2017/74 Supported by k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Increasing the Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas To reduce household air pollution, improve health outcomes, in Cooking in Developing Countries save nonrenewable biomass, and support local economic Why is clean cooking a development priority? sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030—will therefore development, developing require a massive scale-up in the deployment and adoption of clean countries are seeking to increase Three billion of the world’s people lack access to and affordable clean cooking solutions (WHO 2016). the use of liquefied petroleum gas clean cooking solutions (LPG) as a clean cooking solution. Would better biomass stoves help? About 40 percent of the world’s population still uses solid fuels and In the absence of targeted kerosene, the burning of which has deleterious health, economic, Yes, but more efficient biomass stoves may not be subsidies, LPG will not be the and environmental consequences. Every year up to four million solution for the world’s poorest people die prematurely from the effects of household air pollution adequate to fully address this global challenge people. But many developing caused by cooking with solid fuels—almost all of them in low- and The international development community continues to debate the countries, especially in Sub- middle-income countries (WHO 2014a; Forouzanfar and others 2016). optimal approach to supporting clean cooking. Indeed, only in 2014 Saharan Africa, are recognizing In addition, use of these fuels imposes massive economic costs: did the World Health Organization (WHO) provide indoor air quality it as key to increasing access Household air pollution in low- and middle-income countries caused guidelines including the types of fuels and technologies that can help to clean cooking energy and an estimated $1.52 trillion in economic losses and $94 billion in lost lower the byproducts of incomplete combustion to a level that would making progress on Sustainable labor income in 2013 (World Bank 2016). Use of solid fuels for cook- result in positive health outcomes for those exposed (WHO 2014b). Development Goal 7; they are ing can also cause forest loss and degradation where concentrated These guidelines are being used to raise awareness of the health adopting ambitious targets use of wood fuels is prevalent, typically in and around urban centers. burden from cooking with solid fuels and to track progress toward to scale up its use across the The need to adopt clean cooking fuels and stoves is thus urgent. increasing the proportion of the population relying primarily on clean continent. In 2014, 3.04 billion people around the world lived without access fuels and technology—one of the SDG7 indicators. Among the key to clean cooking, a slight increase since 2012 (World Bank 2017). findings is that for several important health outcomes, exposure Richenda Van Leeuwen The greatest absolute number of those people lived in South and to the key pollutant—fine particulate matter, or PM2.5—needs to is chair, International Institutions, at the Global Southwest Asia, but it is in Sub-Saharan Africa that one finds the be brought down to very low levels to capture most of the health LPG Partnership. highest deficit in access proportional to population: only 12 percent benefit. Most of the clean cooking interventions promoted in recent of Africans had access to clean cooking fuels and technologies years have not come close enough to these levels. Alex Evans is president and chair, Operating in 2014. The increase since 2012 in the number of people living Motivated in part by the desire to allow users to continue to Committee, at the Global without access is also mainly driven by Africa, where each year the use the cooking methods they are used to, some interventions LPG Partnership. population expands by 25 million, while access to clean cooking are focusing on improving the performance of biomass stoves by Besnik Hyseni is an increases by only 4 million (World Bank 2017). Achieving Sustainable increasing the efficiency of fuel wood use and reducing emissions. energy specialist in the Development Goal 7 (SDG7)—ensuring access to affordable, reliable, Today there are improved biomass models that are more efficient World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice. 2 I n c r e asi n g t h e U s e o f L i q u e f i e d P e t r o l e u m G as i n C o o k i n g i n D e v e l o pi n g C o u n t r i e s than earlier models and have lower emission profiles—but they with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Global may not reduce household air pollution enough to provide the LPG Partnership, and other partners, recently funded a $30 million, health benefits needed to reach SDG7, as several studies have five-year randomized controlled trial of replacing biomass with LPG shown (Sambandam and others 2015; Balakrishnan and others in cooking (NIH 2016). 2015; Mortimer and others 2016). Laboratory testing for some of Low-income countries in Africa are trying to learn from the Household air pollution in the newer advanced stoves is promising, but the results cannot be large-scale adoption of LPG for clean cooking in Indonesia, India, and low- and middle-income consistently replicated in the field (Berkeley Air Monitoring Group other parts of the world, and to demonstrate its affordability when 2015), and the reliability of fuel supply for processed biomass pres- the right supports are in place. The key barrier may be accessibility, countries caused an ents another challenge (Thurber and others 2014). Where possible, with affordability only a secondary barrier that can be mitigated estimated $1.52 trillion in the focus therefore needs to shift to “BLEN” fuels (biofuels, liquefied through cross-subsidization. LPG may not be more expensive than economