3 6 16 10 11 19 4 8 9 2 2 6 87 18.0 11.8 12.8 21,8 4,3 9.1 10.0 2,8 2.4 7,1 .4 .7 .5 .5 .9 ,2 .4 _4 1 .1 , 3 7 2 1 1 7 1 1 0 1 5 0 20 10.3 6.1 4.2 36.6 6.1 6.1 0 4.2 26.4 0 .1 .1 .1 .0 .4 .1 .1 0 ,0 .3 0 8 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 40.0 0 0 20.0 20.0 20.0 0 0 0 .0 0 .1 0 0 .1 .1 .1 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table 2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF MALE EARNERS. ALL ISLAND. 1969-70 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure COUNT ROW Number of ROW PCT TOTAL Male COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Earners 0 197 118 128 107 120 104 111 150 80 132 1248 15.6 9.5 10.3 8.6 9.6 8.3 8.9 12.0 6.4 10.6 6.0 9.4 5.6 6.1 5.1 5.7 5.0 5.3 7.2 3.8 6.3 1 1429 1501 1422 1457 1452 1371 1324 1417 1464 1524 14362 10.0 10.5 9.9 10.1 10.1 9.5 9.2 9.9 10.2 10.6 68.5 68.2 71.7 67.8 69.5 69.2 65.4 63.2 67.7 69.8 72.6 2 372 306 404 372 366 473 440 422 399 335 3889 9.6 7.9 10.4 9.6 9.4 12.2 11.3 10.8 10.3 8.6 18.5 17.8 14s6 19.3 17.7 17.5 22.6 21.0 20.1 19.0 16.0 3 62 136 107 116 117 119 184 88 131 86 1146 5.4 11.9 9.3 10.1 10.2 10.4 16.1 7.7 11.4 7.5 5.5 3.0 6.5 5.1 5.5 5.6 5.7 8.8 4.2 6.2 4.1 4 27 32 31 30 33 16 33 16 18 20 256 10.4 12.6 12.2 11.9 12.8 6.2 13.0 6.1 7.0 7.9 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 .8 1.6 .7 .9 1.0 5 7 1 4 9 11 12 2 3 3 2 53 13.3 2.3 7.7 17.1 21.0 21.9 3.9 4.8 4.8 3.2 .3 .3 .1 .2 .4 .5 .6 .1 .1 .1 .1 6 1 0 1 4 0 2 1 0 0 0 9 9.7 0 9.7 46.9 0 23.9 9.7 0 0 0 .0 .0 0 .0 .2 0 .1 .0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. ITabJe 2 (Conltinued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE ANI) NUMBER OF FEMALE EARNERS, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW ROW PCT TOTAEr COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ]r Nuber of Female 0 1251 1351 1274 1362 1452 1431 1457 1462 1563 1435 14030 Earners 8.9 9.6 9.1 9.7 10.3 10.2 10.4 10.4 11.1 1.0.2 67.0 59.7 64.5 60.7 65.0 69.2 68.2 69.6 69.8 74.5 68.4 1 655 564 662 560 501 531 512 514 462 560 5522 11.9 10.2 12.0 10.1 9.1 9.6 9.3 9.3 8.4 10.1 26.3 31.3 26.9 31.5 26.7 23.9 25.3 24.5 24.5 22.0 26.7 2 136 144 138 133 116 103 105 100 67 91 1133 12.0 12.7 12.2 11.8 10.3 9.1 9.3 8.8 5.9 8.0 5.4 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.4 5.5 4.9 5.0 4.8 3.2 4.3 3 41 31 21 35 28 25 19 14 5 12 230 17.8 13.6 9.0 15.1 12.0 10.8 8.1 5.9 2.4 5.3 1.] 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.2 .9 .7 .3 .6 4 12 2 4 6 1 6 1 5 1 1. 39 29.5 6.3 9.4 14.8 3.1 15.7 3.1 11.6 3.1 3.1 * .6 .1 .2~ .3 .1 .3 .1 .2 .1 21 5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 O 50.0 0 0 0 50.0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 .1 0 0 0 .1 0 0 0 0 CoLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table 2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE' AND NUMBER OF EARNERS, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 Numner of COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Earners ROW PCT ROW COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 O 0 0 0 50.0 0 50.0 0 0 0 .0 O 0 0 0 .2 0 .2 0 0 0 1 197 180 192 196 214 198 209 194 203 180 1961 10.0 9.2 9.8 10.0 10.9 10.1 10.6 9.9 10.3 9.2 57.0 57.8 52.2 55.7 57.0 62.2 57.3 60.7 56.5 59.0 51.8 2 100 101 95 97 89 100 93 98 100 121 994 10.1 10.1 9.5 9.7 8.9 10.1 9.4 9.9 10.1 12.2 28.9 29.4 29.4 27.6 28.1 25.9 29.0 27.1 28.6 29.1 34.9 3 27 44 40 32 31 27 29 40 28 29'1 329 8.3 13.5 12.2 9.9 9.4 8.3 8.8 12.2 8.6 8.8 9.6 8.0 12.9 11.7 9.5 9.0 7.9 8.5 11.7 8.2 8.4 4 10 15 10 15 7 13 8 10 10 13! 111 9.2 13.8 9.2 13.1 6.2 11.5 6.9 9.2 9.2 11.5 3.2 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.2 2.0 3.7 2.2 3.0 3.0 3.7 1 5 5 2 6 3 2 6 3 1 3 3 32 15.8 5.3 18.4 7.9 5.3 18.4 10.5 2.6 7.9 7.9 I .9 1.5 .5 1.7 .7 .5 1.7 1.0 .2 .7 .7 6 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 O 101 6 O 14.3 14.3 28.6 .14.3 0 14.3 0 0 14.3 .2 O .2 .2 .5 .2 0 .2 0 0 .2 I 7 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 33.3 33.3 0 0 O 33.3 0 0 0 0 .1 .3 .2 O O j .2 0 0 01 U 1 9 O O O O O O O O O I 1 1 . 00 0 0 0 0 0 o 100.o .0 COLUM!1 340 344 344 344 344 345 344 344 344 348 3'.39 TOTAL 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1O.0 10.0 10.1 1(00.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. T;able 2 (Conttnited)- SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF MALE EARNERS, URBAN AREAS. 1969-70 Number of COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Male ROW PCT ROW Earners COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 0 27 19 19 21 26 22 19 16 31 9 219 12.5 8.6 8.6 9.8 11.7 10.2 8.6 7.4 14.1 8.6 6.4 8.0 5.5 5.5 6.2 7.5 6.5 .5.5 4.7 9.0 5.4 1 225 214 219 221 233 218 229 238 246 251 2292 9.8 9.3 9.5 9.6 10.1 9.5 10.0 10.4 10.7 10.9 66.7 66.1 62.2 63.7 64.2 67.7 63.3 66.7 69.2 71.6 72.0 2 66 73 71 68 62 68 70 66 44 55 64, 10.2 11.3 11.0 10.5 9.7 10.6 10.9 10.2 6.9 8.5 18.7 19.3 21.1 20.6 19.7 18.2 19.9 20.4 19.2 12.9 15.7 3 15 28 27 22 18 22 17 21 17 15 203 7.2 13.9 13.1 11.0 8.9 .11.0 8.4 10.5 8.4 7.6 5.9 4.3 8.2 7.7 6.5 5.2 6.5 5.0 6.2 5.0 4.4 4 5 9 6 8 4 10 6 3 4 7 62 8.2 15.1 9.6 12.3 6.8 16.4 9.6 4.1 6.8 11.0 1.8 1.5 2.7 1.7 2.2 1.2 3.0 1.7 .7 1.2 2.0 5 2 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 1 1 15 11.1 0 16.7 22.2 0 22.2 16.7 0 5.6 5.6 .4 .5 0 .7 1.0 0 1.0 .7 0 .2 .2 6 1 1 0 1 .1 0 0 0O 0 0 3 25.0 25.0 0 25.0 25.0 0 0 0 0 0 .1 .3 .2 0 .2 .2 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2' COLUMN 340 344 344 344 344 345 344 344 344 348 3439 TOTAL 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 100.0 Note: The.absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table 2(Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF FEMALE EARNERS, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Female ROW PCT ROW Earners COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 0 245 255 263 262 268 270 278 248 227 221 2537 9.7 10.0 10.4 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.0 9.8 9.0 8.7 73.8 72.1 74.1 76.6 76.1 77.9 78.4 80.8 72.1 66.2 63.4 1 81 70 65 73 62 62 57 ao 101 114 765 10.6 9.2 8.5 9.5 8.0 8.2 7.5 10.5 13.2 14.9 22.3 .23.9 20.4 18.9 21.1 17.9 18.1 16.7 23.4 29.4 32.7 2 8 17 11 9 14 11 6 14 14 13 115 6.7 14.8 9.6 7.4 11.9 9.6 5.2 11.9 11.9 11.1 3.4 1 2.3 5.0 3.2 2.5 4.0 3.2 1.7 4.0 4.0 3.7 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 17 u 20.0 10.0 20.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 .5 1.0 .5 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .5 .5 .5 .2 4 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 60.0 0 20.0 0 0 0 20.0 0 0 0 .1 .8 0 .2 0 0 0 .2 0 0 0 COLUMN 340 344 344 344 344 345 344 344 344 348 3439 TOTAL 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table 2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF EARNERS, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Number of ROW PCT ROW Earners COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50.0 50.0 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 .3 .~~~~~~ 1 932 915 849 862 936 961 771 936 895 907 8963 10.4 10.2 9.5 9.6 10.4 10.7 8.6 10.4 10.0 10.1 59.5 61.9 60.8 56.4 57.3 62.2 63.7 51.2 62.2 59.5 60.1 2 371 375 441 454 408 388 466 425 437 462 4226 8.8 8.9 10.4 10.7 9.7 9.2 11.0 10.0 10.3 10.9 28.1 24.7 24.9 29.3 30.1 27.1 25.7 31.0 28.2 29.0 30.6 3 128 136 165 144 78 120 194 124 132 91 1311 9.7 10.4 12.6 11.0 6.0 9.1 14.8 9.4 10.1 6.9 8.7 8.5 9.0 11.0 9.6 5.2 7.9 12.9 8.2 8.8 6.0 4 37 62 41 33 62 25 49 21 33 41 404 9.2 15.3 10.2 8.2 15.3 6.1 12.2 5.1 8.2 10.2 2.7 2.5 4.1 2.7 2.2 4.1 1.6 3.3 1.4 2.2 2.7 5 33 8 4 12 12 16 21 0 0 0 107 30.8 7.7 3.8 11.5 11.5 15.4 19.2 0 0 0 .7 2.2 .5 .3 .8 .8 1.1 1.4 0 0 0 6 4 8 4 0 8 0 4 0 0 4 33 12.5 25.0 12.5 0 25.0 0 12.5 0 0 12.5 .2 .3 .5 .3 0 .5 0 .3 0 0 .3 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 0 COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Note: The absolute cotint in nll the cell- shove iq in hiindredq. Table 2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF MALE EARNERS, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT ROW PCT Decile Per Capita Expenditure Number of COL PCT ROW Hale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 s ' OlL Earners - 136 107 58 95 95 66 i62 103 66 82 870 Earners 9.0~ 13 17. 3.8 6.3 6.3 4.4 41 6.810 4.4 5.5 87 15.6 12.3 6.6 10.9 10.9 7.6 7.1 11.8 7.6 9.5 5.8 9.0 7.1 3.8 6.3 6.3 4.4 4.1 6.8 4.4 5'.5 .1 1072 1051 1113 1035 1043 1064 895 1027 1031 1093 1l0423 10.3 10.1 10.7 9.9 10.0 10.2 8.6 9.8 9.9 10.5 I 69.2 71.2 69.9 74.0 68.8 69.3 70.5 59.5 68.2 68.5 72.4 2 251 235 235 280 260 293 375 293 322 2,0 I 28gr 9.0 8.4 8.4 10.0 9.3 10.4 13.4 10.4 11.5 9.3 18.6 16.7 15.6 15.6 18.6 17.3 19.4 24.9 19.5 21.4 17.2 3 33 78 78 78 66 74 140 78 74 66 767 4.3 10.2 10.2 10.2 8.6 9.7 18.3 10.2 9.7 8.6 5.1 2.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.4 4.9 9.3 5.2 4.9 4.4 4 12 29 21 8 25 12 25 4 8 8 153 8.1 18.9 13.5 5.4 16.2 8.1 16.2 2.7 5.4 5.4 1.0 .8 1.9 1.4 .5 1.6 .8 1.6 .3 .5 .5 5 0 4 0 8 12 0 8 0 0 0 33 O 12.5 0 25.0 37.5 0 25.0 0 0 0 .2 0 .3 0 .5 .8 0 .5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 O 4 O 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ° 4 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 0 .0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 o COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table 2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF FEMALE EARNERS, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 Number of Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Female COUNT Earners ROt PCT ROW COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 0 973 1060 1043 1097 1159 1192 1146 1179 1175 1126 11148 8.7 9.5 9.4 9.8 10.4 10.7 10.3 10.6 10.5 10.1 74.0 64.7 70.4 69.3 72.9 77.0 79.0 76.2 78.4 78.1 74.6 1 425 379 392 330 297 284 317 280 293 322 3319 12.8 11.4 11.8 9.9 8.9 8.6 9.6 8.4 8.8 9.7 22.0 28.2 25.2 26.0 21.9 19.7 18.9 21.1 18.6 19.5 21.3 2 78 58 66 74 45 29 37 41 37 58 524 15.0 11.0 12.6 14.2 8.7 5.5 7.1 7.9 7.1 11.0 3.5 5.2 3.8 4.4 4.9 3.0 1.9 2.5 2.7 2.5 3.8 3 25 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 4 62 40.0 13.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 0 6.7 .4 1.6 .5 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 0 .3 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table 2 (Continued) Number of SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND Earners COUNT NUMBER OF EARNERS, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 ROW PCT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 25 25 30 24 24 25 22 41 45 84 344 7.2 7.2 8.7 6.9 6.9 7.2 6.5 11.9 13.0 24.5 13.9 10.2 10.1 12.1 9.5 9.5 10.1 9.0 16.7 18.1 33.7 2 109 113 120 129 107 123 140 113 132 111 1197 9.1 9.4 10.1 10.8 8.9 10.3 11.7 9.4 11.0 9.2 48.4 44.9 45.7 48.7 52.0 43.2 49.7 56.8 46.0 53.3 44.1 3 53 57 55 43 53 48 42 46 43 30 472 11.3 12.1 11.6 9.2 11.3 10.3 8.9 9.7 9.2 6.3 19.1 21.9 23.1 22.1 17.5 21.6 19.6 17.1 18.7 17.6 11.9 4 29 31 21 26 38 29 25 32 19 16 266 10.7 11.7 7.9 9.8 14.5 10.7 9.3 12.1 7.0 6.1 10.8 11.7 12.6 8.5 10.5 15.6 11.6 10.1 13.1 7.5 6.4 5 17 11 16 15 15 14 14 7 9 6 124 14.0 9.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 7.1 4.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 6 7 7 5 9 4 6 2 5 0 2 48 15.4 15.4 10.3 17.9 7.7 12.8 5.1 10.3 0 5.1 2.0 3.1 3.0 2.0 3.5 1.5 2.5 1.0 2.0 0 1.0 7 1 1 0 2 6 0 1 0 0 1 14 9.1 9.1 0 18.2 45.5 0 9.1 0 0 9.1 .6 .5 .5 0 1.0 2.5 0 .5 0 0 .5 8 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 6 20.0 20.0 0 0 0 40.0 0 20.0 0 0 .3 .5 .5 0 0 0 1.0 0 .5 0 0 COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.2 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table 2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF MALE EARNERS, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 Number of COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Male ROW PCT ROW Earners COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 3 24 20 11 11 15 14 16 20 16 12 159 14.8 12.5 7.0 7.0 9.4 8.6 10.2 12.5 10.2 7.8 6.4 9.7 8.0 4.5 4.5 6.0 5.5 6.5 8.1 6.5 5.0 1 155 153 164 166 144 164 164 159 188 190 1647 9.4 9.3 10.0- 10.1 8.7 10.0 10.0 9.7 11.4 11.5 66.6 63.8 61.8 66.3 67.0 58.3 66.3 66.3 64.6 75.9 75.7 2 40 50 48 50 55 47 51 40 31 31 442 9.0 11.2 11.0 11.2 12.4 10.7 11.5 9.0 7.0 7.0 17.9 16.3 20.1 19.6 20.0 22.1 19.1 20.6 16.2 12.6 12.4 3 19 21 20 16 21 15 15 25 10 15 176 10.6 12.0 11.3 9.2 12.0 8.5 8.5 14.1 5.6 8.5 7.1 7.7 8.5 8.0 6.5 8.5 6.0 6.0 10.1 4.0 5.9 4 5 2 4 5 12 5 1 1 2 2 41 12.1 6.1 9.1 12.1 30.3 12.1 3.0 3.0 6.1 6.1 1.7 2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 5.0 2.0 .5 .5 1.0 1.0 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 25.0 25.0 0 0 0 25.0 0 25.0 0 0 .2 .5 .5 0 0 0 .5 0 .5 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 O 0 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 .1 0 0 0 0 0 .5 0 0 0 0 COLUM1i 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.2 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells is in hundreds. Table 2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY PCE DECILE AND NUMBER OF FEMALE EARNERS, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 Number of COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Female ROW PCT ROW Earners COL PCT 1' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 0 15 21 30 22 26 '29 38 41 40 92 354 4.2 6.0 8.4 6.3 7.4 8.1 10.9 11.6 11.2 26.0 14.3 6.1 8.5 12.1 9.0 10.6 11.6 15.6 16.7 16.1 36.6 1 137 144 160 152 142 143 137 143 159 123 1438 9.5 10.0 11.1 10.5 9.8 9.9 9.5 9.9 11.1 8.5 58.2 .56.1 58.3 64.8 61.0 57.3 57.8 55.3 58.1 64.3 49.0 2 68 58 41 52 57 53 53 43 41 26 494 13.8 11.8 8.3 10.6 11.6 10.8 10.8 8.8 8.3 5.3 20.0 -28.1 23.6 16.6 21.0 23.1 21.6 21.6 17.7 16.6 10.4 3 17 21 12 19 20 20 14 17 4 7 152 '11.5 13.9 8.2 12.3 '13.1 13.1 9.0 11.5 2.5 4.9 6.1 7.1 8.5 5.0 7.5 8.0 8.0 5.5 7.1 1.5 3.0 4 5 2. 4 4 2 2 4 1 4 2 31 16.0 8.0 12.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 4.0 12.0 8.0 1.3 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 .5 1.5 1.0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 50.0 0 0 0 0 0 50.0 0 0 0 .1 .5 0 0 0 0 0 .5 0 0 0 COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.2 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. -232- Annex V Supplement on Unemployment Labour Force Participation by Children Our analysis of the unemployment data collected in the Socio- Economic Survey is limited to persons aged 10 and over. This procedure may be questicned because of the widespread impression that the labour force participation by children in the age group 5-9 tends to be high in low-income countries. To verify this impression, Table 1 below shows the number of per- sons aged less than 10 years who were classified as in the labour force and as unemployed, by sex and sector.- It is evident that a majority of those in the labour force in these young ages were unemployed. The participation rates were around one-third of one percent in urban and rural areas and 1.3 percent on the estates, without any significant sex-differential. It is difficult to envisage the possible jobs that children aged less than 10 years could take up and perform effectively. The Employment of Women, Young Persons and Children Act (Act No. 47) of 1956 prohibits the em- ployment of children below 12 years of age in "any occupation even by their parents." 2/ Althoigh it is obviously difficult to enforce such a law and prevent children from working in their family enterprises, the law is, never- theless, well-intended. The percentage of children aged 5-9 and reported as 1/ The number of unemployed persons aged less than 10 years in the sample is quite small. 2/ Sri Lanka, Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka Yearbook, 1975 (Colombo, 1976), p. 227. -233- Table 1 SRI LANKA: PERSONS AGED LESS THAN 10 YEARS CLASSIFIED AS IN THE LABOUR FORCE AND AS UNEMPLOYED, BY SECTOR AND SEX, 1969-70 Sampted Pe4uonz Estimated Nwnber* Sector Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (A) Persons in the Labour Force All Areas 36 19 17 6400 3300 3000 Urban Areas 11 6 5 1000 500 400 Rural Areas 8 4 4 3300 1600 1600 Estate Sector 17 9 8 2100 1100 1000 (B) UnempZoyed Persons All Areas 28 17 11 5000 3100 1900 Urban Areas 6 5 1 500 400 100 Rural Areas 6 4 2 2500 1600 800 Estate Sector 16 8 8 2000 1000 1000 *A slight discrepancy is seen in totals because of independent rounding of each figure. -234- students in urban, rural and estate areas was 83, 78 and 61, respectively (almost 78 percent in the country as a whole).-/ Given the minimum age of admission to schools (six years)-/, the free education system seems to have led to considerable progress towards universal primary school enrollments, except on the estates. Yet, school enrollment is not compulsory and some non-attendance in schools does occur. Table 2 shows that most of the persons not in school were classi- fied as "too young to work"; but obviously one cannot judge whether that code reflected the responses of household members or the perceptions of the interviewers. The "too young to work" could assist their families in the household chores without being classified as in the labour force; but the reported labour force participation rates for the age group 5-9 were very low indeed. 1/ These estimates are based on questions about "activity" asked of persons aged "over five years." 2/ United Nations, ESCAP, Population of Sri Lanka (Bangkok, 1976), p. 210. -235- Table 2 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN AGED 5 - 14 CLASSIFIED AS "TOO YOUNG TO WORK", BY SECTOR AND SEX, 1969-70 Age Group 5 - 9 AgN Group 10 - 14 Sector Persons Males Females Persons Males Females All Areas 20.3 20.1 20.6 7.8 8.2 7.4 Urban Areas 15.4 14.3 16.5 3.3 3.9 2.7 Rural Areas 19.6 19.5 19.6 7.3 7.8 6.8 Estate Sector 35.0 34.5 35.5 19.7 19.0 20.5 -236- Participation Rates and the Incidence of. Unemployment by Educational Attainment The earlier discussion (in Section IV) of the educational charac- teristics of the unemployed needs to be supplemented by an examination of participation rates and incidence of unemployment according to education. Table 3 presents the relevant data for persons aged 10 and over by sector and sex. The exclusion of ages 0-9 is a partial substitute for age standard- ization; but some effect of age composition is certainly present in the par- ticipation rates of different educational groups, because unlike those with no schooling or with only primary and/or middle school education, those who have graduated from college are all likely to be at least about 20 years old. Among the educational categories, "undergraduate" is a transient status through which all college students pass before attaining a degree and enter- ing the labour force; therefore, one notices very low labour force participa- tion rates for undergraduates.-/ On the whole, the participation rates for males seem to take on a U-shape with respect to education, while those for females assume a J-shape in both urban and rural areas. Few persons on the estates had college education and the education-related differences in parti- cipation rates were rather small. However, in urban and rural areas, there was little difference in the participation rates of males and females who had graduated from college. Evidently, almost every graduate female thought it worthwhile to take up some job. The incidence of unemployment according to educational attainment shows interesting and rather large differences; those with no schooling or 1/ Perhaps the undergraduates should be grouped with those who have attained the earlier stage of education--advanced GCE or HSC. Table 3 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND TUlE INCIDENCE OF IUNEMPLOYMENT FOR PERSONS 10 AND OVER BY SEX AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, BY SEC'OR, 1969-70 Educational AZll Islcand Urban Areas Rural Areas Estate Sector Attainment Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Femikales (A) Labour Force Participation Rates (percent) 1 No Schoolingg 43.3 70.0 33.0 34.3 66.1 23.0 34.6 70.9 20.7 71.1 69.1 71.9 2 Primary (Gr. 1-5) 47.6 69.6 20.3 39.6 64.6 13.9 44.5 68.7 15.0 73.0 78.2 64.2 3 Middle (Gr. 6-GCE) 40.3 63.0 13.2 38.0 61.6 13.2 40.3 63.2 12.5 55.6 66.1 33.6 4 Passed CCE 63.8 80.7 44.9 63.3 79.3 43.1 63.9 81.3 45.9 69.4 84.8 27.6 5 Advanced GCE or HSC 68.0 78.4 52.8 60.2 76.1 36.2 72.7 80.0 62.5 80.0 75.0 100.0 6 Undergraduate 37.6 50.5 23.6 41.1 51.1 30.2 34.8 50.0 18.2 NA NA NA 7 Graduate 89.4 89.7 88.9 87.2 86.9 87.8 92.9 94.4 90.0 - - NA 8 Post Graduate 92.5 93.3 89.8 91.4 93.3 80.0 100.0 NA 100.0 NA NA NA All 45.8 68.1 23.2 42.3 65.9 l9.'od 43.1 67.7 18.0 70.3 74.6 65.9 (B) Incidence of i'ne/iuploynent (percent) -4 1 No Schooling 4.9 6.0 4.1. 4.7 3.3 6.2 4.0 3.6 4.4 6.2 13.2 3.4 1 2 Primnary (Cr. 1-5) 7.7 7.1 9.9 10.0 8.4 17.6 6.9 6.1 11.1 9.0 10.5 5.8 3 Middle (Cr. 6-CCE) 20.0 16.3 41.4 23.8 18.2 51.4 19.0 15.6 39.9 18.7 18.7 18.3 4 Passed GCE 31.1 20.1 53.3 21.3 13.3 39.8 35.9 23.4 58.7 18.7 17.9 25.0 5 Advanced CCE or HSC 32.2 20.9 56.6 15.5 9.3 35.3 41.1 27.8 65.0 25.0 33.3 0 6 Undergraduate 40.1 38.7 43.4 29.7 25.0 38.5 50.0 50.0 50.0 NA NA NA 7 Graduate 17.7 17.3 18.3 12.4 5.8 25.6 23.1 29.4 11.1. NA NA NA 8 Post Graduate 15.8 - 66.0 3.1. - 25.0 100.0 NA 100.0 NA NA NA All 13.9 11.7 20.6 17.5 13.2 32.4 14.3 11.2 25.9 8.9 12.3 4.9 Notes: (1) NA: No person with the specified educational attainimient was in the samlple. (2) "-": The rate for the cell was zero. In the estate sector, the number of sample persons with the given characteristics was very smlall. -238- only primary education reported the lowest incidence of unemployment; pre- sumably, many of them were rather elderly who had accepted some jobs or vocations while others probably accepted whatever was available. Those with middle-school or higher-level education, on the other hand, reported a much higher incidence of unemployment; perhaps they had more specific aspirations about the type of job they would undertake. As seen earlier, a large majority of the unemployed had at least one earner in the house- hold who could provide some support during the job-searching period; and those with advanced General Certificate of Education (GCE) or Higher School Certificate (HSC) or higher education were not among the poor in terms of the PCE of their households.l/ Among urban males, the highest incidence of unemployment was ob- served among undergraduates, perhaps because those students who had decided to seek jobs before completing their college education might have included those who had found it difficult to pursue higher education; however, they apparently found it difficult to get jobs as well. It is worth noting that among those passing the GCE (i.e., the better-educated), the incidence of unemployment was generally higher among rural residents than among town-dwellers. Given the excellent network of roads and transportation systems in Sri Lanka, the labour market is pre- sumably quite well integrated, and one would hardly expect rural residents to be at a disadvantage relative to town-dwellers. Factors contributing to 1/ Except on the estates and among rural "graduates", the incidence of unem- ployment was higher among females than among males in every educational category. However, as seen earlier, the postulated inverse relationship between the incidence of unemployment among females and PCE of households was confirmed only for urban and the estate sector households by the re- gression results summarised in Table 4 in Section III. -239- these observed differences might possibly be the market imperfections in terms of information and "contacts," and the paucity of "acceptable" or "desirable" jobs in rural areas. The issue merits further exploration because of its relevance to the programmes that might be designed to al- leviate the unemployment among the educated. -240- Seasonal Variations in Unemployment in Sri Lanka An important feature of unemployment in the developing countries of Asia is its seasonal variation, which largely reflects the dependence of agriculture on the monsoon. In some countries, the labour force parti- cipation rates themselves show sizeable seasonable variations, due largely to the entry into and exit from the labour force by unpaid female family workers.-/ The data of the Socio-Economic Survey relating to four rounds, or quarters, permit an examination of the seasonal variations in labour force participation and unemployment in Sri Lanka. The relevant data, by sex and sector, are shown in Table 4. In urban and rural areas, the female labour force participation rates show more variation by quarter than do the rates for males, while the opposite is true for the estate sector. On the whole, however, the range of variation is quite small even in the participation rates of rural females; sampling error might be an adequate explanation. With respect to the incidence of unemployment, urban males reported higher quarterly variation than did urban females. In rural and estate areas, the data conform to the expected pattern of wider quarterly variations in female unemployment rates; but in relative terms, the quarterly variation is sizeable only for the estate sector women. In overall terms, Sri Lanka does not seem to be a country with any significant seasonal variation in labour force participation rates or in the 1/ For a review of some data from India, South Korea and the Philippines, see: Pravin Visaria, "The Importance of Labour-Force Structure in Relation to Employment and Unemployment in Less Developed Countries," in Economic Factors in Population Growth, ed. Ansley J. Coale (London: The Macmillan Press, 1976), pp. 420-422, 434-438. -241- Table 4 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG PERSONS AGED 10 AND OVER, BY SECTOR AND ROUND (QUARTER OF SURVEY), BY SEX, 1969-70 Labour Force Participation Rates Incidence of UnenrpZoyment Sector/Round Persons Males Females Persons Males Females ALL Areas Nov'69 - Jan'70 46.3 68.3 23.9 14.6 11.6 23.3 Feb'70 - Apr'70 45.6 68.3 22.6 13.7 11.5 20.4 May'70 - Jul'70 46.3 68.6 23.8 14.0 11.9 19.9 Aug'70 - Oct'70 45.4 67.7 22.6 13.9 12.0 19.9 ALL 45.9 68.2 23.2 14.0 11.8 20.7 Range 0.9 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.5 3.4 Range as % of average 2.0 1.3 5.6 6.4 4.2 16.4 Urban Areas Nov'69 - Jan'70 41.8 65.4 17.3 18.3 15.0 31.3 Feb'70 - Apr'70 42.1 66.4 18.5 16.5 11.9 32.4 May'70 - Jul'70 43.5 68.0 19.6 18.0 13.5 33.4 Aug'70 - Oct'70 42.1 64.1 20.2 17.5 12.7 32.2 ALL 42.4 66.0 19.0 17.6 13.3 32.4 Range 1.7 3.9 2.9 1.8 3.1 2.1 Range as % of average 4.0 5.9 15.3 10.2 23.3 6.5 RuraZ Areas Nov'69 - Jan'70 43.5 67.8 19.1 14.8 10.6 29.8 Feb'70 - Apr'70 42.7 67.8 17.2 14.1 11.1 26.2 May'70 - Jul'70 43.5 67.8 18.5 14.2 11.4 24.6 Aug'70 - Oct'70 42.9 67.8 17.4 14.2 11.8 24.0 ALL 43.1 67.8 18.0 14.3 11.3 25.9 Range 0.8 - 1.9 0.7 1.2 5.8 Range as % of average 1.9 - 10.6 4.9 10.6 22.4 Estate Sector Nov'69 - Jan'70 72.7 77.0 67.9 10.1 12.3 7.3 Feb'70 - Apr'70 71.5 75.0 67.6 9.1 13.6 3.7 May'70 - Jul'70 69.7 74.7 64.8 9.0 12.6 4.9 Aug'70 - Oct'70 69.0 73.0 64.9 8.6 11.7 5.1 ALL 70.6 74.8 66.1 9.2 12.5 5.2 Range 3.7 4.0 3.1 1.5 1.9 3.6 Range as % of average 5.2 5.3 4.7 16.3 15.2 69.2 -242- incidence of unemployment. However, this conclusion is based on an essen- tially 'usual status' concept of the labour force.L/ If and when the Sri Lankan surveys gather data on both the usual and current activities of the respondent households, some seasonality in participation rates and unem- ployment may become evident. Effect of the Reference Period on the 1971 Census Estimates of Unemployment In the 1971 Census of Sri Lanka, persons classified as employed were also asked whether they had actually worked at the usual job or at any other job for "at least one day in the week preceding the date" of enumera- tion. The results, shown in Table 5, indicate that with a relatively short reference period of one week, about 1.4 percent of those classified as em- ployed in terms of their usual activity would have been outside the labour force. For another 3.5 percent (mainly in rural areas), the labour force status was contingent on the season, but most of these workers would probably have been classified as "outside the labour force" if the 1971 Census had used a reference period of one week. An additional one percent would have been classified as unemployed during the week preceding the census. The net effect of a reference period of one week preceding the 1971 Census is shown in Table 6; it would have meant (a) a somewhat lower parti- cipation rate and (b) a slightly higher incidence of unemployment (the number of unemployed is higher because the usually unemployed would have been unem- ployed even during the reference week preceding the census). The differences ,. are a little larger for rural areas than for urban areas. L 1/ For a discussion of thetlabour force concept used in the Socio-Economic Survey, see Annex 2. Table 5 SRI LANKA: LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES AND THE INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT ACCORDING TO THE USUAL ACTIVITY CONCEPT AND ACTIVITY DURING THE WEEK PRECEDING THE 1971 CENSUS (Unemployed as percent of-the AZZ Areas Urban Areas RuraZ Areas labour force) Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females (A) LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES (i) Usual activity criterion criterion 48.0 68.5 26.0 46.9 68.9 21.1 48.3 68.3 27.4 (ii) Reference week criterion 46.1 65.5 25.3 45.9 67.4 20.9 46.1 64.8 26.6 (B) INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT (i) Usual ectivjty m w . . criterion '- 0 O 18.7 14.3 31.1 23.4 17.0 47.6 17.3 13.4 27.4 (ii) Reference week criterion 20.3 15.8 32.6 24.4 18.1 48.3 19.0 15.1 29.1 Source: Republic of Sri Lanka, Census of PopuZation, 1971, Volume II, AZZ IsZand TabZes: Part II, Economically Active PopuZation, Colombo, 1976, pp. 93, 1-6. Table 6 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE USUALLY EMPLOYED ACCORDING TO THEIR ACTIVITY DURING THE WEEK PRECEDING THE 1971 CENSUS Activity AZZ Areas Urbon Areas RuraZ Areas during the Reference Week Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females WORKED 94.2 93.9 95.0 96.7 96.5 97.8 93.5 93.2 94.5 (a) at usual job 92.6 92.2 94.2 95.8 95.5 97.4 91.8 91.2 93.7 (b) at another job 1.5 1.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.4 1.7 2.0 0.9 DID NOT WORK 5.8 6.1 5.0 3.3 3.5 2.2 6.5 6.8 5.5 (a) because work was not available 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 (b) due to illness, etc. 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.8 (c) because a seasonal worker 3.5 3.8 2.4 0.9 0.9 0.4 4.2 4.6 2.7 All usually employed 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (39.0) (58.7) (17.9) (35.9) (57.2) (11.1) (39.9) (59.1) (19.9) Note: Figures in parentheses show the usuaZly empZoyed as percentage of the total population aged 10 years and over. Source: Republic of Sri Lanka, Census of Population, 1971, Volume II, AZZ Island TabZes: Part II, Economically Active Population, Colombo, 1976, p. 93. -245- The incidence of illness and seasonal non-work shown in Table 5 is presumably subject to variations within the time span of a year. A census conducted approximately once every decade can hardly expect to find a repre- sentative picture of the economic activities of the population through a re- ference period of one week preceding enumeration. The use of the usual ac- tivity concept in the 1971 Census of Sri Lanka was, therefore, quite appropriate. However, the additional question asked of those classified as employed indicates the likely direction of changes in the participation rates (downward) and the incidence of unemployment (upward), if the gainful worker or usual activity approach is replaced by the collection of data on economic activities for a widely used short reference period of one week preceding the census. It is quite likely, of course, that the ob- served pattern may not be repeated if the census enumeration is conducted during a month other than October and the seasonality in economic' activi- ties remains unchanged. SOME ASPECTS OF RELATIVE POVERTY IN SRI LANKA, 1969-70 PART II, STATISTICAL APPENDIX -i- TabZe of Contents STATISTICAL APPENDIX Table Page Number Title Number A.1 Distribution of Households by Ethnic Group and Sector, 2 1969-70 A.2 Size Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 3-6 Expenditure (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.3 Age Distribution of Heads of Households, by PCE Decile 7-18 of the Households, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/ Estate Sector) A.4 Distribution of Population by PCE Decile of the House- 19 hold and Sex by Sector, 1969-70 A.5 Distribution of Population by PCE Decile of the House- 20-23 hold and Broad Age Distribution, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/ Rural/Estate Sector) A.6 Distribution of Population by PCE Decile of Households 24-35 and Age Group, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.7 Distribution of Households by Child-Dependency Ratio 36-39 and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 (All Island/ Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.8 Distribution of Households by Aged-Dependency Ratio 40-43 and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 (All Island/ Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.9 Percentage of Literates Among Persons Aged 15 and Over 44-47 by PCE Decile of the Household and Sex, 1969-70 (All Island/ Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.10 Distribution of Population Aged 15 and Over by PCE 48-59 Decile of the Household and Educational Attainment, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.ll Distribution of Households by Educational Attainment of 60-63 the Main Earner and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.12 Distribution of Population by PCE Decile of Household 64-75 and Type of Activity, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/ Estate Sector) A.13 Labour Force Participation Rates for Persons Aged 10 76-79 and Over by PCE Decile of the Household, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) Table Page Number Title Number A.14 Incidence of Unemployment Among Persons Aged 10 and 80-83 Over by PCE Decile of the Household, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.15 Distribution of Households by Labour Force Participation 84-87 Rate and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.16 Distribution of Households by Incidence of Unemployment 88-91 and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.17 Distribution of the Employed by PCE Decile of the 92-95 Household and Class of Worker, by Sex, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.18 Distribution of Households by Class of Worker of the 96 Main Earner and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, by Sector, 1969-70 A.19 Occupational Distribution of the Employed by PCE 97-108 Decile of the Household, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/ Rural/Estate Sector) A.20 Distribution of Households by Occupation of the Main 109-112 Earner and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.21 Industrial Distribution of the Employed by PCE Decile 113-124 of the Household, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/ Estate Sector) A.22 Distribution of Households by Industry of the Main 125-128 Earner and Decile of Per Capita Expenditure, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.23 Distribution of the Unemployed by the Decile of Per 129-132 Capita Expenditure of the Household and Major Source of Income for the Household (All Island/Urban/Rural/ Estate Sector) A.24 Distribution of the Unemployed by the Decile of 133-136 Per Capita Expenditure of the Household and the Number of Earners in the Household (All Island/Urban/Rural/ Estate Sector) A.25 Distribution of the Unemployed by the Decile of Per 137-140 Capita Expenditure of the Household and the Number of Male Earners in the Household (All Island/Urban/Rural/ Estate Sector) Table Page Number Title Number A.26 Distribution of the Unemployed by the Decile of Per 141-144 Capita Expenditure of the Household and the Number of Female Earners in the Household (All Island/ Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.27 Distribution of the Unemployed by the Decile of Per 145-156 Capita Expenditure of the Household and Age Group (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.28 Distribution of the Unemployed by the Decile of Per 157-160 Capita Expenditure of the Household and Educational Attainment (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.29 Distribution of the Unemployed by the Decile of Per 161-164 Capita Expenditure of the Household and Marital Status (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.30 Average Monthly Per capita Expenditure of Households 165-168 by Sector and Selected Characteristics of (A) the Household and (B) the Main Earner, 1969-70 A.31 Average Monthly Per Capita Income of Households by 169-172 Sector and Selected Characteristics of (A) the House- hold and (B) the Main Earner, 1969-70 A.32 Average Monthly Earnings (in Rupees) of Employees 173-174 by Sector and Selected Characteristics, 1969-70 A.33 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 175-178 Expenditure and Major Source of Income, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.34 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 179-182 Income and Major Source of Income, 1969-70 (All Island/ Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.35 Distribution of Per Capita Income (in Rupees) of 183-186 Households by Source of Income and Per Capita Expendi- ture Decile of Households, 1969-70 A.36 Distribution of Per Capita Income (in Rupees) of 187-190 Households by Source of Income and Per Capita Income Decile of Households, 1969-70 A.37 Average Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (in Rupees) 191-194 on Broad Categories According to PCE Decile of Households, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) -iv- Table Page Number Title Number A.38 Average Monthly Expenditure per Household (in Rupees) 195-198 on Broad Categories According to Per Capita Expenditure Decile of Households, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/Rural/ Estate Sector) A.39 Average Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (in Rupees) 199-202 on Broad Categories According to Total Expenditure Decile of Households, 1969-70 (All Island/Urban/ Rural/Estate Sector) A.40 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 203-206 Expenditure and Type of House (All Island/Urban/ Rural/Estate Sector) A.41 Distribution of Households by Deicle of Per Capita 207=210 Expenditure and Tenure of Accommodation (All Island/ Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.42 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 211-214 Expenditure and Number of Rooms Occupied (All Island/ Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.43 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 215-218 Expenditure and by the Floor Area (in sq. ft.) Used for Living Purposes (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.44 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 219-222 Expenditure and the Available Toilet Facilities (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.45 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 223-226 Expenditure and the Source of Water Used for Drinking (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.46 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 227-230 Expenditure and the Source of Water Used for Cooking (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.47 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 231-234 Expenditure and the Source of Water Used for Bathing (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.48 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 235-238 Expenditure and the Main Source of Energy Used for Lighting (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) A.49 Distribution of Households by Decile of Per Capita 239-242 Expenditure and the Main Source of Energy Used for Cooking (All Island/Urban/Rural/Estate Sector) -1- Notes for Reading the SPSS Tables in the Statistical Appendix The tables presented in the Statistical Appendix are often xerox copies of the cross-tabulations produced by the computer under the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Scientists) system. For those not acquainted with the SPSS, a few notes may be helpful. Each cell usually contains four figures (sometimes the fourth figure is suppressed). The first figure shows the absolute count of households (or persons) with a particular set of characteristics (indicated by the row and the column together). Unless otherwise stated, these figures are rounded up estimates in hundreds. The second figure in each cell is the row percentage. It indicates the percentage that the households with a particular set of characteristics form of all households in the particular row. In other words, the sum of second figures in all cells in a row would be 100.0 (although the marginals under the label "row total" do not include the figure 100.0). The third figure in each cell is the column percentage. It indicates the percentage that the households with a particular set of characteristics form of all households in the particular column. In other words, the sum of third figures in all cells in a given column would be 100.0 (although the marginal under the label "column total" do not include the figure 100.0). The fourth figure in each cell indicates the percentage that the households with a particular set of characteristics form of the grand total. (Sometimes the fourth figures are suppressed to limit the space occupied by a table.) -2- Table A.1 SRI LANIZA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY ETHNIC GROUP AND SECTOR, 1969-70 Sri Lanka Indian Sinhalese Tamil Tamil Other All Sector 1 2 3 _4_ (A) AbsoZute Nber (in 1Hudreds) Ifrban areas 2151 665 67 557 3439 Rural areas 12200 1872 247 738 15057 Estate Sector 250 253 1946 22 2471 All 14600 2790 2260 1317 20967 (B) Ethnic Group Distr-ibution for Eaeh Sector Urban areas 62.5 19.3 1.9 16.2 100.0 Rural areas 81.0 12.4 1.6 4.9 100.0 Estate sector 10.1 10.2 78.8 0.9 100.0 All 69.6 13.3 10.8 6.3 100.0 (C) Sectora? Distribution of Each Ethnic GquouD Urban areas 14.7 23.8 3.0 42.3 16.4 Rural areas 83.6 67.1 10.9 56.0 71.8 Estate sector 1.7 9.1 86.1 1.7 11.8 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table A.2 SRI LANKA: SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, ALL ISLANfD Decile of Per Capita Expenditure COUNT ROW Household ROW PCT TOTAL Size COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 44 57 43 77 114 150 152 272 259 341 1510 2.9 3.8 2.8 5.1 7.6 9.9 10.1 18.0 17.2 22.6 7.2 2.1 2.7 2.0 3.7 5.4 7.1 7.3 13.0 12.4 16.2 3 100 112 175 158 220 257 315 322 386 465 2511 4.0 4.5 7.0 6.3 8.8 10.2 12.6 12.8 15.4 18.5 12.0 4.8 5.3 8.4 7.5 10.5 12.3 15.1 15.4 18.4 22.1 4 98 187 260 279 345 332 294 422 407 345 2969 3.3 6.3 8.8 9.4 11.6 11.2 9.9 14.2 13.7 11.6 14.2 4.7 8.9 12.4 13.3 16.4 15.8 14.1 20.1 19.4 16.4 5 252 259 256 345 343 427 355 344 321 343 3246 7.8 8.0 7.9 10.6 10.6 13.2 10.9 10.6 9.9 10.6 15.5 12.0 12.4 12.2 16.5 16.4 20.4 17.0 16.4 15.3 16.3 6 318 362 372 342 292 305 295 235 224 252 2996 10.6 12.1 12.4 11.4 9.8 10.2 9.8 7.8 7.5 8.4 14.3 15.2 17.3 17.7 16.3 13.9 14.5 14.1 11.2 10.7 12.0 7 340 330 329 273 240 248 205 202 174 151 2492 13.7 13.2 13.2 10.9 9.6 9.9 8.2 8.1 7.0 6.1 11.9 16.2 15.8 15.7 13.0 11.4 11.8 9.8 9.6 8.3 7.2 8 308 280 295 263 193 144 163 144 138 78 2006 15.4 14.0 14.7 13.1 9.6 7.2 8.1 7.2 6.9 3.9 9.6 14.7 13.4 14.1 12.6 9.2 6.9 7.8 6.9 6,.6 3.7 9 230 217 157 142 173 88 133 72 81 65 1358 16.9 16.0 11.6 10.5 12.7 6.5 9.8 5.3 5.9 4.8 6.5 11.0 10.4 7.5 6.8 8.2 4.2 6.4 3.4 3.8 3.1 10 176 132 110 1il 82 86 59 54 49 30 891 19.8 14.8 12.3 12.5 9.3 9.7 6.7 6.1 5.5 3.4 4.2 8.4 6.3 5.2 5.3 3.9 4.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 1.4 11 or more 229 159 101 106 95 60 121 27 59 30 988 23.2 16.1 10.3 10.7 9.6 6.1 12.3 2.7 6.0 3.1 4.7 10.9 7.6 4.8 5.1. 4.5 2.9 5.8 1.3 2.8 1.4 COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Table A.2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, URBAN AREAS COUNT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Household ROW PCT ROW Size COL PCT. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 2 5 2 8 14 19 18 22 31 34 44 196 2.6 .9 3.9 7.0 9.6 9.2 11.4 15.7 17.5 22.3 5.7 1.5 .5 2.2 4.0 5.5 5.2 6.5 9.0 10.0 12.5 3 9 14 15 21 28 36 40 53 54 59 329 2.6 4.2 4.7 6.5 8.6 10.9 12.2 16.1 16.4 17.9 9.6 2.5 4.0 4.5 6.2 8.Z 10.4 11.7 15.4 15.7 17.0 4 17 24 27 44 43 44 64 44 59 62 429 4.0 5.6 6.4 10.4 10.0 10.4 14.9 10.4 13.7 14.3 12.3 5.0 7.0 8.0 12.9 12.4 12.9 18.7 12.9 17.2 17.7 5 27 37 48 49 50 52 58 56 60 69 506 5.2 7.3 9.5 9.6 10.0 10.3 11.5 11.1 11.8 13.7 14.7 7.8 10.7 13.9 14.2 14.7 15.1 16.9 16.4 17.4 19.9 6 44 48 48 49 58 48 41 46 54 43 479 9.3 10.0 10.0 10.2 12.1 10.0 8.6 9.6 11.2 8.9 13.9 13.1 13.9 13.9 14.2 16.9 13.9 11.9 13.4 15.7 12.3 7 56 64 51 49 48 55 45 39 33 29 470 12.0 13.6 10.9 10.4 10.2 11.6 9.6 8.4 7.1 6.2 13.7 16.6 18.7 14.9 14.2 13.9 15.9 13.2 11.4 9,7 8.4 8 37 50 53 41 41 36 31 24 23 19 354 10.4 14.0 15.0 11.6 11,6 10.1 8.7 6.8 6.5 5.3 10.3 10.8 14.4 15.4 11,9 11.9 10.4 9.0 7,01 6.7 '5,4 9 47 43 36 27 17 23 15 22 10 12 251 18.7 17.0 14.3 10.5 6.8 9.2 5.8 8.8 4.1 4.8 7.3 13.8 12.4 10.4 7.7 5.0 6.7 4.2 6.5 3.0 3.4 10 36 23 24 23 17 18 10 12 7 7 177 20.3 13.0 13.5 13.0 9.7 10.1 5.8 6.8 3.9 3.9 5.1 10.6 6.7 7.0 6.7 5.0 5.2 3.0 3.5 2.0 2.0 11 or more 62 40 33 27 22 15 17 15 9 5 247 25.3 16.3 13.5 11.1 9.0 5.9 6.9 6.2 3.8 2.1 7.2 18.3 11.7 9.7 8.0 6.5 4.2 5.0 4.5 2.7 1.5 COLUMN 340 344 344 344 344 345 344 344 344 348 3439 TOTAL 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 100.0 Table A.2 (Continued) SRI LANKA: SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL AREAS Decile of Per Capita Expenditure COUNT ROW Household ROW PCT Size COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 2 33 41 37 45 78 107 95 190 132 264 1022 3.2 4.0 3.6 4.4 7.7 10.5 9.3 18.5 12.9 25.8 6.8 2.2 2.7 2.5 3.0 5.2 7.1 6.3 12.6 8.8 17.5 3 70 91 111 115 157 194 210 227 264 367 1806 3.9 5.0 6.2 6.4 8.7 10.7 11.6 12.6 14.6 20.3 12.0 4.7 6.0 7.4 7.7 10.4 12.8 14.0 15.1 17.5 24.3 4 66 153 . 165 190 227 2.39 227 264 33.0 256 2115, 3.1 7.2 7.8; 9.0: 10.7 1L.,3. 10.7 12.5. 15-6, 12.1 14.0O 4-4 10.1 11.0 1Z.6 15.1 15.8 15.1 17.5 21.9 16.9. 5 190 181 169 235. 239 3Q1; 2'7,6 268 256 235 2350. [.l 1 7.7 7.2 10.0 10.2 12.8 11.& 11.4 10..9 10.0 15.6 12.6 12.1 11.2 15.6 15.9 19.9 18.4 17.8 17.0 15.6 l 6 231 268 264 268 223 181 214 190 173 161 2173 10.6 12.3 12.1 12.3 10.2 8.3 9.9 8.7 8.0 7.4 14.4 1 15.3 17.8 17.5 17.8 14.8 12.0 14.2 12.6 11.5 10.7 7 239 243 235 214 157 194 144 140 132 91 1789 13.4 13.6 13.1 12.0 8.8 10.8 8.1 7.8 7.4 5.1 11.9 15.9 16.2 15.6 14.2 10,4 12.8 9,6 9.3 8.8 6,0 8 223 198 235 202 ,169^ 107 95 103 99 54 1484 15.0 13.3 15.8 13.6 11.4 7.2 6.4 6.9 6,7 3.6 9^9 14.8 13.2 15.6 13.4 11.2 7.1 6.3 6,8 6,6 3,6 9 181 128 128 95 120 74 124 41 58 49 998 18.2 12.8 12.8 9.5 12.0 7.4 12.4 4.1 5.8 5.0 6.6 12.1 8.5 8.5 6.3 7.9 4.9 8.2 2.7 3.8 3.3 10 107 107 95 62 74 49 58 45 29 16 643 16.7 16.7 14.7 9.6 11.5 7.7 9.0 7.1 4.5 2.6 43. 7.1 7.1 6.3 4.1 4.9 3.3 3.8 3.0 1.9 1i1 11 or more 165 95 66 7R 62 62 62 37 33 16 676 24.4 14.0 9.F 11.6 9.1 9.1 9.1 5.5 4.9 2.4 4.5 11.0 6.3 4.4 5.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 2.5 2.2 1.1 COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505. 1505: 1505 1509- 15057 TOTAL 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0. 10.0 10.0. 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I 986 I Lo6 I b'Ot 1 6'6 o0t 1 609 1 1'6 I 5'9 I '6 I Z'9 I b6 I s'lo I 'Ot I I'tl I lot t 90t I 56 I 06 I 0'6 I 06 1I 1 z£-Of = I s961 I 902 I £o0 I 912 I OZ 7 21e 1 Let I 061 I 951 I 061 1 1l5 5 I S I........ I........ I........I-------- o--------- I......I...... &&I.& ..... I ..... -1 ..... --i' I 9 s I I 1'L I L'g I log T g'L I Sa9 I i's I "Is I 917 I o0s 6Z-S = 9 (69 I £821 I 9Q'1 I 2'21 t 9I6 i 2z2 I Z'Ot I 1I I 9 179 I It I 9OL I Offt I b91 I IYSt 1 291 I 921 7 9 I 9(1 I 211 1 211 I 96 I hOT I 9 I 17'2 I l'i I 02 I V2 T till I 08£ 1 £82 I 01 I IZoz = 681 I 92t 1 091 1 oP 1I 9121 SOL I t8S1t I 6'1t I 989 I 9'f I fat I O517 I Is S9 z 1 If I Zs Of 0 29 I 9i7 I 9£ 1 171 I S I s I 2' I ?' I 0 I 0D I, I O I 0 1 0 1 0 I e I to 1 6'91 I 6'9Z I 0 I 9ss I Il9 I 0 I 0 1 0 t 0 1 S'2f I 61-ST= Si It bh I 0 I I i I I O I 0 1 0 S 0 S 5 1 9 la -s----------II-------- I-^------------l-------- I..... ..... I ..... --@* ...... -....0--Ioe I01 I6 1 9 I S t 9 I s _ I£f I a I t I dnols aYV ivAOA ~an;Tpuadxa ulTdej jai j0 aTT-a I ±3d MoN I £Nfl03 (speaH ITV!PueTsI TTV) OL-696T 'flOHaSfOH aH 30 D aDInaa Jd A8 'ScrOHaSflOH l O SQVaH aO NOIflnI1LSIa SDV :VxNn IlS £ V aTqel Table A.3 SRI LANKA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969-70 (All Island; Male Heads) PCREXPI COUNT I Age Group ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW COL PCT I TOTAL 1 1 I 2! 3! 1 !4 1 5 I 61 7 S 8 I 9 1 to I 4 =15-19 4 1 0 ! 0 ! 0 I 0 ! o 1 o s I I o 1 4 I 4 1 9 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 i 9,4 1 0 I 45,3 I 45,3 I ,0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 i ,0 I 0 I ,2 I 2 1 5 I 5 I 12 r 29 I 47 I 60 I 22 i 46 I 34 I 65 1 9 I 369 5 = 20-24 I 1,5 I 3,2 I 7,9 I 12,7 I 16,3 I 6,0 i 12,5 1 9,1 I 17,5 I 13.3 I 2,0 1 ,3 I .7 I 1,6 I 2,5 I 3,2 I 1,2 Y 2,5 I 1,8 I 3,S 1 2,7 I 6 I 72 I 85 I 105 I 101 1 131 I 151 i 127 1 159 I 152 I 1b2 I 1239 6 = 25-29 I 5,8 I 6,9 I B,s I 8,1 ! 10,6 1 12,2 i 10.3 1 12,u I 12,2 I 13,1 1 b,7 I 4,0 I 4,7 1 5,7 I 5,3 I 6,9 I 8,0 o 6,8 1 8,4 1 8,2 I 8,8 I .1 . . . - .-I -… …. … …I...……... low ...... I........I......... i........I........-I........ I.... I 7=- 30-34 7 I 155 I 178 1 172 I 173 1 171 I 207 i 192 I 203 1 198 I 193 1 1841 7 = 30-34 1 8,4 I 9,7 1 9,3 1 9,4 I 9,3 1 11,2 Y 10,4 I 11,0 1 10,7 I 10,5 I 10,0 I 8,6 1 9,8 1 9,9 1 9,2 1 9,1 I 10,9 Y 10,3 1 11,1 I 10,7 I 10,5 I 8 = 35-39 8 I 297 I 27 6 I 266 7 271 I 280 1 218 i 239 I 210 I 268 I 2'5 I 2570 I 11,6 I 10,7 I 10,3 I 10,6 I 10,9 I 8,s I 9,3 I 8,2 I 10,4 I 9,5 1 13,9 1 16,6 1 15,2 1 14,5 I 14,u 1 14,8 I I,S i 12,8 I 11,5 I 14,4 1 13,3 I .....I......I......I......I....I... .....I......I......I......I 9 = 40-44 9 I 322 1 289 I 250 I 231 I 2b3 I 207 i 215 I 219 I 173 I 17U I 2344 I 13,7 I 12,3 I 10,7 I 9,9 I 11,2 I 8,8 I q,2 I 9,3 1 7,4 1 7,4 I 12,7 I 17,9 I 15,9 1 13,7 1 12,3 I 13,9 I 10,9 i 11,6 I 12,0 I 9,3 1 9,4 I WI-.1… …I… …I.------- . I........I.......I........ l.......I.......I.......-I........… I 10 = 45-49 10 1 358 1 369 I 262 I 282 I 250 I 257 X 220 I 216 I 230 I 239 I 2683 I 13,3 I 13,8 I 9,8 I 10,5 1 9,3 I 9,6 i 8,2 I 8,1 I 8,6 1 8,9 I 14,s 1 19,9 I 20,4 I 14,3 1 15,0 I 13,3 1 13,6 i 11.8 1 11,8 I 12,4 1 13,0 I WI ........I........ I".......I-w---I--------i----------.....I....e-.... -.....I........ I.-.......I 11 = 50-54 11 1 172 1 169 I 215 I 211 I 173 1 230 i 235 1 179 I 171 1 156 I 1905 1 9,0 1 8,9 S 11,3 I 11,1 I 9,1 I 12,1 i 12.4 I 9,1 I 8,9 1 8,2 1 10,3 1 9,6 I 9,3 I 11,7 1 11,2 1 9,2 1 12,2 i 12,7 1 9,5 I 9,2 1 8,a I a........I........In…....I.I. .I… …......I… … .1.......I........ I............ .I 12 = 55-59 12 I 190 I 135 1 224 1 180 I 190 1 18s 150 I 196 I 211 I 219 I 1829 1 7,7 1 7,4 1 12,2 I 9,B 1 10,94 1 10,1 0 8,2 I 10,7 I 11,6 I 12,0 I 9,9 1 7,8 1 7,4 1 12,2 I 9,5 1 10,1 I 98 8,1 I 10,7 7 11,4 1 11,8 S tw@-- .… … ……-7……w-........I........…I....... … …I. ..z. .1-.--- ....... I.... .. I........I 13 = 60 and Over 13 1 279 I 301 I 312 I 386 1 366 I 415 i 433 I 423 I 385 I 940 I 3699 I 7,4 I 8,1 I 8,4 I 10,4 1 9,9 1 11,2 1 11,7 I 11,94 I 10, I 10,9 I 20,0 I 15,3 I 16,6 1 17,0 1 20,5 1 19,4 S 21,9 Y 23,3 S 23,1 1 20,1 I 21,9 I el a ..S-S-w - ..... I -... ... ……I".. ............ ....IV ..……....1. ......5I COLUMN 1794 1815 1839 1882 1884 1893 1859 1828 1856 1845 18490 TOTAL 9;7 9,8 9,9 i0,2 10,2 10,2 to,1 9,9 10,0 10.0 100,0 Table A.3 SRI LANKA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969-70 (All Island: Female Heads) PCREXPI COUNT I Age Group ROW PCT I ROW COL PCt I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure TOTAL I I1S 2 I 3 i 4 I S! 6 1 71S 81 9!i 10 1 4 15-19 I… …I… …I… …I… …I……..1… … … …r… … … …w.I~~~9 4 = 15-19 4 1 5 I 01 0 1 0 01 I 0 0 1 0 0 I 6 I 80,0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 20,0 u 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I ,3 1 1,7 I 0 I 0 S 0 I 0 I .6 i 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 WI.?-...I., ......…I…….1I… …-. . ..I......……I … I.. .. weLJ….……...l ........ --- I …..."I 5 = 20-24 5 I 0 ! 21 6I1 1 1 2 I 8 '1 S I 7 1 0 ! 2 1 35 I 0 1 7,1 I 17,7 1 3,5 I 6,0 I 23,4 i 15,2 1 21,2 I 0 I 6,0 S 1,4 I 0 I ,9 I 2,4 1 6 I 1,0 I 4,0 i 2,3 I 2,8 1 0 ! ,8 S 6 = 25-29 6 I 32 I 11 I 7 I 11 I 5 I 12 1 I I 8 I 2 I 2 I 91 I 35,4 I 11.8 I 8,2 I 12,3 I 5,5 I 12.7 i ,9 I 0,1 I 2,3 1 1,9. S 3,7 I ol,7 I 3,9 I 2,8 I 5,2 I 2,3 S 5.7 i ,4 I 3,1 I ,9 I ,7 1 - ,I-.------I--.-----I-PI ....... I........ --w ......-------- --..... --.....I-------- I...... I.- ........ 7 = 30-34 7 I 16 I IS I 6 I 17 I 16 1 5 I 1S I is I s I 13 I 12S I 13,0 I 12,3 1 5,0 I 13,9 I 13,2 I 3,7 1 12,3 I 12,0 I 4,0 I 10,6 I 5,0 1 5,4 1 5,5 1 2,u 1 8,1 1 7,6 I 2,3 6 6.5 I S,6 1 2,1 I 5,2 I I-----v*l........I....wI.... .... I.........*w- ---i........I....... -I-------I........ 8 = 35-39 8 I 61 1 29 I 4S I 10 I 8 I 16 i 17 I 24 1 10 I 13 1 233 1 26,2 I 12,4 1 19,2 I 4,3 1 3,6 I 7,0 i 7,3 I 10,2 I 4,4 I S,4 1 9,4 1 20,2 1 tO,3 I 16,9 'I 4,7 I 3,9 I 7,9 i 7,2 S 8,9 I 4,Z I 4,9 I 9 = 40-44 9 i 29 i 33 i 21 I 19 I 23 i 21 1 29 i 12 1 12 I 11 I 211 I 14,0 I 15,7 I 10.0 I 8,9 I 10,8 I 9,8 i 14,0 I S,6 I S,8 I 5,4 I 8,5 I 9,8 1 11,8 I 8.0 I 8,7 I 10,6 1 10,2 i 12,5 1 4,4 I S,0 I 4.5 I 10 = 45-49 10 ' 65 I 41 i 52 i 30 i 32 i 33 i 18 1 30 I 32 I 44 i 376 I 17,2 I 1l,0 I 13,9 I 7,9 I 8,5 I 8,7 i 4,7 I 8,0 1 8,4 I 11.7 I 15,2 I 21,6 I 14,8 I 19,8 1 13,8 I 14,8 I 16,1 1 7,5 1 11,2 1 13,0 1 17,3 I 11 50-54 t1 I 18 I 34 1 17 I 24 I 23 I 32 i 45 1 33 1 a4 I 17 I 287 I 6,3 1 11,8 I 6,0 I 8,2 I 8,1 I 11,0 i 15,6 I 11,7 I 15,4 I 5,9 I 11,6 I 6,0 I 12,1 I 6,5 I 11,1 I 10,8 I 15,5 i 19,0 I 12,5 I 18,2 I 6,7 I 12 = 55-59 12 1 19 i 41 i 29 I 39 I 28 1 29 1 30 I 33 I 48 I 37 1 33u I S,8 1 12,4 I B,7 I 11,7 I 8,3 1 8,6 1 9,1 I 10,0 I 14,4 I 11.1 I 13,5 I 6,5 1 14,8 I 11,0 I 18,2 1 12,9 1 14,0 1 12,9 I 12,5 I 19,8 I 14,6 I 13 = 60 and Over 13 I 55 1 72 I 80 1 63 I 78S 48 i 75 I 104 I 89 I 116 I 780 I 7,0 I 9,3 I 10,2 I 8,1 I 10,0 I 6,2 i 9,6 I 13,3 I 11,5 I 14,8 S 31,5 S 18,2 I 25,8 I 30,2 I 29,5 1 36,1 I 23,7 a 31,8 S 38,9 I 36,8 I 45,4 I -S-.w--wS- -!… ….w----I.…….1… ….1.……wS-----1……---- .……-----S-----tI.,------ COLUMN 301 280 264 214 216 204 236 267 243 255 2478 TOTAL 12,1 11,3 10,6 8,6 8,7 8,2 9,5 10,8 9,8 10,3 100,0 Table A.3 SRI LANKA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969-70 / (Urban Areas; All Heads) pCREXPS COUNT I Age Group ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure TOTAL I 1 ! 2 .3 1 4 I S ! 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I * … :..*……………--I… …Ie e-. ..… …- ..o------- I.......- ......I......Wei-.......I........I........I-...…...1 4 ! 1! 0 1 0 0 1 0 o I0 01 0S r 0r a 4 = 15-19 I 50,0 I 0 1 0 1 0 50,0 I 0 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I ,0 I 3 I 0 I 01 0! . 2 I 0 0 ! 0I1 0 1 0 O w:,,, I. . I. . I. . I… . 1… … … … _. . -- --------1..--------------1'- 5 0 ! S 3 I 5 1 4 1 sI 8 6 4 9 I a I I I 44 5 = 20-24 1 0 I 5.8 I 11tS I 9,6 I 11,5 I 13,5 s 9,6 I 19,2 1 17,3 1 1,9 1 1,3 1 0 I .7 I 1,5 I 1,2 1 1,s I 1,7 1 1,2 1 2,5 1 2,2 S 2 1 6 1 18 1 16 1 12 I 21 1 15 I 28 i 27 1 17 I 23 I 13 I 191 6 = 25-29 1 9'4 1 8,5 I 6,3 I 10,8 I 8,1 I 14, : 14,3 I 9,0 1 12,1 I 6,7 I 55 1 5.3 1 4,7 I 3,5 I 6,0 1 4,5 I 8,2 1 8,0 I 5,0 I b,7 1 3,7 I *- .- I. .I … .. . . . ..---...I...I....I... ........I.......Tr....I........I........I........ I 7 I 32 1 28 I 26 1 41 I 28 I 39 Y 29 1 38 1 3s 1 27 1 324 7 = 30-34 I 10,0 1 8,7 I 7,9 I 12,7 1 8,7 I 121 1 9.0 I 11,6 I 10,8 I 8,4 I 9,4 I S ,5 i 8,2 1 7,5 I 11,9 1 8,2 1 11,4 1 8,5 I 10,9 I lOZ I 7,9 1 *I -.Pt----I -.......I-----..-I ....... I....-...I.........Tr.-----.-I-------- I--------. I . I a I 47 1 54 I SO I 42 1 45 I 38 i 54 I 32 1 41 S 45 1 449 8 = 35-39 I 10,S I 12,0 I 1l,o I 9,3 I 10,l I 8I 6 1 12,0 I 7,2 1 9,1 I l0.1 1 13,1 1 13,8 1 15,7 1 14,4 I 12,2 1 13,2 I 11,2 1 15,7 I 9,5 I 1109 I 13,0 I et.......I.....Io..... 1VW......I"... l... I......… ….... I......1.... 9 I 60! 43 I 50 1 40 1 44 I 42 i 49 0 43 I 3B I 54 6 463 9 = 40-44 1 12,9 1 9,2 1 10,9 I 8,7 I 9,6 I 9,0 I 1o0s I 9,2 1 8,3 I 11,6 I 13,5 I 17,6 1 12,4 I 14,7 1 11,7 1 12,9 I 12,2 1 14,2 1 12,4 I 11,2 1 ib,S I WI......I......I......I*..... .I......I.. .. ...".I ......I......I......I 10 I 56 1 49 I 68 l 56 I 60 I 06 I 44 1 42 I 06 1 42 I 509 10 = 45-49 1 11,1 I 9,6 I 13,3 1 10,9 1 11,8 1 9,1 i 8,7 1 8,2 I 9,1 I 8,2 I 14,8 I b166 I 14,2 1 19,7 I 16,2 I 17,4 1 13,4 1 12,9 I 12,2 I 13,4 I 12,0 I "I I. I. IV.....I..... WI .....1......I..... 11=50-54 1I 32! 41 I 32 ! 42 1 39! 32i 34 0 47 1 30 I 38 1 369 11 =50-54 I 8,8 I list I 8,8 I 11,4 I 10,7 1 8,6 i 9,3 1 12,8 I 8,i 1 10,4 1 10,7 1 9,5 I 11,9 I 9.5 I 12,2 1 11,4 I 9,7 i 10,0 I 13,7 I 8,7 I 11,1 I WI.V .. I......Io". ...I...... 0....I...... T .... I......I......I...... 512! 28 ! 35 I 30 ! 29 1 35 I 39 i 30 I 43 ! 33 5 33 1 345 12 = 55-59 I 8,2 I 10,2 I 8,7 I 8,4 1 10,2 I 11,4 I 9,9 I 12,4 1 10,9 I 9,7 I 10,0 I 8,3 I 10,2 I 8,7 I 8,5 I 10,2 I 11,4 10,0 I 12,4 1 10.9 I 9,6 1 .1.... I. .I~0 .....I..1..… ….I.......... ..... I..I......I......a! ..." 13-60 and Over 13 I 65 1 75 I 70 I 69 I 70 I 74 468 70 I 85 I 94 I 743 13-= 60 and Over I 8,7 I 10,1 I 9,4 S 9,3 2 9,4 1 9,9 i 9,1 I 9,9 I 1.1,4 1 12,7 I 21,6 I 19,1 1 21,9 I 20,4 I 20,1 1 20,4 1 21,3 i 19,7 I 21,4 I 24,b 1 27,0 I ~~. -@-I .I.----I .!..._-Ir wYp!..1--. COLUmN 340 304 344 344 344 34S 344 344 344 348 3439 TOTAL 9,9 10,0 10.0 ;0,0 10,0 100 10.0 10.0 I10io 10.1 100.0 o;oot L0ot 20 0 01 t'Ot tOt 9S S' 'Ilyo .AO pue 09 C T 0!6Z fIC OOi 69? o t o26 S62 96? Le? 092 Nwn10 I to ..... .... .... .... .... ... 0I---X-a----X^--- -^Z^S ---^o^b---S I ,'22z I 2'Z2 I 661 I S61 t 'LI I tZLt I £'st I 9'91 I 0'61 t 591 t 1'61 I s'et I b't t O t 6 t 9'9 I 9'6 I 6f6 I .'e I Z'9 I 6S-SS = Z95 1 OL 1 t9, I 09 I 9S r Is I Os I ?IS I 9s I Ss 9, I El I 6'0T I LL tib£ I 1'01 t s'O I Z11 I t'lT S S' I ZZI I e'ol I AOt I 6O0 I t'S I 9'21 I 206 t 96 1 Elot I 9'01 I 0'6 t I'll I 2'6 I 7S-OS = TT Sit I DE 1 22 t 0of t 62 if I 2E I CC I 92 I SE I 62 I tt I . . . .I . ... I...... .eI... ......I.. . .… ….. . .M l. .. . . . . . . .sa.a I 9'21 I L'Z1 t 5I21 t C1 i I Oi' I 9'LI I 6'SI I S'61 I °'b1l I L't I O'St I Z6 I ,,9 I 909 I 9's t o'6 1 '11 I *'01 I E'C1 I Z'6 f'tt I 67-S7 = 01 .C, I 0 I Li 9 t S 9 i o£ I lS t It t O9S I 0ofS I Os I 0t J. . . .I… ….1 … ed~~~~~~~… …I … .1. .~~~I 1…i. ...Ma ....1 t 091 I alit I Otil I S'eT ? O'Et I CE'I I 6'11 I ZS I "'oi I L'ot I 2'0Ot I s'21 1 2'9 I 9'6 1 0o001 t t'o I Z6 o ft9 I 6o01 I t '6 I S'21 I =t-01 6 Lvb I 25 1 of I Oft t Z ? Of t 9 I S I SE I Sti I 9E 1 ZS I 6 I Zot I flit I C'Ol I Sbti s S'Z I 2'etl I S'£t I 6'b1 I L'91 I Sail I 8tt I O't t S'6 I 9'L I 9'00 0 t6 I l'Ot t 6'6 t O'lt I 9a11 I '6 I 61-SE = 8 100 It bIl t C tI t£ I It I Si I to t Oft I 1)v I 9ft I 9C I 9 I..... ....a .....1e I....………....I... .. l ....ee.... a I I'l T s't1 I 011 9'6 t I Z'6 t O I 9'E9 * 9o9 I 6e9 I 1,0ol I toot01 Os6 T 211 T S1 I O' i Slit I LI I 9'21 I b'9 I tb'9 I s'6 I E-0C = ! SOC I LZ T t£i I SE t 92 t SC I £2 I RE t 9Z I 92 T 6Z t S I I',, I w,05 I 'S t 2'6 t 0'6 L't t I Lg9 I 0'7 I 9'b I h'hb t 09g I O'S I I21 I ' I 0St i o'st I O't I I'll I 9'9 T tI I I L I 6Z-SZ = 9 51 I t I t12 I Li I £2 I LZ I o1 t 02 I 21 I DtI I tel I 9 I......CCT.....-....---s-----1…--- ....... I........ I........ I.......&I-.......I........J I C' T b1'2 9'2 t S'T i La I 9go I VI I Lo I 9' I o I "'t I 12 I 091 t1 9'02 t 1OI oi S'ZI I S'Zt I £'9 I s'2z I Z'b I 0 I Z-o =S lb t I I S 1 6 tI 0 S I S I C t I I Z T o I S 10 I Q T O I O tO I S' 0 0 t O t O t o t O' I 0 I T 0 1 0 1 0 I O0i I 0 I 0 1 0 I O I II61-S = t t O ITO I O 0 t 0 1It IC O tO t O 1To IT t----.---t-.- T.---………… ……-……------T-------- .......------ -------- To t01 Ot I1 I9 IL ?t S I S T1 11 t T MLOL lanrrpuadxa eitdua laa T0 alTroa3 I 1d ,03 dno-L ayV MO~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ILo~d m4ob I lNn03 2dXj3ud (sPVaH,8TEWssFajV uuq4ln) OL-696T 'acIOHaSnIOH aHI AO a0ID3Q 3ad A2 SafOII3SflOH AO SUVaH aO NOLLlIHIsIa asV :VNNI IUS E V a1qe, OOOt q9 a'too 't toot e8ot 0o' Zell 0'2t TO SOS Sf SS bb? SS iS Ss 6t7 Sb' 9S 19 NwnlOo 2 £'89 2 SO L b'tf 2£'ZI E. C l I s9't I 1t- I t'Z£ I oC I o'tr I 60SE 2 Z It I £'tl I SL I t'9 i fZt I f11 I S'9 I 0'8 I £'1I 1 i II I PUL' 09 = ET 18t I be I I I I I it i 2Z I IZ I Si I ST 2 1t 1 61 1 Slivt- T I.... I ......I.....….... I.....A ... ….I …..Wa .. ..14 ..o I !t I s'Zt I S6LZ I list to'OZ 2 t7'b I S'o0 I I'S 1 1'6 I 6'6 1 ?tl I S'£ I b'6 I S'91 I 9'Li 1t 'ol I t'o I t'S I '' t t'L 1 2'9 1 65-SS tl I f I L I Z1 I it t 01 I S I S I s I s I 1 9 I Zl Ift .......I.. .....I....... I........ ^* ---I------- I . .. .*I ...... loo---....-&..I ........ 2 Z'21 I S'21 I S'Li I 2'6 1 9501 I 9'1 I LOot I 6'Z I 56t1 I 'Zt I S66 t got 1 021 I 6'S 1 6'I 9 'I9 I fg IS fSp I I, I SI I s I I S 1 6 I bI 1 9 £ I tt T 2 60' I 'PL 1 986 1 6'01 i't ! 9'SI I S'St 1 9'0Z I Z'st I E.'tl I 6't1 I OZ I I'IA I t'9 I s'9 t 9'6 I Z'Z1 I Z'ZT I f'E I1- 2'l 1 9'6 1 67-SI = O O I I 16 Ii b 19 9 7 1 6 1 6 16 1O I t 1 I Ot I 6' 1 9' I O'S I S'Zt i O'S I 6'oI I Sl0 1 I '1 I 9' 1 L21 I I4 16 I r'£ 2 f'6 I 9'S I 9 '1 t 9'S I 0'1 1 t I It I t'l I I'6 I t 91 17tt0 = 6 9o 1 2 I 9I I! I E9 I 9 I S I S 19 1 T ''a I i't 1 6'£ I £'0Z , i£' I 9'L I S'£ I E'tI I 9'0t I S'S I 2'9 a I 6O 9'S 1 9' 1 O'Sg t 9I s I 9'6 I 9'£ I S'11 I Sft I Z't I 6S= bb 2 1 I I a Z I tt i 2 I 1 2 I S 1 9 16 9 I……------I..-----1..-------I….----.y …I.......I.........a.s!. … I 0 I 91 I 6'S I 9'1 E - I I'£ I E'S I 0 I S't, 1 9's I Lot I 0 1 S'0 I 9'fl I S'b :. L'22 I 1'o I 9' t I 0 1 9'Ci 1 2'9t eg-08 = I 61 10 I I C I I it I Z I i I IO E I £ I S I....I.. ....I.....I.. .I...… ..... I....mt... al"..A..........I I 0 I t P I 0 I 9't i of'£ I I'£ I 9't I 0 I s' t I o's I L't 1 0 I a1 I0 I *'9 t 5'Z1 I S'Zt I E'9 1 0 I 'g9 I ' t I 6Z-Z = 9 bt I 0 I 2 1 0 11 i I z Z I I I 0 1 f I b 1 9 I 0 1 9't 1 0 1 0 tl I 0 I 9't 1 0 I S t I0 I I 0 1 O0SZ I 0 1 0 02 O'SZ I 0O' S I 10 I O'SZ 1 0 I vZ-OZ *.S 1 .0 1 I0 I I 0 1 1 1 0 I I 1 0 I S I 0 10 I 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 10 l b ", I I 0 I Q I 0 1 0 i 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 -I 0'00 1 61-T . t I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 I f I ...a-a.~~~…………-!. .I .. I… ….1. .I… …~~~0.1….... . . I 01 I I 9 9 I 5 1 E, I C 2 I I MO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~I iOd 103 M08 ~~~~~ainaTpuadxg vjTdv0 laaj Jo aTTDOG i 13d MONdoD 2 I 5Nn03 CdX383d (speaH a smad !syaV ueqan) OL-6961 'cflOH3SflOH 3HHL O 'IDaa aDa k 'SQr1flH3SflOH 90 STV-H aO NOULLIISIG aDV :V>M DdS * V aI qTl,j, Table A.3 SRI LANKA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969-70 (Al' (Rural Areas; All Heads) pCREXPS COUNT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW ROW PCT I TOTAL Age Group COL PCT I s t I I 1! 2 ! 31 4 I 51 I1 71 8I 9 10I *--@---tI..----I.w..---IV .... . ....... w--I........ I...... " ------- ----I....... --I-.. .. ->- 4=15-94!I 4 SI 0 1 0 ! 0! 0 i 0 1 0 1 4 4 5 12 4 = 15-19 .I 33,3 1 0 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 ' 0 I o I 33,3 I 33,3 I ,1 I ,3 1 0 S3 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 I .3 I ,3 I w~~I..---I-.---.--I… …---I……---- e e---.lr… …- !..----I..--- - ..----- 5 I 4 4 16 I 49 1 41 I ' 29 29 ! 33 I 37 I 54 2 Z97 5 = 20-24 I 1,4 1 1.4 I 5,6 I 16,7 1 13,9 1 9,7 9,7 I tll, 'I 12,5 I 16.1 I 2,0 I ,3 1 ,3 1 1,1 I 3,3 I 2,7 I 1,9 i 1,9 I 2,2 I 2,s 1 3,6 I SI..fw ...I...... …-.. ........ I--------…I-------…-… .....I........I........ I..-… ….I 6 I 87 I 58 I 66 I 78 I 95 I 115 i 95 I 87 I 78 1 140 1 899 6 = 25-29 1 9,6 I 6,4 1 7,3 I 8,7 I 10,6 I 12.8 ' 10.6 I 9,6 1 8,7 I 15.6 I 6,0' I 5,8 I 3,8 I 4,4 I 5,2 I 6,3 I 7.7 Y 6,3 I 5,8 I 5,2 I 9,3 I ......... …I.........I--------…I........I........ .. ..--------I…-------I...----e 7 I 115 1 148 I 103 I 148 1 107 1 140 1 153 I 120 1 173 1 128 I 1336 7 = 30-34 I 8,6 'I 1,il I 7,7 1 11,1 1 8,0 I 10,5 £ 11,4 I 9,0 I 13,0 I 9,6 I 8,9 I 7,7 I 9,9 I 6,8 I 9 I 7,1 I 9,3 i 10,1 I 7,9 I 11,5 I 8,5 I al....... .-I........I…......I---.---.I........I… …....… ……ir-----.5--II....... I.. -w-...I a I 264 I 186 I 256 I 181 I 194 I 190 i 169 I 144 I 210 I 194 I 1987 8 = 35-39 I 13,3 I 9,3 I 12,9 I 9,1 I 9,8 I 9,5 i 8,5 I 7,3 I 10,8 I 9,8 I 13,2 1 17,5 I t2,3 I 17,0 I 12,1 I 12,9 I 12,6 1 11,2 I 9,6 I 14,0 I 12,8 I wI-.wb----I-w------I--------I----J-- .......-I........ -------- I-------- I-------- I-w-------II 9 5 260 1 214 I 194 T 210 1 177 I 173 i 144 I 194 I 128 1 95 I 1769 i 9 = 40-44 1 14,5 1 12,0 1 10,8 S 11,8 I 9,9 1 9,7 i 8,1 1 10,8 I 7,1 I 5,3 I 11.9 ' 1 17,3 1 14,2 I 12,9 I 14,0 I 11,8 I 11,5 1 9,6 I 12,9 1 8,s I 6,3 1 WI ..... ...5…….… …1… … I--…-----… .....…. I. .. I....... .I.. .. --..S 10 1 313 1 330 1 239 1 210 1 161 I 206 i 169 I 177 I 157 I 198 I 2160 10 = 45-49 1 14,5 1 15,3 1 11,1 1 9,7 1 7,4 I 9,5 s 7,8 I 8,2 1 7,3 I 9,2 I 1i4,I I 20,8 1 21,9 1 15,9 I 14,0 1 10,7 1 13,7 i 11,2 1 11,8 1 10,4 1 13,1 I 11 = 50-54 11 I 132 I 161 I 161 1 157 I 16S I 169 1 198 1 169 I 169 I 99 I 1579 1 8,4 1 10,2 1 10,2 I 9,9 1 10,4 I 10,7 1 12,5 1 10,7 I 10,7 I 6,3 I 10,5 I 8*8 1 10,7 1 10,7 I 10,4 I 11,0 I 11,2 i 13,2 I 11,2 I 11, I 6,6 1 al .....- -I.-------- I -------- I-------- I --------I---I--------I----I 12 = 55 12 I 91 I 124 I 181 I 173 I 173 I 173 1 115 I 173 I 153 5 210 I 1567 -59 I 5,8 I 7,9 1 11,6 I 11,1 I 11.1 I 11,1 1 7,4 I 11.1 I 9,7 I 13,4 I 10,4 I 6,0 I 8,2 I 12,1 I 11,5 I 11,5 I 11, 7,7 5 11,5 I 10,1 I 13,9 I 13 = 60 and Over 13 I 235 I 280 ' 289 1 297 I 392 I 313 1 433 I 408 I 396 I 388 I 3430 n 6,9 I 8,2 I 8,4 I 8,7 I 11,4 I 9,1 X 12,6 I 11,9 I 11,5 1 11,3 I 22,8 I 15,6 I 18,6 I 19,2 I 19,7 S 26,0 I 20,8 4 28,8 1 27,1 I 26,3 S 25,7 I 5 1,we..qI-ew-I ....le . .....I5p.....I........5 … 5 .…yISIF....ewwSw ------…-.….-y5 ..5 e COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 is057 TOTAL 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0. 10,0 10,0 100,0 o'0oot 0'0o 0T !6 foo t t0ot o'01t t'ot o0: S'6 9'6 a ftfft gets 617St LOCI 59tt1 S8£t 9££ hb£T 1 1 ZSt 99ggZ titst Nwioz la .....01 .....a.........I?...…. &…le. ….. a...A 4.. 1 0'£Z I L'E I 6'SZ I L'9Z t 9'61 t t2 I 'Ls I 0'91 I 6'51 I t'St I .S'tz I 9'01 I i'lt I 9'Tt t 0£1 t 5'6 t "t'I I 9'9 I £'9 I 6'S I 6'9 t 1;AO puP 09 = CT S99Z S SOf I L£I I 9gf I 16f t 2LZ I 9Zf I Ise I 6!1 I LZ2 I 961 I ft . . .. .... .... ..:. ...I......….…… .… I… AI...01.... ...I..... ..a.aI I t0T I 9'6 1 b,'01 I 6L t 9'11 yl I I t I O'oi I S'1.1 I S'S I 0'9 I It0t I S'£1 I Q'6 I Z'01 I 0'9 t ozl Ity b'I I 9'0t I 1"11 I I' I 9's I 6-S =Z Obt1 I 19 I tis 1 9!1 I LOI I 191 I £t1 I £5111 I £SI I S6 I 9L I 11 I^------l------l------I-^----.4 .. ... ... ...I------- &I........I'----- 'I'--'........ I 9'9 I -zo'1 I b'01 I 9gl1 t. 9'1i I I'll I L'01 I I'll I 1'01 1 06 I f'01 I 949 I 6'6 I 66 I 011 t 011 I 9'01 I So0t I 9'01 I '6 I 0'6 I '7&-0 = IT LL£t I t6 t 991 I 9£SI 19 t 191 l t Igtl I tot I 9R1 1 921 I v?l I tt I 1t'1 I s'o1 I 9'Z 2 911 t '11Z I S'01 1 1,t I S'SI I S,?? I l'02 1 lff1 I S'9 I b S I L'9 I S'9 t '6 1 9'L I 0'Oi s 601 O'S1 I 1'n1 I 68-S' = 01 L691 I 191 I 0"I I S91 I 191 t Ui I tini I 061 1 90z I b9Z I S9z I 01 1~~~~ ... l.... I------ -I........ I......... ta.......I-------- I........ I........ I........I........la I tg I l'6 I gait I 9'6 7 11 I t10I I t'n1 I 9'£1 I 1,'1 1 6'91 I b'Zt I S'S I S'S I 0'01 I 0'9 t a'6 I L'6 I 0'21 I 011 I 0'11 I 0'SI I 77-0t = 6 fS9t I 16 I n11t I Lit I i t 1 191 1 191 1 961 I 191. I 1I I i17 I 6 I........ I........ I........I--------t- --------I-------- I........ I........ I........ I- O.A.-Im I 0obt I l'St I 9S6 I I'tt l'£1 I Z'1h1 I o'z I 0L I 01'1 I oIlI I 9'!I I 2'o01 t b'l I 0's I 1,9 0'0t I s'0t I 6o' I S'zl I 6'9 I s'zt I ft9t1 I 991 I 90s I 91 1 £51 t 191 I1 061 I 191 I 5ZZ I 191 I £ZZ I 9 I........I........I--------……I..;:;----....I....... . I …......…-…-------I-.......I.......In I I f 01 I 9'9 I 9'0 1 1'01 I S'9 1 101 I 11i I I Z,'oI l's I 0'6 I f'6 I !'1t I !'6 I 9'tt t jitl I 0's I o'li I 0'9 I 'o01 9I I 9C-0I = £ tbZ1 I Sit 1 s91 I SII I of) I O11t I 59 I 91i I 66 I 2!? I tot I L I....I....I........----l-----I....... ...... *.I ........I-------- I........ I........ I....... 0 1 9'01 I R'S I £'9 I 669 LIZ I s's I S'S I 9'b I Z'n I O'b I £'9 I 091 t t'6 I 9'6 1 Z I£ I 'L ' I b I9 I Iga I V19 I n's i I 9 th9 I 01b1 I q£ I Z9 I S6 t 'Lo I £9 I h1 I Z9 1 b7S I 29 I 9 I 0'b I 9I? .i 21 I V' I "If I 2 I h'£ I ZI I I = I'l I b'61t I h t1 b'01 2 S' I 0'6 I 6'b1 I b'91 I 0 9 I S't I S 1 I 9L I bS I LE I 6Z I I 2 52 S t l I So I 91 1 Ib IS I El I V' I 0 1 0 t0 1 0 1 0 I 0 10 10 I ' I 0'0S I o'0S I 0 I 0 t 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 6T-ST =7 9 t h IIb 1 0 1 0 10 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 o I-.... I ........ I...... A-I--------t---------- I......I...... ....- a...-- --I...Z'I^-^- I Ot I b t 9 I L 9 I S I bt I f tZ I I 0v 1I1 I IId 10 dnojD aB7v "08O1 1anVTpuadxa erdej 'aa Jo al8o1 a- I L2d mo I iNnOf (Sp88H a8Te :s8azy Ieln) 9dXh3dd OL-6961 'crIOH3SnOH 3HI 30 aMOM aDd A 'SQ'lOHISnOH JO SaVaH 3O NOI1MIISIQ aDv :VNV'I INS 0'001 b'Ot S'O £'tt 0'9 1'L L'6 Z'o6 66' l 'tt tel ,YLoL t)ftI I 9lt ss9 961 Oit f2t 691 19t EL1 h6£2 061 Nwnlo3 Ko- a --S--…--S-- …---S----- .'.*-- S.K.-K............&...a .. I S'Sb I S'Lb I bI'S£ t i'6 7 '£f. I 0'6( I Z'sZ S 9'92 I 1'22 S 1t61 K 02 S 9'I7t I o'fl I a'et I 'L i'S t L'1 t oS *K e9Q9 I S'o. S 9 9 I S95 t Z9 I 9e I 05t t 1T ? I S 99 S Sb K 617 K s7a I t( I £1 E AO PUe 09 = CT I--E------- ...... t...... t..... t. ......I........I........ -----X-*- &I ......jft .. *IS b oSs K S821 t L'91 I 'S ?. 001 K 2'21 I 6T I L09; I K '2T I ,ta' K O'fl I 'z2 K 1'6 I f'1t I 9'£ t s'S K 1'6 t 1'21 t 5ZI I 5zl I S's I LZ K 6z2 K 12 K r tI 9 t et I 12 K 602 62 1 6I I i I et 6 = ZT K S'1 I 0'02 T 1'91 I SV92 ? 09 K 9'6 K L'L I 1'tS K 9'f I s 1 ' I 9'11 I vv K ('191 K ('91 I 191 I I'a7 I 2'9 K to9 I 1'9 K f'sl I 1't I 202 K 9 K ff K Et I Sr t 8 S 91 K zt I ?t I ££ I K I 11 PS-0S = IT - I........... K....I.... ……- … …K… … ................-------- I........ .I. ..I. s s'o2 I QO0t K S'9 6o'S .i ('(2 K 9' K 9I'21 K 061 I 0'61 I l'i2 K I'St I 1'g,I I f9 t Let? K I £ 6o'O t 0 K '9 K 9'L I slat I z'jl I z'5l K b92 1 !Lf I 91 I ?1 K 9 62 K 91 K 1z I if I sa K Sn I Qs 60-S1 = 01 I...K..K.…IK…….. aI........I... ...... I........-I.....K. .K… K-.K I.&…..... I - -6- ... ----- K ['2 K s'e I f9 I K '9 t o'01 K 9'6 K L K I 1'S I e'ri K ",' I 9' I OK t I oK I l'Kz I l'6 K l'h K 1 6 K I b I 2'b,2 1 l'b K 9£1 I b I b 1 91 K 21 et et 91 K 21 K 21 K it K 21 K 6 IOV-0V 6 K--------KI........I....... I................I........I......K o...…....…I---- I S'Ib I S'z I £'9 1 9'1t i t'9 I a'e K 9'21 I l91 KI '01 I f'12 K 6'6 1 K e I I'Z K S'6 I S'o t 9' K a'2 1 6'11 1 '91 I t'ol I 9'2 IK fLI I 9 I t K 91 K 91 9 I K17 12 K 6I 2 1 52 I f I K I---- &--- I........ I........ I-*---.... --------- I....... o, ..... '-........I---- ..... &--'Is I 9'9 K o'S I t'2 1 6'S t 0 I 2'21 I'L I 7'Z I 0'9 I t'a I bt'S I Ol't I K 'I K f('1 I t9 T o K L'12 K 0' I iK't I 17'1l I L'e K So K 2l I 9 K1a 1 9 t o I Iz I 21 KI a 1 91 K I - I---- 4..I.... ------I ----- ...... to ....... --- I........--- I........---o6* I 0 K o K to' I 0 L o9 K 6ba 1 9'2 K a'z I S'1 K 9'z2 K t't K 0 K 0 K t'S K 0 t o'ol I 'ao I I 1 '' I KIL I o K 6'2a17 K eS 0 K 0 K b I O K 19 K a I K I a1 K ft I sz K 9 K… ...…K… …I… …K. ..1… ..--.……….…I ... .......I....... &I ...... I 0 K Q I 1'2 I 6'S i (Sr I O 1 9'2 1 0 K 0 I o I 2'I I 0 K Q I O'OZ I 0 OD OOZO I O 0 0'02 0O I 0 z-OZ = t2 I 0 I 0 K b K 9 I D . K O I I K 1 o I S IO I 0 K 0 I0 0 K 0 K 0 10 1 I 1'2 K is I 0 K 0 K 0 K 0 10 K 0 K 0 K 0 K 0 K 0'00t K ft K 0 IO K 0 0 K K I 0 10 0 117 I b 6T-ST = v I--------I--------I---------a.... ... I...............I.. .....……K…….... I.. - I.. 1 of I o I 9 I 1 Y9 K S I ft I £ I I I ,TLOL ajn3Tpuadxa eu1deD Ia Lod 10a I 9d ,2V I dNnod SdX382d (SPV9H TLema, !Ssal'V Tveln) OL-6961 'a-OHHSflOH 3HI AO XIID3a U3Dd A) 'ScfaOHasnoH Jo SavaH aO NolngIfiltsIa 30v :AM IJUS £-V aTqeL o0OOt ZoI . o01 016 o0' 0 IoOI :0101 ol 9oo.' 1Ao O l LtiZ ISE LIP 9f,, Lo? 02 1t.2 9S?Z Lo? Lv It Nwnl0n 1 0'9 t t'Z1 I 1" t I,t s'st t 9'Z1 t 06t1 I 1'2t I lSt t Z'o1 I bZtt I S 'L I 9'0 I b't1 1 60 i 9'21 I eZol' I bel1 9'6 I 9'01 t t'ag I 1A0 pue 09 = £1 p 90f 1 2Z 1 Of I S! I sZ tb! II! ISE IC! I 2! 1S2 I !1 6o... .... I--------I........ ---47"------ I------- I ------4^-I---------I----^---I----I I 6O'l I 1'01 I 9'01 1 9'O i 5'6 I 9'11 2 5 L I O'6 I 0'9 I 21'1 I '01 2 9Q'I I 6'6 S £'01 I £'01 t a'6 I '11 I L I b9 I 6'1 I 91 I 65-S = ZT t 2SZ I St I 52 I 92 2 I1 be 1 62 I 61 I 2 I OZ I Le I El f o.... IF -I........ I........ I....... ......-I...... -I...... Mal------@--I--------I---- I ,'L 1 I I 9'11 I l1 I 1'11 91t I S96 I s*01 I O0l I 016 2I6 6o I t 9 9L I Zt I 1'11 2'1 7 011 I 96 1 001 I 001 06 1 166 I70O = IT S S'6 I 61 1 12 1 62 1 1b62 1 I 92 I 92 I 22 I 22 1 11 z I........ I........I........I.......…T-......I… …I--------…I.......I........I......1. I V'91 I 9'n1 I 1'21 I 1'21 f 1i'1 I 1161 I S'12 1 1'21 I 9'q1 I 17½' I 9'1I ol SOtI 2'6 I q' I 9e i r6 I 1'Z I 0£1 I 9'i I S'ol I sal I . 67-S7 = 01 *06! I In7 I 9! I 0£ I 0! t it I Ln I is I 0£ I 117 1 Sn I 01 I 6'9 t s'6 I 9'S I I'll t 9'£1 I 9'L I S'S I 1T91 I 1,1, I 16'11 I ?2i1 I 9'S I O'I I 0'I I 1'6 T I'll I ty I7',71I 2z9 I 2,,1 I S'l; I oIDT I 7 6 Z0! I Li I 2n I I LooI L6 I 0n la ..... 0.I---"-----I........ I....... oF------I........ I...... Mal ... ... el ...... . I........ l I 6oel t I t1 1 1T'bl I 9'£1 i 9'01 I 1'21 I S'91 I 9'L1 I 9'0Z I bl S t,6I I ggt I 9'9 I Sq'L I S'6 I 2'6 I'L I l' I 2' I 6'11 I 6'£1 I 6'21 I 99S I 2! I L2 I SE I n£ 92 I O I 1t I ED I IS I Lo I 9 I......I.....I...... … .....I.....Al ......J.... ...... I.-... a1e- I t'91 I 1'ft I I't1 t 1'51 t I'11 o 1'01 t S'I I 9'11 I 9'01 I 26 I= Do?1 I £1 !t I 1'9 " I£'6I I '21al 69 I 1 g I 166 I 5'0a I Sas I S z09 I 90S I 1 n t 2! 1 ST 1 I1. I tLe I Sz I 62 I tit I 92 I o0 I L I . . ..I ........ * --- I........ I....... - i.........I....... Al ........ ^-- --- - -I------- I 6'21 t 1.9 I I 1 t I I 911 i S'b I 061L I 0'6 I o'. I 0'9 I I'S I 6Z-SZ = 9 Lob I bCl I 9:91 I fal1 I 61t1 T 1'6 I 2' I !'6 I 2'S I 2's 1 2'S I 1tZ I 2! I stn I 1. I 6Z T nZ I 11 I 22 I I s I zl 1 9 I sao I o'£ I S'£ I o'n7 O l' I So I O'z I 0' I o'12 I ' I Z-oz q*Z I 9 It I a'l1 I £11 I 1'SI i* 9'11 I 02 I 9' I S'S I 9'S I 6'! I S9 I 11 I 1 1 6 1 01 t . I I I 5 I S I S I 2 I S I O I oI O 10 1°0 . ' 0I I I0 I 10 10 o 1 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 t o'001 I 0 I 0 I I 0 I o I 6T-ST =7 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t I 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 o I I I 01 t & t 9 I L i9 I S I 17 1 £ I 2 I 1 Ini ~ lrAOX~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ . I s Ld 103 Tn-o 1- -a-V- 140H a mnlTpuadxa elTdeD aacd 30 aITT0a I OZd M04 I INnO3 SdX3d3d .(spugH llv !1Ol35S ZUqmS3) OL-6961 'cnoHaSnlOH aHl ao a3Iioaa aDd AX 'sarOH3SflOH aO S HV3 -JO NOIJlMIaSIG SSV :VXM I'dS £ V 91qel Table A.3 SRI LANKA: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, 1969-70 (Estate Sector; Male Heads) PCREXP3 COUNT I Age Group COL PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure TOTAL I 1!I 2 1 31 4I 5 1 6 1 7! 8 I 9I 10 *,--.---I.w*-w--I-.....-I.-..... . .......-I-----I........ ir .......-------- -------- I--------I 4 = 15-19 5 I I 4 4 I 4 I a I h I & 1 9 I . 7 1 6 I 10 I Si 1 2,4 I I,l I 7,1 I 7,1 I 2,4 I 11,9 T 1b,7 I 14,3 I 11,9 I 19,0 1 2.3 I ,6 I 1.7 1 1,7 I 1,b I ,b I 2,8 1 3,9 I 3,3 I 2,8 I 4,3 S 5=20-24 6 I 7 I 10 I Is I 21 I 17 I 22 i 27 I 27 I 4e I 31 I 221 5. = 20-24 1 3.4 I 4,5 1 b,7 I 9,6 I 7,9 I 10,1 1 12,4 1 12,4 I 19,1 I 14,0 S 9,9 I 3,4 1 4,5 I 6,7 I 9,0 I 7,7 I 10,2 ' 12,2 I 12,2 I 19,3 I 13,3 I - I..---I-.--I.. .-… …I..---I… …---I …---t1----I… I……---.1. .-- I.---.I 6=25-29 7 I 17 1 26 I 32 I 29 I 25 I 271 36 I 34 1 29 I 40 I 290 6 = 25_29 I 5,9 I 8,9 I 11,0 I 9,7 I 8,4 I 9,3 i 12,2 I 11,4 I 9,7 I 13,5 1 13,1 I 8,0 I 11,8 I 14,4 I 12.2 1 11,0 1 12,4 Y 16,0 I 15.0 I 13,1 I 17,0 1 .I.... I....I........ I-------- IV ........-----I ------ iV,------- I-------- I-------- I-------- ..-.I '1 42 I 50 I 41 I 41 I 30 I 25 i 34 I 34 I 24 I 32 I 351 '= 30-34 I 12,0 I 14,1 I 11.7 I 11,7 I 8,5 I 7,1 9s,s 1 9,5 I 6,7 1 9,2 I 15,7 I 19,3 I 22,5 I 18,3 I 17,5 I 13,3 1 11,3 i 14,9 I 15,0 I 10,8 1 13,8 I 8 = 35-39 9 I 38 I 30 1 38 1 17 I a1 1 30 i 21 1 21 1 21 I 15 I 273 I 1'J1 I 10,9 I 14,1 1 6,4 I 15,0 I 101,9 i 77 I 7,7 I 7,7 1 5,5 I 12.2 I 17,6 I 13,5 I 17,2 I 7,4 I 18,2 1 13,b 1 9,4 1 9,4 I 9,7 I 6,4 I VI ........I,.-*.....… ……......I. .......…I........I........i--......I........II…... . ...1 9 = 40-44 10 I 41 I 37 1 26 I 47 I 42 I 34 i 27 1 2s 1 31 1 37 1 34 1 11,8 I 10,7 I 7.5 I 13,6 I 12,1 I 9,6 ' 7,9 1 7,1 I 8,9 I 10,7 1 15,S I 18,8 I 16,9 I 11,7 I 20.1 I 18,8 I 15,3 i 12,2 I 11,1 I 14,2 I 16,0 I &I. ..... I-------- r ……------I---.....I--------…I................I........I........I… ….....-I 1.0 = 45-49 11 I 22 I 19 I 24 1 24 I 19 I 24 24 I 22 I 19 I 19 1 214 I 10,5 I 8,7 I 11,0 I 11,0 I 8,7 I 11,0 1 11,0 I 10,5 I 8,1 I 8,7 1 9,5 I 10,2 I 8,4 I 10,6 I 10,1 : 8,3 1 10,7 1 10,5 I 10.0 I 8,5 1 8,o I 1 .. . I … I……..… ……--- ----- … … … …W ---- I… ….… I I......*I ll1= 50-54 12 I 26 I. 20 I I? I 19 I 22 I 19 i 20 I 22 I 24 I 29 1 217 I 12,0 I 9,1 I 8,0 I 8,6 1 10,3 I 8,6 i 9,1 I 10,3 I 10,9 I 13,1 I 9,7 I 11,9 I 9,0 I 7,8 I 1,9 I 9,9 ' 8,5 i 8,8 I 10,0 I 10,8 I 12,2 I ml ........ I........ I........IV-------I" .......I...... -wi...... -I.... ----I.... ----I........-I 12 = 55-59 13 1 22 I 26 1 26 1 34 I 27 I 34 X 27 1 31 I 24 1 21 I 272 I 8,2 1 9,6 I 9,6 I 12,3 I 10,0 I 12,3 3 10,0 I 11,4 I 8,7 S 7,8 1 12,1 1 10,2 S 11,8 I 11,7 S 14,3 I 12,2 S 15,3 1 12,2 1 13,9 1 10,8 S 9,0 I 60 Snd Oer COLUN..... …-- Iw…------ I.......j.W.... .....WI.;. I .- . e 13 = 60 and Over COLUMN 219 221 224 235 225 220 225 224 219 233 2243 TOTAL 9,7 9,9 1O,0 10t5 10,0 9,8 10,0 10,0 9,7 10,4 100,0 lo'Ots 99L seat 9'* 9'6 o'Zt '*1 0'9 tool t'tt 6'ol vlvol 6Z It 6? Er ZZ L2 Z 171 17 92 SZ NwlnO: ..... I......12 - ......1.~0 .... ..a.60 ........ 1......dm..hI I'L I q t 'lz I L' I O t z'sl I Lt I t I os I 9'511s£e- I 0o'ot I Ool I L'£L I s'9T I t'it I o I t 'ltt I £Le *1 I1 It I s91 I 17 L I IAo pUB 09 w ET o, I I I 9 I b I o 1s I b I I I v I 9 I Z I t1 I O'SI I ['7 I 0'st I 9'Lz I 29 I o6L2 I 0 I 11t I 0 I O'S I Z'St I O'l1 19' I tol S I 6 i ['171 I 6'LI I 0 I s6f71 I 0 I 9 6- - Zl S£1 I Y I s Ib 1 9 t 9 t 9 I o I s I0 I I I 0 I 09 I OIL? I L91 t 291 I Z'2z I 2'si I s'ot I f'oo I o t 96!t 0 I 0'9 1 ooz I 0oZ I 0'91 I 0'91 I 0'9 I 0'9 I o'zT I o I tf I o I z I9 17 t 1 t s. I S I o I tl I0 Iis I betZ I 'L1t I Z'z 1 1 I I 9'£t I 2'?Z I S'Sb I 9s1 I [t17l I 0'51 I Se'st 1 'g I ai'1 I 9611 I 'S t b8 I 9'11 I L'*t I '9 I 9'9 I 9'9 I 67-SV - OT 2b l b I C I S I Z ,17 I S I 9 I 1 .1 b I b I os ......I......I......I..... 1… …I........"1…I.....&I....A ..a..I.. ...l I £1o1 I 09 I 0 1 9'12 t 9[£1 I 'll I 1T6 I £'S I 0'61 I O'SI I S*Zt 1 i' I I9 I I 0 I 'Z 0'£1 I L'8 I [El I [It I "'LI I o'rt I tti08 = 6 62 I Z I 0 1 9 t I II I I I S I 16 I.....I......I......I.….....A.......1………I…...f-z…….....I.....3 I 0 I o'[l I 9's I 0 i S,ba I 0 I 0 I So1 I 8's, I o'oz I s'9 I 0 1 o'sz I £'9 I 0 S 19 I 0 0 I o91 I ' 1£9 I f'£ I SI I T I o II I I0 I I o0 10 1Z I . I s I S 1".....I....-I……....I...... ....I..... I…...&a'1......'AI… …..&I…... -l I t1' I O'1f I9 9'S S 95 0 I 0 I 0 I i'S I 0 I O'O0 I 1b I 1 ast I 1i6 I 1 t I tI't I o I 0 I 0 I zI'z I 0. I L 1 It I I I b I I II to I O 10 1 1 . I 0 I 2 I A I t'L I L'9 I 0 I 9S I so" I V6 I S'Ot t 0661 1 0ooz I tee I £'9 I S'Zt I 0 I ['9 ,t 9 I o I [69 I S'2t I o'sZ I oasZ I 6Z SZ 9 t I 12 10 I t TI I 0 I T 1 2 I S IS I 9 I 1't I £'b I 9'S 1 9'5 t, 5 I7 I 0 I 1' I £'5 1 9' I o's I 681 I i'tt I I" 1I I 11I " IP11 7 Il"i I O I P"t I I'tt I I'll I I'll I VZ-OZ = 11 I S I I Its I z i I I 0 II I 11 I I I S I O T o 1 O I O I S'b 1 o I0 10 o I 1 I I 0 I 0 1 O 0 1 0 o I o I 0 I 0 I o I I 1 1 0 10 10- 1 0 71 10 00 3I 0 10 6I- I I...al.a..I .da … I I....&I .a… ....aI.6fl I 0t 1 I I i 9 I S I 0 I £ I 2 II I t0llol aln;}pU@dI Ltd 10 dnoaj agv. I INnO3 SdX38od (SPeaH alTea[ !aOlOaS aieasa). OL-6961 'alOHMsnOH HHI ao aIiDaa aDa xe ScaOH3SflOH ao SUvaH aO NOllflgDILSIa asv :VINV INS C V al qej - 19 - Table A.4 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND SEX, 1969-70 COUNT All Island ROW PCT ROW SEX COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL Males 1 7605 7324 6700 6697 6511 5896 6024 5150 5385 ]4913 62205 12.2 11.8 10.8 10.8 10.5 9.5 9.7 8.3 8.7 |7.9 50.6 49.7 51.0 49.4 50.6 52.2 50.7 50.4 49.5 51.3 51.1 Females 2 7711 7025 6851 6529 5971 5739 5925 5264 5113 4693 60822 12.7 11.6 11.3 10.7 9.8 9.4 9.7 8.7 8.4 7.7 49.4 50.3 49.0 50.6 49.4 47.8 49.3 49.6 50.5 48.7 48.9 COLUMN 15316 14350 13551 13226 12483 11635 11948 10414 10499 9606 123027 TOTAL 12.4 11.7 11.0 10.8 10.1 9.5 9.7 8.5 8.5 7.8 100.0 Urban Areas COUNT ROW PCT ROW SEX COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 1377 1314 1250 1136 1045 1068 973 979 867 860 10869 Males 12.7 12.1 11.5 10.4 9.6 9.8 9.0 9.0 8.0 7.9 50.1 50.2 51.4 50.9 49.6 48.6 50.5 49.7 50.5 48.8 50.5 2 1366 1242 1207 1154 1104 1045 985 959 909 843 10814 Females 12.6 11.5 11.2' 10.7 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.9 8.4 7.8 49.9 49.8 i48.6 49.1 50.4 51.4 49.5 50.3 49.5 51.2 49.5 COLUMN 2742 2557 2458 2290 2149 2113 1958 1938 1776 1703 21683 TOTAL 12.6 11.8 11.3 10.6 9.9 9.7 9.0 8.9 8.2 7.9 100.0 Rural Areas COUNT ROW PCT ROW COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 51442 i5088 4890 14700 4737 4358 4407 1 3772 1 3876 1 3484 1 44754 Males 12.2 11.4 10.9 10.5 10.6 9.7 9.8 8.4 8.7 | 7.8 50.6 49.7 150.4 49.5 49.3 52.1 51.7 51.3 l 49.3. 51.0. 52.3 Females 2 5500 1 5013 4993 4828 4358 4078 418,5 3884 3727 3175 43740 Temales 12.6 J11.5 11.4 11.0 10.0 9.3 9.6 8.9 8.5 7.3 49.8 -50.3 .49.6 50.5 50.7 47.9 48.3 48.7 50.7 49.0 47.7 COLUMN 10942 10101 9883 9528 9095 8435 8592 7656 7603 6658 88494 TOTAL 12.4 11.4 11.2 10.8 10.3 9.5 9.7 8.7 8.6 7.5 100.0 Estate Sector COUNT ROW PCT ROW SEX COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 904 825 774 707 719 633 570 544 455 452 6582 Males | 13.7 12.5 11.8 10.7 10.9 9.6 8.7 8.3 6.9 |6.9 51.2 50.0 52.2 52.7 51.0 53.0 50.6 50.1 51.7 48.1 52.1 2 904 754 694 679 637 617 568 508 491 416 6268 Females | 14.4 12.0 11.1 10.8 10.2 9.8 9.1 8.1 7.8 6.6 48.8 50.0 47.8 47.3 49.0 47.0 49.4 49.9 48.3 51.9 47.9 COLUMN 1808 1578 1468 1386 1356 1251 1138 1052 945 868 12850 TOTAL 14.1 12.3 11.4 10.8 10.6 9.7 8.9 8.2 7.4 6.8 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table A.5 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND BROAD AGE DISTRIBUTION, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUNT Persons ROW Age ROW PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL Group COL PCT 1 8457 7534 6517 6247 5672 5014 5004 4258 3821 3306 55830 (0-14) + (60+) 15.1 13.5 11.7 11.2 10.2 9.0 9.0 7.6 6.8 5.9 45.4 55.2 52.5 48.1 47.2 45.4 43.1 41.9 40.9 36.4 34.4 2 6859 6816 7033 6979 6810 6621 6945 6156 6677 6300 67197 15 - 59 10.2 10.1 10.5 10.4 10.1 9.9 10.3 9.2 9.9 9.4 54.6 44.8 47-5 j 52.9 52..8 54.6, 56.9 58.1 59.1 63.6 65.6: COLUMN 15316 14350 13551 13226 12481 11635 11948 10414 10499 9606 123027 TOTAL 12.4 11.7 11.G 10.8 10.1 9.5 9.7 8.5 8.5 7.8 100.0 Males COUNT Age ROW PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ROW Group COL PCT TOTAL 1 4319 4005 3320 3216 3115 2594 2575 2220 1945 1728 29038 (0-14) + (60+) 14.9 13.8 11.4 11.1 10.7 8.9 8.9 7.6 6.7 6.0 46.7 0s) 56.8 54.7 49.6 48.0 47.8 44.0 42.7 43.1 36.1 35.2 l 2 3285 3319 3379 3481 3397 3301 3449 2930 3441 3185 33168 15 - 59 9.9 10.0 10.2 10.5 10.2 10.0 10.4 8.8 10.4 9.6 53.3 43.2 45.3 50.4 52.0 52.2 56.0 57.3 56.9 63.9 64.8 COLUMN 7605 7324 6700 6697 6511 5896 6024 5150 5385 4913 62205 TOTAL 12.2 11.8 10.8 10.8 10.5 9.5 9.7 8.3 8.7 7.9 100.0 Females COUNT Age ROW PCT ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 4138 3529 3197 3030 2558 2419 2429 J 2038 1877 1578 26792 (0-14) + (60+) 15.4 13.2 11.9 11.3 9.5 9.0 9.1 ( 7.6 7.0 5.9 44.1 53.7 50.2 46.7 46.4 42.8 42.2 41.0 I 38.7 36.7 33.6 2 3573 3497 3654 3499 3414 3320 3496 3226 3236 3116 34030 15 - 59 10.5 10.3 10.7 10.3 10.0 9.8 10.3 9.5 9.5 9.2 55.9 46.3 49.8 53.3 53.6 57.2 57.8 59.0 61.3 63,3 66.4 COLUMN 7711 7025 6851 6529 5971 5739 5925 5264 5113 4693 60822 TOTAL 12.7 11.6 11.3 10.7 9.8 9_4 9.7 8.7 8.4 7.7 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table A.5 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND BROAD AGE DISTRIBUTION, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT Persons ROW PC6 ROW Age COL PCr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 1492 1248 1186 1027 948 911 794 737 640 558 9539 (0-14) + (60+) 15.6 13.1 12.4 10.8 9.9 9.5 8.3 7.7 6.7 5.8 44.0 54.4 48.8 48.3 44.8 44.1 43.1 40.5 38.0 36.0 32.7 15 59 2 1250 1309 1272 1263 1201 1202 1165 1201 1136 1146 12144 15 - 10.3 10.8 10.5 10.4 9.9 9.9 9.6 9.9 9.4 9.4 56.0 45.6 51.2 51.7 55.2 55.9 56.9 59.5 62.0 64.0 67.3 COLUMN 2742 2557 2458 2290 2149 2113 1958 1938 1776 1703 21683 TOTAL 12.6 11.8 11.3 10.6 9.9 9.7 9.0 8.9 8.2 7.9 100,0 COUNT Age ROW PCT Males ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 788 654 617 521 467 457 389 378 320 297 4889 (0-14) + (60+) 16.1 13.4 12.6 10.7 9.6 9.4 8.0 7.7 6.5 6.1 45.0 57.3 49.8 49.4 45.9 44.7 42.8 40.0 38.6 36.9 34.5 2 588 660 633 615 578 611 584 601 547 564 5980 15 - 59 9.8 11.0 10.6 10.3 9.7 10.2 9.8 10.1 9.2 9.4 55.0 42.7 50.2 50.6 54.1 55.3 57.2 60.0 61.4 63.1 65.5 COLUMN 1377 1314 1250 1136 1045 1068 973 979 867 860 10869 TOTAL 12.7 12.1 11.5 10.4 9.6 9.8 9.0 9.0 8.0 7.9 100.0 Females COUNT ROW PCT ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 704 593 569 506 481 453 404 359 320 261 4651 (0-14) + (60+) 15.1 12.8 12.2 10.9 10.4 9.7 8.7 7.7 6.9 5.6 43.0 51.5 47.8 47.1 43.9 43.6 43.4 41.1 37.5 35.2 30.9 2 662 649 639 648 623 592 581 599 589 582 6163 15 - 59 10.7 10.5 10.4 10.5 10.1 9.6 9.4 9.7 9.6 9.4 57.0 48.5 52.2 52.9 56.1 56.4 56.6 58.9 62.5 64.8 69.1 COLUMN 1366 1242 1207 1154 1104 1045 985 959 909 843 10814 TOTAL 12.6 11.5 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.9 8.4 7.8 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table A.5 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY PCE DECILE OF. THE lOUSEBOLD AND BROAD AGE DISTRIBUTION. RURAL AREAS. 1969-70 Persons Age COUNT ROW Group ROW Pt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL CO t P T_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 6246 5240 4832 4651 4131 3752 3702 3175 2903 2321 40953 (0-14) + (60+) 15.3 12.8 11.8 11.4 10.1 9.2 9.0 7.8 7.1 5.7 46.3 57.1 51.9 48.9 48.8 45.4 44.5 43.1 41.5 38.2 34.9 2 4696 4861 5051 4877 4964 4684 4890 4482 4700 4337 47541 15 -19 9.9 10.2 10.6 10.3 10.4 9.9 10.3 9.4 9.9 9.1 53.7 42.9 48.1 51.1 51.2 54.6 55.5 56.9 58.5 61.8 65.1 COLUMN 10942 10101 9883 9528 9095 8435 8592 7656 7603 6658 88494 TOTAL 12.40 911.4 11.2 10.8 10.3 9.5 9.7 8.7 8.6 7.5 100.0 COUNT Males, Age ROW PCT ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 3187 2742 2486 2305 2305 1942 1991 1612 1513 1229 21311 (0-14) + (60+) .15.0 :12.9 11.7 10.8 10.8 9.1 9.3 7.6 7.1 5.8 47.6 58.6 53.9 50.8 49.0 48.7 44.6 45.2 42.7 39.0 35.3 2 2255 2346 2404 2395 2433 .2416 2416 2160 2362 2255 23443 15 - 19 9.6 10.0 10.3 10.2 10.4 10.3 10.3 9.2 10.1 9.6 52.4 41.4 46.1 49.2 51.0 51.3 55.4 54.8 57.3 61.0 64.7 COLUMN 5442 5088 4890 4700 4737 4358 4407 3772 3876 3484 44754 TOTAL 12.2 11.4 10.9 10.5 10.6 9.7 9.8 8.4 8.7 7.8 100.0 COUNT Females Age ROW PCT ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 3059 2498 2346 2346 1826 1810 1711 1563 1389 1093 19641 (0-14) + (60+) 15.6 12.7 11.9 11.9 9.3 9.2 8.7 8.0 7.1 5.61 44.9 55.6 49.8 47.0 48.6 41.9 44.4 40.9 40.2 37.3 34.4 2 2441 2515 2647 2482 2531 2268 2474 2321 2338 20821 24098 15 - 59 10.1 10.4 11.0 10.3 10.5 9.4 10.3 9.6 9.7 8.6j 55.1 44.4 50.2 53.0 51.4 58.1 1 55.6 1 59.1 59.8 62.7 65. t COLUMN 5500 5013 4993 4828 4358 4078 4185 3884 3727 3175 43740 TOTAL 12.6 11.5 11.4 11.0 10.0 9.3 9.6 8.9 8.5 7.3 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table A.5 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND BROAD AGE DISTRIBUTION, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 Persons COUNT Age ROW PCT ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 928 776 725 606 546 478 419 348 294 217 5338 (0-14) + (60+) 17.4 14.5 13.6 11.4 10.2 9.0 7.8 6.5 5.5 4.1 41.5 51.3 49.2 49.4 43.7 40.3 38.2 36.8 33.1 31.1 25.0 2 881 802 743 780 810 772 719 704 651 651 7512 15 - 59 11.7 10.7 9.9 10.4 10.8 10.3 9.6 9.4 8.7 8.7 58.5 -48.7 50.8 50.6 56.3 59.7 61.8 63.2 66.9 68.9 75.0 COLUMN 1808 1578 1468 1386 1356 1251 1138 1052 945 868 TOTAL 14.1 12.3 11.4 10.8 10.6 9.7 8.9 8.2 7.4 6.8 Males COUNT Age ROW PCT ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1 467 438 392 317 297 251 221 192 147 115 2838 (0-14) + (60+) 16.5 15.4 ;.13.8 11.2 10.5 8.8 7.8 6.8 5.2 4.1- 43.1 51.6 53.2 50.7 '44.8 41.3" 39.6' 38.8 35.4 32.2. 25.5 2 437 386 381 390 422 383 349 351 308 337 3744 15 - 59 11.7 10.3 10.2 10.4 11.3 10.2 9.3 9.4 8.2. 9.0 56.9 48.4 46.8 49.3 55.2 58.7 60.4 61.2 64.6 67.8 74.5 COLUMN 904 825 774 707 719 633 570 544 455 452 6582 TOTAL 13.7 12.5J] 11.8 10.7 10.9 9.6 8.7 8.3 6.9 6.9 100.0 Females COUNT Age ROW PCT ROW Group COL PCT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL 1' 461 338 333 289 2501 22.7 197 155 148 102 2500 (0-14) + (60+) 18.4 13.5 13.3 11.6 3 o.0. 9.1 3 7.9 6.2 .4.1f 39.9 51.0 44.8 47.9 42.6 39.2 36.8 34.8 30.6 30.1 24.5 2 443 416 361 390' 387 390 370 353 343 314 3768 15 - 59 1i.8 11.0 9.6 10.3 10.3 3 10.3 3 9.8 9.4 i 9.1 8.3'1 60.1 49.0 55.,2 : 52.1 57.4 60.8 63.2 65.2 69.4 69.9 75.5 COLUMN 904 754 694 679 637 617 568 508 491 416 6268 TOTAL 14.4 12.0 11.1 10.8 10.2 9.8 9.1 8.1 7.8 6.6 100.0 Note: The absolute count In all the cells above is in bundreds. 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I9 o' I1 ls I 60£ OSIteqao L'9 17 , I1 21 1 S'£O I S 0 9 t 9 21 1 9 9 I L'6 I O 9 I 9L 6 OC; U44 Io 66CT I 991 I VII I 691 I 1IDl t 91 I £21 I 9t I b19 1 901 I 29 I S I… …,---I …--- I… …---I… …---Ia-… …--I… …------------ --…………I…--------l I 6'L I O0b I S'L I 9'S I 9'S I Got I 1.tbI I '9 I 1'9 I v9' I L 9 I P'l I I t,'£1I 2'1 1 Z9 I 19 I D'i I I'S I V'6 I Pb 1 £6 tO'T I 9CI I Rol I 151 S ZZI 1 2ZI I LSI I 66 I 21 I 921 I S£1 I O' I------U-1 ........-I.....---- S-------- T--....... ---- I.......- 1....4-----^--!I -------- I -------- la I i's I PIC I 6S I 2 T 9s I LoS I G" I S'S I Z'5 I S's I L'S I £'6 t P01 I £'01 I £17tt r 16 I 6'6 I 6'L I 9'6 1 to' I 'a6 I ZOZT I' 211 I 2Z1 1 t21 I 2b1l I L1 I I 611 I S, l 9 1 I 011 I 911 I £ l--------I........ ....... ..... i..- ........-Pi---------l-.......-- ------o---I- ........ I Ll' I aI I 0'7 I 1II 7 t '£ I 2' I S'o"b I 8' I o'o I ,£ S O I £6 l %6 I b06 I e'0ot I I9 I tblit I 1iel I I'll I h'h I L88 9 91 I 6h I S9 1 59 I 2L I 99 I S6 I 1I01 I V I £S I 2 I 2'C I I'S I *9'£ I 97S T S'o I 179 1 9L I S'7 I £I9 1 L O I OZ-O - TO1o a S I 6'L I 1.o01 I I'I I S.O I t 09 I 6'11 I S'n7 I '8 I 9'I1 I 09 I CZ1T I 69 I 021 I 61 I 911 t £6 I Ot7£ I £91 I S6 I £ 1 1 66 I t I 9as9 I 6099 I 6*L9 I £699 J 9'0L I 6 0 17't 01. I '17oL L 1 L I o'0L I 0 C'OL I 'b I C86 1 Lh I 6 I 6 I I'gO I t I I '080 I S'oo I Z oI I s'ni I ZELVTI E261 1 S0b I 22671 I IVI I s901 1 69901 1 9i1I I SSSI I 20os I oSS6 I 0 I----£---l--------I--------I-o---------- m --.....I........ I......-I-------- iI- - - - - - - I---I- . A ..... I0 Ol 19 IL 19 IS I o I£ I Z l IT Ivio_ I __d 10_ Aouapuadaci mod 9intlTpUadxH BilTD .aI Jo alTD@a I 13d MOd p9 w I ±Nnof OL-6961 'aNV'sI TIV 'Haun)IaNadXa vIiJV 'aud do HamDa (NV OII1VH ADNMcN3d3Q-U2aV XL SUI'IOHaSflOH aO NoIunwiLsIa vxNvi IllS 8-V aiqui Table A.8 (Cont'd.) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AGED-DEPENDENCY RATIO* AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT I RU' PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Dependency COL PCT I TOTAL Ratio 1 2 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I 91 10 I 0 T 239 1. 230 1 2a0 I 243 I 235 1 235 1 233 1 239 I 227 1 226 I 2348 1 10,2 1 9,8 I 10,2 I 10,3 I 10,0 I 10,0 I 9,q I 10,2 I 9,7 I 9,6 1 68,3 0 I 70,4 I ob,9 I b9,9 I 70,o I 68,4 1 o062 1 67,7 I 69,7 S .6b,2 I 64,9 I I I 25 1 32 I 29 1 26 1 32 ! 27 1 26 I 26 1 21 I 17 I 259 0.01-0.20 I 9,° 1 12.? I 11,- 1 9,9 I !2,t' I 10,2 1 9,9 I 9,9 1 7,9 I 6,6 I 7,5 _.01 - 0.20 1 7,3 I 9,2 1 6.5 I 7,5 I 9,5 I 7,7 1 7,5 I 7,5 I 6,0 S 4,9 I -I…_---I-I----- -----I- --I… ILI …----'---1 … 1 …----I …--- I …----I 2 I 17 I 20 I 13 I 17 I 8 I 15 i Is I 14 1 17 I 17 I 153 I 1 11,2 1 12,8 I 6,4 I 11,2 I- 5,0 1 10,1 S 10,1 I 8,9 I 11,2 I 11,2 1 4,5 0.21- 0.25 50 I ,7 I 37 5,0 I 2,2 1 a, i 4,5 I 4,0 1 5,0 I L,9 I 3 I 21 2 '27 I 18 1 20 I 24 I 19 1 19 1 16 1 22 I 29 1 214 0.26 0.49 I 9,6 I 12,4 I 8,4 I 9,2 I 11,2 I 8,8 1 &,8 I 7,6 I 10,4 1 13,6 1 6,2 1 _ 6,0 7 1,7 1 5, i 5,7 I 7,0 I 5,5 1 5,5 I 4,7 I 6,5 I 8,4 1 H -T-------- I-------- I-------- -------- I--------I-------- -------- I- .;---- I------ --- I-------- I I 4 I 21 1 17 1 22 1 21 1 19 I 21 l 18 I 24 I 27 I 21 I 210 0.50 I 10,2 I 8,1 I 10,6 I 10,2 I 8,9. I 9,8 1 8,5 I 11,4 I 12,6 I 9,8 I 6,1 I o,3 T 5,0 I h.5 I 6,2 I 5,. 1 6,0 1 5,2 I 7,0 I 7,7 I 5,9 I -I-_------I-------- I-------- I--------IrV-------I........-l--------I........-I-------- I--------S1 5 I 17 I la 1 19 I 17 ' 21 I 27 1 32 I 21 1 21 I 33 I 22O More than 0.50 I 7,6 I d,0 8 R,3 1 7,e S 9,5 I 11,7 1 14,0 I 9,1 1 9,5 I 14,8 I 6,o I 5,0 I 5.2 I 5.5 ! 50 1 6,2 I 7,7 ; 9,2 I 6,0 I 6,2 T 9,6 I --.------I--------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I, .......i-V ---- "-I---------- I.......I-q ------ I 61 0 II 3 I 01 4 I 21 21 4 2 9 I 5 I 29 Not Applicable I 0 I- 2,9 1 8,8 I C I 14,7 I 5,9 1 5,9 I 14,7 I 29,4 I 17,6 2 eG I O'I ,2 I ,7 1 0 i .1,2 I ,5 4 .5 I 1,2 S 2,b I 1,5 I wI--------I---w----IV------- I-k------- I--------- Jr..... ti------w-2w- ....... VIw@ CnLUMN 3a0 34o 344 3a4 34a' 345 344 344 344 348 3439 TOTAL 9,9 10,0 10,0 - 1010 10001 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. *Persons aged 60 and over in relation to persons aged 15-59. Table A.8 (Cont'd.) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AGED-DEPENDENCY RATIO* AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT I Aged RoW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Dependency COL PCT I TOTAL I I 1 2 1 3 4 5I 6 1 7 I 8 1 9 10 I. Ratio ………… i1… III… ' aat o ---,~~~---- 1-,-r---- I-------- r-------- lop------- I ........I........ -----w------ I....I........ I.......WI o I 1113 I 1060 I 1117 l 1088 I 1002 I 1097 i 973 I 1027 I 961 I 985 .1 10423 I 10,' 1 10,2 I1 10,7 I 1014 I 9,6 I 10,5 i 9,3 I 9,8 I 9,i I 9,5 I 69,2 0 I 74,0 1 70,4 I 74,2 1 72,3 I 6b,6 I 72,7 I 64,7 I 68,2 I. 63,.8 I 65,3 I -1 I 6b I 87 I .714 1 103 I 115 I 74 l 74 I 54 I 91 I 54 1 792 I 8,3 J. 10,9 I- 94 I 13,0 I 14,6 1 9,4 1 9,4 I 6,8 I 11,5 I 6,8 I 5,3 0.01 - 0.20 I 4, 4 I 5,8 S 4;9 I 6,8 I 7I7 I 4,9 1 4,9 I 3,6 I 6,0 I 3,6 1 ........ -I-------- IV--------IJ*------I- --.----- I....... -------- I...... W-I-........I........ 2 -I 49 1 6 66 I 78 I 70 I 54 I 41 1 58 I 58 I 62 1 62 I 598 I 8.3 I 11,0 I 13,1 I 11,7 I 9,0 I 6,9 1 9,7 I 9,7 I 10 3 I 10,3 I 4,0 0.21 - 0.25 I 3.3 I 4, 4 1 5,2 1 14,7 I 3,6 1 2,7 1 3,8 I 3,8 1 4,1 I 4,1 I 3 1 7& I 99 1 78 1 58 I 87 I 78 1 120 I 91 I 9S 1 91 I 874 I 9,Q I' 11,3 I 9,0 I 6,6 I 9,9 I 9,0 1 13,7 I 10,4 I 10,8 I 10,4 I 5,8 p 0.26 - 0.49 I 5,2 I 6,h I 5s2 I 3,8 I 5,8 I 5,2 i 7,9 I 6,0 I 6,3 I 6I0 I 4 I 107 1 99 1 78 I 82 I 111 I 74 i 128 I 99 I 148 I 144 I 1072 0.50 .I 1Q:0 I 9:2 I 7,3 I 7,7 I 1014 I 6:9 1 11,9 I 9,2 I 13,8 I 13,5 I 7,1 -.50 I 7,1 1 b,h I 5,2 I 5.5 I 7,I4 I l9 1 8,5 1 6,b 1 9,9 I 9,6 I -I… …y---- ……-.-^----I……---_--I_--……---I……------I… ….1……--------- I--------…I.......I........I 5 I 62 1 74 1 66 I 82 I 120 I 111 I 140 I 13b I 136 I 140 I 1068 More than 0.50 I 5,8 1 S,9 I b,2 I 7,7 I 11,2 I 10,14 i 13,1 I 12,7 I 12,7 I 13.1 1 7,1 More than 0.5 1 4,1 1 4,9 I 4, 4 1 5,5 I 7,9 1 7,4 I 9,3 I 9,0 1 9,0 I 9, 3 6 I 29: I 21 I 12 I 21 I 16 I 33 1 12 I 41 I 12 I 33 I 231 Not Applicable ~~~~I 12,5. I 89Iq 5,14 I 8,9 I 7,1 I 114,3 1 5,I14 17,9 I 5,14 1 j14,3 I 1,5 Not Applicable fI 1,' I 1,4 4, I 1,4 I 1,1 I 2,2 I a I 2,7 9 Id I d,2 I -I-_-----tI-------- I4----- V-Im------- IV ------- I------ "WI------ "-I~-------,----I---I COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 1U,0 10,0 10,0 10,o 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 0lOO 10.0 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the dells above is in hundreds. *Persons aged 60 and over in relation to persons aged 15-59. Table A.8 (Cont'd.) SRI LANKA- DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AGED-DEPENDENCY RATIO* AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 COUNT I Aged Rnw PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROw Dependency COL PCT I TOTAL Ratio I 1 S 2 I 3 I 4 1 5 I 6 I 7 I a I 9 1 10 I …----I-.,-,-I-w--I----T… II…-~-tt~~-I …-- ---l-…- I … I…--9--~--w~-t 0 I 192 I 1Iq I 199 I 192 I 196 I 166 I 196 1 195 I 201 I 211 1 1961 1 9'8 1 9,8 I 10,1 I 9,8 I 10,0 I 9,5 i 10,0 I 9,9 I 10.3 I 10,8 I 7923 ° I 79,1 1 77,4 1 80,4 1 17,5 I 79.4 I 75,4 1 79,4 I 79,3 * 81,4 I 84,2 I wI__Pr*___-------I--I------I--t------ IV -----_--I- ------ TIMM----.--!-I----_- ,---- ....-,--------. I I 1 i2 I 1a I 6 I 9 I 7 I 7 1 6 I 5 I 2 1 2 I 72 1 17,2 I 19,0 I 8,6 1 12,1 I 10,3 I 10,3 i 8,b I 6,9 I 3,4 1 3,4 I 2,9 O.Ol - 0.20 I 5,1 I 5,5 I 2.5. I 3,5 1 3,0 1 3,0 1 2,5 I 2,0 1 1,° I 1,0 I "----I .... .0-0---- Iw------- IT------- IV------- I-------- ------------- I-------- I....I........ 2 I 11 I 9 I 7 I I1 I 11 I 6 1 9I 11 I 6 1 4 I 86 1 15,0 I 10,1 1 8,7 I 13,0 1 13,0 I 7,2 1 10,1 I 13,0 1 7,2 I 4,3 I 3,5 0.21 - 0.25 I 4, 3,5 I 3,0 I u,s I 4,s I 2,5 1 3,5 I 4,5 I 2,5 I 1,5 1 3 I 10 1 7 I 15 I 14 I 6 I 21 1 11 I 11 I 15 1 4 I 114 O2-O9 8 1 6,5 I 13,0 I 12,0 I 5,4 1 18,5 1 9,8 I 9,8 I 13,0 I 3,3 I 4,6 0.26 - 0.49 4,1 I 3,0 1 6,0 I 5,5 I 2,5 I. 8,5 1 4,5 I 4,5 I 6,0 1 1.5 1 -I-_---.-I--------…I--------I-------I--------I-------1…--------I--------I--------…I-------I 4 1 12 I 15 I 11 I 11 I 15 I 14 1 14 I. 6 I 9 I 15 I 122 0.50 I 10,2 I 12,2 I 9.? I 9,2 I 12,2 I 11.2 i 11,2 I 5,1 1 7,1 1 12,2 I 4,9 *.50 I s,1 1 o,o I a ,5 I '4,5 I 6,0 I 5,5 1 5,5 I 2,5 I 3,5 I 5,9 I S I 5 I 9 I 7 I 9 I 10 I 11 1 10 I 16 1 14 I 15 I 106 More than 0.50 I 4,7 1 8.2 1 7,1 1 8,2 I 9,' 1 10.6 1 9,4 1 15,3 I 12,9 I 14,1- I 4,3 More than 0.50 1 2,0 I 3.5 I 3,0 I 3,5 I a,0 I 4.5 i 4,0 I 6,6 I 5,5 I 5,9 I 6I 0-. 21 1I 2 I I 11 1 I I I 0 I 11 Not Applicable I 0 1 22,2 I 11,1 I 22,2 I t,1 I 11,1 1 11,1 I 11,1 I 0 I 0 1 ,5 I 0 2 1,0 I ,5 I 1,0 I ,5 I ,5 1 ,5 I .5 I o I 0 I COLUMN 2a3 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9.8 10,0 10,0 10,1 10,0 10,0 10,0 9,9 10,0 10,2 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells.above is in hundreds. *Persons aged 60 and over in relation to persons aged 15-59. Table A.9 SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES AMIONG PERSONS AGED 15 AND OVER BY PCE:DECILE OF THE ROUSEHOLD AND SEX, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUN4T I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Literacy ROw PCI Persons St-at-iig COL PCT -I TOTAL I I T 2 1 3 I 4 1 I 1 7 I 8 I 9 I to I I I 91h9 I 5580 i 5912 h]e80 1 6065 I 6093 1 6613 I 5d03 I 6567 6566 1 6O0566 Literate I 8.b T 9,? 1 9.8 1 I,2 I 10,0 I 10,1 ' 10,9 I 9,O I 10,B I 10,8 I 80,9 1 69.2 J 74.3 I 77.1 1 79.9 I o0,o 1 81,9 1 84,7 I 82,7 1 87,4 I 91,6 I .1--------_I-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I........-........I........I......-_ v.I-_-.----- 2 1. 2312 1 1933 1 1760 1 1550 I 14064 I 1346 1 1197 1 1211 I 950 I 605 I 14328 Illiterate I 1°.1 1 13.5 I 2.3 I 10,8 I 10.2 I 9,4 1 8,4 1 8,5 1 6,6 I 4,2 1 19.1 I 30,8 1 25,7 I 22,9 1 20,1 1 19,4 I 18,1 1 15.3 I 17,3 1 12,6 t 8,4 1 COLUMN 7501 7513 7672 7730 7529 7q39 7810 7014 75.16 7172 74696. TOTAI. 10,G 10.0 10.2 10,3 10,1 9,9 10,4 9.4 10,09 9,6 100.0 COUNT I ROW PCT r Males ROW COL PCT I TOTAL 1 17J 2 1 3 14 II 61 7 8 1 9! 10! I I 29q1 1 3155 I 3291 I 3550 1 3441 1 3416 1 3630 1 3111 1 3650 1 3500 I 33686 Literate I d,7 I 9,4 1 9,8 1I 1°5 I 10,2 I 10.1 1 10,8 1 9 2 1 10,8 I 0,.4 1 89,7 I hl,0 1 85,1 I 87.q I 90,0 I 90.0 1 90,2 1 91,8 1 90,5 1 93,8 1 95,h I 2 I 688 1 552 1 451 I 393 I 383 1 370 1 323 1 328 1 239 1 161 1 3889 Illiterate I 17,7 1 14,? 1 11,b I 10,1 I 9,6 I 9.5 1 8.3 1 8,4 1 6,2 1 401 1 10,l 1 1e0 1 r4,9 I 12,1 I 10.0 I 10,0 I 9,8 1 8,2 I 9,5 1 6,2 I 4,4 2 -----l--------I---------……I… …i---" … .-- -z…-----w----I………………………………. COLUMN 3629 3707 3742 3942 3624 3787 3953 3439 3889 3bb1 37574 TOTAL 9,7 9,9 10,0 105 10,2 10,1 10,5 9,2 10,I 9,7 100,0 COUNT I RHO PCT I Females Row COL PCT I TOTAL I I 1 2 ! 3 I 1 5 6 6 1 7 1 8 1 91 10 1 I 1 2249 1 24J5 1 2621 1 2b30 I 2624 1 2617 7 2983 1 2691 1 2917 I 3066 I 26882 Literate 1 8.4 1 9.0 I 9.8 I 9.8 1 9,8 1 10,0 1 11,2 I 10,0 I 10,9 1 11,4 1 12,0 I 58.1 .1 63.7 1 66.7 1 89,4 1 70,8 1 73.3 1 77,3 I 75,3 1 80,4 I 87,3 I 2 I 162'3 r 3'8; 1 1309 i 1157 i 1081 1 975 1 874 I 883 I 711 1 445 I 10439 Illiterate I 15.5 I 13,? 1 12.5 1 11,1 I 10,4 I 9,3 1 8,4 1 8,5 I 6,8 1 4,3 1 28,0 i 41,9 I 36.3 1 33.3 1 30,6 1 29,2 1 26O7 1 22,7 I 24,7 I 19,° 1 12,7 I '.I .......I...... I........-I ... ------ I----I.-------- I.... pi........-I........ I........ I......--.I .COLUMN 3072 3808 3930 3787 3105 3052 3857 3574 3626 3511 37322 TOTAL. 10,4 1.2 10,5 10,1 9,9 9,8 10,3 9,6 9,7 9.4 100,0 Table A.9 (cont'd) SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES AMONG PERSONS AGED 15 AND OVER BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND.SEX, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure COUNT I Literacy RO PCT I Persons kUw Status COL PCr I TUTAL 1 1 ? 1 S 31 14 T 5 1 6 1 7 1 81 9I 1 1 tI 1125 1 1217 1 118h I 12C5 I 1206 1 1218 1 1200 I 1248 1 1213 1 I?UO 1 12056 Literate I 9,3 1 iU.1 .1 9.8 I 1(,0 'I 10.0 I 10,1 1 10,0 1 10,13 I 10.1 I 0,3 1 89,2 8e2,0 i M'J,3 1 8o,8 1 87.u I 84,2 I 0,q f q1,5 I 93,8 1 9g,2 I 95,0 I *I-........I-------- --_-_-_-l--------I-------- ---I---------- I.... .....!I..... .....I........ ----I 2 1 2at0 I ?7 S 213 I 180 I t31 I I22 1 111 1 83 I 74 1 65 I 1453 Illiterate T 11.0 I 15.7 r 14.7 I 12,4 I 9.0 1 8,4 1 7,7 1 5,7 1 51 1 4,5 I 10,8 I 10,0 1 15.7 I 15.2 1 13.-0 1 9,f 1 9,1 I 8,5 1 6,2 I 5,6 I 5o0 I e I . I…--.--I--------…I. .I.... I------…t..--II........I....... I.......I.......---.----I COLUMN '1372 1444 1399 1384 1336 1340 1311 1331 1287 1305 13509 %JTq. 10,2 10.7 10,4 ?°.? 9,9 9,7 9,8 9,5 9,7 100,0 COUNT I POW HC1 I Males COL PCT I TOTAL I 1I1T 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 b1 OT7 8 1 9 I tO I I S 581 I 670 I 363 I bh7 I bO5 I 65S t 631 1 60b 1 607 1 638 I 6306 Literate 1 9,2 1 lO,h I 10.0 I 10,1 1 9,6 1 10,4 1 10,0 1 10,3 1 9,6 1 10,1 1 94,4 1 A9,6 1 91.8 I 90,6 I 93,5 I 94,7 1 96.0 1 96.2 I 97,2 1 97,4 1 97,8 1 2 I 68F I 60 I h6 1 40' 1 34 1 ?7 1 25 1 19 1 lb 1 15 I 374 Illiterate I 18.1 I 16.0 I 17.6 I 11,9 1 9,2 1 7.3 6 ,6 I 5,0 1 4,S I 3,9 I 5,6 I 10,4 1 *Ύ2 I 9,4 I b,S I 5,3 1 4.0 1 3,8 1 2,d I 2f, 1 2,2 I COLUMN b49 730 699 682 b40 682 656 667 62s 652 6680 IUIALT 9,7 10,9 10,5 10,2 9,6 10,2 9,8 5o,O 9,4 9,8 100,0 COUNI I Pow PCT I Females ROW COL PCI I * - - TOtAL I I! 2 1 31 ' 41 51 6b1 71 81a 9 ! 101 t 1 50'J 5.6 1 553 1 568 I be0 1 563 i 569 I 599 I bO6 I 602 1 5750 Literate 1 995 9 s I 9.h I 9,9 J 10,'J 1 9,8 i q,9 1 10,4 1 10,5 1 10,5 I 84,2 I 7b5 31 7b65 1 79. 0 1 0,Ft 1 8b.1 I 85,6 I 8b,8 1 90,3 1 91,2 1 92,3 I -1 -------- -------- I-------- I-------I -------- I.... ----I........ ....... -t ...... -I........ 2 1 179 I 168 1 107 I 135 I 97 1 95 i 86 I 64 I 58 I 50 I I079 Illiterate I 10.0 1 15,5 1 13.6 1 12,5 1 9,0 I A,8 1 8,0 I 5,9 7 5,I I '4,7 1 158 I 2a47 I s3.8 I 21.0 I 19,2 I 13.9 I 140. 1 13.2 I 9,7 14 8,8 I 7,7 1 COLUIIN 723 ,714 700 703 897 658 6S5 664 664 652 6829 70TAL 10,6 10,5 10,I 10,3 10,2 9,6 9,6 9,7 9,1 9,6 lOO,O 0t00D 0'6 6 6 06 toot b'6 f170t IIot 9'O1 fI1 0o aolt 0 f2s9Z SLS.2 s9Z S9Se .9S:LZ SOSZ q9L1! t99 179 2QLe tSQZ Ni4nlO3 I £st t h'91 I 9'£Z S O'0 t I t109 I0 I 0'9? 1 t7laO I babi I t?1? I t'9z I 2'S I t'L I L'9 I RL T Sig I I0t I 2 e 1 1 , 'SI I id t I, c 1 I VJaF3TTI loot I iqr 1 6b?t I 019 I 8b,S T h5 6 I oS. I OSL I 959 1 - I vt1O1 I Z I… …I ……------lOr----I……-- ZI… …T---…-----I-------I…----------I ----- I--- I--- ---- I a079 I tiS r t,9L I 0'09 U t T '9L T b'L l ode/ I 9'6e r ls9; I ,pps I 9Irt I o I 'o I i Iox I n I I I T H'6 I S'OI I 66 I 1'Qt I Z.h I n a I alIlTl1 22S6t I ?102 I qi I SL6S I 6914I T 6061 1 Stb?O I b£hl1 I L919 I 9,b1I I R,5 c1 I1 I Ot 16 1 9 I l T19 IS Ib 1 I I I I I lyljn * I lDd 103 Mn8 SE1~IIejt I i)d .n I 1 i Or 0a00t 96 otS S'6 P0l 1.01 SOt 0o1 aI ot U'6 tb6 "VjO 289e? Rt9Z P£LZ t ~S.Z OLQZ L t LZ 8092 f799? tl992 9eq2 /Or,? Nvqn U I... i -------- I ........ I--------T---- -t------ I-------- I-------- I-------- I--------- I-------- J. S S'S I z99 I Ole I o09 t 9'L I Sb I 9'6 I S ItI I L'1 I t761 I 9'6 I 'sL I t,'e I9 I I9 9L I o1 I 0101 I 93e1I9lTLTI SS9Z I tybb th9 I 6 SZZ p IS Zf T 90Z I 9sz I 9 I t? q I 6(j 1 tn Y. -Z I- - - - - ---I. .....I- - - - - - --- T-- -- -- - -I-- -- -- - -I-- -- -- - -I-- -- -- - -I- -- -- -- - -- -- -- - - I S'b6 I q9'i6 I Z'16 I O'Z T b-e6 I S0 6 I ?'h I 5 99 I J /. I q*ar I Z06 I e'ol I a T 9 c I T9e I 601 o IT T S'II I o'ot I 9b I s 1 t9 I t 9ft1t" I btLOZ I h952 I 60£2 I 6t9Z t 1IS I I 0Q;2 I 2tZ? T SL12 I ebe2 I oene I I I…-----b-I… …I……--l--……--……l-------- ------I--------I--------I---------------- ----- I 01 I & I 9 I T 9 15 b 7 I e I I lviOl _ I ijd 10o M09 segTW ~I 13d MNu I I fnf 3 o060 II '6 i1o0 966 5'1 950t 86 S0oI IoxI £'0 t'o * ivliO SO££S £t66l 2LIS. LTtS L095 02ZS t,L5 995 ' 9055 bt 9S 9ss NWjPtllO 14 .......rw.-.---- I........ ddad ......To------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I--------I I V'OT I t?2I I S'91 I 611 I LII I 9%1I I 6'91 I 2'le I lbt2? I rof I '9 I I £'S I 'h09 I 9'9 I II9 i a 9 I 5.01 I s'01 I IIeI I S',T I O>;I I aleI8ITQII S£96 I LOS I 999 I 119 I 6LL t 009 I e,a I 7t1l0 I L41t I b6b? I 6AS1 I 2 I--------l----------------..I........-t--------lI--------lI--------lI--------lI--------I-6------ -1- I 0' 9 I q,L9 I 0'19 I 198 t 0Io9 I ezu I PIa I 9 I 919L I b'e.L I ?I' I 6'19 I £'01 I 9 a0 1 T a6 I I'l I I OT I I soI I 0'01 I b h I tri I Ύ 2 I t? 0 L91 9I I 9WZ9t t I 1,OLI I t7Q0f, I 9290 0 I s2SI, I bt £t7 I1 Ohtj7 I ti I I I01 16 1 9 I L t 9 I S I 7 If I e It I _ lvinA I lod 1O.0 snel Mod suoSaaj ..I ijd MOH1 ganITPuadxa u3dT - j jo alFXci I iNno) OL-696T 'SVXV' TnHf1f` 'xas qNV arwO1!snoH aSfao :a'I:UaG a0a Xq iAio INV 51 Ga9V sNosUiaa DOWV SHIVUaI1 aO SOVINaOldR :VnwVj MS (p13uOD) 6V T aqVT Table A.9 (cont'd) SRI LANKA: PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES AMONG PERSONS AGED 15 AND OVER BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND SEX, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure COUNT IRO Literacy ROw FICI J Persons TUT Status COL PCT I U^ - - T 17 J ?1I 31I 41 II 51 1 7 I 8 I 9 10 I ----.---I-_------T-------I--------I--------1--------1--------1--------I--------I--------I--------I 1 I 484~ I 4J92 1 492 1 510 a 554 1 493 1 448 1 488 I 435 1 486 1 4842 Literate I 10Q0 T 9,3 J 10.2 I IOf.5 I 1;.4- 1 10.2 1 9,3 I 10,1 I 9,0 1 10,0 I 59,9 1 S1. I SZ,3 I 61.9 I 0Q,4 I 64.? 1 58,6 1 51,5 1 64.1 1 62,2 I 70,3 I -I-…------T--------I- sI. I …I--------…--------I--------I--------I--------1 2 1 45$ I 412 I 303 I' 334 I 309 1 349 ! 332 I 273 I 265 1 205 I 3240 Illiterate T 14.1 1 12.7 1 9.a I 10,3 I 9,5 1 10.8 * 10,2 I 8,4 I 8, 2 I 6,3 1 40,1 I 4d,h ? 47,7 I 38.1 I 39,6 I 35.8 I 41,4 £ 42,5 I 3S,9 I 37,8 I 29,7 I -…-…------I--------I-_-- -----…I-------- .I----------------I--------I-------eI. ..e"I COLUMN 943 864 795 844 863 842 780 7O 699 690 8082 TOTAL *11,7 10,7 9,8 10,4 10,7 10,4 9,6 9,4 8,7 8,5 100,0 COUNJT I Rtlh# PCT I ROW cnL PCT I Males TUTAL I 11! 2 1 3 1 4 1 S I. 1 7 I 8 1 9 1 10 I …---.---I__---T---------I-_---_--I--------…I--------I--------…---.-----I ..._.I--------I--------… I 1 I 33$ I ?9b I 3i34 I 3u1 44 1 305 1 342 1 299 I 315 I 276 1 303 I 3231 Literate T 10.5 I 9.l I 10.3 I 10,6 1 11,9 I 10,6 I 9,3 I 9.8 I 8.5 1 9,4 1 78,6 1 71.8 I 6Q.h 1 80.5 1 '9,4 I 83.8 I 79.9 1 77,5 I 79,6 I 81,6 1 83,8 I -I-- -;--… …I--------------------Ps----x……… … …1…… …--…-… I… …---I… …---I 2 1 133 I 129 I At I 89 1 75 I 86 i 87 I 81 I o2 I 58 I 881 Illiterate 1 I1,1 1 1'4,7 I 9.2 1 10.2 I 8.5 1 9,7 i 9,9 I 9.2 1 7,1 I 6,6 I 21,4 T 28.2 I 30,4 I 19,5 I 20,6 1 lo,2 I 20,1 i 22,5 I 20,4 I 18,4 I 1b,2 I COLUMN 471 4?5 415 433 460 427 386 39b 338 361 1 2 TOTAL 11,4 tO,3 10,1 10,5 11.2 10,4 9,4 9,6 8, 8,8 100,0 COUNT I ROw PCT I Females ROW CUL PCT I TOTAL I 1!I 21I 32 I I 5 I £ 7I 81 91 10 1 I I 1a7 I 156 I 158 I lb 1 169 I 152 1 149 1 1/3 I 159 1 183 1 l16l Literate I 9.1 1 9,7 I (,8 1 10,3 I 10,5 I 9,4 1 9,3 I 10,7 I 9,9 I 11,3 1 40,6 t 31l1 1 35., 1 U1.5 I 40,5 1 141,8 I 3b,5 X 37,9 I 47,3 1 44.0 I S5,5 I I2 I 325 I 23 1 222 I 245 I 235 I 2b3 1 245 I 192 I 202 1 147 1 2360 Illiterate 1 1358 1 12,0 1 9,4 I 10,4 I 9,9 I 11.2 * 10,4 I 8,2 I 6,6 I b,2 I 59,4 1 bd,9 1 b4,4 I 58,5 I S9,5 I 58,2 I 63,5 62,1 1 52.7 I Sh,0 1 44,5 I COLUMN 472 440 380 411 404 415 394 365 Ibi 329 3970 TOTAL 11.9 11.1 9,s 10,4 10,2 10,4 9,9 9,2 9,1 8,3 100,0 fispeapunq uT ST eAoqe sT183 aq2 TIe UT 1uno) ainTosqB aq?L :ajoq O'OT gob9 olot ?66 01O 6'6 t a 0 i Io It 0 *O 0'0I o I'0 1v)l 968'7L 2L1L L IJ ftlO 0191 6Th.VL 6?SL Ott/ 2L9L SI ISL tOSqL tvnfl1f) I- - 1 1----T --I------ ---T----I---I-el --I- - I--I-----I I 1 I ,' I 0 T 0 1 0 0 3 0 I o Io I 0 I t,'OV I I'Ll I 0 1 0 r 0 I 0 I 0 1 SO I O I 'zC I LZ 1 9 1 0 I 0 r o 1 o Jo I I 10 10 o 9 flnpea2-8soj I--------I--------I--------I--------t--------I--------~~....... I----I........ I-------- I--------1- £ I 9?'? t I It ' I P o' 11 1 I0' II1 ' I t' I o I0 I ?t' r I o'll r te I1 1' r I AO I I 0'f I I Et,'Z I b(I I 92 I 9 T t T T e I I I I V1 I o I L I 0I I D'* I ' I 9. TI' I I' 10' I0 I t' I O' I Z II II 1 I I I I '' I I.iI T 6'Z I 97ft1 I S' I 0 I 6'2 I S I ZLTI I L I VI lb h I? I IS I 1 0 I S I I 1 9 Davenpepx2aapu,f I h'2 I o'I I ?' 6 1 ' 1 9' I I I F' I I I Z' I I' L I Z'o" I S'?l I 2'h I l'lt T O'h I £'9 1I't7 I 0'1 I Z'9 1 't IDSH/-_-D TZS I 0t? I t,/ I 1f I Ws T LI I i1 I Ih s ISt 6 pZaUeApV pass,d I--------lI---------I-------- I-------- t-------- I--------7I--------lI--------lI-------- I--------I-. I 9 92 I q'L I t I 1 I 0'01 T 6'9 1 OaS I S S I 9'S I t? E I I-f I co '6 I 9 C) J qII I S'11 I 0 tt T 2 L I I'9 1 o' I 0'9 I 4's V I eD Ipassvj 'ZITL I L 0 I I s25I I 919 I 09L I 91S I I h I at2 I ifSh I b e? 1 97.*7*D P?ISUd I....I--------li--------Ir--------I----T-------- I--------Ix--------I........-I-------- I--------IJ I S'Vt I 'Ot I I t'L! r 9'LI t 2'9t I I't7E I I'h -, I I ef I s'½R I q',2 D I L'OI I eh'II I 2'01 I I'lt I S'01 1 001 I 'cl I 9'6 1 o-9 I1 21 I I a) 9LLSZ z £L i vo I I 29 I 2 t 62t 5692 I t LS2 1I 01? I SLor I l9h1 e fttP I I l912 1,PPTh r-------- i-------- r-------- I-------- I-------- T-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I- 1 ID02 I 7'92 I 0'bi I f'9i T I '6 I £'00 I 0'Ot, I L' 6 I S el? I 9 t I ( 9£ 17I I'S I 9'L I t I I 9'01 ! 'll I 11 I I 'l I V.11 I L11 I 5'II I (5-T '2o) 19ZLZ I qqr,l I 5- 2 I S59s I 9L12 I PI 62 I tsOJ I 99rhs I LI7U£ I Sb Ii I q Ti I 2t0'04 Alv zd Ti-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- T-------- I-------- I-------- lI--------l I-------- I--------I-. I I L I t 'I I I I 91 SII ,I T h'91 I 0'hl I o' 1 2'ee I -re I ftf1o I ,78 I o'r I rZ'9 ; e's I e7 T I' I r'01 I I-1 I t, 2 1 9'If I qC)I I 'i9LVE I lbSs I S9 I 9211 1 1I I1 I 9~eI I Di l I 9rSI I DuLI I ?LrW I z92e I IUTTOOqDs ON I--------l-------- I-------- I........T-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- ------------- livio 1 01 I I9 IA. T 9 1 S I D. I I e I I juamuTeW v ________________________________ ~~~~~~~~~~I 13d 103 TvuuT.3fL-npH MON anflnTPUadxa vlTdvj I8a JO aETToa( I i3d MUd I jN(ifl) OL-696T 'CINM1SI '1'IV 'INMNNIVJLV 'IVNOILVDflUH aNV aTOH3SflOH aiLi ao a'I1a 3(I HOd X9 dAONY sN aST v Ia olivNIndod ao Noiinsramsia :yyjuNn IJiS ory ayTqe, Table A.lO0 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF MALE POPULATION AGED 15 AND OVER BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND EDUCATIONAL ATrAINMENT. ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 cnuNT I Educational Rnm PcT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Attairment I I 1 2 I * 3 1 4-1 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 J 9 I to I TOTAL -........ -----t----- -------- I.....w-- ---I----- I--------I--------I---e-----l I.....I.... No schooling 10 I °° 8 Li 43 1 40'14 I 37 1 312 1 297 I 264 1 ;94 I 15q I 3686 118.? 1 1t,9 1 11.7 I 11,0 I 1C,S I 8,5 1 8,1 1 7,r 1 5,s I 4,3 1 9.8 I10.5 I 141,A I 11,5 I 10,2 I 10,1 I H,.2 1 7,5 1 8,3 I S,o I 4,4; Primary school 2 1 11135 1 1737 1 1762 1 1835 1 1759 I 1651 i 1593 I 12HI 1 l3e I 721 I 15256 (Cr l 5' I1 11,7 1 11,11 1 11,o I 1ee0 I 11,S5 I 10,8 1 10,4 I 8,a 1 7,14 I 4,7 1 40.6 \ r. - J ~1 4qJ,? I 46,9 1 47,1 1 46.5 1 us,0 1 43,6 L 40.l I 37,2 1 24,1 1 19,7 1 -1 -------- T-------- T-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- L-------- I-------- I.... -------- I_--_ I-liddle school 3 1 1Oal 1 12h5 J 1349 1 1461 S 11412 1 152?7 i 1637 1 1454 I 169b I 14135 I 14283 (Gr. 6-GC.E' 1 7,3 1 8, 9 1 9,4 I 10,2 1 9,9 I1t0,7 I 11,5 1 10.2 1 11,9 1 10,0 I 38.0 . - .C.IN.o I~~ 28.9 1 34.1 I 36.0 1 -S7.1 1 36,9 I 40,3 I 41,4 I 42,3 1 43,7 1 39,2 1 -I-_-------I--_------I--------I1- -----_-I-------- I--------1I-------- I-------- I---.-----I_--------I Passd G...4 1IIsz 1 147 1 194I I 221 I 2?9 1 2hO 1 383 1 3sh 1 7 80 1 1047 I 3766 sse G.C.E. 1~~~~ 3.1 7 3.q I 5,1 I S,9 1 O,1 1 h,9 1 10,2 1 10,3 1 20,7 1 21,8 I 1. I 3sS 1 4,0 1 5,2 I 5,6 1 6,0 I h,9 A 9,7 1 11,2 1 20,1 1 28.° II *I_____ _ ___I_____------I-_------I---I....I-----X---I-----I---I----I---- I---I-*---- I .0 Passed Advanced I 1 3 I 4 1 11 I 24 1 27 1 27 I 23 1 4!b I 130 I 308r G.C.E./H.S.C. 1 2,'7 1 ,8 I 1, 3 I 5,6 I 7,7 I 8,6 I 8,9 I 7,5 I 14,/ 1 42,2 1 .8 . . . 1 ,~~~~2 1 , 11 , I ,o I ,7 i ,7 1 ,7 1 ,e2 1 3,5 I Uyndergraduate o I I I ° T o I 1 I 12 1 1 1 13 I 7 1 19 I 3b 1 90 1 1,0 I 0 1 Q I 1,0 I 13,8 I 1,0 1 14,0 I 7,5 1 21,4 I 40,5 1 .2 1 to I 0 1 o I ,o 1 ,3 I ,o i 3 I ,2 1 ,5 1 1,0 I First degree 7 1 fi T 8 I1 1I 4 I I I 9 '1 3 I 5 1 2O I 109 I 160 I 0 1 5,2 J ,8 1 2,6 1 ,S 1 S,7 1 l,6 r 3,1 I 12,° I 67,9 I .4 1 0 1 .2 1 o0 I ,1 I ,0 1 ,2 I ,1 I ,1 1I , I 3,0 1 Post-graduate 8 I 0 , 0 1 I I 0 I 0 I 0 I o I o 1 1 1 24 1 26 I 1 0 1 3,3 I 0 I o I o 1 0 I 0 1 3, s I 9 3,3 I I 0 1 0 I ,0 I 0 I 0 I o I 0 1 0 I ,0 I ,7 I -I..---- ........--I-------- I-------- Im------- I........---- I ------ 1.....I.........I........ I CO1LUMN 3tj29 37o7 3742 3942 3624 378- . 3953 3439 3889 3661 37574 TOTAL 9,7 9,9 10,0 lo's 10,2 10,1 lo'S 9,2 10,4 9,7 lOO.O Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds.- Table A.lO (conttd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALE POPULATION AGED 15 AND OVER BY PCE DECILE OF THE ROUSEHOLD AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT. ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUNT- I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW RO0W PCI I Educational COL PCT I TOTAL Attairment I IT 2 T 3 1 4 I S1 7! I I 9! 10 I __.---1 --X ---l------l-------l- I--------- I....I....I....i-------- I-------- I-------- 1------... No schooling 1 1 1Ie I1 325 I 12753 1 1 44 1 1041-. I 945 i 834 I 842 1 6o2 I 394 I 10078 1 1°b.0 T 13.1 I 12.6 1 11t,4 I 10, 4. 1 9,4 1 A,3 1 8,4 1 b,o 1 3,9 I 27.0 1 I 1,6 1 3".8 1 32. I 5i0,2 1 28,3 1 25,9 1 21,6 I ?3,b 1 18,2 I 11.2 t Primary school 2 1 135I I 14A8 1 1285 1 1253 1 1273 1 12hN 1 1285 1 1104 I 991 1 746 1 12005 (Gr. 1-5) 1 11.S I 12.1 1 10.1 I 10,4 1 10.6 I 10,5 1 10.7 1 9,?2 1 f,3 1 6,2 2 32.2 *1 34.9 1 3'%3 I 32,7 1 33,1 1 34,4 1 34,5 1 33,3 1 30,9 1 27,3 I 21,2 I tiddle school 3 1 791 I 9"9 1 1127 I 1179 1 1159 1 1168 1 1296 1 1168 1 1375 1 1328 1 11493 (Gr. 6-G.C.E.) I 0, 1 . 7,A I 9,8 1 10,3 1 10,1 I 10,2 1 11,3 1 10,Z 1 12,0 I 11.O I 30.8 (Gr. 6* G* *E.* I 24.6 1 23.5 I 28.7 I1 31,1 31,3 I 32,0 1 33,6 1 32,7 1 37,9 1 37,8 1 _I-- ---_I .. .. .I- -- -- -- ---- I__ _ _ .. . _ I _ _ .- ...... I. ...... I. .....-.-. -I.... .-.. I........ I.. ...- . I Passed G.C.E. 4 I 111 I to 236 1 206 1 203 S 255 1 401 1 432 1 5(46 I 860 1 3358 t I 3.3 1 3,2 I 7.0 I 6,1 1 6,1 I 7,6 1 11,9 1 12,9 1 16,2 1 25.6 1 9.0 I e.9 1 ?.8 I 6.0 1 5,4 1 5,5 1 7,0 1 10.4 1 12,1 1 15.0 1 24,5 I _I_-------- I--- --- I- --- --I ........ I........I ........ I ........ I ........ - - -I........ I........I Passed Advanced 5 I 1 1 14 I 1 1 4 1 9 1 20 1 31 1 25 1 2" I so x 214 G.C.E./H.S.C. I *4 1 6,6 1 ,4 1 1,9 1 4,3 1 9,4 i 14,3 1 11,7 I 13,7 1 37,3 I .6 I ,° 1 .4 1 .0 1 ,1 1 , 1 ,5 I ,8 1 ,7 1 .8 1 2,3 1 Undergraduate~~~~~~~~-_ --l---1----I----I ------I--------*-I-------I-----I-- _--82* Ulndergraduate 6 1 0 1 5 I 0 1 0 I 1Z 1 4 1 10 I 3 1 14 1 35 1 82 1 0 1 6,1 1 0 1 0 1 15,1 1 s,o 1 12.1 1 3,1 -I 1b,S 42,1 1 .2 1 4 1 .11 0 ! 0 1 3 1 ,1 ,j I ,1 1 ,41 1,0 I First degree 71- I o 1 8 1 I I I i 0 1 1 8- 1 83 I 0 1 0 1 9.9 1 1,0 I 1,0 I 0 1. 0 1 1,0 1 9,1 1 77,9 1 .2 I 0 1 0 I I ,0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 I 1,8 I Post-graduate A I I J 0 1 0o1 0 1 0 1 0 L 0 0 1 51 3 [ 8 * 0 1 0 0 0 I I I 0 1 0 ! 0 59,I I I007 I i 01I 0 I o! I 0I 0! 0I 0 1 01 1 ,1 * COLUMN 3472 3806 3930 3787 3705 36%2 3857 3574 3Z6Z 3511 37322 TOTAL 10,4 1U,Z 10.5 10,1 9,9 9,8 10,3 9,6 9,7 9,4 100.0 Note: The ab-olute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table A.1O (cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AGED 15 AND OVER BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 *COUNT I nOw PCT I Decile of Per-Capita Expenditure. ROW COL PCT I ofTA Educational CoL PCT I 1 2 I * 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 1 9 I 10 I At'tainmefint ....... I-_-------T-------- I-------- I-------- I........ I........ -------- I-------- I------ --I-........-I 1 I -22s I 212 I 184 I 160 1 125 I 121 i 104 I 7b 1 69 I 64 :1 1344 N'o schooling 17.0 I 15.8 I 13,7 1 11,9 I 9,3 1 9,0 1 7,8 I 5,7 1 5,2 1 4,A I 10.0 I lb .7 .1 14.7 1 13., 1 11.6 1 9,3 I 9,0 1 8,0 I 5,7 1 ,4 I 4,9 i ) S5 1 '43 I '494 1 451 1 360 I b;6 1 330 1 251 1 189 1 191 1 3691 Primary schouol 1 1b.3 1 13.3 I 13,14 1 12.2 1 9,8 I 9,8 i 9.1 I 6,8 I S,l 1 5,2 1 27.3 ( 14112 1 314, 1 3S.3 1 32,6 1 26,9 1 26,9 I 25.6 1 18,9 I 14.1 I 14,6 I (Cr. 1-5) …………………-I-----*----- ..... I. ... ..... .....I…....I-. --- .... 3 I 517 1 670 1 b610 I 636 1 674 1 634 1 583 1 591 I 540 1 388 I 5844 M-iddle school I 8,9 I1 Its5 1o,' I 10,9 1 11,5 I 10,9 i 10,0 I 10,1 I 9,2 1 6,h I 4 1 37,7 1 40,4 1 43,6 I 46,0 1 50,4 1 47,4 S 44,5 I 44,4 I 42,0 1 29,8 1 3 (Cr. 6-C.C.E.) ........ I........ I--------I--------I........I-------.I--------II.......I-------- I 4 I 56 1 6S I 109 1 123 I 163 1 204 1 264 I 345 1 395 I 0u 1 2195 Passed G.C.E. 1 2,5 I 3,0 1 4,9 1 5,6 I 7,4 1 9,3 L 12,0 1 15,7 I 18O 1 21, 16.2 - e .C.E.I 4,1 1 ~4,S I 7,5 1 8,9 I 12,2 I 15,2 1 20.2 1 2,0 J 30.7 1 36,1 1 P 1 3 c 3 1 1 1 12 1 9 1 it 12 1 3e 1 40 I 79 1 202 Passed Advanced I 1,3 1 1,7 1 ,4 1 5,9 1 4,2 I S,S 1 5,9 I 16.1 I 19,9 1 39,0 I 1.5 G.C.E./H.S.C. I .2 1 ,2 1 ,1 I ,9 1 ,6 I ,8 1 .9 1 2,4 1 3,1 1 6,0 1 *1 -_--- 1_------- -......II...... -------- ........ -------- ........-------- I........ I........ 6 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 7 1 7 I 13 1 19 1 24 1 77 Undergraduate I 2,2 1 0 1 1,1 1,1 5, I ,9 1 8.9 1 16,7 1 24, 4 1 31.1 1 1 ,1 1 0 1 1 I 1 3 1 S. 1 1,0 I 1,5 1 1,8 1 .6 7 1 0 1 1 I - 1 2 I 2 1 3 * 3 1 19 1 32 1 65 I 127 First degree I 0 1 ,7 1 .7 1 1,4 1 1,4 1 2,0 1 2,7 1 14,9 I 25,0 1 51,4 I I O 1 ,1 1 ,1 I ,1 I ,1 1 ,2 1 ,3 I 1,4 1 2,5 I 5,0 I *9 A! 0 I I I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 i I I 5 1 5 I '23 1 30 Post-graduate I O 1 2,9 O I O I 0 1 0 Z 2,9 1 8,6 1 8,6 1 77,1 I 2 I 0° ,1 I 0 1 0 6! 0I ' *1 I ,21 ,2 1 1,8 1 COLUMN 1572 1444 1399 1384 133b 1340 1311 1331 1267 1305 13509 TUTAL 10,2 1°,7 10,4 10,? 9,9 9,9 9,7 9,8 9,5 9@ 100.0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in the hundreds. *sp8apunuq uT ST eAoqw sTlao elp Tue uT lunoo aln-osqe atu w4alo OOOt 96 t8 0s01 f' 6 Z'O1 9'6 ZOI SOo 6o0I LIt 1*e0 0999 ;Q fZ29 L99 959 Z99 079 Z90 669 O0L 6D°9 N4o:3 *I£ I To I O I 0 10 10 10 II' I o I ft I £'ifw I J'° I 19 I 0 t 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 I oi 1 o l alpeA-_soj 9Z I tI S z I Z I. 0 rTO IOIO 100 I ° I I I o 9 I 1' I z'S. t 0'1 I ta t I t I 1 I I I O I o !'1 I S',S I 'SZ I I OftI I ' I 0' I 0'1 I olo I o1 I 0 0a ap S S9 1 9D 1 e z I t1 I f T Z 1 11 1 1 I O IL I........ 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I tthnt I b'9t I iht 96 1 t, I £ -------*---I----o----I---l----- I-*-T----- T -------- I --------lI--------lI-------- I --------- I 1'2 I ;tt I L't, 1 9t? T S'S I 5'P I q'S I Z-9 1 L-L I C-q I 9 I I 9'91 9 I sx t I bt- T Z b I I' I 6-01 I b?I Z I 0 Iu. I I Sl I IZZTI2 9Q I OR I lb I 06 T £l I SSI I fI I 15i I 961 1 Slw I Z paoATdmaun l-------- I........ -------- -------- T-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- I-------- J. I Z??7 1 9I c i 5 I IO '2? T gI? I 0l'O? 6 Vi I 0iZ e T I h 5 2 I 61 I I i 9Z I 9'ZI I I 1 OK 0 t 0 I 06 t 6-6 1 0'6 I 9'6 1 6'6 1 9'6 1 0'6 1 OZLS I 9tL I 9hS I fRS 1 esS t SQS I 915 1 IbtS I 7 9 I b6S I 1II I 1 PaAOIiTd I- - - - I- - - - I- - - - I- - - - I- - - - I- - - - I--I --- I- - - - I- - - - I------- ._ .1 I S'S I I 9 I 9'1o 1 17I I T S'll I SI I O-TI I O'SI I tbJ' I t,-sI 1. L 'T I LIE I a'S I 1*9 I b' T t7tb 1 96 I I ll 1 9? I S' I 0I0I I 09s7 I bb I 9nl I So? I 2 2 T bi? I 9tbZ I t6? 1 IZi I t'tti J e2t I o paplozau lON l--------l--------l--------l--------~~~~t--------lI--------lI--------lI------'-l--------l..--------l-------- lVJO II 01 1 6 1 9 L 1 9 I S I I £ Z I I flTIPU~~~~~dX3 Ul1d~~~~~ I~~~,J JO ~~~~TT7~~~G ~I J)d '103 £ITATIDJV MOld TaV 30 JO IJ3U aIN 3SJN NOIIVdIIDIdVd 3HD0 UflOsvl xa SWIOH3SflOH 30 toiIniu Isia :.xNvir Is Svlv aI qe± Table A.16 SRI LANKA; DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, All Tsland, 1969-70 COUNT I Incidence koo PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure RTO of COL PCr I ~~ OA Unemployment I I 1 2 I 3 1 4 1 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 1 9 I 10 I Uneplome t-- --------T- II-------- I....I........I----------I"...---1-----I---........----- o I 135' I j5h? I 159l I 1575 I 1595 I 1597 1 1554 I 1572 1 1616 1 1663 I 15570 0 I 9,7 I g,8 I 10,0 I 9,9 I 10,0 I 10,1 I 9.8 I 9,9 I tOi2 I 10is I 75,7 1 73,7 1 7Ύ1.6 1 75,8 I 75,2 I 76,0 I 76,1 1 74,2 I .75,0 1 77,1 I 79,2 1 P?--------I-........ -------- I-X--X--- r ........I--------I........l 1 2 Rb 1 79 1 5B 1 54 1 54 1 28 i 65 I 35 I 35 I 21 I 514 0.01 - 0.33 I 1[,7 I 15,u I 1,?2 I 10,6 I 10t5 1 5,3 1 12,6 1 b,9 I 6,8 I 4,0 I 2,5 I 4,1 1 3,8 I 2,7 I 2,6 I 2,6 I 1,3 1 3,1 I 1,7 1 1,7 1 1,0 I 2 I 92 1 130 1 77 1 124 I 85 1 93 1 100 I 69 I 87 1 117 1 955 0.34 - 0.49 I 9,7 I 11,5 T 8.1 I 13,0 I 8,9 1 9,7 £ 10.4 I 7.e I 9,1. I 12,3 1 4,o I U,4 I 9,2 I 3,7 1 5,9 I 4,0 1 4,4 1 4,8 3,3 1 4,1 1 5,6 I -I-_-…--I-… I … I … I…I… --I …------------I .f-t----i … I-----I 3 I 15 I 145 I 1uB6 I 117 I 120 I 163 1 154 1 145 I 13S I 98, I 1375 0.50 I 11,0 1 10,6 I 10,8 I 6,5 1 8,7 I 11,9 i 11.2 I 10,6 1 9,7 I 7,l I 6,6 I I 7,3 I 6,9 1 7.1 1 5,6 I 5,7 -1 7,8 1 7.a I h,Y I 6,3 I 4,7 I ° J...-.---J_ --------I-------- I--------I ---------- I ---------- I-!-------I..... r.-----^-----II 4 I 5S4 1 42 I 71 I bO I 64 1 42 1 53 1 55 1 4h I 23 I 509 0.51 - 0.67 I 1G,7 1 8,2 1 13,9 I 11,8 I 12,6 1 8,2 . 10,5 1 10,7 1 9 , I is,b I 2,4 I 2,t 1 2,0 1 3,4 I 2,9 1 3,0 I 2,0 1 2,6 1 2,6 I 2,2 I 1,1 I -I- ~~~~------- I-------- I----"----I....... I*------- WI-------- I-----I-- ----- I-------- 1 5 I 1" I 12 I 26 I 19 1 15 I 11 1 18 1 2 I le 1 6 I 135 0.68 - 0.99 1 10,2 I 9,0 I 19,5 I 14,1 I 11,4 1 8,0 1 13,5 I 1,3 I 9,7 1 4,3 I ,b I *7 I I 1,3 1 ,9 1 ,7 I ,5 1 ,9 I ,1 I ,3 1 -'-.-^----I-w-~~~J- - I------I-- ........ ........ I........ I........ I........ 36 I 27 I 4h I 142 I 47 I 49 1 49 I 61 I bs I ;3 1 456 1.00 I 6,4 I 6,0 I 10,2 I q13 I 10,3 I 10,8 1 10,7 I 13,'4 I 13,6 I 7,1 I 2,2 I 1,8 I 1,3 I 2,2 I 2,0 1 2,2 1 2,4 1 2,3 I 2,9 I 3,0 I 1,6 1 7 I 114 1 1 8 I 8? I 103 I 120 1 115 101 I 156 I 106 I 138 I 1152 Not Applicable I 9,9 I I0,2 I 7,1 I 9,0 I 10,14I t 100 1 P,8 I 135 I 9,a 1 12,0 1 5,5 I s, ; 5, I 3,9 I 44,9 I 5,7 I 5.5 1 a,A 1 7, 4 5,0 I b,6 I WI ....I...... -----I"------- IV------- J" ......I ....--- I-------- I-------- I--- WWI ------ wI COLUMN 2095 z095 2096 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 - 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10,0 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. epsapunq UT ST aAoqe sTTao apql Te ul lunoz nanlosqw aql :ezoK 01oo0 6O i'ot O's 0'o1 0'0 00?I 0'0t o'ot 'o I bI6 lrol 6(271 9?75 2,7 7t! 7J ?f s ?7$7( 0t7qT - NrIlf (Ct NHn I t'9 ? 4 S S'S I s't x t r I I I9 I 0'9 I I t' I o's I S's 4 I I I O'il 6'b r I '!! I 5' I Iz l I 1 'QI I yI( I 6Ύ, I o%, I a6qwDTTddv toN 161 I 2 1 L2 1 61 I 92 S 9T I ( 2 I I I 6 rI LS I L 7 v---c c c c--ZI… --*I… … ……---w-- I… …at… …l… …II*---- I ~ --I -^-'I- - I 0'1 r Z!2 I s'I S'l I 2'?e t sI'? I 2'? I I s' 1 I 2'1 I 27%, I o'01 I L'9 I 0'01 T I'll I 0'01 I 6'9 t I 'L I 9'SI q I' ; I 00.T LL I £ I 9 I S I B 7 6 1 9 I I I Q I 21'1 21 1 9 I"*-… …I… …I … 1… … 1 sa-… … I-------- - ------ ------ W.I--------I--------… 1 Z' I z' I Z'l I O'T I I' I L' I Z '! I £'I I 1' I OS I 2'It I l'Z I t '2 I 27I01 I ('O t.(9 I h! I ti'0 I 9 I1 I ('9 I 00's I 66W0 99 0 lb, I t I t I t" I £4I+___.l' 1 9 I t? I 9 I £ I o0 1 S I 0 I o' I VL I O 1 Ih I s's I 0 I 2 I ZL I o's I Z't I O I 9 I t2 I i'9 t b'b I 6 L I 9Ύ2! I '91 I 9'?? 1 i's! I L[9 T &ISO 601 I 0 r I I £ I L T 01 I 6 I n1 I 91 I SI I LI I ii Go I 't x 0o'9 I Z' I 2'9 S Z ' I 2 '! I 6'0T I L L I 6 I T o I 2 89 I S's  I't I 9'I I 96£ t 9gi I L'lTI I 2'SI I t7%? I 4' 1 2'zl I 09'0 192 1 ST I IF I 1 x -e s I i I 92 I £2 I 17 I Di I T 1 6'Z I I s2 I £'9 I z' I S's I I s I I 0 ' I V's I o0S I 6'S I 609 I f'£1 I 79 I 9'ol I fir I 9 I I 9 g o I 6W'0 - 1E'0 911 I 01 1 21 1 f2 1 St T 6t I 02 1 It I 22 I 7t2 I gI I 2 o1 0 I LI I o'e I S'Z 7 ' I S I e I Z2 j 0£ I S'r I ' I 9'02 I 9'L I L' I 9'0I I 5%?6 1 b'6 I 9g I 9 ' I ".I I i'f1l I I I C£O - 10T0 06 I L I 9 S 1 I 9 IS e I 1 ZI t I… …I… …I …~~~91 I…… l a.6…… .1 I o'i9 r i$ 1 I I'9q I 2' tiL t 6' l I L'£9 I a'ot I 9'Ot I 1'(9' I s'ss9 I O61± I l'lI I q'dl I 9'01 I i'Ol t f't01 I 76 I '% I S' I I 9'9 I 0 ILttZ 1 6Q2 r vq2 I 292 I 95Z J S52 1 i i I 2 1 I £272 I 91? I LI? I 0 …-------I--------…I--------…I… …..….---T,-o..'.I.'..…………………...I......I -.In..Ia...aI------a I 0 I I 9 IL I 9 I S II I I 2T I1 I t101 _ I lod IU3 go . mom aan;puadxa we3Tde3 .aaj jo Ba[zvaa I i fd aOd 0DuSPTDUI I iNflO) OL-6961 'Svwav INSVIn 'auna1Iu1dxa VLIdVD uaa ao a'lIDaQ (NV INJΆWAOflNdIl 0 SO DNSQIDNI Ag SWIOU3SQOH O NOULLnfIH1SISU :yXXn4 1 mdS 91T 9TquL Table A. 16 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT I Incidence ROw PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure TOTAL of CCI. PCT ITOA Unemployment I I 1 2 I 3 I 4 1 51 X 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 101I Une~~~qploXment-> I--------I----- I.......I........I w-_--r-- -~*wI--- ........-__-w 0 I 11412 I IlS4 1 1134 I 1167 I 1126 I 1138 1 1117 1 1093 1 1109 I 1187 I 11346 0 I 10,1. I 10,0 I lOe0 I 10,3 I 9,9 I 10,0 i 9,5 9,6 I 9,8 1 10,5 I 75,0 I 75,9 1 75,3 I 75,3 I 77.5 I 74,8 I 75,4 1 74,2 1 72,6 I 73,7 I 78,7 1 0.0- -1 I 45 I 37 I 37 i 29 I 21 1 16 LI 3TJ, I 16 1 25 I 4 I 266 0-01 - 0.33 1 16,9 I 13,8 I 13,8 I 10,8 1 7,7 I 6,2- 1-4-43,8 I 6,2 1 9,2 1 1,5 I 1,8 x 3,0 I 2,5 I 2,5 I 1,9 I 1,4 I 1,1 1 2,S I t.1 I 1i6 I ,3 1 vl-rw-w--I-----9-Ivw ...... I.1-------It,-----*-- ----*---l w ------ --------I........I........ I 2 1 58 y h62 I 41 I 82 I 58 I 45 1 91, 1 41 1 74 I 91 I 843 0.34 - 0.49 1 910 1 9,6 1 6.4 I 12,8 I 9,0 I 7,1 I 14,1 I1 6,4 I 11.5 I 14.1 I 4,3 1 3.8 I 4,1 I 2.7 I s,5 I 3,8 I 3,0 1 6,0 I 2,7 I 4,9 1 6,0 I -I-_v---~~------ I...... I--I -- I-------I--------L-@-------I........ I-------- I..._r---- I- 3 I 107, I 111 I 107 1 78 1 91 I 124 1 115 I 107 1 107 I 70 I 1018 0.50 I 10.5 TI 10.9' I'I ,9 I 1 ,5 I 7,7 I 8,9 1 12,1 11,3 I 10,5 I 10,5 I b,9 I 6,8 I 7.1- 1 7,a 1 7.1 I 5,2 I 6,0 I 8,2 I 7,7 I 7,1 1 7,1 1 4,6 I %I-_- ... ---I------ I..... -----I- -- T"------- I........t........ I........I-------- I-w-------I I 4 I 33 I 2S 1 66 1 33 I 37 I 41 1 25 I 54 I 49 1 21 I 383 0.51 - 0.67 1 8,6 y 6,5 I 17,2 I 8,6 I 9,7 I 10,8 1 6,5 I 14,0 I 12,9 I 5,4 I 2,5 1 2,2 I 1,b I 4,4 I 2,2 I 2,5 I 2,7 1 1,6 I 3,6 I 3e3 I 1,4 1 vI..ws-e- I …---|I-.-…--I …--- I …- -I*---I …--^I*-…--I-…---I … '1--t 5! 8 I 12 1 lb I I.1 6 I 16 1 0 1 . I "4I 9 0.68 - 0.99 1 9,1 I 4,5 I 13,h I 18,2 1 18,2 I 9,1 1 18,2 I 0 I 4,5 I 4,5 I 6 I ,5 1 .3 1 ,8 I 1,1 1 l,1 1 iS 1 1.1 I 0 I .3 I .3 I 6 T 29 I ?I1} 41 I 16 1 S4 1 41 1 25 I 66 1 5b 1 2S 1 375 1.00 I zw7 7 5,t 5 I 11.0 I 4,4 1 14,3 1 11,0 1 6,6 1 17,6 1 15,4 t 6,lb I 2,5 1A,9 I 1,4 I 2.7 I S,1 I 3,6 I 2.7 I 1,6 4,'4 I 3,6 1 1,6 I I- ----I...... I------ I-------- I-------- I------ WWI."----w-b----I....I........ I........I 7 1 82 I II1 I 66 I 82 I 103 I 9S 1 7T8 I 128 I 78 I 107 1 932 Not Applicable I 8,8 I it,9 I 7,1 1 8,8 I 11,1 1 10,2 1 8,4 I 13,7 I 8,4 S 11,5. I 6,2 1 5,5 5 7.4 I M,4 I 5.5 I 6,8 I 6,3 t 5.2 I 8,5 1 S, 1 7,1 I 1u1 … w~~*.a-..qsww…u-J … a-'wj…IV'------IoU-..-we! ------0.10 .......a. WI.-p --- % COLUmN 150S 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Table A.16 SRI ,LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, Estate Sector, 1969-70 COUNT I Incidence ROw PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW of COL PCT ITOA UnempJloyment I I I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10. I Unepl eI--------I-------- … ……-------I.. ..…..I--------I........…--------I--------I--------I--------I 0 I .165 I 190 I 201 I 205 I 195 I 204 1 212 I 219 I 227 I 229 I 2047 9,8 I 10,0 I 9,5 I 10.0 i 10,4 I 10,7 I ll,l I 11,2 I 82,8 I 67,9 I 76,9 I 81,4 I 82,5 I 78,9 I 82,4 I 85,9 I 88,9 I 92,0 I 91,1 I I I 31 I 24 I 16 I 12 .1 21 1 15 1 12 I 10 I 9 I 6 I 156 0.01 - 0.33 I 19,8 I 15.1 I 10.3 I 7,9 I 13,5 I 9,5 1 7T9 I 6,3 I 5,6 I 4,0 1 6,3 I ld,8 I 9,5 I- 6.5 I 5,0 I 8e5 I 6,0 1 5,0 1 4,0 I 3,5 I 2,5 I 2 I 25 I 20 I 19 I 20 I 17 I 14 s 10 I 6 I S I 2 I 138 0.34 - 0.49 I 18,0 I 1£,4 I 13.5 I 14,4 I 12,6 I 9,9 f 7,2 I 4,5 I 3,6 I 1,8 I S,6 1 10,2 I 8,0 I 7.5 I 8,0 I. 7,0 I 5,5 I 4,0 I 2,5 I 2,0 I 1,0 I 3 I 15 I 9 r 5 1 5 1 71 6 1 9 1 7 1 4 I 9 1 76 0.50 I 19,7 1 1,5 I 6,6 1 6,6 I 9,8 I 8,2 i 11,5 I 9,8 1 4,9 I 11,5 I 3,1 I 6,1 I 3,S I 2,0 1 2,0 I 3,0 I 2,5 1 3,5 I 3,0 I 1.5 I 3.5 I WI ........I...w"---l- I.......I-------- I.---...--I------------------,--'-I- w--I---b-.... 4 I 5 I I I . 2 I 4 I I I 2 1 I I 0 I 0 I 0 I 17 *0.51 - 0.67 I 28,6 I 7,I I 14,.3 I 21,4 I 7,1 I 14,3 i 7,1 1 0 I O I 0 I ,7 x I 2,0 1 ,5 I 1,0 I 1,5 I ,5 I 1,0X ,5 1 0 I 0 I 0 I -I_----I-----I_---I---.. ----II.------I-----,--i*e-ro-.-.-I.-------..--c-I- …---I 0.68-0.99 5 I 2 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I trd 0 730 I 0 I 0 0 I 4 0.68 - 0.99 I 66,7 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 33,3 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I ,2 I 1,0 I O I 01 0I1 0 1 5 0 I 01 0I1 0 1 I . . . . . . . . I---. - -- - - --I. .. .. j- - -I - - - - -'I..-- -1- - - - --I. . .. . .-I-M--a--I--- --I 6 0 6 0 0 1 01 0 I I 01 II I I 01 0 I 4 1.00 I 0 r 0 I 0 I 0 I 33,3 I 0 1 33,3 I 33,3 I 0 1 0 I ,2 I 0 1 01 01 O5 I O 0, I 5 1 0 1 O I 7 I 0 £ 4 I 4 1 2 I 4 I 5 I I 2 1 2 I 5 I 30 Not Applicable I 0 I 12,5 I .12,5 I 8,3 I 12,5 I 16,7 1 4,2 I 8,3 I 8,3 I 16.7 I 1,2 I 0 I 1.S I 1.S t 1,0 I ,5 I 2,0 I ,5 I 1,O I 1,° I 2,0 I cI .PCC-- T -.…….. I PCW…---…Ice ….----W- --X.... COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9,8 10,0 10,0 10,1 10,0 10,0 10,0 9,9 106- 1002 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. -92- Table A.17 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND CLASS OF WORKER, BY SEX, ALL ISLANID, 1969-70 Persons COUP;? I ROw rCv Decile of Per Capita Expenditure mow Class of COt PcT r TOTAL Worker I I 13 a i 3i 'I 5 1 6£1 7 1 8 1 vI 101I 11 'i 1 314 1 37 1 71 I 205 1 63 1 68 I 103 i 123 I 174 1 819 Employer 4.,8 1 4.2 1 a's I 8,? 1 12,9 1 7,7 £ 8,3 I 22.6 1 15,0 1 21,3 1 2a3 I 1.1 I *9 I 1.0I . 1 19 2,4 1 1,7£ 1,9 I 3,1 3,4 4,9 I 2 I 2258 3 2396 1 25S5 1 2372 1 2e74 1 23011 2331 I 2175 1 2420 1 2654 2 3738 Employee I ,5I 10,1 -1 10,8 I 20,0 1 9 , 1 9,7 i 9.8 I 9.2 1 10,2 I 11,?. 1 65,? I 6e,0 e 6.4 1 68,9 1 63,0 1 63,2 I 62,4 Li 60.1 I 64.1 1 67,9 I 74,1 I 3 I 1979 1 't83 I tiQ9 1 1126 I lOSu I 1126 A1078 1 416 1 635 1 653 I 9716 Self-Employed I Ito1 1 iQ.1 I 9,' I 11,6 I 10,6 1 l. 11,6 12,1 1 AlaI8, 1 6,7 1L26,9 1 29,b T 21.2 I 24,3 I. e9,9 I 28.t, I 30,6 1 2q,7 1 27,3 1 23," I 18,2 I 4 ~I ,.2 1 2944 20t 216 I 196 1 i"t 1 195 1 160 0' 166 1 189 1 99I 1868o Family Worker I',' i1o. -0 jx 11,6 1 10,5 I 10,2 3 10,4 I 8.5 1 8,.9 1 10,1 I 5,3 I s,a I 7,2 I b fQ 5.8 I 5, 2 I 5, 3 1 5,3 L, 4 1 4,9 I 5, 3 1 2,8 K COLUMN 3t39 3068J 3708 -S765 3601 3665 3t.37 3361 3507 3580 36150 TOTAL 10.1 10,0 .j 10,3 10,4 10,0 10,2 10,1 -9,3 9,9 9,9 100,0 Mates COUNT I POW. PC I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Class of. COL PCT I TOTAL Worker I 1 2I 3 1 4 s I 61 1Io I to 2 1 31 1 32 I 34 I 57 I 87 1 62 1 62 1 90 1 I17 I lob I 738 Employer I 4,1 1 4 ,4 3 4,6 I 7,7 I 11,8 I 8,3 8,3 1 12,2 I 15,8 1 22,71 2, I ~ 21,2 I 1,2 I 2,0 I 3,i 1 2,1 A 2,1 I 3,4 I a,t 1 6.2 I 2 1 2479 I i"95 1 1783 1 1066 I lbOl I lob? 1 1771 I 1546 1 1852 1 je5o 1 17030 Employee e,i jO, I Q 10,5' 1 .9,8 I 9.8 I 9 , 6 10,4 1 9,4 1 10, I l0,1 I61,3 1. 56,9. 1 62,1 1 64,1 I 58,4 I 59.4 £ 58,? i 60'.7 1 60,1 1 64,0 1 68,6 I Self-Employed 31 9j9 74 863 1 72.5 I 996 I qP 1 loll £ 9983 I 8'48 I 7)4 1 5)7 1 870 4 Self-Employed 1~~~~~~~ ItJ, I 9,9 .1 9,0 I 11,4 I 10,6 I 11,6 i 11,3 1 9,7 I 8," I 6,9 1 31,3 I 3S.3 1 31,e i 28,2 I 34.9 I 32,9 I 35,3 1 33,7 I 31,9 I 27,4 I 22,1 1 Family Worker 0I I7 0 1 138 I 182 I 133 I 129 I 1 24" 109 1 129 1 134 I 81I1131Q I 12,9 I 10,5 I 13,8 I 1u,l I 9,8 I 9,4 1t 7,9 I Q.4 1 9,4 I 6,2 1 a4l7 I 6,5 I 5,i 1 6.5 I 4,7 1 4,6 I 4,3 1 3,5 1 Q,7 1 ills I 5,0 I COLUMN 2598 2729 2783 2852 2812 28o 3 2919 2657 a8n7? 2496 27786 TOTAL 9,3 9,8 Iol0 10,3 toll 10,3 10,5 9,6 1Q04 9.? 100,0 COUNT Ieae RON. PCI I Decile of Per Capita ExpenditureRO Class of COL PCII 0A * I II1 2 1 i 1 4 1 S I 6 1 7! s I I t101 Worker ..... -.....3----- ----- I-----I------I-----±---- I -....I-----I----- 1 I 1 I 2 1 14 I l I 1 1I 7 1 14 1 6 I I 1I 8j Employer ~~I 11.? 1 2,t I 3j.1 T 17,4 I 22,4 I 2,5 1 8,7 I 16.9 1I'7, 1 0,4 I1 2, &nployer ~~~~~~~~~I .9 .2 I .3 1 1,5 I 2,3 1 ,2 1 1,0 I 1,9 1 I4 , I 2 1 179 7"Ii I 772 I 706 I tOn I 634 1 6 5606I0b I Soo I 80a I 6708 Employee I I~I fl, T iO.'i I 11.5 1In1,5 I 9,0 I 9,5 1 8,4 I 8,6 1 8.5 1 22.0 IB8ola Baployee I~~~~~~~~~ -74.8 I 79,7 I 83.6 I 71,3 1 76,5 I 77,2 1 77,9 1 82.4 1 82;,4 I 91,0 I 3 1 1hl1 12', I 124 I 130 I 105 1 215 1 95 1 68 1 5/ 1 56 1 1022 Self-Employed 1 V) 7 1 1.7 1 11.2 1 12,8 1 1 J. 1 11,3 1 9,3 6,b6 1 5,.3 I 5.5 I12,2 I 10,5 1 t3,a 1 22.4 I 14,3 I 13.3 1 14.0 1 13,3 1 9,6 1 8,2 1 6,3 I 4 1 92 I 56 I 36 1 63 1 62 I 71 I 56 1 "2 I by I 17 1 550 Family Worker I 16 7 1 10.1 I 6,3 I 11,3 I 11.2 I 12,8 1A 10,2 I fli I 07 I o,i 3 1 6,6 I 8,9 I 6, 3.8 I 6,9,. I 7,8~ I 5,6 1 7,8 I 6,0 I 8,5 1 2,0 2 COLUMN 1041 879 924 913 790 822 719 743 689 884 8364 TOTAL 12,4 lo's 11,0 10,9 9,4 9,8 8,6 8,4 8,d 10,6 100,0 Nate: The absolute count in all- the cells above is in the hundreds, *J 0PrC O.S 'i ~ .a -o onj It N 0 CD r0 0' . eN. . . o . C. . Y _. C * _ 41' O P N O NVl' O G -N ?, O Op_ NiC Ul 0 -N . O O O - _ o- 7- 4 0 7 --- 7 ---- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __~: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __M - - - a. - ft.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. * P I p a a a a a a a a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , a B o -unS n0 *.S r8 P I.. r .3 oo@ - rG@10 OI .g . . 1eo vG O 5 10* O |4U - \ * . $ p * @ * , , n ^ * a I N O P P N a a pI a LA a S0 IV 5 Ia a a a a S p ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Va M 6 1 F1 :0 of n 11 2UX Drr ex :.^..i’, , 0 Al,;t : >0 +@OOo@rU a,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a - a -~~~~~~~~~S -a a - a - a -a -a a ~ ~ ~ - - -- -- -- I.] a D a\ aU a a a e~ XJ ~ q0 .D8f ~° a a D p a a 0 p ~f~4 J*C IG|- ~~@10s 0 -5 p o a f E&0 >04 t a a a a 1 a a ~ a a a a ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ a3V ma pO I a a a a a coQ I J a o | C aNrN C t rU .o a ' -n .D N a - C 1 .c - P.OC r. o ao aa..a.r,..pn -.p...aC >- a. -. - a a- *-a V____ O I I rr------. - r a - ^. rr a^ - - -- - - a - E- CJ P4 n M I^oar r^ ozr ^ t_ Be _r |w Ir O p Lu * O 'n ar Q^ M I 'au I xw - N u.ra o- ua CAa.L DLAru r. O r _ ON _cP N- t,- - E. a a, I In,VI4 ' V V V C V _~~~~~~ - a P- -a - a r q aJ - aY .rr, -a * ar r* _- § * a _ P C P _ tn I N I _ N tE Wt Z J F i> J _ N ^ a X, J z riL a aS a a P a r : CC 1@ ll° °o t0° °0j 0 Cl ~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C Cl J. …El I a a 8 ft >-' n -- --a - a - ---a - - --C - - -a- -- - - - a I C A M a'~ a p M C p, P a ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~a aU aI . sU a a a.'Di PIV aC In PIa a Z .0 -4 a a a a a~~~~~~~~~3 a- a a aCJ a a a .,.4 CP-~.Pr.'C 4hCP oOp ...p.~p.5- Cp ~ u~a otPo ....ac, caj a. ~ ,~) a00(L.JOIL..P C.IL.dΆ 0 N . a - * P C a o * a . . , - a . o , a 4 n p C' 0 a~~~~~4 a a a40440 Ca - P IP C - a-'. 0 to~oa t a r a c -a o . C0 co a a 4 a( a a a a a a a a a D a f 0 P a a a p a a p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E a a P a - j_ P'ft. IAN Vf0 N _ NO a e.) OIA N - c- e~ a NO 'CS-.t3 .o- oe o ~ ~ I NP NO Jo ON ON ?-t NC Co t e _ _ cc "tI C') - 4 NA tr4 - - NC - -. - - N _ - - __ _- a- ft a a a , , , , , * a . 4 __U U. S a-a- _ _ _ _ _ _ *o-~->-r.a.ft*is.f4.ft'r >..|**w ..f.-..f.-. S..ft..f...ft..o. -* .a_ __ o. , - a NP lA P _ _ 1* N *-'uf __r a- ftbe o *a > w X~~~~ ~ ~ ei N aDO e e^ _ D ae a aio o o N n r a aN a ft O ft ft fte ^ [aN ~ ~~~~ iron- OftV O S 3't *f0i- O aJS" a ao .-c _ -*z an"A .t .C .OO. ' C.O: ' 'isO . iaf .t _ oAt O ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 *I' Ui a - a ft .Na --so'-e 0X ~ N o > O e O r * I 5Nse ryn --g --so Z~-w -0 Z.=J' It f - -.N - x.T _ a a S a a S - 5 N - S a 5 o Ioot 1d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f a a a a a 5 N _ ft N_ ~ ~~~~ a a sPe a _o c a az a aose_ree4s 2@uK J. x o@~ r^.se o er iM co 1* It 1e 0O~ 4 V o. D C 9 Ni CP Q a . a e a . .a a 0 a a p-ftt ^ ^^e x -._…e - _.- o o o & ra _ * _ a sr I C .*S'.E.ftn --It*at ,., - o- - ** N z ,f ,N I ,C~ I t S , , .'P 0 6 c~~~~ d a 00100 IC'-tiJa...tLflaoC ~~~~~~~~~~~~0 Q "H S a i N a _ - v - - - s f a - - t -a - - e, , a, a * a a *~ D e * * e a a _ > - o - ffi n e ; N @ 4- a a O a a4 a a a * w 'N a a | ' -Na - a - - - - - - - - - a - - - - I e . f 5 5 * a| a a -g ft ft a1o &| H a a ft I a a a 5Iaa 0 a -tJg'ljiIcOt.ft't.Cfto CNa oNftt .o,C -CIsM 0 t Nal--ft t a ' o n a a a2 aC 4 g f IC a a a a -.- stn--aC ---a --O- --a---t-.f .7o-- -- *-aN- ft 5O -s --a 7 --a- a n a, N a ft a o ': o I 'I- 0 I I a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a I s1 T. : : : :7 C: a aa ft *-..~~gi *.p~~- --a n--i-. s--.sc --aln...--.a' O . S it *.I $4-.. ar -a 0 0 p~~~~~~~~ a a a f a aC ft 5 af4f ft a 4 6 ftto. ft a a a a S P ft a a a 5 ~ a a S a a-, a P a a a a a *3 O.' - ,0 3D 0 V _ D O J _~ ^ _~ a o J _ -3 O .3 r o3 0 N _ V O OS -. OS -nD*e aDro a N r J@oa _a ro_@O O 3 O .-. -v _ O 00 _ . 00 a ur v0OO o0' .00 a 0 7 - - - D - - -0 D-' N - - - ' - 4; [LI- - - - 7 - - - _ - 7- - -- - - - 7 7 S c p 3 3 5 ° i 3 a ; j N U K { t W------ ----- --- w S,_O -----|------------- |g __ C ~ ~ ~ ~~ - *S j _5 3. . 3 n*.*. '. '35 ii ''i i1'-5Uljw sejr W|O \S 3 5 3 - - - - S * _ - N _- O _ 7 * 3 3 3 3 3 3 J 3 O.5 orO I Di ° S.'..S'4 -.5 .-3 33- - 3- - - -.9' --- - ..- ---S - - . 4 - 3 - - - .. _ * a D * N- ! @4O| e |-OP | N{ * g * V s * * a- 3 W $o4U o m Lo 0, ,-C m a U 5 S 3 3 ° 149-4 3 - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - 6 S ~~~Cr,I H1 cn -C 13. 00 .0 S 50 '.1. S~'I a I a g 'C g N 03 5. Ln ~~4NE-' N , * *_, * .. * * 0 N 3 04- 5 - N 0 3 5 3I 33* n: ~ V D H 0 , * ..~~~~~~~~.* . . -. .~~~~~~~ - .. - - - - --* - -, -3 - - -. 0 33.95 u'..c nj-o ,..o'e ooc'~~~~~~~ nIV I *l * 5 5 5 -.05 - S S - 5 5 05 - 5~~~~~~~~~7 - - C - - ' - 5 3 9-.,~~~~~~~~~- . 11l 1-' ~ ~ ~ 0 5 3 5 5. 5 .5 O , " .oo~. nj.-.g * u I Li s.,o... 'jn* 3 S10 309. 3 0c 3 - 0001 5 03.- N 3'4 0 S--0S 0 13. Cn…1-3…c0 0 - o o 0 4 Oga -4.30 0R. a .0 0.3 .a 5 Os. Sico S s. a to 5 Z to 12~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C 3. - 96 - Table A.18 0R! LA83'AI DISTRIBUT0IOt OF HIOUSEHOLDS BY CLASS OF WPAIl' OF THE ?'AIN !AIU,1R AND 00C171 (17 PER CAPIVA !EXPMItITR, BY SECTOR 19)69-70 dlo. Count of Roe Pct Dec14. of Pe, Copito'ynftr Worker Col1Pct 1 2 3 4 5 4 7 a 9 10 X" oc.?rl Ibt employed* 0 117 97 II so 98 '17 11? 14 115 189 1205 11.4 8.0 9.2 6.7 8.1 9.7 9.7 12.0 -9.5 15.7 5.7 6.6 4.6 5.3 3.8 4.7 5.6 5.6 6.9 5.5 9.0 Ecployer 1 31 22 30 55 66 57 55 79 93 168 635 4.9 3.5 4.7 8.7 10.6 8.9 8.7 12.2 14.6 23.3 3.0 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.6 3.1 2.7 2.6 3.7 4.4 7.0 7."loyee 2 1132 1259 1269 1202 1211 111.9 1200 1180 1291 1306 12199 9.3 10.3 10.4 9.9 9.9 9.4 9.8 9.7 10.6 10.7 58.2 54.1 60.1 60.5 57.3 57.7 54.8 57.3 56.3 61.5 62.2 Self-7.zployed 3 794 708 684 758 724 770 722 688 595 453 6897 11.5 10.3 9.9 11.0 10.5 11.2 10.5 10.0 8.6 6.6 32.9 27.9 33.8 32.6 36.2 34.5 36.7 34.5 32.9 28.4 21.6 Family Worker 4 0 8 4 0 0 5 0 5 5 4 31 0 26.2 13.1 0 0 15.8 0 13.8 15.8 13.1 .1 0 .4 .2 0 0 .2 0 .2 .2 .2 Col-~n Total 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 VrYbr.n Are'ao 8iot eoployed 0 26 20 18 23 23 27 32 25 41 A7 281 9.1 7.0 6.4 8.2 8.2 9.4 11.6 8.8 14.6 16.7 8.2 7.5 5,7 5.2 6.7 6.7 7.7 9.5 7.2 11.9 13.5 Employer 1 9 9 9 20 15 22 22 29 32 39 208 4.5 4.5 4.5 9.5 7.4 10.7 10.7 14.0 15.2 18.9 6.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 5.7 4.5 6.5 6.5 8.5 9.2 11.3 Employe. 2 236 240 228 216 224 207 226 227 225 233 2263 10.4 10.6 10.1 9.6 9.9 9.1 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.3 65.8 69.3 69.9 66.4 62.9 65.2 60.7 65.7 66.2 63.4 67.1 Salf-Employed 3 69 74 88 84 81 88 63 62 46 28 684 10.1 10.9 12.9 12.3 11.9 12.9 9.2 9.0 6.7 4.1 19.9 20.4 21.6 25.6 24.4 23.6 25.6 18.4 17.9 13.4 8.1 tomIly Worker 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 33.3 0 33.3 0 33.3 0 0 .1 0 0 0 .2 0 .7 0 .2 0 0 C.ou,on Total 340 3244 344 344 344 34 5 344 344 344 348 3439 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 100.0 Rural Ar.,as Ilot employ.dk 0 107 91 82 62 78 87 74 132 87 107 907 11.8 10.0 9.1 6.8 8.6 9.5 8.2 14.5 9.5 11.8 6.0 7.1 . 6.0 5.5 4.1 5.2 5.7 4.9 8.8 5.8 7.1 Rmployer 1 29 8 16 41 41 37 37 49 33 99 392 7.4 2.1 4.2 10.5 10.5 9.5 9.5 12.6 8.4 25.3 2.6 1.9 .5 1.1 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.5 3.3 2.2 6.6 Raployce 2 701 792 771 779 717 713 713 713 837 816 7553 9.3 10.5 10.2 10.3 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.4 11.1 10.8 50.2 46.6 52.6 51.2 51.8 47.7 47.3 47.4 47.4 55.6 54.1 Self-Employed 3 668 610 627 623 668 672 676 606 548 478 6176 10.8 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.8 10.9 10.9 9.8 8.9 7.7 41.0 44.4 60.5 41.6 41.4 44.4 44.5 44.9 40.3 36.4 31.7 Fosily Worker 4 0 4 8 0 0 0 4 4 0 8 29 0 14.3 28.6 0 0 0 14.2 14.3 0 23.6 .2 0 .3 .5 0 0 0 .3 .3 0 .5 Col,ma Total 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Est-ate S7ector- Not moployed* 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 4 0 16 0 15.4 7.7 15.4 7.7 15.4 0 15.4 23.1 0 .7 0 1.0 .5 1.0 .5 1.0 0 10 1.5 0 EopIoyer 1 0 1 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 6 36 0 3.4 6.9 10.3 10.3 17.2 6.9 10.2 17.2 17.2 1.5 0 .5 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.0 1.5 2.5 2.5 Emnploye* 2 240 241 237 241 241 233 240 238 235 236 2382 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.1 9.8 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.9 96.4 98.5 97.5 96.0 97.0 97.5 94.5 97.0 97.0 95.0 94.1 Self-taiployed 3 4 2 6 1 1 5 5 1 2 9 37 10.0 6.7 16.7 3.3 3.3 13.3 13.3 3.3 6.7 23.3 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.5 .3 .5 2.0 . 2.0 .5 1.0 3.5 Col,mn Total 243 247 247. 248 247 247 247 248 247 251 2471 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.0 IC.0 10.0 q,q 10.0 10.2 100.0 NOE Th. absolute count in all the cells above i3 In hundreds. The career. In thesa houceholds e.r. not employed during the reference month. They paesumably bed other sources of in-oe.. ' lay,lOM paiuTai pU' Saoavt-ddo 34uidTnba SUTIJTT PUe BUT rAM)X9a plU BUy8UZ-uojPe S (a) pue 'saa);,om ssazo'0id pa :TLa- pue TeZTuaq (P) 's2la!POM SDTUO -iz'llV puE DT;00D p33tV'[a.1 pULl SULTDTA iDTD (D) 'Sl,.IOM paleT -D.1 pUr' S2ZMtllEd l.oopoI.' ' uqw;-1d Sm;uv1pUt ' S (q) ' SaizDY,loM Vu]TalI put, 2UT%Uw Tl, ' Iau pl'TZ pue s-lsplnoul 's-.10uxp SIDIOTOo1 uulota.,u:nj (e) apnTDuT ,Z UOuls-;e.XU8 :8 tP03 *,,Z Uaus3J, UiTp u o pOpn[tDur asou,l idazxa ,paTlTsseu, 99t^iasTs 'ou s1aonOqeT puue sul.poM ssaooid uo'Tynpojd 'uowsjLaz)., apnpDuT ,,T Uzluws1J313,, :L tpOP *sp-a.punqt UT sF .lAoqe sILD lip Ile UT junol aTnTosqe alI : alON o'o01 6h6 6'6 f6 . Iot 2Ol 0801 t t"0 0.OT O 01 1801 16IO0 OSis0 oPSf ls05 t9cf L09f sf9f 1090. q9Lr eoL 90qLc Mtvq tilln'10 I------- I--------. [_.__I___........I........ ............ l,._ _____I ............... __.I, ........I.......I_-.I ........ __.......... _.,-t. I a I P' S 2 I i' 0 I' 1 0' 1 9' r O' I E' 1 W. 1 8 ' I '1 I 1 ?'9 S ig9 I Z9 I I't I It I 0 'L 1 I'I I h'l I z'st I ueI 09 I I I s IL I S I I I Ie II . I I t' 1 I P'Zt I CIG; I RI C ) 9 1 o'5 1 0*9 E li. I f117 1 9't 1 sf 1 9'9 0a's i i0'Si I f'6 I IPo0 t b'9 I 9R I S 9 I f'S I S'S I a ti a@ S.17721 119 I bRf I 12Z I b'2 T Ileo I stI I S? I 1 951 1 Oi I oIfl I I I 2'. 1... I _. I ___ I L__ I l.I I LI. I .e_ I 0__. I o'_ I o II I 9f0h I 1'91 r 1'tt I iit I 0.6 r aOt I 9oh I S t I Z uats3jesD SIGI1 I Sll t S.l I 1l I 0J Onl I Ool 1 I:t I ill 1 90l I IL i t I 9 I L9t 1 I'FI I b1sl I D'9t I 991 S6bT I L I WII? I 061 1W I O o 1 PLt I bLf I C; I b'9 1 "6 t 9'11 1 00l I e1fr I ;i1t I 2VI I Potl I T utsielD 9129 I 002 1 9q01 T ISS I ShS T t,t 1 0I b |q IC 1e I e69 I "St I SSL I I--------. I........ I-------- I -------- t --- ----- I -------- I --- ----- I.-------- I -------- I ----- ---I-. I S'ty I I I O's I O 5S 7 t b I1 1 Lib I i's I f' I Ie 1 o'z 1 I I sri I S'7 1 t91 I I'sl I L'2l T 2'i; 1 O'O 1 9' I S'Lt I S's I I'z I uoI2eDlU Qnrt IL21 I 091 2 ~ t2 .1 991 1 191 *.I I r 9Ot1 1 001 T 96 I TL I tO 1 &odsue9 I b' I 10 1 O I S' I il I IVII n I S I D I S ilol I 0O' I L I i'9 1 ol1 I O Z I F171 1 001 I 0. I I o I IUTU1 az,o I ft ! S I 21 9 1 e1 1 72 1 It I s9 St I S I Lt,1 I 019f I Ott, I 6b'hb 2'D5.s I SI'9 r I'LS I S Z9 I F e9 1 6b99 1 9't s I RIC I obi T Co 06 L 'ot I S't l I slit I l'e I 1o's: I o' I *Da I L12991 t SOL I q62 I 9R51 I 9114 Li,6I I 9602 I 6171? I tIl I 61'?? I 0.0.17 I b I 6Ό. 1 ije, 1 0TI1 I I 6 I L I OIL I 9 I 05s I LIS I fbt, I 9li I o'bt I 001 I Z'ol I teb ' O I b 'Ό I sΌ 1. I 'lΌ I Vn I f: I tILt 1 O'f I I i^170 1 1:90. I f '21 1 690 ISO' I S'o I t'o I So'£ I 0.1. I sae ift 12 I95f I br Ii bbtf ;9if 7 "92 1 152 1 1°z 1 102 I 502 I tLl I S I 9'fl I O.' I L I7 I t0 1a L'e r S'Z I /.'Y I 9 1 4 ?'* I L' l I I' I lt I P 61 I RU' I 9811 I 19 I 9i' I Sb I e' I Olt I /' 1 04tyl I 9kf9 1 09o 1 9SI I Itt 001 1 29 I f9 I 95 I no 1 52 I Z I 0'9 I s1 I f'l I 0I 1 e' 1 t. I' P S' 1 I' I t' I I't I 6'tS I 2't7 ; I'l 1 60 I Cl I oOe I S' I o0 I : e I aATWelSJIsuPv 69t I I 0.0 I Ss C fn I e T 9 1 01 I f I 01 I t7 I I I I 0'el I LO6 I 9'n 080 1 90. I t', I l'e P I I n I 06D 1 2'0b I s'o02 1 20Ό 1 9 9 I 1O7t I " I 7 t tt 1 0 I b2 I b1 I WeJCTssqjO.L L69t I Z09 I sf,0 1 9C1 I SlII T 9Z1 1 7t I OU I es I hn 1 9! 1 0 I-------- I........ I.*------- I.-------- t........ I.*------- I........ I........ I........I-------- I........ I01 h6 t 9 II 1 9 15 6I n 0 1 f I Z I I _ W1VOL I i.d 1o0 mod an:.llTpuadx:a ua dDj .Iad 30 E1aTODa I 10d mO4 I I*000 Ot-696I 'QV'ISI TIV ' aioSHnSloH aHI d a lIDZIU 3Jd Ad aa,xOIdN8 2I1 A0 NoIjl-jqiSIj fl'MOllVanfDDO :VNnV IlS 6T1 TqBl -98- Table A.19 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MALES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUNT I ROw PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Occupation COL PCT I TOTAL 1 I 1 2 1 3 4I 51 6 1 7£ 81 91 101 O I 1b 1 '40 I 34 I 63 l b3 1 90 1 87 1 96 1 211 1 357 I 1057 Professional I I I . 1 3.2 I 5,9 1 6,0 1 8,5 i 8,2 1 9,1 1 20,0 1 33.7 1 3,8 I .h 1 1,5 1 1,2 1.? 1 2,2 I 2,2 I 3.2 1 3,0 1 3,O I 7. I 13,2 1 I 1 I 1 4 1 lo 1 3 1 10 1 6 1 U2 1 43 I 55 1 199 1 374 Administrative t 2 , 1,1 1 2.7 1 ,9 I 2,8 1 1.6 I 11,3 I 11,5 1 14,8 I 53,2 1 1,3 I ,0 T ,2 I ,4 £ .1 I ,4 1 ,2 * 1,4 1I,b I 1,9 1 7,4 1 2 I 95 1 43 1 50 1 56 1 78 1 92 7 163 1 138 I 26b 1 430 1 1336 Clerical 1 1,9 £ 3,2 I 3,8 1 4,2 I 5,8 1 6,9 1 12,2 1 10,3 1 19,5 S 32,1 I 4,8 1 1,0 1 1.b I 1.8 1 2.0 1 2,8 1 3.2 1 5,6 1 5,2 1 9,1 1 15,9 I 3 1 130 I 162 1 178 1 236 I 231 1 231 f 29H I 311 1 313 I 324 1 2414 Sales I 5,0 £ 6.7 1 7.4 1 9,8 1 9,6 1 9,6 1 12,3 1 12,9 1 1?,9 1 13,4 1 8,7 I b.0 I 0.O 1 6.4 1 6.3 1 8,2 1 8,1 0 10,2 1 11.7 1 10,9 1 12.0 1 4 1 171? 1 16)0 I 1664 1 1517 1 1519 1 1473 1 1345 1 1158 1 1001 I 601 1 13596 Agriculture, etc. I 12,h I 11.A £ 12,2 1 11,2 1 11,2 1 10.8 1 9,9 1 8,5 1 7,4 1 4,4 1 48,9 J 6859 1 586, I 59,8 1 S3,2 I 54,0 1 51,4 1 406,1 1 43,6 1 35,0 1 22,3 £ oX- -- --, - - -- -I. .... I--------____ _ I._ .__ .I.... .. I. . . . I._. . ..... . _ I------- -I----- ;.-I.-.......I 5 1 13 I lb 1 14 1 16£ 17 1 12 I 8a I I 5 1 13 1 117 Mining 1 11,3 £ 14,1 1 1.0 1 14.1 I la,8 £ 10,5 1 7,0 1 7 1 4,8 £ 11 3 1 ,4 I ,S I *E^ £ ,5 1 ,o' I ,b £ ,4 i ,3 I ,0 1 ,2 . 1 5 1 Transport/ 6 1 27 1 71 1 9b I Ά21 1 117 1 143 1 IbO I lb? 1 210 1 ISS 1 1269 Cnspormniatin e.2 1 5,b I £ 7t.b 1 9,7 I 9.2 I 11,3 ' 12,6 1 13,1 1 16,5 1 12,2 1 4,6 Communication I 1,1 1 2, , 1 , 15 1 4.3 1 4,2 I S,0 1 5,5 1 6b3 1 7,3 I 5,7 1 7 1 532 £ b12 1 512 I 620 1 493 £ 547 1 495 1 440 1 400 1 198 I 4609 Craftsmen 1 1 11.0 1 12,h I Ά0,6 I 1;,8 1 10,2 1 11.3 10,2 1 9,1 1 8,2 1 4,1 1 17,5 1 20.5 1 22." -1 18.4 1 21,7 1 17,5 1 19,1 1 17,0 1 16.5 1 13,9 1 7,4 I S £ 29 £ b2 1 104 1 95 I III I 95 i 140 1 119 1 172 1 112 1 1041 Craftsmen 2 1 £. I 6b0 1 10,0 I 9,1 1 10,6 I 9.2 1 13,5 £ 11,5 I 16,5 1 10,8 1 3,7 : 1,1 I 2,3 1 3.7 1 *,3 1 3,9 I 3,3 1 4,8 1 4,5 I 6,0 1 4,2 1 9 1 94 I 109 £ 119 I 101 1 171 1 173 0 179 1 184 1 238 1 306 £ 167) Service I 1 7,S £ 7,1 I b,0 £ 10,2 I 10,4 £ 10,7 1 11,0 I 14,2 1 18,3 £ 6,0 I 3,° 1 4,0 £ 4,3 1 3,5 I 61 I o,1 & 6,1 £ 6,9 -I 8,3 1 11,3 1 111 1l 9 I I 21 1 1 1 0 I I I I £ 1 I 1 59 Blank £ 32,e £ 1bO,x0 1.4 1 3,2 1 1,4 I 0 1 4 1 1,4 1 8,4 1 1,4 £ ,2 £ ,7 I .3 1 ,O I ,6 I ,0 10 0 ,01 , I ,0 £ COtLUMN 2598 2729 2783 2852 2812 2863 2919 2657 2877 2696 27786 TOTAL 9,3 94,8 10,0 10,3 10,1 10,3 t0,5 9,6 10.4 9,7 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsmen 1" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" except those included in "Craftsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and treating workers, (b) tool r:mlers, moclhanists, plumbers, welders, platcers and re- lated workers, (c) electriciars and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. : 99 - Table A. 19 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMTLQYED FEMIALES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUNT I Q(ol Pcr I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Occupation CO PCT2 3 TOTA51 0L 1 81 t 0 1 0 1 9 I t7 1 17 1 11 1 36 'I 28 1 60 1 13° I 3i5 1 040 I 0. I I,u 1 2,7 1 2.7 I 1,7 I S*O I 4,4 1 9,3 1 21,J 1 50,8 I 7,6 Professional I O I fl, I 1.9 I 1,9 1 1,/4 I 4,4 1 3O9 I 8,5 I 19.8 1 36,7 1 .1 ........ I....... I........ I........I........ I........I........ I........ ........ I........ I I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 a 0 1 0 1 0 1 14 1 14 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 1 0 1 0 1 0 A 0 1 I 0 1 to 0Q0 1 1 a Administrative I 0 l ° I o I O I o I O J o I O I O I l,o I 2 1 0 1 * I 1 a 1 7 1 4 1 8 I B 1 20 I 20 1 Si 1 132 I 0 1 .9 I 5,7 I b,1 I 3,2 I s,a 1 5.8 1 15,3 1 1418 1 a3,2 1 l6b Clerical I O I ,1 I ,8 1 .7 1 5 I 09 1 III 1 2.9 1 2td I 0,4 - I .1 -.-- 1-------I. . . .I-1 ------- I-------- I........ L........I........ I........ ........ I........ 3 1 42 1 42 1 22 1 25 1 19 1 33 L 38 I 33 I 32 1 32 1 320 1 13.3 1 13.3 1 7,0 1 7,8 1 6.0 I10. IOS 1210 1 1013 I 1090 I 9,9 1 3,6 Sales I 4.1 1 4 N, 1 2.4 1 2,7 1 2,4 1 4.t 1 5,3 1 Q,7 1 11,6 1 3,6 I .1......- I-.-..... I........ -1----1---s-------- I.....I..... ..... -------- I-.-----1-b- I...... 4 1 721 I b49 I oS2 1 63? 1 580 1 524 1 471 1 (430 1 289 I 104 I SCSI I 14.3 1 lde8 I 1?.q I 1?5 I 1 11, 1 10.4 1 9,3 1 805 1 5.7 1 2.1 I 6004 Agriculture, etc. I 69.3 1 73.8 1 70,0 1 09 2 1 7 3,4 1 63.8 L b5,5 I 01,1 1 41, 9 1 t11, I1 5 I ° r o 1 1 1 1 1 s I o A o 1 o 1 o 1 o 1 7 I 0 1 0 1 12,0 1 12, a 1 7 4,4 1 0 1 o I 0 1 0 1 0 1 VI Mining I O 1 0 I ., I ,It I .6 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 ° I 0 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 5 I 9 Transport/ I o 1 o I o I o 1 lo,o I o 1 20, 0 1 10*0 I 0 1 60,0 I1 Conmmnlication I ° 1 ° 1 ° 1 ° 1 *1 I O 1 .2 1 eI I O 1 .6 7 I d?3 I I 7 1 1 60 I 201 I 126 1 7 2 I 100 1 III 1 66 1 QZ I 1367 1 16.3 10 j7 1 13.1 1 14,7 1 9,2 1 126 o 7,3 I 8,1 I 4,6 1 3,0 1 10,) Craftsmen 1 1 21 .5 T Ib.7 I 1 9 5 1 d2, 0 1 6. 0 1 20 Q 1 1 3.9 1 ISr8 I 9, 5 1 4,I7 1 8 I 8 1 9 1 4 I S I 0 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 3z I 2b;4 1 28.1 I 13.2 1 15.3 1 01 12,7 1 0 1 0 1 29° I 2.6 1 4 Craf tsmen 2 1 ,N t 1,0 1I . I .S I C I ,S I 0 1 0 1 II I ,I Z 9 1 37 1 ?I 1 3q 1 24 1 44 I 44a 1 68 1 43 1 1 40 1 305 1 772 I 4,H I 2 ,4 1 5,1 1 3,2 1 5,7 I;I S7 1 8,8 I So6 18 q9 1 39sS 1 9,2 Service 1 3.5 1 1. a I 14.3 1 2. 7 I S,t 1 5,3 9,5 1 6,1 1 21,2 1 34,5 1 11 I 9 t o r I o I I 0 4 1 1 J 0 I C 1 2:. 4S, I. 0 0 1 4,1 I 0 1 4, t 1 19. 9 1 28e I I I I 0 1 a Blank 1 .9 I 0 1 0 1 I I 0 1 I I ,0 I 9I CMtUMN 1U41 879 924 9i3 790 822 719 703 689 e84 eXoZ 70IAL 12,4 to's 11,0 10,9 9,4 9,8 8eX dq4 8.? 10,o 19o,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsc.en 1" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhiere classified" except those included in "Craftsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmien 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal imaklng and treating workers, (b) tool cm'kcrs, r.ec.hanists, plumibers, welders, pliaters and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, anid (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workcrs. .-100- Table A.19 SRT1 LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 COtINT .I No. PCI7 I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Row Occupation ~ ~ tn T 2 1 3 I I 5 I 6 1 7 1 a 1 9 I to I I I I_,,***__l_,______I__ 2 1 2 1-_ __--- __I_ __-I- ---- _-I--__- . .......--_*- O I 14 1 1~~~7 1 2 7 01 4 s Io1 8 1 S 1 564 Professional ~~~~~1 2-3 >1 3. 0 1 . r 1 4.7 1 4,5 1 7,1 1 1 0,901 1581?021 a I 9,9 1 2.5 1 3.1 1 3 o, 1. 4.fl I S,O I 7,1 i 10 2 1 15,2 1 19,1 I IeLe-6 I ~~~~~~~~~J-I .... -,-I,,_____,.I*__--I_-___I-----I....I--I*-__--i---* I---I---*---I- I I I ~~~I ? 1 6 1I SI l 1 17 1 1 9 1 34I 1 77 1 181 Administrative *53, , .3 I 2,8 1 9,0 1 9,4 1 10,4 1 18.9 -25S>1 3,2 I , 1 ,3 1 , I 1.1 I 1,0 1 2,9 i 3,: t 5,2 1 5.7 1 1A7 *I,,~~~~~~~--_--___ _I_.___ ---__-*- -- I-- .. .. ...... 2 1 9 1 29 1 ~~~~~~~3t S 1 52 1 73 1 7OI 103 4 bI 115 1 656 Clerical I , . . . I 0t I 11 1 1 II,h I 15 8 1I 7, 17,2 `v II's 1 1.7 I S.? I h.lI I 9.S I 10,1 1 12.9 1 13,R I 17.7 1 19,2? I I 3 1 41 e 21 10 61 14s 9 1 1 15 I S I 85e Sales I 9.8 1 10.4 1 9.b I I12.5 I10lo,O 12I,2 i lo,o I 10,7 1 8,1 1 6,4 I is, O 1 16.2 1 15.9 1 14.5 1 19.5 1 lo,o I 18,5 1 1b.4 1 1S,7 1 11.b 1 7,6 1 4 I l1 4 4I 5 81 48 1 oI z 2v 1 Zl I 78 Agriculture, etc. t 10,7 1 11.3 I 17,5 1 10,9 1 12,2 1 10,0 i 10,4 I 4,6 I c,l1 I 4, 31 e,4 I 9,9 I aO. I 14,S 1 Q.s I 11,3 1.i 8,5 I 9,0 1 5,4 1 4,9 1 2,9 1 * *I,,-,-,,I,,,_____I________I______,_I*--__ ....._ .. --------I* ---I _ -------I- - -- S 2 1 1 9 Yiining I 1u.0 I 3.0. I lo.o I Z0.(% 1 o I O 1 10,0 I 10,0 I 0 1 10,0 1 I, I ,2 1 .5 1 ~~~~~.2 I .3 1 0 I 0 i ,2 1 ,1 1 1 I II *I,,---X-_I________----- - -_ I _---- ; -I - - --__ _I--------L- *------- I--- _ _I*-------- I--------I Transport/ b1 55 1 33 I SS I 4 t 40 1 33 i 40 1 42 1 213 1 2s 1 361 1 9.7 I 9.?. I q.7 1 13.3 1 11,1 1 9.2 1 11.1 1 1t 8 1 7,8 1 7.1 I e,s Communication I o,e 13 0u I o. 2 1 b.8 1 7.8 I S,9 1 7,3 1 7 2 1 (4, 1 3 b I *I_------_--I........ I-- - .,------I ---------I... ...I........I-------- I........ I--------I-_-_--- -- 7 1 254 1 __2st I r?l« I loo 1 1^3~~~~~I 1 ;5R I 114 1 It I ab 1 25 1 143Y CraftsmenI 1 1 47aI[7.2) 49) 1 IISI11 1 I , 7, 1 4,9 1 , 1, I Z51 1 t9,1 1 1 44.eX 1 A,/ 1 b0,3 ~~~1 3l.6 1 ?4.4 i 20,o I 12,2 1 7.1 1 3,5 1 8 1 30 T 47 1 I1 1 411 1 311 1 38 1 33 1 37 1 24 1 is 1 351 Craftsmen 2 1 8. I 1 i 1t, 1 I.7 1 12., Id to9 1 1 0' 7 9S 5 I, I to' 1 8, 4,1 1 ol1 | 5,8 I . 1 7.3 | 8.o 1 7. 5 I 7. i 6,O 1 .3 1 4, 1 2,o I 9 1 t1 3 t 41 46 1 74 1 74 1 97 1 132 I all51 1 Servvice s 4, .13 4.% -1 5.7 1 5 . 5 I S,7 1 9,1 i 9,1 I 11,9 1 16Z2 I? -Z7-1t 1 14.2 | 7,1 | O .h I h .2 I h . |I A.9 I 13,0 r. 13,3 | 1b, o 22,1 | _fi,-_V'I 11 1 3 T 2 1 2 1 u 1 2 1 ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~2 i I 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 13 Blank 1 26,1 1 13,3 1 13,3 1 0 1 13,3 1 13 3 i b7? 1 13,3 1 e I 0 o I 2 1- .7 -1 .3 I .3 I O I ,3 1 ,3 1 ,2 1 ,3 I I 0 1 COLUMN 5; Z559 504 '547 516 SoS 552 583 596 718 5720 TOTAL ;0 \ , 9 9,6 9,0 9,9 9,7 10,2 10,4 12'.6 :00,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsnmen I" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" except those included in "Craftsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and LreaLing workcrs, (b) tool mazl(ers, mechanists, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -101- Table A.1l9 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MALES BY PCE DECILE OF Th'E HOUSEHOLD, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 V.fUtjT I Rut, PCI I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Now Occupation CeL PCT I TOTAL 0 I 9 1 14 1 17 1 19 I 19 1 32 1 37 | q 4 I bt I | F9 | 341 1 ?.m 1 4.0 I S.0 I S*S I SeS I 9 S I 10.8 I 13 .0 I 17. a 2 Zb I1 7 3 Professional I te.1 I i!,9 I 3,h 1 4.0 I U,3 1 t" 7 1 7;7 I 9 7 I tall 1 17.1 1 I t I~~~~~~~ I a I 4 I S I 16 1 17 1 19 I 3e I 73 1 175 1 5 1 1*1l~I. 1 e 4 1 3.14 1 e,9 S 9,3 I S.b 1 10.7 1 IhSh I ails 1 3,8 Administrative 1 .2 1 a I .9 1 1.3 I 1.2 J 3.3 1 3.6 1 4.1 1 7X5 1 14.S I J1- - -- -t .. . . I_._.____I. I........ _ I-- -- - __ I........ I-------- I........ I--------I........ 2 1 9 I ?b 1 30 1 44 1 U4 1 64 1 70 1 8t 1 94 1 95 1 563 I ISj I 4 b 1 5.3 1 7.9 1 7.8 1 11.4 1. 12.5 I 15.5 I Ih.7 I1 Ib 1 1 IZ* Cle-rical I z,o I S b.L I b,2 1 9.4 1 9.9 I 13,2 i 1a.7 1. 19.0 I 2i.8 1 18.9 1 3 I hY I 74 1 74 1 92 1 75 1 93 I h2 1 13t I t) 1 52 1 75b I 6.7 I 10,4 1 9.8 1 12.2 1 9,9 1 12,3 L 10.8 1 10,7 1 8aed 1 6.9 1 16,3 Sales 1 15, 2 1 ib.% I 1S5% 1 19,5 1 17.0 1 19,2 1 17,2 1 17.7 1 14.b 1 10,4 1 4 I 44 I S0 1 79 1 49 I St, I 4b 1 49 I *1 1 27 1 21 1 452 1 9 8 I 11?.2 1 17,4 1 IQ. e I1 12,5 1 10.2 i 10.8 I 6,8 I beU I 4,5 1 9,7 Agriculture, etc- I lo 3 1 lo h I 16. a I IQ3 1 12.8 1 9 5 1 10 2 I b. 7 I h 5 1 4* 1 I 5 I I 1 2 1 0 I t I 0 1 0 1 1 1 I I 0 1 l 1 b 1 14, 3 1 78.6 1 0 1 14. 3 1 0 I 0 i la, 3 1 14, 3 I 0 1 Q423 I $I Mining I , .41 0 1 .2 1 0 1 0 1 .2 T .2 I 0 1 12 I 6 I 3S 1 33 1 3S 1 47 1 38 1 32 1 40 1 41 I 27 I aE I 352 Transport/ I 1°. o I q95 I Io.() I 13.3 1 10.9 1 9,2 1 11.4 1 11.7 1 7 , I b.3 1 7,b Coumunication I b. l I . tG 7.3 1 9,9 1 9, 7 1 b ,7 A 8.4 I #9 0 l 6, 1 4.4 1 I I ac5 I 1 qg I IS18 1 1 39 1 12fl 1 Ito I 98 S b3 1 3b 1 24 1 1157 I 11.5 I1 1.t 1 L 13.7, I IZ.0 I 11.1 1 4.5 1 8,5 I S.b I il I1 2 1 1 24,8 Craftsmen 1 1 11b.7 1 al.3 1 33.0 1 219.2 1 219.a 1 22,7 1 20.b 1 1 3. 1i I 8. 1 4. 8 I a 1 30 1 U 2 1 40 I 44i I 38 1 a8 i 33 1 3b I 215 1 Is 1 344 I d 7 1 12,2 1 11,7 1 12 7 1 11 2 1 10,9 A 9.7 I lIOa I 8,e 1 4.2 1 7,4 Craftsmen 2 I 0.9 1 1'. I 8./ 1 9 2 1 I 8B 7 1 7 7 1 7 .0 I 7, 8 I 6bS I 2,q I 9 1 33 1 52 t 41 1 34 1 37 I 53 1 am I 53 I b s I 111 I SOS Service 1 b.b I h.3 I Fl I1 l b8 1 7,3 1 In.5 It 9.S 1 IO,5 I 1205 1 22,0 1 10,8 1 7,7 1 6bh I M.6 1 7.2 1 8.3 1 10.9 I 10,1 I ll,6 1 14.7 1 2e;1 1 11 1 1 2 I I I 0 1 1 1 0 1 I 1 2 1 0 I 0 1 9 Blank 1 30. 0 1 20. 0 I 10. 0 1 0 1 10. 0 1 0 i lo, o 1 20.0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 .b1 1 I 2 1 0 1 .2 1 0 I 2 1 24 I 1 0 1 COLUMN 434 47B 480 475 442 486 47b 45d 432 SQ2 4662 TOTAL ?.? 10.3 10,3 ?0,2 9'5 10,4 10.2 9,8 9,3 10.B 100,0 Note: The.absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsmen 1" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labo-urers not elsewhere classified" except those included in "Craftsmen 2". code 8: "Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and treating workers, (b) tool makeers, machlanists, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and relatcd electric 4nd electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -102- Table A.19 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED FEMALES.BY.PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 COUJNT I RO. PCT i Decile of Per Capita Expenditure RUN Occupation COL PC? I IUTAL 0 31 31I 8 1 7 1 8 1 20I MI o 1 53I 9I J1 223 Professional I 1,5 I'S I 1.5 1 3,4 1 3,1 1 3,4 1 8.8 1 19.9 1 23,8 I 33.0 1 21,1 I 4,1 1 4.2 1 4,0 1 10, I 9,2 1 9,7 1 25,8 1 35,o 1 32,3 I 34.0 1 1_-------l---l------*----*-su.------l--------I… I… I… 1… 1… … … … … … … … I I 01 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 01 01 O ! 1 41 6 Administrative I 0 1 0 I 0o I 0 1 0 I 0 I I 0 I 28,4 1 71t 4 1 6 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1,0 I 2,0 1 ,,,_,I____,___I________I___.1 ........I- - - -I........I- - --I........I........I........I........I........I....................................... __..I______-.__...................... t 2 1 0 1 3 1 401 8 1 9 1 91 6 I lo I 211 18 1 93 Clerical I '0 1 3,1 U - 4, 1 8,3 1 9,2 1 9,2 1 b6, 1 17.4 1 22.0 1 19,3 1 8,8 Clerical I 0 I 402 I 5S1 I 10,6 11,5 1 10,8 1 7,9 1 13.0 1 12, 1 8,3 1 3 1 18 I 10 1 A I 15 I 10 1 it 1 9 1 10 1 7 1 3 1 100 Sales 1 1t,9 1 10,3 I 7,7 1 14.5 1 10.3 1 11,t 1 8,5 1 10,o 1 6,8 1 a,e 1. 9,5 1 21,4 1 12.h 1 9,1 1 20,0 1 13,8 1 14,0 i 11.2 1 8,2 1 4,e 1 12 1 a 1 7 1 3 I 5 3 I 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Z I 0 1 26 Agriculture, etc. 1 20,7 1 13,3 1 20.0 '1 13;3 1 6,7 1 6,7 1 3,3 1 3*3 I 6,7 1 0 1 2,4 1 8,2 1 0.2 1 4.1 1 4,7 I 2.3 1 2,2 1 1,1 1 .7 1 1t0 1 0 1 s I 0 I I I I I I 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 01 3 Mining I 0 I 33,3 1 33.3 1 333 S 0 I o I 0 o 0 1 0 1 0 I ,2 I CI 1,11 1,0- 1,2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Transport/ 6 ! 01 01 01 o I1 2 1 11 0 1 1 1 1 1 31 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 10,0 1 20,0 1 10.0 1 0 1 10,0 1 10,0 I 40,0 I Comnunication I 0 1 0 I 0 1 1,2 1 2,3 I 1.1 1 0 1 .7 1 S 5 I I. I 7 I Sl I S0 1 5 Z 1 27 1 35 1 1 Is 1 8 i 10 I 1 I 281 Craftsmen 1 1 18,2 1 17,6 I 20.1 1 9,7 I 12,5 1 9,7 1 5,5 1 2,7 1 3. . 1 .3 1 26,& I 61.2 1 T , I , 1 6.7 1 37,b I 47,1 1 34,4 1 20,2 1 6,2 1 6,3 , 4 I -l_-1 --........---- -T~--l~-------- I-----~l--- I-------- I . .. . .. . .. . .. . .I. . .. .I .. . -l_-... _.... 8 1 0 1 .5 1 I I 01 0 1 0 L 0 o 1 11 1 I 0 I a Craftsmen 2 1 Q 1 6h.7 1 11.1 I 0 1 0 0 0 1.11.1 1 11,1 1 0 1 I7 I 0 1 o.3 1 1.0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 I1 I ,5 I 0 1 9 1 3 1 5 1 5 I 1 49 1 1 26 I 00 I b8 I 110 I 305 I 1,1 1 1,7 1 1,7 1 3,4 1 3,1 1 6,7 8,4 1 14,3 1 22,4 1 31,3 1 28,9 Service 1 01 1 6,3 1 6,1 1 14.1 1 12, I 25,8 I 33.7 t 34.9 1 01,7 I 52l I 11t I 0 II 01 1 t 21 0 1 01 U1 01 4 1 20.0 1 0 1 20.0 1 0 1 20,0 I 40,0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 p I a Blank I I.0 I o0 I 1O0 I 0 1 lt1 2,2 i 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 COLIMN oi 8l r1 85 73 74 80 76 125 164 216 1058 TOTAL 7,9 7,7 8,0 6,9 7,0 7,5 7,2 11l8 1,5 20,5 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Crafts;men 1" Include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" except those included in "Craftsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmcn 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, noulders and related metal making and treating workers, (b) tool mnkers, nechanists, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -103- Table A. 19 S RI IANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBU`TION OF TIIE EMPLOYED BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHIOLD, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 CONTIDecile of Per Capita Expenditure. OA Occupation K 7 I. 3 1 9 1 5! 61 71I 1 91 101I 0 K a K 33 I 29 I 76 1 "5 1 10 L 95 1 99 1 219 I 433 1 1097 I *8 I 3.,0 1 2.6 1 h.9 I 9,1 1 6,9 1 8,h 1 9,0 1 19, I 3'.S I Ills Professional 1 . 1 i,4 I s.s 1 2,9 1 !.9 1 2,9 i 3,7 1 9,5 1 eta 1 16,3 1 I1I 0! 9 1 'I 9 41 0 1 'I £ 37 ; 161I 311 87l1 599 Administrative~~~~~ ~~~ 0 1 2.1 1 2,5 1 2,1 K 0 1 2,1 1 19,1 I 8,5s I 19,1 K 'i9.7 1 .6 AdminisrativeI 0 1 .2!1 .2 1 .2 1 0 1 .21 1,91 .11 I ,5 1 3.7 I 2 12 1 33 1 33 I "1 1 95 1 at 1 107 1 79 1 144 I 227 1 759 1 1,6 K .9*3 1 9,3 I 5.a I1 6. 1) I .9 A 14,1 1 9.8 I 19, 1) .9.9 I 3.1 Clerical 1 .5 I 1.a 1 1.3 K 1,7 1 1.9 1 1,7 1 '1,2 I 3,3 1 5,9 1 9,6 I 3 1 103 1 12a1 K 190 K 5851 I 153I 1586 & 255 I 259 I 219 1 20 I 1 168 1 5.7 1 6,8 I 7.1 I 10,0 I 8,9 I 10,2 . 153,8 1 11.8 1 12,0 1 13,6 1 7,5 Sales I . 5.5 1 S.6 I 7.9 1 6.3 I ?,55 1 9,8 1 9,7 1 8,9 1 50,9 9 1 1715 1 1414 I 5575 I 1311 1 1319 1 12b2. 1 15130 1 1043 I 989 I 660 I 12022 Agriculture, etc. I~~~~~ 53S,6 151.9 I 12. 6 I 5U.6 I 50,6 1 (15.2 1. 9,2 1 8,9 1 8,1) 1 5,3 1 51,3 Agricultue, etc. 70*3 58,6 I 62.6 53,9 54.o 1 52,8 934.9 1 97,0 9 0,4 1 27,8 K S5 .? I2 1 16 K I 25 K 16 I a i 12 1 Li 1 9 I 12 1 11s 14ining I 50.7 K 14.3 1 3,6 1 21.4 I 14.3 I 7,5 ' 150,7 I 3.6 3,6 1 j0,? I .5 1 .5 5 .7 1 .2 1 k.0 K .7 I .3 1 .5 I ,2 1 I2 1 I Transport/ ~~~~~~~6 1 1Ž I 33 1 62 I 79 I '52 1 III 1. 103 I 120 1 561 1 528 I 886 Transport/ ~I 1*9 1 3. 7 1 7 .0 .1 3 .94 1 9. 3 1 1?,6 i 1 1. 6 I1 13,5 1 8,1 I 19,9 1 3, 7 Communication I 5 1 1 .&I K 2. 5 I 3. 0 1 3.94 I 9. 7 1 9,0o 5.94 1 6,ft I 5 ,9 I 7 1 " 70 1 59 0 1 515 1 57 7 1 515 K 995 1 5940 1 921 I 35Li 1 210 I Qb71 Craftsmen 1 ~~~~~~~~I 50,1 I 1?,b I 50,9 1 12.4 1 15,0 I 10.6 I15,6 1 9,0 1 7,3 1 9,5 590j Craftsmen 1 1 1 9, 3 1 4 I,1 20.,. 1 2 3. 5 1 2 1. 3 1 20, 7 i21 .1 I19.0 I 194, ) 1 8,9 I 6 1 16 K '~~~~~~S 1 5Su I 87 K 70 1 58 1 137 I LI 2 1 10, I 91 I b'57 Craftsmen 2 1 A £ , 7,.7 1 12.9 1 50,1 I 8,3. 1 12.9 I 15.8 1 1 5i,9 I 13.0 I 2,9 1 7 K 591 2.1 I 1 3. 5 I 2, 9 I 2,9 0 3,' I 3. 71 4 9, 1 3.8 I 9 K 66 1 III 1 583 I 82 1 198 1 157 1 190 i 190 I 223 1 216 1 1997 Service K~~~~~~~~ ~ 45.4 1 7 a I 6. 91 % I S 'S '5 I 51), 5 1 12,7 K 9 5,9 1 59,9 1 18,5 I 6,2 Service I~~~~ 2,7 . 1 9,5 .,I 1 3.9 1 b,1 1 6.61 7,9 1 6,3 1 9, I 55,117 I 55 1 25 1 8 I 0 I 0 1 25 1 0 0 I 4 1 I 0 1 66 Blank 1 37.5 K t2,5 I 0 I 0 K 35,3 1 a I 0 K 6,3 1 12,5 1 (# 1 .3 1 1.0 I .3 I 0 I 0 1 ,9 I o I1 0 1 .2 1 ,3 1 0 I COLIJ"N 2441 2412 2511 29153 2916 ?391 2560 2218 2999 2375 29222 ToTAL 10,1 50,0 10.4 10,1 10,0 9,9 10,6 9,2 toll 9,6 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsnlen l'" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" except those included in "Craftsmeni 2's. Code 8: "~Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemen, rnllers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and treatinig workers, (b) tool m%ikers, m.schornists, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (a) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -104- Table A.19 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MALES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 CCOUT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure O Raw PCI IPo Occupation COL PCTI 3 BI 4I 10 I TOTAL 0 2 8 2 ~~~~29 1 6I 5' 1 I b9I tb. I 7o I IS 1 229 I 693 I 1,2 I 9,2 1 2.4 V 7,71I 6,0 I 7.7 1 9.5 I 10,1 I 19,0. 1 31,5 1 3,S Professional I ,s I,Is I .8 2,7 I 2,0 1 2,17 3.0 1 3.7 1 6,6 I 11.5 I I I 0 1 9 1 's 1 I 0 1 9 37 I le, 1 37 1 70 I 18b I 0 I 2,2 I 2.2 1 2,2 I 0 2.2 20.0 1 8,9 1 20,0 1 92.2 1 99 AdministrativeI 0 , 2 .2 1 ,2 1 0 I ,2 1 1,7 I .9 I 1.0 I 4.1 1 2 I 12 1 33 1 33 I 33 1 95s I 91j 107 I 66 1 136 1 219 I 722 clerical ~~~~~~~1 1,7 1 ~4,6I . 1 b 1 . 1 53.7 lu.9 1 9.1 1 l5,9 1 ?9.7 I 3,6 Clerical I~~ .7 1 1,7 I .b I 1,6 I 2,2 1 2,0 i 9.9 I 3.9 1 6,6 I 11.3 3 1 78 I 91 I 115 1 lbs I 1994 Ilb5 1 223 1 198 1 19" I 227 1 1600 Sales I~~~~ ".9 I 'S.7 1 7.2 1 10.3 1 9.0 1 10.3 1. 13.9 I 12,4 1 12.1 1 1i. 2 1 8,0 Sales ~~~~~~~~~1 1 9 .6 I 5,7 I 6.2 1 7,2 I 8,2 1 10,1 I 10,3 1 9.53 I 1.9 I . -- ---… I.. .. ..I-- - - -I - ---…- - - --I - - --I---- --- ---- ---1 …--- ---I... .. . 4 1 1299 1 1196 1 1295 I 2055 I 1097 I 1088 I 998 1 8915 1 825 1 b23 I 10320 Agriculture, etc. I 12.* 1 221 I 12.5 I 10.2 1 10t,0 I 10,5 i 9,7 I 8,7 I 8,0 1 6,0 1 51,9 I 72, 1 5'4 I 69,0 I 52,8 1 59.2 1 59,0 1 95,9 1 96,7 1. 90,e 1 32.7 1 S 1 12 I 16 1 4i 1 25 I 1 22 I 8 1 12 1 9 1 9 I 22 1 ill Mining ~~~~I 11.1 I 1".h 1 3.7 1 22,2 I 11.2 I 7.4 1 11.1 I 3.7 1 3,1 1 11.1 I ,6 Mining 1 .~ . I .2 I 1,2 a 1 ,9 I ,b .2 1 ,2 1 ,b A I 12 1 33 1 62? 1 79 I 82 1 11I 1 103 1 120 I 161 1 128 1 886 Transport/ I 1,9 aI 3, 7 1 7. 0 I 8.9 I 9,3 2 1 2,6 1~ 12.6 1 13, 5 I 1 8,1 1 1 ,9 9,54 CCommunication I . I I 2.7 1 3, 1 1 3.7 1 ,1I 1 5, 5 1 , 7 I 6, 2 1 7,.8 6,b7 I 7 1 301 1 I 987 371 I " 37 1 396 1 375 1. 9i33 1 396 1 289 I 173 I 3608 Craftsmen 1 1 8,.3 I t 3, 5 I I0 17 I,3 I I', I 21, 0 1 1 0,94 1 12,0 1 9 b 1 8, 0 1 ".8 1 18. 1 I 1b,8 I 24.8 I 18.3 I 22,9 1 19.6 I 18,6 1 39.7 1 18,1 1 19,2 1 9,2 I 8I 8 1 37 1 S9 I 82 I 10 V 54 1 87 1 82'1 10, I 91 1 672 Craftsmen 2 I 1, 2 1 5, 5 I 8 .0 1 1 2,3 I 1 0,94 1 8,0 112, 9 I 2 2,3 1 16,0I 1 3. 5 I 3, 9 I *5 1 1,9 1 2. I . , . 1 3. 9 1 9, 3£ , I 981 9 1 95 .1 78 I 70 £ 70 I 115 I 115 0i 132 1 120 1 157 I leel .10943 Service I J.3 I 7.5 I ). 7 I 6,7 1 11i,1 I 11.1 1 I;,,6 I 11,5 I 15.0 I 13.9 I 5,2 I I'5 1 60 1 3,5 I 3,5 I 5,1 1 5,7 I 6,0 1 ft.2 I 7,6 1 7.4 1 ItI *26 I 82I 0 1 0 1 221 0 0 1 0 1 a I 01 49 Blank I~~~~~~~~~ 31.3 1 16,7 1 0 1 0 I 92,7 I 0 i 0 I 0 1 8,3 I 0 1 2 Blank ~ ~ ~ ~ . 1 .9 1 0 1 0 I 1.0 1 0 'I 0 1 0 I ,2 I 0 1 CrTLUMN 1193 19t.3 2029I e000 2024 2016 2198 29417 2099 i905 19889 TOTAL 9,0 9,9 10,2 10,1 10,2 10,1 21,0 9,6 10,3 9,e 100,0 Note: The absolute2 count in all the, cells albove is in hundireds. Code 7: "CraftSMen l'" include "craftsmen, production process workers anid labourers not elsewhere classified"s except thiose included in "Craftsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmnen 2" include (a) furnacenen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and treating wor-kers, (b) tool makers, mecchani-sts, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -105- Table A. 19 SRI LANKA: OCCItPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED F EIIAES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure O Occupation COL PCI I TOTAL I 1 1 3 1 4 1 5 I & I 7 I d I 9 I to I 0 1 0 ~~~1 4 I 12 1 16 I 4 1 16 i 29 1 29 1 78 1 21a 1 404 Professional I ° I l,0 1 3,t I 4.1 1 1,0 1 4,1 1 7,1 1 7,1 1 19,4 I 53.1 1 9,3 1 0 1 .9 1 2,5 1 3,^ I I'1 1 4,4 i e,o I 9,b I1 9,b I 4b,0 I I 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 8 I a Administrative I o 1 o I ni I 0 1 O I o i 0 1 0 1 u I 100,0 I ,2 I 0 1 I o I o 1 o 1 o 1 n I a I. u 1 1.8 I 2 I D I 0 1 0 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 e I 6 1 12 1 3T Clerical I U 1 0 1 0 1 2Z.2 I 0 1 0 1. 0 1 222 1 2214 1 33, 3 1 9 0 , 0 1 0 1 a 1 2, 7 1 2, 1 1 2. 7 I t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......,. . . . .. I.. . .. I.. .... I- .-..,i-.-,,,,r-,--,,--... 3 I 2S 1 33 1 75 r 16 I a 1 21 1 29 I 16 I ?25 1 21 1 219 Sales I 11,3 1 L5, 1 I11,3 1 7 ,5 1 3,8 I Q,4 1 13,9 1 7,S I 11,3 1 9,4 I S,0 1 S,8 I 7,3o 5,1 I 3,h 1 2,1 I S,S I. .80 I S,S I b,e 1 4.4 1 4 1 416 1 26M 1 276 1 256 1 223 1 i73 1 140 1 148 1 lbb 1 3t 1 2103 Agriculture, etc. I Vy. 8 t 12,7 1 13,1 1 1,1,2 1 1 0 ,6 1 8,2 1 6 ,7 I 7,1 I 7,5 I 3,6 1 48'5 1 b4.3 I Sq,b I Sb.8 I 5b.4 I 5b.6 I 4b,2 !38,h S 49,3 1 41,2 I B0D I S t 1 0 1 I 0 1 a I 0 ; 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 Mining I O t O o I O 100,o.0 I O 1 0 I O I O I O I 1 t 1. o I o 1 o 0 o 1,1 I 0 1 o I O I O 1 7 1 1b9 t 101 1 140 1 140 1 120 1 120 1 107 1 74 1 54 1 3T I 1064 Craftsmen 1 I 15,9 1 9,7 1 13,2 1 13,2 1 11,2 I 11,2 1 10,t I 7,0 I 5,0 1 3,5 1 24's 1 20.1 1 2a.9 1 28.8 1 30,9 1 30,5 1 31,9 1 29,5 1 24,7 I 13,4 1 8.0 1 8 8 1 I10 1 0 1 4 1 a I 0 1 0 1 0 1 25 Craftsmen 2 1 33S,1 t33.. 1 0IIIt.? I100 1It., 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1.3 1 1,m I 0 1 ,9 I 0 1 1.1 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 9 1 21 1 31 3 21 33 1 se 1 I8 21 I bb I 1 1 454 Service 1 4,251 7,S 3 7,1 3 1 2, 1 72,73 1 q.1 .1 12,7 I 4,5 1 I14 I 30.0 1 to's 1 3,Z I 7,3 1 e,e 1 2,7 1 8,4 1 11,0 i1 5,9 1 618 1 It," 1 29,2 1 1 I 8 T n I 0 I 0 3 o 1 0 1 o 1 4 1 4 1 0 1 16 Blank I su,0 I 0 I o I 0 1 0 1 O i 0 1 25, 0 1 25, 0 1 0 1 4 X~~~~~~~~~~~~ I 5 1 0 1 o i o 1 1, 1 4 1 o. I I COLUMN 647 4u9q 47 -454-.. 392-1-- 375 363 301 400 466 4}333 lOrAL 14,9 10,4 11,2 to's 9,0 8,7 8,4 6,9 9.2 130a 100,0 Note: The absoltite count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsmen I" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" exccpL tnose included int "Craftsmen 2" . Code 8: "Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemcn, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal maaking and treating workers, (b) tool makers, mechanists, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated wvork,krs, (c) i:iectrLciaris a;nd rcla1ted clectric anid electronics workcrs, (d) chemical and relate-d process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -io6- Table A.19 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED BY PCE DECILE OF.THE HIOUSEHOLD, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 COUNT. I RON PCt I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROtt Occupation cnt Pci i TOTAL * -1-.------1_-_-----1-_-___--........ I........ I........ -----_---1-------- 1---.-----1_--------1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 a 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 b 1 14 1 36 I *.4 1 3,4 is I 6 1 3,4 1 6,9 1 o, I c,s 1 e,s I I17.Z 1 37.9 1 e Professional 1 .2 1 .e1 .4 1 .2 1 ,4 1 ,4 1 4 1 ,4 I 1,1 1 2,s 1 1 0 o 1 o 0 1 o 1 1i o I 0 t 5 1 7 1 14 1 1 ) I (o I 0 1 o 1 9,1 i o I o 1 3h, 4 I s4 ,5 1 ,2 Administrative I tD 1 0 1 o I o I I , 2 i 1 o I ,9 I 1, 4 1 * 1.___ _____ ______ - --_ --------1.... I........___ I.... I.... *-_... I.. ....I.... -----3- --* 1 21 I I 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 s 1 2 1 30 1 S3 I i!. I T 2.3 1 4,Z I 2 5 1 7,0 1 r,o 1 4,7 1 9,3 1 4,? 1 s5,8 I 9 Clerical I 2 1 ,2 I b I 2 , 1 , i ,4 1 ,a I ,s I s,5 1 3 I 4 1 7 s is I 5 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 r I 4 I b I so Sales I~~~~ 6. 4 1 12 .8 1 2s,s I 1 8. 1 4, 3 I 6,4 i. 6.4 1 12. 8 I e, 4 1 1 0 6 1 ,9 SaleB ~~~~~~~I ,b I 1,1 I 2,a I ,8 1 ,4 1 ,o I .6 1 1,2 1 ,7 1 1.1 I * _-__ _____---. I........ I.... I----_ __ -- _- I.... I........ I........ I........ I ---- * * _----- I....I at I biS 1 004 1 5FIb 1 616 I e3B I 60h I S8l 1 505 1 502 1 4535 I S746 Agriculture, etc. ~1 10.7 t IU0,S 1 10,2 1 10,7 I 11.1 I to,5 L 10,t1 9 ,8 I 8,7 1 7.5 1 92,6 Agriculture, etc. ~1 9 .2 1 9Z.7 1 93.8 1 94,7 1 95,0 1 93,1 I 94.9 1 94,0 I 91.8 1 80,2 1 b 1 2 tJ J 2 1 41 5 1 1 4 2 1 1 b' 30 Trantsport/ 1 8. 3 1 o 1 8. 3 1 12, s 1 10. 7 1 a. 3 'I 12,S I s,3 1 4, 2 1 2u. 8 I ,5 Commnication I I 4 1 n 1 ,4 I , I *7 1 ,41 , I ,4 1 ,2 1 1.1 I1 *I__........ _ _........ I ....__ _-------- _I-- -- - - -- -- -I-*_ _ _-- *-- ---I--,------ I--*------ 7 1 20 1 15 1 7 1 12 1 to 1 12 f 7 I b I to10 I 1 IC?0 Cratsm- 1 I 1b.6 I I14.0 1 7 0 1 1 1,6 1 9,5 1 11,6 1. 7.0 1 5,8 I 9,s ; 5,8 I toy br&tsmen ~~~~~~1 3.0 r 2.3 1 t 2 I 1,9 1 1,5 1 :,9 i 1,2 1 1,0 I lob I Ito I *I___-... _ I..... _...I........ I........ I.. ....__ I........ I........I... ..... I -_ ----- -I ........ I 6 I I I I 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 o i 2 1 4 1 a 1 5 1 25 Craftsmen 2 1 . s, 1 5,o i loon I 10,0 I 10,o I o A 10,0 I 15.0 I ls,v I 20,0 1 ,4 . 2 . e 4 1 .,4 1 .4 1 o 1 ,a I ,o I .1 I ,9 I ^ 1 15 1 vo 1 o 1~~~~ 9 1 7 1 19 1 9 1 9 I le. 1 32 1 138 Servie I lu 8 1 14,4 1 Q.5 I *. 3 I 5.4 1 13,5 i 6.3 I 6,3 1 9,0 1 23.4 1 2,2 -=Ov ~ ~ ~~~~~ 1 2. I 1 51 I 1.o 1 1,3 1 1,1 1 2,9 i 1,4 I 1,4 1 2,3 1 6,0 I Blank I 0 1 100,0 I 0 1 o 1 o 1 o I o I 0 I 0 1 0 1 to I 0 1 ,2 1 o 1 o 1 0 1 o 1 o I 1 o 1 0 1 COLUMN" 059 6S1 b2s oSt 672 oSl 612 o01 540 540 620ei TOTAL t0o' 10,S loll !0,5 Sole to's 9,9 9,7 8.' ,7 100,0 Note: The absolate countlfin all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsmen l" include "craftsmien, produiction process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" except those included ini "CraEtsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making a1lid trcaLti1g workr-;cr, (1)) t:oo1 mal(urs,, m1cchanist-s, plumbers, weldcrs, platers and re- lated workers, (c) clectricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -107- Table A.19 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MALES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 CUU'T I RON PCT I Decile of Per Capita ExDenditure .09 Occupation COL PCT I TUTAL I II 7 1 3 1 I SI 6 1 7 I 9 1 10 I 01 I 0 2 1 I 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 I I 2 I 6 1 o 1 24 Professional I 0 I ,S 1 1,5 1 5,3 1 10,5 I 0 1 5,3 1 10.5 1 26,3 1 26,5 I ,7 I oY0 ,4 1 .81 *4 1 1 I I 01 ,4 I 8 1 2,2 1 1,9l 1 I1I 01 01 0 I I o 01 0 11 8 01 I 71 I 1l Administrative I o 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 9,2 I 0 1 0 1 36,4 1. 54,5 1 a 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 I .4 1 0 1 0 1 1,7 1 2,3 I I 1 I I 01 21 1 1 4 1 21 51 1 30 1 s2 Clerical I 2,4 1 0 1 4.8 1 2,4 1 7,1 7,1 i 4,8 1 9,5 1 Q 1 7,1 I 1,6 I .41 0 T . I ,4 1 1,01 1.l I , I 1,6o1 I9 1 9, 1I 3 1 4 1 71 15 1 5 1 2 1 4 i 4 1 7 I 1 61 57 Sales I bo,5 13,0 1 26,1 8,7 1 4,3 1 6,5 1 6,s I 13,0 1 4,3 I 10,9 1 1,8 I 1.P 1 d,3 1 4,9 1 1,5 1 .7 1 I,1 l,2 1 2,3 1 ,9 1 1,9 1 Agriculture, etc. 4 1 278 1 219 1 294 1 297 1 377 1 297 £ 286 1 284 1 245 1 237 1 2824 1 9,9 1 9,9 1 10.4 1 10,5 1 11,6 £ 10,5 1 10,1 I 10, 1 e,7 I l,4 1 07,3 1 88,5 1 86,5 1 89,1 1 90,2 1 91,3 1 88,5 1 90,9 1 88,8 1 86,0 1 72,6 1 Transport/ 1 2 t o 21 41 51 21 41 2 1 1 6 1 30 Communication 1 8,3 1 0 1 8,3 1 !2,5 1 16.7 I *8,3 1 12.5 1 8,3 1 4,a 1 20,8 1 ,9 1 ,8 I 1 .8 I 1.1 I 1,4 1 ,7 1 1,2 1 .8 1 ,4 1 1,9 I Craftsmen l 7 I I'L I 1? I 6 I 10 1 9 1 9 1 6 I 6 1 9 1 4 1 84 1 6.a2 1 14.7 1 7 .4 1 11,8 I 20,3 I 10,3 1 7,4 1 7,4 1 1t,I 1 4,4 1 2,6 1 4,3 1 3,8 1 2.Q 1 3,0 1 2,4 1 2,6 1 2,0 1 1,9 1 3,1 1 1,l I Craftsmen 2 a I I I I 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 25 I 5.0 I 5,0 I I0,0 I 10,0 I 0o,o I o 1 10,0 I 15,0 I 25,0 1 20,0 I ,e I .4 1 .4 1 .8 1 ,8 1 .7 1 o i .8 1 1,2 I 1,S I l,5 I Service 9 1 24 1 20 I 5 1 9 1 6 1 19 9 1 9 1 10 1 2S 1 124 1 11,0 I Ib,o 1 4,0 1 1,0 I 5,0 I 15,0 1 7,0 1 7,0 I 8,0 .1 20,0 1 3,8 1 4, I 6,2 1 1,5 1 2,6 1 1,7 1 5,6 i 2,8 1 2,7 1 3,5 1 7,6 1 Blank It I 01 I I o 1 0o1 0l 1 a I 0I 1 01 0 I 01 1 I 0 1 I0 oo I 0 I 0 I 0 1 o i 0 I 0 1 U 1 0 1 ,0 I 01 4 0 o1 0 1 0 1 o 0. 1 o 1 0 1 0 1 COLUMN 314 323 330 329 I58 335 314 3'0 284 327 3235 TOTAL 9,7 10.0 10,2 10,2 11,l 10,4 9,7 9,9 Ole 10ol I00,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is inthundreds. Code 7: "Craftsmen l" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" except those included in "Craftsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and treating workers, (b) tool makers, mechanists, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. -108- Table A. 19 SRI LANKA: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLQYED FEMALES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOVSEROLD, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 COUNTI Row PCI Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW COL PCI I TOTAL Occupation 1 t 2 1 3 1 4 1 S I 61 71 8I 1 aJ I 10 I 0 I t I 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 21 I I 0 1 0 1 7 1 12 Professional I 10,0 I 0 1 0 1 0 t 0 1 20 ° I 10 I 0 1 1 60 o 0 1 ,4 1 .4 1 01 o I 0 I 01 .8I 1 oI 01 0 1 3.S I 2I 0 I I 01 01 0 1 01 0 1 01 o 1 0 1 1 Clerical. I 0 1 100.0 1 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 I0 I Cl a 1 O I 01 0 1 0I1 0 I 0 1 0 I 01 0 1 3 1 03 1 1 0 1 3 1 09 1 0 1 a I 0 2 11 0 1 1 Sales I 0 I 1) I o 1 0 I 0 1 0o I 0 I 0 1 100. ( 1 0 1 90 1 0 1 0 1 01 0 1 0 1 01 90 1 0 1 .51 0 1 7 1 337 1 52 1 292 1 319 1 312 1 309 1 291 1 281 1 21. 1 196 1 2922 Agriculture, etc. 1 13.5 1 11,1 1 .100 I 10,9 I 10.7 1 10,6 1 15.1 I 9.b I 8,4 I 67 1 98,3 I 97.5 1 98,9 I 92 I 92 I 99,2 I 98,0 I 99.2 I 4 1 , 1 98,1 1 919, 1 7 1 b T 2 1 21 1 1 4 1 I I 01 II 2 I 22 Craftsmen 1 1 21. 1 11.1 1 5.6 I 11.1 I 5,6 1 16.7 1 5.6 1 0 1 5.44 1 31.3 I *8 I 1,8 1 .8 I ,o I ,8 1 Q 1 1,2 1 .4 I 0 1 ,5 1 1,2 1 9 1 II 0 11 I 0 1 11 011 0 01 2 1 7 4 Service 1 9,1 1 0 1 9.1 I 0 1 9,1 I 0 1 0 1 0 } 16,2 1 5445 1 .5 I .44 I 0 1 .-4 1 0 1 .4 1 0 0 1 0 1 9 1 3.5 1 -1… …I… …I … … … … 1… … … …… … …….…...................................................... I ........ I COLUMN 345 328 294 322 314 315 296 281 262 214 2913 TOTAL 11,6 11,0 9,9 10,8 10,6 10,6 10.0 9.4 8,8 . 7,2 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Craftsmen 1" include "craftsmen, production process workers and labourers not elsewhere classified" except those included in "Craftsmen 2". Code 8: "Craftsmen 2" include (a) furnacemen, rollers, drawers, moulders and related metal making and treating workers, (b) tool nakers, meclianists, plumbers, welders, platers and re- lated workers, (c) electricians and related electric and electronics workers, (d) chemical and related process workers, and (e) station-engine and excavating and lifting equipment operators and related workers. Table A.20 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY OCCUPATION OF THE MAIN EARNER AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROTWL COL PCT ITOA I 1 1 2! 31 I ! 5 6 1 7I 8! 9I 10!I.: Occupation - i I------- - I-----i---I - --------- --- - -I-- ------I--I-----I 0 I I 1 I 6 I 28 I 4a 1 51 I 76 1 80 I 101 I 219 I 'J02 1 1059 Professional I 1,0 I 4,3 I 2,6 I 4,2 I 4,8 I 7,2 1 7,6 I 9,6 I 20,b I 38,0 I; S,d T .5; 2,2 1 1,3 1 2,1 I 2.4 1 3,6 1 3,81 .4.8 I 10.o I 19,2 I J I t I 4* I 10 I 3 1 9 i b I 28 1 42 1 2 1 183 1 327 Administrative I .3 1 1,3 I 3,0 I .8 I 2,7 I 1,8 1 8,6 1 12.8 1 12,7 I 56,0 I 1,6 I ,0 I .2 I .5 I ,1 I ,a I .3 i 1,3 I 2,0 1 2,0 I 8,7 I -I--------I--------I-m ..... I,r------ I.--------I-------z---------I--------I----I---- 2 I 16 I 38 I 38 I 09 I sa I 74 i 99 I 105 I 183 1 315 I 971 Clerical i 1,7 I 3,9 1 3,9 I 5,1 I 5,5 I 7,h 1 10,2 I 10.8 I 18.9 I 32,a I 'J,6 ,8 * 1.8 I 1,8 I 2,3 I 2,6 1 3,5 i u,7 I 5,0 I 8,7 1 15,0 I 3 1 b4 I 1 30 1 116 I 100 I 168 1 156 1 222 1 229 1 204 I 2'o \I 169o Sales I 5,0 I 7,7 I 6,9 I 8,3 1 9,9 I 9,2 i 13,1 I 13,5 I 12,1 ' 14,5 I 8,1 I 4,0 1 6,2 I 5,5 1 6,7 ! 8,0 I 7,4 10,6 1 IJ, 1 9,7 1 11,7 1 4 I 1323 I 1152 I 1176 I 10a5 I 103h 1 10C8 I 858 I 830 I 675 I 3b2 I 9:71 Agriculture, etc. I 1l,0 I 12,2 I 12,a I 11,0 I 10,9 I 10,6 t 9,1 I e.8 1 7,1 1 3,8 1 45,2 1 63,u I 55,0 I 5 1 i I I a9,9 1 09,4 I 48,1 i 01.0 1 39,6 I 32,2 I 17,3 I 5 1 9 ! 16 I 0 I 13 1 12 ! 01 a I I 0 1 9 I 65 O Minin- 1 13,9 1 25,3 I o I 20,3 I 19,0 I 0 1 6,3 I 1,3 1 0 I 13,9 I ,3 I 40 I ,8 I 0' ,6 I ,b! 0 i 2I .0 01 a Transport/ 6 I 19 1 62 I 79 I I0b I 93 1 11 I I 132 1 1.38 1 160 I 112 I '1011 Tramnsport! o ' I , 9 I 6,I1 I 7,8 I 1 0 ,5 I 9,.2 I I10 ,9 11 13,0 1 1 3,7 I 1 5,8tiI I It, I ,8a Communication 'I 9 i 3,0 I 3,8 I 85.1 I 0,4 I 5,3 6,3 I 6,6 I 7,6 I 5,3 I 7 I 1 5h 1 213 1 195 I 2a2 I 11'; I 207 1 212 I 186 235 I !21 I 1964 Craftsmen 1 I 7,9 I 10.9 I 9,9 I 12,3 1 10,1 I 10.5 1 10.8 I 9,5 1 11.'9 I .2 1 9,u 7,1 1!, 1 9,3 I 11,6 I 9, I ',9 1 10,1 1 8.9 1 11,2 I 5.8 1 -I--------I-------- I-.-------I-------- I-------- I--------l---------1--------1I---- ----I---- ---- 8 1 280 1 255 1 249 I 289 1 248 1 ?225 1 216 1 199 1 15C I 92 1 2207 Craftsmen 2 1 12,9 A 11,6 I 11,3 I 13,1 I 11,2 I I0-2 1 9,8 1 9,0 . 6,d I 4,2 1 10,5 I 13,6 I 12,2 1 11,9 I 1 3,a 11,8 I 10,7 1i 10,3 I 9,5 1 7,1 1 U,4 I 9 1 39 1 76 I 97 1 77 I 135 I 110 i 126 I 114 1 1cu D S I 951 Service I 4,1 1 8,0 I 10,2 I 8,1 I 14,2 I 1?.0 I 13.3 1 12,0 1 11,4 I b,9 I 4,5 I ',9 1 3,6 1 0.6 I 3,7 I 6ha I 5,5 1 6,0 I S,4 I 5.1 1 3,1 I l---~----- ---w-----I-*-------I.T-~----- I-------- -------- 1- ------- I-------- I-------- I-------- 1 Blank II11 5 1 5 I 16 1 13 1 2 I 0 0 9 1 5 I a 81 681 I lb,4 I 6,1 I 20,3 I 16,3 1 2, 1 o I 112 I 6,1 1 10,. I 9,3 1 ,4 I .7 1 2 .5I ,6 I ,1 I 0 1 4 I 2 04 I 4 I Not employed* 1l I i33: ! 96 I 9a I 73 1 94 1 122 1 10 3 144 1 1 15 I 184 I 1164 PI 115 I 8,3 I 8,1 I 6,3 1 8,1 I 10,5' 1 9,3 1 12,4 1 9,9 1 15.8 I S,S I 6,4 I 4,6 I 4,5 1 3,5 1 4,5 I 58 5 S,2 I 6,9 I 5,5 I 8,8 I .1 -------- I-------- I--------I-,-------Iw--------I------ w-------- I-------- I--------I-,-------I COLUm' 2095 2095 209.8 2096 2094 2097 2395 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 1u,0 lO '0,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 100,0 Note: Tne absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. *The earners in these households were not employed during the reference month. They'prqsumably had other sources of income. Table A.20 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY OCCUPATION OF THE MAIN EARNER AND DEC,LE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 cRn0 T I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure RCIW COL PCT I TOTAL Occupation …… 3 1 4 … s 6 1 7 1 8 I 9 I 10 I 0 t0 1 114 1 13 I 13 1 1? 1 23 t 3e 1 53 1 6b6 I 93 1 329 Professional 1 3,1 X 4,2 1 3,9 I 3,9 1 3,h' I 7,0 1 9,9 1 16,1 I 20,0 1 28,3 1 Q, 4 ,0 1 44,0 1 3.7 1 3,7 I 3,5 ! 6,7 1 9,5 I 15.4 I;. 19,2 I 2b.8 I 1 I 1 1 2 | 3 1 4T 3 I 16 1 13 17 1 29 I D 1 155 Administrative I ,6 1 1,1 I 2,2 i 2,6 1 2,2 1I 15 .3 I 11.0 I 16,f I 42,5 I 4,5 I ,s I s.5 1,01 1,2 1 1.0 1 4,7 1 3.7 I 5,0 1 .8,5 1 15,9 1 2 I I 23 1 25 1 33 1 35 1 44 1 48 56 1 66 I 58 1 394 Clerical I 1,7 t S;9 1 6,3 I h,5 1 8,Q I 11,1 1 12,1 1 14,1 1 16,7 1 :4,5 I 11,5 - ; 2,0 I b,7 1 7,2 ,7 O9, 10,2 12,7 1 13,9 1 16,2 I 19,2 1 16.7 1 3 1 &h 1 5$ I 4c I e2 I 61 I 56 1 50 1 53 4 1 36 1 s5o Sales i V 1O,4 1 .1 1 12,l 1 11,9 i 111, 1 9,7 s 10,4 1 5 ,9 1 7,0 1 14,8 1 14,1 I 15, I 13.4 1 17.' 1 17,7 1 Ih,4 1 14.4 I 15,4 I 13,2 I 10,3 I 4 1 27 1 32 I 46 I 35 1 S3 I 31 1 26 1 21 I 21 I 6 1 276 Agriculture, etc. I 9.0 2 11.1 I 16,7 I 12,7 ; I 1 12, 1 11,1 9,3 1 7,4 1 7.d I 2,2 1 8,0 1 7,6 1 9,0 I 13,4 I 10,? 1 9.7 I 869 1 7,5 1 6,0 I 6,2 1 1,7 I vlve ----l---- -!-------- I -------- I -------- 1... j------- l -------- I-------- I.... -------- I-’-- 51 s s I 0 I 1 I 0 ! 0 I o I II 0o I 0 I 1 3 Mining 1 25,u I 0 1 25,0 I 0 1 o I 0 1 25,0 1 0 I 0 1 25,0 1 .1 .I3! 0o 1 .2 1 0 0 I 01I ,2 1 0 I o ,2 1 6 I Ž5 t- 22 1 27 1 32 1 35 1 23 1 29 I 32 I 21 1 12 1 258 Trarnsport/ I 9,6 8,6 I 1lO,h 1 12,6 s 13,h 1 8,9 1 11,3 1 12,3 1 7,9 I 4,6 I 7,5 Communication I 7.3 i 6,5 I H,0 I 9,5 I I',,2 I 6,7 1 8,5 I 9,2 1 O,0 1 3,4 1 7 1 57 1 52 1 t2 I 62 : 68 I 56 1 54 1 39 I 25 I 11 1 4f87 Craftsmen 1 I 11,8 1 10,7 1 12,A 1 12,8 1 14,0 1 11," 1 11,1 I 8,1 I 5,1 I 2,3 1 14,2 I l,h I 15,2 I 18,2 1 18,2 1 l9,9 I lb6. 1 15,7 I 11,4 I 7,2 I 3,2 1 a I 115 1 lo I 72 I 56 1 5 1 40 1 37 1 28 1 15 I 9 1 522 Craftsmeni 2 I 21,9 I 1 ,3 I 1 3,7 I 10,8 1 9,7 I 7,7 1 7,0 1 5,4 I 2,8 1 1,6 I 15,2 1 33,7 1 29,4 1 20,9 1 16,6 1 14,7 I 11,7 1 10,7 1 B,2 I ;,2 ; 2,5 1 9 1 22 1 26 1 28 I 21 I 22 1 29 ! 21 1 20 I 15 I 9 1 212 1 10 5 1 12,1 1 13,3 1 9,7 1 10,5 1 .13,7 1 9,7 1 9,3 1 7,3 1 41,0 1 6,2 ServiCe. 1 6s 1 7,5 I 8,2 I 6,0 1 6,5 1 8,4 i 6,0 I 5,7 1 4,5 1 2,5 1 -l --w-----!- ------ltw----I..... I------- I------- I--------- -...... -------_e- I...... I...... It I ; I I I e I -0 I I I 0 1 2 2 2 1 1I I I 11 Blank I 30 , I 7,7 I 15,4 1 0 1 7,7 1 0 2 7.7 1 15,4 I 7,7 I 7,7 I ,3 1 1,9 ! *2! i ,sI o0 I .2 0 2 ,2 I ,' I ,2 I ,2 1 14 1 ?5 1 20 1 is 1 25 1 22 1 27 2 33 I 24 1 40 1 47 1 280 Not employed* I e,8 2 7,0 1 6,4 1 8,0 I 7,9 I C,S 11,9 I 8,5 I '14,3 I 16.8 1 8,2 * 1.3 1 5T 1 5.2 I 7,2 1 a,s I 7,7 2 9,7 I 7,0 .1 11,7 1 i3,5' I C (L N S L; 0 sg 3'44 344 344 345 344 344 344 348 3439 OTOAL .9,9 10,0 10.0 10),O . 30,0 10,0 O,o 10, 10,0 10,1 100,0 Note: Tlhe absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. *The earners in these households were not employed during the reference month. They presumably had other sources of income. Table A.20 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY OCCUPATION OF THE MAIN EARNER AND DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 COUNT I 'j'^ P CT I DeCile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW CCL pCT J TOTAL Occupation… 1 24 I S 1 6 1 7… 1 I 10 0ccupation ~~~~~~---!-.- 2_-----I31------ I ,-I--------JI-------- l....I--------l!I----- 9---lII--------!----l---_ 0 1 4 1 33 1 16 1 37 I 33 1 41 1 66 1 82 I 132 1 260 I ?05 Professional ~~I .6 I '!. 7 I 2.3 1 5,3 1 4,7" I 53, 0 1 9.4 I 11,7 1 16,7 1 36,6 I ,7 ProEessional t .3 1 2,? I 1,1 J 2.5 1 L,' I 2.7 i 4 t 1 5,5 1 *8,b I 17.2 2 I I G 1 4 I 4 I 4 I 0 1 4 1 29 1 12 I 29 1 74 I 161 Administrative I 0 1 2,.,I 26 1 2,6 1 0 I 2,6 1 17.9 I 7.7 1 17.9 I '16.2 I III Admnitraiv I ! o , 2 3 .31. I 3 I 01 3 1 1t9 I ,8 I 1t9 I 4.9 I 2 I 6 2 25 1 29 1 25 1 33 I 33 1 58 I 54 1 103 I 165 I 532 Clerical I 1,o 1 4,7,. S,u I 4,7 1 6,2 1 L,2 1 10,9 I 10,1 I 19,4 I 31,0 I 3,5 I .5 1,61 1.9 1.6 1 2! ? 2.2 1 3,8 I 3,6 1 6,b 10,9 1 3 I 4G I 78 1 b2 1 91 I 107 I 120 1 1h5 I 144 1 13 I1 1 I 1154 Sales I a,3 1 bo,1 I 7,1 1 7,9 I 9.3 I 10,4 14,3 1 12,5 I 11,6 I j5,7 1 7,7 I S,3 . 5,2 I S,S ! 6.0 1 7.1i1 7.9 1 11,0 I 9,6 I 9.0 1 12,0 I 4 1 1014 I b:6 1 874 I 738 1 734 I 742 1 610 I 577 I 557 I 363 1 7025 Agriculture, etc. I 14.4 1 11,h I 12,4 1 10,5 1 10,4 1 10,6 1 6.7 1 6,2 1 7,9 1 5,2 1 46,7 oI .,4 1 54,2 1 58,1 I 49,0 I 46,8 I 49.2 1 40,5 I 38,4 . 37,0 1 24,0 I l---^----l--------I--------l---P----I--------I--------l--------I--------l-------r-------- I 5 I a I I ! 0 ! 12 ? I 0 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 8! 62 Mining I 13,3 I 2h,7 I 0 I 20,0 1 20,0 I 0 1 6.7 1 0 1 0 1 13,3 I .4 I ,51 1,1 0 ,8 1 ,81 0I ,3 1 0 1 e I 6 ! 8 ! . 33 1 54 ! 66 I 70 I 91 1 74 I 107 1 132 I 91 I 726 Transport/ 1 I,1 l ;.5 1 7,4 J 9,1 1 9.7 1 12,5 I 10,2 I 148, 1 18,2 1 12,5 1 4,8 Communication : .5 1 * 2,2 I 3. , I 4,4 I 4,7 I 6,0 1 4,9 I 7,1 I 8,6 1 6,0 I I -------I- -------…I--------…I--------…I…I--------I I--------I--------I--------I--------I 7 I 99 1 169 I 153 1 181 I IS7 ! 136 1 157 1 IS6 1 la1 1 107 1 1443 Craftsmen 1 I 6,9 1 11,7 I !0.6 I 12,6 1 10,9 1 9.4 1 10,9- I 9,4 I 10,3 I 7,4 1 9,6 I 6, I 11,2 1 1I,I 1 12,1 1 10,4 I 9,0 1 1014 I 9,0 I 9,9 1 7,1 1 8 1 077 1 196 I 1QF6 I 239 I 190 I 165 1 177 1 169 1 I03 1 91 I 1645 Craftsmen 2 1 1,8 I JI,3 J 9,0 1 14,5 1 11,5 I 10,0 1 10,8 I 10,S 1 6,3 ! 5,5 I 10,9 I 11,6 1 12,3 I 9,9 ! 15,9 I 12.6 1 10,9 1 11,8 I 11,2 I 6,6 I 6,0 1 . -_-------I-------- I........ I--------- I...... --------I----------I-------- I-------- I........I 9 I 21 I 49 I 62 ! 49 I 91 I 91 1 87 I 91 1 70 I S3 1 668 Service t I 3,1 1 7,4 I 9.3 I 7,4 I 13,6 1 13,6 1 13,0 I 13,6 1 10,5 I 6,6 I 4,4 ! 1,4 1 3,3 1 4,1 1 3,3 1 o,0 I 6,n I 5,8 1 6,0 I 4,7 1 3,8 1 I :2- I L I ! 8 a A! 0! 4! 4 1 12! 4! 70 Blank ! 17., 5,9 1 23.5 l,e 1 5,9 1 I 1 5,9 1 5,9 1 17,4 ! 5.9! .5 I ,o 1 .-! t,l I I J .S3 01 .3 I ,3 1 , I ,3; 14 1 103 1 41 I ob I 54 I 74 1 87 1 74 1 12d i 62 I 107 1 666 Not employed* I 11,9 I !,'i I 7,b ! 6,2 I k,6 I 10,0 1 8,6 I 14,8 I 9,5 1 -2,4 I 5,8 ! b, ! 0 , I 4,4 1 3,6 I 4,9 I 5,7 1 4,9 1 8,5 I 5,5 I 7,1 1 CtOLUmN 1545 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1515 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 1v,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 100,0 Note:. The absolute count in all the cells above is in hundreds. *The earners in these households were not employed during the reference month. They presumably had other sources of income. amozuT jo saDonos taqpo pet ATqeuxnsaid Aaeu *4quom aouasaj2a aql SuTnlp paAoTdUm lou ejam sploqasnoq asaql ui siauxea aqj* *spaapunq uT sT 8Aoqe sTTla aql Tie uT lunOD aflnOsqe OUJ, :atom o0oo! e'ol oot 6'6 O0Ot O'Ot OO T'oi OC o 0.o1 9'8 ItlOI Ttht7 122 9qb2 tr,2 t.?2 Lr- 2 L?-2 9t12 Nwn'l1O I-… …--I… 'I… … … … ……-I*--ot -I-I…….1… …-I… …1……o … …I-^ -- I S' I S I II I I; I10 To' S' I o I o: I i 01 I 0t° tf I 2 t I tb'l2 r £'tt I O t0 T ft I 'L /.I I *: ; g 1 tt I t It I 1 0 7 2 I I 2 1 1 I O I ttl I----- -T-6------I---*~~~~~~~~~~------ - 1---- I-z------- i-------- --------l---l I S'IT I SI I S ;2 I 0O2 Is I °Z2 I 092 I 0 I . I 92 I 6'2 1 T' I S'2I I SQ I Q t t I S9 I CIL S IL I ve I OIL I 061. I CDTo; S I tt I 6 lb 1 9 I S S e I 9 I 5 I S IL I q 1 6 I S' I 0ol I S I ' T S'i SVi I 5 12 I C? ?2 I t I 96; 1 l'£ I S'ZI I t4f i t'S t tt'6 : 't'6 9521 I 5'eT I 6"I T I7I 6 1 b I V I S Ie 1 121 I L'tI I Z 11autSI;eJs Oh It IS I ItI T b I i 9 I S : S IL 19 I-------- I------------- -----------l-I-------i-I----^-- mI-------- -------- ----.----- I 0'2 1I I I 0I I S I S't I G't I 0'I I 0 I ST UI s' i b: I 9'tT 1 I t I S zez2 t l I 6'T : 7tL I10 tt I 0 I 1'l I V ITU s6e I S IIt I I I t T 2 I12 1 I o It 1t t I9 t I'-------l--------l~~---*-----I-------- t........lI------------ -l---"--l----------l---.--l-- I 1 I I 1 I 1 S' I 0I I S' I S't I 01q T 't I 0 I 0i I o'TUIuLO° tZ': I t2t r 0Z I Sto I ttI T 66 I a1i I t72 1 eb 1 0 1 2 I I It II IO et 1- t -- I I I T- S, I I SL I r.99 I 619 1 0'2 T 690 I S20 i 1236 1 '69 I 016 1 9';f 1 9ate Va £s o I O'0t I Olt 1 0S01 I tOt I I 2'0 I 07' I : 1 t 'aflnilnDTSV 0512 I 09t I t2 1 912 1 22 1 St2 I t122 I t22 1 5 I I I? I b I........ !-------- I........I-------- T-------l-I-------l--------------I.....;----j----I-------- J. I O'z I Ol I 0' I 0O t 5 I 0' I 0'T I S'I I (Jt ; S I Vt@ t tt'SI I I 'I 2 I t I CL T Y*1 I o'L I I 'S 1- t 1 0S 2 I S I S 1 e t 12 12 I f I Z- I I o I f'o1 I o'l , 52 I T 0'I 01 I ST I I o'l I C i 9' I t't9 I 9'S S 02 1 ; 9 T 9' 1 9IS I 0 ; 9'5 i ,0 ; i' 1 leoTJ4id S? I I 1 Itt 1 2 t Z I 0 I I I t I e I 1 1061 0 '0 I O i O0 t0 S' O I O IA~I OSIUO I \? S I 0'9 I 2 1 0 I 00 S 't I 0 I 0 : 0 I 0 1 O I tt IL 1 2 0 S10 T 10 T0 10 I0 Q 0 It ; I S' I 0'2 I Oat 1 S' T 0'1 I S' ; S' I 5' I S' ; 0 ; ot1 1 0'5I ; 0'02 I 001o I 0'S o'0T I O'S ; O'S I O'S I S I O ; euoTss2JoId se I6 I S 1 2 I t t 2 I t I t it I t 1 O iO I 0t I 6 ; a I & ; 9 ; S I t! I 1 I 2 1 I io~d~ l1t±0± ; lId 101 otle alntTpuadxa e>FTdiD lad Jo alFU I INnol OL-6961 'ZF OI'S IVISI ' fllICNaaXH VlId'J l-1a ao H?-o1i1 (IV .'3I~I1IV~ NIVW SHH JO NOIIVflJDDO MI S(WlIOH'ESflOH do NIOIlfgIhSIC :kTl I S oZ-V aTqvi - -113- Table A.21 SRI LANKA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRI13UTION OF THE EMPLOYED BY PCE DECILE OF THE IIOUSEliOLD, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 R COVNT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ON PCT I ROW In ustry COL PCT I T(TAL I I 1 2 1 3 1 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 13 1 9 I 10 I Z-------- I-------- I-------- I........ I-------- I-------- A........ I-------- I........ I........ I I bu I sz!) I - fit.2 1 7#14 1 8 39 1 703 1 7 36 1 648 1 sby 1 313 3 1 7261 Paddy I 1.. 0 1 11.4 1 II.q 1 IU18 I 11.5 1 10,3 1 10,1 I fi,g 1 7, ts I b.3 1 20,1 1 24.0 1 22.9 1 21.3 1 jf(j.h 1 23,3 1 20.2 1 ?0.? 1 19.3 1 16.0 I 10,7 I 2 1 b,4 8 I tjLq I 8?11 1 789 1 7 3 6 I 0 6 0 1 627 1 452 1 3 tp I 1 1138 1 bogs Tea I lu.b i 13.3 1 11.S 1 1',9 1 12, I I 10.8 4 10.3 1 7.m 1 5.10 I 3.1 1 16,9 1 11.13 T 2?,u 1 ?2.? 1 21.0 1 20.4 1 17,9 1 17.2 I 13,u 1 10.1 1 5.3 1 3. 1 JP6 1 2146 1 239 1 ?70 1 234 1 194 1 152 1 245 1 110 I b7 1 1933 Rubber 'O. h 1 12.7 1 JP.3 I 14.0 1 12,1 1 10.0 1 7.9 1 12.7 1 -5,1 1 3.0 1 5,3 5.1 I b.8 1 6.4 1 7.e I 6.5 1 5,3 i ".2 1 7,3 1 3.1 1 196 I 1 21 1 33 1 44 1 LIQ 1 67 1 78 1 62 1 bi I 63 1 56 1 S20 Fishing 1 4.0 1 6.4 I A.N 1 8,5 1 13.0 1 15.1 1 12,0 I 917 1 12,? 1 10.7 1 1,4 1 t, I q I I.? I 1.2 I 1.9 1 2.1 i 1.7 1 1.5 I I.d I 116 I Other 1 7111 1 381 1 4 1 3 1 Z99 1 252 1 335 1 ?67 1 i!o I J ?lb 1 93 1 3IS6 1 ;1-1.2 1 12.1 1 13.i 1 V.5 1 8.0 1 10.6 1 8.5 1 b.4 I b'd 1 2,9 1 8,7 Agricultural I Iq.3 I 10.t, I 11.1 I a , 0 1 7 , 0 1 9.1 j 7.3 1 b t 0 1 6.0 1 2,6 1 6 1 3t) 1 21 1 15 1 41 I 3i 1 14 1 16 1 1 1 14 1 10 1 199 Mining 1 17.5 1 10,8 1 7.5 I e0,4 I 15.8 1 7.1 1 8,3 1 .4 I ?01 I 5.0 I b I 1.0 I I .41 I 1.1 I 9 1 4 .5 1 O I VQ 1 3 1 I I ssb I S44 1 34 1 460 I 284 1 3t)4 280 -1 302 1 3SO 1 221 1 3287 Manufacturing 1 1 10.M I 10.5 1 10.6 1 14.n I 8.6 1 11,1 1 8.5 1 9,2 1 10,0 I b,7 I 9,1 1 9.8 T 9, ; I 9 , u 1 12.2 I 7,9 1 9.9 I 7,7 1 910 1 9 I ! 1 6.2 1 I 5b 1 84 I 87 1 73 1 50 1 b2 1 631 Manuf cturing 2 1 .3 489 7509 74fh 1 852 8.9 1 13,3 I 13,ft 1 11,o 1 7,9 1 13.0 1 I'? 1 1.3 1 1,4 1 1.3 1 1.4 1 1.6 1 2. 3- 1 2.4 1 2.2 1 1,4 1 2.3 9 T 10 I J 1 12 1 27 1 19 1 113 1 30 1 22 1 40 I 27 1 209 Utilities 1 4.8 Is I .6 1 13 .1 I 9.1 I 8 , FJ 1 14,4 1 10,4 1 Iq,3 1 13.0 1 .6 .3 1 .7 I 5 I 's 1 8 1 I 8 1 to I 72 1 1(3 1 89 1 109 1 101 I 102 4 174 1 98 1 ag 1 54 1 989 Construction 1 7.3 1 1 0. 4 1 . 0 I I I. 0 1 10,2 I 10,3 1 17.6 I 9.9 I 9,0 1 5.4 I 2,7 1 e.0 1 2,9 1 i? 14 1 2,9 1 2.8 1 2,8 I 4. 8 1 2.9 1 2.b I 1.5 I if I .111! 1 23ft 1 250 1 Z70 1 286 1 316 1 430 1 424 1 445 1 448 1 3316 Trade/Hotel 1 6.4 1 7.2 1 7. 5 1 8.1 1 8.6 7 Q.5 'i 13.0 I 12.8 I 13.4 1 13.5 I 9,2 I b,8 I b,b 1 6.7 1 7,?. 1 7.9 I 8,6 1 II.h 1 12,6 1 12.') 1 12,5 1 -------- I--- - -- -------- I-------- i-------- I........ I-------- I-------- I Transport/ 1 2'I I I 1 133 1 ;5; 1 1 7 6 1 186 1 182 1 2 31 I 289 1 251 1 1747 Communication I e.4 1 5.0 1 7,6 1 8,9 1 10.1 1 10,6 1 10.4 1 13,2 1 lb,b 1 14.4 1 4,8 1 I.e I Z.A 1 3.6 1 4.2 I 4.q 1 5.0 1 5.0 1 b,9 I 8.1 I 7,0 I Finance 13 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 20 I 3 I a I 0.4 I 16 1 18 1 7 4 1 lsq 1 2.7 1 1.1 1 1.7 1 12.9 1 2 2 I Q,Q 'i 4.9 I 10.2 1 11.11 1 48.0 1 4 1 .5 1 :1 I .2 1 .2 .5 1 .5 1 2.1 1 Services la1 176 1 2141 1 2 7 0 1 ?88 1 37 4 1 43b 1 4 8 0 1 507 1 9 0 6 I l5d2 1 5236 1 3.4 y 4.1 1 5.1 1 5.5 I 7,1 1 8,3 'i 9,2 I 9.7 1 17.3 1 30.2 I 14,5 1 4.8 1 5..q 1 7.3 I 1.7 1 1(.4 1 II's 1 13.2 I 15.1 I 29's I 441,2 1 Inadequately b 3 3 1 1 0 1 5 0 4 1 0 I I b3 1 1392 described T 17.6 I Ib.8 I it. 5 1 1 1.2 1 10.0 I I 0!, I 7 0 6 1 612 1 4,0 1 J'a 1 3,9 I t) I ti 1 0.5 1 4.3 1 4.1 1 3.9 1 4.0 1 2.9 1 2.6 1 1,9 1 I's 1 -1 -------- I-------- I-------- I........ I-------- I-------- I-------- I........ I........ I........ I Blank 17I q I 4 I O I 0 1 4 I O i 0 1 5 I Q I I 1 24 1 38.6 1 17.S I O I 0 1 17,5 1 O I 0 1 22,8 I v I 3.b I 1 .3 I O I 0 1 I O f 0 1 2 1 I .0 I COLUmN 3639 36DB 3708 37b5 3601 3685 3637 3361 3567 3580 36150 TOYAL 10.1 10.0 10.3 io.4 10,0 10,2 1001 9,3 919 9,9 100,0 Note: The absolute count in all the cells above is in hiindreds. Code 7: "Manufacturing I" refers to all manufacturing except those i(icluded in "Manufacturing 2". Code 8: "Manufacturing 2" refers to the relatively modern proclucts, i.e. , (a) chemicals and chemical products. (b) products of petroleum, coal and refinery, (c) other non-metallic mineral products, (d) 'Dasic ferrous and non-ferrous metal industries, (e) fabricated metal products, and (f) machinery and equipment including transport equipment. -114- Table A. 21 SRI LANKA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED MALES BY PCE DECILE OF TliE IIOUSEHOLD, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 COUNT I ROo PCT I Decile of Per Ca ita Expenditure ROW Industry COL Pr.T I JOYAL b 1 6 1 7 1 a I I to I 3;;--li 6692 Paddy I lI.h I i I.Q I I 1). . 0 1 1 0 I I I.0 1 1 0 0 4 L I a , I 1 9. 1 1 7 0 d I 5,s 1 24 , I 1 30.3 1 P1.4 1 28.8 1 eb.4 1 26.3 1 24,41 L 23.2 1 2Z.8 I late 1 13.? 1 3 I 1 2916 Tea 1 9.2 1 1 2. 0 1 11.3 I 13.0 1 12.8 1 11.1 I I t. 4 1 Itz I T'V 1 4,0 1 10,S I 10.4 I 1 2 . 8 1 1 3. q I 1 3. 3 1 1 3. 3 I I I , 3 1 1 0 1 7 , 9 1 7 . i 1 40 I tl so I I I I I I o o I I sa I 56 1P) 1 11 38 1 IZ23 Rubber I I I 1 1 3. 9 I I 2 . 4 1 1 3. 7 I 1 2 . 3 I f) . I a e . 2 1 1 1 . 3 1 4 *0 1 3. 1 1 4,4 1 I #,.P I 5.u I 5,q 1 5.3 1 3.q 1 3.11 1 5.2 1 1,Y 1 lea 1 1 t's I 506 Fishing 1 4.1 1 O'. h I 7.Q I 8 . 7 1 12.5 1 is 4 1 11.5 I 10#0 I 12ob 1 10.8 1 J'a I .8 I 1.2 1 1.4 1 I.b 1 2.3 1 2:7 'I 2.0 1 1.9 1 2.2 1 2.0 1 ... ;---- ;--- ;.;. .. I-------- 1-- - ..I i-t -I 21 4 ;-, 1 1 1 2614 Other s 1 2 1 275 8; I I,?.1 1 12.(I 1 13.4 I q.7 1 8.7 1 to's i 9.0 I 6.5 1 761 1 3.1 I  9,4 Agricultural I 19.a I I I , q I Ip.6 I 8.9 I 8.1 I q,b 1 8.0 I b,4 I 6 0 5 1 3, 0 1 Mining I I5 I 1 12 0 1 22.6 1 15.1 1 8,0 4 7,1 1 'S 1 SIT 1 5.7 1 6 1 1:J I :,3 I 's I I'a I .9 1 .5 'i, .4 1 .0 1 3 1 .4 1 ---------- 1 2176 ;;;--, ---- 25 19 Manufacturing 1 1 7 . 7 1 1 0. 7 1 q.8 I IZ.7 1 8. 6 1 1 0. 4 q,l I I 0. 2 1 12it 8.8 I 1,6 I b.4 I 8.5 1 7.6 1 9,7 1 6,7 1 7,9 b.8 1 8,3 I 9,1 I 7.1 I f, 1 31 1 43 1 31 1 47 1 52 1 67 1 85 1 b3 I 50 I 7S 1 535 Manufacturing 2 1 57 t 6.q I S.8 I 8.9 I 9,8 ! 1 2 6 1 15, 8 I q.9 I 9o4 I 1 4, 1 1 log I 1:2 I 1., I 1,1 1 1.7 1 1.9 1 ?:3 I 2.9 1 2,0 1 1.7 1 2.0 1 -------- I---- --- I.... ;-..; ---- ;;-.I ........ I......... I........ I........ I........ Z 1 2 3 1 ;2 1 7 1 la 1 30 1 22 1 36 1 27 1 196 Utilities 1 .9 1 1,7 1 5.q 1 13.9 1 9,7 1 9 3 1 15.3 I 1111 1 1644 1 13's 1 el .1 I .41 I 1.0 1 .7 I :6 'i I,o I a 1 1,3 1 1.0 I .. ........ I.. ..I ---- -- I-------- I-------- to I I I I to I I I I 1 '33 1 976 Consfruction 1 7.4 1 10.5 1 9.0 1 11.1 1 10.3 1 10.1 'I 17.3 1 9,9 I 991 1 5,4 1 3,S 1 d.8 1 3. 8 1 3.1 1 3,8 1 3.6 1 3.5 1 5.8 1 3,6 1 sit 1 210 1 I 1 ;72 1 385 1 317 I 411 I 414 1 2917 Trade/liotel 1 5. 6 1 b.6 1 7.5 1 I .h I- 9.3 i 13.1 1 t2.8 I 14tO 1 14.1 1 10,6 1 4.0 I I . C? I 7.q I f-k , 3 I 4.0 1 9.5 1 13,2 1 111.2 1 1493 I 15,4 1 Transport/ 1 21 (13 1 lot 1 133 1 1136 1 1 7 6 1 184 i 182 I 229 1 28b I 24t 1 17 30 I 2.S 1 b. . F.I 1 7.7 1 Y.4 1 1012 1 10.6 I 10.5 1 13.2 1 tb.'j 1 13,9 1 6,2 Communication I I.h 1 3.7 1 4.8 I 5.5 1 6,3 1 6.4 1 h.2 I 8.b 1 9,9 1 8,9 I I Q I 1 3 1 20 1 3 I 8 1 8 1 15 1 18 1 64 1 143 Finance 1 2..9 1 I 1.6 1 13.9 1 2.4 1 S.1 1 5,3 1 10,4 1 120 1 44.b I es 1 .2 1 I .1 1 .7 1 11 1 .3 I .3 I b I 6 1 2,4 1 t4 1 125 1 lip 1 2is 1 240 I 319 1 354 1 375 1 399 1 t-el I qtl 1 3737 Services 1 S.4 1 4 .,, 1 S.7 1 b,Q 1 8.5 I 9,5 1 tO.0 't 10,7 I lb,6 1 24.5 1 15,4 1 4.6 f b."; I 7.7 1 8,0 1 11.3 1 12.Q 1 12,9 1 lboo I 21.b 1 34.0 1 Inadequately I 01 le 2 0 1 1 34 1 1 o 0 1 t's I 6 I I 4 0 1 1216 described It.? 7 17.1, 1 le.% I 10.8 I q.q I 11.0 'I 8.3 1 5,b I 5.0 1 3.5 1 4,4 5 1 7 1 4.6 1 4.3 1 4 , 7 A 1 2.1 1 1,5 1 I-------- i-------- I----- ;--I I-------- f----- i-r 0 1 0 o I I 1 17 .; 5 0 1 0 1 1 Is Blank 1 44.5 1 jb.A r 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 o I 11.1 I 0 : 7.6 1 'o 1 .2 1 .1? I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 to I 0 z 00 I .1 ........ I........ I........ I-------- I........ 1........ I-------- I........ I........ I........ I CfJLUIN 25,)a 2729 2763 e852 2812 2h63 - 2919 26)? 2877 269b 2778b TOIAL 9.3 9,Fj 10.0 10,3 lo'l 10,3 lo's 9,6 1004 g'? 100,0 Note: 'riip- absolute cotint ir, all ttic cells above is in liundreds. Code 7: "Manufacturing 1" refers to all manufacturing except those included in "Manufacturing 2". Code 8: "Manufacturing 2" refe-rs to the relatively modern products, i.e., (a) chemicals and chemical products, (b) products of petroleum, coal and refinery, (c) otlier non-metallic mineral products, (d) basic ferrous and non-ferrous metal industries, (e) fabricated metal products, and (f) nachinery and equipment including transport equipment. o I In ae 'a ado ~ aa ~ aa a~ aIn- to5- - as -u -- 0- 10- ca Oa SPS -- -- 410 - - '0 5- -~~~~~~~~~14 Cs -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~csQ S 0a n- A S - 4 5-4 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 a a a a a a a a 5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SI M~ a M0 a a W a a a - I a a , a a - c a a a a w : I 1 a aIs a a as a a a a a;Is 1; 1 a aI I. m a a a a a a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a a a a a (4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tj 4 a aI a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 0 --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40 0 c an * a - c -a aa *a a ( - . a .. c * a -aI, .Z J 1-0 a a-SN.-a.-.5J5, a us: a --S N~ a a- a~a.o o a .-. -p-ua eaJa P SpI o.o I-~ o a a 5a ~~~~~~~~4--- a~ O- a -a N a - a a .1 ' Ed 14 It 0 41 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~14-.mt ci a - a -ca a a a a - a -a a a n a~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ --- - --- - -a- a-a 1to Ql-4( cn ru~~ S S a a r.a '0> 0 …4-:-.…(1. - a - -n .- - a - - a---a- a-a-N- - a---a - a a a a-I a a a~~~~~~~~~~W a a a a a > aaaa 4 . m c- > wl a a a a a a a a a0 - 01 uaScr-.ca-ns-ane.canr,uaSo.a~~~~~~ajau,ca-n,-NSaannaoeOaooOaNncScoOaOOeau,P-oSo-rmna-aaraon' > o ~~~~~~~~~~ 0Ai-S * '0 ~~~~ So--an .-ac .a a,sa ..a *.ao *-a -a a a-*..a a ear--a- --a--a n. o x ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~44 i ~ I a-s-Na-.~~~~usa -OS - a n.a. - a na-Va aa a a S ena a a ~~~~~~~~~~~S-.a -(545 P aS-.9 .0 g0 0 ~~dV~~~ a.~~~~ -.ca --a .a a a aS a -a a a a a a a a - S "a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - t ~~0 .0 a a a a a a a a a a a4D I a S. U.WQP Ai. 4J41a4( 1,4 ~ ~ a a a a a a a a 041 a a a a S~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ O- S a a a a S S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.1 a-nasa s--a1 a4. 141.4 o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-4 ~ ~ ~ ~ -0 .JOa( a a a a a a a a a a a a S a a a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 (-A PU S 0 ?jtJ r- a a ce C aC G a O 1-( 0 0 5c o aa C - co . a n -r S O eS a a a a a a a a a a a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~ $ a a o a - (-a - 4-…0 M 4 c ~. naw a a .01 5 ce.u -s ca 9a . a n a a 5oa co4 055 1 1 -116- Table A.21 SRI LANKA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TIIE EMPLOYED BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD,(URBANREAS, 1969-70 COUNT F ROW PCT I Decile oF Per Capita Fx-endittire ROW COL PCT I TOTAL Industry I I T 2 1 3 1 4 I 5 1 6 1 7 I a 1 9 1 to I ........ ........ I........ I........ I........ I........ I........ I........ ........ I - 7~~a - a a a a a7 O~~~ ~ ~ ~ C~~~~.1 a -~~~~~~~~ .,a~~~- a a a a aa ,a C a, l 4 W - at Z n a aD a a a P aC a 4 a --via a - a - a a -. a --'a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a - - -a- a-- -a a- ~ W0 00 O .-~~ - a - a a a a~ ~ a a - - -- a a- a aa- a aa- a a.a..ao~ -dOa9'A a-c' aa', .olaa'o u~a oV0 ~l3aj-49 ala adAA.aa3 co a- 1 40 ~ a aVI .. a d . -c . a d - - .. a a A a-a . - Al a a . a o * a 9 . a a a . . a' .. aNO.A-CU U0 aU 'a a a a a - a a a a taao cn - - a - V a N a a - - --a-a--a-a- - a - a a - -a A-- a - 4a'.. z aina a a 0 a - aC a acca a a ao 41 41 a - a .. a- - a 'a- --a -a --a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$ -H a a aC a a .. A N 0 -a a a-. a a - a a a a 'a a~~~~~~~~6 U a a- a. a .4 a a a a a a a .a a a a a a ~a - a aCoa 0 .4 U U $ aCa o a a -4a a a ao 4 aCo Z ..-a..a.a a- Ad '15 a~~~~~~~~~4 ~ - i a-W90 - A VI 1 a 2..41 441-C 1-4 z s.c a - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~P4 0 -4 P- -2 -5 - 14 0 -120- Table A.21 SRI LANKA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF E1,11PLOYED K&LES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, RURAI, AREAS, 1969-70 C OU-i T I ROW PC, I Decile of Per Capita Fxpenditure Row Industry CnL PCT T 70TAL 4 1 5 1 6 I 7 I 8 I y I to I .7-6 -1! 11 't-72 1 713 1 69 3 1 6HO I t, 1 14 I 59V 1 alili 1 6543 'r' T I I I I I 1 14 9 , 0 1 6.9 1 32,9 Paddy I1.7 0.3 0 . 9 0.6 A 0 . 4 31.0 1 35,7 1 31.7 1 33.h 1 35.2 1 34.4 1 31.0 1 32,0 1 28.6 1 23.8 1 ...; ........ I..... ---- 7... i.... ;---- -------- 5 ;5 33 1 2 1 1 2 e 37 1 alb Tea I-1.9 1 10.9 1 2.8 1 10.9 I 1,9 I 60 1 11.9 1 3.0 1 310 1 8.9 1 2.1 1 3.0 1 2,3 1 4.q 1 2.3 1 1.6 1 1,4 1 2.3 1 .6 1 I l'q I 115 I gq 3 I ' I ; 1 2 Rubber t , I 14.1 I 12.1 1 11.1 I 12,1 I 7.b 1 8.6 1 5.1 1 2.0 1 4,1 1 b.2 1 5.7 1 5.7 I Q.q I f-'s I 4.q I 2.8 1 3.7 1 210 1 '9 4 1 6 I 16 I ?Q 1 25 1 41 1 49 1 2q 1 25 1 el. 1 37 1 280 Fishing I 5 . 9 I S. e) 1 10.3 1 8.8 I lu.7 1 17.6 1 10.3 1 8,8 1 4 1 Q 1 1312. 1 1,41 .9 I m I 1. 4 - I I.? I 2.0 1 2,5 1.3 1 I t 1.9 j 7 1 30S 1 272 1 2 0 6 1 25 1 1 ibi 1 194 1 1 7 3 I q5 1 2433 fL5 Other I 1 12.2 1 12.1) 1 11.2 1 8.5 1 10.3 L 7.5 1 8.0 1 7,1 I 3.9 1 12,2 Agricultural 1 2). 5 1 1 5. 1 1 1 5, 1 1 3. 6 1 1 0 , 2 1 2, 5 1 8, 3 1 1 0 .1 1 8.!) 1 5.0 I 6 1 ?5 1 16 I e I us I lb I 6 1 2i 1 4 1 0 1 8 I ibi Mining 1 15.4 7 lo"s I 5.1 I e8,2 I lo,3 I 5.1 1 1218 1 2.6 1 5.1 1 5.1 1 8 1 1.4 I a I U 1 2.3 I .8 I a I 'q 1 .2 1 .4 1 .4 1 7 .. 4 8 I I 'Z I I 4- 1 1118 1 2 0 2 1 1 7 7 1 130 173 1 I IN 1 128 1 1612 Manufacturing 1 1 .1 -l'-1r3 1 9 2 1 12 5 I 11.0 1 8.4 i 10.7 1 9.2 1 11.6 1 7.9 1 8,1 I b.2 I 1(..l T 7:3 I 10:1 1 803 1 b'I i 7.9 1 7.7 1 -.3 1 0.7 I .1 ........ I-------- I-------- I........ I........ I........ I........ I-------- I-------- I........ I 6 ?S 1 33 1 25 1 Lit 1 33 1 37 4 7o 1 62 1 33 1 29 1 388 Manufacturing b, 4 1 a . 5 1 6 . 4 1 lo'o I 8's 1 9, 6 1 18.1 I it, , o I 8's 1 7, 4 I 1,9 1 1, 7 1 1, 2 1 ?. I I I , b I I . 8 1 3. 2 1 3, 2 1 1 , t, I 1.5 I 9 1 0 1 a a 1 25 1 12 1 16 1 16 1 !2 1 2'4 1 12 1 128 Utilities 0 1 1.2 1 1 9. Li I 9, 7 1 12 9 1 12,q 1 9,7 1 Z2,b 1 4.7 I .6 1.2 1 .6 I .6 I 1.4 1 'b I 10 1 37 I 82 1 82 70 1 95 1 b2 L 128 1 78 1 be I 54 I 750 Construction 1 4. 9 1 1 1, 0 1 1 1, 0 1 9. 3 I 1 2. 6 I 821 i 1 7 , 0 1 1 0 . 4 1 a 'e 1 7 , I 1 3,8 'I . 2 1 1 3, 5 1 4 . 7 I 3. I S. 8 1 liel 1 3, u 1 2, 8 I 8Z 1 4 1 36 1 i57 I I bq I 166 29 3 2 35 1 26 0 1 30 1 1 1 96 5 Trade/Hotel I ';: Tl- ---7-.-4 7 ts . Q I a , A I 8, 6 1 9.5 I 1 a . 9 I 1 2 , 0 1 1 3'e I 1 5, 31 9.9 7.U 1 6.7 1 7.6 1 8,4 1 9.2 1 13.3 1 12,3 1 12.7 1 15,8 1 ........ I........ J.-.... I ........ I........ I........ I........ I-------- I-------- I Transport/ i 2 1 1 2 I hp 1 7 (, 1 95 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 4 1 1 .1 0 1 1 28 1 2 0 o I 16q I 11 0 9 I I.. I ').h 1 6.3 1 8,6 1 11.2 1 ll'a I 10.P, I 11.5 1 18.6 1 15,2 1 5,b Communication 1 3.? i 3,9 1 4.7 1 b.1 I h.1 i 5,4 1 6.7 I 10.1 I 8,q I I 4 1 0 1 o I 0 1 12 1 d I 12 1 58 Finance 1 7 0 I 0 1 14.3 1 111,3 1 7.1 1 0 1 21.4 1 la,J I 21,4 1 3 14 1 gs I itio 1 173 1 190 I 231 1 276 1 2ha I -88 1 532 1 2356 Services I 2 1118, 11 4.( 1 S.9 1 7.3 1 M. k, 1 9.8 L 11.7 1 11,4 1 16.0 I 22'b 1 11.9 1 $.7 1 4. 1 I h,7 1 9.4: 1 11.5 t 121$1 I 14.0 I 1181y 21,q I Inadequately 1 7 0 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 9 q I 5LI 1 3 7 1 2 1 1 860 described I I 3 T I I I 11 I , I I 1 3, 3 1 1 0 , I I 1. 4 1 6 I 2 1 4 , 3 1 2, 4 1 4 , 4 1 d . 0 1 . (i . q 1 3. 5 I 'i. 7 1 '; . L 4.5 I 2 , a I I 0 1 1 I I T-------- I-------- I........ ........ ........ -------- I........ I-------- I........ I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 6 Blank S 'T o' 11 '0 11 (11 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 o I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 I COLUMN 1793 1116 3 2o2Li ie uo 0 2024 2 0 1 t. 2198 1911, 2041) 1 IZ OS 19889 IOTAL 9.0 9.9 10.2 10.1 10,2 10.1 ll'o 9.6 10.1 9,6 100,0 Note: Ttie absolute COLint in all the cells above is In hundreds. Code 7: "manufacturing 1" refers to all manufacturing except thos included in "Manufacturing 2". Code 8: "Manufacturiiig 2" refers to the relatively modern products, i.e., (a) chemicals and chemical prodiicts, (b) products of petroleum, coal and refinerv, (c) otller non-retallic mineral products, (d) basic ferrous and non-feri-ous metal indu'stries, (e) fabricated Tnetal Products, and (f) machinery and equipment including transport equipment. -121- Table A.21 SRI LANKA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMIPLOYED FENRALES BY PCE DECILE OF TIIE HOUSEHOLD, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 CUINT 1 RO~i PETI Decile of Per CapitaExedur OL Industry CLpT 3 £ 1 8 I 9 I 1 1 3 ~~~~~~~~7 1 to I 1 b1, 1 74 1 40, 1 s6 I es I 65 1 33 1 Ut S 1 lb I 56 1 65 Paddy 11.7 1 i3.i I c, . I 1 0.2 1 16,8 II.? I 5,8 I 7,3 1 11,7 I 2,9 1 13,0 I V,. I I t.5 1 I )!.? 1 12,1 1 2U* .2 17,5 1 9.1 1 13.7 1 1 h. ~ I 3,5 1 2 I 1Ze I Ill T 12si I t4 I 33 1 lb I S50 1 12 1 lb I I? 1 581t Tea 12,3 I 2 1.3 121.8 I 5.7 1 2.8 9.2 1 2.1 1 2.0t 1 2.1 1 13,4 10. h1I II PS.' 104 1 6 , 4 1 Li. 1 10.8 I 41.1 I 0.1 I ?. 7 1 3 ?5 I7 Ut I ' 1 "2e 1 '9 1 Q 9 1 16 I 50 1 54 1 0 £ 404' Rubber I o1 .22 i I 1.3 1 1 2.? 1 12.2 1 0.1 I 10l.3 1 13,3 I 1.0 I 9.3 3I#3* Y.?, I q.3 1 13.b 1 1~.,' I 13.2 .1 u,5 I 19,2 I 13,'. 1 .9 I 41 or o X 0 1 01 01 0 1 12 Fishing I o 0 1t 00 1 33. 3 1 3.3,3, I 0 1 0 1 33.3 1 0 1 0 I .3 I ox ~~~~~~(I 01 I 9 1,1 I 0 0 1 -1,01 OI 01 Other I 7 1 e 8,I 1 5 I 33 1 11 37 I 3 1lb1 1 1 9 Agricultural 1 35,0 1 9.? 1 11,7 1 9.? 1 6.7 1 8.3 1 7.5 1 6,7 1 3,3 I 2,5 1 11,4 I 25,8 1 10,1 1 11.9 1 10.0 I 8.4 1 11,0 1 10,2 I 11.0 1 4.1 1 2,7 1 61 ox ci o I C. 1 0~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~1 01 0 1 41 0 1 'JI 0 1 21 Mining 1 . 0 1 1 0 1 2 0. 0 1 0 1 20o.0o I 0 1 20, 0 1 0 I .5 1 1.31 01 01 01 1,11 01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o 1,I 01 1, I 0 Manufacturing I 1 lot I 7 . 1 ItI I 1 ?4 1 1 11 I 8 7 1 91 I I b2 I 5O I 25 1 899 1 17.9 I 8,3 1 H1.4 1 13,8 1 12.4 1 9.6 I 10.1 I b.9 I 6,0 1 2,8 I 20,7 I 20.8 1 lo.5 1 22.9 1 27.3 1 20,0 1 23,1 1 25,0 1 20.5 1 13.0 1 5,3 1 Manufacturing 2 8 12i oI 8I 8I 01 s 1 21,01 7,1 1 7 .1 I 10, 3 1 0 121.0 41 0 1 10. 31 110.31-t 0 1 1, 3 1 1.9 1 .9 I AP I 1.8 I 0 1 3,3 1 0 I 2.7 1 2,1 1 0 1 Utilities 9 1 8 1 01 01o 01 01 0 1 0I 0 1 01 0 1 12 I 66,7 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 33.3 1 0 I .3 I 1,3 1 01 01o 0I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 10I 0 1 Construction 10I ) 0 1 7 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 7 1 0 1 0 1 c 1 ( 1 0 1 01' 01I 0 1 0i100.01I 0 1 0I 0 1 I o1 0! 01o 0 1 00 01o 1.1 I 0 1 01 0 1 Trade/Hotel 11 1 25 1 N3 I 20) 1 25 1 lb 1 29 0 20 1 lb 1 33 I 21I 1 255 1 9,.7 1 12,9 I 11.3 I 9,7 I 6.b I 11.3 1 11,3 1 6 ,5 1 12,9 1 8.1 I S,9 1 3.M T 7.3 1 5.9 I S 1 5. I U.; I 7 .7 1 a, 5,53 I 8,2 1 0,0 1 Services 14 1 20 1 U I 1 54 1 29 1 33 1 54. 1 91 1 54 I )0 I 3e3 1 891 3S' 1 S.2 I C&.0 1 3?I 3.7 1 . 1 10.2 1 b,0 I 15.71 '..7 1 20.5 1 4.51 1 1(4.1 I 11.0 I b,.4 1 fl, I 10.3 25.0 1 17,8 1 35,1 I 77,9 1 Inadequately lb6 1 81I ?1I I 1 2£ 2531 121 1561 4j 121I 0 1 1 21 1 20 described I h./ I b. 7 1 17.0 1 e0.0 T 10,0 I 13.3 1 3.3 I 10,0 I 0 1 '0.00 1 2,9 1 1.3 T U.,~ I 2,5 1 5.5 1 1.2 1 0,0 1 1.1 1 0.1 1 U 1 2,7 1 Blank 17 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 1 0 1 1a I 3~.53 1 (I I C. I 0 1 0 1 33.3 1 U I 0 1 33,3 I 0 I ,3 1 o l 1 I 0 1 a1 1.1 L 0 1 1 II ,0 I 0 1 -1… …-1… …I… …I… …I… …1… …I… …I… …I… …I… …I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ cnLUMN bUTj 409 US? 7 '.50 192 37 5 363 301 '.00 0 55b 0333 TOTAL 14,9 10,0 11,2 10.5 9,0 8,7 8,4 6,9 9,2 10,8 100,0 "7n to: The lw.a4o Iu t c cou n t i n aI the c clo I bnv i~ - n hund re,d. Code 7: "Manufacturing I" refers to all. manufacturing except those included in "Manufacturing 2". Code 8: "Manufacturinig 2" refers to the relatively modern products, i.e., (a) chemicals and chemical products, (b) products of petroleum, ceal and refinery, (c) other non-metallic mineral products, (d) basic ferrous and non-ferro'us metal industries, (e) fabricated metal products, and (f) machinery and equipment including transport equipment. a A * I o e i - _- INO -Q " It O A 0 a-O e o e o 30 - a. n.go - _a an a a.- _- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - o Ia00 * -> . N 0 nnna -~0 0e_n so o*ef-$e r"o e*- 0 00 w _____-___-_----------------~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 - 7 - 7 -- - - - - - - - a - -- -. - - - - - - a- - --a * -- a a a- a 4 > e * a S a m a a - ai a a a r a a I a- a Os , e coooa.~. WO~ 0 eN hO .0O rr S Ona- I 0 1S 0 * -.2bON 500 S0. Or.4 * anO@ I Oi a .i 000 I- X X ,, § ,, 8 aO ru, @ ,@§,| ,@*0 * .Xgcio W *g jaJ .OaF-.. an.. -- -ear@ *B a _ -a_ *.e-*. *.a ao. b Xr * a- @o ,a~c as ova, a woo * a C :- 0a ' a -' S a a a-a ~- -a - S - - - ' 0 I U S S _ . .- S n . . ... @ .* . a . .. a a V. a a _ .4 W ; - H , , , c; ;.;: a c-c S a a a 4 a n a a o a4. . W | | ~~~~~~~~~~~~* * * a a 0 - la a - a - a a a a a - a a I a < ~~ ~~~ a a a-- - - - s a a- a a- a- a- - I- a- - - - * - * + U ° 4 < n I w 19 1e o o oc-e , 0-nn a cooN r J o oioo a coo a c00 a oo a a-on a co- we a coo ao e a >.a C} ,- 1... s 61 ~ ~~~ ’cp. Xn aZ -o 0. a a 0 * 0- Ua a c- . a. o U1 [’ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ --. a no a a ___ __ a ___ a a_ I __ a a_ _ _ _ _ f _ f _ _|_ _wm £ 0E Fz X v o~ ~~~ -a as a a a o a a- .1 o a s ; ex ~ ~ ~ ~~ a a a a_a a a s. a a :a X o ~ ~~ ~~~ X ao *a a e a -a a _a a a a * - a a * o - e o , a , a _ a S Z0 V ' C ._.4 af-g..Iain..aa-.. --_ a ___ a_ --a _a- -- a -I-- U _, i O3 N a a O A v s a r | ro o c - o a o a a o o o a oC - a a a a | V c o - o u. C) Cl C D 0@l a a - .a a--------------- ------ - - -- - a-----a--a -- - a----a -a 0 co ,~~~~~~~~~a , Ig, ,.,, I ,, 9 S, ,I Ur- ,_ @V a a. 0a a - r l a~ a a _ am a a , a - a W 4) O o CU a - - a e a a a - a r a a a a * . e.* a-' ,.~~~ a -n a - ---- ----a 7 a -a a a - - -a -- - - -0-U- AJ,-4 H * … …… …… …… … …… …… … - N '.00FeFO_ Weer2 . Qn 4 a a a~~~~P -a 0 av L ca a- a a a a a a,iar22 E .. a a a aa a a4 a a a a c"I 0 a coca .na.ac a Ji.0~ a ooea Jowl- a a00a-c a eeca 000 a coca -ona a dIet-, a coca 400,- 0000 a I v0. !~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I S t.3 a a.n-ana o-.a a~~~ C anf a -v a 0 a Iu .ou a in c ~0..0-., 0 . V0. . . . . ac a.. e 00La --- a - a a a a 0 a a a i 0 nj aa-i a a a a a a a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ---- a a a a----- a a7 7 VCJ 0 0* a 0 ,D 0 02~~~~~e a0C C al p a aa Q oI oo a c a a*v -a W. ~4-2 V) a ' a a a a . . a a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~7 a a 7 - - a-- n7 a v a a a a a -u a a U a~0 a a a %1 a u N,j a- a, a - - - - i co a a a -a a. a a a a a a a a a a ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 2 2 o 0 0 a a a a a a a a a 0 0 0 a ...4 '.4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o t-0 :1A 0 0 0 a S - 0 a a a 0 0 0 a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r IL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 .0 .0 a - a a a a a a a a a - a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~ a4 a a- t0o' 0~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 0 a a 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 ~~~0 . i t la w~~~~~~~ a A a a - a a a - a a a a a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~a C a ca aD a ca0eo.0a40ac00o-ccI0ooa00AiecA8a'anaVA0laO.0- -2 I...AAV 0 CD a C . a* -. -O ** N. 'D N* * OS. 64 O. -b f 9 C,0bp. leo 4 * S 3 3 S S I S a S ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ Vme k.1 IV I e S a S S S a I I o -. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a U *.3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ of- S J * 3 *3%304 3 o~~~~~'a 3 aid'S 3.45~~~ - 3 0 - - - N u-,a a - - - t - V 7 48 ... U -0 3 3 6 7 7 I 3% 7 -P co CC . C c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .53 a v3 SO - 0. 13IN 0P. 000S 3344%J -A..V% 3 J I 0I ,30 -40 3345. C 03 3 ~~~~~~~ 8 5 3 S 3 3 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I to ( ,-40.04. 0 .9~~~~~~ a 3 a. a 3 3 a S I O 5 3N..30..3~ ~~~~~~~ ~ - 3%---.** ---3 -- - -- .a a --a- a- 43 a a . a a 3a *54 0 _Oa IN 0 9 -3 . 03 O a Nos -An Oo O I a 0 ml JN * 0 a-' to 4S.C C ~ ~ 3 3 I ~ S a: a: 3 a Scoa 3 3.3 0 3N 0 - 3: N 030 0 33.3 . .d 00 3000 3- 3 1 33% 3 .53 - 3 3 N 33. 3 0001- I 9w 3 4 0C 43 w 5. w 0 AO 0 3 0 3303 00 333 3 0 3 - co0 3 a ..o 0 IA 3 .43.3 3 3~~~~ - - - 3 - --- - 3 I a 3 3 3 co4 u4 ae a s . a a a 3 435 5. 0 3 E I O.~~~~~~~3 3 a a a a P IV(0 . CA 43………………………………………~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~77 777 7 r4 ,. o.- .0 3 3 I 3 3 3 3 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 3j a I a a .. j 0 C E-4 ~~ u 030033-00a-3-.4'5..00IN OO -C NG 3 0C C co0 3C 0a..-00 ta $I 040 0 a ,-s - - a - ~~~~~~~~~~~~- - a o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t * a ~~ru a I O.a aaa a O a a a a a Ca ~~a - a - a on a * * a s .u * * 4 to435.3 4 0. COCa 3U'3 *U'Oc 3000 30O~~~~~~~~~~~ 33CC 3000 30'3- 3000 3..fl.-4 aNOC IV'0 (0 (0 Ar.~~~~~~~~~~~AL . 0 Z OX- a -.3 . 5 3 -A - 3 - 3 3 - Z) . Z C.s.a * I 3 S u a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 34 I0 -I X 3-4 -100011300300'a00 3..03-.U"0a0031000300 3.3%N43..3-ya.-.o-ClO OaCOo.00 142 .-a 1-sZ 3 aL.43N..3 . . . . . .5~~~~~u c co a . . a -. .. a a 334033 .fl0I I - I 0~~~~~~~~W 3 3 4 a o-30.3 *fO ( a a - C u a a a a a £ a a a - a .~~~~~ a g a a co a a a 0 C co 3 3v 3 0 E4 cn ~ ~ ~ ~ -1 24- Table A. 21 SRI LANKA: INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBU-TION OF EMPLOYED FEMALES BY PCE DECILE OF THE HOUSEHOLD, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 riol PC, I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW COL PtCt I *TUTL4 Industry I 6 1 7 1 8 I I to 10I 2 2 hIS I 29s 1 271 2hO I 282 1 281 1 27 I 242 1 214 1 lo3I 259b Tea I 12,2 l1. it 1 10,4 I 10.2 I 10,9 1 lO,8 1 10,3 I 9, 8 ,2 1 e,5 1 87,3 1 91,U4 1 40.2 I 92.0 I G2.b 1 89,7 1 89,0 i 89,ot 1 80,3 1 El,S I 70,2; _I- --- -- 1-.......i- - - - I - - - I - - ------- 7---...---- ---.. .. .I---- ; ... ---....----- 3 1 21 i ~~~~30 1 21 1 8 11 3 ; ;2 i 25 1 311 q 71 301 Rubber 0 , 1 9,9) 1 7, 1 1°,l J 9,9 1 9,l i 8s 3 1 10.3 1 13,2 1 9,l 1 lost I .:1 T 9.1 1 7?.2 1 15.l1 I 9,5 I 8,7 1 8,3 1 11,1 I 15,2e 1 12,8 1 Other I 0 1 1 h I l ..... 1 5 1 7 1 Al I I 0 I 34 Agricultural X 4 r 0 1 .4 1 I. 9 4 1 to I, I 4e 22,27 1 10 1 1 2, 9 1 7 1 2 1 o I o 2I ' 0 I o 0 o i 0 Mianufacturing 1 1 50,0 r o I o 1 2s, 1 o I o I o I o 1 25, 0 1 ,2 1 .7 1 o I o I ,4 1 0 1 0 'i 0 I 0 1 0 1 ,0 I 11 I 0 1 I O I O I O I O 1 O I O I I I O I 2 Trade/Hiotel I o 5(0G I O I O I O I O I O I O 1 50,0 I 0 ! I I o . 4 0 o 0 o 0 o b X o X , I Io 1 _I__ -- - - - -- -; .. . . -- - --_II_....__-- II-- - I__. II __I __ __ _I __ __ _I __ _ _ _ _I........ I........I........ I 14 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 2 L I I o l 2 1 16 l 25 Serv.ices I S.o I 5.o l I a I o 1 0 1 lo.o I 5,o i 0 1 10,0 1 65,0 1 ,a 1 .4 1 .4 I 0 I 0 1 0 I ,8 i 4 I 0 1 ,91 7.6 1 Inadequately 10, 1 14 1 o 1 I 1 o I 1 I 4 i I 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 described 1 3J.-3 1 o I 1 o. I a 1. 1 532 4 o I ° I 5.1 I ° 1 '4 COLU'YN 345 32s8 294 322 314 315 29a 281 2b2 21(a 2973 TOIAL 11,b 1l,0 q.9 10,8 10,6 lo,o lo,o 9,4 8,6 7,2 100,0 Note: Tlle absoluce count in all the cells above is in hundreds. Code 7: "Manlufacturinga I" refers to ali manufacturing except those includcd in "Mlanufacturing 2". Code 8: "mlanufacturing 2" refers to the relatively iaodern products, i.e., (a) chemicals and ch.emical products, (b) products of petroleuma, coal and refinery, (c) other non-metallic mzineral products, (d) basic ferrous and non-ferrous maetal industries, (e) fabricated metal products, and (f) machinery and equipmlent including transport equipment. - - i3 N * ?i - a. -. - t- - in a - ~~~~ ~~~ ~~- -- - t - a I -1 --a I - - - - * - I ZCI 403 (33-. - N~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ -N--. - 0--0-- O ID~~ aI a a- a a v a I a a * I - a - . an - .3-a --30..a- ..azi -a-- aa ..ac -.ait a,- -.3-u~~~~~~~~~- - -- --- -- -I -- -- a a aI I S a a a LIa a. a UI * a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aI a -a a a - a a a - a - a - a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- -- -- -- -a- --3- -3 -- -a a- E C14 tl'i~~~~~~~ a a I s a a a a a aI Z a a a a 3 3 I a a a a a a - a a a a ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ai aUI 1,0 04 a~~~s a a a a a a a aa 30 ..as.-..a .-. *-a"i --aN ..a a-tS- -a- -.a--.-o - -a -- -ao --a- .- - - - r -a - aa - aC - 3 -- I -- - -- - a-a a at a ..g - -- -s - a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3 10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 r43 - - - -a, --'- -a -a---a - -a -N-.3 -.a .-aa -- --3 --s.so In IV~a a - aN - a - I.. .- C' ~~~~~ a a a a a a~~~~~~-' a7, a a a a a a a a a 3 a I 3 5 a a S * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a a a a S a,- ..a, .a-it -.a --ar-- - a -.351 - 30 -.a-.- -- --at - -a - ..---a --a -- a- -- --a -N -a - c-~~~J ~~ a--a-- .--a---.-a 7 7 Z 8a a a Ia a3 ~~ a a a a a a a a a a a 3 a a a a a a .4 0~~~~~~~~~~ an ira utO 3 t-a a 0003 a O t at-c . r-t- 300 W 3t-C3.t- 30,- - 33-3,isp. - ..) 3 ai'ia a Na-.ai.il-3- a -V~o irONS 35.-ai 300 i 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ca C)N' a - sr a - ao coa . a .ci 31 1 a -a--u. --.5 - a p a N a - a a - 3 -- a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 -co - p p t-- a-i cspi~~~~~~~~~~ : : a 000: : : :. :~~~~~~~~~~~Hp0- 0 ~ o a ~ aN a CaN 3,-it--. 3Nitt s~ur5 anscac a a-qa a oa 0 a co -~~~~ U'.. 90 -~~~~~~ i-N mO~~ 00 Ol 4im a-i 0-0 7 III It4 40t aN It N 5It 40 9 -. - N. .0 - -~~~ * 0- 4- U' -- 4- 0- u'. -~- .0- * a I.- I a I- ,. 8 14 1. I (P* Inm *aia N . 0 .0 8 9 0 aN C 8 ' U I ...'JIa0 I * 8 - a a a a - a -, ..i 8 -. a a -. a q a -.ina a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. - - - - - ..a 1-S S S a * S a # Ia a- aA I *l a 0 a a - a in a a -~~~~~~~r a au a W a a aO -aP -a - a -in*- I a ..a W a- a Onha NAja a a-a-a Nina 0.-a nj-a cia. 9-a a--in a~~~~~~inoa anNa N a 4.-.ainoC a -a -a .8 a a a a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L - . ar a a - O. a a ain …4- -a.-...aa-,..-.a....a .-.a-. … … … … 02~~V : - . . v c -, a a aVIa a a a a an Z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a .a 's4 a a a - I a- .-.- - - - .ina N I . a - - 0 z1- a - - S a a a 7 - a - a a l a , a a a a a a a a a a. a a a l a a ,-a a ---a --a - a-... ..a~7- ---- 7 7 - -*---87..7 7 - --- 7a-0 ------------.. ai . aO 8 8 a a -- a a a --I~~~~~ulN a a VI a - a - a a j o a a a a a a~~~~~~~~~~~'I a a an ac a a a aIa at8 I a .13 u . a a a a a a 7 a70 - I aI a a 0al I D O a a aS r4 C14 - -4 -- a - a - a a - -a -a - a-.i-ja- - nj a- I - - ~~~ ~~~ 8 a a a - a ~~~~~~~~~~e V - a a:, I io a , . a a a a a a a V7,,; : W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 - ……… a a na . - .a a I.a - 8 r a a a 4 ar a a a a Ai. a- O s 0 , - a, a a 'Sa a a (P 4 - Ia(a a a lu a a 0 E-4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u~~~ ~ &na &-. eI0-a. a o- Imna 47-*in a. a a a a a a a a- a a. a a. ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~a. a-t a. a a .I a a - a a a a~~~~~~~~0 aia a a .-Ma a a a In 48 00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 04 a . 8 .0 a 0 a an N .8' a - a a- nja an a nj s a o ana inn- 0 W a- 9 a co i.a .0 a n la .0 co Z~~~~~~~~a a a a .~c co A 0 14 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0. N 8ini.ai .o 8- N 8 .O 0 aac af-- a- i- a 4 ina a 0U 80 9 a 4jrn a an .' 4 a N £ 0 0 a c - a4 a- .,-a *~~~~~~8 .**~~ ..8 *.8 an .-8 . . . 8.0 *aO~~~C3 E ΆU *. Ca ..a .. fa** O - N . * O O* -- O * _ 4. O 4. P C. P * w * e -*e * - O_- Nei eSn 44 1- a-.. _ -r. n_ .- V15 5 e0 eN. *PWl e go S.; n. a-a- a- - C a- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a a a a a a a a ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~a a a a a I e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V t * -I! '"T @.' 10 Ie : 10 ltl : A@ It- t 0 a a a IV G a9 S I Z*A a lo e _ w, D a AV% I NNe 0 in 0 _ a cws a a- jw*w.. aeF .aa *5a .C- a o .u a e N.'- * . .5 I 5 ad.5 .InC .8 .vu a as a . - na. *. a ce *g. a-. a. we*O *O- aN-ca. a-- - a- - -c - -- a- - _ a a a .ass_ _ _ Na - - * - - -a 7 - a0 a -1 a a - a a8 aI - a a aan a a @ r M o a a a : A a a a a a a a a Z 9 e - a S a a ae ' D 4 4 'I * e 1 ' :N I _ @ _**4 a S a r . a Cd r ~ * 9 a a a a a a a a a a a _ a- a a s a a as s _.;- a -7- - a - a-a - 7 a - - a a a * A a . a a a D _ a .o - . .… e. .s % v * . *. N-. .I* . . * n .. c. .a - _ .8 a cb. .v m n.,- . . l N .A v. a * N a a a a 5 a * 7 7 a - - a - _ - - - - - - - o a ; a a-^ 0 a- d a e -* o o e * N 0 e c : o -at a - a a a a a 8 e a a o s a a a a a _ . a a a a- a a a a .a@ .. _ .| N . .. *_ . . .. e . .q . .t . a o * I . .2 2^ 0> >N ILtd^ _Z _^ & _ _ F* N§ t _j w* NV * * NN 6 e * v I | | iM . Z@ Nwa a _ a a a N a a a a abr be~~eC_|-nwB_^Xzf >N-$e_a a a a aW a a e u ..Nor o a.........O 4~er-.@*ao 7-a a a 7 -7 - - - - 7 - a e a a a a n a a - a a a-- 7 o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~lo N am4 aaf af aW a a a,---sa--aa-.-an..a,sa..a aa..'.na..a *.aa.-ao~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ Iw- an..-aa-. a-I-aa. Ia F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ - 7 0 o - 7~N --*- -7 --- 7 --- o"4 4 --- 46 --- ee - e- a g a _ N a a a -- a , __ a . a a , _ , V , a a- 0 a __ a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a . . a a a a , a a . a a a a a a a a sn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c _ v : ' ' _QU *- ~ ~ ^ x - e F e * o _ N ^ w e 4 T Zc 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: C o4 0) colC :Q * :: a 5 n545 - I - a ~ ~~~~~ .5 --a - a -4 aG) 5 5 a - a - a a oa a. aa aaa a P a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a …',..…0Z Z ’ g aQ r a -- Or- 17-U' 00 a--a-- -- (DN -Ut ftc r-a r-o - -C--c-- - -.. r-- r-- -I 34-- N --- -- - - - - - ------- ----------------- - - - - -" -t- - - - - r- - 01 Or- toN N - N~~~~~~Vt Ollt 0 - - - - - - - - - - -O -'a ar- ..at't --a-.-a --a a- -..- - -.-a-a - -a- -- cn ~ ~ ~ * a a a a a a a a ~-4 F- - - -a a--------- ---a --a- --a -I---a --a - -La C14 ~ ~ ~ ~ a --- O- t! r ia ,-- - a IN ~ N PC)z 't a 0 -a - a a t a a a a 0 Ia1 a a ~ a a S a a a a Nr a a. .atI*a- - .- - * a - a S .-I a a -- a - 0C a a r-a --a - a - a a 0 a a a - - ----a - - - - a a a - -a d0 0 C4 -- a--o *- - * a a *- - -a -a -a c . Pj4a a -a -a - - a a a o aaI a - a 1 a a a En a a a a a a a a a a a a a ~ ~ ~ ~~a I a 4i -a - a a a a - a a ~~ ~~- a --- - a -I- a - a - ,- ' C6 P.~~~~~~: -~ a a a a a a C.) a a a a a a a a a a - HHX c-si 4-4 $a a a a a a a a 0 a a a a a ~ ~ ~ ~ a a a4 a) a -) 544 0 C)…4A0~~~~~~Ai 0 i 4 a.-4 j~~~ H a a a a a a -a a a au 1.4 a a a --ato *-aio.a a a…a a --a . u 0-4- H a o a-,-,ta Nra tajafla a-- a a ~ ~ ~ ~ a ca c-a o- a ONE N) acoa N a a a r-a ---a - a a a a a S - a a ar -0 a - a . - a E- a a a a (A a a aa a a a a- a a a a- a a a a a~~~~~~~~~~o a Table A.2 3 SRI LANiKA: DISTRIBUTIONi OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSE~HOLD AND PL4JOR SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THE HOUSEHOLD, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 Persons COUN.T I MajorSource IR1W C7 Decile of Per Capita Expenditure POW~ I 1 2 1 3 1 7 3 59 Itob I 1 47 3 411 486 1 (J25 3 31,0 I 310 0 385 I 249 1 307 3 203 I 3622 Wages 1~~~ 1Ž,3 ,3 Its1 12,9 I 11,7 1 9,8 I 10,5 I 10,s 3 6,9 3 8,5 I 5,8 £ 61,9 Wages b~~~~~~~~~~1W4 2 82.7 3 h8,8 I ,~,t 57,1 I th7 ,9 58,8 490,4 3 58,9 1 53S Profit 2 3 139 1 3714 I 133 3 Ž0 3J : 85 31 1Ž3 221 3 167 I 158 I 13#h I 1638 -{ 8,5 3 10.6 I 8,1 1 12,14 3 11,3 1 7,5 1 13,5 I 10,2 3 q,5 3 8,3 3 27,8 3 21.0 I 2r,b, I 19,0 I 01.5 I 30,2 1 22,1 I. 33,7 I 33.1 1 Ž9,4 3 36.1 I Othier b I hi1 TO7 I 98 3 9 I 78 3 56 14 09 I 18 3 58 39 3 636 I 9. I 11,0 3 15.5 I 8,l 0 12,2 1 8,7 1 7,7 3 13,a8 ' 1 9,1 3 82 3 10,83 1 9.4 10.7 lull1 5,9 I 12,7 I 10,0 1 7,5 I 17.5 3 1!11 I iO,14 I COLUmN oOb b5S 8-98 868 611 559 655 5014 5Ž2! 318 5897 TOTAL 11i,0 11,1 ills 11.3 10.0 9.5 11,1 8,6 8,L8 6,14 100,0 Males COUJN. I RO)w PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure RoTw Major Soijroe COL PCT I OA of income I I 2!1 3 1 03 51 141 7 1 6 0 1 6 3 2&9 I p(42 3 270 1 2.14I13 2Ž0 0 239 I 1 4,5 £ i69 3 £3t0 1 2209 Wages I13,b 3 11,9 I 11,7 3 i2,0 I 10.,7 I 9 , 1i I10,b 1 8,5 I 8,4 I 0 , 93 60,7 3 70,8 1 bl,3 I 62.6 3 63,5 55,.3 3 6t,8 0 63,0 3 53,7 1 59,8 3 48,0 3 F Profit 2 1 92 3 tat I Ho I 1143 1 137 3 105 L 1 32 I 83 1 98 3 109 1 1099 I 13. 3 12,6 I 7,3 I 12.1 I 12,4 1 9, 1 11.1 3 7.b I SOY I 9,9 3 29,6 1 Ž1,3 3 12.1 1 19,2 I 31,2 I 31,14 3 29,b 1 32.2 3 30.6 0 31,u4 1 45,6 I Other 631 3 41 Ž93 783> Ž22 58i1 32 183a 14ŽI 293 Žeo1 360 3 9',5 3 7,9 3 21,.1 1 6.2 1 16,1 I 8,8 1 5,1 I 11,7 I 8,1 3 5,6 0 9,7 I 7,9 1 6,5 I 18,2 I 5,3 3 13,3 1 8,9 0 4,8 3 15.5 0 9,2 I 8.9 I COLUmN q32 438 1419 925 £135 358 379 2171 31. 238 3709 TOTAL 11,6 11.6 11,', 11.5 11,7 9.6 10,2 7,3 13,5 6*'o 100,0 Fem2ales COlUNT I 9i1W PCT I Declle of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Major Source COL PCTI TUTAL of Income I 13 21 31 43I 53 I 80 7 1 81 3 10 1 3 114~~~13 1142 3 2014 1 155 3 108 I 180 0 1147 1 10.4 3 118 3 93 I 1373 Wages 310,3 3 1-0,4 I 14,9 1 11,3 3 7,9 1 11,6 0 10,71I 7,6 I 8,6 I 6,8 1 62.7 ~3 65,9 I 6S,5 3 73.2 1 143,8 I 6l1.5 3 79.0 0 53.1 I U44,5 14 57,6 I 168,4 I Profit 2 3 o' 1 33 3 52 3 71 I 48 I 18 0 99 I 89 I 58 3 8 1 539 3 6,7 3 b.2 1 9.7 1 13.2 3 8,9 1 3,4 0 1Ii,u 3 15,5 3 10,8 I 5,2 3 20,6 I 21,8 15,.3 I 1 ,.0 3 29.3 3 Ž7.3 3 j,1 0 3t), 8 3 35,8 0 28,3 3 19.8 3 Othe±r 6 I ?b 3 42 1 2Ž 3 £7 3 Ž0 3 214 i 3 1 1 46 1 29 5 19 I 276 3 9,6 r 15,1 i 8,1 I 6,0 3 7,2 1 8,7 0 11.1 I 16,? I to's 3 7.0 I 12,e I 1.3 I 19.2 3 8,0 I 6.8 ! 11,3 I 11,9 a 11,1 3 19,7 3 14,1 3 13,8 1 COLUMN ild 217 279 243 176 202 277 234i 205 £00 al8o TOTAL 9,8 9,9 12.7 11,1 all 9,2 12,7 10,7 9,4 6.O 100,0 Table A.23 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF FEZ CAPITA EXPIFDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THE HOUSElOLD, URPAX APEAS, 1969-70 COUNT I Row oct I Decle of Per CaPita ExkPediture Major Source COL PC3 I I I I a J S 1 4 X sI ^s rx 8a 91 1 of Incoe .*......I....... . . I......-…5............................... . ..…... I. .. t I 1 3Z I 14 1 107 1 IOU | 97 1 17 i So 1 71 I 0o I 2 I 0SS Wages I IS,4 I 15,7 1 12.5 1 12,2 1 11,5 1 0,0 5 O.5 I 8,3 1 5,9 I 314 1 ?6,2 I 71,3 t o8,o 1 70.6 1 76,2 I 75.5 I os.2 I 61,9 I 77.0 1 602,d 1 e3.0 -I,.-....S,.,............ I. I...£...1 ......I. .I........5t Profit a 21 S8 47 S 32 5 20 1 27 1 15 t 20 1 17 I 1T 1 I3 I i58 Profit s.s 1 f3 t lave,q I 7sa 1 0; 8 5 s,8 1 10,2 5 60, S *46 I 5.1 1 2i,I 1 20,6 t 24.0 1 2a,5 I 14,7 120.3 O .J12,9 1 28.6 5 1l,7 1 21,S S 27,8 1 .1 . -1..... . ....5 .. o....I....I....I. . ....I..S... I..........I Other o I is I 15 1 12S 9 1 11 1 21 5 9 1 3 A .; I 4 I III r 13,0 I t5,0 S 10,7 1 8,4 I 9.9 19.,1 L 7,6 I 3,l 1 II,S I 3,8 I 9,8 I 7,9 5 7,4 I 7,9 I 7,1 S 6o2 108,9 £ 9.S S S,7 I to,e 5 9S,Si .1VI..... IV ..!..Io .. ....... ...1. .... COLU"m 105 196 s5t 133 13S III 90 9t 00 4 last TOTAL 1s's lave t2,4 10,9 11.1 9,2 T.4 7.5 *,6 5,0 los's mhate COUNT I RoW PCT I Declle of Per Capita Expenditure ROA Major Source COL PCT I TOTAL of nco I I 1 2 1 - 0 I 1 51 0I I 7 I a 9 I tO I of Income.z . s.,,,s . -s.,_,1,,,,X,,,,,,,, _,_,,,l,,,,l,,_, .,,__,,,.,, 15 79 1 82 1 71 .1 62 5 1 'io I s' I Se I 30 I is I s03 WagSes I IS,6 I 6.5 10, S 141 1 12,2 1 10,7 1 8.0 A 6.3 I 7,7 1 6.0 1 3,1 1 79, I 1 aJ,e I 67,6 1 72 2 1 19, 1 69.2 1 62,7 i eo,l 1 75,0 1 67,i 1 66o7 1 1. .51...... I .................I........................ I..... . ..I........ I...... l ... ..... I La Profit 2 1 10 1 ?9 1 21 5 it I 1i I I0 I I5 5 12 5 9 5 o 5 400 Pro~~ ~ ~~~~ it 1 d, 19,9 1 14,0 1 7,o 1 12,3 1 7,0O 1 .8, 1 8,2 1 see 1 4,l 1 at's 1 b.?7 1 23,9 1 20,9 1 14.3 I 23,1 1 10, i 26,0 1 23,3 1 19.2 1 2%.9 1 ..... .. . I. . . . . .........................I........5........................ I... _.... I Other °6 I it to I 7 I s I 6 1 10 I 3 I I I e I .2 1 *5 Othe 11 I IS,o I lo,s I 7,9 I 9,2 1 21,1 1 S3,3 t I..S I 9.2 I 2,0 I 9.1 I lO's IS ' I 7.0 0,6 I 7,7 I 21,S 4 7,1 I i,7 5 13. 5 X 7,04 ,....,. .. .......V ........t.. .. ..S . .......^ COLUMN l0o 121 98 78 7. 04 48 St 40 23 750 TOTAL 15sl ?s,0 is's 10,9 lo1. 9,0 o.1 7.2 ol2 3.2 106.0 COUNT I Roo PCTI RO Major Source COL PCT I Dec1le of Pcr Capit& Empenditure TOTAL of Income ~ I I15 2 5 3I a 1 TOT AL I .8I -of luco m - ---:---------l-------.l----l--.......I........I........I........ ........I........ ........ . - --.l.---l............ I-l.- I53 I 52 1 36 I3 a 0 I 3?7 A 0I 3 2 5 .1 1 15 15 3S Wages 5~~~I J. I lev I0,7 st I0,1 t 12.1 t I ~I 5.4~ A 0.8 1 9.2 I See £ 3,9 1 69,61 Wages I 68,9 t 70,1 5 67.7 1 7,9 1 1 75.,4 L 57,1 1 80,9 5 1 t II I9,2 I . o.....1l.....1.... I....A..... I.... ...V.....I.. .....I Profit 2 I 71 1 18 I 52 1 -9 S 9 2 4 A 13 1 5 1 I G 1 7 1 100 Profit I-,4 It 1u9 t 11,3 1 8,1 I 8,9 I , al -I- , 21 4,6 1 A's1 * ,S I 80,9 5 ze,7 I 7?4,1 1 22,o 1 I5,4 1 16, 0 I 0,6 L 30.6 5 12.0 1 23,0 t 29.0 1 ,,.... . ..... 1, .. ,....I.... L - -.- .... - -.,,- Oter I 4 5 55 4 5 I a A s I J- I 3 3 5 *4 Other I 7,5 I 9,1 I 10,9 S 9,1 I 10.9 - 1.,4 1 10.9 1. 5.5 1 .5,5 S '5 I 9,1 5 4 4 S.,? 5 9, I ? 1 9.0 I 15,8s s t 12.2 5 0 1 19.0 l stl I *xw-*- ~ ~ ~ 0. ... ..Io ......z--,.-------- .. ...-1---.-......-... --.-,--.... ---..0 .. COLUMN 7IT T4 SS SO ST 9 *2 40 so. 2a St? TOTAL Isl8 is,? 1so' I&,0 t ies 9.4 O,3 lot 7et 4,4 too's Table A.23 (Cont'd) SRI LANK(A: DISTRIBUTION ODF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE- OF PER -CAPITA EXPEN2DIT URE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME FOR THE HOUSEHOLD,- RURAL AREAS,.1969-70 COUNT IPmn ROw PCT I ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ O Major Source ROL PCT I Decile of Per Capita-Expenditure RoTw of Inicoe *,2 1 ………………TOT'… I I 251 ?1 177. 1 32? 1 2?3 I I 3 I. I 251 1 260 I 104 1 227 I -136 1 2152 Wages I 11.7 1 8.2 I (*, Io' 3 I, 8 r 10.7 ' 12,1f. I 6', I 10,5 I 6,33' 1 %3,2 I 6b,3 I a7.3 1 62,9 I $1.,0 1 41,5 1 56,0o 60.0 I 36,1 1 51.a I 50.0~ I Profit 2 I 78 105 I 07 I 128.1 202 ~I- its ' 144 I 2Ca I 1030 1 III 1 137? I 5.1 t 10.8 I 7,8 I 9,3-1 14,7 I &.'I "1.05 I 15,0 I 1o.2 I 8.1 1 sa,o I20.7 139,6 1 21,0 1 43,0 1 Me6.2 1 27, 0 1 33,3 1 51,5 I 31,ts I 40.9 Other 6 1 M9 I .09 I 82 I 37 1 50!i 70 1 29 1 49I1 701 255 1 3 I 9.5 I 9,5 I 15,9 I -?,1. 10.3 1 13.s I 5,b 1 9,5 1 1o,J 1 4,8 1 12'.0 I 13.0 1 t3.2 I 16. I I Q,e 1 1?.3 1 17.0 1 6,7 5 12,4 1 16.8 I 9.1 1 COLUMN 379 375 sit 388 437 41.2- 33 00 01 272 604, TOTAL 4, 0 9,3 12.6 9,6 10,8 10,2 30.7 9,9 10.9 6.7 100,0 COUNT t NON4 PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure Major SouLrce COL PCT OA of Income …~~~~II 1 2 1 3 1 II I 6 71 8£ VI 1 I 1e8e. 1 10 3 I 165' I 124 1 120 I 1MM 1 1s53 I. .95i 1 128 1 70 I 1295 Wages I~~~~~~~~ 14,3 I 8,g 1 12,7 I 9.6 1 9,6 I 1,1 I 11,8 I 7.3 1 9.9 1 5.? I 51,1 Wages 1~ 69,? I 4?,8 I 58,0 I b0,5 I 400,' 1 53,5 I 60,7 1 44,2 1 50,0 I 40,0 I 2 I 58 1 120 I 6 2 I 91 1 104 I 95 1, 91 1 99 1 VI1 I 95 1 966 Profit I 6.1 1 12.7 1 ,. I 9,6 1 15.3 £ 10,0 A 9,6 I 10.s 1 9,61 10,0tol I 37,iJ I .21.5 1 a9,2 I 21.7 1 37,3 I 07,3 1 33,8 13b,I I 46.2 1 35,5 1 51.1 I Other ~~~~~~6 I 25 1 21 I 5a 1 29 I .37 I .0 1 . 1 .21 1 .37 I 16 1 263 I 8,5 I 7,0 I 19.7 '1 9,9 I 127 £ 11 2. I 70 I 12,7 I 56 1, .I: 9, 2. 1_ 8,5 1 .20'.3_I'Il .1 ,. 1?.,2 I.1 .3,7 3 .3,.3.. 1 9,.6 I 105 I'S 8~,9 I COLUMN 268 243 2a0. ' .20 3 30 5 280. 251 214 '256 186' 2531 TOTAL I 0,6 9,6 11,2 9,6 12*.l 11.1- 9,9 8,s to.,I 7,3 100,6 COU'NT I RN Hi1N PCT I Decile of Per 'Capita Expenditure TOTAL. Major Source COL pCT I of Income… I 2 I …31. … I …… £ …… I… II 66 M 1 '5 1 99 I 58., I 87 I 107 I Al 9 I 99 I 62 I 650 Wages I /7 8,7 I 18,3 1 11,5 £ 6,7 I 10,1 k 12.5 I 5,0 I 31,5 I 7-,2 I 56,5 1 9 6,1Sb3 I 69,1 1 68,6 I 43.8 1 65,6 I S9,1 I 26,'! 1 S.53, I 71,0 Profit ~~~~ ~~2 1 el ? 1 Ms I 37 I Se 16 I . S0 1 1 0 £ L 9 I 16 i 5 I 18, 5 1 21,9 1 20.0 I 25,7 1 43,5 1 12,5 1 29,5 1 5 , Is 1 26,7 I 1 9,0 0,3 1 67 I3. ~, 1 33 I . 20 I2, 14 x I I 2 Other 6 I 25 I 29 1 2 I a 11 8 16 1 2V0 1 21 £ 29 1 37 I a I 22? I 10.9 I 12,7 I 10,9 1 3.6 1 7,3 I 12, 7 41 9.1 -I 12,1 I 16,04 5 3,6 I 16,9 I 22.2 .1 21,9- I 10.9 I 5,? I 12,.5 I 21.9 k, 11.0. I I5.b 1 20.0 1 9,5 I COLUMN LIII 13t' 227 144 132 13V '11 106 I"6 a? 151? TOTAL 7,3 0.1 .16,9 9,5 0,? 0,7 12,0 Ilea 11,8 5.7 300,# *0t se * t It 966 tt 6tz tog £91 *D C YLnO bq1 s & 1 1 I 9 1 I I I2 @1 Li 117 NWAn(J3 S O S- O. :. ... T. ... I O t1 ........I. .. . s b S 0 I 0 S I'll I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 n 0 I s'0t I o I So I 0 1 0 I to 5 I o t 0 1 0 I 0 I o I ooos I 0 I 10 . IC I 1 1 0 70 I0 i 0 1 0 i I I0 o I aiz I........I… … …….....-...............I........ . . ..I----.I-z.....I......--I--------J I O'001 I o'001 I 6'99 1 0'001 J. oool I OoG*1 I 0O'oo I o'ool I s'sj I oAj)1 I V96 I 1' I I nS ? 2'9 I O'L 7 o01 I . i 1lI I e9 I ?'Q1 I n'sz I T1 I s I 6 I 01 I Z1 t OT I It I le I (1 I 92 I tn I S 10t I . 19 I t 9 I S I £ I Z I Iu JO 'IOHI 9ain,4Tpuadx3 u iTdvajd ;jo 01tt i 12d io3 azanoS iorew m07m I J~d mo I iNfl f 0oo00 6*2 L' I9 9CO 3 9*1t oott s'oi oz21 6'b2 Vl7Lo c9n Dt st 12 es on SS IS Qea 09 511 N'Srl1O. Io------?----* ........-- I........ ?I....... I-------X I---*- ......^- S----- .........I.----,---I I 0 1 0 o S'n I 0 ? 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 1'6 I o I S' 1 0 I o I C0os I 0 T o 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 O'OS I o I a 10 I 10 1 0 1 10 T o 10 1I0 1 0 II 10 1 I0 I o '0 IC 0T 0 I C I O I I0 I to I9 61 ? 0 I sns I 0 0 T o I 0 1 9z92 1 0 15s I Tl 6 10 I1 1 0 I O * o I 0 1 I o0 Is 1 c..J I……------I……-F-^--I……-Z----I… … … …1……-TI……………--I--------'-------*I------ ..I……--^-I…….-- I---- cn I O'oOI I00 I L I 6 So 56 I 0'001 r O'001 I '00' I 000; I 6net 1 6'6 I L'56 I f-I 9 L6 I Olt I n0 I 8'szt sl I o9 r Il'1 I i'il I 201 I 6'21 I S'n2 I 2517 I 1 f I tn I 9 I 915 I 0D I S5 I Is I 9? I 9es I It; I t I--------…I....... -.......I--------…--------I--------…I--------…I--------…I---…------I--------I --- amoDul Jo I 01 I I I t 9 I S I 1 I I e II Ino ew 1 X01 ajn2-puadx3 e:tTde:) ia(d lo IJ3 t )d 1o 8lOSlOe MOM ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 1Dd mJ 8IfO o0Oot 0'£ i's S'S too 6'O S'01 sl1i s£6 6s£1 o*sr iv±o± LZ9 1 t? z es IS 9'9 2L S Lo 951 NIOn10 ........--- --- I ....... I.& ...... ....... A! ........I ..... Al ^ ---"---S- - w-- X 10 1 0 I 5'9 10 ?O 10 1O 0 10 Io2 IO I Q' S 0 ta o S '~ 1s 0 O 0 -I O I 0 I 0 I o0os I lo S I 0 10 I 2 0 ! 0 I 0 10 I O I o 0 I 0 S T'S I 0 I 0 0 1 0 I 0 I C'D I 0 I 2'9 I fp I 0 I 'nit I O I 0 r 0 1 0 I 0 I 9192 I 0 I ;'ts I 6 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 t 0 10 1 0 O I 0 I S I Z 3Tjola l-----^*------^---------^----?*-----I'----*------*^----- -'^I-........I...... '-I s0o01 Iooos I 5s c I 0'00t t 0'OI1 I 0'001 1 oo I i'S6 I I'L6 I '46 I 0"Le 1 0'l I 9qC I 6'S 1 tso ? 1' 1 L'Ot I l11 I P6 I 1'SIt 1 LbZ I SD2eM l 79 1 61 I 9 1 1 or I Is I 9S 1 99 1 2L I '% I he I 2s1 I I I----'-'- I........ I........-I........----t'--- !-......---II..... 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INI00lO0IO.... *fl 1 0 IS I-I4,-t4'I s.-OIOOOI...0. 1 0 1 IJP - 1,J.-.I 001 5' .110 ..I... 10. INN*I 001 001 10410 I ..01 -NI *00.4,I 0.11 001 ISO I .I* -. I I I I I I U I I I I I I I I I I -'-: 0: a I * I I I I - -* - 1 II I I . a a £ Ol0-.0I050 IlS.0I0N 0I00I00I0001001051 I0.*I4' 010010 00I0 1000100 10. I 1001 COI 0r.IPU *0,-CJ. 00. : :'r: o fla N0 00: - a ..o. IS, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - I I I I * a I I I - I I I I I a I I I I I I I I I I I 01000 IIJ0#ION4,10 .4-Ito I I 0100100CI.AJ071000I..hO . Iru..a41 .10. 010 I 00 I 0't I 000 100 IC *.I0 . Si I01 OS I 001 COINO *4 510001 COI 0.I00 I 041 I * .rSI I .04.11 0,..0I- I 0 I - J I I 0 I) I 'I .0l...4,oI-0.0Ia0010. 0*. 00.00 4) 10.1 I  *.0.4I 4,.tI I.* - Oil I - *.01 I CI] 43 I I I J I I o ,-S1 j j I0 I I I I I I .1j 4,I#001000101N0 o I - C1 SO .. 10150100  III04,0I0N0IOIaaI4, t..Sl I 001 .0 '-I I 10 I--I I I0'I SAIl ISIS I 001 #01 10111 I I I Os, - s-s Si. r-4 I 101.0I S. 0001?IOI4.I000I0.O a 0141001 #010 01041 :0)114411:IO'4 100010   # . I ISO Al #01 GOISO 01 - 1-1501 001 001 INC  oo:o0,41I000IS, II00II2O00:.± 04. E-4 1.00 I 01 I 04-I IN I ..0I ...0I - 5 #1 .101 5. I I I I I I I I I I I I-I. I *.. I I S I I I I I I I I 151 a a . N100-.I000I000IN0 I I 0111000 I 11100 10001.0 0011'I0 IC 1110 III 10. .010.4I0..,.100014-0 .01.1 .I 101 *-oo, S-I .00 0# I 0.11 INC 0a 111. 1101 0101 114.11 100 NI I I I I I NI I I I I I I I I I I I I I * I I IO.00 I 00010..01 0 0001000 10.10 1004,100 10 *.I0 I - 01.15.4 10 .0. I 001 001 0A.*.-0 I001 .t0I.010.511110 I .01 OS I 0.1I*00. lIlI N1 0 I - I I I .11 I 001 I I I I I I I I I I I .1 I 5 I 00 I I P -IJI..1 IC - Eli 2.4 - 1W ' . ro.a to I-Cat) 10 - N III 00 20.0. I 0 I '2! 0.0. I 0 coo . 00 5)0 I 1. 014 I 5 01.4 I 1 1 . 1:1  40 - 4 44 0 ~~~~~~~- -- --4 - ---. -. - -~ 4 - * 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 S 4~~~~ * 4 4 4 4 4~~~~~~~~~~- - - - --. 4 4- 4.44-4404.,-. r---4.. 00 44004414444444.4... 0;00 40- -~~ ..,., ,* ..., 4 o.oao...O04OOO400O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O00444451 C4 - - - - - -* - --Na- - N- - -% 4--0--.-S--4--4 -4-4 NO-t VA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 4404 4 4.4~0 4. Cd ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .4-:--:---~~4.N040.--o44 :.04.40 N o0,..0,4 40 40 4 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S .~~~~-- - - - - - * 440* 444 N.-44 * 444 4 4444 Nfl. 444?4 441$ 4 .44 4 144444.04.0044-04 4 444~~~~~~t T. 1 * 444 444 444 Nb~~~~~~~- 7- -7 7- *-4 -4 N4- . -. - . - 44- - - * 4 4 4 4 ' 4 $ 4 S 4 4 4 S 6 -$- - -..4 4. .4.--...... ~ 4444 .4444.44. .4-4*4 .44 444 .444--4 .. .~ 444444 444* ..44 444* 4444 44. ~4.4 .444 4 4 4 44 4 4 44 4 44 4444 4 . 4. 4 5 4 4 $ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4~~~C C3 . a, I L. 'IO 0 0 Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* 4 4 4 4 4 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4.4..0N4j-.444..0044 -- -. $ 4 44.44441'404JN44-..44N4000.000.4...O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LO Table A.27 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, ALL AREAS, 1969-70 Persona PCRExPI COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Age COL PCT I TUTAL GrouP 11I I 2 I 3 I 4 1 5I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I -------~~~~~~I.- ..I-^----I------I.-.-....I..... I-----I-- w---------_l- 0.--- ..,.. I.__..,.. 4 I sQ4 I 337 I 332 I 326 I 238 I 226 1 18b 1 140 I 148 I 79 1 2406 Loas than 20 I 1b,4 1 1',0 1 13.8 I 13,5 I 9,9 I 9,4 1 7,7 1 5,8 I o,l I 3,3 I 40,8 1 61,0 1 51,5 1 47,5 1 48,8 I 39,0 1 40,4 1 28,4 I 27,8 I 28,3 1 20,9 1 -i ----…-r----…I....... II …---- W I ….….-... II--.-----...I.I.. 5 I 186 I 215 I 298 I 2b3 I 253 I 218 1 353 I 240 I 222 1 218 I 2026 20-24 1 7,7 I 8,9 I 10,6 I 10,8 1 10,4 1 9,0 1 1'I,6 I 9,9 I 9,1 I 9,0 I 451,1 I 2e,8 I 32,8 I 37,o I s9,3 I ul1a I ss,0 1 53,9 1 47,6 1 42,5 I 57,7 I 6 I 30 I 41 I 77 1 34 I 68 I 89 1 78 1 85 1 96 I 63 I 663 25-29 I 4,6 I 6,2 I 11,6 I 5,2 I 10.2 I 13,4 1 11,7 1 12,9 1 14.7I I , 1 a I ".7 I 6,2 I 11.0 I 5,2 I 11,1 I 15,9 i I 9 1 19 1,9 1 18,I I 1b,7 I 7 1 12 I 19 I 8 I It I 19 I 14 1 20 I 9 1 22 I 10 I 149 30-34 I 7,8 I 12,6 I 5,6 i 10,9 I 12,8 I 9,2 1 13,6 1 6,2 1 14,, 1 b,8 1 2,5 I 1,8 I 2,9 I 1,2 I 2,4 I 3,1 I 2,5 5 3,1 I I,8 I 4.1 I 2,7 I 35 39 8 1 2 I 15 I 7 I 14 I 5 I 7 1 9 I 12 1 1 I1 6 I 99 Un 35_39 I 2,1 I 15,1 I 7,b 1 1 4,4 I 5,0 I 7,2 1 9,4 1 12,5 I 21,1 I Sib I 1I7 I ,3 I 2,3 I 1,1 I 2,1 I ,8 1 1,3 1 1, 1 2.5 1 44,0 I 1.5 I 9 1 8 r 7 1 3 1 51 81 21 b 1 I 5 I 0 I S0 40-44 1 1$,9 I 1'4,2 I 6,9 I 10,0 I 16.5 I '4,2 I 12,5 I 10,0 I 10,0 1 0 I ,8 I 1,2 I 1,1 I ,5 I ,7 1 1,3 I ,9 I 1.0 I 1.0 I 0 1 I0 I 6 1 9 1 6 I 0 I 7 I I - I 1 0 I b I O0 I 35 45-49 I 16,5 T 25,8 I 16b5 I 0 I 21,1 I 3,S s 2,4 I 0 1 14,1 I 0 1 .6 I ,9 I 1,4 I ,8 1 01 1,2 1 ,2 1 ,1 I 0 1 1. 1 0 1 -1 ---_---1---.I .......... ........I........I........ , I_- .---l--...-.-----I---l--,--- I.....'-.......--- ..... 11 1 8 I h I 0 1 2 ' 4 1 1 1 o 1 4 1 1 I1 28 50-54 1 29,7 I 22a I 0 1 7,6 I 14.9 1 3,1 i 0 1 14.9 1 3,1 I 4,5 I ,5 I 1,3 I ,9 I 0 I ,3 I ,7 1 ,2 1 0 I ,8 I ,2 I ,3 I 12 I ° I 2 I 4 I 4 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 4I 17 55-59 1 0 7 9,8 I 23,7 I 23,1 I 0 I 7,1 1 7,1 I 23,7 I 0 I 4,9 1 ,3 I 0! ,3 1 .6I ,o I 0 1 ,2 1 ,21 ,8 I I 2 1 .1 .....-- -I........ I.W7---- I-----I........ I........ I...... ----t----w----, 13 I 0 1 '4 2 I 3 1 81 0 I I 4 I4 1 0 I 24 60+ I 0 1 17,2 1 8,7 I 13,9 I 34, S I 0 1 3,6 I 17,2 I 5,2 I 0 1 ,4 I ° I ,o I 3 I ,5 I I ,3 0 1 I ,8 I I2 I 0 1 CULUMN 6446 655 698 666 611 559 65s 504 522 378 5897 TOTAL 11,0 11,1 118 11,3 10,4 9,5 11,1 8,6 68, 6,4 100,0 Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNENPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GC P, ALL AMU, 190-70 CN Pct r ecile of Per Capita Expenditl Age COL PCT I TOTAL Group I II I1 3 1 4 I s ! e 7 I I 9 I to I P ----… ……----I.… … … …….…..------ --I..*..... … i…… I zsC I 241 1 226 1 204 1 174 1 155 L 20 I *9 I 101 1 03 i SI6 Less than 20 ! 1/,7 I 14,7 1 13,8 1 12," 1 10,6 I 9,5 A 7,6 1 *,9 1 6, d 1 2.6 I 44.1 I b7,2 I s5,1 I S4,0 I 48,o i 40,0. 1 a3,5 1 32,8 1 2q,5 I 31,9 S 18,1 I *.--… …---I… …_-- ……-le I. … …I……-------I..... I-------. ........…I........ I.... 5 101 141 I 13H I 192 1 173 I 131 1 198 I 120 I 130 I 158 1 14 8 20-24 I 6,e I 9,5 1 9,3 I 1,0 . 11,7 1 S,8 1 13,4 1 8,1 I 8,7 I 10,7 1 40,0 2 23,5 I 32,1 I 33.0 1. 4S,2 I 39,8 I 38,6 A 52,3 I 44.i 1 41,° I 66,4 1 6 I 2S I 32 1 42 I 7 I 42 I 50 s 25 I 3e I 581 31 1 39 25-29 I 6,6 I 9,1 I 12,G I 2,1 I 11,9 I 14s5 1 7,2 I 11,0 I 16,'? I 8,9 I 0,9 I b,4 0 7,2 I lo,o I 1,8 I 9,6 r. 1402 i 6,6 1 140. 1 18,4 I 13.0 I 7 1 6 T A I 2 I e I 14 1 12 i 20 r 7 1 11 1 3 1 * 30-34 I 7,3 I a,s I 2,Q I 7.5 I 16.7 I 14,2 1 24,0 I 7,9 I Iz,8 1 3,0 1 2,J I 1,4 ,9 r ,4 1 1,5 1 3,3 1 3,4 1 5,4 1 2,5 I 3,4 I 11l i 1-I-r-- i_-@ ;_*_l~-~~w~--I~--~---~l-~-s-----1… I … …… I … … -…-…I… ….1--t 8 I 2 I 10 I 2 1 10 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 12 1 11 I 3 I *9 35-39 I 5,1 I 10, I 3.1 I 14,6 1 7.e I .9,; i 9,7 I 18,0 I 15,7 1 5,0 I 1,I I ,5 I 2,3 1 ,s I 2,0 I 1.1 I 1,7 1 1,8 1 4,b 1 3,0 1 1.4 1 9 I 1 3 I I i 8 I 0 1 2 1 5 1 1 II 30 40-44 I 20,0 I g,7 I 8,a 1 2,6 I 27,1 I 0. * .6,9 I 16.3 1 2,8 .I 0 I .0 I 1,d 1 .7 I ,e I .2 I 1,' I 0 I , I 1,H1 ,S I 0 1 *1...…w--I……-- 1-..…… -I--.* *-I… …-- I… …..-I-.... I… … ……-..I.…….1@w"ww 10 I I I S I 2 I 0 I 1 1 0 1 5 0 I &I 45-49 1 4,0 I 23,S I 8,1 I 0 1 31.1 I 5,' 1 4,0 I 0 1 23,5 1 0 1 It I ,2 1,1 I , 0 I 1,5 I ,3 1 ,2 1 0 ' 1,6 I 0 I .I-_~-~I---…I… I"… …I……---z-w--Iv---I… …I……-~----I… …---I……o~-I… …-~I 1154 I 0 I 26,0 I o I 108 I I loom 1 0 I 0 i 0- I 0 1 a I 0 1 I5 1 I -o I .2 1 0 I o I I 0 1 12 1 0 1 1 I a I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 0 0 I 10 55-59 I G ! 8,3 1 39,9 I 0 I 0 I o 1 12,0 1 39,9 1 0 I 0 I .3 I O I ,c I 10 I 0 I o I 0 1 ,3 1 :,5 ' 0 I 0 I -------…………I.......……I*.low ------I … I…........…………….....I 131 0I 0I 0 I 3 I e Cs o I 4 01 01 1 60+ I C I 0 1 0 I 81,3 ; 52.5 1 C I ! 26,2 1 0 I 0 1 4 I ° I0O I G I , ,9 I 0 1 0 I ! Zi I 9 1 0 1 COLUMN U 32 415 , 19 425 435 3S% 379 271 316 238 3?09 T07.1L )..b :1,0 11,3 11,5 11,7 9,6 10,2 7,3 8,. 0,4 100.0 Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, ALL AREAS, 1969-70 Females COUNT IDe ROW PCT Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Age COL PCT I TOTAL G pI I I 2 1 3 I 4 I 5 I b I 7 I 8 1 9 I 10 I Grou- .I….......I...... .. IV… ........nn...... IW. I......... -._ I 48 1 8104 I 96 1 105 I 122 1 6b 1 71 1 62 I 60 1 47 1 36 t 761 Lose than 20 I 13,5 T 12,6 1 13,7 I 15,9 I 8,4 1 9,2 1 8,0 1 7,9 I 61 t 4',7 1 35,1 1 48,4 1 44,3 1 37,7 1 50,2 I 36,5 1 34,9 l 22,3 I 25,8 1 22,8 I 25,7 t .I.."...----- - …I...__ I..£… …"I---.I----1.--.-I .----..t-I..S- 5 I 85 1 74 1 120 1 71 I 80 1 87 1 155 I 119 1 92 I 60 1 944 20-24 I 9,10 1 7,9 1 12,7 1 7,5 I 8,5 1 9,3 1 16,4 1 12,6 I 9,8 I b,4 1 43,1 I 39.7 1 34,2 I 42,9 1 29,0 I 45,3 I 43,Z 1 55,9 I 51,1 I 44,9 1 a3,1 I ...... ........I.........I..I ......-1.I-.......I._. ..-I.....I 6 1 7 1 9 1 35 1 27 I 26 1 38 53 I 47 I J0o 32 1 314 ve9q ~.£1 2,3 1 2,9 I 11,1 1 8,6 I 8,3 I 12,2 1 1$,8 I 15,0 1 12,6 1 10,2 I 14,4 1 3,3 1 4,3 1 12,5 1 11,1 I 14,8 1 18,9 1 19,0 I 20,2 1 19,2 t 22,9 I .1... I……--- I … 9.1----l* …I… …I… ….I...I… …£-.----.1.-......-I.......1........-lo ...-----1--..... 7 1 5 I I 7 10 t S 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 1I 1 8 1 6s 30-34 1 8, 3 1 23,1 1 10,4 I 15,4 I 7,7 1 2,6 1 0 I 4,0 1 16,7 t 11,7 1 2,9 I ,.5 I 6,9 I 2,4 1 4,1 1 2,8 1 ,8 1 0 I 1,1 I S,3 3 5,4 1 I........V......~..... V V ....…VI… .….. VI...... .I …1....... 8! 0 1 5 I s 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 0! 1 to 2£ 30 35-39 1 0 1 16,6 1 17,9 I 13,8 1 0 I 2,9 1 8,6 I 0 1 33,3 1 7,0 I 1 4 I 0 1 2,3 I 1,9 I 1,7 I 0 I ,i s ,9 £ 0 I 4£ ,e 1,5 I W.....1 … I …----I… ..I.....I 1I …....I. e..M 91 0 I 8 4 1 I 4 1 0 £ 2 1 4 I 0 1 4 I 0 1 19 40-44 1 0 1 21,2 1 4,4a I e1,2 1 0 I 10,8 1 21,2 1 0 1 21,2 £ 0 I .9 I 0 1 1,9 I ,3 1 1,7 I 0 1 1,0 1 1,5 I 0 1 2,0 1 0 1 , _ww.- --...--. I...-----I 1.w--.....I.. ....... WI..... .. T -------- I-------l-w ....I - I 101t S 1 4 1 4 ' 0 II 0 1 0 £ 0 1 o 1 0 1 14 45-49 1 35, 4 1 29,3 1 29,3 I 0 1 b6, I £ 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 £ 1 ,3 1 1,9 I 1,5I 0£ 1 , 0 * 0 0 1£ 01 0£ ........ I........I.w…------…I........I--------…… ..…. ….-I-.......I -… …--I-.w-. ...1I 11 I '~8 1 4 I 0 I I 0 0 1 01 0 1 4 1 1 £ 20 50-54 1 l1,6 1 20,8 1 o 1 6,3 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 20,8 1 4,3 I 6,3 I ,9 I S,8 I 1,9 I 0 I I5 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 1,8 1 .4 t .9 I 12 1 0 1 1 I 0 I. '8 I 0 1 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 I 7 55-59 1 0 I 12,1 1 0 1 58,3 1 0 1 17,6 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 12,1 I ,3 - 0 1 ,4 I 0 I 1,7 I o I ,I 6 0 1 1 01 I ,6 I I.....I...... V" .... …….. ... ... "I".... p -0..I 131 0 1 4 I 2 1 0 £ 0 I 0 1 1 I 0 I 1"I 0 1 a 60+ 1 0 I 49,h 1 25,2 1 0 1 0 1 0 S 10,3 I 0 1 14,9 t 0 t .4 I 0 I 1.9 I .8 I 0 1 0 I 0 i .3 £ 0 1 ,6 I 0 1 * £ ..w*--£ ..-".*_..e....1.-. ….. £.. .......-- ........I....…£ . .I... . I - et..... .I COLUMN 214 217 279 243 176 202 277 234 20S 140 2als TOTAL 9,8 9,9 127 1,l Ott,1 9,2 12,7 10,7 9*B 6,4 100,0 Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 Persons COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per CaDita Expenditure ROW Age COL PCT I TOTAL Gro2t) ~ I I I 2 I 3 I 4 1 5 I o 1 7 I a I 9I to I Group~ ~~9 .......wI . ---I... -I-w--- ----- I_-,----- ------- VI ........I........ I.-,- -I........ I A I 84 I 86 I 62 I 47 I 5s I 32 1 31 I is I 21 I 10 I 444 Less than 20 I 18,9 I 19,5 I 14,1 1 lO,b I 12,3 I 7,l 1 6,9 I 3,5 I 4,8 1 2,3 1 36,1 I 45,4i I 44,i I 41,2 I SS,3 I 40,5 I 28,0 1 3a,3 I 1b,8 I 2b,0 I 22,2 I S I h8 1 75 I 65 I 62 I 57 I 61 1 39 1 as6 I su I 24 I S32 20-24 I 12,9 1 14.11 12IZ2 I 1l,b I 10,8 1 :,1,4 1 7,4 I 8,7 1 O,4 I 4,5 I 41,6 I 37,0 I 38,4 I 42,9 I 4O,2 I 42,4 I 53,8 1. 43,8 I 50,5 I 42,0 I 51,9 I wI-.---w ........--I.."----- I.p------I........ I........ I........I-------- I------- tI- .. 0... I 6 I 15 I 16 I la I Is I IS I is l 13 I 21 I 17 I 10 I ISO 25-29 I 10,3 I 10,9 I 9,1 I 9,7 1 9,7 I 9, 7 1 8,6 I 13,7 I 11,a1 I C,9q I 12' I 8,3 I 8,3 I 9,0 I 10,9 I 10,8 I 12,9 14t,3 I 22,4 I 21,3 I 22.2 I 30-34 I ll, 5 I 19,2 I 11,5 I 13,S I 7 ,7 1 1,7 1 7,7 I 9,o I lies I O I 3.6 I ,:8 I 4,4 I 3,4 1 4,5 I 2,5 I 3,0 i 3,8 I 4,7 I 6,4 1 o I FA AI 3 1 3 I 3 I 3 I 3 I 2 1 2 I 3 I 2 I 2 I 24 c 35-39 I 10,7 I 10.7 I 10.7 I 1.0, 7 1 1,3 I 7,1 1 7,1 I 14,3 I 7,1 I 7,1 I 2tb I l,44 I 1,; I 1,7 I '1,9 I 2,5 I 1,5 '1 1,9 I 3,7 I 2,l1 I 3.7 I 9 I 4 I 1 I I I I 1 O la O I O I 1 40_44 I 35, 7 I 28,6 I 7.1 I 7,l I 7,1 I o 1 7,l I 7.l I 0 I o I lO I 2, 3 I 1,7 I ,b I ,b I ,b I o 1l,o I ,9 I oI O I tO I 3 I 2 I I I 0 I O I I I I I O I O I O I 7 45-49 ;, 3/,5 I 25,0 I 12,5 I O I O I 12,5 1 12,5 1 0 I O I O1 I I 1,4 I .9 I ,b 1 0 I o I ,e 1I,o I O I o I O I I-_-~--tI-~-----I-t---r-v-w~~~-l--w~--~l-~--~VI-~-----l--I------I-- I.......I ... ....I 11ItI I I O I I I O I O 1 O I I I O I 1 50 54 I 25,0 I 25,o I 0 I 25, 0 1 0 I 0 1. 0 I ZS,0 I O I O I 3 -_ ~~~~I t5 I ;4 I o I .6 I O I o 1 o I ,9 I o I O I .1 . .... . I .... .. 0 -- --- ... ... _ _ _I-------- -r ...... I........ I..V.. 1 2 I Z I O I O I O I O I O 1 0 I O I -I I O 3 I 06b 7 t O I O I O I O I O 1. O I O 1 33bJ 1 1 55-59 I 9 I I o 1 O I o l o I1 2 e 13 I 0 I I I O 1 0 1 0 I I O 1 J 60+ ~~~~I O 1 3 3, 3I 3 3,3 I O I 33, 3 I O I O I O I O I O1 I COLUMN 185 lob 151 133 135 113 90 91 so 4O 1221 TUTAL 15,l l°.° 12,4 10,9 11 1 9,2 7,4 T'S 6,6 3,8 too's Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 Males COUNT I Mates Age COL PCT I Decile cf Per Capita E:penditure TOTAW Group I 1 I 2 1 3 I 4 1 51 6 1 7 1 8 1 9I 10 1 …I-- wbe.9..I.... l- *It-.….... ……I……-------. 1…------I------- l .....I..... ---- I... *,. 4 1 50 1 54 1 43 I 29 I 32 1 19 1 17 1 9 I 12 I S 1 274 Less than 20 1 20,2 I 19,h I 19,6 I 10,6 I 11,5 I 6,9 1 6,2 1 311 I 4,4 1 1,9 I 38,4 I 51,6 1 Q4,4 I 43,5 I 37,4 T 40,7 I 29,3 1 SS,7 I 16,7 I 26,9 I 22,2 1 .1 … I------------…I.....…----I-- IV-------…I-------…-…------I--Jr…---…-I-…--I.…-...... I 5 I 31 I oi8 I 40 I 35 I 34 I 33 1 21 I 27 I 20 I 15 I 304 20-24 I 10,1 I 15,8 I 13,2 I 11,5 1 11,3 1 11,0 1 7,0 1 8,7 I 6,S 1 4,8 I 42,5 I 26,o I 39,4 I 40,9 I 45,1 I 44,0 I 52,0 1 44,h I 51,7 I 44,2 I 3,0 I .I ........I........ I" .....- -I........ Io.......1----- -- ---.... ..I--t------I---S-----I........ I 6 I 9 I a I R 1 7 1 6 I 81 6 I 101 10 I 2 1 73 25-29 I 11,8 I 10,6 I 10,e 1 9,4 I 6,2 1 10,h 1 8,2 I 14,1 I 14,1 I 2,4 I 10,2 I 7,9 I b,3 I 7,8 I 8,8 I 7,7 I 12,0 1 12,5 I 20,0 I 23,1 I 7,a 1 7 1 3 1 4 T 3 4 I 3 I 31 1I 3 1 2 I 0 1 27 jU-34 I 12,9 I 16.1 I 12,9 I 16,1 I 12,9 1 9,7 1 3,2 I 9,7 I 6,5 I 0 I 3, 7 I ,82 1 3,5 I 3,5 I 5,5 1 4,4 I 4,0 1 1,8 I 5,0 I 3,8 I 0 I vI.…,---I---…--I.……………………I… …---I… …--wl--- l----I……1… …I… …I… …w--I … …w--I 8 I 2 I 3 I 3 I 2 1 2I 11 1I 3 11 I 35-39 I 10,0 1 15,0 I 1s,o I 10,0 I 10,0 1 5,0 1 5,0 I 15,0 I 5,0 1 10,0 1 2,'4 I 1,6 I 2,1 I 2,b I 2,2 1 2,? I 1,3 i 1,8 1 5,0 1 1,9 I 7,4 I .I------ ---"-------- I........ .......-IV-------- I.... I .....I........ It-------I........ I 9 I 4 1 3 I I I 0 11 1 1 11 0I 0 I 10 40-44 I 41,7 T 25,0 I B,3 1 0 I 8,3 I o I 8,3 I 8,3 I o I 0 I 1,4 I 4,0 I 2,1 1 ,9 I 0 1 1,1 I 0 1 1,8 I 1,7 I 0 I 0 1 -I…_......I-……...... I..….... . IoI….…….……I--I------…I--------…I........IV..---…I-…-…....I 10 I 2 I 2 I 0 I 11 I I 01 0 I 0 I 5 45-49 I 33,3 T 33,3 I Q I 0 I 0 I 1,7 1 16,7 I 0 I O I 0 1 .7 I 1,6 1 1,4 I 01 0 I 0 1 1,3 i 1,8 I 01 0 I 0 1 -I I*----lb---- "---- J"I......m-.mI.....-*------ "I ------- I........ I------- I........ I t I 1I I I o I 1 01 o0 I 01 0 I I 3 50-54 I 3S,3 1 33,3 I 0 I 33,3 I o I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I ,4 I ,8 I 7 I 0 I 1,1 1 0 I 01 0 1 0 1 I 0 I I-_---… …1……w------Iw-,-----…I……---IV…....…..……------…-I--I---1--------. .---I … .I 121 1 .0 1 01 0 I o L 0 I 0 I 1 0 1 1 55-59 1 100,0 I 0 I o I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 .1 I ,8 I 01 0! 0 I 0 1 o i 01 0 1 01 01 I "I-.......I--1w --….… I … I -----…i… …i..… l------… …I…….... ..I....….r--I…......I 131 0 I 01 11 01 0I1 0o1 0I1 01 01 0 I 60+ I 0 I 0 I 100,0 I 0 I 0 1 o 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I ,1 I 0° 0 ,9.I 0 1 0 1 o I 01 1 0 ° 0 I d I .eW I . WV.w . I … ------II W .- . … .I … . .I… . .. 1.………----w-I ---- Ir-- I COLUMN 106 121 98 78 78 h64 48 51 44 23 714 TOTAL 15,1 17,0 13,s 10,9 10,9 9,0 6,7 7,2 b,2 5,2 100,0 Table A.27 -(Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 Females COUNT I ROW PCT I Decie of Per Cayit Expenditure RUW Age COL PCT I TOTAL I I I 2 I 3 5I 1 7 1 8 1 9!I 10 I Group t____-r-_-__I--- -----=- T-l--------I........----e------I......I ........ I- 4 I 28 I 32 I 20 I 18 I 23 I 13 1 14 I 7 1 9 I S I 169 Less than 20 I 16,7 r 19,2 1 11,6 1 10,6 1 13,o I 7,b I 8,1 4 I,0 1 5,6 I 3,0 S 33,4 I 30,7 I a3,7 I 37,1 1 32,3 I 40,3 I 26,3 1 3Z,7 1 17,0 1 26,2 I 22,2 1 I….1 ...c..w-evIV ------- I.---....IJ-.....I------a--p-----…-I--------I--------I--------I 5 I 38 1 27 I 25 1- 27 I 23 1 Z7 1 18 1 20 I IS I 9 I 228 210_24 1 1b,5 I 12,o I 10,9 1 11,6 1 10,1 I 12,0 1 7,9 1 8,6 1 6,4 I 4,1 I 45,0 0-4 I 4,9 1 36,8 I 46,8 I 47,7 I a003 1 56.1- 1 42.,9 I a8,9 J. 90 -5 I, 40 To I, VI-_--........--I -w--0… …I------… …..…...… ….--…----…-........I........II 6 I 7 I 9 I 6 I 8 I 9 1 7 1 7 I 10 1 1 I 9 1 77 25-29 I 8,9 I 11,1 1 7,8 1 10,0 I 11.1 I p,9 1 8,9 1 13,3 1 8,9 I 11.1 I 15,2 I 899 1 11,5 I 11,3 I 13,8 I 14,9 I 114,0 1 16,3 I Z5,5 1 19,U 1 37,0 1 *I-,--P----- .... -I-W .... I* -------I........I....... WI ........---I........I... ......I 71I 2!1 A I 2 2 I 2 I 1 i 5I 21 32 I 0 I to 30-34 I 9,5 1 23,8 I 9,5 I 9,5 I 0 I 4,8. A 14,3 1 9,5 I 19,0 I 0 I 3,5 I 2,2 I 5,7 I 3,2 1 3,1 1 0 I 1,8 I 6,1 I 4,3 1 9,5 I 0 1 WI-… .. I ---... ..w-I.….. .....I-…"......I …-----l--…........I …I .... 8I I 0 1 0 t 1 I 2 1 1 1 I 1I 1 I 01 7 0 35-39 I 12,5 I 0 I 0 I 12,5 I 25,0 1 12,5 1 12,5 1 12,5 I 12,5 1 0 I 1,3 1 I 1.1 I 0 I 0 I 1,S I 3,0 I 1,8 1 2,0 I 2,1 1 2,4 1 0 I 9 I 0 r I I 0 I 1 I 01 0 1 0 I 01 0 I 0 1 2 AC-44 1 0 I 50,0 I 0 I S0,0 I 0 1 0 A 0 1 0 I I 0 1 ,3 I 0 11 I 0 1 1,S I 0 1 0 i 0 1 01 I 0 1 -I-........ .... le .......-I........ I ...... --W.....I---~------I-------- I ..mv-s-~-l--o 10 I I 0 1 1 I 0 1 0.I 01 01 0 1 0 1 01 2 45-49 I 50,0 I 0 I 50,0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 t3 I 1l1 I 0 1 1,6 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 10154 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 50 54 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 0 1 loo,,1 I 0 I 0 2 12 II 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 01 0 1 1I 0 1 WI.-PM.. 1---I- ... ---J*---WI.. -ww*.... J"-......I.......-----l---MIT .. -1... .. Ww-----.-w ---- I t2 I 1I I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 I 50,1 I 0 1 2 5S-59 I~ 50,0 I 0 T ° I 0 1 0 I 0 l O I o I solo I 0 1 ,3 I 151 1 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 i 0 I 0 1 2?4 I 0 I 13 1 0 I II 0 I 01 I -.11 0 1.I 1 I 0 1 0 1 2 I 0 1 s0l0 I 0 I 0 1 S0,o I 0 i 0 1 0 1 0 iI 0 ,3 60-- I 0 1 1,1 I 0 1 0 I 1,5 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 "I.-W ....I........I-=-*-- ~- I^-----.-a I........ -,r.....lWI---…---…---… COLUMN 77 74 53 56 57 49 42 40 36 23 507 TOTAL 15,Z 14,7 10,S 11,0 11,3 9,6 8,3 7,9 7,1 4,6 100,0 Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 Persons COUNT I ROw PCT I Decile of Per Capita E"penditure ROW Age COL PCT I TOTAL I IT 2 2 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9I 10 I Grop ........-.I...I..I… I------I-------- I......1i........I-.." ....I -.---..…..---1…I 4 I 231 I 198 I 227 I 202 I 153 I 140 1 132 1 91 I 140 I 45 I 1558 I 14,8 I 12,7 I 14,6 1 13,0 I 9,8 I 9,0 4 8,5 I 5,8 1 9,0 I 2,9 S 38,9 Less than 20 I 60,9 I 52,7 I 44,4 I 52,1 I 34,9 ' 34,0 I 30,S I 22,1 I 31,8 I 16,7 I *I-- --I--w--Iww---I...I.....I........… IV-"s..... I-..--."-I...v . ..I 5 1 99 I 1a4 I 206 I 140 I 194 1 181 i 239 I 194 1 186 1 169 I 1732 20-24 I 5,7 i 7,1 I 11,9 I 8,1 I 11,2 I 10,5 1 13,8 1 11,2 I 10.T I 9,8 1 42'8 I 26,1 1 33,0 I 00,3 I 36,2 I 44.3 I 44,0 1 55,2 I 48,5 I 42,1 I 62,1 I 6 I 25 I 21 I 49 I 29 I 54 1 70 f 45 I 78 I 70 1 49 I 491 25-29 I 5,0 I 4,z2 10,1 I 5,9 I 10,9 1 14,3 1 9,2 I 16,0 I 14,3 I 10,1 I 12,1 1 6,5 I 5,5 I 9,7 1 7,4 1 12,3 I 17,0 1 10.5 I 19,6 I 1Sd 1 1b.2 I 7 1 8 I 8 I 8 I 8 I 12 1 4 i 8 1 16 1 1& I 8 1 95 30-34 I 8,7 1 8,7 I 8 I I7 I 8,7 I 13,0 I 4,3 1 8,7 I 17,4 I 13,0 I 8,7 S 2,3 I 2,2 1 2,2 I 1,6 I 2,1 I 2,8 I I,0 1 1916, 4,1 1 2,18 I 3,0 1 wI.wt-fiI--w-- .1 --.I.…--I. … 1" .--I…----- ..1w--.---1 …-- -I----.""--I-w-----"I 8 1 0 1 8 I 8 I 4 I 8 I 4 I 4 I 12 I lb I 0 I 66 35-39 I 0 1 12,s 1 12.5 I 6,3 I 12,5 I 6,3 1 6,3 I 18,8 I 25,0 I 0 I 1,b I 0 1 2,2 I 1,6 I 1,1 1 1,9 I 1,0 i 1,0 I 3,. 1 3,7 I 0 I 9 .I 4 I 4 . O I 4 I O 1 8 1 4 1 4 I 41 0I 3) 40-44 'I '12,5 'I 12,5 I 0 I 5 I 0 1 I52, ;I 12, I 1I25 1 -l2s I Tn' 0I .8 I I1,1 I 1,1I 0 I 11 0 1 2,01 1,0 1,0I I 9I 0 I Wj_ --…Ia.... ..... ...I.. ... . . " .. J.sI ….. t0o 4 S 8 I 4 1 0 1 4 I 01 01 0 1 4 I 0 1 25 45_49 I 16.7 I 33,3 I 16,7 I 0 1 l,7 I o 1 0 I o I 16,1 I 0 1 ,6 I 1,1 i 2,2 I ,8 1 0 I ,9 I O 1 0 I 0 1 .9 I 0 I I-wwwhI--------I ……w-----Is-'…w--wI …--…...... .. … I…...........-------- I .... it I 8 I 4 1 0 I 0 1 41 0 01 0 4 O I 21 I 40,0 I 20,0 I 0 I 0 I 20,0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 20,0 I 0 I ,5 50-54 I 2,2 1 11 I 0 I 0 I .9 I o 1 0 I 0 1 ,Y I 0 I 1 1… …-I… …I. .1....…………...I......-IV,…-I-----II----…--…-I e......... JI--wv"v.I-"-W. - 12 1 0 I 0 1 4 1 01 4 0 o 0 1 4 I 0 I 0 I 12 I 0 I 01 33,3 0 O 1 33,3 1 o 0 1 33,3 1 0 I 0 ,3 55-59 t1 01 01 ,8 I 01 , I 01 01 1o0 I 01 0I wI.w---tw----I… …--wI..t-w… …I……-- -I… …I-----------t-^""Iww-t 13 I 0 I 0 I 4 I 0 II 4 u o 0 I 0 I 4 I 0 I t1 I G I 0 I Z5,0 I 0 I ZS,0 I 25,0 I 0 I 0 1 25.0 I 0 I ,4 60+ I 0 I 0 I ,8 I 0 I ,9 I 1,0 I 0 1 0 1 9 I 0 I I..v---I------I… …---I-"---'---I …--------1---------v-w-IwP' COLUMN j79 375 51s 388 437 412 433 400 441 272 4049 TOTAL 9,4 9,3 12,6 9,6 10,8 10,2 10.7 9.9 10,? 6,7 100.0 Table A.27 (Cont'dl SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND.AGE GROUP, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 matZes COUNT I How PCT I Decile of Per Capita E:xDenditure ROW Age COL PCT I TOTAL GrouD I 1 I ~~~~~~~~~~2 I "IV, 1 4 I 5I 6 1 7 I 9 I 10 I -- ' --w----I----w-I-------Iv---V-I........ ------1 .... I ---- --- I...... VD. I ..... W lr- O.I -R- - m 4I 177 I 144 I 161 I 120 I III 1 103 1 87 I 54 I 95 I 25 I lOTb Less than 20 I tb,5 I 13,a t l I l,l I 1093 I 9,h i ,O I 5,0 I 18, I 2,3 I 42,S I 6bo2 I 59,3 I 56,5 I 49-,2 I 3b,5 I 3b.8 1l 34,4 I 25,0 1 37,1 I 13.3 I S I 62 I 7a I B7 I III I 1 3h I 120 L 140 I 82 I III I 124 I 104? 20-24 I 5,9 I 7,lI I 8 ,3 I I 0 ,6 I S 3,Q I I11, 4 1 1 3,4 I 7 ,9 I I10,8 6I 1 1 ,8 I 4 14 I 2S, 1 I 30 ,5 I 30,4 I 45 ,8 I 4 4 ,6 I 4 2,h L 55,.7 I 3 , 5 I 4 3,5 I ec,l I wI-.w-P- ......--I-.... JT .... - .....--I----I----I........ A........I-------- I........-w--- b I 21 I 16 I 29 I 8 I 33 I 37 1 12 I 41 I 29 I 33 I 260 25-29 I 7,.9 1 6.3 1 11,1 I 3,2 I 12,7 I 14,3 1 4,8 I 15,9 I11 II' 1247T I 10,3 I 7,7 I 6,8 I 10,1 I 3,4 I 10,8 1 13,2 1 4,9 I 1992 I 11,3 I 17,8 I 7 I 4 I ° I O I O I 8 I 4 1 8 I 1 6 I 4 1 4 I 49 30-34 I 8 ,3 I O I O I O I 16 ,7 I 8,.3 I b, 7 I 3 3,3 I A,3 I 0 93 I 2 90 I 1,5 I O I O I . I 2,7 1I 1, 1 3,3 I 7,7 1I 1b I 2,2 I -I-_-*w---I--.r-w--~IM-W ..... 1-w ..... .......I-------- ........ ----I........ I---......I ~~~~~~~8 I O T 4 I 4 I 4 I 4 I 4 1 4 I 12 I B I O I 45 Ln 35-39 I 0. I 9,l I 9,1 I 9,1 I 9,1 I 91 i 91 I 2 7,3 I 18 i! I O I 1 to I ° I 1 ,7 I I1,4 I I, I I1, 4 I I, l 1 ,h 1 5 ,8 I 3,2 1 0 I 9 I 4 I O I O I O I O I 8 I 0 I a 1 0 I 0 I 16 40-44 I 2Sa, 0 I O I O I O I O I SO,O. 1 0 I 25 ,0 I O I O I *1 I 1,5 I O I O I O I O I 2 ,9 i O I I 9 I 0 I O I to I I 4 I O I I 4 1 0 I O I O I 4 I ° I 12 45_k9 I O I 3 3,3 I O I O I 33, 3 I O 1 O I O I 3 3 3 I O I 05 I O I X,7 I O I O I 1 ,4 I 0 1 0 I O 1 1 6 I O I It 0 I O I O I O I 4 I O i 0 I O I O I O I 4 50-54 I o I o I o 0 I 10 0 ,0I o 1 o 'I o 1 0 I 0 I ,Z1 I O I O I O I O 1,41 I- O 1 0 I O I O I O I 12 I O I O I 4 I O I O I O 1 0 I 4 I O I 1 8 55-59 I o I 0 o I 500 I 0 I o 1 0 l o I so0,o I O I O I 3 I O I I 1, 4 I O I O I O i I 1,9 I O I O I wI-_------I--.,~---- I.......WI." ..... I........---- 1I------- . -I ....... 1-......I.-V ......I 13 I O~~~ I O I O I O I 4 I 4 1 0 I O I a 1 0 I 12 60+ I I O I O I O I 3 3,3 I 3 3,3 i O I O 1 l33 j I O I 25 I 0 I 0 I o I 0 I l, I l,5 1 0 I o I l,b I 0 I ......----I .....-... --_I ......-----I--Jo l--------- I...... ..... -w-...... I .... -w--..wI COLUMN 268 243 284 243 305 280 251 214 256 tab 2531 TOTAL lO,^ 9,6 11,2 9,b 12,1 11,1 9,9 a'S 10.1 *,3 1oo.o Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 Females COUNT I ROW PC! I Decile of Per Capita Ex2enditure RTA Age COL PCr I TOTAL Grow' I II 2 1 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 1 8 I 9 I to I Group - ........I-.---I- ---S------- I"------- I........ I-----~- 0I-ip .....XtI--w 4 I 54 I 54 I 66 I 82 I 41 1 37 1 45 I 37 I 45 I 21 1 482 I 11,1 I 11,1 r 13,7 I 17,1 I 8,5 I 717 i 9,4 I 7,7 I 9,4 I 14,3 I 31,8 Less than 20 I 48,1 I 40,b I 29,1 I 57,1 I 31,3 1 28,1 1 25,0 I 20,0 I 24,4 I 23,8 I 5 1 37 1 49 I 120 1 29 I 58 I b2 i 99 1 111 I 74 I 45 I b84 20-24 1 5,4 I 7,2 I 17,5 1 4,2 I 8,4 I 9,0 1 14,5 I Ibs3 I 10,6 I 6,e I 45,1 I 35,3 I 37,5 I 52,7 I 20,0 I 43,8 I 4e,9 1 54,5 I 60,0 1 40,0 I 52,4 I -.1........ I....-w1 e I………………….....I..-- … … ……-------- -------I------……--...…I e I 4 I I 21 1 21 I 21 I 33 1 33 I 37 1 41 I 16 1 231 25-29 I 1,8 I 1,8 I 8,9 1 8,9I ,9 I 14,3 i 14,3 1 16,1 1 17,9 I 7,1 1 15,2 1 3,7 I 3,1 I Q,1 I 14,3 1 15,6 I 25,0 1 18,2 I 20,0 1 22,2 I 19,0 I wI- -I.------- .. .....w-.....I........I…………1------…-…-…………………... Jr ......... 1 7 I 41 I 8I 8 1 81 /J I 0 1 01 0I1 8 I u 1 45 30-34 I 9,1 I 18,2 I 18,2 1 18,2 1 9,1 1 0 I 0 1 0 l 18,2 1 9,1 1 3,0 I 3.7 I b,2 I 3,6 1 5,7 I 3,1 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 u,4 I 4,8 II 81 0I o1 4I u I 0o I 0I 0 1 o I o I 0 I 21 Un 35-39 I ° I 20,0 I 20,0 I 0 I 20,0 I O 1 0 1 0 I 40,0 I 0 I 1,4 I 0 I 3,1 I 1,8 I 0 1 3,1 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 Ulu I o I 9 I o I 4 I 0 1 4I 0 I 0 1 4 0 1 4 1 0 I 16 40-44 I 0 I 25,0 1 0 I 25,0 I 0 I, 0 1 25,0 I 0 I 25,0 1 '0 I I1, I 0 1 3,1 I o I 2,9 I 0 1 0 i 2,3 I 0 I 2.2 1 0 I --.---- --- --I ------I --.... ......I -------- I.... -------- I--- -I------'-I-------- 1-9---w--- I 10 I 4 I L I I 0 I 0 0 I 01 0 I 0 1 12 45-49 I 3s,3 I 33,3 I 33,3 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I ,8 I 3,7 I 3,1 I 1,8 1 0 I o I 0 1 0 I 0 I o I 0 1 .I--------…II …......…-*---…I--I -. I…-------…I-------- 1--…-w-...- ...r-V-I- ....-I It I 8 1 u I 0 I 0 I o I 0 1 0 I 0 I 4 I 0 1 16 50-54 I 50,0 1 25,0 I 0 I 0 1 0 o 0 1 0 1 25,0 1 0 1 1,1 I 1,0 I 3,1 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 o 1 0 I 0 1 2,2 I 0 I -I-_-- ---I_.…-----IV …I ..I....… … … … I.w..rIw---------I.....-......IT-......I..---- ... I 12 I I 0 0 o 1 0 I1 0 o 1 o0 I 01 0 1 0 I '4 55-59 1 o I 0 I 0 I 0 I 100,0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 ,3 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 3,1 1 0 1 0 I 0 I I I 0 1 131 0I 01 0 u1 01 0 I o 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 a 60+ I 0 I 0 1 100,0 I 0 I 1 I o 0 1 o I I 0 1 .3 I 0 I 0 1 1,8 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 COLUMN 111 132 227 144 ss2 132 181 18 1jo by s 07 TOTAL 7.3 8,7 14 , 9,5 0,7 8,7 12.0 32,2 l1 5,1 100,0 Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNENPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 Persons C(!UNT I- - ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Age ~~~COL PCT I TOTAL Age ~ ~I I 1 2 I 3 I 4 I s 1 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 0 Group ....-. VI-------w- I-w-w--I----------I....-------- !........l-------- I-------- I---*----w-w- 4 1 119 1 56 I 42 I a13 1 ao0 I 29 1 34 I 19 1 12 I 10 I 40a Less tha 20 29,5 I 13,8 I 10,s I 09 1, I 4 98 I 7,1 1 8,3 I 4,6 I 3,1 I 2,5 I 64,4 an 20 rI 76,2 I 64,3 I 72,3 I 60,3 I 60,4 1 51,1 1 65,9 I 48,4 I .5296 I 53,3 I wI_-------I-----I -I"-w-...-IV-------wi---- ...... I........ I------ ..I..."I '5 I 29 I 24 I 12 I 21 I 20 1 IQ 1 4 la 11 I 9 I 5 I 163 20-24 I 17,6 I 14,5 I 7,h I 13,0 I 12,2 I 11,5 1 8,4 I 6,9 I 5,s S -3,1 I 25,9 1-,I 18,3 I 27,1 I ~ 213 29,3 1 .30,2 I 33,.; 1 26,jR I.Z9,0 _I ^3bvia I. 86 , I. 6 I a I 2 I. I I I1I 4 I 2 1 0 1 s I 2 I 0 S 22 25-29 I 1t, 7 I 11,1 I 5,~ 6T 5w I.6 16,7 1 11,1 I 0 I z2,2 1 1 1,1 I o I 3,6 I 2,4 I 2,9 I 2,1 I 1,7 I 5,7 I 4,4 1 o I 12,9 I 10,5 I 0 I 7 I 2 1 1 T o I I I 1 I 2 I o I 1 I O I 0 I to 30-34 I 25, 0 I t2,5 I o I 12,5 I 1Z,5 I 2S,0 I o I l2.5 I 0 I 0 I l,6 1 1,6 I I . I o I 1,7 I 1,9 I 4t,4 i o 3,2 I 0 I. 0 1I B I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 0 1 1 I o I 0 I 1 I § >~o4 9 -r 35~-i9 I 14, 3 1 14, 3 I 14, 3 ! 14, 3 I 14, SI o 1 iua3 I 0 I 6 I 14. 3 I 1,4 I I ,8 1 ~~~1,4 1 2,1 I 1,7 I 1,9 I o 1 2.4 I o 'I o I 6,7 I wI-.-w----I---w----Iw.-------IV-* .....I"--------I........ j........I---- ... -zr-tI ---WVI 9 I I I I o I 0 I 0 I - 0 1 1 I I I 0 I 0 S 5 40-44 I 25,0 1 25, 0 I o I 0 I o I o '1 25, 0 I 25, 0 I o I 0 I * I ,8 1 1,4 I o I~~~~0 0 I o I o i 2,4 I 3. 2 I 0 I 0 I to I . 0 1. 0 I o I o I o I 2 1' 1 I o 1 0 I 0 I 4 45-49 I 0 T 0 I 0 I o I o I 66,7 1 33, 3 I o I 0 I o I .6 I o I o I 0 I o 1 ,4 1 z,a I o I o I 0 I 11 I O I I I O~~ ~~~~~~ I I I O I O 1 O I O I I- I I 4 50-54 I 0 I 33, 3 I o 1 33, 3 1 o I O 1 O I O I O I 33, 3 1 ,6 I O I 1 ,4/ I o I 1, 7 I 1 0 I 0 1 o I o I o, I 7 1 WI .......P-I1 .... IV -W .....I........ I v .......I...... -i^---..... -. 0 - _w_...... ...__ WI 12 I O I O I O I O l I I I I O I I I O I. O I Z 55_59 I 0 I 0 I o I 00 I I 5n,0solo I 50 0 1 0 I ,4 I 0 I 0 I o 1 0 I 0 I 2,2 l1 o I 3.2 I 0 I 0 I wI-_v@---tI---.... I......... ----I-----------------........... ------w--Pw-Iww-- 13 I 0 I 0 I I1I 2 I 1 o 1 o 0 60+ ~~~~~~~I 0 I ° I 25, 0 I 50,0 I 0 I o - 0 I o I I 25.0 I ,8 60+ I 0 I 0 I 2,1 I 3:,4 I o I o l o I I 0, 7 I -I-_w-w-P---w--bIw.-w-wx-w-----I-----wIt-S--wX"-w--w-I-----,I~........_- La COLUMN 156 87 so 72 o; S6 St 38 24 19 627 TOYAL 25,0 13.9 9,3 ll,5 10^5 8,9 all 6,l 3,8 3,0 lOo,o Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 Males COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure ROW Age COL PCT I TOTAL Grou2 I 1 2I 31 4I 5 61 7 1 8 1 9 I 10 I -~~~~~~~~~.. ....-w- v-----IV--- w w--It---I-- ----*----I------I------I.... ---- 2 4 I 83 ? 30 1 35 I 29 I 34 I 19 r 24 1 14 I 9 I tO I 260 Less than 20 I 28,9 1 11,6 I 12,1 I 9,9 I 11,6 I 6,5 1 8,2 I 4,7 1 3,0 I 3,4 I 62,2 I 72,0 1 S6,3 I 71,8 I 56,1 I 61,4 1 4h,9 1 61,3 I 50s0 I 58,3 I 72,7 I *.---- I- -1,I--------IV.-------1I.......1------.-1 ---- --- 5 1 26 I 20 I 11 I 16 I 17 I 10 1 12 I 6 I 5 I 4 I 132 20-24 1 19,8 I 15.1 I 8,5 1 12,3 I 13,2 1 10,4 1 9,4 1 a,7 I S,d 1 2,8 I 28,4 I 22.6 1 33,3 I 23,1 I 31,7 I 31,8 I 34,4 1 32,3 I 22,7 1 33,3 1 27,3 I 6 I 2 ! 2 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 2 o0 I 4 1 1 0 O 1 16 25-29 I 15,4. I 15,4 I 7,7 I 7,7 I 7,7 I 15,4 1 0 1 23,1 1 7, I 0 I 3,5 1 2,2 I 4,2 1 2,6 I 2,4 I 2,3 1 6,2 1 0 1 13,6 I 8,3 I 0 I 7 1 1 O 1 I 01 11 1 2 1 0 1 0 I 01 .9 30-34 1 1'i,3 I 14,3 1 0 I 14,3 I 14,3 1 28,6 1 0 I 14,3 I 0 I 0 I 199 I 1,1 I 2,1 I o I 2,4 I 2,3 I 6,2 1 0 1 l4i5 I 0 I 0 1 .1. ..…I……I… …1. . I. .1.-.1… I… --------…… I.---..-.I...-I 8 I I I I I I I I I I O 1 1 I 0 I 0 t O I 6 35-39 I 20,0 T 0 I 20,0 I 20,0 I 20,0 1 0 1 20,0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 1,3 I i,l I 0 I 2,6 I 2,4 I 2,3 1 0 1 3,2 I 0 I O I 0 1 …Iw ...19 .……...…J" . ....*.....I......…-1… ……...-.. 9 1 II 01 01 0 I O I 1 I 0 0 1 4 40-44 1 3S,3 I 33,3 1 0 I 0 I 0 1- 0 1 0 *I 33,3 .1 0 j a8 I 1.1 I 2,1 1 0 I 0 I 0 I o i 0 1 4,5 1 0 I 0 I …1-.w-w--I---w---.…………………w-I..-.-- ……I------ I------…-1-…I.....I--------…I-----…-------- 10 I 0 0 I 1 0 1 0 I 2 1 I I 0 I 0 0 1 4 45-49 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 66,7 1 33,3 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 ,8 I 0 ! 0 0 1 0I1 0 I 6,2 1 3,21 0I1 vI 0 I it I 0 ! II 0 I 01 0I I 0 1 O I 01 0 1 0 1 1 50-54 I 0 I 100,0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I ,3 I 5 I 2,1 1 0 I 0 I 0 I O 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 .I -----.I- -------IW--------I----... .......I*---------*I- - -----wI…-….---II .... 12 I 0 I O I 0 I 0 I I O1 0 I I I 0 I O I 1 55-59 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0OO,O I 0 I 0 I ,3 I 0 I .0 I 0 1 0 I O I 0 1 0 I 4,5 .I 0 I 0 1 . . . . . . . .... V.w.....I......- V -- -- -I.........I..-……-V-I… … . .1..I……….a . ..I.I 13 I 0 0 01 2 0 0 I I 01 II 0 I 2 60+ 1 0 I 0 I o I 100,0 I 0 I O I 0 I O I 0 1 0 1 eS I 0 -I 0 I 0 I 4,9 I 0 I 0 O 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ..I.........=w**w9zw"*VVV iv. I. . .V1V..-. I V t W-.w"**..I w@w@0"I COLUMN 115 60 as 51 55 40 38 .27 15 14 463 TOTAL 24,9 12,9 tOS 11,0 11,8I 8, 3 ,9 3,2 a,q 100,0 Table A.27 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNMPLOYED BY THE DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND AGE GROUP, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 Females COUNT I ROw PCT I D:2iLe of Per CapitLa EEs,qenditure RIW) Age COL ~~~PCT I -TOTAL Age~~~~ COL 2 I 3 I 4 I bl 6l 1 8 I 9 I to I Gromp ---w-wl.-*-----I,. I--w--- ........w------vl._._w..l__ * 4 ~~~~~~1 3b I 22 1 7 I 15 I 6 I lo i to I 5 I 4 I 0 l llS Ls thn20 I 31,2 1 19,4 1 6,5 1 12,9 I 5,4 l 8,6 l 8,68 13 43 I ,8 I ° 7 70,S ess t an I 8~~~~1 7,9 1 81,8 I 75,0 I 710,6 1 5b,b l 61,5 1 eo0,0 1 44,4 l 42,9 0I 5 1 2 1 I 5 I 2 1 5 l l l S 1 4, I 11 1 31 20-2 4 1 6,0 I 12, o I 4,o I 16,0 I 8,0 I lh,0 .1 41,0 I 16,0 l 1 2.t0 l 4.0 l l8,9 b ., I l3.h 1, 12,5 I 2 3, 5 I 22,.2 I 30 8 I1 l0 ,0 I 44 ,4 t 42,9 l 25,0 I -I-_-t----l-"-w--,- ...l.- ..... . ,I----I........ I........ I........I-------- I....---.... ....... c I I I 0 I 0 IL 0 I 2 I 0 i o l I I l 1 0 I 6 25-29 1 20,0, 0I o r - 0 I 40,0 I 0 I 0 l 20,0 l 20,0 I 0 I 3,8 I 5,0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 22 ,2l o 1 0 1 ll,lIt I 14, I 0 I 7 I I I 0 1 I 0 1 0 I o I o 0 I 0 1 o I 0 I l 30-34 1 100,0 I 0 1 o I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I ° I 0 lI 8 I S, I 0 1 0 1 o I 0 l 0 1. - I 0 1 0 I 0 I WI-_-........ I............--i. ---.ww ---...----I------l-----'l--o-..l--..--I.M---'I...........I--------......I..............I.............I--------......r.. i 8 I 0 1 l I o I 0 I 0 l o i I 0 1 0 I I I 2 1 35-39 1 0 i 50, I0 1 0 l 0 l 1 oi 0 I 0 I 0 1 5 0,80 I 1,5 I 0 1 4,5 I o I 0 I 0 1 o i 0 I 0 I 0 25.0 I WI..W-M ... ....... -^wb"e--WI ...... ---------- ------- -v--w ........-- ...... I 9 1 o 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 l1 o I I I 0 1 0 I 0 1 1 40 - 44 1 0 I 0 1 0 l 0 I 0 I 0 1 l0 0 ,0 I O l 0 I 0 I ,8 I oI 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 o 1 l0,0 I 01 0 I 0 1 ll I 0 1 0 I 0 I l 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 S 0 I l I a / 1~~~~~~ 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 0 ,0 1 o 1 0 i 0 I 0 1 0 I 50,0 I 1,5 50-54s I 0 1 0 1 0 1 5,91 ? I 0 I 0 I. 0 1 0 I 1 25. 0 I 12 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 l l 1 0 I 0 I o I 0 I l 55-59 I 0 1 0 I o I 0 I o I t00,0 i o I 0 I 0 I 0 I '8 I 0 l 0 1 o I 0 I o I. 7,7 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 13 1 0 1 0 1, I I 0 I 0 I o 0 1 0 I o I 1 1 2 60+ t 0 I 0 I 50,0 10 I 0 I 0 i , o I 0 I 50,0 I 1,5 I 0 I 0 1 12,5 I 0 I 0 I Oi 0 I 0 .I 0I 25, 0 I COLUMN 41 27 to 2l It 16 12 ll 9 5 164 TOTAL 25,0 16,7 6,1 12,9 6,8 9,8 7,6 6,8 15.3 3,0 l00.0 o - 0 O' 0 00 0 - 0-.C 0 I ft CC . 0 - S C 0. O 0 fit CO CO 0. 0. 0 C~~~~ C Ot O 0. o oC. )CI- IC 0 0> 0:O 0 000 > 1 CC,t 00O,-C . ..... . . 0.. C .C O 0 . o O t.n -~C O 0 . 0 - 1 f - ---0 -- - - - - -- - -- - -C. 0 - - - O - - ~ -* - 0 - C -00-C - - -7- -7-- 7 - - - - Z.: 00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C.. a - 0 CC - -- 00 OiL ox ri~~~~~~~-- --- --- * -40 C ZFS CClft.. - - --*- a--- - Os * C C C C C C C C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~--- --- --- ----- --- --- -- ~~" OC:OO:=O:..0;~~~ - C- .7 7-7 - -C--.-C C -- - CC. * O * O * o- C - C -C . C.t - C C CC-. -C ii - -~ C - CO ------- -OO . . I- - - -O - -- --- ------------ C-CCOO C-00 -S'C- - - COCOC COC O.LOCC0..C.4 OOC .a.C.C.0 ~ ~ CCC C C C~ -.* .OC.XCol a. --. -- --O - - - C …… C-C - -- -- - -AC0 C-CC † † † † † † † † † † † † † 0C C C CO-C C a a a 0 C COC C C C C CO…C C'Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - 7 - - -7-. - - -- - - 7 - 7--- - - - 7 - - * * .. . C ' C * C - *- *_ -, --, 0* :. ,. _ . . --. 0 -_ '- - -- - _ I-- SO - O4 - *_0 _V _ - - _0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ----- -- - ------- - ------- * . P * P P * P P * . . , P * P P P P P S P P * P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .. . .I C. P *-.*5*.-P P............ * C* $1. C - p . P 8 vIp CC'* * - * 614 P~~~~~~~~~ - -- -- -- -- - --*- -C- - -5 *C - y 8- - - .0 CZ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ P 6 P * P P *. . .. ...*P o3 ------'--'--'-------'-_' ~~~~~~'~~'~~'~~'----- - --- --- ---@~~"~~*~~~~ P.5 * | **i* * N....Ow. i * i f D _ } i i i i " _ 0 i ~ *t ' . P P s ' ' | ' .' .'P . * ! .' P .P ' ', ,, . . . 14.4P…- * * P C@e - ~ v o 4 ’ o ^ C O O ' O _ _ r _1i_ i O O : :~~~~1 7 Z t: .11: : * * * .C a7 C | ----,---'-7-7----'---- 0 * . 'ICC S* COP~~~~. .. . 0. . CC...I . . .C..C.P.. ..C S . C.. C. nC C** P *- - -. P- -__ - - - - - - 7 _ - - - 7 - --7- -- - 0~~~~~~~ . P *I Ia o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o ' X | ~ '~° ^ ~ ~ e }___.COPS_} *P..qp.CPCSCP..4 CpCP-CPOP , *_}s __, _-~ C_ CCI P’ C*1 0 . I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i OOW _toO_..** . ..u.pse Oo e oo hoeC.oO,.,. '3 @ a.oC oC.4}eC_2_...SoP.P' oo ooosoo . C. _ v,’o -g o fo o ooo.ooo.o .-z o o0 V .a 9 .Pl'1I CCI Ct. .4C --- - - - -- - O _ U 111 S ' e~~~~~~~~~~~* S (%J~ 0l .OO. =_c 8* IXcCCcoS _°va -. .e.8o_ *a :~~~~9 1| P 09 .0 C0 OP S 084 c t 9 . * . * w s s )-tgob Ci - - . - S Ct- S *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0.0 - aj - -- -- C', - -* -- * SQ 0~~~~~~~~~~~~- - - - -- 0 I - - - -- - -- a -- ---o - - 1 *. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----- ----- ----- - - -- -C * . . -. 0Q~~~~~~~~ - I a. -.'., - S C * * lIJI CI I C I~ - -- -- -- -- -- 4j 7-~*. . SI. . S . * I -, 0* -a. 0 - C - . I~~~~~~~~~7-- ---. - - -- -- - -7- --- . - -- -- -, - .--s'--.. -- - -- -0 -- co ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~FIS. * , . . ,~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ . . .' .I ..I -: I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z . 0 S 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8 UO~~~~~~~~~~, I * . . . L.J * . . I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W I … ..* 001 .00, C~00 *2 . . S., NI I *~~~~~~V ~ S~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 tI * - S S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Wl IISOC.NoS g .-. - - - - -- - - - -00 --- - d - - - -- -d ~ - - - - O -- 0 _ - - - - - - - - - - O -o - - - o Ia i I_ i Io IN_ * _O io oiniI_r O N O OOF_OI I I AOi * ,, ,, ,, , I , * ,, ,, ,, ,, C I S S So n CI ______... . . . . ....... 0 A . __S_____ 0 ... J A .N .fl 1 , 00 .m * O I C O O................ ________b_e~________ 7~~~~ aA* 0* i 0* CiI S*0 rS _ _ E oo .1 oao. ,iSC. , iooi ^ . ..... o o . i vo-oi ND O iz~ 00: _~~~~~~ - - _ _ C . _ OO _ w @* '. I ' ' I I ' S S S I _ 5 i i i i i I i i i i I j , * I j I - - -- - - - I.-l- ---_ - I- - -- -- - -- I - - - 0 -.-1 --I -CI I - - .~~ ~ ~~~~ . u I I S * I I S * I I N z oo ws re ooo ooo _ u| tro IoSCINfiflI.flo00ooooIC I IiSociolaoSIoSoooSI. c j r_* D - j~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - - - - -|i - - - - - - -j -f - - -j -j - - * .o.> I -c . 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S I C ' I WI <~~~~~~~~~~ Se Iw _ _ I S * SU b i __ N _O_N_ : _ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ V V V 1 * V*0 $ .* * V I *om -' *a 'oSd N I ' a ~ 1 A c Ca o ’^ -° 8 , U j @-, - 1 8 2O0= 02- 2t 00~Z a0 4 ~ 0 U a0 ,ga N ri Li 0 2~~~~~~ - a.- - 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a CNOV * p * * * S 5 2 * a r a .~~~~~~~~-k * a . 2 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ S 2 I ID2 2 C!a a t O u . - a 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 ~ 1 C ~ S t - . 0 0 0 0 0 * . 0 0 r O U * . 2 .. , 0 0 a o ~ , o M ja a , Om a aa * **2 ~~~ ~ ~ * 2 0 -t-. 2 a -.&---- 2.~~~~~- - -- - -a - - - ------ a - - ---2 - 2-- - -2 1 ; # . r, t - t,, 0 2 2 2 0 a at a a a * at S NW. S aD ta '.. - a a a a a a a a a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: u1 'IO O 2 tNWa a-, 2 I 2 2 a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' I 2 . ( 0a I - ---- - - - - - -a - 2-1 S:* * S-2 * .- - - - - - - rt o ~ ~ ~ ~ a~~ I a a a acc, 2 a E- z ,4 2 a aa 2-32--1 20--S O..a .~~~~~~~~~- -- -. -af-. --a - -~ a a-- *-tt -Z .- a- 2 2 -a - 2-2--- Iot- -- - 2 a 0~~~~~3 ~ aa I 2 I2Q 2 WI 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 z 0 0- 0- 1. to 01~~~~is~ 0.1 a-. 0 -a ra 4N a 0 .-ro cj~~~~ C) $4 S a 2 2 5 a C~~~~~~~~ CLx a I 2a CC u ata r a Efl * j la 02c-a 2*na-o,, os-ipi *. 5 2It 2 I .* 2 to -4-ta - 5 2 $4.0 2 5 2 2 2" 0 24 GI 2 4 1 wM tn Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 2 cm2 00 - 0 888 08 In8 4 . a. t -~~~~ .-.o ma w a ma~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f. m0t 0 4- ( - - . ..40~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~- - - ---, ---. 4-J ao) 4D In~~~~~ a 1 a a4 8 aa 8 a 0a 0 a a C im tn cli - a- a8 8 8 8-. - - - - * 1-4 4i~~~~ ~~~~~~~ 81 8 a. a 8 a …4 %O SL, Is~~~~i - a a a o a a I s - a-ar- 8 a 8 a Sa a aI a * a a a a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a a a * a , 0' 0 a~~~~ toa' a -a...ac o * c a..eca..t)ac o 8 08 0 a 808 ..U%84.88 00 409 Cd Q) In80 8 *8 O a-S a -a'.a -- * en a 8--Va *?fl8 8 * . 8 8-Cl 8 8 8 P- a 0 8 a.-04 84 ~~~~-4 14 0~~~~~~a a8 08 8 8 3 a a O a a aI T-4 488- - n a a- -4 -I-f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 ~~. ao..a --a a 8 . 80 8 **8 8------ ----- ---- --- --- --- zO, 0. 2. Z CL CL~~~~~~~~~~~~ A. 8o aaa a La -a "Zs a a a ~ u co -4~~~~ 8W 8W "~~-~ : 8 8 -. 8 8~~~ - occ ~~ ~ ~ ~ :-:~~~~~~: ~~~~ a~ 8- 0 Ai 88 8 8 .a8 1 480 M tn~~~~ . 8.i ~ -.84 aw to3 8 'A Ca o e %a r Fo iF < b fl a r 13 1go t00 0 00 . r0l- 0m0 6 0 IWO CD 0 t1 C l -(D 0 0., O - 'A CD A) c) oD m cn o @ o > o cD -~~~~~~~~~~~~0 Z130. t , t W ~ "nr _~~~~~~~~~P _M_~ _~ _- re_ D_- _) _ _ _ _~_ ~ -..- 1 j...,- 0 ,,-I,-t . 0 H~~~~0H 0. _ 4 oo%oc * eu- . wO4*N4 1zooo|oo 459e_>5§1 0 4 w- 16 g---*-e o - e ~ * , ,o-, o c M - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * --o rDa* * . . w * . g w a - 6 o o o | o o o e rr a c 5 8 I o o A a M C > e _ _ _ _ _ r.~~~_ ~ _ _ ~ _ e * V * 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~~~ _ _ _ ~ r _ ~~~ r _ ~ ~ In I 2 41 - - - - - - - - - - - - - I - | ji - i a C i 3 _ .> * e 8 c I o or ---------- ~rr c n~~- - 9-4.4 6 bUI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 114,~~~~~~~~~~~~ I' - - mm I 6 a * a I O UP C~~~~J N M 7f o 7e Q az ; N C O oe -r 0 07 0- <3> - K 0 D W U ; t u 7e 13~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- * ta a.. a..- - - -ts o . a- --.. -a.. -a --s,- a-.- - a - 0 5 R 0 1 0 0 0 6 - o * . . j r o - . c * 5 0 5 - 4 s , a O S o o o a - . a a V L - . o - o . . a . , s . Q o O a - . . 0 6 0 0 0 6 a 0 - r j a . a . . . , c H. -3 01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f u a W I 0 a 0 13 .. a a a ass~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ac.-T a W- 6 6 aa *.- .u. 0. a 1 -a 16.6 05 6 - s,- 16 'O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 * a a 6 --~~~~~~~~~~~~we * * 6 * . . - 6 . 1546 13 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~. 6. C aur., WN Na I 0 66. J - 0 1 4Z46 aa .J o 0 OC o 0 * e.- O ~ e oC r~ oa g- e a N,a @ 00CX rO U0 r- 10a O ° °_ a. 0 a - o a s0@-o oI I P . o o S o I o * :e a a a a r ' , ', Iu * _ a- f o_ - - 0 a - - - -- - r I-- 0 - - --- -0 - - 0 - 0-___ El. 4* * * 0 - * ** O ri . S f °|J}8 °o ° °°^@s°t j r-os . o- o * v0b S 0 j N a w 41 *01 e JIA- t j ° °°° oo ao -ea *u * *u- a oo a r- ro o e oo o o _ 0 an .. , a an _ -.. a .- .- a. r I ,.$ , X ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a O-0 JIO a a a' a 1410 S * a' a o.. Vo a -c e a .ca .-.a a i a 01 14 I i--S ..PIV S e O-40l a ' a * # a I a H < : V e o r rs 1 D 4 a a . r . * a . a o a . * Ca41o,,aSlpa-.aaOoaOooaso Ca41'-05a14--aeOoCZ CZ _'d1 .Xa *-a a * e arDJ --a ar...a -- a . *_ _4 - -; - - - -_- ---- _-- -o-a --0- a-p - - - - _- _ --_---C _ --- C .V40 * Xer - ro o oo _ rwa a a a a .es S )N>OO 0 00 J5 a _ a . a o a o o aso* Ca0- - - a a - - I a Z a a a * Z U - - - - - - - - - S a a i a a - . a a a a Pa S S U I I * a a a a * ..) Z :~U. I 1.-.4 I Olpa Z -.tfl 1 000 J.a 01,4 1t -I I. COC a' IN) I a a a . -4 ---- --. .- . . a- alp ------ - -* -. - a-..-* - p 0~~ ~~ soa Pa-a 0a a1 Ca-l l0-- I -a U1a O S a a X~~~~~~ ai a SI a -* a a a1 o ae*OOoeooC 5U % U U.@~oU J"oO0 V .|5 oeN_n al 7 - - - 7 - 7 a a a a a P I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 4 %~ I 1C I)~.-----.-- a. :.- O O : l _ a r --a r--aM _ I 1 _ V " o *1 N e JI . 0~ oaI a-. . . a a .+\ *. I t e IV O U) _~~_ _ ~ _ .__ .4__ _ ~ __-~ -, - - - ,--~ -- , - - ~- -~ - - -_ - -_ 7 :a a _ * e Z 0( * Z u1 o Fs O | .r . . * , . § * . . - * z u- . w w w W , _ @ . - | ,, s ,, a _ . 0n 41 P 4 I II O O O OI p- Ca - a-a Io a a o - 0 a * O- 2~~~~~O :z * s ti O >| * * 44q. F. a-o..a -~~-8 ~ ~ a to ~ ~ ad . -- *1 8' . a *.a--- --a --_--_ P. O N~0- * .-N - o * e - o- a -.- a, a ,, o, o o o 1iN -a . .s a i a . . a)b E - - ~ @ @~fi ss *-. a) a on, op- _ a .14l _0 - _) o . * o.- .-nj _ a i a 0) -a... a a a a a O-~~~~~~~~~~ I U 1 a * a a a~C) I o -…0*~~~~~~~~~l… - IC) . J . a | _ . . ^ | . | | Tn . t @ ' * ' ' * t 0 ' g .0 a a a n . o a a a a _ n * ~no a a u n a a r.*O.-e5 st rH _ . . n - e o. :a- 4 a * . o ' : 10.I I1..* a) ;S "I0 a N.. _~ *.J t o.8 _ O, - I q z J F- - .14 a- I - Z U a a rl to k co $4 to:> 10 a o c a i --o- P X~~~~~~~~ 2 ) 'sc 4 0143 U. QJ a Q r4 * U! G) I a ) Z ' ia V 00- P-C a-IN WS ,,N 0 a on 041 1. 0 :af ov. anN e S a-u -165- Page 1 of 4 Table A.30 SRI IANKA: AVERAGE MONTHLIY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURtE OF HOUSEHOLD7S By SECTOR AND SKI. CTF23 CIIAIIACTERTiTlTCS OF (A) THE NOITSE1IOLD AND (B) THlE MAIN F6RNPHR, 1969-70 Al.l. lIAXl 'A74 AREAS RUKAL1 ARFPAS iSTAr(C SI:(!(' Yrodictor Hales FoΆA IZ., P-'60iOS Ma 1los F-,alcs P-rsons, Mnlci Fen.al,s Per~-so Mnles oe Pcr-,,i All 55.45 55. 37 55.44 71.41 82. 06 72. 34 52. 18 52.729 52 .18 50. 66 43. 97 49. 37 (849 2) (1172) (9664) (359 7) (42 5) (4022) (3303) (4'.9) (3(52) (1 592) (398) (1990) (A) Chractaeri stieis ecli,n Household Sec Lar Urban 71.41 82.Oo, 72. 34 71.41 82. 06 7 2. 34 - - -- - - (359 7) (62 5) (4022) (3597) (42 5) (4022) (-) (- (-(- () () Rural 52. 18 52.2 9 52. 18 - - - 52. 18 52. 29 52. 18 - - (3303) (349) (3652) (- () -) (3033) (349) (3652) (- () (- Estate 50. 66 43. 97 4 9. 37 - - -- - 50. 66 43. 97 49. 37 (1592) (394) (1990) () () -) -) () -) (1592) (398) (1I990) Ethnic Crc,.p3 Sinhalese 54.63 56.37 54.75 72. 7 7 83.71 73.69 51.10 51.60 51.14 59.75 41.55 57.61 (5111) ( 565 ) (5676) ( 226 35 (254) (2517) (2671) (287) (2958) (177) (24) ( 271) Ceylon Tamil 62.05 62.39 62.09 7 5 .79 78.45 76.11 57.62 60.25 57.84 55.30 40.51 52.11 (1238) (201) (1439) (670) 7107) (7 77) (408) (47) (455) (160; (47) (207) Indian Tamil 50.42 45.11 49.47 58.66 71.87 58.80 58.68 61.70 58.80 48.67 44.58 47.84 (1371) (332) (1703) (77) (2) (79) (56) (4) (60) (1236j (326) (1564) Others 58.63 60.75 58.76 63.36 81.79 64.67 54.91 38.?3 54.00 54.29 52.49 54.21 (7-2) (74) (546) (587) (62) (649) (168) (11) (179) (17) (1) (11) Rc-.aeliold lice 2 87.67 73.64 80.77 116.70 99.88 112.20 77.53 69.46 75.97 79.77 65.57 76.50 (549) (163) (712) (168) (61) (22'9) (200) (48) (248) (181) (54) (235) 3' 76.63 59.71,' 73.,98 105.60 99.64 104.70 77.13 53.40 70.30 67.94 53,81 94.83 (936) (190) (1126) (323) (62) (385) (375) (63) (438) (23t) (65) (307) 4 65.82 68.13 66.09 90.33 103.80 92.26 62.06 65.30 62.37 60.46 49.46 58.21, (1166) (191) (1357) (430) (72) (502) (464) (49) (513) (272) (70) (3472) 5 62.09 58.15 61.68 8 7 .92 88.34 87.96 58.08 57.51 58,03 51.19 ,3. 06 49.56 (1310) (18G) (1476) (541) (51) (592) (518) (52) (570) (251) (63) ( 3 1L) 6 56.12 53.94 55.90 78.34 81.65 78.62 52.29 50.63 52.14 48.49 45.75 48. f4 (1221', (143) (1364) (512) (48) (560) (478) (49) (527) (231) (46) (277) 7 51.94 489Q4 51.66 67.57 71.65 67.99 48.89 43.77 46.49 43.67 40.37 43,0!., (1044) (127) (1171) (493) (57) (550) (400) (34) (434) (151) (36) (IF,7) 8 49.15 41.96 48.52 f4.99 72.24 65..57 46.16 36.01 45.43 40.98 36.50 39.92 (818) (91) (929) (81 --B 33) (414) (334) (26) (390) (103) (32) (135) 9 47.87 54.75 48.43 59.79 69.64 60.39 45.36 57.34 46.25 42.42 33.12 40.79 (570) (14) (624) (274) (20) (294) (224) (lh) (242) (72) (16) (3s~ 10 46.49 49.75 46.65 57.67 62.07 57.94 43.97 53.07 44.32 41.42 31.91 39.59 (390) (30) (420) (194) (13) (207) (150) (6) (155) (44) (11) (57) 11 44.81 41.85 44.79 54.79 48.27 54.69 41.92 - 41.92 43.10 37.48 42.67 (241) (43 (2451 (129) (2) (131) (88) (-) . (88) (24) (2) (46) 12 or wr* 47.20 45.55 47.12 54.01 73.44 54.73 45.15 37.84 44.77 36.10 40.13 36.59 (267) (13) (260) (152) (6) (158) (72) (4) (76) (23) () (26) Child Dependency Ratto 0 76.65 72.96 76.17 103.80 112.80 105.00 70.83 65.96 70.29 70.46 58.05 67.59 (1729) (341) (2070) ((,94) (130) (824) (637) (91) ( 728) (398) (120) (918) 0 4 '.33 61.24 98.76 60.96 1 . 2 4 85.17 81.65 54.42 55.24 56.31 49 9-4 45.4t. 48. 751 (693) (106) (799) (243.' (43) (3635 (24i6) (24) (210) (107?) (39) (146) *33e (.50 59.69 61.16 59.84 72.17 91.36 73.02 57.53 62.91 5 7 . 9 49.98 42.08 1.8.1II (66) (993 ( 760) (303) (36) (339) (246) (26) (274) (112) (35) (147) .50 64.93 52.25 63.30) 82 .2 7 85.62 P2.61 62..21 48.40 60.63 58.23' 4 3.24 55.52 (8423 (125) (1007) (379) (40) (368) (351) (44) (395) .(203) (41) (244) .50 ~~~~53.51, 48.59 51.31 64.04 67.56 44. 26 46. 5C 48.02 41.46 45.00 36.62 '3. 57 (9461) (97) (1045) (4.6b) (34) ( 5)3) (323) (30) (353) (159) (33) (192) 1.00 ~~52.28 57.16f 53.70 67.93 78.74 68.68 49.69 57.57 50.25 47.73 42.02 46.71 (1183) (152) (133S) (456) (51) (507) (481) (44) (525) (246) (57) (303) 1.0 !1- 48.76 45.555 48.58 65.64 64.31 65.57 45.52 42.08 45.35 44.00 4,3.73 43.97 (1059) (74) (1133) (453) (24) (4 77) (433) (24) (4 57) (173) (26) (199) 1.3,9-' 0 44.57 39.74 44.25 52.25 57.02 52.58 43.17 36.13 42.79 43.76 37.81 42.72 (749) (75) (824) (300) (27) (32 7) (336) (25) (361) (113) (23) (136) 3,2.50 41.22 42.82 41.4 0 49.37 59.97! 50.39 39.74 4 1.80L 39,96 36.85 30.72 35.64, (507) (85) (592) (230) (43) (263) (203) (30) (233) (74) (22) (96) t Appllcable 64.23 65.83 64.51 107.93 103.50 '106.97 59.91 61.45 60.17 46.40 34.98 43.86 (81) (18) (99) (27) (7) (34) (47) (9) (56) (7) (2) (9). - 166 - Page 2 of 4 Table A.30 SRI LANKA: AVERACE MONTIILY P8R CAPITA EX)VNDTTURE OF HOllSEIIOLDS BY SECl'OR AND SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF (A) 'I'HE IIOUSEHOLD AND (B) iHE MAIN FARNER, 1969-70 ALL 'SiANF IT:RAN ARFAS rtURAL ARIAS , STATl: si:croR Predictor Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Fen.ales Persons Males Females Persons Aned DeDendencv Ratio 0 54.39 53.29 54.29 70.87 79.90 71.48 50.93 51.11 50.95 50.98 43.95 49.77 (6126) (727) (6853) (2521) (225) (2746) (2305) (223) (2528) (1300) (279) (1579) 0 .20 55,75 51.65 55.39 68.28 73.75 68.84 52.43 45.05 51.96 45.27 37.91 43.26 (489) (64) (553) (268) (35) (303) (179) (13) (192) (42) (16) (58) .204 , z. .25 56.19 57.43 56.34 78.21 79.38 78.33 51.19 56.50 51.75 48.59 45.41 47.67 (335) (55) (393) (160) (19)' (179) (129) (16) (145) (49) (20) (69) .54 * .50 56.59 63.39 ,7.21 72.2e 8G.32 74.14 53.45 58.72 53.76 50.69 46.20 49.50 (479) (75) (554) (213) 37) (250) (200) (12) (212) (66) (26) (92) .50 58.40 61.89 58.85 72.87 85.40 74.67 56.21 60.19 56.67 50.28 41.08 48.19 (508) (96) (604) (206) (40) (246) (i28) (32) (260) (74) (24) (98) *.50 64.79 59.76 63.94 75.46 97.01 79.42 63.15 51.28 61.32 54.53 52.05 53.73 (471) (137) (608) (202) (62) (264) (215) (44) (259) (54) (31) (85) lirt Aplicable 64.23 65.83 64.51 107.90 103.50 106.90 59.91 61.45 60.17 46.40 34.98 43.86 (61) (18) (99) (27) (7) (34) (47) (9) (56) (7) (2) (9) Labor Force Participation Rate 66.30 53.08 58.59 95.08 65.56 77.57 56.81 49.10 52.30 72.90 33.68 61.46 0 122 138 260 65 78 143 49 57 106 8 3 11 50.20 60.47 50.71 63.12 72.90 63.61 46.65 57.57 47.19 59.99 44.50 59.00 0 < < .25 1421 91 1512 765 51 816 616 37 653 40 3 43 .25' ~ .33 54.43 51.75 54.27 65.38 78,93 66.21 51.97 45.87 51.61 55.44 4 52.98 .25< .33 1263 117 1380 610 51 661 614 51 665 39 15 54 53.09 48.03 52.69 65.06 77.32 65.71 50.39 44.36 49.92 39.39 35.33 38.50 .33' < .50 784 70 854 410 28 438 328 29 357 46 13 59 58.53 56.84 58.40 74.02 88.62 74.94 55.60 54.40 55.51 51.88 41.96 50.04 .50 2112 213 2325 931 76 1007 921 69 990 260 68 328 57.68 521.60 56.9 79.49 88.85 80.48 54.60 46.15 53.75 47.82 43.76 46.99 .50' '-.67 1353 222 1575 513 65 578 473 59 532 367 98 465 59.35 60.22 59.48 95.12 92.86 94.76 56.72 65.00 57.60 46.43 43.44 45.85 .67' '1.00 643 132 775 201 40 241 167 21 188 275 7 346 61.19 64.98 61.85 109.65 104.90 108.49 58.81 79.83 61.87 56.84 48.47 55.27 1.00 781 186 967 100 36 136 133 26 159 548 124 672 37.39 24.89 35.56 62.52 O.o0o 62.52 32.67 0.00 32.67 38.83 24.89 35.30 Not applicable. 13 3 16 2 0 2 2 0 2 9 3 12 ,ncidence of :nesp1oYUt 56.08 58.94 56.29 75.57 97.39 76.89 52.19 55.47 52.38 52.19 46.73 51.21 0 6722 717 7439 2732 221 2953 2664 192 2856 1326 304 1630 51.01 48.41 50.63 62.88 69.89 63.92 49.04 46.06 48.66 46.47 39.15 45.05 0 < < .33 288 61 349 107 21 128 80 12 92 101 28 129 56.51 55.23 56.37 64.91 84.40 66.82 56.06 55.93 56.05 43.40 35.28 41.43 .33 < .50 465 74 539 212 27 239 159 17 176 94 30 124 53.35 43.99 52.27 61.15 57.08 60.78 51.50 42.17 50.48 48.43 38.14 45.40 .50 546 94 640 282 36 318 220 34 254 44 24 68 48.24 51.45 48.59 48.48 71.13 50.18 48.93 51.16 49.16 35.47 33.77 34.94 .50 < .67 216 34 250 116 14 130 82 11 93 18 9 27 49.90 68.03 50.30 51.11 68.03 52.22 49.52 0.00 49.52 23.93 0.00 23.93 , 67' < 1.00 77 4 81 51 4 55 25 0 25 1 0 1 56.44 52.65 54.85 55.91 59.20 57.07 56.60 51.26 54.27 1.00 56 50 106 32 24 56 24 26 50 66.30 53.08 58.59 95.0S 65.56 77.57 56.81 49.10 52.30 72.90 33.68 61.46 llot applIcable. 122 138 Z60 65 78 143 49 57 106 8 3 1 -167- Page 3 of 4 Table A.30 il LANKA: AVERAGE ?ENHLY PER CAPTTA EXPENDITURE or HOUSEHIOLDS BY SECTR AND SELECTED) CHARACTERISrTCS OF (A) THE HOUSEHOLD AND (8) THIE MAIN EARNER, 1969-70 ALL ISLAND ITRElAN ARrAS RIIRAL AREAS EST'ATE SECTOR Predictor H.jRo Females Persons Hales e I lesj Persons Halosa Females Persona Holes females P-ronp (U) CharacterIstico of the Main Earner Male 55.45 - 55.45 71.41 - 71.41 52.18 - 52.18 50.66 - 50.66 (8492) () (8492) (3597) -) (3597) (3303) -) (3303) (1592) () (1592) Female - 55.37 55.37 - 82.06 82.06 - 52.29 52.29 - 43.97 43.97 () (1172) (1172) -) (425) (425) () (349) (349) () (398) (398), Age Group 10 - 14 34.02 - 34.02 25.45 - 25.45 32.20 - 32.20 54.34 - 54.34 (7) -) (7) (2) () (2) (3) () (3) (2) () (2) 15 - 19 47.06 45.20 46.69 45.02 43.51 44.93 46.72 41.41 46.02 52,08 48.61 50.23 (104) (41) (145) (41) (3) (44) (40O) (8) (48) (23) (30) (53) 20 - 24 54.92 47.56' 54.02. 61.14 73.34 62.01 54.13 41.92 52.95 50.76 49.43 50.36 (541) (102) (643) (211) (20) (231) (209) (22) (231) (121) (60) (181) 25 - 29 57.82 47.99' 56.51, 67.47 64.13 67.14 55.78 47.68 54.89 56.23 41.88 52.02 (965) (155) (1120) (379) (38) (417) (370) (41) (411) (216) (76) (292) 30 - 34 57.46 59.83 57.69 68.58 88.35 70.43 54.96 55.71 55.03 54.11 42.09 52.68 (1116) (118) (1234) (478) (52) (530) (399) (39) (438) (239) (27) (266) 35 - 39 55.12 51.41 54.74 71.80 76.00 72.24 52.30 47.40 51.85 46.58 41.73 45.73 (1297) (178) (1475) (546) (70) (616) (485) (51) (536) (266) (57) (323) 40 - 44 51.36. 51.99, 51.42 71.59 73.97 71.77 46.49 50.25 46.76 47.74 40.72 46.38 (1115) (134) (12159) (509) (50) (559) (410) (36) (448) (196) (46) (242) 45 - 49 51.96 53.85 52 .12 68.91 86.27 69.97 48.15 50.72 48.36 49.44 44.55 48.61 (1159) (151) (131'0) (499) (50) (549) (440) (54) (494) (220) (47) (267) 50 - 54 56.68 70.11 57.79 72.10 98.90 74.40 5 3 .30, 67.04 54.32 50.55 46.08 49.91 (736) (109) (845) (329) (46) (375) (286) (34) (320) (121) (29) (150) 55 - .59 59.19 61.37 59.35 77.85 83.91 78.28 55. 76 59.56 56.00 50.12 46.27 49.58 (625) (80) (705) (263) (29) (292) (253) (29) (281) (109) (23) (132) 60 60.25 74.46 61.09 87.10 94.37 88.06 55.55 63.89' 55.95 56.10 44.83 55.92 (827) (104) (931) (340) (67) (407) (408) . (34) (442) (79) (3) (82) MariLtl StaIns Unmarried 55.64 51.91 55.20 65.94 86.24 67.91 53.46 44.50 52.61 51.98 48.61 51.00 (1036) (179) (1215) (459) (58) (517) (389) (40) (4293 (188) (81) (269) Married 55.41 57.81 5 5 .55 72.19 86.35 72.93 51.96 57.27 52.22 50.46 42.66 49.25 (7236) (COI) (7639) (3069) (189) (3258) (2829) (162) (2991) (1340) (250) (1590) widawed 56.31 54.17 54.97 70.67 76.93 74.92 54.20 49.02 50.91 50.80 44.67 47.6.6 (172) (330) (502) (54) (153) (207) (60) (123) (183) (58) (54) (112) DivorcedlSeparate4 56.19 47.02 51.07 66.79 62.46 64.23 54.49 45.22 49.49 57.02 38.40 4.4.5 Educattonal Attainment No mchool 41.90 41.05 41.68 47.30 47.45 47.33 40.33 38.70 40.00 45.99 43.20 44.70 (634.) k644) (-5792) (174) (57) (231) (350) (109) (4595 (110) (282) (592) Prlmarv (1-5) school 47.84 45.97 47.72 52. Ά`) 51.34 52.89 46.97 4.5.20 46.87 46. 13 45.46 47.87 (3746) (320) (-'.066) (I127) (94) (1221) (1583) (117) (1700) (103b (109) (1145) Mliddle school (6-C;CE) 58.48 6!,.59 5.11.8 5 65.10 80.80 66.33 56.42 58.41 56.54 60.37 43.68 59.99 (2718) (722) (29.0). (1423) (144) ( 1567) (1091) (73) (1164) (204) (5) (209) CC?. 85.44 89.33 55.96 M535 109.10 99.64 77.12 80.1? 77.56 97.76 66.46 96.52 (970) (157) (1123) (683) (107) k790) (246) (441 (290) (45) () (1.3) Advanced CCC/ISC 106.70 35.7b 104.00 144.060 133.40 143.86 81.37 38.08 77.54 174.10 - 174.70 (93) (9) (102) (70) (7) (77) (22) (2) (24) (1 (- ) Undergraduate 113.40 83.51 104.80 135.30 123.60 133.60 66.84 66.89 66).86 - - (17) (5) (22) (15) (3) (16) (2) (2) (4) 6- () () Passed degree 138.30 147.40 12'9.70 159.60 126.50 154.10 '103.90 194.00 115.10 - .- (96) (15) (101) (77) (13) (92) (9) (2) (11) (- () () Post graduate 191.60 - 191.60 191.60 - 191.60 - - --- (28) -) (28) (28) () (28) (- () () () (* (- Class of Worker Emsployer 76.70 61.21 75.96 94.87 104.20 95.19 66.79 45.70 65.64 63.01 58.44 62.73 (350) (17) (367) (234) (9) (243) (90) (5) (95) (26) (3) (29) Employee 56.12 55.9)3 56.10 70.75 89.10 71.88 52.78 58.05 53.02 50.27 43.85 49.00 (5674) (723) (6397) (2459) (188) (2647) (1688) (144) (1832) (1527) (391) (1918) Oim account worker 51.22 47.09 51.02 61.67 64.91 61.87 49.95 44.27 49.68 58.19 67.58 58.56 (2172) (156) (2328) (731) (69) (803) (1412) (86) (1498) (29) (1) (30) Family worker 81.68 45.05 '5.81 50.63 86.80 70.72 82.40 37.84 76.03 - Not applicable 67.25 59.74 63.61 . 91.11 78.03 85.02 58.64 53.82 56.26 54.87 33.68 50.50 (289) (273) (562) (172) (157) (329) (107) (115) (220) (10) .(5) (15) -168- Page 4 of 4 Table A.30 SRI LANKA: AVERACE MINTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS RIY SECTOR AND SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF (A) THE HOUSEHOLD AND (4) THtE MAIN FARNER. 1969-70 Al.l. ISU\N!) U1RAN ARFAS RU!RAI. ARE.AS EST AEr SECTOR Predictor Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Masles Females Persons aLles Fesaleo Persons Occupat ion Professional 86.58 91.84 87.92 109.70 110.40 109.80 75.76 84.41 78.03 79.25 68.46 77.13 (424) (152) (576) (283) (102) (385) (125) (46) (171) (16) (4) (20) Administrative 111.80 176.80 112.70 131.90 170.20 132.40 90.57 182.60 91.97 131.80 - 131.80 (223) (6) (229) (176) (5) (181) (38) (1) (39) 9) (-) (9) Clerical 77.82 77.17 77.81 82.67 90.55 82.97 72.91 51.50 72.61 98.56 - 98.56 (602) (24) (626) (439) (22) (461) (127) (2) (129) (36) (-) (36) Sales 63.12 59.64 62.89 69.28 69.79 69.31 60.50 55.37 60.14 52.60 67.58 53.20 (829) (73) (902) (550) (46) (596) (254) (26) (280) (25) (1) (26) Agriculture, etc. 47.13 40.90 46.6! 59.74 49.69 59.47 46.26 37.15 45.84 48.53 43.68 47.48 (3283) (491) (3774) (314) (9) (323) (1610) (94) (1704) (1359) (388) (1747) Mining 49.51 43.14 49.48 115.20 43.14 107.60 46.91 - 46.91 - - - (18) (') (19) (3) (1) (4) (IS () (IS) (- () () Transport/Coummnnication 61.13 59.39 61.12 64.88 59.39 64.84 60.08 - 60.08 49.99 - 49.99 (498) (2) (500) (300) (2) (302) (76) (-) (176) (22) (-) (22) Crafts 1 52.13 43.40 51.52 57.10 58.87 57.16 50.19 41.13 49.44 S6.09 - 56.09 (888) (59) (9:7) (543) (27) (570) (318) (32) (350) (27) (-) (27) Crafts 2 46.67 42.84 46.46 48.23 40.82 47.88 46.26 43.41 46.09 41.31 - 41.31 (983) (59) (1047) (577) (34) (611) (374) (25) (399) (32) (-) (2) Recreation 56.20 46.05 55.70 60.51 72.07 61.06 55.43 38.07 54.54 49.24 36.19 48.88 (440) (27) (467) (232) (16) (248) (153) (9) (162) (55) (2) (57) Unspecified 51.60 43.34 48.84 58.69 67.85 60.65 50.02 40.66 46.68 - - - (18) (11) (30) (8) (5) (13) (11) (6) (17) (-) (-) (-) Blank 67.53 61.12 64.47 90.29 78.91 85.04 58.83 55.10 57.01 64.60 33.68 58.59 (285) (267) (552) (172) (156) (328) (102) (108) (210) (11) (3) (14) Industry Paddy 48.20 40.87 48.07 55.75 33.95 55.51 48.04 40.96 47.90 40.13 - 40.13 (1106) (25) (1131) ('03) (2) (105) (1002) (23) (1025) (1) (-) (1) Ted 48.2S 41.63 46.S0 97,21 - 97.21 41.99 33.2S 40.06 49.11 43.47 47.84 (1277) (381) (1656) (15) (-) (15) ('4) (23) (97) (1188) (358) (1546) R0bber 44.47 46.92 44.70 6S,23 87.76 75.56 40.79 45.56 41.15 52.86 46.14 52-05 (356) (46) (402) (4) (2) (6) (133) (14) (147) (219) (30) (249) fisI iug 60.63 - 60.63 63.53 - 63.53 58.45 - 58.45 - - - (200) (-) (200) (151) (-) (lSI) (49) (-) (49) (-) (-) () Other agriculltural 44.G4 37.44 43.61 65.42 79.50 66.66 42.63 35.37 42.lq 60.88 - 60.88 (501) (41) (542) (64) (7) (71) (381) (34) (-413) (56) (-) (56) Mining 47.03 22.02 45.83 75.62 43.14 74.21 45.14 20.77 43.96 - - (32) (2) (34) (7) (1) (8) (25) (1) (26) (-) (-) (-3 Manufacturi.og 1 55.28 43.93 53.85 68.79 50.91 67.36 50.73 42.68 49.59 52.50 - 52.50 (643) (87) (730) (384) (43) (427) (243) (44) (289) (14) (-) (14) Ma,ufacturing 2 58.11 70.27 58.27 83.17 70.27 82.52 49.73 - 49.73 73.01 - 73.01 (159) (5) (164) (98) (5) (103) (60) (-) (60) (1) (-) (1) Utilities 60.84 - 60.84 77.81 - 77,S1 53,48 - 53.48 72.41 - 72.61 (79) (-) (79) (53) (-) (53) (23) (-) (23) (3) t-) (3) Constr,,ctioui 50.80 70.65 50.90 56.45 70.G5 56.74, 4S.91 48.91 6G.53 - 60.53 (320) (5) (325) (179) (5) (184) (132) (2) (122 (9) (-) (9) Trade/llotcl 64.41 54.87 63835 69.20 59.98 68.80 62.12 53.04 61.52 61.23 67.58 61.48 (1019) (70) ( 90s9) (682) (/2) (724) (310) (27) (337) (27) (1) (23) TransporL!Co,unication 62.71 66.26 62.71 68.9S 66.76 68.94 5S.79 - 59,79 31.00 - 51.00 (756) (1) (757) (516) (1) (517) (226) (-) (226) (14) (-) (14) Finance 117.90 139.70 118.50 139.40 139.70 139,40 78.56 - 7S.56 - - (77) (4) (81) (69) (4) (73) (8) (-) (8) (-) (-) (-) Services 70.84 83.79 72.44 79.45 101.70 32.12 67.23 76.53 68:40 57.98 59.09 5?.11. (1302) (201) (1503) (863) (136) (999) (399) (59) (458) (40) (6) (06) Inadequately described 42.03 48.57 42.35 43.97 69.03 45.21 41.35 39.97 41,28 34.58 - 34.58 (369) (27) (396) (233) (17) (250) (128) (10) (138) (8) (-) (8) blank 66.73 60.09 63.55 89.S1 78.84 64.79 58.18 54.09 56.18 65.14 33.68 59.64 (296) (277) (573) (176) (160) (336) (108) (114) (222) (12) (3) (15) Note: Figures In parentheses show the number of sample households with the specified characteristic. -169- Fage 1 of 4 Table A. 31 ml IAXKA: AVAr OWTHULY P CAPITA INCONK OP HOUSEHOLDS BY SECTOIR AND SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS Of (A) THE HOUSEHOLD AND (B) TIIE MAIN EARNER, 1969-70 ALL ISLAND URBAN AREAS RURAL AREAS ESTATE SECTOR Predictors lles Females Persons Hales Females Persons Nales Females Persons hales Females Persons All 55.30 55.02 55.27 79.82 89.64 80.68 50.52 51.36 50.59 45.99 39.28 44.70 (8492) (1172) (9664) (3597) (425) (4022) (3303) (349) (3652) (1592) (398) (1990) (A) Characteristics of the Household Sector Urban 79.82 89.64 80.68 79.82 89.64 80.68 - - - - - - (3597) (425) (4022) (3597) (425) (4022) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-) Rural 50.52 51.36 50.59 - - - 50.52 51.36 50.59 - - - (3303) (349) (3652) (-) (-) (-) (3303) (349) (3652) (-) (-) (-) Estate 45.99 39.28 44.70 - - * - - - 45.99 39.28 44.70 (1592) (398) (1990) (-) (-) (_) (-) (-) (-) (1592) (398) (1990) Ethnic Group Sinhalese 54.35 57.87 54.64 81.64 97.06 82.94 49.22 51.02 49.37 54.93 37.12 52.84 (5111) (565) (5676) (2263) (254) (2517) (2671) (287) (2958) (177) (24) (201) Ceylon Tamil 64.60 60.70 64.19 85.58 77.27 84.57 58.05 58.32 58.08 52.25 38.67 49.39 (1238) (201) (1439) (670) (107) (777) (408) (47) (455) (160) (47) (207) Indian Tamil 45.56 40.38 44.64 55.78 62.00 55.84 52.61 68.61 53.29 43.92 39.54 43.03 (1371) (332) (1703) (77) (2) (79) (56) (4) (60) (1238) (326) (1564) Others 60.58 56.21 60.31 69.96 80.64 70.72 53.48 30.26 52.22 43.95 36.61 43.64 (772) (74) (846) (587) (62) (649) (168) (11) (179) (17) (1) (18) Household Size 2 82.69 72.36 80.52 126.80 118.70 124.60 77.05 67.16 75.14 75.18 51.71 69.79 (549) (163) (712) (168) (61) (229) (200) (48) (248) (181) (54) (235) 3 76.55 60.43 74.03 113.50 104.10 112.00 72.65 55.29 70.15 62.46 48.26 59.41 (936) (190) (1126) (323) (62) (385) (375) (63) (438) (238) (65) (303) 4 64.74 68.16 65.14 105.70 122.40 108.10 58.61 61.67 58.90 54.83 44.83 52.78 (1166) (191) (1357) (430) (72) (502) (464) (49) (513) (272) (70) (342) 5 62.65 58.15 62.18 99.62 93.12 99.06 56.99 58.42 57.12 46.54 37.90 44.81 (1310) (166) (1476) (541) (51) (592) (518) (52) (570) (251) (63) (314) 6 56.76 52.20 56.31 92.90 84.17 92.16 50.51 49.68 50.43 44.57 38.16 43.51 (1221) (143) (1364) (512) (48) (560) (478) (49) (527) (231) (46) (277) 7 51.31 48.80 51.07 71.31 79.09 72.12 47.59 41.54 47.12 39.01 38.53 38.92 (1044) (127) (1171) (493) (57) (550) (400) (34) (434) (151) (36) (187) 8 48.28 41.10 47.65 68.53 72.05 68.81 44.51 36.32 43.91 37.33 32.00 36.07 (818) (91) (909) (381) (33) (414) (334) (26) (360) (103) (32) (135) 9 46.07 54.56 46.77 67.55 75.60 68.10 41.68 55.31 42.69 35.17 33.68 34.90 (570) (54) (624) (274) (20) (294) (224) (18) (242) (72) (16) (88) 10 45.51 50.07 45.76 62.05 73.20 62.75 41.68 48.79 41.96 38.93 33.55 37.89 (390) (30) (420) (194) (13) (207) (150) (6) (156) (46) (11) (57) 11 47.04 35.02 46.94 63.16 39.77 62.30 42.99 - 42.99 36.59 31.75 36.22 (241) (4) (245) (129) (2) (131) (88) (-) (88) (24) (2) (24 12 cr more 49.82 47.35 49.69 62.65 84.99 63.48 45.45 38.59 45.09 34.17 33.20 34.05 (247) (13) (260) (152) (6) (158) (72) (4) (76) (26) Cild D aidgocy Raltio 0 84.13 77.37 83.24 132.20 136.30 132.80 74.60 67.73 73.83 68.14 53.21 64.69 (1729) (341) (2070) (694) (130) (824) (637) (91) (728) (398) (120) (518) 0 4 . .33 65.54 56.67 64.54 97.75 85.03 96.43 57.39 53.24 57.00 50.15 41.57 48.14 (693) (106) (799) (340) (43) (383) (246) (24) (270) (107) (39) (146) .33 < < .50 60.84 63.97 61.16 82.60 86.37 82.95 56.32 66.11 57.16 49.67 42.27 47.99 (661) (99) (760) (303) (36) (339) (246) (28) (274) (112) (35) (147) .50 64.21 51.46 62.66 90.04 88.68 89.90 60.43 47.87 58.97 .*53.76 39.57 51.19 (882) (125) (1007) (328) (40) (368) (351) (44) (395) (203) (41) (244) .50 < <1.00 51.27 50.89 51.24 70.13 82.82 70.91 46.94 48.93 47.09 39.40 33.44 38.38 (948) (97) (1045) (466) (34) (500) (323) (30) (353) (159) (33) (192) 1.00 50.29 54.06 50.62 70.52 81.81 71.51 47.31 54.84 47.84 41.86 33.86 40.43 (1183) (152) (1335) (456) (51) (507) (481) (44) (525) (246) (57) (303) 1.00 < <1.50 46.77 40.45 46.42 69.79 64.85 69.56 42.66 36.68 42.37 37.45 35.70 37.23 (1059) (74) (1133) (453) (24) (477) (433) (24) (457) (173) (26) (199) 1.50 * *2.50 39.91 35.10 39.59 50.52 59.52 51.14 38.39 30.12 37.94 34.42 32.01 34.00 (749) (75) (824) (300) (27) (327) (336) (25) (361) (113) (23) (116) >2.50 36.55 41.91 37.16 47.10 54.65 47.83 34.84 42.62 35.67 28.91 26.08 28.35 (507) (85) (592) (230) (33) (263) (203) (30) (233) (74) (22) (96) Not Applicable 64.89 54.39 63.08 104.10 103.60 104.00 61.02 48.48 58.97 48.33 16.88 41.34 (81) (18) (99) (27) (7) (34) (47) (9) (56) (7) (2) (9) - 170 - Page 2of 4 Table A.31 SRIT AN1CA: AVUA61 NDWINLY PU CAPITA IMHR OF NOUSEMOgLDS BY SECItR AM SRLECTOD CIIARACTERISrKCS 0f (A) THE HOUSE)*I. ANID (3) THE MAIN EARNER. 1969-70 ALL TISAND VRBAN AREAS 12A RISZTA?! BWrtO AM" ft"Aft"mc Ratio .3 5~~~~~~~3.21 51.82 53.09 77.53 86.37 78.13 48.37 49.25 48.44 46.41 38.98 45.13 (6126) (127) (6853) (2521) (225) (2746) (2305) (223) (2528) (1300) (279)- (1579) 0 4 'c .20 60.12 55.70 59.74 81.05 90.19 81.98 54.66 44.29 53.99 41.57 37.19 403 (8) (64) (553) (268) (35) (303) (179) (13) (192) (42) (16) (58) .204" .25 58.81 54.36 58.27 90.72 77.66 89.43 52.00 51.56 51.96 43.75 46.44 44.53 (338) (55) (393) (160) (19) (179) (129) (16) (145) (49) (20). (69) .254 4.50 58.75 66.00 59.41 87.93 84.89 87.52 53.21 68.51 54.10 44.07 40.04 43.00 (479) (75) 54) (213) (37) (250) (200) (12) (212) (66) (26) (92) .50 58.71 62.22 59.17 84.82 89.08 85.43 54~.69 60.74 55.39 44.85 36.30 42.91 (508) (96) (604) (206) (40) (246) (228) (32) (260) (74) (24) (98) P. 50 65.77 64.09 65.49 82.12 117.30 88.59 63.30 53.96 61.85 49.63 40.33 46.63 (471) (137) (608) (202) (62) (264) (215) (4) (259) (54) (31) (85) Not Applicable 64.89 54.39 63.08 104.10 103.60 104.00 61.02 48.48 58.97 48.33 16.88 41.34 (II) (1S) (99) (27) (7) (34) (47) (9) (56) (7) (2) (9) Labor Force Participation Rate 0 61.76 49.57 54.66 99.85 62.62 77.77 49.33 45.49 47.09 66.79 20.88 53.99 (122) (13S) (210) (65) (78) (14 3) (49) (57) (106) (9) (J) (11) 0 4c 4 .25 46.14 54.43 46.65s 61.91l 69.61 62. 30 42.07 50.72 42.50 44.49 40.92 44.A! (1421) (911) (151:,) (765) (51) (816) (616) (37) (653) (4(1) ( 3) .k4 ) .23c I .33 52.21 50.37 52.09 69.07 81.76 69.85 48.49 44.50 48.26 46.69 31.50 44.7.; (1263) (117) (1380) (610) (51) (661) (614) (51) (665) (3.) (:5) (4 33 4 .5o 52.53 47.76 52.16 6.8.96 89.59 70.03 48.82 42.47 49.33 33.86 31.50 3 3.36 (784) (.0) (85.) (410) (28) (4 38) (328) (29) (357) (46) (1) (5~ .50 57.78 571.46 57.76 78.65 113.08 80.81 54.14 52.93 54.06 45.37 32.33 42.,96 (212) (212;) (2325) (931) (76) (1007) (921) (69) (990) (2160) (1.8) (32.6) .50 ic 4 .67 62.20 52.43 61.04 100.32 97.13 99.99' 57.65 48.39 56.72 41.~l 38.29 40.61 (1353) (222) (1575) (313) (65) (578) (473) (59) (532) (367) (9-8) (263) .67 4 41.00 68.95 64.47 68. 30 144.50 105.03 138.22 60.61 72.67 61.90 46.55 61.63 45.60I 1.00 ~~~(643) (1312) (775) (201) (40) '(241) (167) (21) (188) (27!) (71) (1-346) 1.00 ~~~~~~ 61.15 6G.03 62.00 1.1.80 118.73 136.17 58.54 83.45 62.18 52.79 45.60 51.4: (781) (1.6) (947)- 4100) (36) (1.36) (133) (26) (1-19) (548) (124) (42 Not Applicable 33.36 30.45 32.93 104.52 104.52 22.48 22.48 35.27 30.45 -34.05 (1 3) (3) (16) (2) (2) (2) .(2) (9) (3) (12) incidenc. of Itemulovenot S 56.28 59.42 56.51 85.87 112.36 87.48 50.72 55.14 50.98 47.60 41.47 46.50 (6722) (717) (7439) (2732) (221) (2953) (2664) (192) (2856) (1326) (304) (163.3) 0c' i .33 5...79 50.32' 54.11x 82.46 81.53 82.32 50.40 45.84 49.82 43.86 38.14 4;.55 (288) (61) (349) (1.07) (21) (126) (80) (12) (92) 10) (28) (12:9) .33 -4.. 4 .50 58.27 56.51 58.09 70.68 90.51 72.62 57.69 56.97 57.63 38.37 34 .28 372.37 (465) . (74) (539) (212) (27) (239) (159) (17) (176) (94) (30) (12!, .50 ~~49.63 41.62 48.71 61.07 50.72 60.12 47.14 42.02 L.6. 58 31. 57 28.9'7 35.7k (546) (94) (640) (282) (36) (318) (220) (34) (254) (1.4.) (24) (663) .50 4c 4 .67 43.89 48.79 44.43 45.59 76.50 47.92 44.2'. 47.20 44.55 28.86 28 . 8 28.86 (216) (34) (250) (116) (14) (130) (82) (21) (9 3) (18) (9) (27, .674 4. c1.00 46.39 .47.31 1.6.63 44.65 57.31 45.47 47.43 - 47.43 19.75 19.75 (77) (4 (81) (51) (4) (55) (25) (25) (1) (1) 1.00 44.52 50.19 46.83 51.40 57.39 53.51 42.44 48.67 45.16 - - - (56) (55) (104) (32) (24) (56) (24)1 (26) (50) NOt VPUC&6.7 4.7 4.6 9.5 2.2 77.77 49.33 45.49 47.09 66.78 20.88 53.39 Not appUc~~~~~~1. ~(122) (138) (260) (65) (78) (14 3) (49) (57) (106) (8) (3) (11) -171- Page 3 of 4 Table A.31 UT LANKA: AVERACE PeDNNLY PE CAPITA INCOM1 OF HOUSEIIOLDS BY SECTOI AMM SELECTED CIARACTERISMICS Of (A) THE HOUSEHOLD AND (B) THE MAIN EARNER. 1969-70 ALL SIZIID 1111 AlIS RURAL AREAS 2 TATE SECTOR namum lu IMM mum a" ZNKM Zuma dkh ZaMSLA Phrm UAsA Zrnh&s huama (S) Cbaracteristice of tbe 1Maim arme Nun male 55.30 - 55.30 79.82 - 79.82 50.52 - 50.52 45.99 - .45.99 (8492) (-) (8492) (3597) (-) (3597) (3303) (-) (3303) (1592) (-) (1592) Femle - 55.02 55.02 - 89.64 89." - 51.36 51.36 - 39.28 39.28 (-) (1172) (1172) (-) (425) (425) (-) (349) (349) (-) (398) (398) Age Group 10 - 14 29.58 - 29.58 26.63 - 26.63 25.34 - 25.34 55.80 - 55.80 (7) () (7) (2) () (2) (3) () (3) (2) _ (2) 15 - 19 44.89 39.40 43.80 42.45 48.95 42.83 45.74 36.20 44.49 42.68 41 45 42.02 (104) (41) (145) (41) (3) (44) (40) (8) (48) (23) (30) (53) 20 - 24 54.19 46.22 53.22 61.96 67.97 62.39 53.07 41.96 51.99 49.80 47.02 49.98 (541) (102) (643) (211) (20) (231) (209) (22) (231) (121) (60) (181) 25 - 29 57.00 48.53 55.87 69.02 74.43 69.55 54.92 49.29 54.30 51.91 36.24 47.31 (965). (155) (1120) (379) (38) (417) (370) (41) (411) (216) (76) (292) 30 - 34 56.51 65.82 57.40 74.44 99.67 76.80 53.08 63.08 54.01 47.34 34.44 45.80 (1116) (118) (1234) (478) (52) (530) (399) (39) (438) (239) (27) (266) 35 - 39 54.56 48.53 53.93 81.29 78.91 81.04 50.14 43.31 49.51 40.14 37.45 39.67 (1297) (178) (1475) (546) (70) (616) (485) (51) (536) (266) (57) (323) 40 - 44 51.06 49.07 50.89 80.89 79.71 80.80 44.39 45.59 44.47 41.55 36.13 40.50 (1115) (134) (1249) (509) (50) (559) (410) (38) (448) (196) (46) (242) 45 - 49 49.54 51.01' 49.67 73.79 81.39 74.26 44.31 49.05 44.70 44.25 38.96 43.35 (1159) (151) (1310) (499) (50) (549) (440) (54) (494) (220) (47) (267) 50 - 54 57.50 70.16 58.55 79.53 108.90 82.05 52.88 64.38 53.73 47.05 44.57 46.69 (736) (109) (845) (329) (46) (375) (286) (34) (320) (121) (29) (150) 55 - 59 60.97 64.46 61.23 96.83 103.80 97.32 53.34, 59.33 53.73 52.56 45.46 51.56 (625) (80) (705) (263) (29) (292) (253) (28) (281) (109) (23) (132) 60 + 64.27 78.51 65.12 107.60 111.50 108.10 56.97 61.03 57.17 51.87 25.31 51.44 (827) (104) (931) (340) (67) (407) (408) (34) (442) (79) (3) (82) Marital Status Unmarried 58.46 52.59 57.77 73.31 99.70 75.86 55.73 43.91 54.62 50.03 45.18 48.61 (1036) (179) (1215) (459) (58) (517) (389) (40) (429) (188) (81) (269) Married 54.83 58.69 55.07 80.62 97.44 81.49 49.77 58.11 50.18 45.39 37.77. 44.21 (7238) (601) (7839) (3069) (189) (3258) (2829) (162) (2991) (1340) (250) (1590) Widowed 57.52 52.21 54.18 85.95 79.00 81.23 53.34 46.36 48.90 46.64 39.47 42.96 (172) (330) (502) (54) (153) (207) (60) (123) (183) (58) (54) (112) Divorced/Separated 57.54 40.23 47.89 76.29 55.77 64.15 54.77 38.39 45.93 55.95 31.81 39.65 (46) (62) (108) (15) (25) (40) (25) (24) (49) (6) (13) (19) Educationsl Attainment No school 40.47 37.60 39.71 45.43 41.92 44.82 39.27 36.00 38.61 43.23 39.06 41.29 (834) (448) (1282) (174) (57) (231) (350) (109) (459) (310) (282) (592) Primary (1-5) school 44.95 41.03 44.71 51.13 46.65 50.86 44.30 40.64 44.09 43.05 39.18 4i.68 (3746) (320) (4066) (1127) (94) (1221) (1583) (117) (1700) (1036) (109) (1145) Riddle school (6-CCE) 57.17 66.19 57.73 67.39 86.49 68.89 54.23 58.36 54.47 55.71 46.16 55.49 (2718) (222) (2940) (1423) (144) (1567) (1091) (73) (1164) (204) (5) (209) CCE 95.09 98.62 95.57 119.60 125.90 120.30 80.59 86.01 81.38 89.19 60.67 88.06 (970) (153) (1123) (683) (107) (790) (246) (44) (290) (41) (2) (43) Advanced GCE/MSC 135.70 83.22 131.00 196.20 147.30 191.90 95.70 41.32 90.89 163.50 - 163.50 (93) (9) (102) (70) (7) (77) (22) (2) (24) (1) (-) (') Umdergraduate 164.30 104.60 147.90 219.60 152.00 209.60 50.13 84.91 66.50 - - - (17) (5) (22) (15) (3) (18) (2) (2) (4) (-) (-) (.) Passed degree 201.90 206.90 202.70 239.30 180.30 229.60 141.40 266.10 157.00 (86) (15) (101) (77) (13) (90) (9) (2) (11) (-) (-) (-) Post graduate 353.10 - 353.10 353.10 - 353.10 - - - (28) _ (28) (28) _ (28) H- - - (.() ( Class of Worker biployer 93.91 58.22 92.21 126.20 118.70 125.90 76.62 37.07 74.46 65.22 46.01 64.03 (350) (17) (367) (234) (9) (243) (90) (5) (95) (26) (3) (29) Employee 55.48 56.41 55.57 77.64 99.88 79.01 50.75 57.57 51.24 45.31 39.26 44.11 (5674) (723) (6397) (2459) (188) (2647) (1688) (144) (1832) (1527) (391) (1918) Own acedunt vorker 50.17 45.49 49.94 65.27 61.94 65.07 48.32 42.93 48.07 60.72 54.99 60.49 (2172) (156) (2328) (731) (69) (800) (1412) (86) (1498) (29) (1) (30) Family worker 61.70 44.81 58.99. 78.09 91.39 83.47 61.32 36.76 57.81 (7) (3) (10) (I) (2) (3! (6) (I) (7) (- ) () Not applicable 67.13 58.56 62.98 108.50 85.11 97.61 52.03 49.95 51.01 57.91 20.88 50.28 (289) (273) (562) (172) (157) (329) (107) (113) (220) (10) (3) (13) -172- Page 4 of 4 Table A.31 JB LA : AVUgE HUItLT P CAPITA IN o HOfN OUS llDJS BY sC AJO SV.UCT ClSACMUKTICs or (A) TIN hOWEHOlaD AlC (a) rdE MAIN AaMgt. 1949-70 ALL IBLUIO1 I-- UH8U LS RURAL ARfAS ESTATE SECTOR kha ZU1aL M iam Ha1*A IZMl SLa u 1 Mles Females Persons j1sf smLL Pusms ftgu"tion Professional 105.60 102.80 104.80 147.50 128.90 143.00 86.03 92.51 87.73 87.77 64.81 83.26 (424) (152) (576) (283) (102) (385) (125) (46) (171) (16) (4) (20) Administrative 143.00 163.30 143.30 187.80 162.90 187.40 97.50 163.80 98.52 157.20 - 157.20 (223) (6) (229) (176) (5) (181) (38) (1) (39) (9) (-) (9) Clerical 80.28 91.55 80.54 91.00 107.10 91.62 72.85 61.65 72.69 78.47 _ 78.47 (602) (24) (626) (439) (22) (461) (127) (2) (129) (36) (-) (36) Sales 66.12 57.40 65.54 79.70 74.27 79.37 60.17 50.59 59.50 48.68 54.99 48.94 (829) (73) (902) (550) (46) (596) (254) (26) (280) (25) (1) (26) Agriculture. etc. 44.42 36.79 43.80 60.82 44.00 60.37 43.87 33.84 43.41 43.65 38.97 42.64 (3283) (491) (3774) (314) (9) (323) (1610) (94) (1704) (1359) (388) (1747) Mining 41.77 53.46 41.83 105.40 53.46 99.96 39.25 - 39.25 - - _ (18) (1) (19) (3) (1) (4) (15) () (15) (-) (-) (-) Transport/Communication 60.61 59.74 60.61 63.80 59.74, 63.77 59.67 59.67 52.54 - 52.54 (498) (2) (500) (300) (2) (302) (176) (-) (176) (22) (-) (22) Crafts 1 50.69 41.68 50.06 55.06 56.95 55.12 48.92 39.44 48.13 56.75 - 56.75 (888) (59) (947) (543) (27) (570) (318) (32) (350) (27) (-) (27) Crafts 2 43.28 42.03 43:21 45.52 35.22 45.03 42.63 43.91 42.70 38.17 - 38.17 (983) (59) (1042) (577) (34) (611) (374) (25) (399) (32) (-) (32) Recreation 52.11 47.04 51.86 57.30 57.06 57.29 51.17 43.95 50.79 43.77 47.19 43.86 (440) (27) (467) (232) (16) (248) (153) (9) (162) (55) (2) (57) Unspecified 48.23 39.60 45.35 65.94 59.17 64.49 44.28 37.45 *41.85 - - - (19) (11) (30) (8) (5) (13) (11) (6) (17) (-) (-) (-) Blank 66.99 60.26 63.'77 107.10 86.58 97.62 51.63 51.34 51.49 63.50 20.88 55.21 (285) (267) (552) (172) (156) (328) (102) (108) (210) (11) (3) (14) Industry Paddy 45.15 43.67 45.13 50.94 33.27 50.75 45.02 43.81 45.00 49.65 - 49.65 (1106) (25) (1131) (103) (2) (105) (1002) (23) (1025) * (1) (-) (1) Tea 44.22 37.08 42.64 158.90 - 158.90 36.00 27.71 34.17 44.72 39.14 43.47 (1277). (381) (1658) (15) (-) (15) (74) (23) (97) (1188) (358) (1546) Rubber 41.15 42.15 41.24 130.50 66.73 106.60 38.08 44.61 38.58 47.06 36.95 45.85 (356) (46) (402) (4) (2) (6) (133) (14) (147) (219) (30) (249) Fishing 65.27 - 65.27 63.81 - 63.81 66.36 - 66.36 - - (200) (-) (200) (151) (-) (151) (49) (-) (49) (-) (-) (-) Other agricultural 43.74 31.78 42.95 92.86 82.71 91.97 41.73 29.27 40.89 49.64 - 49.64 (501) (41) (542) (64) (7) (71) (381) (34) (415) (56) (-) (56) Mining 43.74 21.12 42.66 74.13 53.46 73.23 41.73 19.21 40.65 - - (32) (2) (34) (7) (1) (8) (25) (1) (26) (-) (-) (-) Manufacturing 1 55.01 40.18 53.14 72.15 45.45 70.01 49.29 39.23 47.87 48.27 - 48.27 (643) (87) (730) (384) (43) (427) (245) (44) (289) (14) (-) (14) Manufacturing 2 57.55 71.62 57.73 89.90 71.62 88.99 46.78 - 46.78 61.24 - 61.24 (159) (5) (164) (98) (5) (103) (60) (-) (60) (1) (-) (1) Utilities 60.98 - 60.98 87.20 - 87.20 49.16 - 49.16 99.74 - 99.74 (79) (-) (79) (53) (-) (53) (23) (-) (23) (3) (-) (3) Construction 49.51 93.51 49.72 57.59 93.51 58.32 46.93 - 46.93 55.92 55.92 (320) (5) (325) (179) (5) (184) (132) (_) (132) (9) (-) (9) Trade/Hotel 65.78 50.23 64.87 76.15 56.18 75.27 61.06 48.25 60.21 50.37 54.99 50.55 (1019) (70) (1089) (682) (42) (724) (310) (27) (337) (27) (1) (28) Transport/Comunication 65.06 64.18 65.06 74.82 64.18 74.80 60.29 - 60.29 58.15 - 58.15 (756) (1) (757) (516) (1) (517) (226) (-) (226) (14) (-) (14) Finance 160.10. 201.60 161.20 198.50 201.60 198.70 89.74 - 89.74 - - (77) (4) (81) (69) (4) (73) (8) (-) (8) (-) (-) (-) Services 75.43 94.41 77.78 91.26 115.70 94.20 68.67 85.91 70.83 55.80 59.70 56.23 (1302) (201) (1503) (863) (136) (999) (399) (59) (458) (40) (6) (46) Inadequately described 39.54 46.40 39.87 45.69 76.59 47.21 37.04 33.72 36.88 35.66 - 35.66 (369) (27) (396) (233) (17) (250) (128) (10) (138) (8) (-) (8) Blank 65.96 59.09 62.67 106.60 86.17 97.27 50.86 50.42 50.65 64.14 20.88 56.56 (296) (277) (573) (176) (160) (336) (108) (114) (222) (12) (3) (15) Nota: Figures in parentheses show the number of sample households with the specified characteristic. -173-' Table A. 32 SRI tANKA; AVERACE MONTHLY EARNINGS (IN RUPEES) OF EMPLOYEES BY SECTOR AND SELECTED CFIARACTERISTICS. 1969-70 All Island Urban Rural Estate Characteristic Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Fcniales Persons Males Females Persons All 140.5 73.8 121.6 22 7 .7 139.8 210.6 130.4 74.2 118.0 77.8 54.7 66.6 (9134) (4085) (13219) (4062) (982) (5045) (2537) (720) (3257) (2534) (2383) (4917) Kale 140.5 -- 140.5 22 7 .7 -- 227.7 130.4 -- 130.4 77.8 -- 77.8 (9134) (--) (9134) (4063) c-.) (4063) (2537) (--) (2537) (2534) (--) (2534) Female .- 73.8 73.8 139.8 139.8 139.8 -- 74.2 74.2 -- 54.7 547 (-) (4085) (4085) (-) (982) (982) (-) (720) (720) (-3 (2383) (2383) Less than 15 19.5 8.5 14.5 10.9 1.2 7.2 25.5 4.6 15.4 20.3 39.7 30.0 (155) (114) (269) (103) (64) (167) (30) (28) (58) (22) (22) (44) 15-19 53.0 38.6 47.1 59.7 25.8 50.5 52.5 30.1 45.4 48.2 48.6 48.5 (713) (574) (1287) (293) (109) (402) (207) (96) (303) (213) (369) (582) 20-24 94.4 60.3 83.1 130.4 99.9 123.1 94.0 55.1 84.7 61.5 54.8 57 .8 (1375) (808) (2183) (573) (180) (753) (384) (121) (505) (418) (507) (925) 25-29 135.6 82.1 120.7 181.2 156.1 177.1 139.7 101.7 132.8 75.5 55.5 65.1 (1331) (614) (1945) (582) (115) (697) (362) (81) (443) (387) (418) (805) 30-34 163.1 112.0 150.7 237.2 235.2 236.9 157.3 124.4 151.1 88.9 58.6 75.7 (1122) (402) (1524) (535) (108) (643) (296) (69) (365) (291) (2 25) (516) 35-39 183.1 91.6 157.0 317.9 231.0 299.5 168.0 82.2 148.2 89.4 57.5 74.2 (1147) (519) (1666) (497) (134) (631) (340) (102) (442) (310) (283) (593) 40-44 185.5 92.9 160.9 326.3 197.6 306.1 159.4 97.9 145.6 92.6 56.4 75.6 (906) (347) (1253) (435) (81) (516) (252) (73) (325) (219) (193) (412) 45-49 167.3 71.8 143.3 298.8 161.8 279.7 146.3 66.5 129.3 90.5 56.2 76.0 (966) (340) (1306) (432) (70) (502) (261) (71) (332) (273) (199) (472) 50-54 173:6 97.7 155.2 312.9 193.6- 291.0 151.1 99.8 140.6 86.2 55.9 74.6 (582) (200) (782) (267) (60) (327) (151) (39) (190) (164) (101) (265) 55-59 151.6 81.4 138.6 274.0 99.1 251.6 139.0 95.5 131.7 78.3 54.0 71.7 (447) (104) (551) (184) (27) (211) (120) (24) (144) (143) (53) (196) 60-64 116.8 27.4 106.1 246.2 194.1 208.4 91.1 20.3 84.0 91.4 55.5 86.2 (216) (35) (251) (85) (17) (102) (71) (8) (79) (60) (10) (70) 65+ 94.5 29.4 86.5 202.9 6.8 167.4 71.7 40.4 68.2 65.4 20.0 61.7 (174) (28) (202) (77) (17) (94) (63) (8) (71) (34) (3) (37) Stc toy Urban 227.7 139.8 210.6 227.7 139.8 210.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- (4063) (982) (5045) (4063) (982) (5045) (-) -) (-)-3 (-) -) Rural 130.4 74.2 118.0 -- -- -- 130.4 74.2 118.0 - -- (2537) (720) (3257) (-) (- -) (2537) (720) (3257) (- -) (- Estate 77.8 54.7 66.6 - -- - - 77.8 54.7 66.6 (2534) (2383) (4917) (- (-) -) (-3 -) (-3(2534) (2383) (4917) No School 79.9 46.4 58.6 102.7 19.5 62.9 86.5 36.6 60.0 63.3 54.6 56.9 (926) (1870) .(2796) (217) (199) (416) (219) (248) (467) (490) (1423) (1913) Primary 95.2 47.3 84.4 124.2 25.2 107.4 100.5 44.7 90.8 69.7 53.9 64.3 (1-5) (4007) (1357) (5364) (1203) (245) .(1448) (1111) (232) (1343) (1693) (880) (2573) Middle School 148.8 80.2 140.1 183.6 115.3 176.3 138.6 74.3 130.5 120.7 52.1 107.2 1 (6-GCE) (2778) (391) (3169) (1594) (190) (1784) (887) (128) (1015) (297) (73) (370) GCE 283.0 226.7 269.1 363.8 267.4 339.9 235.6 202.4 227.2 233.1 215.0 231.2 (1194) (385) (1579) (856) (282) (1138) (286) (97) (383) (52) (6) (58) Advanced GCE or 393.3 271.5 367.3 583.4 322.3 526.7 257.2 233.7 252.3 156.5 220.0 17 7 .7 NSC (108) (30) (138) (83) (23) (106) (23) (6) (29) (2) (1) (3) Under graduate 509.7 263.7 406.8 609.8 290.0 488.0 240.0 220.0 230.0 -- -- -. (14) (9) (23) (13) (8) (21) (1) (1) (2) (- -) (- Passed degree 657.5 459.3 584.6 843.0 526.2 746.5 376.7 403.8 388.7 - -- (83) (40) (123) (73) (32) (105) (10) (8) (18) (- -3 (- Post graduate 1314.0 1095.0 1290.0 1314.0 1095.0 1290.0 --- --- - (24) (3) (27) (24) (3) (27) (-) -) (-3-) (-3 -) RO-1d Kc,v 1969-Jan 1970 135.3 68.4 117.0 212.5 119.0 196.4 129.6 70.5 117.1 73.6 54.3 64.4 (1999) (850) (2849) (870) (181) (1051) (551) (148) (699) (578) (521) (1099) Feb - April 1970 139.2 77.1 12 2 .2 219.0 141.7 203.7 127.9 77 .7 117.6 81.8 56.4 69.6 (2086) (906) (2992) (968) (238) (1206) (554) (143) (697) (564) (525) (1089) May - July 1970 140.9 72.4 121.3 235.3 134.6 216.0 129.5 73.1 116.8 78.3 55.1 66.9 (2688) (1218) (3906) (1169) (277) (1446) (776) (225) (1001) (743) (716) (1459) AuSust-October 1970 145.5 77.0 125.2 239.8 156.3 222.0 134.3 75.7 120.4 77.6 53.4 65.8 (2361) (1111) (3472) (1056) (286) (1342) (656) (204) (860) (649) (621) (1270) (continued) WOlE: luelnec. in parentheses ahos, the sn-her of individual e.ployees In the san9le who were in a given category. -174- Table A.32 (Cont'd) SRI LANKA: AVERAGE MON1TIY EARNINGS (IN RUPEES) OF EMPLOYEES BY SECTOR AND SELECTrED CltARACTERISrICS, 1969-70 All Island UIrban Rural Estate Characteristic Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Nat ional i tv Ceylonese by 154.2 87.0 139.4 229.3 140.2 21118 131.0 75.0 118.9 118.9 54.0 93.4 descent (6759) (1880) (8639) (3922) (959) (4881) (2472) (685) (3157) (365) (236) (601) Ceylotiose by 101.0 58.8 82.5 247.5 226.1 245.2 119.3 25.0 92.4 80.6 57.2 69.5 registration (479) (369) (848) (74) (9) (83) (10) (4) (14) (395) (356) (751) Non-Ceylonese 73.0 54.8 64.1 113.3 53.7 103.0 104.4 62.4 89.2 68.8 54.4 61.5 (1896) (1836) (3732) (67) (14) (81) (55) (31) (86) (1774) (1791) (3565) Ethnic Groutp Sinhalese 150.1 82.7 134.2 233.1 130.9 210.0 129.4 72.7 116.2 120.5 52.8 94.2 (4972) (1558) (6530) (2644) (772) (3416) (2087) (633) (2720) (241) (153) (394) Ceylon - Tamil 170.2 102.7 156.3 255.6 184.5 245.0 144.9 120.5 141.8 91.6 57.8 76.5 (1244) (374) (1618) (722) (127) (849) (262) (38) (300) (260) -(209) (469) Indian - Tamil 74.9 55.1 65.3 118.1 92.2 113.6 107.8 59.8 90.6 70.3 54.6 62.4 (2156) (2057) (4213) (90) (19) (109) (59) (33) (92) (2007) (2005) (4012) Ceylon - Moor 139.1 69.6 132.2 160.9 112.8 157.9 121.3 52.0 114.0 103.8 54.5 81.7 (640) (61) (701) (505) (34) (539) (119) (14) (133) (16) (13) (29) Malay 210.3 261.0 216.7 234.6 261.0 240.4 180.0 -- 180.0 204.7 -- 204.7 (32) (7) (39) (25) (7) (32) (4) (--) (4) (3) (--) (3) Burger 290.5 183.4 264.7 314.7 229.9 294.0 227.5 77.5 '190.0 350.0 -- 350.0 (76) (24) (100) (68) (22) (90) (6) (2) (8) (2) (--) (2) Others 339.2 106.7 281.6 562.2 300.0 536.0 -- -- -- 62.8 62.3 62.6 (14) (4) (18) (9) (1) (10) (-) (- -)(5) (3) (8) Occupation Professional 519.4 645.0 523.5 793.3 845.8 795.3 274.8 395.0 278.3 334.2 -- 334.2 (193) (7) (200) (151) (6) (157) (33) (1) (34) (9) (--) (9) Administrative 264.5 218.8 260.3 307.2 229.8 296.3 229.5 197.0 227.9 279.8 55.0 '274.6 (869) (118) (987) (655) (108) (763) (172) (9) (181) (42) (1) (43) Clerical 115.3 143.1 116.4 152.2 126.4 150.5 96.2 168.7 98.1 77.3 -- 77.3 (455) (25) (480) (317) (22) (339) (111) (3) (114) (27) (--) (27) Sales 77.4 51.1 66.8 126.1 56.4 119.4 80.8 44.2 70.0 70.2 54.5 62.2 (3282) (2710) (5992) (207) (22) (229) (834) (347) (1181) (2241) (2341) (4582) Agriculture, etc. 58.8 70.6 59.8 90.0 25.0 73.8 57.3 80.0 58.9 -- -- -- (16) (2) (18) (3) (1) (4) (13) (1) (14) (- _) (_ Mining 215.4 317.0 216.1 226.4 317.0 228.8 213.0 -- 213.0 159.0 -- 159.0 (577) (10) (587) (364) (10) (374) (190) (--) (190) (23) (--) (23) Transport/Commusnication 152.3 52.6 132.8 162.8 73.4 151.1 147.7 48.1 125.5 160.3 33.3 148.4 (984) (190) (1174) (641) (97) (738) (314) (90) (404) (29) (3) (32) Craftsmen 1 119.9 63.5 112.1 145.7 76.1 137.1 112.5 61.4 105.3 78.3 34.4 68.4 (1442) (223) (1665) (857) (121) (978) (534) (87) (621) (51) (15) (66) Craftsmen 2 100.4 17.5 73.3 101.5 8.5 64.9 103.8 24.5 79.3 73.7 29.8 69.0 (804) (434) (1238) (523) (339) (862) (188) (84) (272) (93) (11) (104) Recreation .44.8 38.4 43.4 108.3 25.0 66.7 40.6 42.5 41.0 25.0 -- 25.0 (12) (5) (17) (3) (3) (6) (8) (2) (10) (1) (--) (1) Blank 333.2 268.5 306.5 481.1 319.6 412.4 262.6 244.9 255.4 226.3 153.8 195.1 (500) (361) (861) (342) (253) (595) (140) (96) (236) (18) (12) (30) ROTE: Numbers in parentheses show the number of individual employees in the sample who were in a given category. Table A.33 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 peRtXPI COUNT I ROW PCT I PCE Decile ROW Major Source COL PCT I TOTAL of Income . I1 2I 3 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 1 8 I 9I 10 1 0! 0! 0° I! 0 01 S OI OX I I O I I I 0 I 2 I 0 1 0 I 0 a 0 I 0 I 0 X 50.0 1 0 I 50,0 1 0 I ,0 I 0 2 0 I 0 1 0 Y so I 0 I ,0 I 0 I r I … ... ..W..........! …- . .e I I 1219 1 1330 1 1333 I 1232 I 1232 I 1206 X 123b I 1228 I 1329 I 1319 I i2b6e I 9.6 I 10.5 I 10,5 I 9,7 I 9,7 I 9, s 9,8 I 9,7 I 10,5 1 10,4 I 60,4 1. Wages & Salaries I 58,2 1 63,5 1 63,5 1 58,8 I 58,7 I 57.5 59,0 I 58,6 I 63.3 1 62,8 I .I .-.wr-w--I-,---~I…….1… …qI.-I...-I--,-.-I…… ……,-- WrI ...... IV ......… …I.… ..…… WI 2 I 531 1 580 I 537. I 702 I b61 I- bqt ' 685 I b70 1 629 1 590 I 6254 I 8.5 I 9,0 I 8,6 I 11,2 I 10,6 S 11,O I 10,9 I 10,7 I 10,1 I 9,4 I 29,5 2. Profits I 25,3 I 26.7 .1 25.6 I 33.5 1 31.5 1 32,9 I 32,7 1 32,0 I 30,0 I 28.1 . ,- --I… …I .'...I………….-I.,q,---..I………………….. w.-twI..………...I 3 I 10 I I I 8 I a 0 1 10 i 8 I 11 I 11 I 27 I *6 nI ll, I 1,0 I 8,8 I lo I 0 I 11,8 $ 8,8 I 12,6 s 12,6 1 31.b I ,A i 3. Rent I i5 I ,0 I .4 I ,0 I 0 I ,5 1 .4 I ,5 I ,5 I 1,3 I .1 -w-5v----s-.-q-.---- .-- .I.----..wX… …--eI-…………-..I..s.--.r-I------II 4 I 40 I 51 8 h5 1 39 1 61 I 52 i 63 I 73 1 b4 1 98 1 405 I 6,6 1 8,4 I lo07 I b,5 I 10, l 8,7 10,4 s 12,0 I 10,5 I 16,2 I 2,9 4. Pension, Remittances,etc. I 1,9 I 2,4 I 3,1 I 1,9 I 2.9 I 2,5 3,0 I 3,5 1 3,0 1 4,7 I 5 I hO I 37 1 53 1 471 28 3 99 35! 5 71 40 I 4'8 I 443 I 13,5 1 8,3 I 12,0 I 10.6 1 6,4 I 8,9 ? 7.8 I 12,9 I 9,0 I 10,7 I 2.1 5. Other Cash Receipts 1 28s 1 1,8 I 2,5 1 2,2 I 1.3 I 1,9 I lob I 2,7 I 1,9 1 2,3 I * I 236 1 11? I 103 I 75 I 117 I 99 1 68 I 56 I 25 I 18 I 914 6. Non-Monetary Income I 25,8 I 12,8 I 11,2 I 8,2 1 12,8 1 10,8 X 7,4 1 6,1 I 2,7 1 2,0 1 4,4 6. Non-Monetary Income I 11,3 I 5,6 I 4,9 I 3,6 I 5ob 1 4,7 i 3,2 1 2,7 1 1,2 I ,9 I .1 ..-'..-I……………-!---y.,----.------qp … I' … 1 - ..1.......I,.…………………………I.--.-'--I.…………'-I COLUmN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20947 TOTAL 1o,0 10,0 logo logo 10,0 lo0o lOO 10,0 o lOO lO,O 1000, Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. Table A. 33 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 PCREXPS COUNT 'I PCE Decile ROW ROW PCT I TOTAL Major Source COL PCT I of Income I I 1 2 ! 3 S 4 I 5 I 6 1 7I 8 I 9I 10 I … ~ ~ .uinpU ~~...… 7…...…………………wMain%9 . ...Sf~ … .q.*!WvWqI .*W-* 1 1 779 1 833 I 816 1 804 I 730 I 738 i 759 I 730 I 837 I 829 I, 7854 I 9,9 1 10,6 I 10,4 I 10,2 I 9,3 1 9,4 1 9,7 I 9,3 1 10,7 1 10Ob 1 52,2 l. Wages & Salaries 1 51,8 1 55,3 I 54,2 I 53,4 1 '48,8 I 48o9 1 50,4 1 48,5 I 55,o I 54,9 S Wa Sa.-'w-gw-………………I……isI.w-... vI ………………!wqy..--I ...……....1.……y.J 2 t 433 S 487 1 507 1 540 1 606 1 590 1 623 I 610 I 540 1 5b9 1 5504 1 7,9 S 8,8 I 9,2 I 9,8 I 11.0 I 10.7 i 113 I 11,1 I 9,6 I 10,3 1 3b,6 2. Profits I 28,8 1 32,3 1 33,7 I 35,9 S 40,3 1 39,1 1 41,4 I 40,5 a 35,9 1 37,7 I ' -!… … 1P…olZ……………………..I..I--"w.Iler---awI. T--.I… MO - 1 5I 8 01 0 I 4 S 0 I 0 1 4 I 4 I 1I 8 1 45 1 18,2 1 0 S o S 9,1 I 0 0 9,1 I 9,1 I 3b,4 I 18,2 I ,3 3. Rent, Interest, etc. S DS I 0 I 0 ,3 S 0 I o i ,3 I ,3 I 1. I .5 I o3e..woq..3 ..,.aot.I ,. wou.Iv°po.ec...uIeo@>swIbwwsIv"'-.! I.eow*SI e@w...'vI f9*.U 3 4 I 29 1 °l 1 58 I 21 2 as I 41 1 45 1 45 I 45 1 54 S 425 I 6,8 I 9,7 I 13,6 S 4,9 1 10,7 S 9,7 I 10,7 I 10,7 1 10,7 I 12,6 1 2,5 4. Pension, Remittances, etca 1,9 I 2,7 I 3,8 I 1,4 I 3,0 I 2,7 1 3,0 S 3,0 I 3,0 1 3,8 I 5 ' 41 ' 41 1 37 1 49 t 21 1 25 I 25 1 41 1 37 1 37 1 3SS S 11,6 1 11,b I 10,5 2 14,0 1 5,8 I 7,0 X 7,0 I 11,b 1 10,5 I 10.5 I 2,4 5. Other Cash Receipts I 2,7 S 2,7 I 2.5 I 3,3 1 1,4 1 1, 1 1,6 I 2,7 1 2,5 1 2,5 1 *X-~*--I--~--~I,---,Ir@**.rw----wIvl-" ......I vo*IV-"MPvI9 I 6 1 214. S 103 I 87 I 87 I 103 115 1 '49 I 74 I 29 1 12 S 874 1 24,5 1 11,8 1 9,9 I 9,9 1 11.8 I 13,2 1 5,t 1 8,5 I 3,0 I 1.4 S 5,8 6. Non-Monetary Income I 14,2 I 6,8 I 5,8 1 5,8 I 6,8 I 7,7 i 3,3 1 4,9 I 1, I1 ,8 1 *lw.WP W… I-Iw.w ....1 *w-WI COLUWM 1505 ISos 1505 isos 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10.0 10.0 100,0 Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. Table A.33 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 PcREXP3 COUNT I COL PCT I PCE DecileTOL Major Source COL CT S I S 2 ! 3; 4 5 6 1 7! 8I 9a 10 TOT of Income ......--wS-w--w..-;---wI----.--s----rI-w--S-bvwSww-. 0 ! 0! 0! 0 0 1 1 : 0 I I 0 0I 0 1 2 I 0 S 0 I 0 I 0 1 50,0 I 0 I 50,0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I ,0 1 0 S 0 ! 0! 0 . S 2 I 0 ,2 2 0 I 0 I 0 I I.-. .1 .'.---...…---…w!- ....,--.!-----…... 0... WI I I 257 1 258 I 234 I 233 S 236 1 231 t 236 I 239 1 239 I 241 I 2404 1. Wages & Salaries I 10,7 I 10,7 I 9,7 1 9,7 I 9,8 S 9,6 S 9,8 S 9,9 I 10,0 I 10,0 I 69,9 I 75,4 I 75,1 I 68.2 I b7,9 I 68,7 I 67,0 I 68,7 I 69,4 I 69,7 I 69,3 1 S ..………- - I………........-I*..-?" ......... VNIOI....…...W 2 I so S 65 1 86 1 82 I 79 I 83 i 73 I 79 I 64 I 58 1 719 2. Profits I 7,0 1 9,0 1 12,0 I 11,4 I 10.9 I 11,5 i loll I 10,9 1 8,9 I 8,1 I 20,9 I 14,8 S 18,9 S 25,1 I 23,9 1 22,9 1 24,1 I 21,1 1 22,9 I 18,7 I 16,7 I …. …. I*- . . .....…....q…………………………… ...~~… . 1 3 ! 3 ! 3 ! 1 I 4 I 3 ! 3 3 I I I 5 I 14 1 40 3. Rent, Interest, etc. S 0,4 I 8,5 I 2,1 I 10,6 S 8,5 1 8,5 Z 6,4 I 2,1 1 12,8 1 34,0 1 1,2 I ,8 I 1,0 1 ,2 1 1,2 I 1,0 I 1,0 I I7 I ,2 1 3,S 1 3,9 1 4 S 14 I x 14 1 15 I IS I 11 1 21 1 21 I 25 1 26 1 168 4. Pension, remittances, I 8,2 S 5,1 S 8,2 S 8,7 I 8,7 1 6,6 i 12,2 S 12,2 I 14,6 I 15,3 I 0,9 etc. 1 4,0 I 2,5 1 4,0 S 4,2 1 4,2 I 3,2 I 6,0 I 6,0 I 7,2 I 7,4 I S S 9 I 4 I 71! 4 S 8 ! 14 9 3 1 ! 6 I 71 S 12,0 S 6,0 I 9,6 I 6,0 I 10,8 I 19,3 I 12,0 I 4,8 I 10,8 1 b,4 1 2,1 5. Other Cash Receipts I 2,5 S 1,2 S 2,0 S 1,2 1 2,2 I 4,0 * 2,5 S 1,0 I 2,2 I 1.7 I *I-.w.--I-------w---.WVI--W---I---...S ---w1w------- ..... ... -...-I-,---... I * I 9 ! 4 1 2 ! 51 3 S 3 i 3 1 2 S J ! 3 1 35 6. Non-Monetary Income S 24,4 1 12,2 S 4,9 S 14,6 I 7 3 I 7,3 1 7 3 1 4,9 I 71 3 9,8 I go I --,5 1 1,2 1 Is I 'ts I -7 I -7 IS- I , sI- I Ig1o0 I COLUMN h40 344 344. 344 .344 345 344 344 344 348 3439 TOTAL 9,9 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,1 100,0 Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. Table A.33 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 PCREXPS COUNT I POW PCT I PCE Decile ROW Major Source COL PCT I 1 I 2 I 3 1 4 S S I I 8 I 1 I TOTAL of Income ......wq7uu....In -… I -…-… t I 2auj I 240 1 238 1 243 1 245 I 238 i 245 I 241 I 235 1 241 I 2406 1.Wages Salaries I 9,5 I 7, I9,0 I 9, Z9,0 I e, I950 10,0 I 10.0 I 9,9 I 10,1 I 10,2 I 9,9 I 10,2 I 10.0 S 9,8 I 10,0 I 97,3 2 I 4 1 2 I 5 I II 2 S 2 * 2 I ° I 4 I 7 1 31 2. Profits I 12,0 I 8,0 I 16,0 2 ',0 1 8,0 I 8,0 1 8,0 I 0 I 12,0 I 24,0 I 1,3 1 1,5 I 1,0 1 21 I 25 I 1.0 I 1.01 1.0! 0 1.5 I 340 I ml ~~~~~ … mI … qyI.~~~~~~~~… .1 … mI... Vml....."I... n.wU.v.. … 4. Pension, Remittances, I 0 1 20,0 I 10,0 1 20,0 I 0 I 10,0 1 0 I 10.0 1 30,0 I 0 1 .S I 0 I 1,0 I ,5 I 1,0 I 0 I ,5 1 o I ,5 I l,S I 0 I etc. wt- -"- ……-S-*------I……w-----I--- ---"I-w- --I--------Iw--- -.-- I-.....I.… m .. … . I s I 0 I I I 1 I 1 I 0 I 4 I- 0- 1- 2- I . I 2 I IT 5. Other Cash Receipts I o I 7,1 I 7,1 I 7,1 I 0 I 21,4 I 0 I 14,3 1 28,6 1 14,3 1 ,7 I 0 I ,5 I ,I I ,S I .1 0 I 1,5 1 *0 I 1,0 1 2,90 I 1,0 I eI-.-*---*!~~~~~~~le -.--Iw ----I-----------------... re.-wv- .... .. VI 6* I 1 I- I 0 It- o0 I1. * -1- - - 0o.'- -I- I -° I 0 I s I 0 I 25,0 I 25 0 I C I 0 I 25,0 i 0 1 25,0 I O I 0 I ,Z 6. Non-Monetary Income . I 0 1 S I .5 I 0 S 0 1 ,5 I 0 I ,5 S O I 0 I *I -*,--,Ime.m--I.--..---I - *---w---I… mw …-.I- * -nwpinn-nm! … .IsrnmninI - - ~..I COLUMN 24S 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9,H og0o lo,0 1o,1 10,0 100 0l,o 9,9 10t0 10,2 t00,0 Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. Table A.34 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA INCOME AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, ALL ISLAND , 1969-70 PCRINCI COUNT- I ROW PC? I PCY Decile ROW Major Source COL PcT I I 21 3 I Deci5eS10 I TOTAL I I 1 2 1 3 1 SI 6 71to I~ of Income 0.0.. ..! ---I~I .~.*I....!w o0I 2I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 01 0 I 01 1 0 I 2 I 00,o I 0 I o I 0 I 0 I 0 i 0 I 0 I O I 0 I ,0 I ,1 I 0 I o I 0 0. I 0 1 0 I 0 I O I 0 I IV ..... S.*IVW* ....… I…w..... .... I!…………………………- t I 1196 I 1287 1 1311 I 1276 1 1331 s 1185 u 1328 I 1232 I 1210 I 1309 I 12664 1. Wages & Salaries 1 9,4 I 10,2 I 10.3 I 10,1 I 10,5 S 9,4 t 10,5 I 9,7 I 9,6 I 10,3 I 60,4 I 57,1 1 61,4 I 62,4 I b0,9 I 63,6 I 56,4 1 63,3 1 59,0 1 s7,6 I 62,3 I .~~ .......e!-..... … IV ... *...… ..1 …....ee ......…. ......…… I 2 s 520 1 548 s 558 I 654 I 570 1 727 i 626 1 687 I 73t 1 632 I 6254 2. Profits I 8t3 I 8,8 1 8,9 I 10,5 I 9,1 I 11,6 i 10,0 I 11,0 I 11,7 I jol. I 29.6 I 24,8 1 26,2 I 26,6 I 31,2 I 27,2 I 34,6 1 29,9 I 32,9 I 34,9 I 30,1 I 2I299 32-I… …39II- --0-.i………………- - … … … …I….1 I 3 1 9 ! 3 ! 51 2I I 3 I 61 6 ! 13 I 7 I 34! 86 3. Rent, Interest, etc. I 10,6 I 3,0 I 5,8 1 2,0 I 3,0 I 6,8 t 6,8 I 14,6 I 7,8 I 39,4 I .4 I ,4 I ,l I .2 I 1 I ,1 I ,3 't 3 1 ,6 I ,3 I 1,6 1 4 1 58 I S7 I 56 I 30 I 46 I 83 i 56 I 66 I 69 I 83 I 605 4. Pension, Remittances, I 9,5 2 9,4 I 9,3 t 5,0 I 7,6 I 13,7 1 9,3 I 11,0 I 11,4 I 13,7 I 2,9 etc. I 2,8 I 2,7 1 2.7 I 1,5 I 2,2 I 3,9 1 2,7 I 3,2 I 3,3 I 3,9 I I… …I. . ...'… ….i~. .... L… …I…..... … .…….. S I 57 I 55! 451 29 ! 39 I 35 33 ! 58 I S I 39 1 443 t 12,9 1 12,3 I 10,2 I 6,6 1 8,7 I 8,0 X 7,5 I 13,2 I 11l8 I 8,8 1 2.1 5. Other Cash Receipts I 2,7 1 2,6 I 2,1 I 1,4 I 1,8 I 1,7 1 1,6 1 2,8 I 2,5 I 1,9 1 *I-. ...V ..I --.-- . . .--. I ..Q . vj*?. . . . I-or".-Ovel-iw--- -r-I-......",I-..... "I .......-. o I 2S3 I . 145 I 120 I loS I los I 65 i 47 I 33 I 32 I 5 1 914 27,7 1 I15,9 t 13,6 I 11,5 I 11,5 I 7,1 1 S,l I 3,6 I 3,5 s ,6 I 4,4 6. Non-Monetary Income 1 12,1 I 6,9 I 5,9 I s,0 I s,o I 3,1 1 2,2 1 1,6 I 1,5 I ,2 I COLUMN 2095 2094 2099 9097 2093 2101 2097 2089 2102 2101 20967 TOTAL 10o 10c0 loco 10,0 loco lO, 10, 10,0 10,0 10,0 100,0 Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. Table A.34 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA INCOME AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 PCRINCS COUNT I Row PCT I PCY Decile. ROW Major Source COL PCT I TOTAL of Income I2 3 4 1 1 7 1 8 I 9 I to I 0! 21 0! 0I 0 1 0! 0 Z 0 I 0 0 0 I I too.O 1 0 I -0 I 0 I 0 I 0 t 0. I 0 I 0 I 0 I ,0 I .5 I 0 I 0 ! 0 0 S 0 t 0 I 0 0 I 0 ! *.1 --,-.....I............I ........……-------.I-------… - ... ... el 1 I 2u0 I 258 1 244 I 234 I 253 1 228 L 239 1 225 I 237 I 246 I 2404 I 10.0 I 10.7 I 10.1 I 9,7 I 10.5 I 9,5 i 9,9 I 9,4 I 9,9 I 10,2 I 69,9 I 70.6 1 75.1 I 71,1 I 68,0 1 72,9 I 66,9 1 69,4 I 65,4 I 68,9 I 70,8 I wI-_Pw---wI-p ....I......---.... "W-l--*-I---PI ...... "Slav ----- ---....,I,-, ... ----- 2 I 57 1 68 1 78 1 80 I 62 I 85 A 75 I 87 1 69 I 59 1 719 I e,0 I 9,4 I 10,8 I 1s1 I B,6 I 118 ' 10.5 1 12,1 I 9,6 I 8,2 I 20.9 I 16,8 I 19.7 I 22,7 I 23,1 I 17,7 I 24,8 t 21,9 I 25,4 I 20,1 I 17,0 I wI,wwwIw-…-I ….-.vIuw-S--wI ….--.,wI.--.--..-I- … swl … ".!…-wI-w---I …----! 3 ! 3 1 2 ! 2 ! 3 S 1 I 4 1 3 ! 2 ! 4 I Is1! 40 I 8,s I 4,3 I L1,3 I 8.5 1 2,1 I 10,6 I 8,5 1 4,3 I 10.6 I 38,3 1 1,2 I 1,0 I .5 I ,5 I 1,0 I ,2 I 1,3 i 1.0 I ,5 I 1,2 I 4,4 I ,-- I…………"!'--- -----. I ----… …I.... . -I----.. a I 16 I 9 I 11 I Is I 19 I 16 i 16 I 22 I 22 I 21 I 168 I 9.7 I 5,1 I- 6,6 1 9,2 I 11,2 I 9,7 , 9,7 I 13,3 I 13,3 1 12.2 I 4,9 1 4'8 I 2,5 I 3,2 I 4,5 1 5,4 I 4,8 I 4,7 I 6,5 I 6,5 I 5,9 I …-I … -! …- I … .I--.---.- ………………………I … . Is.. .-I …--VI 5 1 12 t 3 ! 7 I 5 I 11 I 51 9 1 4 I 9 I 5 ! 71 1 16.9 I 4,8 I 9,6 I 7,2 I 15,7 1 7,2 1 12,0 I 6.0 I 13,3 I 7,2 I 2,1 I 3,5 1 1,0 I 2,0 1 1,5 I 3,2 I 1,5 1 2,5 1 1,2 I 2,7 I 1,5 I *!.e--w-.w--I--…-I,,'wwI----I---"l1… sw w,v-.-'sI--…--I.--- -w'-" -P…--! 6 I 9 I a I 2 I 7 I 2 I 3 I 2 I 3 I 2 I 2 I 3S 1 26,8 1 12,2 I 4,9 I 19,5 I 4,9 I 7,3 1 4,9 I 9,8 I 4,9 I 4,9 I 1,0 I 2,8 1 1,2 1 ,5 I 2,0 I I5 I ,8 t ,5 I 1,0 I .5 I ,5 I *I..-q-9--I---q…---I…----..-WSt ..IS. elss......W-I99WU -----I-…I.w.....I..qI-w-WI-…-------.m COLUMN 3(0 344 343 345 347 341 344 344 344 148 3439 TOTAL 90 10,0 10.0 10,0 10t1 9,9 lO,0 10,0 l0,0 10,1 100,0 Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. Table A.34 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA INCOME AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, RURAL AREAS, 1959-70 PCRINCS COUNT I ROW PCT I PCY Decile ROW Major Source COL PCT I TOTAL of Income I I I 2 I 3 I 4 I S S 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I --- -w " @ - - --I . - - -w--I--- ---I e ....! ........... ,-.--I.,w--- I-- -I--w------X - --.. I.e.........e........ ........ I I I 804 S 74b 1 837 I 812 I 808 1 693 1 7T5 I 787 1 754 I 837 I 7850 I 10,2 I 9,5 I 10,7 I 10,3 I 10,3 I 8,8 1 9.9 I 10,0 I 9,6 S 10.7 I 52,2 1. Wages & Salaries I 53,4 1 49,6 1 55,6 I 54,0 1 53,7 I 45,9 u 51,5 I 52,5 I 50,0 S 55,5 I It_ -w......I ....... IS ------ ot- .. ...... I........…... WI 2 I 392 1 511 I 478 1 536 I 524 1 647 1 610 I 573 I 635 I 598 S 5504 S ?,1 1 9,3 I 8,7 1 9,7 1 9,5 I 11,8 1 11.1 I 10,4 I 11,5 I 10,9 I 36,6 2. Profits I 26,0 I 34,0 I 31,8 1 35,6 I 34,8 1 42,9 1 40,5 I 38,2 I 42,1 I 39,6 I 0 .1 …~~~~~~~1 …....1W ... W …I......*....... 3 1 8 I 0 1 a 0 I 0 ! 4 1 0 1 12 1 45 1 18,2 I 0 r 9,1 I 0 1 0 I 9,1 1 0 I 18,2 I 18,2 I 27,3 1 33 3. Rent, Interest, etc. I ,5 I 0 I ,3 I 0 I 0 I ,3 I 0 I ,5 1 ,5 I ,8 I It-rwI----I.... I......-I" I. ..…….... .......I………..I.. ... ...wI-.....1 4 I 37 1 S8 1 33 I 33 1 41 I 58 1. 4s I 45 I 37 1 37 I 42Z I d,7 S 13,6 I 7,8 1 7,8 I 9,7 I 13,6 1 10,7 I 10,7 I 8,7 1 8,7 I 2,8 4. Pension, Remittances, etc. I 2,5 1 3,8 I 2,2 I 2,2 I 2,7 I 3,8 1 3,0 I 3,0 S 2,5 1 2,s I *I.-l.-,I-.-,--..-...I… ….1… ….1. ...-I----zI… ….--.I… …---Iq---.e.-I--.…………a! S 1 41 S 49 1 41 I 25 I 25 I 33 1 21 I 49 I 49 I 21 I 355 5 11b I 14,0 I 11,6 I 7,0 I 7,0 I 9,3 I 5,8 I 14,0 I 14,0 I 5,8 I 2,4 5. Other Cash Receipts I e,7 1 3,3 I 2,7 I 1,6 I o,b 1 2,2 1 1,4 I 3,3 1 3,5 1 1,4 I To....99!… …..... … …....1e…... *I.... . ...… .I…...~. * I 223 I 140 S 111 1 99 I 107 1 74 1 54 I 37 I 25 1 4 I 874 1 25,5 2 16,o I 12,7 I 11,3 I 12,3 S 8,5 X 6,1 I 4,2 1 2,6 I ,5 I 5,8 6. Non-Monetary Income I la 8 I 9,3 I 7,4 1 6,6 1 7,1 I 4,9 1 3,6 I 2,5 I. i.e I ,3 I wI.-w--ww--I-@-*-w ---I…------…I-…---…sa i'…- 1 ..-- ---Ie.qeq--Ie.e.-.I COLUMN 150s 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1501 1509 1509 15057 TOTAL 10,0 iO, 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 100 10,0 10,0 100,0 Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. Table A.34 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA INCOME AND MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 PiRLwC8 COUNT I POW PCT I PCY Decile.RO Major Source COL PCT I TOTAL o£ Income Z 1 1 2 2 3 1 4 7 I 6 £ 7 1 8 I 9 I 10 I I I ?37 t 2a3 1 242 I 242 1 240 I 243 i 247 I 241 1 231 1 238 S 2406 1 9,9 I 10,1 I 10,1 I 10,1 I 10,0 I 10.1 x 10,3 1 10,0 I 9,6 I 9,9 1 97,3 1. Wages & Salaries I 91,4 1 99,0 I 97,5 1 91,5 I 97.s I 98,5 i 99,5 I 97,0 I 94,4 S 95,0 1 2 1 1I 41 2 1 1 0 1 2 1 71 61 31 I a,0 I 4,0 1 12,0 1 12,0 1 8,0 I 4,0 i o I 6,0 I 24,0 I 20,0 1 1,3 2.Profits 1 1,0 2 ,S I 1,5 I 1,5 I 1,0 1 ,5 i 0 1 1.0 I 3,0 I 2,5 1 *I , -I - . I. i's… I 'I'S….3.I too--W…I---- --I.U ---"W1 … p1I. -I 4 1 2 I 1 1 I o 0 1 4 1 11 1 1 12 4. Pension, Remittances, 1 2 ,0 I 10,0 I o I 10,0 I 10,0 I 0 1 0 o I 30,0 I 10,0 I 10,0 I ,5 etc. 1 1,0 I ,s I 0 I ,5 I ,5 I 0 I 0 I 1,5 I ,5 I ..... - ... --1... I…-.!………………-u1-- .-I.… …1.-.e.-..………… S I o0 0 1 1 I 1 I II 2 1I 41 1I 41 17 5. Other Cash Receipts I 0 I 0 , 1 5 1 0 } 5 4 7 1 I 2e , I 21 4 1 7 1 0 1 I 0 1 1 I o 1 1 I5 o I o5 I Io 1 1 I 6! 25, 0 I 25II 0 1 IsoI 01 0 I 0 1 0! I I .oI a 6. Non-Monetary Income I 25,0 2 0 I 25,0 I 0 I 25,0 0 o 0 I 0 I 0 1 25,0 I ,Z 1 ,5 2. 0 1 ,5 I 0 I ,5 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I ,5 1 COLUMN 243 246 248 248 246 247 248 248 245 251 2471 TOTAL , 9,9 10.1 10,1 9,9 100 10,1 10,1 9,9 10.2 100,0 Note: Absolute figures in each cell are in hundreds. IW03NI ViViG 39H i0 39VIN3143d V SV 33fnoC 8v1fnoIHvd V W08J 3W(1JNI MUNS 93S1MIN3NVd NI sidnosI a .. 6 gf . at ... ... ............ ... 0j. . . . .. m. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . - - - - - - - . Colol) C0'001) (0001) (OcOOt) o'oo) IO'001) (0'001) c0'loo) (o'00l) (o'ool) (0'00(O NOI1WH 3Id AU 3nl1VA L5 tL'l 969 WL'99 bt'LS gti'fs 92'SI7 9't, t LV Li: 6hi: 517tZ '73NI 3H03NI iV10i CXe' ) tL'Z ) t9'5 ) ('1'L ) t9'9 ) (2'6 ) t2'11) (I'll) (9'£T) tS'SI) (961) 3318 NuIiVdi 99t, 9t'h 99'h 96't no's 6'1 9 gO'5 176't 2z1'S bb'7 t L'bt .A0 3111VA (JIfldwI IL (Z M6) tfL6) Wtb6) t9'26) tZ'lh) (9'06) t9'88) W9'9) 07,99) (slog) tt'08) NU11V8J 331M 35 3.n1VA 600s 29'Lhl 2£'8L LL'19 tI12S qS'917 02'901 ,rv'fi St,'29 02'L2 L9'61 *i'v,'`1TX3 3W[)QN1 *ViOI tflil) t6'01) tt0Zt) (r'ft) (l'it) WtS't) tO'bl) tO'bl) (t,'Mt tS'0t) W691) fill 19'91 b2'Ot 26'9 t9'L :fL'L 2i:'9 26'S f2'S Lq't £1it, 3WO3NI A8V±,Nfw-NON '9 tste C6'2 W Cit'f 3 t9'£ ) (L'Z ) (6'2 )(2 (' ) '; (9s2 )Uo Wt 9S I L£'b LL2 t IS'Z 17S'! £5I1 60'1 90'1 96 SS' 179' 91dI3330 HSV3 83H10 Os (6'?.) cO'S ( (.f If (L'Z C t9'Z C 0'Z (6'l C)'I 3 'l WI ' ) ) aL'I 313 6b'l ZS'L 2L'2 6L't L,'l 6 0' 9H' 09' 69' 6$' 2'7 'G33N1ijIN3dNU1SN3d 't (tot 1L'! ) Cf' I t0'I I (t' ) (S' o (2' 3 C-' 3 tf' ) CI' I (2' ) SiN3aI AIC (its 9s'S pO't ri9' 6t1' hZ' lt' 90' ol' b0' 90' '1S3831NI IjN38 '£o (tocS2) C h,of ) tt9Z 1 '92) CS tZ) I 92 W1 ) (29)Ct' I92 67 12 ) C 9 I1Z) t Y'lZ2) C 6 '16 I L9'!? hIS'St OL'IZ 96'91 £L'$1 66'!? 9681t IS'It 91'9 OtO'L 9gU'17 GiIJUdd ? Wr,b") t1t'ts) tZ'Lty) th ib) to'f T) C L ' t) t9'£it) th'Zr17) tr1S'Sh) (C, 1 o) Ctt'I6£L) fri:s? 20'9L LL'h6i 56'9 tl'52 i fhb' 5'61 i£1'81 60'L1 7i'tl7 95'6 S3I8v196 (NV 939VA1 '1 llV 001006 064,09 09w0L OL-09 09-OS 0sw01 0,9-o5 O!-02 02-01 01-0 3zO)NI i) s33a)nos - GIOUH3flo H AO 38nlI0NaXi3 VIIdvO 83d AO 311)10 ^_o.-^.._X_..................................... _ O..____..........___*_____._______..-__------------------------------------------------------------------------------...................... _A_____._______ ___-___________ CKNIISI lTfV ' 6" '^' ~~OLt-qhl 63d00P]SHOH 40 3lDi0 98F1lIGN3dXidx ViIdVJ 83d ONV, 3WO3]N1 AO 330n0S AP! 90OHDisnnl 4o Cs.-(.: #Htna NI) 3W03N1 Vl!d'VD 8 d Af) NOTlrieltiiSIa -' r)ONVI 1?3 .S. .Tq.; Table A.35 SR! LANKA _ DISTRIRUTInN oF PER CAPITA INCOHE (IN HR'UEES) O)F HUUSEHoLDS BY SOURCE. OF INCOME AND PER CAPITA ExsPENDITURL DECTLE OF HOUSEHOLDS, 1969-70 ,,, ,, ,, URBAN AREAS DECILE OF PE.R CAFITA EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS SOURCES OF INCOME 0-10 10.20 20-30 30"40 40-50 50-60 60w70 70.80 80.90 90.100 ALL 1i WAGES AND SALARIES 16853 22.63 24,78 28,134 31,61 38,57 44,87 55,62 78,64 151,60 44,92 (57,2) (59,0) (54,6) (54,9) (53,4) (54,6) (54,9) (55,3) (5714) (55,7) (55,7) 2, PROFITS 3,98 b,26 9,58 11,i0 12,40 15,72 16,71 20,61 20,91 52,18 15,45 (13,5) (16,3) (21,1) (21,5) (20,9) (22,2) (20,5) (20,5) (15,3) (19,2) (19,1) 3, RENT. INTEREST, .16 ,18 17 .54 .94 1,07 1,31 2,60 5,74 19,01 2,63 DIVIDENDS ( *5) ( .5) C .4) ( 1,0) ( 1.6) ( 1,5) C 1,6) C 2,6) C 4,2) t 7,0) c 33) 4, PENSION.RFM!TTANCES, 1,07 1,22 1,43 1,76 2,08 2,20 4.24 5,45 9,28 15,70 3,91 ETC, ( 3,6) ( 3,2) C 3,2) ( 3,4) ( 3,5) C 3,1) ( 5,2) t 5,4) t 6,8) C 5,8) t 4,8) 5, OTHER CASH RECEIPTiS 80 ,83 t1.1 1,44 2,72 3,26 3,09 2,97 5,91 4,77 2,481 t 2,7) ( 2,2) ( 2,4) 6 2,7) ( 4,6) ( 4,6) C 3,8) t 3,0) t 4,3) C 1,8) C 3,1) 6, NONwMUNETARy INCOME 1,77 2,24 3,17 3,49 4,35 5,28 6,76 8,70 11,83 25,73 b654 t ,0) C 5,8) ( 7,0) 6,6) t 7,3) t 7,5) t 8,3) t 8,7) t 8,6) t 9,5) t 8,1) TOTAL INCOMF EXCL, 24,60 33,36 40,30 47,37 54,10 66,10 76,98 95,96 132,32 268,99 75,92 VALUE OF RICE RATInN (83,8) (86,9) (8697) (90,2) (91,4) (93,5) (94,2) (95,4) (96,5) (9H8,) (94,1) 7, ImPU)TED VALtJE OF 4,m2 5,01 5,11 5,16 5,10 4,59 4,75 4,59 4,74 3,21 4,76 RATION RICF (16,4) (13,1) (11,3) C 9,8) t 8,6) C 6,5) ( 5,8) t 4,6) C 3,5) C 1,2) c 5,9) __.__,-- -- -- - .... _.______... ............... .........._....____ ........ -......_.w.__...... __.._ .___...... I--_ --.--___- -- - ....... __ . --. TOTAL INCOME INCL, 29,43 38,37 45,41 52,S3 59,20 70,69 81,73 100,55 137,05 272,21. 80,68 VALUE OF RlCf RATI(m (100,l ) (100,0) (lO1,O) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,O) (100,O) (100,0) GU.RES....... ........N...S -_NCO._ Rw.OM_A . A.ICULAR U......R . A PR.N......... OF T. OLNM...... FiGURES IN PARENyTHESES SHOW INCOME FROM A PARTICULAR SOURCE AS A PMRENTAGE OF THE TOTAL INCOME$ '2WOONZ Y1IOL ]MI 10 30VIN3i3d V SV -3fnol sv,finoIVHVd V WOdA AW03NI MOHG 93S1HLN38Vd NI 638MSIJ .i ...-_.^-. ................_.b......_".... .__."_.................. _._. ...........^_________,_._______..___................................... 6."........ .......................... ... ....... b_-------__________._----- * (.o'oot) (0OOt) COOOT) (O'001) (O'OOl) cO'Ool) (0'0OT) cO'OOI) (0oOOt) (0'001) (0'O0T) NOI±v.9 3EIH JO 3rilVA 85'0c !L'9t so'9L qlI'q Ll'LS t7'OS L9'17t? CS'Ob7 1L09£ 1Ol LL'Z2 '13NT 3^403N IVIDI *---_--____-----____-_-___*_-*--_*_____-*__.~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~;.; .........._ _ _-_- _- --_-------------------- Ct'b ) tS,'C ) (1R9 ) t6'L ) (9'9 ) (£'6 ) tl'll)l (R'1T) (1'11) t£'51) (L'oL') , 3)18 N0hjiv 012 I 17 S 11tf2 '6 It0b t6'b0 t' 11' b £b£ OU'b 6t '5 SL' 2 L 17 N0JV 1IVA N .4ndWI 'L tSO h) (I'd bIf 6) (9'!6) (t'l 166)(P ) (t6'9) (29 ( 9)W ) (L'bR) (i'62) N0t1V8 3318 AO Wr21 9L'St? tst t h I9 !2 I 9'95 92'?S 171 TLS '6i C1 ZS'IC S2'92 so' II 'ljXJ 3HOCNY WlvHO0 C('St) £s'tI I t) I I C 9 (t ) C(L' 91) tb'91) (tL' S (9' 1) (0' e6 I') 2.: cA A 6& 0' St Tb q6I 26 6 90'6 90'? £fL 9f'9 gels L! iI 3wO'NI A8V±3NWS-NON '9 (9' ) (I'? ) C I ), (9' ) CL' 2 CI' 2 (P2 ) C£ ) (2' 2 (P ) (Z' ) SGN3GhIA 2£' 1th't 90'1 L£ 291' £It V70' 21' 90' 2bO' S°' 'ST3H3LNI LN3H I 'lot) t2'2£) C 262) W91£2 (C'Of) Ctf) tS'f9) t062) tZ'92) (9'52) (£-222 Cla'stI 22'RE gl'22 o0't12 btI'Lt OL'St 56'bt cilt L£'0L I6'L 60'5 0I (Hd '2 C 9 I of ('tb11) (t '2") WOE£) ($6f) tL'L£) t2S£) ( I' I Q tb'I9£) g'i ) t2'Ti) ,S'6t LOtI5 I s 9 9t'te12 2L2 t6I91 2L'St os'st C£1i 6L'11 SS'L S3I8vlV6 ONV C39vM It 11v. 001a06 06"09 09'OL OL^09 09'0S &S'017 017-0 T 02 0c?0 I Ol-o 3WN0NI JO s3zjnos saln43snOH j snjIaN3"x sdO83 nSI S0l0~SfllHAO 38 AIN~X3 ViIdVO 3 4d AO 11I31a SW3MYV lV8 "' 'l' " n LO6q6t 'S l03)nOH 30 31IJ3a 38NOIUNIdX3 v!IdV) ?3d UNV 3WO3NI 40 338noS AO SalIOH3snnH JCJ (S313;dl NI) 3WUDNrI VidvJ 8gd AO N0Iifl?ItsIa . v YANVI IdS SC V alqel @3WfjNj lViO 3.1 JO 351iN3M3d Y Sy g3snos D vinv Vd V W08I 3WO3NI MOWC SGS3H1N3tVd NI S38nAIi .. ...j ^^.... ___.. *_..0, , a..... . ...... a _ 6.. , .,...,,. ....,___,________ ...6. .a-- 4..a..... i----6........................................... ____,-_ ............... M_., ------------- ('O o ) (oOt) tO'00i) cOOt) (ooo1)( OlOOt) tO'OOt) (C40Ot) (00oo0) (00001) (0'00i) NOI1Vd 321H A 0 3nlVA 69 "b' t0898 fZs8c5 59ItS I b I 95's bbt Sh2b7 09'0f t 1 it' IS'£i LS5'62 '19NI AN03NI 1VIOi *_^ ,................ __.__ ................................................................................................ a....... a -----................ __------_._._.___-------- ________._______,______--------------------- tl.$Z) C2'9 W0t'O) (Coll) t£'tt) WEI£) (Lett) t9'fl tT`St) (S'91) t('17 13I8 NLjllVt '499& 6ft'5 bb'S h9 9' 99's h9'5 L8a'$ 95'S 5q'S 25sS Sas 40 TWIVA 03lirdwI IL (fli9) t9&fb) 0696). CORR) (0'99) tb'993 (£'9U) (?'90) 6thib9) (5'£9) (9 M 8) NUtllVd 3318 .10 3;11VA 201hf h7S`Z8 bfZ2s 09|5h? SZ8hh bL'9fE 90'L£ 20'Sf f9'ts 66IL2 zl&"2 '13X9 3W03NI Iviol (0cot) (t'Ot) (0'6 ) (86 ) (S'01) (t'01) t9'o ) ('6 '6 ) t9'01) (S'b ) 186 St'S z11z'5 22'S 2S'bt £2t tOtb EL'I bS'f. 09'Z 3WOONI AkV1J3NOWNON '9 ' (£t ) C9't ) (1'2 ) CS'1 ) (a' ) (0' ) ti' ) (9' ) (t't ) (9' ) (L' ) 0 65' 9'1 WlS't 9L' Oht 99' hZ' ff 9g' 9Z' 1Z' G1d1J13d HSV 83H10 's (9 (ttt 3 tt't(I ) (9 ) (96 th' )t£' ) t4 c ) t£' 3 tt't ) (0't ) ':3 96' 596 tie 9f' 91' bl?' 0!' 21' 9I' f I' '33NVji1W38'N0ISNYd ' Ct' ) t(9 t () OI ) (O' ) to'0 )tO'O ) tU ) tO'O I t0'O ) t0'0 ) 0°0 ) GaN3IAI1 * o 25 000 10O 0000 00'0 SO 00'0 00'0 0000 00'0 'iS3O 1iNI 'JN38 BE Co's 3 (t'f ) C1$ ) tl'f ) t5'Z ) tZ' ) tht ) (1'Z ) t1'f ) t°' 2 6'1, hL 21't o, I b9't 21't 1, 6 SS' 9L' bO'?1 S9' S11.UHd . ' ftf.Zi) 7thL I t('L) (9 bL) tO'L) (6'tL) (2'L) tS'fL) - ('11) (0'99) (t'L9) . C.L2 Zf bSbS, G 9 91'!? tS'9f 1tI9f f0'2f Zh,'1£ '62 2092 09'2Z 56'6t CJI,3 lVV aNY S39VM a ~eee~ eflSefle e ............e i,4 .. ...... 0. ..... CeeC e*ee------- ...... ...... * ........ .....Seeeeeee ~reae....... e *y "001-06 06*09 OU'OL . OL-09 oq0os OS-On oft-oE O"0? 02-01 0t-0 03N1do jo sg30nos Sa1OW3snnH AO 38niaJN3,4X3 V11dV1 71 d A0 31113a __~~~~~~~.__.^......... ................. __. ----------_.___,,-_____.-----------.................. ............... ____,,,____________._-._._..__--------------___ 'Iol2as aLLvsa 080 060 ' & &.. & 0i-69h&t '601UH3s9nOH .An 311J.ia -48flhIN3dX4 V*IIdV) 3d aNV 3710NI '.A0 337100 Ag Sa1OHnJ3nnH4 jo (es43ndn NI) 3*140NI VI1dVJ H3d in Nnlhn9l8Slsl ' VxNvl 1SS *V 5s- Tqul Table A. 36 S41 LANKA *_ DISTRIFIJTION OF PER CAPITA INCr)N'E (IN PUJP'ES) OF HUUSEHOl DS BY SOURCE OF INCOME AND PER CAPITA iNCOMF DECILE OF 110USEHULt9, 1939-7U ,. ,,, ,, ,,, ALL ISLAND --------------------_- ....................................... - …------------------------…------- .,_-_--*--- DFGCILE OF PER CAPITA INCOmE OF HOUSEHOLDS SOURCES tJF INCUPE 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-10 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80"90 90-100 ALt. .--------.-- -- --- -- - -- eee......... -------------eeeee-e--- -----------------------..... Is WAGES AND SALARIES 7,57 12,09 14,79 17,84 20,88 21.18 26,77 29,89 40,17 83,45 25,34 (36,3) (42,5) (43,9) (45,7) (47,1) (42,1) (46,2) (43,5) (46,3) (50,8) (45|9) 2. PROFITS 3,82 5,64 6,95 B,98 10,22 13,79 15,02 19,76 24,56 42,03 13,87 d18.3) (19,9) (20o0) (23,0) (23.1) (27,4) (25,9) (28,8) (28,3) (25,6) (25,l) 3, RFNT, INTEREST, .05 03 o5 07 ,11 .16 27 ,66 11' 5,79 ,70 DIVIDEHDS t 3) .1) S 2) 2 ,2) S .2) C 3) C t 5) C 1,0) ( 1,3) C 3,5) C 1,3) i4. PENSION,REMITJANCES, ,41 .54 82 *3 ,93 1,22 1.19 1,83 2,71 7,44 1,59 X ETC, ( 2,o) C 1,9) ( 2,4) ' I,b) ( 2,1) C 2,4) C 2,1) C 2,7) C 3,1) C 4,5) C 2,9) St OTHER CASH RECFIPTS 52 6b5 ,88 t:9 1.22 1,49 1,74 2,46 2,68 4,33 1,56 2,5) ( 2,3) C 2,6) C 2,3) C 2,8) ( 3,0) C 3,0) ( 3,6) ( 3,I) C 26) C 2,8) 6, NON-MONETARY INCOME 3,86 4,60 5,31 5.62 5,84 7,29 7,92 9,01 10,81 17,15 7133 (18,5) (16,2) (15,7) (14,4) (13,2) (14,5) (13,7) (13,1) (12,4) (10,4) (1313) TOTAL INCO(4E EXCLt l6,2? 23,54 ?8R,1 34,02 39,21 45,13 52,90 63,61 82,03 160,19 50,39 VALUE OF RJCE RAT 'ON (77,8) (82,9) (85,5) (87.1) C88,4) (89,7) (91,4) (92,6) (94,5) (97,5) (91,2) 7, IMPUTED VALIJE OF 4,h4 LJ,87 4,88 5,02 5,13 5,16 4,99 5,08 4,80 4,17 4,88 RATION RICE (22,2) (17,1) (14i,5) (12,9) (11,6) (10,3) ( 8,b) C 7,4) ( 5,5) C 2,5) C 8,8) …........................................................... ......... .......................................... ------- TOTAL INCOMF 113CL, 20,A6 28,41 33,b9 39,04 44,34 50,30 57,88 68,69 86,83 164,36 55,27 VALUE OF RTcE RATION (100,0) (100,0) (l00,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) 10o0,0) (100,0) ........................_ . . . ... --------- __--------------we…----------- ...... FIGURES IN PARENTHESES SHOW INCOME FROM A PARTICULAR SOURCE AS A PERCENTAGE OF T.HE TOTAL INCUME, &IW03NI 1,VOi 31± i0 30VlN3i03d V 6v lom 8s HvlnfIiHVd V WOdS 3WONI MOHS S391H±N38Vd NI 930fIA * ..4,, ,__,,,Z,_, _,__*___,,____,__,,_,_,_,,,,,,,,_,,_,_---------------,,_...........--------.....................................................................................- ------......a...-------..... ,__,*_ WO'OOI) (O'OOt) ('OOt) ('Oat) (O'oOt) (OOoT) (O'OOt) (O'Oot) (0'00) (OO10) (OWOOlt NUlV8 4JI8 AO AJflVA 990'0 hb'6S2 66'Si£ 01'66 Stb'o L6'99 byO'LS 09'9t S9i b Lb'b P7O2 '19hI 3waON1 IV10I @ - _ - o - _ _ - -- -- ------_ - --- - - - - - - - - - - ----, __ -,_ --- -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -----_-___ _ _- _ _ -_-- WS ) SIC) ) (h'b ) (t'9 ) (t'L ) (0'6 ) (tS' I) (t,I) (e'rt) O'9t) -3118 N)IlVt 900 Si' If ' Z 1 9'b Zl' bh' St 16I j1 S ZO' Is ' JOh ** 17 6 7jn4 t 3113IVA 03ofdw4I 'I Ij ( 6) (6 ) W96 (1C'S6) (9CT6) (9(Z6) (VtO 6) CO'W (i t£9) ('59 ) (0t'Z) NOIIVH 3:Id ir 3nlvA 26'GL 606292't 99'1 26'Z6 5£'SL £0'29 £ 9 5 8'1.'£ L6'9i 06'be JL'G '1IXj 3W]d NI IVHO t9 ) (95 I (2S9 k (tS' 9 ) CO' 7 ) (L ) (£'t ) 17't I ) tb' (9'99 ) (t' 9 b5' 119 9h 9Z 9Z ITl £b'8 ibls b76'b t Sl'b oql' oL'Z bSV.'Z 89'1 3W03NT. AHVIIN(ls-NOuN tt I tI E 0 ti'' ) t6' I 2 i ) (' t7i S'b )7 W' ) t' ) t9 2 ( (0 '£ OTI ' !6 'b grds l6z I b8 9h' 95' t?2 tSM I 02'1 06' f7 SldI333d HSVO H3H!O 'S t9 j1 t9'S)t' t9' I S ' )v t' ) (tS' tt ) t92 ) 8' (t'b 1 *3 lbof ts 17 b 9 gto'91 96'L 0'S S2'bt OS'Z I t 0'1 6! I I q6 z0 'S39NVIi13'N()JSN3d at, WC W )9'L.) t'2 ) tb2 ) (q'1 ) CS' ( t9' ; t9' ) tSI' ) (b ) (9' ) s0NAjIAI0 Egli! SZ'ZI 2 OZ'£ otI? 9 b I I b ££' 62 ze'2 Sit' b fI a IS38d1NII 'AN3i 'i W6'^) tS' RtI) th'Lt) 1 'M Q l6't) WMZZ (O £I) W02) th'°) (£'LI ) (i *V I Sb'S St W tS 99'i 69'22 bS'SIc ZlSI t1'6 20'0to 9L'8 i. L 6 S 1£- SlibC8 '2 t I s) t9'95) Ci es95) ( L S) (oI s) (9'!s) (I'9s) (O'hts) (seG S) (6'SsI) ( i t) Z I hib s2g's91 L2'6L 12I'S S2'bIib zO'9S. b17'!i 9'9S I?6z 9F 6 1 ?SII S3IV1VS (INV S39VM 'I _._ ........ 0. . . . . . . _._. . . . . . . . . m. . .. . . . ._._._. . . . . . .. . . . . ._. . . ._. . . .. ._.....,. . . . . . . . . - - - -_- - - - - - - - - - - -_. ._. . . . - -_- - - - - -.- -.- -_-_-_-_-_-. 11V 001a06 06m09 09-OL OL-09 09-OS 0s-0b Ot?-OE o0-027 o2-0t ol-0 I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3woawj Ati sA)8now; 901OH43snnH JO 4WOONI viltIVO 8-:d JO iT1OO:: - ...... _-_...... i_.... _____O____-,__. ............................................... ........ ____,______ ............................................ ____4.___ -----------------...........,, ... ,________ SV38V NV98n *I " *4 '' otL696! 'SOl1()HSIVTH JO Tll3(j 3WU3NI ViIJv) d3d ONV 3WOONj JO l3s,OnS Aa4 SaOIM3sHnH JO (s3jdnd NI) Ύf3NI VildVO did iU NuIrI9sIO -- Y'rQV1 18 9E-V aITqv Table A.36 SRI LANKA .- DISTRIAUTInN OF PER CAPITA INCCME (IN RUPEES) OF HUUSEHOLDS ey SoURCE oF INCOME AND PER CAPITA INCOMF DECILE OF HUUSEHOLUS, 1969-7U ,,, ,,, ,, ft RURAL AREAS …e…_____.__._ _, ____ t.P_------------------- ----------------- __....... __--________________....... --.______ -_____,_ -----_To ------ DECILE OF PER LAPITA INCOME OF HOUSEHOLDS SOURCES OF INCOME 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50otO 680-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 ALL 1, WAGES AND SALARIES 6,65 8,91 12,23 14,d3 17,20 16,63 21,63 25,16 31,57 57,30 19,54 (33,1) (32,6) (37,9) (39,5) (40,1) (34,2) (38,1) (38,3) (38,6) (43,5) (38,6) 2, PROFITS 3,82 6,88 7,62 9,91 11,69 16,05 17,57 21,33 27,72 44,76 15,31 (19,0) (25,2) (23,6) (26,4) (27,3) (33,0) (31,4) (32,4) (33,9) (34,0) (30,3) 3, RENTo INTERFST, ,06 ,02 ,05 ,O1 ,11 ,19 ,16 ,44 ,98 1,73 ,32 DIVIDENDS ( ,3) ( ,1) C .2) C ,0) C .3) C ,4) C ,3) C ,7) 1,2) C 1,3) ( ,6) 4, PENSIUN,REMjTIANCES, ,33 ,67 ,72 .,7 ,89 1,15 1,01 1,55 2,o4 4,06 1,20 ETC, ( 1,6) ( 2,4) C 2,2) C 2,1) 2,11) C ,4) C 1,8) ( 2,4) C 2,5) C 3,1) t 2,4) 5, OTHER CASH RECEIPTS ,52 ,77 .82 1,05 1,08 1,53 1,74 2,22 2,81 3,33 1,47 t 2,6) t 2,8) t 2,5) ( 2,8) C 2,5) t 3,1) C 3,1) C 3,4) ( 3,4) C 2,5) c 2,9) 6, NON-MONETARY INCOME 4,o2 5,41 6.08 6,14 6,88 8,08 8,92 10,00 11,93 16,28 7,94 (20,1) (19,8) (18,8) (16,4) (16,0) (16,6) (16,O) (15,2) (14,6) (12,4) (1517) TOTAL INCOME EXCL, 15,39 22,66 27,51 32,70 37,86 43,b6 51,03 60,69 77,06 127,45 45,78 VALUE OF RICE RATION (76,7) (82,9) (85,2) (87,1) (88,3) (89,7) (91,3) (92,3) (94,2) (96,8) (9015) 7, IMPUTED VALUE OF 4,66 4,68 4,79 4,83 5,04 5,03 4,85 5,07 4,75 4,20 4,80 RATION RICF (23,3) (17,1) (14,8) (12,9) (11,7) (10,3) t 8,7) C 7,7) C 5.8) ( 3,2) C 9,5) TOTAL INCOmE INCL, 20,05 27,34 32,30 37,54 42,89 48,65 55,88 65,77 81.81 131,65 50158 VALUE OF RICE RATION (100,O) (100,0) (100,O) (100,0) (100,O) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) …,_ .…_..….…....…'_, ...............__._...___._ --__-_ ____,-.____ --- -._---- _ .... ........... FIGURES IN PARENTHESES SHOW INCOME FROM A PARTICULAR SOURCE AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL INCUME, iW03NI 1V0WiO 3SI 4 3VlN3t3d V SY iodnOg 8V',l31iHVd V WOdA 3WO2NI MOH9 G39 41N3I?Vd NI 93dnY;ir (0O1O1) cO-oot) cO'Oo) t0'OOt) (O'OOl) (O'0tt) (O'OOt) (o'Oot) (0'001) (O'001) (O'OOt) Ntjrivm :)18 A0 W,1VA 69117b 2t'O ll' 1199 9t'ILS tL'OS 65,'5h t9,1b b9'IL9 v. Ol'b£ 917'62 10'22 '13Nr ANOONI IVlItl tL'Zt) tS'5 ) t9$8 ) tb'Ot~~~~~(7"0) t5'1t t6'Zt) (9'£t (071) t9'9t) t6' 91 9Ze ?2I NC)IlVd 99 S 99'S L'S 16I'S SQ'5 9g's 9L'S 59's 49' L5J'S ZZ'S JU rWivA a3AfId,I 'L t£'i9) ~~~~(S'fb6) tb't6) (9'61R) (S'99) tt'eg) WZ99) Wl'S) (t7 f ) WIGt) tZ'L) NOI1Vd 3I01d lo 4n'IVA 20 6 D h' 96 tbO9o f2' 98 s goI et I L'S6£ s8?I '5 ItZ'Z£ yt bh9 69'£Z OL'I 'lIo1xI 3wo)]N1 ivio 3I oI C t'Ot) t CL'h6 ) 2 t'OT) t9'h6 ( ) £0 1 2 t'I :tl'Ot) (S'6 C (I'Ot1) (S'6 ) 9?, 10 59'0t 9I'9 29'S 89'bt IL"" t,'I7 za'if b' 9 b 91'Z 3WO3Nt AUv13NOw-NlON '9 (i'1~~ ~ ~~~~ 2 (e'2 C I?' C {L )1 C(S'l ) t't I t2't C to' I (t' I (£' ) WlB )- *fii 92'2 gl7'1 £II L 6'' hb' 9 ' 8£6' 90' b2 SidI33Jd rliVD 83HIO 'S C T ) t£'t ) Ctt L t'I ) CS I t't 3 ti ) (t7' ) (h1' ) t5' ) t7 ) Jj3 hi' Z£'t Sh 2 sCe' 3 (C' bt(' 10 b t 'O o 03NV'0 W GN0ISN3d 17 C t I (S o I o oI o (o t o I s )o ol to a ) o0 I ) tt"O SON301^A0 1 t; 0 I t00'0 00'0 to' 0o0o I bO' tO' o 00'0 o O 'o 'j3h3jINI 'IN13 '£ t672 C t9' S (Cv) (C 'C ) 2' C| I tt' ) (SI, I * ) t9' "1 til OI 0 ot t £0'9 go SC 16'S1 60't bt' £9 t' bS II s Os 22 . lIOu0d a'Z ('i , (9'bL) C2(9L) 3 (7LI t9'bL) (9'2L) CS'Zt) WO'Ol) qtU 3 C, 9) (C091 6' 99a'LL SO'6h 9iRi St, 179.£ 60'££ 9tI1' o a'9 V I1t72 61O0? yb'171 93IdVlVS UNY 93TVVM 't l OOtlO0 06'09 09"0L OL-09 09"0S OSCtV 0t,-0£ of. O--O1 01-0 3woor1 JO si3onos s010H3SnOH AO JWO0NI V1tdV3 8.3d 4n 3113JO X. . " _ ~~. ............ w...... . .----------. .: -- - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - ........... ............-------------------...................bO.. ... . . . .., 0^. ioiaDs aLvisa "' "' &''I "ii 848 ~ nt-6 'gnls; jsncw? AO jn yc.a 3HOj:NI ViIdV3 b taN iWO3NI d(o 3o8nGS AR S010JH3SnnH dH (fY33dnfd rI) 4003NT ViIdv) 83d MI NOli±l0JSLC - V) VANl 1 IM 9E-V aTqvL Table A. 37 SI L,ANKA: AVERAGE MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (JN RUPEES) ON 13ROAD CAT'IO(LES ACCORDING '1'0 PCE DECILE O()1 HIOUSEIH1OLDS, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 UECILE OF PtR CAPI1A EXYENDITURE OF HUUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATFCrORY 0-oi 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-OO 60-70 70-80 80.90 90-100 A%L ,_---------_-_-------_-------_-_--.--_-----------__--_--------S- ------ --------------_--------- -------w------------.- --- 1 FOnD AND DRINK 18,22 23,? 26,48 29,90 3?,17 35.15 37,50 2.52 S 48,02 63,56 34,"0 (InCL, RATlUti RICE) (75r3) (73,4) (70,8) (70,2) (67.6) (6i,o) (62,2) (60,8) (55,8) (45,2) (61,4) IA, FOOD AND DRINK 13,44 18.63 21,36 24,906 27,10 30,22 32,50 37,55 '43,37 59,40 29 ,7 (55.5) (57,91 (57,) (Si, 1 (57,0) (Sb,7) (53,9) (53,7) (50,4) (42,3) (52,h) 18, VALUE OF RATIUN RICE 4,7b 4.99 5,12 i4,94 s,0o 4,93 5,00 4096 4,66 4,16 4.88 (19.b) (IS,S) (13,7) (1,I) (10.7) ( 9.2) ( 8,3) ( 7,1) t 5,i) t 3,0) t 8l8) 2, LIQUOR # )OpACCI I ,36 1,82 2,28 2,95 3.34 3.69 4.16 4,60 5,87 8,00 3,5T (INCL, 8LTfL+ARECA) (S,h) t S6) ( 6,1) ( 6,9) ( 7,01 ( 6,9) t 6,9) C 69) ( 8.8) C 5,7) 6,0) 3, HOUSINtG PENT 1.29 1,7S 2,12 2,38 2,7'4 3,29 3,81 4,87 6,83 16,33 4 '08 5,3) ( 54, ( 5,7) C S,b) ( 5,8) ( 6,2) ( ,) 7,0) C 7,9) (11,6) t 7,4) 4, FLEL AND LIGHT 1.01 ,29 1,45 1 ,6 1,78 1,96 2,06 2,45 2,79 4,12 1,94 4,?) ( 4,0) ( 3,9) ( 3,1) C 3,7) ( 3,7) C 3,4) t 3.5) ( 3,2) C 2,9) C 3 5 5 CLTHIING,FnOT'EAR t 73 1,14 1,87 109 4 2,82 3,54 5,02 5,67 8.09 17,02 4,25 OTHER PERSONAL EtFCT C 3.0) 3,5) C 5,O) C 4,5) t 5,9) C 6,6) ( 8,3) C 8,1) ( 9,4) (12,1) C 7.7) - 6, ITEMS OF HOtUSEHOLD 4 6 ,70 ,80 1,00 1.11 1,30 1,b2 1,93 2,82 6,89 1,67 I OPERATION t 1,91 ( 2,2) 2,1) I 2,4) t 2,3) C 2,U) t 2,7) t 2,8) C 3,3) C 4,9) t 3,0) 7, PERS(NAL CARE A1D ,u7 6q .81 12.00 1 19 1 .4 1,68 2,07 2,80 4,99 g,6 HEALTti EXPE,JSES t 2,9) t 2,1) ( 2,2) C 2 .1 C 2,5) ( 2,7) ( 2,8) C 3,0) ( 3, 2 ) ( 3,6) t 2,8) 8 TRANSPORT AND 4oO 61I 786 ,90 1.O3 1.40 1,70 1 85 3,07 5,09 1,52 C(UNUCACATTUN ( 1,6)1 t 1) C 2,0) ( 2,1) t 2,2) ( 2,6) ( 2,8) t 2 7) t 3,b) C 3,6) C 2,7) 9, RECREATION,FNIERTAIN .22 44 ,48 *62 ,81 ,98 I,06 2,09 3,48 8,86 1,70 MENT AND EDtUCATION C ,9) ( 1,4) C 1,3) t 1,4) t 1,7) ( 1,8) C 2,7) C 3,0) t 4,0) ( 6,3) ( 3,1) 10, CONSUMER OtIRAHLES * .06 ,14 .34 .33 .59 ,S4 1,12 1,65 2,36 5,66 1,10 (.2) ( ,U) C ,9) C ,b) ( 1,2) t 1.0) C 1,9) C 2,4) t 2.7) C 4,0) C 2,0) I1I TOTAL EXCL. VALUE nF 19,43 2i,21 32,27 37,68 42,50 '48,35 55,32 60,93 81,48 136,37 50,55 RICE RATInN (80.2) (84,5) (86,3) (88,4) C89 3) C90,H) (91,7) (92,9) (94,6) (97,0) (91s2) 12, TOTAL INCL: VALUE OF ?4,21 32,20 37,39 42,62 47,57 53,28 60,32 69,89 d6,14 140 53 55,0u RICE RATION (100,0) (100,0) (100.0) (100,O) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (1o0,o) (100,O) (100,O) …-…-----_-…------,-w---…---…----…----- --------------------------------.............. * EXCLUDING MOTOR CYCLES AND NEW OR USED CARS, FIGURES IN PAkENyHESES SHOW EXPENDITURE ON A GIVEN SET OF ITEMS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL LXPENDITURE. Table A.37 (Continued) SRI LANKA: AVE/RACE MONITILY lIIR CAPITA I:X[ENPI)NTTURE ([N RUPIES) ON BRUAD (:\TIR;()Iii;, ACCORIWLNG TO C) 1(I DiCCLI: UI IIOUSICII(UDIS, URIIAN AREAS, 1.909-1U _ _ , w ~~- w__w__t- _- --- - - _----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXeFEwI)ITURE OF H"(USEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATER,UNY 0-10 lo-20 20.70 30-40 00-50 50-60 6u-70 70-80 80.90 90.100 ALL 1 FOnoD AND 1RJNK 21,1I 27,29 31,15 3,lE8 37. 75 41 ,01 45,s5 50,07 59,9 76,00 40 19 (14CL, RATIUN RICE) (75.0 72 . 2 09,5) (bb,b) (6 4, I (60 t t ) (57, 71,I) (52,7) ('4e,8) (38,0) (SSh6) IA, FOOD AND DRTNK 16,29 22,28 26,03 29,02 32,65 36,42 40,71 45s,88 54,35 72,79 35,03 (S7,9) (59,0) (58,1) (56,1) tS,5) (53,4) (51,2) (47.9) (44,9) (3,41) (49,0) 1e, VALUE OF RATIUN RICE '1,82 5.01 5,11I 5,16 5,10 a4,59 0,75 4,59 4,74 3,21 4q76 (17.I) (13.3) II1,4) (10,1) C t8,7) ( b,7) ( 6,0) ( 4,8) ( 3,9) (1. 6 ) C 6e) 2, LIOUOR + TOBACCO 1,o8 l,76 2,53 2,81 3,ao6 3,81 4,35 4 ,7h6 5,8 9,P7 3,66 (ItCL, 43ETEL+ARECA) ( 3,8) C a,7) C 5,6) C 5,5). ( 5,9) C 5,6) ( 5,5) C 5,0) ( 4,3) C 4,9) ( 5 I) 3, HOUSING RENT 1,93 2,59 3,17 '4,05 44,93 6,49 8,45 11,38 16 7b 4'0,65 6a o b,9) C 6,9) C 7,)) ( 7,9) C 8.4) I 9,5) (10,6) (11,9) (13,8) (20,3) (12,2) 4, FUFL AND LIjrHT 1,30 1,5S 1.79 2,06 2,29 2.55 2,95 3,27 3,99 6,36 2,63 0,.) C 4,1) ( 4,O-) C 4,0) C 3,9) 9 3,7) 7 3,7) I 3,0) C 3,3) C 3,2) C 3,6) 5s CLOTHING,FOfnTNEAR + ,07 1,25 1,62 2,30 3,09 4,85 b,08 8,28 11,13 19,28 5,13 OTHER PERSnlNAL EfFCT 1,7) C 3*3) C 3,6) t ',5) C 5,2) t 7,1) t 7,6) C 8,h) ( 9,2) 2 9,6) C 7.1) 6, ITEMS OF HnOSEHOLD 67 ,96 1.18 1,47 1, 6 2,04 2,72 3,46 5.23 12,51 2,83 OPERATION 2 2,0) C 2,5) C 2,6) C 2,9) C ,8) 3 S,0) C 3,0) 4 3,8) C 4,3) C 6,3) C 3,9) 7. PERSONAL CAPE AND .61 686 1,07 1,30 1,58 2,09 2.31 3,29 4,09 7,Ob 2,19 HEALTH EXPENSES C 2,2) C 2.3) C 2,4) C 2,5) t 2,7) t 3,1) t 2,9) C 3,4) t 3,4) t 3,5) C 3,0) 8, TRAtNSPORT ANLD )58 72 ,98 1,29 1,194 1,74 2,19 3,28 4,08 6,14 2,03 COMMOunICATTON C 2 ,0) 1 9) 2 2,2) 2 2,5) t 2,5) t 2,6) C 2,8) 3, 4) t 3,4) C ,I) C 2Ia) 9. RECREA T 10,iF^IERTA Ij ,35 6 4 1 01 1,27 1,84 2,48 3,36 i,79 7,85 12,30 3,13 m.NT AND EDUCATION C 1,3) 1,7) ' 2,3) C 2 5) C I,1) C 3, o) 4 ,2) C 5,0) t 6,5) 6 6,2) C II,3) 10, CONSUJMER DURABLES *06 ,1'4 ,32 ,48 ,80 I.15 1,69 2,63 3,68 9,66 1,75 .2 Cp ,04) C ,7) ,9) (1.4) (!,7) ( 2,1) (2,7) ( 3,0) ('4,8) (2,4) 11, TOTAL EXCL: VALUE OF 23,33 32,76 39,70 46,00 53,76 63,61 74,80 91,20 116,34 196,61 67,58 RICE PATIO:q (R2,q) (86,7) (88.6) (a9,9) (91 31 3.3) (94,0) (9S,2) (96,1) 198,o) (93,)4 _----_--,-_-----_,--.w------__.__-------_---------------------------- --~--------------------------------- --------~--- ~---- 12, TOTAL INCL; VALUE OF 28,i5 37,78 L44,81 5 1,1 58,86 68,20 79,55 95,79 121,08 199,83 7 234 RICE RATION (100,0) (100,0) (100.0) (100,O) (100,0) (100,0) (100.0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) C110tl0) * EXCLUDING MOTOR CYCLES AND NEW OR USED CARS, FIGURES IN PARENTHESLS SHOW EXPENDITURE ON A GIVEN SET OF ITEMS AS A PERCENTAGE UF THE TOTAL EXPENDITURE, Table A.37 (Continued) SR[L IANKA: AVWERAGIE MONIHILY PIER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON IsOAI) .CAfE'!'9 UI''' ACCORLNG ro PCE i)FC.L L l0' 0UBS ELIOLDS, RURAL ARiAS, 1969-70 --------____.___-----._-_-----_------_---------_-----------------------------_-- --- -------_--------------- ---w------- DECiLE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE OF HOuSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEG.ORY 0-10 10-20 20.30 30-L40 40-So 50.60 60-70 70-80 80.90 90.100 ALL 1 FOOD AND DRTNK 17,75 22,67 25,S9 29.11 31.19 3u,a2 3b,48 40,81 46,15 59,32 32,76 (INCL. RATION RICE) (75,6) (72.9) (70, / ) (70,7) 67,7) (66,8) (b2,8) (6l,5) (57,3) (46,0) (62l8) IA, FOOD AND DRINK 13.03 17,92 20,40 24,31 26,24 29,71 31,57 35,91 41,50 55,11 27,97 (5b,5) (57.,) (56,4) (59.0) (57.0) (57,7) (54,3) (54,1) (51,5) (44,6) C53 b) 1, VALUE OF RATIUN RICE 4,72 4,75 5,19 4,bo 4,94 4,71 4,91 u.91 a,65 a1,21 4,S0 (20.2) (15,3) (14,3) (11,0 (10,7) ( 9,1) I 6.5) ( 7,4) C 5,8) C 3,4) ( 9,2) 2. LnU()R * ToRACCO 1,39 1,81 2,15 2,83 , 3,1b 3,54 4,1d 4,90 5,69 7,Q9 S,50 (INCL, BETEL*AHECA) C 5.9) C 5,8) ( 5,9) C 6,9) ( 6,9) ( 6,9) ( 7,2) ( 7,4) ( 7,1) C 6,5) C b,7) 3, HOUSING RENT ''17 1,72 2, 09 2,20 2,67 3,o5 3,61 4,o 5,70 b .o1 3,22 t 5.0) C 5,5) ( 5.8) C 5,5) ( 5,b) C 5,9) ( 6,2) C 6,1) C 7,1) C 7,0) ( b,2) 1, FUEL AND LIGHT .96 1,23 1.40 1,56 1,71 1.94 2,02 2,34 2,64 3,43 1,83 4,1) ( 4,0) ( 3,9) C 3,8) ( 3,7) C 3,8) ( 3,5) C 3,5) C 3,3) C 2,8) C 3,5) S CL(1THING,FooTMEAR * ,7a 1,10 1,79 1,7b 2,56 3,05 4,61 5,a8 6,87 16,72 3,93 nTHER PERSnONAL EFFCT 3,1) C 3,5) ( 4,9) 9 4.3) C 5,S) C 5,9) 9 7,9) ( 8,3) C 8,5) (13,5) C 7.5) 6, IYEMS OF HOUSEHOLO ,al ,67 ,76 ,94 1,04 1,19 1,51 1,79 2,47 5,53 1,46 OPLRArIIoJf C 1,8) ( 2,1) ( 2,1) C 2,3) 2,3) C 2,3) C 2,6) C 2,7) C 3,1) ( 4,5) ( 2,8) 7, PERSO(NAL CASE AND ,43 ,72 .81 ,9b 1.27 1,44 1,62 1,87 2,75 4,42 1,49 IHEALTH ExPENSES C 1,8) ( 2,3) ( 2.2) C 2,3) C 2,8) ( 2.8) ( 2,8) C 2,8) C 3,L) C 3,6 ) ( 2,8) a, TRANSPORT AND . 35 .63 .71 . b7 1,08 32 , 66 1,73 2,91 5, 02 1 C6 COMMUNICATInN C 1,5) C 2,p) C 2,0) C 2,1) C 2,3) ( 2,6) ( 2,9) ( 2,6) C 3,6) ( 4,1) ( 268) 9, RECPEATION,ENrERTAIN .22 .39 .54 ,52 .79 ,98 1.48 1,75 3,18 7,48 1,49 HENT AHDI EDUCATION ( ,9) C 1,3) C I,5) 1,3) ( 1.7) ( 1.9) C 2,5) C 2,6) ( 3,9) C 6,1) C 2,9) 10, CONSUMER DURABLES *0b ,16 34 ,_Sb .60 ,59 ,95 1,58 2,24 5,07 1,02 3) C .5 C ,9(9) C ) C 1,3) ( 1,) C1,b) C 2,4) ( 2,8) ( 4,1) C 2,0) 11, TOTAL FXCL VALUE OF 18,75 26,34 30,98 36,38 41,12 46,81 53,21 61,40 75,95 119,38 47,38 RICE RATION (79,qe) (84,7) (85,7) (88,3) (89,3) (90,9) (91,5) (92,6) (94,2) (96,6) ( 9 8) …--- _ -- ---- ---_ -__ --_-__ - ---________________________ -…-- __________---_ _ - _ _ _ _ …. . . . 12, TOTAL INCL: VALUE nF 23,48 3J,09 36,17 41,18 46,06 51,52 58,12 66,31 Bo,59 123,60 52,18 RICE RATION (100,0) (100.0) (100,0) CIOO,0) (100.0) (100.0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100O0) --------------------------- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I~' w ~~w w-~ - - - - -- -- -- ----. - - -- - - -- - --- - - -r . . ... . . .. .. . * EXCLUDING MOTOR CYCLES AND NEW OR USED CARS, FIGURES IN PARENTHESES SHOW EXPENDITURE ON A GIVEN SET OF ITEMS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL EXPENDITURE, Table A. 37 (Continued) SQ1: ILANKA: AVERAGE HONTHLY PER CAPl'I'A EXPENIbTUIUR (1:N RUPI.IEES) ON BSROAI) CATEGORI.ES ACCORI)ING TO PCE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, ES'TATE SECTOR, 1969-70 t)ECILE OF PN.R CAPITA EX'ENDITURE OF HUUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEGORY,_ 0-10 10-20 20_30 30-40 40-50 50-80 60-70 70.80 80-90 90-.00 ALL to FOOD AND ORTNK 14,25 24,44 27,59 30,23 31,b8 34,44 36,32 39.13 440o3 59,89 32,52 (INCL. RATION RICE) C74 ,9) (73,b) (73J2) (71,0) (68,9) (68,4) (65.2) (62,8) (60,7) (52,6) (65,9) IA, FOnD AND DRINK 13,79 18,92 21,9'4 241b5 25178 2860 30,67 33,28 38,14 54 ,0 26,85 (S . 7) (57.0) (58,2) (58,6) (5,I1) (58,8) (55.1) (53,4) (52,o) (47,8) 1 (54,4) 18; VALUE OF RATION RICE 5.u5 5,52 5,65 5.58 S,7 5,84 5,66 5,85 5,89 5,u9 5,66 (21,2) (r16o) (15.0) (l3,S) (12,8) (11,6) (10,2) ( 9,4) C 8.1) ( 8,8) (11,5) 2, L1OUJO * TORACCO 1,61 2,30 2.65 3,09 4,00 4.03 4,69 5.33 5,60 10,07 1. 90 (INCL. BET:L+ARECA) ( 6.3) ( 6,9) ( 7,0) C 7,3) C 8,7) ( 8,0) C 8,4) C 8,5) C 7,7) C 8,k) C 7,9) 3. NOUSING RENT 1,32 1, 47 151 1 ,b5 1,87 1,92 , 18 2,11 2.73 5,39 2,03 5,21 ( .4 ) ( o,0) C 3,9) ( 8,I) C 3,8) C 9) ( 3,4) C 3.8) 4 87) C 481I 4 FUEL AND LIGHT 1.25 1,27 1,40 1,J2 1,51 1.46 1,88 1,73 1,90 2.6 1,57 4 ,la) C 3,H) C 3.7) ( 3,4) C 3,3) C 2,9) C 3,4) ( 2,8) ( 2,6) ( 2,3) 1t2) 5s CLOTHING,FOOTWEAR + ,83 1.72 2,15 2.60 3,60 4,76 6,21 8,22 10,94 17,95 4,48 OIHER PERS(litt-L LFFCT C 3.2) ( 5,2) ( 5,7) C 62) C 7,8) ( 9,5) (11,2) (13,2) (15,1) (15,8) (10,0) '.0 6, ITEHS OF H(iUSEHOLD ,50 ,b9 ,80 100 1.02 1.09 1,29 1,36 1.68 3,18 1,13 OPERATION ( 1,9) C 211) 2,1) C 2,4) C 2,2) ( 2,2) ( 2,3) ( 2,2) ( 2.3) C 2,8) t 2,3) 7, PFPSLINAL CARL AND ,33 *50 ,59 ,7b 7b6 .84 1,02 1,12 1,92 3,68 q99 HEAI-TH EXPENSES C 1,3) C 1,5) 1,t) C 1,8) C 1,7) C 17) ( 1,1) C 1,8) ( 2,7) C 3.2) 2 2,0) 8, TRANSPORT AND 43 .52 .67 ,72 ,78 1,01 1,10 1j49 1,77 3,81 1,04 COSHIJNICATION ( 1.7) ( 1,) ( 1 8) 7 C 1, 7) C 2,0) ( 2,0) ( 2,4) ( 2.8) C 3,0) C 2,1) 9, RFCNEATIUN,Ef0ERTAIN . I14 24 ,23 39 ,O .55 ,58 71 1,17 4,35 ,70 MENT AND EDiICA7ION ( 6b) ( 7) C 61) t 9) , .9) ( 1,1) ( , 0) C 11) ( I.6) C 3,8) C 1q4) 10. CONSUMER OURAULES * ,04, .06 .13 22 ,33 ,26 ,41 1,13 ,78 3,85 ,53 C 1) ( 2) C .3) C .5) C .7) ( ,5) ( .7) ( 1,8) ( 1,1) ( 3,0) 1,1) 11, TOTAL EXCL. VALUE OF 20,25 27,70 32,07 36,51 0.06 41JS2 50,03 56,50 66,63 108,44 43,70 RICE RATION (78.8) (83,4) (65.0) (bb.7) (87,2) (88,4) (89,8) (90,6) (91,9) (95,2) (88,5) 12, TOTAL INCL: VALUE OF 25,70 * 33,21 37,72 42,09 85,93 50,36 55,69 62,35 72,53 113.93 49,36 RICE RATION (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,O) (100,O) (100,0) *------_---_-_-----_-------- --____w-_-_---_-------_--- --------- --..... --r------------------ w---w----- ?.................. * EXCLUDING MOTOR CYCLES AND NEW OR USED CARS. FIGURES IN PARENTPiESES SHOW EXPENDITURE ON A GIVEN SET OF ITEMS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL EXPENDITURE, -195- Table A.38 SRI LANKA: AVERAGE MONTHLY EXPENDITURE PER HOUSEHOLD (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, ALL ISLAND, 1969-70 DeciZe of Per C Zpitac en_i-.tLare of.WouseKolds Expenditure Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All 1. Food and drink (including Raticn Rice) 133.18 161.81 171.02 183.67 191.26 194.95 213.94 211.36 240.23 290.83 :99.74 (75.3) (73.4) (70.8) (70.1) (67.6) (66.0) (62.2) (60.3) (55.3) (45.2) '61.4) la. Food and drink 98.21 127.64 137.96 157.49 161.09 167.63 185.42 186.71 216.94 271.78 i71.il (55.5) (57.9) (57.1) (58.6) (57.0) (56.7) (53.9) (53.7) (50.4) (42.2) (56.2) lb. Value of Ration Rice 34.97 34.17 33.06 31.18 30.17 27.32 28.52 24.65 -3.29 19.05 2S.63 (19.8) (15.5) (13.7) (11.6) (10.7) (9.2) (8.3) (7.1) (5.4) (2.0) (8.8) 2. Liquor and tobacco (including betel anid areca nuts) 9.94 12.44 14.74 18.65 19.85 20.44 23.70 23.84 29.37 36.60 20.96 (5.6) (5.6) (6.1) (6.9) (7.0) (6.9) (6.9) (6.9) (6.8) (5.7) (6.4) 3. Housing Rent 9.42 11.96 13.70 15.00 16.27 18.27 21.7' 24.22 34.17 24.71 23.95 (5.3) (5.4) (5.7) (5.6) (5.8:) (6.2) (6.3) (7.0) (7.9) (11.6) C7.4) 4. Fuel and light 7.40 8.85 9.37 10.15 10.60 10.35 11.77 .2.16 13.97 18.85 1-.40 (4.2) (4.0) (3.9) (3.8) (_.7) (3.7) (3.4) (3.5) (.3.2) (2.9) (3.5) 5. Clothin,g, footwear and other personal effects 5.33 7.82 12.05 12.21 16.74 19.62 28.65 2S.19 40.49 7?.88 24.91 (3.0) (3.5) (5.0) (4.5) (5.9) (6.6) (8.3) (6.1) (9.4) (12.:) (7.7) 6. Items of household operation 3.36 4.81 5.16 6.33 6.S8 7.22 9.23 9.61 14.12 31.54 9.80 (1.9) (2.2) (2.1) (2.4) (2.3) (2.4) (2.7) (2.3) (3.3) (4.9) (3.0) 7. Personal care and health expenses 3.40 4.72 5.23 6.30 7.06 7.96 5.60 10.28 13.98 22.3 9.14 (1.9) (2.1) (2.2) (2.3) (2.5) (2.7) (1.6) (3.0) (3.2) (3.6) (2.S) 8. Transport and co=munication 2.90 4.21 4.89 5.66 6.10 7.75 9.69 9.22 15.34 23.31 8.91 (1.6) (1.9) (2.0) (2.1) (2.2) (2.6) (2.8) (2.7) (3.6) (3.6) (2.7) 9. Recreation, entertainnent and education 1.61 3.04 3.13 3.89 4.83 5.43 9.45 10.38 17.38 40.54 9.47 (0.9) (1.4) (1.3) (1.4) (1.7) (1.S) (2.7) (3.0) (4.0) (6.2!-) 1) 10. Consumer durables* 0.43 0.93 2.17 2.08 3.51 3.00 6.40 8.18 ll.B1 25.91 6.45 (0.2) (0.4) (0.9) (0.8) (1.2) (1.0) (1.9) (2.4) (2.7) (4.0) (2.0) J1. Total including value of rice ration 176.97 220.58 241.45 268.94 282.79 295.48 344.12 347.46 43C.86 643.00 325.2- (_100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (1OC.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.r) (100.0) 12. Total ercluding -ialue of rice ration 142.01 186.42 208.39 237.76 252.52 268.16 315.60 222.32 A07.,7 $23.05 296. 0 (80.2) (84.5) (86.3) (88.4) (39.3) (90.8) (91.7) (92.9) 494.5) (97.0) (91.2) Excluding motor cycles and new or used cars. Figures i' parentheses show expenditure on a given set of items as percentage of total. -196- Table A.38 (Continued) SRI LANKA: AVERAGE MONTHLY EXPENDITURE PER HOUSEHOLD (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, URBAN AREAS, 1969-70 Decile of Per Capita Ependiture of HousehoZds Expenditure Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All 1. Food and drin.k (including Ratiun Rice) 170.10 202.94 222.67 227.53 235.99 251.27 258.93 284.47. 305.30 371.98 253.35 (7S.0) (72.3i (69.5) (66.8) (64.2) (60.1) (57.2) (52.7) (48.8) (38.0) (55.6) la. Food and drink 131.23 165.67 186.12 193.16 204.12 223.14 231.68 258.61 280.83 356.25 223.36 (57.9) (59.0) (58.1) (56.7) (55.5) (53.4) (51.2) (47.9) (44.9) (36.4) (99.0) lb. Value of Ration Rice 38.87 37.27 36.55 34.37 31.87 28.13 27.05 25.86 24.47 15.73 29.99 (17.1) (13.3) (11.4) (iO.l) (8.7) (6.7) (6.0) (4.8) (3.9) (1.6) (6.6) 2. Liquor and tcbacco (including betel and areca nuts) 8.67 13.07 18.09 18.69 21.64 23.34 24.81 26.32 26.78 48.31 23.07 (3.8) (4.7) (5.6) (5.5) (5.9) (5.6) (5.5) (5.0) (4.3) (4.9) (5.1) 3. housing Rent 15.58 19.28 22.65 26.97 30.80 37.77 48.14 64.14 86.57 198.97 55.50 (6.9) (6.9) (7.1) (7.9) (8.4) (9.0) (10.6) (11.9) (13.8) (20.3) (12.2) 4. Fuel and light 10.68 11.56 12.77 13.73 14.33 15.59 16.80 18.43 20.60 31.11 16.57 (4.6) (4.1) (4.0) (4.0) (3.9) (3.7) (3.7) (3.4) (3.3) (3.2) (3.6) 5. Clothing, footwesa and other perscnal effe:ta 3.75 9.30 1.1.60 15.30 19.30 29.72 34.63 46.69 57.48 94.36 32.32 (1.7) (3.3) (3.6) (4.5) (5.2) (7.1) (7.6) (8.6) (9.2) (9.6) (7.1) 6. Items of household operation 5.41 7.16 8.44 9.79 10.46 12.48 15.48 20.52 27.04 61.21 17.86 (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.9) (2.9) (3.0) (3.4) (3.8) (4.3) (6.3) (3.9) 7. Personal care and health expenses 4.90 o.39 7.64 8.63 9.90 12.78 13.15 18.57 21.12 34.53 13.80 (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.7) (3.1) (2.9) (3.4) (3.4) (3.5) (3.0) 8. Transport and communication 4.61 5.36 7.03 8.57 9.02 10.69 12.48 18.46 21.07 30.06 22.77 (2.0) (0.2) (2.5) (2.5) (2.6) (2.8) (3.4) (3.4) (3.1) (2.8) 9. Recreation, ertertainment and education 2.85 4.78 7.23 8.48 1;.48 15.18 19.12 26.98 40.57 60.20 19.75 (1.3) (17.) (2.2) (2.5) (3.1) (3.S) (4.2) (5.0) (6.5) (6.2) (4.3) 10. Consumur durables* 0.45 1.07 2.27 3.17. 5.02 7.02 9.61 14.84 19.03 47.28 11.03 (0.2) (0.4) (0.7) (0.9) (1.4) (1.7) (2.1) (2.7) (3.0) (4.8) (?.4) 11. Total including value of rice ration 226.82 2S0.89 320.38 240.86 367.93 417.83 453.14 539.93 625.57 978.02 456.01 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (10.0) (iCO.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 12. 'ctal excluding value of rice ration 187.95 243.62 283.83 306.50 336.07 389.71 426.09 514.07 601.10 962.29 426.02 (82.9) (86.7) (88.6) (89.9) (91.3) (93.3) (94.0) (95.2) (96.1) (98.4) (9.3) Excluding motor cycles and mew or used cars. Figures in parentheses show expenditure on a given set of items as percentage of total. -197- Table A.38 (Continued) SRI LANKA: AVERAGE MONTHIY EXPENDITURE PER HOUSEHOLD (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL AREAS, 1969-70 Decz.e of Per C7ita =rend,zi tra of fouseholds Expenditure Cate2orv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All 1. Food and drink (including Ration Rice) 129.00 152.13 168.04 134.23 188.39 192.L2 208.30 ^07.65 233.11 261.75 192.54 (75.6) (72.9) (70.7) (70.7) (67.7) (66.8) (62.6) (61.5)- (57.3) (48.0) (62.8) la. Food and drink 94.68 120.28 133.97 153.92 153.34 166.11 180.24 182.68 209.G7 243.16 164.35 (55.5) (31.6) (56.4) (59.0) (57.0) (57.7) (54.3) (54.1) (51.5) (44.6) (53.6) lb. Value of Ration Rice 34.32 31.90 34.07 30.41' 29.85. 26.31 28.06 24.97 23.47 18.59 28.19 (20.1) (15.3) (14.3) (11.7) (10.7) (9.1) (8.5) (7.4) (5.8) (3.4) (9.2) 2. Liquor and toba:co (including betel and areca nuts) 10.08 12.13 14.09 17.92 19.10 19.79 23.84 24.94 28.72 35.25 20.59 (5.9) (5.8) (5.9) (6.9) (6.9) (6.9) (7.2) (7.4) (7.1) (6.5) (6.7) 3. Housing Rent 8.54 11.52 13.71 14.33 16.12 17.07 20.64 20.68 28.82 33.C0 13.95 (5.0) (5.5) (5.8) (5.5) (5.0) (5.9) (6.2) (S.1) . (7.1) (7.0) (6.2) 4. Fuel and lig7t 6.97 3.27 9.21 9.90 10.35 10.86 11.52 11.91 13.33 15.14 10.75 (4.1) (4.0) (3.9) (3.8) (3.7) (3.8) (3.5) (3.5) (3.3) (2.8) (3.5) 5. Clothing, footwear and other personal effects 5.35 7.38 11.74 11.17 15.44 17.03 26.34 27.88 34.69 73.79 23.09 (3.1) (3.5) (4.9) (4.3) (5.5) (5.9) (7.9) (8.3) (8.5) (13.5) (7.5) 6. Items of household operation 3.00 4.48 5.02 5.95 6.23 6.63 8.65 9.10 12.47 24.40 8.60 (1.8) (2.1) (2.1) (2.3) (2.3) (2.3) (2.6) (2.7) (3.1) (4.5) (2.8) 7. Personal care and health expenses 3.12 4.86 5.33 6.08 7.70 8.04 9.25 9.51 13.89 19.51 8.73 (18.) (2.3) (2.2) (2.3) (2.8) (2.8) (2.8) (2.8) (3.4) (3.6) (2.8) 8. Transport and communication 2.53 4.24 4.64 5.52 6.51 7.40 9.47 8.79 14.72 22.16 8.60 (1.5) (2.0) (2.0) (2.1) (2.3) (2.6) (2.9) (2.6) (3.6) (4.1) (2.8) 9. Recreation, entertairmenr and education 1.60 2.63 3.56 3.28 4.78 5.48 8.43 8.91 16.06 33.00 8.78 (0.9) (1.3) (1.5) (1.3) (1.7) (1.9) (2.5) (2.6) (3.9) (6.1) (2.9) 10. Consumer durables* 0.44 1.05 2.20 2.26 3.60 3.30 5.42 8.02 11.33 22.38 6.00 (0.3) (0.5) (0.9) (1.0) (1.3) (1.1) (1.6) (2.4) (2.8) (4.1) (2.0) 11. Total including value of rice ration 170.63 208.72 237.53 260.73 278.26 288.01 331.85 237.37 407.16 545.38 306.62 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0' (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 12. Total excluding value of rice ration 136.31 176.82 203.46 230.32 248.41 261.70 303.80 312.41 383.69 526.79 278.43 (79.9) (84.7) (85.7) (88.3) (89.3) (90.9) (91.5) (92.6) (94.2) (96.6) (90.8) Excluding motor cycles and new or used cars. ?igures in parentheses show expenditure on a given set of items as percentage of total. -198- Table A.38 (Continued) 'SRI LANKA: AVERAGE MONTHLY EXPENDITURE PER HOUSEHOLD (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, ESTATE SECTOR, 1969-70 DeciZe of ier Capita Ezpendiaure of P.ousaholds Expenditure Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All 1. Food and drink (including ; - Ration Rice) 142.97 155.98 163.88 163.54 173.71 174.28 167.18 167.40 168.36 207.26 169.06 (74.9) (73.6) (73.Z) (71.9) (68.9) (68.4) (65.3) (62.8) (6C.7) (52.6) (65.9) la. Food and drink 102.46 120.76 130.31 137.41 141.49 144.73 141.15 142.38 145.83 188.26 139.61 (53.7) (57.0) (58.2) (58.6) (56.1) (56.8) (55.1) (53.4) (52.6) (47.8) (54.4) lb. Valua of Ration Rice 40.51 35.22 33.57 31.13. 32.22 29.55 26.03 25.02 22.53 19.00 29.45 (21.2) (16.6) (15.0) (13.3) (12.3) (11.6) (10.2) (9.4) (8.1) (4.8) (11.5) 2. Liquor and tobacco (including betel and areca nuts) 11.99 14.66 15.75 17.22 21.96 20.40 21.58 22.79 21.42 34.83 20.30 (6.3) (6.9) (7.0) (7.3) (8.7) (8.0) (8.4) (8.5) (7.7) (8.8) (7.9) 3. Housing Rent 9.83 9.39 8.96 9.20 10.26 9.70 10.03 9.01 10.45 18.64 10.56 (5.1) (4.4) (4.0) (3.9) (4.1) (3.8) (3.9) (3.4) '(3.8) (4.7) (4.1) 4. Fuel and light 9.25 8.13 .8.34 7.93 8.29 7.39 8.66 7.40 7.27 9.02 8.17 (4.8) (3.8) (3.7) (3.4) (3.3) (2.9) (3.4) (2.S) (2.6) (2.3) (3.2) 5. Clothing, footwear and other personal effects 6.20 10.99 12.76 14.48 19.73 24.09 28.59 35.16 41.82 62.10 25.67 (3.2) (5.2) (5.7) (6.2) (7.3) (9.5) (11.2) (13.2) (15.1) (15.8) (10.0) 6. Itaas cf hcusehold operation 3.69 4.42 4.77 5.58 5.62 5.51 5.92 5.89 6.41 10.86 5.88 (1.9) (2.1) (2.1) (2.4) (2.2) (2.2) (2.3) (2.2) (2.3). (2.6) (2.3) 7. Personal care and health expenses 2.44 3.18 3.51 4.24 4.18 4.24 4.71 4.81 7.36 12.74 5.16 (1.3) (1.5) (1.6) (1.8) (17.) (1.7) (1.8) (1.8) (2.7) (3.2) (2.0) 8. Transport and communication 3.22 3.31 3.97 4.03 4.29 5.11 5.08 6.39 6.78 11.82 5.41 (1.7) (1.6) (1.8) (1.7) (1.7) (2.0) (2.0) (2.4) (2.4) (3.0) (2.1) 9. Recreation, entertainment a*d education 1.06 1.53 1.34 2.20 2.20 2.81 2.66 3.05 4.49 15.05 3.66 (0.6) (0.7) (0.6) (0.9). (0.9) (1.1) (1.0) (1.1) (1.6) (3.8) (1.4) 10. Consumer durables* 0.27 0.37 0.75 1.25 1.81 1.31 0.90 4.82 2.99 11.93 2.75 (0.1) (0.2) (0.3) (0.5) (0.7) (0.5) (0.7) (1.8) (1.1) (3.0) (1.1) 11. Total including value of rice ration 190.91 211.96 224.03 234.66 252.05 254.83 256.32 266.72 277.35 394.25 256.60 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (1J0.0) (100.0) (100).0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 12. Total excluding value of rice ration 150.40 176.75 190.46 203.54 219.83 225.28 230.29 241.70 254.82 375.25 227.15 (78.8) (83.4) (85.0) (86.7) (87.2) (88.4) (89.8) (90.6) (91.9) (95.2) (88.5) *Excluding motor cycles and new or used cars. Figures in parentheses show expenditure on a given set of items as percentage of total. Table A.39 AVERAGE MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO TOTAL EXPLNDITURE DLCILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, SRILANKA SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEYP 1969-70 ' * ALL AREAS ._._---_--- _--_------ ------------ _----- __--_----- __---- ____.- __-- ____- _-- ___v___-- -- ____.- -*--__....... .. ........ ....... DECILE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE CATEG,ORY 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90W100 ALL 1. Food and Drink 24,04 26,70 27,74 28,91 29,93 30195 33,53 35,92 39,12 49,26 34,05 (Incl. ration rice) (72.3) (71,4) (69.7) (69,2) (68,2) (67,2) (65,0) (62,8) (59,4) (48,5) (tI,M) IA. Food and Drink 19.36 21,83 22,77 23,95 24,75 25, 8 28,46 31,10 34940 44,80 29,I7 (58.2) (58,4) (57,2) (57,S) (56,4) (55,9) (55.I) (5494) (52,3) (4491) (52,6) 1B. Value of ration rice £1b.8 4,86 4,97 4,96 5 17 S,17 5,06 L182 49,72 4946 4,88 (14.1) (13,0) (12,S) (11.9) (11,8) (11,2) ( 9,8) ( 8,4) ( 7,2) t 494) ( 8,8) 2. Liquor + Tobacco 2,13 2,57 2,68 2,es 3.26 2,93 3,54 3,96 4917 5,64 3,57 (Incl. betel + areca) ( 6,4) ( 6,9) ( 6,7) ( 6,6) C 7,') ( 6,4) 6,9) C 6,9) C 6,3) 1 5,6) C 694) 3. Housing rent 2,47 2,36 2,58. 2,50 2,57 2,82 3,20 3,55 4,80 10,38 490t ( 7,) ( 6,3) ( 6,5) ( 6,0) ( 5,9) C 6,1) ( 6,2) ( 6,2) ( 7,3) (10,2) C 7,4) 4. Fuel and Light 1,66 1,67 1,67 1,72 1,71 1,69 1,87 1,86 Z.14 2,86 1,94 ( 5,0) ( 495) ( 492) ( 4,1) ( 3,9) ( 3,7) C 3,6) ( 3,3) C 3,2) ( 2,8) C 3,5) 5. Clothing, Footwear + ,83 1,32 1.95 2,09 2,45 2,81 3,66 4,44 5,75 11,56 4,25 i other personal effects t 2.5) C 3,5) ( 4.9) ( 5,0) C 5,6) ( 6,1) 1 7,1) ( 7,8) ( 8,7) (11,4) C 7,7) \ 6. Items of household ,69 ,81 ,91 ,96 .98 1,14 1,27 1,48 1,95 9,68 1,67 operation ( 2,1) ( 2.2) ( 2,3) C 2.3) ( 2,2) ( 2,S) C 2,5) ( 2,6) ( 3,0) t 4,6) t 3,0) 7. Personal care and .64 .82 ,92 1,00 ,98 -17 1,51 1,68 2,01 3,30 1,56 health expenses :t 19) C 2.2) ( 2.3) C 2,4) ( 2,2) ( 2,8) C 2,9) ( 2,9) C 3.0) ( 3,2) C 218) 8. Transport and 61 7 0 t76 289 *96 1 1, 36 1 69 2,05 3,51 1,52 communication 8) C 1,9) C 1,9) ( 2,1) ( 2,2) 2,3) 2,6) 3 0) C 3,1) ( 3,5) C 2,7) 9. Recreation, entertainment ,16 ,33 .35 *50 64 ,83 ,91 1,38 2,24 6,67 1,70 and education . ( :5) ( 9) t 9) ( I,2) t 15) C 1,8) 1,8) C 2,4) ( 3,4) ( 6,6) I 3,1) 10. Consumer durables* .05 12 .25 .37 41 .57 .77 1, 22 1,60 3,73 1,10 ( I) ( .3) C ,6) ( .9) ( ,9) C 1,2) C 1,5) ( 2,1) C 2,4) ( 3,7) ( 2,0) 11. Total excl. value of 28 59 32,54 34,85 36,63 38,71 40 , 91 46,55 52,37 61,11 97,12 50,55 rice ration (85,9) (87,0) (87,5) (88,1) (88.2) (88,8) (90,2) (91,6) (92,8) (95,6) (91,2) -- - - - - - - - - -- v._._.__.... ... ... ... ...... ... ........ ..... ft-.--_____---____---X-__----------------r--- .-.w-.*__b......... 12. Total incl. value of 33,26 37,41 39,82 41,79 43,68 46,09 51,61 57,19 65,83 101,59 55,44 rice ration (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (1000,) (100,0) (100,0) (100,o) (100,o) (100,0) (100,O) *Excluding motor cycles and new or used cars. Figures in parentheses show expenditure on a given set of items as-a percentage of the total expenditur Table A.39 (Cont'd) AVERArGE MCINTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACcnRDING TO TOTAL EXPENUITURE OLCILE OF HU)USEHOLDS, SRILAtNKA SOCIO-ECtONOMIC SURVEY, 1969-70 ,,, ,, RURAL AREAS e-- - -------U--_-- __--- _-_- __... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... .C......... DECILE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPEN0tTURE CATEGORY) 0.10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 60.90 90-100 ALL …--------.--.---.-.--.----_------,--.--.----..-..-...-...--..--__...___..-___________,_..-......-..-..I...................,__ 1. Food and drink 23.20 25,76 26.98 28,41 29,01 30,22 32,75 35,48 37,o2 45,16 32,76 (Incl. ration rice) (72,9) (71,8) (70.1) (69,1) t68,1) (67,h) (65,5) (63,3) (60,6) (51,5) 62,8) 1A. Food and drink Ie,69 21,01 22,09 23,52 24,04 25,14 27,76 30,74 32.81 40,63 27,97 (58.7) (56,5) (57.4) (57,2) (56,5) (5h,3) (S5,5) (S,8) (53,1) (46,3) (53,6) lB. Value of ration rice 4.51 4,75 4,89 4,90 a.,97 S,08 4,99 4,704 4J61 4,53 4,so (14,2) (13,2) (12,7) (11,9) (11,7) (11,4) (10,0) (8.5) ( 7,5) ( 5,2) t 9,2) 2. Liquor + tobacco 2.01 2,48 2,51 2,83 3,15 2,94 3,36 4,08 4,19 5040 3,50 (incl. betel + areca) t 6,3) C 6,9) C 6,5) t 6,9) t 7.4) C 6,6) t h,7) C 7,3) t 6,B) C 6,2) C 6,7) 3. Housing rent 2,32 2.26 2,54 2,53 2.62 2,66 3,06 3,28 3,79 S,45 3,22 C 7,3) ( 6,3) ( 6.6) ( 6,2) ( 6.2) ( 5.9) C 6,1) ( 5,9) C 6,1) ( 6,2) C 6,2) 4. Fuel and light 1,54 1,63 1,62 1,72 1,69 1,65 1,83 1,88 1,97 2,33 1,83 ( a,8) ( 4,5) ( 4,2) 4 0,2) C 4,0) ( 3,7) C 3,7) ( 3,4) ( 3,2) ( 2, 7) 3, 5) 5. Clothing, footwear + .71 1,11 1.76 1,96 2,11 2.69 3,31 3,96 5SIM 10,85 3,93 other personal effects C 2,2) ' 3,1) ' 4,6) C 0,8) ' 4,9) C 6,0) t 6,6) C 7,1) C 8.7) (12,0) t 7,5) 6. Items of household 6ba ,75 ,85 *94 ,93 1,08 1,18 1, 44 1,72 3,61 1,46 operation t 2,0) C 2,1) C 2,2) t 2,3) C 2,2) ( 2.4) C 2,4) C 2,6) C 2,8) 1 4,1) C 2,8) 7. Personal care and ,59 ,87 .91 1,00 1,05 1,16 1,53 1,63 2,07 2,74 1t49 health expenses C 1,9) C 2,4) t 2.4) t 2,4) C 2.5) ( 2.6) C 3,1) C 2,9) t 3,3) C 3,1) C 2,8) 8. Transport and ,62 ,60 ,73 ,b4 *96 1,n2 1,26 1,83 1,97 3,25 1,4h communication t 1,9) C 1,7) C 1,9) ' 2,0) C 2,3) C 2,3) C 2,5) C 3,3) C 3.2) C 3,7) C 2,8) 9. Recreation, entertain- ,17 ,32 ,34 ,50 ,61 ,72 ,94 1,30 1,75 5,69 1,49 ment and education 1 ,5) ( ,9) t *9) c 1,2) C 10) t 1,6) C 1,9) C 2,3) t 2,8) C 6,5) C 2,9) 10. Consumer durables* *05 12 ,24 ,40 ,46 ,54 ,76 1,19 1,52 3,20 1,02 ( .2) C .3) C ,6) C 1,0) C 1,1) C 1.2) C 1,5) ( 2,1) C 2,5) C 3,7) C 2,0) 11. Total excl. value of 27,33 31,tS 33,62 36,20 37,61 39,60 44,99 51,34 57,18 83,19 47,38 rice ration (85,8) (86,8) (87,3) (88,I) (88,3) t88, ) (90,0) (91,5) (92,5) (90,8) (90,8) 12. Total incl. value of 31,84 35,90 38,51 40,14 42,58 44,68 49,98 56,08 61,79 87,72 52,18 rice ration (100.0) (100,O) (100.0) (100,O) t00,O) (100,O) (100,0) (100,O) (100t0) (100,0) (1lOO0) *Excluding motor cycles and new or used cars. Figures in parentheses sl'ow e3nenditure on a given set of items as a percentage of total expenditure. Table A.39 (Cont'd) AvERAGE MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACCOIRDING TO TOTAL EXPhNDTTURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, SRILANKA SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1969-70 ,,, ,,, URBAN AREAS DECILE OF TUTAL EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPEUDITUPE CATECTUIRY 0-10 1o-20 20-30 30.40 40-50 50-.0 60-70 70-80 80.90 90.100 ALL 1. Food and drink 27.12 31,02 31.33 33,10 34,74 36,38 39,95 43,50 48,e 0 60,79 40,19 (incl. ration rice) 771,5) (70,0) (69,5) (66,2) (65.5) (61,9) (60,0) (55,9) (50,5) (41, 3) (55, 6) lA. Food and drink 22,29 ?2.23 26,22 27,86 29,76 31.60 35,05 38,60 44,08 56,94 35,43 (58,B) (59,2) (58,2) (55.7) (56,1) (53,8) (52,6) (49,6) (45,8) (38,7) (49,0) lB. Value of ration rice 4,82 4,79 5,11 52,4 4,98 4.78 4,90 4,90 4,52 3,84 4,76 ('2,7) (10,8) (11,3) (10.5) ( 9,4) ( 8.1) C 7,4) C 6,3) ( 4,7) ( 2,6) C 6,6) 2. Liquor + tobacco 1,82 2.17 2,48 2,64 2,84 3,17 3,61 0,00 4,79 6,81 3,66 (Incl. betel + areca) ( 'i8) ( 4,9) ( 5.5) 5,3) ( 5,4) ( 5,4) ( 5,4) ( 5,1) ( 5,0) ( 4,6) C 5, ) 3. Housing rent 3,38 3.64 3,41 4,29 4,41 5,56 6,71 8,63 13,73 25,54 8,80 8 8,9) ( 8,2) C 7,6) C 8,6) ( 8,3) C 9,5) (10,1) (11,1) (14,3) (17,4) (12,2) 4. Fuel and light 2.01 2,12 1,96 2,14 2,03 2,29 2,33 2,76 3,21 4,47 2,63 5,3) ( 4,8) C 4,4) C 0.3) C 3,8) C 3,9) ( 3,5) C 3,5) ( 3,3) ( 3,0) ( 3,6) 5. Clothing,footwear + ,b5 1,39 1,37 2,22 3,01 3,68 4,41 6,34 7,73 14,48 5,13 other personal effecti(l.7) ( 3,1) ( 3,0) ( 4,0) ( 57) C 6B,3) ( 6,6) ( 8,2) C 8,0) ( 9,8) ( 7,1) 6. Items of household ,96 1,15 1,25 1,40 1,50 1,78 2,10 2,o2 3,97 8,72 2,83 operation ( 2,5) t 2,6) ( 2,8) C 2,8) ( 2,8) ( 3,0) ( S,1) ( 3,4) ( 4,1) C 5,9) ( 3,99 7. Personal care and ,86 1,09 1,11 1,48 1.39 1,68 1,86 2,52 3,16 0,97 2,19 health expenses C 2,3) ( 2,5) t 2,5) C 3,0) ( 2,6) C 2,9) ( 2,8) ( 3,2) C 3,3) C 3,40) 3,0) 8. Transport and ,74 ,97 1,11 1,16 1,23 1,67 1,88 2,37 3,o7 4,38 2,03 communication C 1.9) ( 2,2) ( 2.5) C 2.3) t 2,3) ( 2,8) ( 2,8) C 3,0) ( 3,2) C 3,0) ( 2,8) 9. Recreation, entertain- *34 *59 .71 .99 1,23 1,83 2,43 3,47 5,21 10,40 3,13 ment and education ( ,9) C 1,3) ( 1,6) C 2,o) ( 2,3) ( 3,1) ( 3,7) ( 4,5) C 5,4) C 7,1) t u,3) 10. Consumer durables* °06 ,20 ,34 .57 ,66 ,74 1,36 1,57 2,85 6,62 1,75 . ,2) ( ,g) ( ,7) ( 1.1) t 1,2) ( 1,3) ( 2,0) C 2,0) ( 3,0) ( 4,5) ( 2,4) 11. TQtal excl. value of 33,1t 39,54 39,96 4 J,76 48,06 54.00 61,73 72,89 91,80 143,33 67,58 rice ration 8.(h7,3) (89,2) (88,7) (89,5) (90,6) (91,9) (92,6) (93,7) (95,3) (97,4) (93,4) 12. Total incl. value of 37,93 44,34 45,07 50,01 53,04 58,78 66,63 77,79 96,32 147,17 72,34 rice ration (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100,0) (100l0) * Excluding motor cycles and new or used cars. Figures in parentheses show expenditure on a given set of items as a percentage of the total expenditure. Table A.39 (Cont'd) AVERAGE MONTHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) ON BROAD CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO TOTAL EXPLNDITURE DECILE OF HOUSEHOLDS, SRILANKA SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1969-70 , *ESIATE AREAS ....... . ..____.................................w___.......@w9-w99.w 0.....__ .*o...... ............ w DECILE OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS EXPENvITt)RE CATEGODRY 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50.60 60.70 70.80 80.90 90.100 ALL ....__...._......___..................................._.......... .. .. ... .......... .................. . . e. 1. Food and drink ?6.52 29,50 29,73 29,65 30,22 29,80 31,19 32,85 34,35 41,77 32,52 (Incl. ration rice) (69,5) C70,4) (69,5) (69,6) (67,9) (69,2) (6d,5) (67,9) (64,0) (58,3) (65,9) 1A. Food and drink 21,23 23,95 24,22 24,07 24,70 24,12 25,31 27.12 28.73 35,88 26,85 (55.6) (57,2) (56,6) (56,5) (55,5) (56,0) (55,6) (56,0) (53,5) (50,O) (54,4) 1B. Value of ration rice 5,29 5,54 5,51 5.58 5,52 5,68 5,88 5,73 5,62 5,89 5,bb I 3,9) (13,2) (12,9) (13,1) (12,4) (13,2) (12,9) (11,8) (10,5) C 8,2) (11,5) 2. Liquor + tobacco 3,08 3,14 3,42- 3,32 3,77 ,66 3,80 3,69 4,21 5,39 3,90 (Incl. betel + areca) ( 8.1) C 7.5) C (80) C 7,8) C 8,5) ( 8,5) t 8,3) C 7,6), C 7,8) C 7,5) C 7,9) 3. Housing rent 2,94 2,55 2,09 2,08 1,87 1,58 1,74 1,56 2,04 2,43 2,03 ( 7.7) ( 6,1) ( 4,9) ( 4,9) C 4,2) ( 3,7) C 3,8) C 3,2) C 3.8) C 3,4) 4 41) 4 Fuel and light 1I99 1,91 1,86 1,57 1,60 1,43 1,51 to39 1,43 1,53 1,57 *5,2) ( 4,5) ( 4,3) ( 3,7) C 3,6) C 3,3) C 3,3) C 2,9) C 2,7) C 2,1) t 3.2) 5. Clothing, footwear + 1.28 2,13 2,52 32d0 3,81 3,58 4,15 4,82 6,83 10,55 4,94 1 other personal effects ( 393) C 5,1) t 5,9) t 7,5) C 8,6) C 8,3) C 9,1) (10,O) (12,7) (14,7) (10,O) C 6. Items of household .90 96 .99 *93 .93 *83 ,91 1,07 1,27 1,92 1,13 operation ( 2,4) C 2,3) C 2,3) t 2,2) C 2.1) C 1,9) C 2,0) C 2,2) ( 2,4) C 2,7) C 2,3) 7. Personal care and *66 r 54 78 6 b .65 .80 82 1,07 1,20 1,90 ,99 health expenses t 1,5) C 1,3) C 1,8) ( 1,6) C IS) t 1.0) C 1,8) C 2,2) C 2,2) C 2,7) C 2,0) 8. Transport and ,67 ,81 ,84 77 .95 .85 75 1,02 o,06 1,97 1,04 communication C 1,8) 1,9) C 2,0) t 1,8) C 2,1) C 2,0) C 16) C 2,1) t 2,0) C 2,7) t 2 1) 9. Recreation,'entertain- .17 .25 33 24 ,34 a 0 ,34 .53 .72 2,42 ,TO ment and education C ,5) .6) C 98) C ,6) C ,8) ( 9) C 8) C 11) t 1,3) t 3,4) C 1,4) 10. Consumer durables* .05 I10 .21 IS6 35 17 I 33 ,42 .62 1,82 S3 t .1) C ,2) C 5) C *0) .8) C ,4) C 7) C ,9) t 1.1) t 2,5) C 1,) 11. Total excl. value of 32,87 36,34 37,27 37,01 38,97 37,41 39,67 42,69 48,09 65,81 43,70 rice ration (86.1) (86,8) (87,1) (86,9) (87,6) (86,8) (87,1) (88,2) (89,5) (91,8) (88,5) ….................................. _......….... _.............. ... 9_.... ..... u".. ....... rt .... .. ......... - .... 12. Total incl. value of 38 01S 41,88 42,78 42,59 44,49 43,09 45,54 48,42 53,71 71,71 49,36 rice ration (100,0) (100,0) (100,o) (100,0) (100,O) (100,0) (100,0) (100,O) (100,o) t100,0) (100,0) …__________________-_____.,-__--_----,,-,__--C,-_____-*-.-_.--_-.___--_-__-_-."--_-.__---__-r__^-_--^-___--w--___.._...... *Excluding motorcycles and new or used cars. Figures in parentheses show expenditure on a given set of items as a percentage of the total expenditure. oloot oto o*ot ot oot ot o o or ooj o'ot o o1 ltlos 1960Z OOtZ 660Z t602 S60t , L602 6602 9607 960Z S60Z 560 NHw1on I to I 5't I Lot 1 9't t So I £'Z I 6'l t O'Z 2 S'Z I t'b I ainjoni3S 6? S S't I 9 'L I 9'9 S Z'9 . Q'L t 9*t I 9' 6 I lot S I oz I e pasA x 9 of?1n? I 4f I itz rr I 91 z on7 z 1n 1 s I 99 i 9 ~ TOI~ IL' I go; I 9' 6: 1 Sol z 96 1 go I Olt I q6 I 11 I ssa-jy 3uapuadapuj oN Olt I I0L Ij'S1S I 6'S I b'9 ILoot1 I S#ST I OS I 1'OI I 9'S I LoI I El? I St I if I !1 I 61 1 if I fi 1 21 i 12 1 I r' ? I S --anHe3 lc 8 I S 1 got I S tI£ I 96 Let, I L'£ I ZS I 9e I 9 P ° I get I 919L I 9601I 89 I 9'o S is fli I t 9oi I t 9 I L O t I 9a9 I x8u1Ia UV ,LiL 2 I 0St 9 S I £1 I 09 . 1£ t 6C I Z1 I t2 I Zt I 15 I Se laI… .I---.d..I … ----- ....I..a..I …^ I. I '5 S ' I S'£ I 9'f I 6't I L'bI.1' I L'f I ezT I S'9 I b. ? t I 9't I 9' I 9'0 I 8' I1 9 2 I 6o r I 1' I 0 I 9' t .? I OL I b I e I 1L6. I 091 I, 1 .Oh 019 I 9LL1 I 90b I L1 I IS 1 L'7 S 1'9 I 21Z0 S 1'L S 6'b T--T'O I 0'9 S L't S 0'08 I l'Z I £'b. I 95t 1 95 S Et I Zt S it I 9 l 6 I s C I El I 1 S I 6'21 I ?'9t I 9'9t S t'6t *I O'O S S'12 S 17'1? r 9'61 I 5'61 I test I asnoH patsleaV trV ILSt I OIL Sl I 9'tt I LO'i I 6to1 6 01 I Lott I 910t I £'Ot I 601 1 609 I1 999C I Z* Z I thi I 06 I softoo t oI s 25b. … 6 S t … I go" I OZt I L I S'tL I t'SL I O'SL I 661L SL'thL S 0'69 S £'eL'i S 'P1 I S'£L I h'i'L I asnoH 912uTS V ft hL I 17 D I t'Ot I t'Ot t 6I6 1 t'Oot I b'6 S L`6 I O'Ot I 6'6 I 's'ot I SLSSI I LLe9l I LLSt I OLSI I 6bSt t 995T I 95rt I ft5Si I E9SI I 6C;t I 6091 I t S I 0 Z' I 0 S 0 t 0 0 0 I 0 t O t O I o I 00 1 O I n'oOotI 0O I 0 t 0 I 0 1 0 S 0 0 I p1od 1°N b I O ~ S0 b0 S O0 tC O i O tO SO IO I O I O I 0 t- ---'-S-ab'.-'I a.-- aa---I-*---*-^t^'-----*I ---J-@ Ina*--bb I'*---'''I---'^''-I'---^'FI*e.&a&. asnoH go adA1 I 01 I I 9 IL 1 9 I S I I t C I2 I 1YLO. ploqasnoH atl jo aInqTpuadxa vqFdeD iad Jo aTlFTa t PuPTsI TIV HsfioH ao aau ivNY aumnianaaa VIIdYD saa ao aIIDaa x. sa'IoHasfloH ao NioInaI1iisIa :VXMn TIs ° 1 V aIqv. CN O'0OO t'Ot o0t 0i0t O'Ot o 001 00t Ot '0t oot 601 1,VD 6tof gf£ bh£ t f o , SIt V1t rtt frt't or 0 NwNlO: I L I Z 2 0'1 I O' s 5t I LoZ I Zt' I oi I L' I O's I so? I o' 2 I o6T I Ot, I 6it 6 'S I bot I 9'9j 1 6'Ii I 6'bt I 9'6t I aan2or4S 99 S 1 I I I £ I Ot t S S 6 1 St I 01 I £t I Lt S 9 pasIAoidmI UV I S' I 0'1 l I zl t Z I LI I Z' t I S' I r' I O't I I' I q'6 I 9a6 S Z2t 0OZE I I 1' I S''6I 6'0 1 th'2 I V lupuadapuI °N St I Z I r I£ I b I I S L I £ I * I S --8asnOH e JO :Il V 1 1:6 1 Z't I S'9 I 2 t L9 I S'9 I SOL I Los I s's I E'l I OIL I "Oft S 2'01 I 0'21 I t'£ t S'6 S Z'6 t 9'0t I t'9 I 9't t 0'I t Xauuv UV Z,Z I Z£ 2 q2 I 62 I Z S £2 I 22 S 92 I oz I 61 I si I bi I f's I 0'9 I V* I 2'2 t S'£ I LIE I £ I sLz I S 2* I O't I Lt I I Else I o£'L I Eli I 0'9 i C6 I 001 I L'o I 09 I L'2 S t'L I get I Zf I fe 1 6 I 9 t 2t I it t 9 I 6 El I £1 I C. IS . I.-- ....... .-- f .....…- '.-t--- ..... z .-…ft------ I.ad....a----'-*-I---'--' m 1 9'Zt1 S IL I b'Z I 'OZ 9 9'ZZ I 1'9Z I I°1E I 9'L2 I I'zE I 2'6f 2 t'SZ I 2'S 2 OnL I S' I 0'9 t t6 I h'OtI I tb'Z1 I 0't I 8'21 I S'St I aSnOH paMOeVY UV Z99 I Ibr I 19 I hL I 69 S 6L I 06 I Lt I 56 I Oil I t£1 I 2 Is..………. ... A.... I....I.- sa.... At… .a l…… i rL9 I Pig I 'tS9 1- ----- 2t7q 9 1--0--7i' l i sos t I I f'L9 2 2'L9 1 '59 1 2'b9 S £'£9 I Z'09 2 L't5 I Z'b5 I S'hS 2 f 'ns x~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 C 1209 1L'SI 1S 'tSI *S 9'09 1 2'1I I I'll I 9'Ot I 9'ot SOOt 1 6'6 I 0'6 1 9.6 I 0' I 2'8 I aSnOH l8TUTS V 990Z I of2 2 lf2 I S22 I 1z2 S 9'Z I IOZ 2 991 I "o0 I Let I lLI I I l --^l----l----I'.------^ot-^----Z-:-^----"I-----^^^2-^---^-SW---o-<^t.-f--ffiwO^- asnoH Jo ad4L I Ot I I 9 I L 1 9 IS 1S I I I t I PTOqaSnOH Oql jo ain TpusOxa elTdeD aaa 3o 9TTOD I seoaV uvqal aSfIOH Ao aUd (IRV a=VIfNIaXH VlIaIVD gcl aO a aIDa AS S'IOHaSflOH aO NOILnuiLuSIi :vmm IS (panuTpuoj) OWV al[qeL Table A.40 (Continued) 0 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND TYPE OF HOUSE I Rural Areas I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROW flecile of Per CaDita Exvenditure of the Household TOTAL f u ~I 1 2 2 1 3 I 4 S 5 1 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I t0 I Type of House ----- .....w ., w"I.s.-".I ----Iw-----Iw-----.-Iw---.w1e. …-- .I .....I --wqwI … 'I -0 S 4 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 i 0 1 0 S 0 1 0 I 4 Not Reported I -too I 0 S 0 I 0 1 0 01 01 0 I 0 0 I ° I ,3 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 1 0 I 0 I 0 I I 0 1 WI ..,.u....I … .1 ,,wV..…..w0. … I … ... I. … ...WI vso.@-e t--w--I-le-I w--w----Z--- I.,------ v------ I--------I----I---I l I 1307 I 1344 I 1319 I 1323 I 1290 I 1336 1 1361 I 1311 I 1381 I 1365 I 13338 I ,8 1 toot I 9,9 I 9,9 1 9,7 I t0,0 I 10,2 1 9,8 I 10.4 I 10,2 I 88,6 A Single House I 86,8 I 89,3 I 87,? I 87,9 I 85,8 I 88,5 i 90,4 I 87,4 I 91,5 T 90.4 I 2 I 58 S 78 I 99 1 66 I 99 I. 91 I 58 I 95 I 82 I 58 I 783 A 7,4 1 10,0 1 12,6 I 8,4 I 12,6 I 11,6 i 7,4 I 12.1 I 10,S 1 7.4 I 5,2 I 3,8 1 5,2 I 6,6 I 4,4 I 6,6 I 6,0 X 3,8 I 6.3 I 5.5 I 3,8 I ...I_.W".. 10..... Iww..... "ISMT ... .e.~.I.......I*..Ww-*.I..C J3S 0 1 0 I a I 01 0 0 0 I a I 21 I 0 I 0 I 20,0 I 0 1 0 I 20,0 I 0 1 0 I 20,0 1 40,0 I a1 A Flat I 0 1 0 I 3 1 0 I 0 I 3 0 1 0 I .3 I ,5 I …I.............~~~. ..I.~.....wI … I *..... I". ... I-0.....…………l 4 I 54 S 49 I 33 1 58 I 41 I 25 1 49 I 58 I 21 I 37 I 425 I 12,6 I 11,7 I 7,8 I 13,6 1 9,7 1 S,8 1 11.7 I 13,6 1 4,9 1 8,7 I 2,8 An Annex I 3,6 I 3,3 I 2,2 I 3,8 1 2,7 I 1,6 1 3,3 I 3,8 1 1.4 1 2,5 I 5 1 12 I 16 I 12 I 12 I 25 1 29 I 16 I 12 I 1 I 25 I 173 A Part of a House -- 1 7,1 9,5 1 7,1 I 7,1 I 14,3 I 1b,7 9.5t I 7 1 S 14 3 I 1,2 No Indeendent ccess ,8 1 1,1 I .8 I ,8 I 1.6 I 1,9 let, I l8 I *a 1 1,6 I No Independent Access vie -------I----- --..-... .-…........e.…_e...l 6 I 70 I 16 S 37 I 45 S 49 I 25 1 21 S 25 I 6 I 16 I 313 A 22,4 1 5,3 I 11,8 I 14,5 I 15,8 S 7,9 I 6,6 1 7.9 1 2,b I 5.3 1 2,1 An Improvised S 4.7 7 1,1 I 2,5 I 3,0 S 3.3 I 1,6 1 1,4 S 1,6 I .5 I 1,1 I Structure *wereRww"w-"wSsw~I~~~ww~t--"^>swew-wtXwee COLUMN 1t05 i5o5 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1501 1509 1509 15057 TOTAL t9o 90 10,0 10.0 logo 10,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 logo 0l0 100,0 I 0 06001 2'0t '0ot 66 0'01 0'01 0'01 t'0t 0'01 0o'0t 9' lYOL tLbZ CS? LbZ? 9t?Z LIPZ LtfZ LIZ BbZy L" Lbz? f. V NHnlo: I 0 2 0ll I 0 I 0 S 0 2 0' I ' I 0 TainlnlS C' I 0 2 0'e?, S0 I 0 t .0' I O I 0 I 0 1 '02 2 I o I STAodm u 9 1 0 2 7 I 0 1 0 t tI S0 1 0 2 t I t0o 1 9 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 t 0 S' I 0'1 I 0 I 0 I S I ss8Dov lu8puadapuI oN Z' I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 t 0 I 0'52 I O2Os I 0 I 0 I 0's I asnoH L 'o ilea v S S 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ! 0 I S I Z 120 I 0 1t I S I 0'S I 5'Z I 0' I 0' s o'" I 0't I o'b I 0'I I 5'! I 0'1 I C'! I t1 S I L'L I 2'6 I V6 I e'£t S 2 0 6 2 Z''1 I 6 1 '1o I 1' I xauuv uV t9 I Z1 I 9 1 I I L t it I L I Ot I A I 6. I I I I 0 I.'1 I 0 I S' t 0 I 0 I 0 S S' I S' I s' I f' I 0 2 0f1: I 0 I L'91 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 091 I L'19 I L'9t I LelS v L t 0 I Z I 0 I 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 I t I I I I I 9'!L I 6*qg 1 6'06 t 0'f6 t 01'6 I 01'I6 I SI0' I 0'Z6 I 0'1:6 I 6%'6 , 9069 1 foe I L'6 I 1'01 I t '01 7 1'01 I i'0t I 1lOt I 20t I io1 I 7'o'tI asnoH paqDI32V UV tzez I S9t I S12 I t18 I 01: 7 S2? I 01 I S2z 1 LU I OEZ I if? I SOP I e t f'18 I sl8 t 1'9 I St I 0ol 2 SIC I S%? I 0' I 5' I t'9 I 1t9 I 2s1S 1 6'fl I 9'6 I L'S t 9'9 I L'S I I'L I 9'9 S 1'?t 2 6'a I asnoH aBuTS V 25 I I is I 12 I Si I 6 1 0t t 6 I ti I 0t t 9 I L I t I'……- …………*---^-I-…--I……^-I0-ba dI-a.. .sf.oH Jo sH I 01. 16 1 9 I 1 9 I S I f? I 9 I Z I t I 11V±O pToq4asnoH aqa jo ainqTpuadxS eLqdLo .ta Jo 1TDa tt MO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I JolaDs aqe3as aSflOH a~O aJJ (INV MMMhINU~X3 Vlc1V3 RdAc aIO aso scriaauasno nsaoNoLT.la VsII :yyjEa so THONaa 7t S(IOH2(SpOH aO NOILoZ IISIv VYNq N S (panuTIu00) 0t V alqeL Table A.41 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND TENURE OF ACCOMMODATION All Island Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW TOTAL I 11I 2 I 3 I 4 S S 6 . 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I Tenura of w.Iw0----w1--… ……----…-------.....…IW".vv.rw .j-W .... I Acco-anodation I I 1585 I ISII 1 1477 I 1456 I 1363 I 1442 1 1409 I 1433 1 1434 I 1322 I 1443Z Owned I 11.0 I 1o,5 7 10,2 I 10,1 S 9.4 I 10,0 X 9,8 I 9.9 I 9,9 I 9,2 1 68,6 I 75,7 I 72,1 I 70,4 I 69,5 I 64,9 I 68.8 i b7,2 1 68,4 I 68,1 1 63.0 I .._-w-w--I---w--wI …-.----1. …-----I …- ...- .....I..Ole…-------I-------- I.-...-.I 2 S 131 I. 191 I 206 I 201 1 259 I 204 1 287 1 315 I 353 I 559 I 2706 Rented I 4,9 I 7,. I 7,6 I 7.4 I 9,6 I 7,5 I 10,6 I 11,7 1 13,1 I 20.6 I 12,9 I 6,3 I 9,1 I 9,8 I 9,6 I 12,3 I 9,7 s 13,7 I 15.1 1 1b,d I 2b,6 I 3 I 350 I 378 I 409 I 422 I 457 I 444 i 374 I 335 I 286 I 197 I 3653 Rent Free I 9,6 1 10,3 I 11,2 I 11,6 I 12,5 I 12,2 Z 10,2 I 9,2 I 7,8 I 5,4 I 17,4 I 16,7 1 18,0 1 19,5 2 20,1 I 21,8 I 21,2 i 17.9 I 16,0 1 13,6 I 9,4 I I… …el… …m …qle!.-I………-----I-------………p- oI-...- … … …….I 4 I 28 I 14 I 7 I 16 I 20 I 8 a 25 1 12 I 26 I 16 I 171 Other I 16,5 I 8,5 I 3,9 I 9,5 I 11,6 I 4,4 i 14,6 I 6,8 I 15,1 I 9,2 I ,8 1 1,3 1 .,7 I .3 I ,8 I ,9 I 4 I 1,2 I 6 1 1,2 I ,a I .3 9,e.e7 … …-----I -wineIr~-"e~~-ww---eww--I---., p……. … 'Ie-I..ww... u………I.w- .ewIne.… …-wI * I 0S I 0 I 0 CI 0 1 0 1 0S I O I b 6 6 Not Known I 0 I 0 I 0 S 0 S 0 S o i 0 0 I 0 I 100 0 I ,0 I O I 0 I 0 I 0.1 01 o I O 01 0S ,3 1 COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 19,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10O0 1.0 100.0 Table A.41 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND TENURE OF ACCOMMODATION Urban Areas Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW TOTAL Tenureof I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I Tenure of .w..- .I....I"I*...... Acconmodation I I 131 1 145 I 157 I 157 I 158 I 167 i 17U 1 168 I 173 174 1 1605 Owned I 8,2 1 9,1 I 9,8 I 9,8 I 9,9 1 10,4 £ 10,8 I 10,5 I 10,8 I 10,9 I 46,7 I 38,04 1 42,3 I 45,6 I U5,8 S 46,0 I 48,4 I 50,5 I 49,0 1 50,2 1 50.1 I loom....I---..I....… to .~..e"I....~..... 2 I 171 1 174 I 148 I 165 I 159 I 157 IS1 I 158 I 160 I 165 1 1609 Rented I 10,6 1 10.8 I 9,2 I 10,3 I 9,9 I 9,8 i 9,u 1 9,8 1 9,9 I 10,3 I 46,8 I 50,3 I 50,7 I 43,0 I 48,0 I 46,3 I 45,7 1 44,0 1 46,0 I 46,5 1 47,4 I 3 I 35 I 21 I 33 I 18 I 21 I 18 i 15 I 13 I 10 I 7 I 192 Rent Free I 18,3 I 11,2 S 17.0 I 9,4 S 11,2 I 9,4 1 7,6 I 6,7 I 5*0 I 3,6 1 5,6 I 10,3 I 6,2 I 9,7 I. 5,2 I 6,2 1 5,2 S1 4,2 I 3,7 I 3,0 1 2,0 I 4 1 3 I 3 1 5 3 5I 3 41 3 1 0 1 2 1 32 Other I 10,8 I 8,1 I 16,2 I 10,8 I 16,2 I 8,1 1 13.5 I 10.8 I 0 I 5.4 I .9 I 1,0 .1 7 I 1,5 I 1,0 I 195 I ,7 i 1,2 I 1,0 I 0 I ,5 I 6 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 00 2 0 0 1 I I 1 1 0 1 2 Not Known I 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 I 0 0 1 50,0 I so,o I 0 I t0 S . 0 ° 0 S 0. I 0 1 0 0 I 0. I ,2 I ,2 I 0 I COLUMN 340 344 344 344 344 345 344 344 344 .348 3439 TOTAL 9.9 10,0 10,0 10,0 1 10,0 l0 10.0 104i.0 10, 10.1 100,0 o I Table A.4l (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND TENURE OF ACCONMODATION Rural Arcas Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROTW Tenure of I. 17 3 1 4 I 5 I 6 7 I 8 I 9 I t0 I I.es,,d!dI~~~~~~~ … - I I ~~~~11.-NIVOT .!. u9I9w …... -1 … .7.... el Accon-mdaton 1 1 1315 1 1328 1 1336 1 1286 1 1303 1 1249 I 1270 1 1253 I 1290 7 1187 1 12816 1 10,3 1 t0,4 1 10.4 7 10,0 I 10,2 I' 9.7 I 9,9 1 9,8 I 10.1 7 9,3 7 85,1 Owned ~~1 87,4 1 88,2 7 88,8 1 85,5 1 86,6 1 82,8 84,4 I 83,3 1 85,0 78,7 7 a 7 33 7 70 1 70 I 95 I 78 99 124 7 128 I 120 7 219 I 103S Rented 1 3,2 1 6,8 I 6.8 7 9,2 7 7,6 1 9,6 12,0 1 12,4 1 11,6 I 21,1 I '6,9 ~2,2 7 4,7 1 4,7 I 6,3 1 5,2 1 6,6 I 8,2 1 8,S 7 7,971 14.5 7 3 136 7 99 1 9) 7 its I 107 1 153 5 91 1 120 I 74 7 82 I 1068 Rent Free 1 12,7 1 9,3 I 8.5 I1 0,8 I 10,0 7 14,3 8,5 I 11.2 1 6 .9 7 7.7 1 7.1 I 9,0 I 6,6 I 6,0 1 -7,7 1 7,1 7 10,11 6,0 1 7,9 7 4,9 I 5,5 7 4 I 21 1 a I 8 1 8 I 16 1 8 21 1 4 1 21 1 lb 1 132 Other I Is,6 7 6,3 1 6,3 1 6,3 I 12,5 7 6,3 1 15,6 7 3,1 7 15,6 1 12,5 I ,9 1 1,4 1 . 5 1 .5 I 11 I * 1 1,4 1 ,3 1 1,4 7 lot I b I 07 0 1 0I 0 ! 0I 0 0! 07o 071 47 0 Not Known I 0 1 0 i 0 I 0 7 0 7 0 0 7 0 7 0 I7100,0 I go I. 0!1 0.! 0 1 0 1 071 0 ~ 07 01 071 .3 COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505- 150,5 1509 15057 YOTAL to0 0, 10,0 to0,0o' Soso log0 10,0 lOgo I, 10 .0 og 100,0 Table A.41 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND TENURE OF ACCOMMIODATION Estate Sector Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the liousehold ROW TOTAL o I 1 2 I 3 I 4 I 51 6 1 7 I 8 9 1 O I Accomnodation I I. I I 21 1 II 0 1 II 0 1 0 1 9 I 14,33 I 1 I 14,3 I 28,6 I 0 I 14,3 X 0 S 14,3 I 0 I 0 I , Owned 1 .5 1 ,5 I .5 I 1,0 I 0 1 ,5 Z 0 1 is 1 0 I 0 I * Iyy 1---- wI....----la------- I ....VIw- "I" qw - . IwwwI I. .-... .I 2 I ~4 I 6 I 7 1 5. 1 2 I 4. 7 I 7 1 10 I 9 I 62 Rented I 6,0 I 10,0 I 12.0 I 8,0 I 4,0 I 6,0 1 12,0 I 12,0 I l6,0 I l4,0 I 2.5 I 1,5 1 2,5 I 3,0 I 2,0 I l,0 I 1,5 Z 3,0 I 3,0 I 4,0 I 3,S I * I...e~~~", I w..*Iu.w~~~~-- Iu~'fe I.--1…" … 3 I 233 I 238 I 238 I 240 I 245 I 242 1 240 I 237 I 237 I 242 I 2393 Rent Free I 9,8 I 10,0 I 10,0 I 10,0 I 10,2 1 101 10,0 I 9.9 I 9,9 1 10,1 I 9b,8 I 95,9 I 96,5 I 96,5 I 96,5 I 99,0 I 98,0 t 97,0 I 96,5 I 96,0 I 96,5 1 - IY**-9w-- --9~- S .---… ww-- I *w!-w*BwZ--"w uw.*--- IP,qY, I ---w.--. I Other 4 I S I I I 01 0 01 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 7 1 66,7 I 16,7 I 0 I 16,7 I 0 S 0 o 0 I 0 S 0 S 0 I .3 S 2,0 S .e I 0 I e51 0 I 0 S0 0 I 0 I 0 I COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9,6 lo00 10s,0 0.s 10.0 100 10O 949 10.0 10.2 100,0 Table A.42 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED All Island COUNT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW ROW PCT I TOTAL No. of Rooms COL PCT I Occupied I 1 2 t 3 I 4 I 5 1 6 I 7 1 8 I 9 1 10 I No I 8 1 13 I 8 I 12 I 6 I It 17T 1 3 I 0 1 85 Not I 9,6 I 15,5 I 8,8 I 13,6 I 6,8 1 12,6 Z 20.3 I 9,6 1 3,0 1 0 1 .4 Reported I ,4 I ,6 I ,4 I , I 3 I ,5 i ,8 I 4 I I I 0 S - l I a96 1 522 1 461 I 550 I 513 I 442 1 406 I 438 I 343 I 248 I 4419 I 11,2 1 l1,8 I 10.4 I 12,5 I 11,6 I 10,0 i 9,2 I 9,9 I 7,6 I S,6 I 21,1 I 23,7 I 24,9 1 22,0 I 26,3 I 24,5 I 211 i 19.4 I Z0.9 I 16, I 11's I 2 1 813 I 761 r 813 I 795 I 748 I J73 1 643 1 606 1 523 I 411 I 6843 I 11.9 I Il,1 I 11.9 I 11,6 I 10,9 1 10,7 i 9,4 I 8,9 1 7,6 I 6,0 I 32.6 I 38,8 i 36,3 I 38,8 I 37,9 .I 35,6 1 34,9 i 30,7 I 2B,9 I 24,9 I 19,6 I 3 I 501 I 468 I 469 I 402 I 464 1 558 456 I 517 1 518 1 442 1 4794 I 10,4 1 9,8 1 9,8. I 8,4 I 9,7 1 11,6 i 9,5 1 10,8 I 10,8 I 9,2 1 22,9 I 23,9 1 22,3 I 22,3 I 19,2 I 22,1 I 26,6 i 21,8 I 24,7 I 24,7 I 21,1 I 4 I 178 I 229 I 205 1 214 I 203 I 202 1 326 1 253 1 361 I 349 I 2519 P I 7,1 1 9,1 I 8,1 1 8,5 I 8,1 I 8,0 I 12,9 I 10.1 I 14,3 1 13,9 I 12,0 H I 8,5 I 10,9 I 9,8 I 10,2 I 9,7 I 9,6 1 15,5 I 12,1 I 17,2 I 16,6 I . 5 1 71 I 86 I 92 I 81 I 86 I 102 I 143 I 151 I 161 I 274 1 1247 1 5,7 1 6,9 S 7,a I 6,5 I 6,9 I 8,2 11,5 I 12,1 1 12,9 1 21,9 I 5,9 I 3,4 S 4,1 I 4,4 I 3,9 I 4,1 I I 4 I9 6,8 I 7,2 I 7,7 I 13,0 I 6 I 19 1 16 I 29 1 15 I St I 38 1 61 I 72 1 98 1 167 1 566 I 303 I 2,8 I 5,1 1 2,6 I 9,0 I 6,7 10,8 I 12,7 I 17,3 I 29,6 I 2,7 I ,9 I *7 1 1,4 I ,7 I 2,4 I 1,8 i 2,9 I 3,4 I 4,i I 8,0 I - Iq.ww- I-…………-I… …I……....…-V----- Iw.------.-www----- IV-"....WI-9-p--vaI 7 I 5 I 1 1 17 1 17 I 11 I 8 t 16 I 30 I 54 I 95 I 254 I 2^0 1 3 1 6,8 I 6,8 I 4,3 I 3,0 b 6,2 I 11,8 I 21,J I 37,5 1 1,2 I ,2 I ,0 I ,8 I 85 I ,4 I ,8 I 1,4 I 2,6 1 4,5 I .1… …, y……-------wI ..-.w Iw…………I … ... .. ……...w....l 8 I 4 I 0 1 4 I 9 I 5 I 2 1 6. I 9 I 21 1 61 I 121 I 354 I 0 1 3,4 I 7,5 I 4,1 I 1,4 1 4,8 I 7,5 1 17,3 1 50,6 I ,6 I *,2 I 0 I ,2 I 4!I ,2 I ,1 f 3! I 4I 1,0 I 2,9 I wI wVW;_0-I----....Iw.y.. .wIPw WVI……………vI r 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 12 I 5 S 21 I 10 I 1'v I 52 I 119 9 or More I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 10,4 I 4,2 1 1703 I 8,4 I 16,0 1 43,8 ; 6 I 0 o 0 1 0 I 0 , 9 I 2 S10 I .5 I , 2,5 I *t,w"t~--,*-.-:x-w-t,zPw--.b----"Ib---b…..--- .2w----- .-u.wvewwsI.sP-.wu COLUMN 2095 2095 2008 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10.9 10.0 10.0 1000 10,0 100 10.0 l0.0 too! 10.0 o 1000 o'oot t'ot o'Ot OOt 0o0t OOt 0ot o@i ot o0I ' 0I 6t 8bf 9£ fb9 ftli7 f. rft sfr fOff 17fr!t at oft, NwniO: t Z's S ?2z I 0'1 S ' S I 0 1 Z 2 0 So 0 o 0 I O 6 1 i (5 I S L'Z I slot I 9'2 l's I 0 t 9'2 I 0 S 0 I 0 tIOW O6 ae I91 I 9 I I t I I t I I 10 1 0 1 0 I la ----- ... a''- ....... 0 ---'-t^ ... a*--&-'-I'an- ...'-...' --- o-i^AftA-&msA&j' I 69 t o'Z I L'1 I SI 0 I LI I S' I O E l 2 o I too I 6'OS I Sbl I Lt S21 6'l 0 0 1 S'S I 9'! t 0 1 91 I O I LI? I Z 2 L 1 9 1 S I 0 1 9? 1 0 I O0 I 9 I goo I 5'S I 2z' Ol I o't I SIt I 01 I S' I I' t S' I tZ2 I b'£" I 6'91 1 9'0t I 9el I 049 I ZL I 9bf? t 7?82 I 2'? I b,2 I IL I r I ZT I 9 I! 97 I S 2 £ IZ I1 I? z 2 J aee.ae.J …----I---.---.-…t^F-t^'-S-z^-Z*^^z----I--'-*^-'I I S'tl I 41L I OIL I Ob t. O, t 2I 1 I Lot I VI I Z I s 1 6Cf I 6 2 1 9'61 I L0t I I Oot7IPel I ' 1 tif I 22t I 9 I f 'i I st 2 I 0t? I u I ti I t7 t I bI I b 1 9 1 f I 1 t 2 I 9 I … Zee&.dI~ . I~~= !ab..a*I-a&a . . . . & a I-i.-A- aIa. . a-mi.eI -aaa Ia I 6'9I t 8'91 I Ztt I OIL I fL I 0'9 I s't I E'S I ?l' I sIt I 9'L I 5 'bZ I L Z I 'ta I 6S 9 I 9'6 I 9'L S 'ft I t17 1 6'I 1 6't 1 992 2 9Q t as I 9S I bZ t 9Z 1 1t I 21 S 1 I 9 8 I s I S I 6Ll I t 'Ll 1 6'91 I 6'St t 9'bl S L'Zt 2 2'6 I Lto01 2Z9 I 8's I 4 0O'S I O'Et I 9II1 I O'£ I Sf' I 9'6 I 9'6 It L I Z'8 I f'9 Z frtI I 9 9b0 I ?q I t9 I 95 I Ss t 0S 1 I0 I 2£ 2 *£ t 9Z 02 1 S IF-----^- ----- I--------2----I.----&----S--- ....-*-^---'^o*^ i 6 6 1 I 1' 2 I'LZ J 99S? 2 6'£2 S I ti 2 I It72 I 6'o2 I £'91 I 9'12 I f'9 I 9 i6 I 0'I I 9 I I 6O01 2 0t I O7'OZ I i'01 I 6' 9 I'L I SO0 I L9 I Li I L6 I S6 I 99 I 29 I b8e 2 f!i I ZL 2 29 I £ I P'6 1 6'91 I 6'2? t 69? S ee? I S 8bS C I L. I i'S I a I' " I V,bt S 9'6h I I'f I tb'9 I I'L I L' 6 L 6 I 9'tt I 9'2t S 6 11 I 6't I I '(t I 910t I Z£1 I I I9 I 61. 1 66 t 96 I 071 I 8Z1 I IZI 1 Iti I 97( 2 2 I^"----*-I-"-&^--*I--------I-^---0-A.xf ...... -*-2......-Al------- 4I-...---^- ....----^--I 1 5'2 1 L9 t 09 21 b6oi t "1t S 6'91 I b'tZ I 9'iZ I 9'S? I Lf'£f I S'Lt I r7'l I o'S I O's I 069 2. b0 1 I 9'01 t 2'21 I S'!t t I LlI I I'6t I t09 I 6 S Of I O0 I 9b 1 2 9 2 S9 S brL I 18 I 99 I Stl I t I 0 1 0 1 2 s' 0 S 2' 2 0. I 2't t -'t I ' S paijoda bi' I 0 1 D I 9S I I'lt t 0 I 9'S I 9I I t 'LZ 2 9'L2 1 9'5 2 ON St I 0 S 1O1 S 2 S ZS I 1 I2 I IO s 1 6 2 9 SL t9 ISS I 1b I II 2 t t swoo 101 I1od10 plotlasnoH aLl Jo ainvTpuadxa eL-der Lo J0 alTTDa I L3d M40 Jo .°N SeaIV u1uqflS I lNnoo ldalfaDlO SOIOL a10EgSifN (NV MHflLIUNadXR VIIaxVD -d aiO 3'IIaa 7S SMOHMSfoH aO I4oiinlmsia:SIU :y)fl- ihs (panuTquoo) ZV v 4Eqwj Table A.42 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED Rural Areas COUNT I No. of ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW No. of COL PCT I TOTAL Rooms I 2 3 1 4 ! 5 6 1 7 S 8 I 9 10 I Occupied -…,_ _ - --1--.,.----tIww ---Ow. w -- votw----p-rw.-w--. ww--- t 8 t 8 S 8 I 8! 0 1 12 1 8 1 16 I 0 I 0 ! 70 Not I 11,8 I 11.8 I 11,8 I 11,8 I 0 I 17,6 t 11,8 I 23,5 I 0 I 0 I IS Reported I .5 S is I IS I iS I 0 S a8 i ,5 S 1,1 I 0 I 0 1 .! *-r-w~-m!S--.n----I …1w-w-I-P--.…wI …@v…------…el"....Wtw----W- --........ 1 S 330 1 330 1 214 I 334 I 326 I 235 i 186 I 251 1 173. I 202 I 2581 S 12,8 S 12,8 I 8,3 I 12,9 I 12,6 I 9,1 i 7,2 I 9,7 I 617 S 7,8 S 17.1 1 21,9 I 21,9 S 14,2 S 22,2 S 21,6 I 15.6 1 12,3 1 18,7 I 11,5 I 13.4 I imI.S-Vwwwqw I 0-w -WS.----- *S. .....SI-----S-- ------ Xt---- -I----........ --- .....--I 2 S 623 S 53b I 552 I 577 S 548 S 548 X 429 S 449 I 388 I 346 1 4997 2 12,5 1 10,7 1 11, 1S 11,6 S 11,0 I 11,0 1 8,6 I 9.0 1 7,6 I 6,9 I 33,2 S 41.4 I 5,6 I 36,7 I 3&8,4 I 36,4 I 36,3 Z 28,5 I 29,9 I 25,6 I 23,0 I a! in.. w !…nq~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. … -1 … -!… ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I .1 . … a-- I 3 I 346 I 359 1 412 I 301 1 326 I 433 1 437 I 359 I 408 S 322 I 3702 S 9,4 1 9,7 I 11,1 I 8,1 I 8,8 I 11,7 1 11,8 I 9,7 I 11,0 I 8,7 1 24,6 S- 23,0 S 23,8 I 27,4 I 20,0 I 21,6 I 28,7 1 29,0 I 23,8 I 27., 1 21,3 I W . !w…"- . I.. --------…V… w*I … ...-I… .......I".. .I … 4 1 120 I 190 I 198 I 177 I 165 I 148 Z 280 1 202 1 272 I 247 I 2000 I 6,0 I 9,5 I 9,9 I 8,9 I 8,2 I 7,4 1 14,0 I 10,1 1 13,6 S 12,4 I 13,3 I 7,9 1 12,6 1 13,2 I 11,8 I 11,0 S 9,8 i 18,6 I 13,4 I 18,1 I 16,4 I .~ ~~~~~~I. .. *--PI- ---- -- -I"" ...... -wS*----li .....W-I-........I....... J.w -w-- *I 5 1 58 I 86 I 82 S 70 I 87 I 82 1 78 I 153 I 124 I 157 I 957 S 6,0 I 6,9 I 8,6 1 7.3 S 9,1 S 8,6 1 8,2 I 15,9 I 12,9 S 16,4 I 6,4 I 3,8 S 4,4 I 5,5 I 4,7 1 5,8 S 5,5 1 5,2 1 10,1 I 8,2 I 10,4 1 *I--wv.I 9Jnnnn.1. … …I.…….oI...w---I……g ....… …I …IS.----wS0-....vw------I--......I ....q .- WI 6 S 12 I 16 I 21 I 12 I 33 I 37 i 54 I 45 I 70 I 107 1 408 I 3,0 I 4,0 1 5,1 1 3,0 I 8.1 I 9,1 1 13,1 I 11,1 1 17,2 1 26,3 1 2,7 I ,8 I 1,1 I 1,4 I ,8 I 2,2 ; 2,5 3,6 1 3,0 1 4,7 I 7,1 1 I._w-w--I---w--wI.--"-.wIv-w---w.----.aIq..----i-1i.y… ….I …----l-.w-q.a..-….. 7 1 a I 0 1 12 1 16 I 8 I 4 i 12 I 16 I 41 I 66 1 181 I 2,3 S 0 1 6,8 1 9,1 I 4,5 I 2,3 1 6.8 I 9,1 I 22,i I 36.4 I 1.2 I ,3 I 0 1 .8 S 1,1 I ,S I ,3 1 ,8 I 1.1 I 2,7 I. 4,4 I 0-..w*zv--b---w--.l--.--.w-………I.. WPw- -.......I...---..… I. …."... I 8 I 4 S 0 1 4 I 8 1 4 S 0 I 0 I 8 I 12 I 33 I 74 I S,6 I 0 1 S,6 I 111 I1 5,6 S 0 i 0 S 11,1 I 16,7 I 44,4 I I5 S ,3 1 0 S 3 ,5 I 3 I 0 1 0 I ,S I ,8 I 2,2 I aIaaain.-w"Xw.-w---sI..-1.w .Iwt"-----Ia.----IoIw --w …v…………………----………………..….I..I--- -….... I 0 S 0 S 0 I 0 I 8 I 8 1 21 I 4 I 16 1 29 I 87 9 or More I 0 S 0 I o I 0 I 9,5 I 9,5 X 23,8 S 4,8 I 19,0 I 33,3 I ,6 I 0 S 0 S 0 1 0 S ,5 S .5 1 1,4 1 ,3 I I,1I 1,9 I UIqapa-" V -V I q I …w ------Ip……………………Iw ----wy. i -na ---w Iv--a-w--v-w… I--V Vwvw -a v -vv-v COLUMN 15,0.s 1505 1505 1505 isos 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 19.0 to1.o 10o,0 10.0 o ,o S,oo 0,o0 10,0 loop 1o0o 1oo0, @00001 tool i'01 6*b Ol 0001t 6,01 cool 00 @@ 3649 1'10L t IS 100 1 0 0 70 20 10 0 10 1 1I is I O'OOt I 0 I 0 S 0 0 0 S 0 I 0 t 0 I o t 1 11t I 1 0 1 0 t0 0 1 0 2 0 10 1 oS I 0'o I S1t I So I 0 So I O'Z I 0 I 0 I S' I o.' t 6' t Tf f t 091 I 9'S S 0 9'S S '2Z? I 0 I 0 S 9'S I tell I 22 I L t I I 0 1 1 s I 0 1 0 1 1 S 2 t 9 I O's I o'Z I 0 I 0 1 S I 0 0 I So 0 t o't I 6' I 95S S 2'Z S I 0 I 0 ' 9'S 0 I 0 I 9'S I 0 S It' t 22 S21 s s I 0 1 0 I I10 t0 S O 1 0 t Z I S 2 6'L tI 0' I Sol I OZ St I 0' I O't I O'S I Ot I. 9'f t Ot1 I 'LZ I Z'Ol I 1'S I 989 7 I'S I 201 1 It I zo'0t I 2o'0 I 6 't I £L I 0? I L I " I S t IS I I Z t6 1 0 I-f-- --t&---"^^^.--t*---S-Z-S-*^-t4 ----t I.. ^m.0 ... ----^...... I 6'6 . I S'L I 9'L I 0o9 t 0'9 1 1'O0 I S'L t. 9 t I 9'at I L'.Z£ I 9'lt I t ' I 5'9 I Si9 I 6'9 6'9 I 1'9 I Sag t 0'01 I tLtt I 1'S I to? IS? S6t . 1 61 1 02 t OZ 1 t 5 61 2I 6Z 1 Of 1 6b 2I t--*-^-^^-'--tt-b--X-----^^X---'t----Ft.*- ...----'---^--X-Xo- I Z116?1QZ bILL I £'f? I t'6Z I .9'?! I S 'Lt J 22 I LOI I 012 S L' I Z'9£ I O'LZ t Soft I I OL9 S 6 1 l'lt t 9'6 I 211 1 9't I z'l1t I 9'01 I 6'1 S 929 I 95 I 2L I 19 S 26 t 6L 1 f8 1 f0Ot S 6 I 69 I 99 t 2 t S'OS t a'9S I 9'LS I 9'2S i 'LS I 2'LO I S'6b I 25L S 099 I £'tff I 1OS t I VOT I f'II I ?t'1 I Slot '7 l l S 0'6 t 6'6 S t''6 t V6 I 9'9 9 LtZt I LZ1 I Obt I Zol I Oil t zol S £11 I S21 t Lli I SIt I b9 I I I Ot t 6 t 9 I 1 9 1 I t 2 S 2 1 t t smo iviot ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I Lod 103 myod plo49asnOH 8ql jo alniTpuadxa vjTdej ;8d Jo ;DTTDac 2 LZd ov JO-ON I iNflo3 saoioas aueisa aaIanoDo swoO ao 'gagfN aIv anhIaNadxa VIim Idu lo 'a'slDoac xa saloHisnoI ao AO N61nAstIsla :VXM Us (panupuoo) zj.v *Tlq'l 0OOO '0 ot o'o: O'oOto: o'o: 0'0o ooi ooo c oot Iyo L960? OOtZ 660? 0602 S&0? L60o 660? 9602 960? S60z S60Z Nwnilo bq I VI'S I o't? I 9'01 ! 2'9 7 2 9' O OO't t Z' I ' S L't S So? I egt t 09 tI If I t S I I .t b I 6 t t t S S 9000ZJ I V'iZ I 'Zt I S'S I 2'0t t nb I 9t0 t £'I 2 9' 2 6't I ri I 'I I. 0L1' I 9'S? I foot I Olt i t'9 t 9'9 t 9'n I 6t1 I S'Z I 9't I OOOZ - OOO0 t1st I Ski, I 692 I 95t I bil t 6 £8 2 0t I OL I S1 I bC I L2 I S t----^-^-I"^----^t......-I.... &is -^ ...t*00..---*I---I--^---- 0-01 ...... .- .....--t'-I I 9'so I S' 1 I £'Z2 I ST2 t 0'92 I s'st , 0'2 I 12 I s'2? I 6Lt I 002 I L'21 I i&'?1 I L'tt 1 9'6 t L01 I 9'L I 1 6 I 0'6 I 2'6 I n' I 000! - 0OO 00S I 9"9 -I. 9S9 I fiS I 0ois I 9nS I S69 I t190 I s9Sn I St, I Stf .1 f I … 1 … 1 … I' … ?aa...&. ....... .aa --- S . .......T---o- I I--- --I*------i, ------^ Tt---- I*--' ml*^*o^@t^l";^^ I n's I L'O I S'n£ I Vi9£ i t'ont 1 96t£ t S'Lf S 2'9£ I 1'6E I L I n S l9g t 0'. I S'9 I S'6 I OOt t tit , I OOi I fS901 I 0S01 go I SIt 2 OS -I *LLSL I "vs I t 9 I 22L I 191 t zn8 I 9t2 t 99L I 655 t O?Q I fLa I S T~~~~~~~~~~o ----T ----I----I--^t'--I---t''-'I----- ml---Z ... ---o' I 6'zt t O'tZ I 9'92 I z2's t 9'S. I 9f,! I ni'ss I S'9£ I ?t7£ I ti.t I 86?s I tn T t'L 1 0t66 t 9'6 i S'6 I 9T1't I O'zt I .b'Zt I 9'11 I 9'1 OSZ - 001 0Q9 I tIl I ttt S I £SS I 065 I £9S I 92 I 171. I 19. I 915 I LLL I a LnI&aa-.a .aaI...aa..Iaa0..a..a&&ooa.... a.14 …....*1I.da'I C's I: L' tQ' I 9't I 9' I n' at -I 't t9't I S M I £'Z I Lot I s1t I 6'" I ('6 I L'Ot I 2'S 5'6 t L'21 t 9'ot I t'Ot I £'St I Q&I1 I 001 O1 dn (1£ I Si T 62b I i I 9t I 0£ I Ob t I if I 2£ I et? I 9 I t I o 2 o I O t 'O Oa I O I O I O I O I o I O a I100 C 10 10.1 o 0 oI o I0 1 0 1 0 10 1 aloa O' I 0 t0 I 0 I 0 t 001 I 0 1 0I I 0 I 0 I p I pa0zodax z°N 0I 0 1 O t 0 0 1 0 I OO S0 0 1O I O 10O' I O 10 O0 1O t I 0 I 0 10 10 t0 o O' 1 06001 I O'OO0 I I 0 O I O I O I O I O I I t II 10 1 O I O o I O I o I 10 10 Io _ I Ot I 6 I 9 I L t 9 1 S I n I I I 2 I t I LaJv loola ,Yiol pI[olIlasnoH zq3 Jo 9.In1puadx3 jTdvD Xaa {o 30 ;TMaG I 1d 103 M0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~I j3d Mu'0 PueLIsl- TTV bc SMSO IJfd DNIAII UiO. aIasn Cli *bS NI) V3UV N10'M 1A an aNV 2U1LIavU1x3a VIIcTVD IaZ aO aiTDaOM XT SO'IOH3SfOH aO NOIIlUhISIa :VXNn nIS WV. 9Tqv; Table A.43 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND BY THE FLOOR AREA (IN SQ. FT.) USED FOR LIVING PURPOSES Urban Areas COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Floor Area COL PCT I - TOTAL (in sq.ft.) I 1 ! 2 I 3 I 4 I s I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I S I 0! 0 I 0 I 0 00 0 I 01 0I II 1 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 t 0 I 0 I d I l00o0 I .0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 S 01 01 0 I 2 I 0! 0! 0 S 0 t O I 0 0 0 01 0J 01 1 Not Reported I 0 I 0 I 0 I100,C I 0 I 0 i 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I ,0 I 0 I 0 1 0 1S,2 I 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 I 0 1 1 1 7 I 7 I 71 6I 8 5 S 3 1 I I 1I 0 1 44 Up to 100 I 15,4 I 15,4 I iS,4 I 13,5 I 17,3 I 11,5 t 7,7 I 1a9 1 1,9 I 0 I 1,3 I 20 1 2 2,o 1 2.0 I 1,7 I 2,2 I 1,5 t l,0 I 2 1 ,2 I 0 I It.-w-----w--P*--I-w---. I------- IV ...... I ......"WI ...... ...... w-tt--w"t. 2 I 162 I 138 1 120 I 97 I 86 I 76 I 72 I 58 I 34 t 9 I 852 100 - 250 1 19,1 I 16,2 1 14,1 I 11,3 I 10,0 I 8,9 t 8,4 1 6,8 1 U.0 t 1,1 I 24,5 I 47,7 I aO,o r 34,8 I 28,1 I 24,9 I 22,1 i 20,9 I 16,9 t 10,0 I 2,7 I *Is-t---t--"----Is-----w*I""low- IS_s ....WI ..... -w ---- W-x--......--*. --.........0 3 I 115 1 127 1 139 I 154 S 136 I 127 t 103 I 91 I 85 I 51 t 1129 250 - 500 S 10,2 I 11,3 t 12,3 I 13,6 I 12,0 I 11,3 ; 9,2 I 8,0 I 7,5 I 4,5 I 32,8 1 33,7 1 37,1 1 40,5 I 44,8 1 39,6 1 37,0 S 30.1 1 26,4 I 24,6 I 14,7 I dI..VqVwflwV ..….. …,WI .....-w _ -…---_ ! - --…---I-i--aa.......I----w i° ......I a…------I 500- 1000 Y 49 56 I 62 I 62 1 86 Y 96 i 102 I 119 I 107 I 108 I 847 - 5,8 I b,7 I 7.3 I 7,4 I 10,2 I 11,3 1 12,0 I 14,0 I 12,6 1 12,7 I 24,6 I 14.3 I 16,4 I 17,9 I 18,2 I 25,1 t 27,8 I 29,6 I 34,6 I 31.1 I 31,0 I --- b~~I-w.w- ....-----W val-tbPw-z~-~^@w"V~-0-1 ....... w---Iw-t- 5 S 6 I 15 I 15 I 21 I 23 I 33 I 54 I 63 I 99 I 131 I 460 1000 - 2000 1 1,3 S 3,2 I 3,3 I 4,5 I 5.0 S 7,2 S 11,7 1 13,8 I 21,6 I 28,4 I 13,4 S 1,8 I 4,2 I 4,5 I 6,0 v 6,7 1 9,7 1 15,7 I 18,4 I 28,9 I 37,6 I *I:y*w- ,Y-I--wUu---I...p .WVI.WP*n...awI s.a-*.--- ""Si.....ww.…I-------- I.......I........ 6 1 2 I 1 I I I 3 I S I 7 I 9 1 12 I 1 I 48 I 10b Over 2000 S 1,6 S ,8 I ,8 1 3,2 I 4,8 1 6,5 i 8,9 I 11,3 I 16.9 S 45,2 I 3,1 S 5 , S 2 I ,2 . 1,0 I . 1,5 I 2,0 2,7 I 3,5 I 5,2 1 13,8 S COLUMN 340 344 344 344 344 .345 344 344 344' 348 3439 TOTAL Q.9 10.0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10.Q 1.el 100,0 ooI, ot oot 06ot 0o 0I o O't01 oot o'ot OOi 0'01 oot i6lo L0St 6051 ost Sosl sost 60SOt sost sost sosi SOSt s051 Nwflno t 2'S t S'£ I 9' I l' 5 I 0 t s' t ' I o0 1 t I 2't t sI tS j'Is92 I -'L I S'6 i 0 I 0 t 9'b I t72 I 0 I th2 I oooZ laAo 5L1 s 9L S 6h~ I 21 1 91 s o I 0 t 9 I? I 0 o t 1 9 T I … Iba.I … ……………… aaa1ha'I I £'9t I Itt I L'Ot I S'9 ? 2'S I 6'? t 6'? I 0'£ I S2 t l't I o'L I t'92 2 09 I t 'St I t'21 th'JL I 0'L 2 oL I i'h I Set I 9't I OOOZ - 0001 09o0 1 912 2 69I I 19t1 S 981 S 9L I 17hL I tbL I Sb I LS I 91 I S Ia a a a a ala … aya………….0 . . . .a aa ~I a- .i ta I A--I- I 6oc I 'SE 1 *0'62 I ?7 o t 2zs I s9'! I 2' L 2 8'9Z I 9'SZ I t,'gl I 9L2 1 2 1 Lt I 6'21 I 9'01t I I I I L 9'6 I 09 1 66 96 I ha6 I L'9 I OOO - 00 1216 1 99, I ?[S I vLf I esS t 96E I 65L I 90b I h00 I 9Y£ I 9i. I V I t'o£ I V'ftf I t01' I Lo,, S h,'9h I O'Oh I 9'L£ I V'00 I ht"If I 0Of 1 b 0'6E I 't I I9O I S'6 I £01t S 6't I 2'01 1 L'6 I. '0t I 9'01 I o0t1 I OOS - OSZ 6L85 I "St I SIS I LSS I 909 i 1OL 2 209 1 69S I 909 I L29 I Lt9 I £ Is ---^^^-*-------.... --I .....-Al ....... Al ......-I&-4 ......-el-.... A--^---I--- A-AlaI I q'hl I Zehl I t't2 L'61 I O'SZ I 9'92 2 S'9z I s'sz I 6LZ I i' I -0 01"2 I Z'9 2 6'5 I S'8 2 2'9- t 8'9 I 0'21 I 6'tt I 6'tt I 9'tt I L'10 IOS-01 Zt9f 1 [22 I 112 1 L[I I L6? t LIE I ££h I 620 I 62t I I?* I ?£5 I Z I 9' 2 9't 2 t'1 I 0 t ts I t't I 0t 1 5'z 2 61 I i'1 1 6'S t g'al t 9'6 2 0 t s' I 9'Lt I 9'L I 91' I 9'jt I OOI I OO d0 Ot2 I 2Z I S2 t tZ I 0 i 9t I LE 91 I 91 I Li I e2 I I I.hbaba Iaaa6aa.*I - --I- …---^jac…^--l.a… 1 1…-- - - I&a....b.Iah.aaa (.-jpbs UT) I01 t & 1 9 I L 1 9 I S II h tI I laV 0 ?iOi I 10d 103 av I mod pToloasnOH aql jo ainvTpuadxa v-Tdv3 'ad 30 auT-ap I i3d MOU seaaV l-ilnj I lNnoi SaSo0Tdfld ONIAIl 'HOd CiaSfl ( IA bS NI) Va'V WOU ' H io aax cVM aMIIGNaaXa VIldYD aaa ao a'lIDaQ 7.a sCnoqHsnoI do 0NOIJAfZISIa :VXn THS (panuTquoo) C v alqvl Table A.43 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND BY THE FLOOR AREA (IN SQ. Fr.) USED FOR LIVING PURPOSES Estate Sector COUNT I pow ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL Floor Area CCL PCT I 4IIIt (in sq.ft.) S…3 I ... - 1 I' ’2' S S I 5 I *10 S -4 I; 9 i 5 5 I 9 1 S I 58 4 4,3 S 8,5 I a.s I 17,0 S 6,4 I 14,9 1 85 8,5 3 34,9 I 8,5 I 2,4 Up to lO0 1,0 1 2,o S 2,0 I '4,0 I 1,S I 3,5 2,0 I 2,0 I 3,S I 2,0 I 2 I 135 I 170 I 174 1 176 I 71 S 174 - 186 1 191 I 176 I 152 I 1706 100 - 250 S 7,9 I -O,0 1 10,2 I 10,3 I 10,0 I 10,2 1 10.9 I 11.2 I 10.5 I 8,9 S 69,0 I 55,6 I 68,8 1 70,4 1 71,0 S 69,3 I 7094 1 75,4 I 77,8 1 71,4 I 60,4 1 * 1-~~ ~ .eq.... .-ITUi..... 91 3 I 81 1 61 1 61 I. 58 I 62' 57 So 50 I 43 I 46 I 50 I sb9 250 - 500 I 14,2 I 10,l I 10,7 I 10,3 I 10,9 I 10,0 X 8,7 I 7,6 I 8.1 I 8,7 I 23,0 I 33,2 S 24,6 I 24,6 I 23,5 1 25,1 1 23,1 1 20,1 1 17,7 1 18,b I l9,8 I .3 ..w.w-.t- w- .Z .~uIV---....I w- q.- 3.t qqj .....1.w..... I . . wqUU I .--.sq.. t 251 11 I 71 4 3 101 7 6b I S I 15 30 3 120 500 - 1000 I 20,o I 9,3 1 6,2 I 3,1 3 8,2 I 6,2 I 5,2 1 4,1 I 12,4 I 24,7 I 4,9 I 10.2 I 4,5 I 3,0 I 1,s I 4,0 I 3,0 i 2,5 1 2,0 I 6,0 I ll,9 I 5 I 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 t 0 0 0 S1 11 I 9 1 it 1000- 2000 I 0 I 0 0 I 0 S 0 I 0 3 0 0 I 11,1 I lst1 77S,8 I 5 S 03I 0 1 0 S 0 1 0 I 0 0 3 ,5 I 5 S 3,5 I 63I 0 .0 I 0 01 0 0 0 I 01 0 3 6 3 6 Over 2000 S 0 3 0 S 0 I 0 S 0 I 0 0 S 0 ; 0 S100,0 -I 3 S 0 S 0 1 0 S .0 I 0 0 I 0 .S. 0 I 0 I 2,5 S COLUMN 1 246 247 247 247 24 24 251 2471 TOTAL 9,8 10,0 100 'LO, 19.0 10.0 10,0 9. 10,9 10.3 100,0 Table A.44 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE AVAILABLE TOILET FACILITIES COUNT I All Island ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Toilet COL. PCT ITOA I 1t 2 I 3 1 4 S 5 1 6 I 7 I 8 I 9I 10 1 Facilities w,u,---I-.,,,,,,I,u3..dZ@V.-.I-w.--.I U … . ....quLI. ,2......IWdIW UU.U I .in I 0 ! 2 11I 8I I I I . 2 I .1 I 5 0 I 32 Not ReportedI 0 I 6,6 1 35,5 2 26.1 1 2.7 I 3.9 1 6.6 2 2,7 I 15.8 I 0 I *2 Not Reported 0 ° It 1 .5 I a'4 I s0 I .1 I I I s0 I 2 S 0 S II 30 I 35 1 ua I 70 I 63 I 59 i 83 I 791 1 9 I 378 1 991 Flush toilet 1 3,0 1 3,6 I 4;4 I 7,0 I 6,4 S 6.0 - 8,4_ 8,0 1 15,0 11 38,2 I 4,7 I 1,4 I 1.7 S 2,1 I 3,3 I 3.0 I 2,8 A 4,0 I 3.8 I 7,1 .I 18,0 I 2 I 67 I 87 1 99 I 113 I 103 S 119 S 161 I 173 I 219 I 239 .2 1380 Bucket system I 4,9 1 6,3 1 7,2 I 8,2 I 7,5 I 8,6 I 11,7 S 12,5 I 15,9 il 17,3 I 6,6 I 3,2 I 4,1 I 4,7 I 5,4 I 4,9 S 5,7 1 7,7 I 8,3 I 10,4 :I 11,4 I 3 I 89 1 127 I 197 I 218 I 290 S 296 i 375 1 441 1 579 iI o7l I 3283 Water seal I 2,7 I 3,9 I 6.0 I 6,7 I 8,8 1 9,0 S 11.4 I 13,4 I 17,6 21 20,04 15,7 S 4,3 I 6,1 I 9,4 I 10,4 I 13,8 S 14,1 S 17,9 I 21,0 I 27,6 1 32,0 I 4 I 8h74 4I 985 I 927 I 918 1 864 .S 980 i 872 I 885 I 709 I 527 I 8540 Cess Pit 2 10,2 1 11,5 I 10,9 I 10,8 1 10.1 I 11,5 . 10,2 I 10,4 I 8,3 I 6,2 I 40,7 I. 41,7 1 47,0 I 44.2 I 43,8 I 41,1 .2 46,7 S 41,6 I 42,3 I 33,8 .1 25,1 I *I..**..I ... We.in.I01 .....0 ....2 b.I w2 W d d d .. -...I S 1 1035 I 858 I 820 I 768 I 778 1 642 i 602 S 516 I 438 S 284 I 6743 None I 15,3 S 12,7 1 12,2 2 11,4 S 11,5 I 9,S . 8,9 I 7,6 I 6,5 I 4,2 S 32,2 S 49,4 I 4S,0 I 39,1 I 36,7 .S 37,1 S 30,6 I 28,7 S 24,6 I 20,99 I 13,5 S COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10,0 10.0 100 10.0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10.0 t0oo 10o0 100.0 o'oot toot Ot 'O:t OOt ool o'ot o oi o'oI 0o01 64 lylol CTDC , 9b bbi VIA "tbS , St% MT. It"T 17£ 1t?E Oh Nwn-io3 S Z1 S 29 t LIS I 1O1 t t';", "let S I bl2,o S 9't 1 I'o2 I 9'$r S 9'Ct T 6' S S'b6t I t I 9L SO'h6 S o I I 9 1, I LI 1 91t t TI 6'1 S auot SL7 I h S 0e S OZ F OS ' OL I 19 1 69 1 09 T S I ..aa1........bfta... 1 ddbd&.a*hb~. If... M&.kaI I 25s T 2'9 1 LZt I n7t s 1'bt I ZSt 2 L L I I 91 I 1 I 9' t 01 I 9'£ I s'n I 2'6 T 96 S VOl T tlt I 6'Z1 T tt t 11 I SIO I Ssa t 1 91 I tz I nni T 91, t OS I T S T t9 I L5 I !9 I Q9 t 11 1.. I....a.aa Ta a.........aisl - .......a ..a.3 ..a S9'h I 14ni t 9'8Z I q,62 , 0 9 211'Z I £ t t0o2 I zs 9t I 6'51 I '9 1S 6'C I Vol 2D I 0s'o I i2'n t I II I 0 r 6 1 b79 I 9' I L0I9 I O' I TLas IaleM o! 2e I qq I Lit 1 96 I lot i Lb I 09 I 69 I Z9 ' SS I LS I C C14 I !'171 I "Ise I n 2 'O£ T 9'9Z 7 9o( I 9I I Oa I 9'9g S 9I g I Il'Se I qli T Z's I ? '6 t OII I I 01 T h 11 I Ifet I O'O I 17'0 I - I sII o 06 I wa3s( sang 117b I Or, I Lo I 1,01 I 96 7 0 I 911 I S6 I 96 I 601 I qt I LI I a.s.I b ...... a…a.....moo la ...aI … .-oA.Afaals I S',S I 0'92 T h022 a Z'Ht t D40t I C1 I 6'r1 I b2t I II'Si I 9'91 t e'oz I S'Z I s 'it I 9'01 t I 9 t 6'9 I £'9 I P9 I Z'9 I 5'9 I 6hL I 39TTOI qsnla 91l I 061 S L Z a £1 I 29 S 0S I 517 1 917 1 V7 t 91, 1S 1 I……I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 s sa.lIa..d.dl :……ON K O r Q ' l O S 2z I e' X Z T O I 5' I £° Z' I 0 0 1 S lot I 0 O £t,t I tt T1 I O'o1 I 0 I9'2. I Et1 I paioda lo 9 1S0 1 I I1 II I 0 I O T 2 S t I I 01 I I I 9 I L S 9 I S I 1 I i I 2 1 t . T1TTT.a mYodL Pto4asnOH 9q4 jo aan Tpuadxa P3TdeD laa Jo aTT)aC I ±Od mod SeaiV u1,qlfl I lNnoa saIIflIlvA IaTIIo1 aHVlIvAy aHu ciNv mmIaNa3a vLIaVD Eaad ao aIIDaU Ag Sa'roHasnOH A0 NOILngThLsxa :VX- rd S (panuT4uo0) tVVV eTqvl Table A.44 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE AVAILABLE TOILET FACILITIES COUNT I Rural Areas ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Toilet COL PCT I TOTAL Facilities I I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I h 1 I a 8 10 TOToI *1 I 0 I 0 'I 4 I 12 I 0 1 O s 0 1 0 1 O I 21 Not Reported 0 ° 0 20,0 I 60,0 I 0 I O i 0 I 0 I 20,0 1 0 1 1 I 0! 0° I ,3 I 8 I 0 I 0 i 0 0 I *S I 0 I l 7 0 7 0 I 4 I 16 I 21 I 16 16 I 29 I 41 1 54 I 198 Flush Toilet I 0 I 0 I 2,1 1 8,3 I 10.4 1 8,3 i 8,3 t 1£46 I 20,8 I 27.1 I 1,3 I., 0 I 0 I ,3 I 1,1 1 1,4 I 1.1 1,l I 1,9 I 2,7 I 3,6 I stem 2 1 12 I 8 I 8 I 16 I 12 2 25 z 45 I 29 I 74 I 82 I 313 Bucket syse I 3,9 I 2,6 I 2,6 I 5.3 I 3.9 I 7,9 1 14,5 S 9,2 I 23,7 I 26,3 I 2,1 I ,8 1 ,5 I .5 1 1,1 I ,8 I 1,6 I 3.o I 1.9 I 4,9 I 5,5 I 1 1 21 1 49 1 78 I 124 1 169 I 136 I 235 I 256 I 383 1 482 1 1934 N Water seal I I,I I 2,6 I U,l I 6,4 S 8,7 1 7,0 1 12,2 I 13,2 I 19,8 I 24,9 I 12,8 I 1,4 7 3,3 I 5.2 I 8,2 I 11.2 I 9,0 I 15,6 I 17,0 I 25,5 I 32,0 I *Ir.wtww_wwt--I" ---7Iro.~...Iw…-~- I …---*i--I., … I....--I …--- I-.-.--7 4 6 6 0 1 717 1 759 I 717 I 668 I 767 1 713 I 705 I 627 I 598 I 6931 Cess Pit 1 9,5 I 10,4 t 10,9 I 10,4 S 9,6 1 11,1 i 10,3 I 10.2 I 9,0 7 8,6 u46,0 I 43,8 I 47,7 I 50.4 I 47,7 I 44,4 I 50,8 4 J7,4 I 46,8 I 41.6 I 39,6 I 5 1 812 I 730 I 651 1 618 I 635 I 565 s 495 1 487 I 375 I 293 I 56b1 None 1 14,3 I 12,9 I 11,5 I 10,9 I 11,2 1 10,0 i 8,7 I 8,6 6,o6 I 5,2 I 37I6 1 54,0 1 48,5 I 43,3 I 41,1 .1 42,2 I 37,4 X 32,9 1 32,3 1 24,9 5 19,4 I COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 1l,° lO,O 10,0 t0,0 10,0 ao,o 10,0 lo0o 10,2 10.o 1oo0o Table A.44 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE AVAILABLE TOILET FACILITIES Estate Sector COUNT I ROW ROW PCT S Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL Facilities 2 IZ 3 I 4 1 5 1 7 1 8 1 9 I to I ml! I1 0 1 1 0 ! 0 ! 0 1 1 I 1 1 0 I Not reported I 25,0 I 0 I 25,0 1 0 I 0 0 I 25,0 I 25.0 S 0 S 0 1 ,2 NStreord ,5 S O0 I ,5 S 0 S 0 I 5 I 5 1 0 , 0 I 11 ,I S I 71S 7!S 5!1 10!S 6 T 1 S 4 I O I 22 I 77 Flush toilet S l,6 1 9,7 I 9,7 I o,S I 12.9 S 8,1 1 9,7 I 4,8 1 set I 29.0 I 3,1 F h l ,5 1 3,0 1 3,0 2,0 S 4,0 I 2,5 I 3,0 1 15 I 2,S I 8,9 I J4 1 1 61 14 1 toI Il .2 I 22 1 10 1 12 1 10 S 7 1 14 i 9 S O S lu I l0 I 1.8 Bucket system I 18.9 I 8,04 10,5 I 11,6 S 6,3 1 Il,o- 7,4 I 5.3 I 1,6 I 8,u I 4,8 S 9,2 1 4,0 1 5,0 1 5,5 S 3,0 S 5,5 3,5 S 2,5 I 5,5 I 4,0 I * -3 S 35 1 . u I 45 I u3 1 46 S 50 s I 6 I 62 0 66 S 78 S S27 s Water seal b b,6 I 7,8 I 8,5 1 8,3 1 8,7 I 9,4 1 11,6 I I,8 S 12.S I 14,9 I 213 S 14,3 I 16.6 I 18,1 I 17,5 S 18,6 S 201 i 24,6 I 25,3 1 2O,6 1 31,2 1 …..I.eee.-Iv--w---wt"-w-----swt---.I w..w .1**fh line*… I.……………………----………………l…w…w---- …………….1 4 I 108 I 120 I 114 S 119 1 125 1 118 S 125 1 113 1 108 I 86 I 1138 Cess pit S 9,S S 10,6 I 10,0 1 10,5 I 11,0 I 10,4 1 11,0 I 9,9 I 9.5 I 7,5 I 40,0 S 44,4 I a8,7 1 46,2 t 48,0 S f ,8 I 47,1 50,8 406,0 S 43.7 1 34,2 1 5 I 76 1 68 I 671 67 1 581 60 I 43 1 60 I 53 S 551 607 None S 12.5 I 11,2 S 11,0 S 11,0 S 9,6 S 9,8 7 7,2 I 9,8 t 8so I 9,0 S 24,6 I ,3It I 27,6 1 27,1 1 -2o 1 :23,6 S 24,1 % 17,6 24,2 1 21,6 1 21,8 S COLUMN 243 247 247 .248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 908 10,0 10.0 10.1 t10o 10.0 10,0 9.9 10to 10.2 100.0 Table A.45 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR DRINKING All Island COUNT I Source of ROw PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household Row Drinking COL PCT I TUTAL 1aer I I 1 2 1 3 4I S I 7 I I 9I 10 I ater_________ *aIw-@wwlw-w^w~*I-tu@-**9l^w*w**w-I"ww--w.,...qeI.w ..Iua£q.p-i... . wwv-wal --- .1 0 0 1 4a I OI 1 0I i 4 0 O I 1 I 1 I tO Not reported I 0 I 0 I 41,4 I 0 1 0 I 0 S 41,41 0 1 8,6 I 8,6 I *° I 0 1 0 1 ,2 I 0 I 0 1 0 2 1 0 I ,0 I .0 I Piped within 1 I 73 I 111 I 109 I 115 I 159 I 149 147 I 203 1 211 I 471 I 1748 the house I 4,2 1 6,3 1 6,2 1 6,6 1 9.l 1 8,5 1 8,4 I 11.6 1 12,1 I 27,0 I 8,3 I 1,5 I 5,3 I 5,2 I 5,5 I 7,6 I 7.1 1 7,0 1 9,7 I 10.0 I 22,5 I *I.....w'-W--I-.… ,---,I…-.--.V1I ---... I.....I......-.. …-----…I........ I......... . Piped outside 2 1 212 I 292 I 291 I 290 1 286 1 266 5 213 1 257 I 27" I 231 1 2654 the house I 8,0 1 11,0 I 11,0 I 10,9 I 10,0 I 10.0 i 10,3 I 9,t I 10,3 I e,7 I 12a7 I 10,1 1 14,0 1 13,9 I 13,9 I 12,7 I 12,7 1 13,0 1 12.3 1 13,0 1 11,0 1 3 1 15u3 I 1491 1 1503 I 1568 I 1549 I 1575 * 1576 1 1578 I 1543 1 1372 1 15297 Well I 10,1 I 9,7 I 9,8 I 10,2 I 10.1 I 10,3 3 10,3 1 10,3 I 10,1 2 9,0 1 73,0 1 73,6 I 71,2 I 71,6 1 74,8 I 73,8 I 75,1 i 75,2 I 75,4 I 73,8 I 65,3 I Tank 4 1 27 I 26 1 '7 1 22 1 37 1 16 5 4 1 9 I 8 1 0 I 198 1 11,8 I 13,1 1 24,0 1 11,1 I 18,8 I 8,3 i 2,1 I 4,6 I 402 1 0 1 *9 1 1,3 1 1,2 1 2,3 1 t,O I 1,81 8 g ,2 I ,4 I 4 I O S I 240 I 174 I 143 I 101 I 88 S 91 i 9l I 41 1 63 t 24 I 1061 River or stream I 22,o S 16,4 I 13.5 S 9,5 I 8,3 S 8,5 X 8,5 I 4,5 1 599 I 2,3 I 5,1 I 11.4 1 8,3 I 6,8 S 4,8 1 4,2 1 4,3 I 4.3 I 2,3 1 3,0 1 1,2 1 COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 1S,0 10.0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 1O,O 1SOtO 10.0 10.0 100,0 Table A.45 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND TRE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR DRINKING COUNT I Urban Areas Dorinin of OR0 PCt I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL -S I ° I0 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 S 0 .i 0 I l I 0 1 1 I 2 Not Reported I 0 S 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 T 0 I 50,0 I 0 S o 0 o I so S ° 0 I 0 I 0 S 0 I 0 i 0 I ,2 S 0 S , I *I-.wtwt2"ww----e-w----lwt..... I----wF----"wittw --ww- ----wI--,- .....- a 38 1 32 I 37 I 56 S 54 I 72 ,1 82 1 102 I 137 I 200 I all Piped within g 4,7 I 4e0 I 4,S I 7,0 2 6,6 I 8e9 01 1Oi 12,lw I 1609 S 24.7 I 23,b the house S 11,3 1 9,5 I 10,7 I 1b, 4 I 15e7 I 20,8 i23,9 I 29,6 1 39,8 I 57 o5 I .2 I lS8 1 163 I 133 S II7 I 130 I 103 103 I 91 1 71 I go I l154 Piped outside I 13,7 I 14,2 I 11e5 I 10,2 I 11,3 I 8,9 .i 9,3 I 7 ,9 S 6,2 S 700 I 133e the house I 46,S S 47,5 I 38,6 I 34,1 S 3708 S 29e8 31,3 I 26,4 I 20,6 I 23,1 1 3 I t44 7 lqh 1 174 I 170 S 160 I 170 153 S 150 1 136 I 67 1 1471 Well I 9.8 I 9.9 I 11,9 I 11,6 S 10,9 I l116 10,4 S 10,2 I 9,2 2 4,5 I 42,8 1 .4202 I 82,S I 50,7 I 49,5 S 48,5 I 49,4 I44,5 I 43,8 I 39,6 I 19,2 1 4 I ° I l I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 l I 0 I 0 I 0 I 2 Tank I 0 I 50,0 I 0 S 0 I 0 I 0 50,0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 20 I 0 I ,2 S 0 S 0 I 0 S 0 I 2 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 S I 0 S I S 0 I 0 S 0 S 0 0 S 0 I I 0 S l River or stream I b I 10o"0 I O S 0 S 0 1 O S O S 0 S O I 20 I ° S ,2 S1 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 t 0 S 0 I 0 S 0 S COLUMN 340 344 544 344 344 -34S 144 144 344 -348 3439 TOTAL- §,q 10,O lOgO logo 10,0 10,0 1O,O logo t0,° too' °O,Ot Table A.45 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR DRINKING Rural Areas COUNT I Source of ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Ilousehold ROW Drinking COL PCT I TOTAL Drinking* ~~I I T 21 3 1 51 6 !8 9 I o Water VW" IeO Ip----w,.*I--q.--w I-- .1S 00 I 0 x 0 I 1 0 I 0 41 0 1 0 1 0 S a Not reported 0 1 0 I 0 I 50,0 I 0 1 0 o 50,0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 el I 0 1 0 0 31 0I 0I i 3 I 0 I 0 0 1 Piped within I 1 12 I 4 I 4 I 0 I 8 I 16 1 8 I 37 I 21 I 49 I lb1 I 7,7 I 2,6 I 2,6 1 0 t 5,1 I 10,3 I 5,1 1 23,1 I 12,8 I 30,8 r l.1l the house t ,8 S 3 I ,3 S 0 1 ,5 1 1,1 I .5 I 2,5 I Igo I 3,3 I Piped outside 2 t 58 I 58 r 29 I 54 I 29 I 37 I 37 1 41 I 33 1 37 I 41Z the house I l4,0 I 14,0 I 7,0 1 13,0 1 7.0 t 9,0 I 9,0 1 10,0 1 8,0 I 9,0 I 2,7 r 3,8 I 3,8 1 1,9 1 3,6 I 1,9 I 2,5 1 2,5 I 2,7 I 2,2 I 2,5 I l 1 12a9 I 1274 I 1299 I 1319 I 1389 I 1340 i 1381 I 1352 1 1394 I 1385 r 13383 Well 1 9,3 I 9,5 I 9,7 I 9,9 I 10,4 I 10,0 Z 10,3 I 10,1 I 10,4 I 10.4 1 88,9 I 83,0 I. 84,7 I 86,3 I 87,7 I 92,3 I 88,8 * 91,8 I 89,9 I 92,6 I 91,8 I 4 1 21 1 16 I 45 I 33 r 25 1 25 I 8 I 8 1 4 I 4 I 190 Tank I 10,9 I 8,7 I 23,9 I 17,4 I 13,0 5 13,0 i 4,3 I 4,3 I 2,2 I 2,2 I 1,3 r l,4 r l,1 I 3,0 I 2,2 1 1.6 I 1,6 1 ,5 I ,5 I ,3 1 .3 I I-,""w-P5,-"t---I---- wI,w--ww.. I0--W --wt---" w ---I---I-- - w,-v-I 5 I 165 r 153 I 128 I 95 I 54 I 91 i 66 I 66 I 54 I 33 I 903 River or stream 1 18.3 I I6,9 I 142, I 10,5 I 5,9 I 10,0 X 7,3 1 7,3 I 5,9 I 3,7 1 6,0 I 110 I t0.1 I 8,5 I 6,3 I 3,6 I 6,0 Y 4,4 1 4,4 I 3,6 1 2,2 1 COLUMN t505 1SOS lSOS 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 10,0 10.0 10O 10,0 . 10.0 10.0 10.0 logo 10,9 10.0 1000, Table A.45 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR DRINKING Estate Sector COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Source of COL PCT I TOTAL Drinking I 1 I 2 1 3 I 4 S 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I Water ......W-W- dIv".... ..........-. ws - w-… . I-.........1-. ..WI I I 66 I 67 I 77 I 72 1 78 I 77 i 77 I 83 I 83 I 96 I 776 Piped within I aS I. 8.6 I 9,9 I 9.3 I 10,1 I 9.9 1 9.9 I 10,7 I 10,7 1 12.3 I 31.4 2 27,0 1 27,1 I 31,2 I 29,0 1 31,7 I 31,2 I 31,2 I 33,8 I 33,7 I 38,1 1 the house .I.W.P-sI w I … w '.*I W …..... …--------..... w..WII-- r Piped ouide 2 I 97 1 124 I 112 I 108 I 117 I 115 1 111 I 109 I 109 I e8 I c1088 ipe outsie I 8,9 S 11,4 I 10,3 I 9,9 1 10,7 I 10,6 1 10,2 I 10,0 I 10,0 I 7,9 1 44,0 the house I 39,8 1 50,3 1 45,2 I 43,5 I 47,2 I 46,7 i 4u,7 I 44,4 1 44,2 I 34,2 I 3 1 30 I 40 I 38 I 50 I 41 1 42 1 50 I 41 I '48 I 63 I 443 Well S 67 I 9,0 I 8,7 I 11,2 I 9,2 I 9,5 1 l1,2 I 902 1 10,9 I 14'3 I 17,9 I 12.2 I lb6. I 15,6 I 20,0 2 16,6 I 17,1 i 20,1 I 16.7 I 19,6 I 25,2 1 *I.WW,"W-I-I... ---- … wI-q..W. I , .--- VI .....w..I . I -pq .I ...w I a 2 2 1 i I II 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 01 6 Tank 1 40,0 I 20,0 I 2010 I 20,0 2 0 S 0 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 3 I i,0 I ,5 I ,5 I ,S I 0 I 0 t 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I wI-ww---t-w-w---tI-w---w-I-w .... ---I---wB----- wwIv-----......I*---b S I 48 I 15 I 19 I 17 I 11 1 12 t 1o I 12 1 6 I 6 I 158 River or stream I 30,7 2 9.4 I I1,8 11 0 I 7,1 1 7,9 X 6,3 S 7,9 I 3,9 1 3.9 I 6,4 I ,19,9 S 6,0 I 7.5 I 7,0 1 4,5 I So0 4,0 1 5e1 I 25 IS 2,5 I COLUMN 243 247 . 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL 9,8 10,0 10,0 10.1 10s0 10.0 10,0 9*9 lO,0 10,2 100.0 Table A.46 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR COOKING All Island COUNT I Source of ROW PCT I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROW Source of COL PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL Cooking S 1 I 2 1 3 I 4 1 5 I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I Water UW----..I.W W YI-P.W..I w..wIw .-w..w.Wp----.-I w.. Iw..wI *1 IT 0I 8 S 0 0 I 0 II 0 0 1 21 Not reported I 0 I 0 S 38,4 I 0 I 0 I 0 i 19,2 I 0 I 4214 I 0 1 1 I 0 I 0 I ,4 I 0 I 0 I 0 i ,2 1 0 1 to I 0 1 * I-.-Pw-I ------- "-w----I.W ...--, MI ------w Te ------"q--.... ------------ --I ...-- "I I I 73 S 110 I 109 I 115 I 159 S 144" 147 I 207 1 210 I 471 1 1744 Piped within I 4,2 I 6,3 I 6,2 1 6,6 I 9,1 I 8,3 1 8,44 I 11,8 1 12,0 I 27.0 I 8,3 the house I 3,5 I 5,2 I 5,2 I 5,5 I 7,6 I 6,9 1 7,0 1 9,9 I 10,0 I 22,5 I wS.-w-Iw…--I...------- ---I.… ---I..in.1a…-.wI--------I-.eo-I-. - 1- 2 1 212 I 293 I 287 I 286 I 263 1 265 265 I 250 1 269 I 227 I 2617 Piped outside I 8,1 I 11,2 I 11,0 I 10,9 I 10,0 I 10,1 X 10,1 I 9,6 1 10,3 I 8,7 1 12,S the house I 10,1 I 14,0 I 13,7 1 13,7 1 12,5 I 12,6 I 12,7 1 12,0 I 12,8 I 10,8 I I.w--I----I--w…----I--..----Iw. ...Iq. . 1 …---------.--…....I -- .....I-- -W I 5 I 1539 1 1488 1 14499 1 1564 S 1536 1 1581 1 1575 I 1580 1 1544 I 1377 1 15282 I 10,1 t 9,7 I 9,8 I 10,2 I 10,0 I 10,3 10,3 1 10,3 I 10,1 I 9,0 I 72,9 Well 1 71,4 1 l,o 1 71,4 I 14,6 1 73.2 1 75,4 i 75,2 1 75,5 1 73,S 1 65,6 I wI, -.I-w--I,---IurP~--IW …w ,… wI-..... -a ......I........ 1 4 I 31 1 30 1 47 I 30 I 49 I 16Ih 4 1 91 I 0 1 226 Tank I 13,8 I 13.3 I 21,0 I 13,3 I 21,8 S 7,3 1 1,8 I 4,0 I 3,b I 0 1 1i1 I 1,5 1 1,4 I 2,3 I 1,4 I 2,4 I ,8 1 ,2 I ,4 1 .4 I 0 1 *X.w-~v- ….I---w----Is---@1-e u.. W- . ... "Io w....I.. ip-wiu-.. .... owl ... .I.. ..---..I…...VI S 2 240 1 174 I 147 I 101 S 92 I 91 i 99 I 47 1 59 I 24 1 107S I 22,3 I 16,2 I 13,7 I 9,4 S 8,6 I 8,4 1 9,2 I 4,4 I 5,S I 2,3 S 5,1 River or stream S 11,4 I 8,3 S 7,0 S 4,8 I 4,4 S 4,3 I 4,7 S 2,3 I 2,8 I 1,2 1 COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 1, 10,0 10,0 10, 0 10, 0 lo1o 10, 0 oso to, 10.0 10.0 100,0 Table A.46 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR COOKING COUNT I Urban Areas Soure ofROW PCT I ROW Source of CCO P I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL Cooking I 1 t 2 I 3 I 4 ! 5 S 6 I 7 S a I 9 10 I Water *-,..I-,-wwJ qOa.. Y..m...-.Z IpW..- I .* ala ---!-w,.... - -- I-.ww..I .! S 0 I 0 I 0 0 1 00 0I 0 0 1 1 0 I 0 S 1 Not reported I 0 I. 0 0I 0. I 0 I 0 I 0 I 100.O I 0 I 0 I ,0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0I ,2 0 1 0 1 qIW,mW'V-I-W ...... 1-0 .... .... -@---I-----o ------...-WIW ....... ... el----w 1 1 38 I 32 I 37 I 5b I 54 1 72 I 82 I 101 I 137 I 200 1 810 Piped within 1 4,B , 4,0 I 4,5 1 7,0 S 6,7 1 6,9 i 10,1 1 12,5 I 16.9 S 24,7 I 23,5 the house 1 11,3 1 9,5 I 10,7 I 16,4 S .15,7 S 20,8 1 23,9 1 29,4 1 39,8 I 57,5 I .iI u,Uin...I ..…--- .....----.w. ,, …- T ..... .....…W .I …I-o... - w-w.V.VI--W . ..ml Piped outside 2 I 157 S 162 I 127 I 115 I 122 I 98 I loS I ob I bd I 80 I 1123 the house I 14,0 1 14,5 1 11,3 I 10,2 I 10,9 S 8,G 9,4 S 7,7 I 6,j S 7,2 I 32,6 S 46,2 I 47,3 I 37.-1 I 33,3 I 35,6 I 28.5 1 30,6 I 25,1 I 19.0 1 23,1 I I I 145 I 147 I 180 S 173 I 168 I 174 I 15b I 155 1 139 I 68 1 1502 I Well I 9,6 S 9,8 1 12,0 I 11,5 I 11,2 I 11,6 ; 10,4 1 10,3 I 9,2 I 4,5 I 43,7t I 42,5 I 42,8 I 52.2 I 50.2 I 48.8 1 50,b i 45.3 I 45,0 I 40.3 I 19.4 I Tank 4 I 0 II 01 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 01 2 1 0 1 50,0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 50,0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 .0 I °0 1 2 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 ,2 I 0 I I 0 I uI..-waa.wlvwawa.wIn--Iw-wa.aw InwW"-.w-I uWV"-.---IWO "MaI....wV-a"I…...... S I 0 S 1 0 I 0 S 0S 0 1 I I 0 I 0 I 2 River or stream S 0 I 50,0 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 0 0 I 50,0 I 0 I 0 I s0 0 I ,2 I 0 I 0 1 . 0 I 0 I 0 I ,2 I 0 S 0 1 COLUMN 340 .344 344 344 344 345 .344 344 304 34d8 3439 TOTAL t 9 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10,0 10.0 10.0 10ot 00|0 Table A.46 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR COOKING COUNT I Rural Areas Source of ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Cooking COL PCT I TOTAL I I I 2 I 3 2 4I S I 6 I 7 S 8 I 91 10 I Water -W-P-VW "w VP-w.-" I-W"-VPIP" W W W v IV V --WvWWI-v..w-I -1 I 0 0 0 1 8 I 01 0 iI 0 1 4 S a 41 21 Not reported I 0 I 0 1 0 . 40,0 I 0 0 20,0 I 0 I 20,0 I 20,0 1 I1 I 0 I 0 S 0 i I5 I 0 I 0 3 1 0 I .3 I .3 .I I I 12 I 4 I I S 0 T 8 I 16 I 4 I 41 I 21 1 49 I 161 Piped within 1 7,7 I 2,6 I 2,6 I 0 1 5,1 I 10,3 i 2,6 I 25,6 I 1218 I 30,8 I 11 the house I ,8 S 3 I ,3 I 0 I .5 I 1.1 1 *3 I 2,7 1 1,4 I 3,3 I Piped outside 2 2 58 1 58 2 29 I 49 S 29 1 37* 37 1 37 I 33! 377 I 404 the house I 14,3 I 14,3 I 7,1 .I 12,2 I 7,1 I 9,2 1 9.2 I 9.2 I 8,2 I 9,2 I 2,7 1 3,8 I 3,8 I 1,9 I 3,3. 1,9 I 2,5 X 2,5 1 2,5 I 2,? I 2.5 I .3 1 1245 I 1270 I 1299 I 1315 r 1369 I 1336 I 1377 I 1352 1 1389 I 1385 I 13338 Well I 9,3 I 9,5 I 9,7 I 9,9 I 10,3 I 10,0 S 10,3 I 10,1 I 10,4 I 10,4 1 88,6 I 82,7 1 84,4 I 86,3 I 87,4 S 91,0 I 88,5 i 91,5 1 89,9 I 92, I 91,8 I a t 25 1 21 I -45 I 33 I 41 I 29 X 8 I 8 I 4 S 4 I 219 Tank I 11,3 1 9,4 I 20,8 I 15,1 I 18,9 I 13,2 2 3,8 I 3,8 I 1,9 I 1,9 I 1,5 I 1,6 1 i,a I 3,0 I 2,2 I 2,7 I 1,9 f ,5 I ,5- I ,3 1 .3 I 5 I 165 1 153 I 128 I 99 I 58 I 91 f 74 I 66 I 54 I 29 I 915 River or stream I 18,0 I 16,7 1 14,0 S 10,8 I 6,3 2S 9,9 f 8,1 I 7.2. I 5,9 2 3,2 I 6,1 I 11,0 I 10,1 'I 8,5 2 6.6 2 3,8 6,0 4,9 I 4,4 I 3e6 I 1,9 I COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 1505 1509 1505 1505 1.50 1509 15057 TOTAL. $0.0 10.0 to0. t10. 10.0 S0s0 10.0 S0s0 10,0 t10, 100.0 Table A.46 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR COOKING COUNT I Estate Sector Source of ROw PCT I TOT Cooking COL PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TTA Wot Cr S l S 2 S 3 S 4 I .5 t * I 7 3 8 t 9 t 10 I Water U9.3aVVVPUWVVX,..a3aa.a ,eso ~ JV~V ww.V3@V. Piped within 1 3 66 I 66 1 77 S 72 I 78 S 77 1 77 S 83 S 85 I 96 I 775 Piped within I ass I a,s I 9,9 , 9.3 3 lost ' 9.9 * 9,9 I 10,7 I 10,7 S 12,3 I 31,4 the house I 2t,0 S 26.6 I 31,2 29,0 S 31,7 I 31.2 I 31,2 I 33,8 I 33,7 S 38,1 t 3I-*W WU - O . WeV- n...I3w .-.-. ..-t ..-- 3w- .- - -. - .- 3 … 3 0- …--3I---,--- 3---- 3 Piped outside 2 t 97 t 125 I 112 I 108 S 117 I 115 s 111 I 109 3 111 I 66 I 1090 the house S 8,9 S 11,5 1 10,3 S 9,9 I 10,7 S 10,6 i 10,1 I 10,0 I 1os1 7,9 I 44*1 e 39,8 S 50,8 I 45,2 S 43.5 I 47,2 t 46,7 i 44,7 I 44,4 I 44,7 t 34,2 1 3 S 30so 40I 381 503 41 3 42i 50s 41 ( 17 63 I 442 Well I 6,7 S 9,0 1 8,7 I 11,2 t 9,3 I 9,6 6 11.2 I 9.3 I lO,7 t 14.3 I 17.9 I 12,2 I 16,1 I 15,6 I 20,0 t 16,6 S 17,1 1 20,1 I 16,7 S 19,1 I 25.2 1 4 S 2 I l 1S 0S 03 I 0 0 I 0 1 0 6 Tank I 40,0 S 20,0 2 20,0 I 20,0 I 0 S 0 X 0 I 0 t o I 0 1 3 t 1,0 I , I ,S I .S t 0 I 0 0 3 0 I 0 t 0 I u3n,wVuo.V3aw-w----I--w---waano9VI ffu------ .VS---3---OO -w--Wei.-. ..V . OW9.3 -0---S--...-WI 5 S 48 S 15 I 19 I 17 I i1 3 12 10 3 12 3 6 I 6 I Is River or stream I , -S 9,4 I 11,8 S ll,0 Z 7.1 S 7,9 3 6. I 7,9 I 3,9 S 3,9 t 6,4 S 19,9 I 6,0 S 7,5 2 7,0 I 4,5 S 5,0 S 4,0 S S,l S 2,5 S 2,5 t COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 2S1 2471 'TOTAL! 9,8 ;0'0 10.0 10, 10,p 10° l0. 9.9 10.9 10og 100,0 0 Table A.47 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF\PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR BATHING All Island COUNT I Source of ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Bathing COL. PCT ITOA Bathing I I 2 3 I 4 I S I 6 1 7 I 8 1 9 10 I TOTAL *1 T 8 Z 1 9 I 0 I l I 0 1 I. 01 I 1 0 I 22 Not reported I 37,0 1 5,6 I 42,5 I 0 1 5,6 I 0 5.6 I 0 I 3,8 I 0 I ,l I .4 1 1 I ,5 I 0 1 .1 Z 0 i ,1.I 0 1 0 I *I ..we--- elq.e----I-----w- Iwuweee-wI-ww----eIe----eeee. ---… I--@--…Ieeeep---Ie..,eeewI 0 0 °1 0.I 0 I 0 1 01 0 I u O U I 0 1 4 Miscoded S 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I O i100,0 I 0 I O I 0 I ,0 Z O S 0 I 0 O I 0 I 0 I 0 I ,2 I O I 0 I 0 I uJpq*W_-q_t...-_--IIT a. . . . a . t 1 Piped within I I 39 z 53 1 a8 I 48 I 84 I 71 1 82 1 112 1 169 I 439 1 1144 the house S 3,4 1 4,6 I 4,2 I 4,2 1 7,4 1 6,2 Z 7,2 I 9,8 1 14,7 1 38,3 I 5,S I 1,8 I 2,5 I 2,3 I 2,3 1 490 I 3,4 I 3,9 1 5,3 I B,0 I 20,9 I *SI *weuwsI-w--vsee --I----eeI -.--sIeq --… ------i--.S … I …-e-z I ---.--l -…---q Piped outside 2 1 64 I at I 86 I 78 I el I 95 I 83 1 79 1 l02 I 134 I 882 Piped outside S 7,3 I 9,1 I 9,8 I 8,9 I 9,2 1 10,7 i 9,4 I 8,9 1 11,s I 15.1 I 4,2 the house e,1 Z 3,8 I 4,1 I 3,7 1 3,9 1 4,5 A o,0 I 3,8 I 4,9 I 6,4 I 5 I 938 I 976 S 1063 1 1128 I 1175 1 1300 S 1226 1 1279 I 1291 Z 1214 1 11610 Well I 8,1 Z 8,4 I 9,2 I 9,7 I 10.1 I 11,2 1 10,6 1 11,0 I 11,1 I 10,6 I 55,4 I 44,8 2 46,6 1 50,6 I 53,8 1 56,0 I 62,0 I 58,5 1 61,1 I 61,5 I 58,8 I 4 1 257 I 185 I 194 z 213 1 213 1 125 I 152 I 112 I 110 I 69 I 1628 Tank I 15,8 I 11,4 I 11,9 I 13,1 I 13,1 I 7,7 1 9,3 I 6,9 i 6,8 I 4,2 1 7,d I ji,-I z 8,8 z 9,2 I 10,2 I 10,1 I 5,9 £ 7,2 Z 5,3 I 5,3 I 3,3 1 5 I 788 z 799 1 699 1 629 1 545 1 508 i 547 S 512 1 426 I 225 I 5677 River or stream S 13,9 1 14,1 I 12,3 I 11,1 I 9,6 I 8,9 I 9,6 1 9,0 I 7,6 I 4,0 I 27,1 1 37,6 I 38,1 I 33,3 I 30,0 1 26,0 S 24,2 1 26,1 S 24,5 I 20,3 S 10,7 I COLUmN 2095 2095 2098 4096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10.0 10,0 lo,0 10,0 10.0 10,0 lo0o 1o0o 10.9 lo.o 0 oo,o Table A.47 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR BATHING COUNT I Urban Areas ROW Source of ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL 8athing COL PC I I 2 I 3 I 4 S SI I 7 I 8I 9 I to0 S Water *l1I 01I 01 I 0 0 0 1 01 i 0I .1 I 0 1 0 I 1 Not reported S 0 1 0 1 0 S 0 I 0 1 0 o 0 1 o000 I 0 I 0 I .0 S 010 0 1 0 1 0 1 0I 0 0 I ,2 I 0 I 0 I "t.--"-I-----I--- -1..--------Ie-------w … £----I - - -Ir--.e.--Ie . .1.- P 1 32 I 25 1 30 I 47 I 42 I 65 I 74 t 91 I 131 I 196 I 732 Piped within I 4,4 S 3,4 I 4,1 I 6,4 I 5,7 I 8,9 10,0 I 12,4 I 17,9 I 26.8 II 21,S the house I 9,5 I 7.2 I 8,7 I 13,7 I 12,2 I 18,9 i 21,4 I 26,4 I 38,1 I 5b,3 I Piped outside 2 I 103 I 101 I - 75 I 78 I 74 I 56 I 56 I 52 I 42 I 59 I 698 the house I t1,8 I 14,5 1 10,8 I 11,2 I 10,7 I 8,1 i 8.1 I 7,5 1 6,0 I e,s I 20,3 I 30,4 I 29,4 I 21,9 I 22,6 1 21,6 I 16,4 1 16,4 I 15,2 S 12,2 1 17.G I Ieee.e.. ~ ~ ~ .... JT .. -w w.. … I ….... 3 I 156 I 172 I 202 I 193 I 194 1 193 i 192 I 186 I 160 I 82 I 1731 Well I 9,0 I 9,9 ,I 11, 11,2 I 11.2 I 1t.2 X 11,1 I 10,8 I 9, I 4,7 I 50,3 I 45,7 I SO,0 I 58,7 I 56,2 I 56,5 I 56,1 Z 56,0 I 54,2 I 46,5 I 23,6 I 4 S 8 I 9 1 9 1 3 I 8 I 5 I 4 1 3 I I 0 1 50 1 15,5 1 19,0 I 19,0 I 5,2 I 12,1 I 10,3 8,6 I 6,9 I 3.4 I 0 I 1,4 Tank I 2,3 I 2,7 I 2,7 I ,7 I 1,7 I 1,5 i 1,2 I 1,0 I .5 I 0 I S S 41 I 37 I 27 I 23 I 27 I 25 i 17 I 10 I 9 I 11 S 228 *iver orSstream I 16,0 1 16,1 I 12,0 I 10,1 I 12,0 I 10,9 i 7,5 I 4,S I 4,1 I 4,9 I 6,6 River or stream I 12,1 S .10,7 I 8,0 .I 6,7 I 890 I 7,2 Y 5,0 1 3,0 I 2,7 I 3,2 S COLUMN 340 *3Li 3444 )44 344 345 344 344 3'' .348 3439 TOTAL 9.9 10,0 10.0 10,0 s0.0 o10l0 s0.0 100 10, lOs10 100,0 Table A.47 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUT1ON OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR BATHING COUNT I Rural Areas Source of ROW PCT i Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Bathing COL PCT I TOTAL Water , S 1 2 ! 3 I 4 I s 6 I 7 1 8 I 9 I 10 I Not reported I 50,0 I 0 1 2-4 I 25 0 1 0 X 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 1 I , 5 I 0 1 ,3 I .3 S 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 ! 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 O 01 0 0 I 4 Mlscoded I r 0 J 0 I 0 I 0 1I 0 1 100,0 I 0 I 0 I 0 S 0 I. °J 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 0 .3 I 0! 02 0 Piped within 1 I 0 1 . 4 I 4 I 0 1 8 I 4 4 0 I 21 I 16 I 01 I 103 the house I 0 1 4,0 1 4*0 I 0 I 8,0 I 4,0 * 4.0 I 20,0 I lb,0 1 00,0 I .7 I , 0 I .3 I .3 I 0 S IS I 3 I ,3 I 1,4 I 11 I 2,17 I Piped outside 2 1 8 1 4 I 0 I 12 I 12 1 12 i 4I 4 I lb I 12 I 87tw. the house 1 9,5 I 4,8 I 0 I 14,3 I 14,3 1 14,3 S 4,8 1 408 I 19,0 1 14,3 1 6 I .5 I .3 I .0 I8 1 ,8 I ,8 3 I 3 I 1,i I ,8 1 3 1 738 I 775 I 862 1 911 1 977 1 1006 1 1060 1 1006 1 1097 1 1117 1 9549 Well 1 7,7 I 8,1 I 9,0 I 9,5 I 10.2 I 10,5 1 11,1 I 10,5 1I 11.5 I 11, I b3,4 I 49,0 1 51,5 1 57,3 1 60,5 I 64,9 I 66,7 i 70,4 1 66,8 1 72,9 1 74.0 1 ~~ ...,5~~ft..... -....... el ....e. a..r..W1....I…e e..q.......- … 4 t e19 1 177 I 173 1 181 1 214 1 161 s 136 I l 5 99 1 95 1 1571 Tank 1 13,9 1 11,3 I 11,0 I 11,5 I 13,6 1 10.2 1 8.7 I 7,3 1 b,3 1 6,0 1 10,4 1 14,5 I 11,8 1 11,5 1 12,1 I 14,2 1 10.7 i 9,0 I 7,7 3 6.6 1 6,3 1 ..!....w.---.-----…..no.I…wo.... . ......…---- -- .1 5 3 532 1 544 1 462 I 396 I 293 3 326 1 297 I 359 1 276 3 2ti3 1 3727 River or stream 1 14,3 14,6 1 12,4 1 10,6 1 7,9 ; 8,7 8.0 I 9,6 1 7'4 3 6,5 1 26,8 t 35,3 3 36,2 2 30., 1 26,3 3 .19,5 2 21,6 I 19,7 1 23,8 1 18,4 1 16.1 I COLUMN I505s 1505S 1505 1505 1505 15.09 L505 1505 1505 159 15057 101AI, 1910 SQ,a 1O, 6 t0a laO, 140,6 LO,O lo0 lose too's Table A.47 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE SOURCE OF WATER USED FOR BATHING COUNT I Estate Sector Source of ROW PCT I - ’- ---~ ROW sathing COL PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL Wate1 1 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 O I .1 I ~01 I 11 0 0I I 0 1 II 0 1 01I 5 Not reported I 0 I 25,0 I 25,0 I 0 I 0 I 25,0 I 0 1 25,0 1 0 I 0 I ,2 I °S0 I IS S . 0 I 0 S .5 1 0 , I5 I I 0 1 Piped within I I 34 S 21 S 26 1 24 S 30 S 24 i 34 S 27 1 27 I 63 I 309 the house I 10,8 1 6,8 I 8,4 I 7,6 -S 9,6 I 7,6 A 10,8 I 8,8 S 8,8 S 20,5 1 12,5 the house S 13,8 I 8,5 S 10,6 S. 9,5 1 .12,1 1 9.5 1 13,6 I 11.1 I l1,i S 25.2 I Piped outside 2 1 4 I 12 I 14 S S S 9 I It * 14 I 11 I 10 S 9 1 98 the house S 3t8 I 12,7 l 13,9 I 5.1 I 8,9 I 1t14 I 13,9 1 11,4 1 10,1 I 8,9 1 4,0 1 1,5 I 5,0 I 5,5 1 2,0 I 3,5 I 4,5 1 5,5 1 4,5 I 4,0 1 3,5 I IP@w--t--w--Iv"---I"w---IvP---"I-...-.... W-------------WW.1...W---I--- ... el---w *3 S 19 1 24 S 21 1 46 I 25 1 34 1 37 I 35 I 45 I 'J6 I 330 I 5,6 I 7,1 I 6,4 I 13,9 1 75 I 10,2 1 11,3 I 10,5 I 13,5 1 13,9 I 13,4 w Well I 7,7 I 9,5 I 8,5 S 18,s I 10,1 I 13,6 I15,1 I 14,1 I 18,1 1 18,3 I 4I 0 ! 0! 1 I 0 I O 1 1 I 1 2 1 I 7 Tank I 0 S 0 I 16,7 I 0 I O I 16,7 1 0 I 16,7 1 33.3 I 16,7 S. ,3 I 0 1 0 S ,S I 0.1 0 I 5 I 0 1 I5 I led I .5 I 5 1 188 I 189 I 184 1 174 I 184 I 176 I 163 I 170 I 163 I 132 I 1721 River or stream S 10,9 I 11.0 I 10,7 I 10,t I 10,7 S 10,2 1 9,5 I 9,9 I 9,5 I 7, I 69,6 I 77,0 S .76,4 S 74,4 S 70,0. 1 74,4 I 71t4 65,8 S 69,2 I b5,5 1 52,5 I COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 ast 2471 TOTAL - 910.0 10.0 tO's 100 1000 10.0 q99 10.9 I0o2 100,0 Table A.48 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING COUNT I All Island ROW PCT I DclofPrROW Source of COL PCT I Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL EnergyI 1I 2 3 I 4 S S I 6 1 7 I 8 I 9 I 10 I a1 I 4 I 0° 12 1 9! 5 41 4 iI 1 I Z I 4! S 5 Not Reported I 8,3 S 0 I 24,9 I 18,3 I 10,0 S 8,3 1 16,6 I 1,7 1 3,4 1 8,3 I ,2 I ,2 I 0 I .6 -I ,4 I ,2 ,2 1 ,4 I t0 I 1 I ,2 1 I-PI9"P…-I6w-w---tI--W ---I--..... 0. ....w.I..… I I."."-...-… I E I 10 I 27 1 42 I 44 I 70 l 107 i 150 I 214 I 358 I S7b I 1799 Electricity tI fi I 1,5 I 2,3 I 2,5 I 3,9 1 6,0 1 8,3 I 11.9 I 19.9 I 43,2 I 8,6 I ,5 S 1.3 1 2,0 I 2.1 I 3,3 1 5,1 X 7,1 I 10,2 1 17,1 I 37,0 I --I ..1 ."...wI. ...… I". -...1I ...a... "low .... ..…. .21 '4 I 4 I 8 I 0 1 0 1 0 i 2 1 0 I 1 0 I 19 Gas I 21,6 1 21,6 I '43,3 I 0 I 0 1 0 9,0 I 0 I 4,5 1 0 I a1 I .2 I ,2 I .4 I 0 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 to I 0 I lo- -… ...Iw ----- ..... I ........I--------.I. . ;..I..... -.1 3 I 2071 1 2058 I 2032 I 2033 I 2019 1 1981 1 1918 I 1876 I 173b I 1318 I 19041 Kerosene oil I 19,9 I 10,8 I 10,7 I 10,7 I 10,6 I 10,4 i 10,1 I 9.9 I 9,1 I 6,9 I 90,8 I 98,9 I 98,3 I 96,8 I 07,0 1 96,2 1 94,4 i 91,5 I 89,6 I 82,7 I 62,8 I 4 1 5 I 5 I 4 1 5 I 6 1 51 17 ' 4 1 2 1 0 1 S4 Firewood S 10,0 I 9,2 I 7.7 I 9,2 I 10,8 I 10,0 1 32,2 S 7,7 I 3,2 I 0 I .3 1 ,3 I 2 I ,2 I ,2 1 ,3 I ,3 I 8 I ,2 I 1 I 0 I * I.-t-S-.wpvI.aw.aIu...--I-wI,vP..aI iie....,! ...tp..-s- wp...wIpin.u.a.I...w-a---. I in--. I - 5! 0! 0 I 0 I 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 I 1I S Other 0 I 0 0 I 82,8 1 0 I 0 z 0 0 1 0. I 17.2 I 0 S . ° I 0 .1 0 I ,2 S 0 I 0 0 S 0 I O I s0 I COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 19.0 10.0 . 0.0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 10t0 10,9 10.0 100.0 oo't tot t1 0'0t 0'0t so-ot oot 0Oi 0'0t o0ot eli I o' 1 o0 0 Xo 0 1 0 1 o 0 o I o r xl:zo 0s I 0 1 t T 0 I 0 t 0 I 0 0 I 0 r 0 I o I t 1 I10 I 1 I0 JO 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 10 10 I I 0 I 0 I 0 I s' I0 2 I 2' r 5 1 so I t' IpolT z' I o I o 0 I 9gz T 0 I f'It I £'"i I 9'92 I o I F I I 9 10 1o0 1 0 t e t O t 1 0 t I t I 0 1I I s'tt I 17! I 9Ist I S'Is t o9 I ?7 L I 9'ZL I t'9s I 198 I L'20 I s. 9't9 I 6t1 t '5 t O'L I O6 T 606 I 9'tt1 g1t I I0'ot I o'1 I 6'o7t I IT 8uasol) C z 911 I o0t I Lit I Lsl I 16t T 012 I S1o I 052 I 962 I 962 I 9t£ I f I… ..- ……….….....…I ---------r---------ba.... ... .I…"*.. I….... 1 ..... I 0 I 0 1 0 I e' T e I 2' I 0 I O I 0 I o I I' I 0 I o I 0 I f'!! t I'1t I ti' I O I 0 I 0 0 ° I tO I O T O It I I I I I O I O I O I O I I ....-*---I. --. 1… …..I....…. --…'Ta--I-----…I-…----o-.o.m.Ia.I'--0I u.s. I. I S's9 I ISs9 I O't" I S'!t t st 1 t'92 I 92 t 2'tl I 6't I 'L I 0'9£ I S'E2 I L I t 2 at I I t t I T I'OI I t 'L I tIL I s'£ I L'I I 9't 1 I LOtt I 90 I 922 1 99t I OSt £ tit I Se I 2z I Sp I 917 1 o I t I 0 I O I 2' 1Z' .t Z' I0 I Z' I1Z' t O0 I 1 t' I 0 I O I 0'02 I 0Z 4 0'02 I 0 I 0'02 I 000 1 0 I 0 I paliodai 2oN 11 0I 10 t I t t I 0 1 t O t I 1 1 I - t t ... 0.----... I at.0I ....... …I -I------- t*------I I 1 t t 6 I e I L s9 I 5 t I I £ r Z ~Y10± I L;C '1O0 Jo 3oinoS 08~ pIoi1asnOH aiq jo ainfTpuadXg elTduD lj 39 TTaPI I i2d M08 seaiV ueqifl I 1NnO3 DNIJ,HDIA E0 aOa snf ADuaNa dO D11OS NIVW aHHJ GNV aunflNadxa VIIVD -aaa aO THIOaU Aff SQ'1OHaSnol ao NOIjIfajdLISja :VV fiS (panuT1uo3) 8v v aIqV1 o0oot 0o1t o'ot O'ot O0O0 o'ot O'ot1 0OfO 0'0 o'ol 0@Oi -ivio L5051 60St SOSt. SOSt SOS0 6051 sost sOst sbsi 0ost Sos5 NwflnO I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 0 I 0 I11 0 I . 0 I 0 o 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 I OOo I 0 1 0 o 0a Il 0 1 0 T0 1 0 1 0 O 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 I Is ...I.. a.-.aaaaa7m.aa.a----.-a--.-'-ta-a-..-^S-*---''''---a "-a.le ... .... I0 to I O I O 0 ItS I 0 I SI, I 0 I o 1 o I0 -I t'6 I ?' I 0'9r o I 291 I 0 I 2'2 I O6 - 1. 0 t S tfI I 0 I O t 91 0 9 I 0 I 9 I t' o I S I a.0 t &.la .I…-0 I 9I …9 Iaa0 aI 9 I…b..atabo t I 'L9 I 2'06 I !'S6 I S'6 ' 2b I'6 9t'L6 t 1'96 I 9'96 1 6'96 I S'66 I 4 0'96 I 1'6 I 9'6 I 6'6 I 6'6 It 0 II t I 2'0 t I 0 I Z'01 I I'otI f'ot I TT° auasolaI I t2Sbt I 6Ift I 1ti,t I Sf01 IIS tf0 I L6ot I ZOIt I 9L7t I 0901 I fitgl I L6te I t Iaa....... . ..I.... la…..... … .......…--- 1 0 I 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 I S' I i' I f' I 1' 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 0 I 0 I 0'5Z l 0 II 91 1 0 t0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 9 I J I , I Z la .... -- ft-Ia^-m---......-&.I.&----- ... ... ^--o^o--^a-Ia ----I-*^--t...^ I f'Zt I 5'S I b' I L' t 8' I I 't I 9' I O I So I o 9'Z I L'f1t 2 0'61 I S'St I L'6 t 6'2 S 6'f I 6o2 1 0 I 6't I 0 I AIT3TIlDaTa SafI I 9g? I 29 I 99 I lb t Zt I 9t I Z1 I 0 I 9 I 0 I I I e I 0 I g' I 0 I S' e,' to' I 0 I ' t 1' I 1' I Q I 0 I £'L 2 O I .28t t £'LZ S t'6 I 0 I t'o t paIioda' lON Sb I b I 0 t 0 I - 2? 1 0 I s I 2t t I I I 0 I o S t- 1…A ..... ...... 0aIaid.... 1?I ot 1 9 14 ? 9 I S t, It 12 moti ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I j3d MOM 3fO lJOOl ploRasfloH alip Jo anlipuadxa e-TdeD iad ;o eipD@ t L:d MO; oal° seav lieanU I ±NnlOa ONIIHDIl aIO aaSnl ADMaNa dO aDHnOS NIVW aRH (NV zflnlIcNadxa VIIavD Uac ao a'IDaa x9 ScaoHasnoH ao NoInflDlxLsIa :XNVI rns (panuTquoo) 8V-V alqes Table A.48 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY USED FOR LIGHTING Estate Sector COUNT I ROW ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL Source of COL PCT I 8 1 9 1 I Energy I1 1I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5- -1 7 I I 0 I l I 2 I 1 I 4 I I 1 9 I 6 1 4 I 38 I 67 Electricity I 0 I 1,9 I 3,7 I 1,9 I 5,6 I 1,9 13,0 I 9,3 S 5,6 I 57,4 1 2,7 I 0 1 ,5 I 1,0 I ,5 I 1.5 I ,s 1 3,5 I 2.5 I i,b I 15.3 I .... I -,wI-------- I..... V- % .....w--w -"-------"l .... -iev--*--*-I ........I".--....I...... W-I K I Z42 S 248 I 245 I 247 I 243 I 245 Z 238 I 240 I 243 I 212 I 2402 Kerosene oil I 0l,1 2 10,2 I 10.2 I 10,3 S 10,1 1 10.2 X 9,9 I 10,0 I 1tol I 8.8 1 97,2 I 99,5 I 99,5 1 99,0 I 99,5 1 98,5 1 99,0 t 96,5 I 97,5 I 98,5 I 84.7 I ...I w-w--- ... I-...... "w-.w..I.. … -----…WI 2 I 0 I 0I 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 I 2 Firewood I 50,0 I 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 S 50,0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 1 0 2 .5 I 0 S 0.2 0 I. 0 S ,5 1 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 I COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL! 9,8 10,0 10,0 !0.1 10.0 10,0 10,0 9,9 10,0 10,2 100,0 Table A.49 SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY USED FOR COOKING All Island COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Source of COL PCT I TOTAL Energy I I I 2 I 3 1 4 5 6 1 7 1 8 I 9 I t0o Energy -I__- rr--I- ------Iv-----------… I . www- w-w ..w.. I""-v-qWj …W - ---- VI w-.y ...w.... VI .1 01 0 1 I 81 0 1 0 o 0I I 0 I I I 0 I 13 Not Reported I 0 S 0 I 31,2 I 62,4 I 0 0 0 1 0 I 6,5 I 0 1 I1 I . 0 I 0 I ,2 I .4 I 0 I 0 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 11 I 1xI 0 I 0 1 0I I 0 1 S l 0 1 8 I 11 Electricity I 7 I 0 S 0 I 0 I 7,7 I 0 , 7,7 S 7.7 1 0 I 69,2 I ,1 I ,0 1 0 1 0 1 01 0 I 0 ,0 I .0I 0 ,4 1 wIw-"-I---- I ….w- *I .9We-... ---…-I,...-.Iin…---wI .--- I.-.p..,I.….- .-1 21 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 I 01 1 1 21 1 22 Gas I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 1 0 S 0 i 0 I 0 I 3,8 I 96,2 I ,1 I 0 I1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 0i 0 1 01 0, I 1,0 I I ".. … - I ..…-.WI....----.... I.- ….1…I-------.I. ….....--I 1 3 I 13 I 28 I 39 1 35 I 41 I 67 1 90 I 108 I 164 I 526 I 1111 t Kerosene oil I 1.2 I 2,8 I 3,5 I 3,1 1 3,7 I 6,0 i 8,1 I 9.8 I 14,7 I 147,4 I 5,3 I ,6 I 1,4 I 1.8 I 1,7 I 2,0 I 3,2 i 4,3 I 5,2 I 7,8 I 25.1 I mI-.wwr- SrI-........…I…….....I..… …I------- IV… . . .i------I--------I---…---- …I------I 4 1 2081 I 2062 I 2054 1 2049 I 2056 1 2031 I 2003 1 1981 I 1924 I 1540 I 19782 Firewood I 10,S I 10,4 I 10,4 I 10,4 I 10,4 1 10,3 Z 10,1 I 10,0 I 9,7 I 7,8 I 94,3 1 99,3 1 98,4 1 97,9 1 97,8 I 98,0 S 96,8 1 95,6 I 94,6 I 91.7 I 73.4 I *I..w- ml… …Isv…….I.-…………………………Iin.mpuyuuI--"--rvwmm----r-I-m---.m.mIw-.mm .I.@… ….1w 5 I 0 4 1I 4 2 1 I 0 Z 1 S I 9 1 4 1 29 Other I 0 I 14,4 I 4,4 I 14,4 1 3,0 S 0 X 3,0 S 14.4 I 31.9 1 14.4 1 ,1 Other 0 S ,2 .1 I 2 1 B0 I S 0 ,0 S 2 S ,4 S 2 , *S,-w,,,,-,,w-,-,,v-w s-S ^v-w --,IWW .. -tSP- S-- ...-- --WI COLUMN 2095 2095 2098 2096 2099 2097 2095 2094 2099 2100 20967 TOTAL 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 100 10,0 10.0 10.9 10.0 100.0 Table A.49 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY USED FOR COOKING Urban Areas COUNT I ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Source of COL PCT I TOTAL Energy II 1I 2 ! 3 I 4 I 5 S 61 7 8 9 I 10 I *1 I 0 ! 0 I 01 0 I 0 i 0 L20 I I 0 I 0 I 1 Not Reported I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 i 0 I 100.0 I 0 I 0 I ,0 o R I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 t 0 I ,2 I 0 I 0 I *Iv,… I…-wqI..----I-.. .w. .I….. ….I . w--.. I i I I I 0 I 1 I 0 II Ii 0 I 0 1 I 7 I 11 Electricity I 7,7 1 0 I 7,7 I 0 I 7,7 7,7 i 0 I 0 I 7,7 I 61I5 I ,3 I ,3 I 0 I .2 .I 0 1 ,2 I ,2 i 0 1 0 I , 1 2,0 I I.RO-I,--',,--Iw '-I---wI --- IV'R ---.- 'I."W-q..……………………………………………… 2 0 ! I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 ! 2 1 I 18 1 22 Gas I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 0 I 7,7 1 11.S I ao, z ,6 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 I ,5 1 .7 1 5,2 I 3 I 19 I 32 I 37 I 43 I 55 I 68 i 81 I 103 I 15° I 202 I 794 . Kerosene oil I 2,4 I 4,0 1 4,6 I 5,4 I 6,9 1 8,5 10,2 I 12,9 I 19,7 I 25.4 I 23,1? I. 5.5 1 9,2 I 10,7 I 12,4 I 15,9 1 19,6 i 23,6 1 29,9 I 4S,5 I 58,0 I wIe@w^-ww- .- I …*--T~------ 1………………--.I1.---._.I...... ....nI … … .I.... ..….w ... .9.v... I Firewood4 I 321 I 312 I 30b I 300 I 287 I 276 i 262 I 239 1 184 1 121 I 2608 Firewood I 12.3 1 12,0 I 11,7 I 11,5 I 11,0 I 10.6 1 10,0 I 9,1 1 7,0 I 4,7 I 75,8 I 94,2 I 90,8 1 89,1 I 87,3 1 83,6 I 80,1 1 76,1 I b9,4 I 53,5 I 34,9 I 5 S I 0 I 0 0 1I 1 I 0 i I 0 ! 0 I 0 I 3 Other I 0 Z 0 I 0 .1 33,3 r 33,3 I 0 X 33,3 1 0 I 0 I 0 I e1 C . ° 1 0 I 0 . ,2 1 ,2 ! 0*X .2 0 0 I 0 I 0 I IVt. a ew v" w- W-r---v I---- -wv- ----w- ---Y P- --w -zm .. ... COLUMN 340 .344 344 344 .344 345 344 344 - 344 348 3439 TOTAL 9.9 10,0 10,0 t0o0 10,0 10,0 10,0 lO0O 10,0 10,1 100,0 Table A.49 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY USED FOR COOKING COUNT I Rural Areas ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household ROW Source of COL PCT I TOTAL I I 1 2 1 3 I 4 I 5 S 6 1 7 I 8 1 9 1 10 I Energy wyye.wswiw0 vi-.,W ..-* I…-e-.WVI II Iw-*-"w-I .g ... .Iw-w"w... ... elI -1 I 0 1 0 1 0 1 8 I 4 I 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 12 Not Reported I I 0 I 0 I 66,7 I 33,3 I 0 i 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I $I I 0 1 0 1 0 1 .5I I 3 1 0 1 0 I 0 I b I 0 I *I-_91w-tI-w-.----I…1 … j ---I........I* ...... wnn-....Za … I ..--- ."Iso..-...... .... .3 S 4 I 12 I 12 I 12 I 8 I 8 i 41 I 41 I 25 I 128 I 293 Kerosene oil I 1,4 I 4,2 I 4,2 I 4,2 I 2,8 1 2,8 i 14.1 I 14,1 I 8,5 I a3,7 I 1,9 I .3 I ,8 r ,8 I. ,8 I I5 I ,5 i 2,7 I 2,7 I 1.b I 8,5 I a*Iq.066n*61n …----wI.-.…---10.r.....sWIN…....I.. …-....…i---- ---I. . . ......w... I.…------.I 4 I 1501 1 1468 I 1492 I 1480 I 1492 I 1501 t 1464 I 1468 1 14bb I 1377 1 14727 Firewood 1 10,2 1 10,1 I 10,1 I to,1 I 10,1 I 10.2 i 9,9 I 9,9 I 10,0 I 9.4 1 97,8 I 99,7 I 98,9 1 99.2 I 98,4 I 99,2 I 99,5 97.3 I 97,3 I 97,5 I 91,3 1 SI 0 1 4 I 0 I 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 12 1 4 1 25 Other I 0 1 16,7 I 0 1 16,7 S 0 0 0 I 0 1 50,0 I 1,7 1 *2 I 01 ,3 0 1 3 1. 0 I 0 0 I 0 1 , 3 I 3I COLUMN 1505 1505 1505 1505 l505 1509 1505 1505 1505 1509 15057 TOTAL 19,9 10,0 tO,0 lO0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10.0 1009 10.0 100,0 Table A.49 (Continued) SRI LANKA: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE AND THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY USED FOR COOKING COUNT : - Estate Sector ROW PCT I Decile of Per Capita Expenditure of the Household TOTAL Source of COL PCT ITOA I I I 2 I .3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 1 9 I 10 I Energy w-w Iwww- - ----I ---I- -- I---w I -- -i---- t---X -w-wI-@- 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 I 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 I 0 I 1 1 16 I 24 Kerosene oil 1 5,3 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 10,5 S t0,5 1 0 I 543 I 68.' I 1,0 I ,5 I 0 1 0 I 0 I 0 I 10 o 1,0 I 0 I ,S I 6,j I *w I.,-Wu.PIu.---'..--...--..I--ete--.i...… - …,…---…,I.pw..**,I ...-^-,.I 4 I 242 I 247 I 246 1 248 I 247 I 2a5 i 245 I 246 1 246 I 235 I 2447 Firewood 1 9.9 I 10,1 I 10.1 I 10,2 I 10,1 I 10,0 1 10,0 I 10,1 I 10.1 I 9,6 I 99,0 I 99,5 I 100,0 I 99,5 I 100,0 I 100,0 I 99,0 I 99,0 I 100,0 I 99,5 I 93,6 I - I qUW,--WpJ -Sw -qIP------IU-SY ,Iu---e I.-w..uZ u---Is------.---w.-w-II-.us -..-ww-uI 5 I 0 I 0 rI 01 0I O 0 0S 0I1 0 1 1 Other I 0 1 0 I tO0.0 1 0 S 0 0 0 S 0 I 0 1 0 I 1 I °0S 0 I ,5 I 01 01 0 t 0 SX 0 S 0 I COLUMN 243 247 247 248 247 247 247 246 247 251 2471 TOTAL t0o 0 010 10,0 l 10*0 logo 10,0 9.9 10,0 10.2 100,0 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'I I I I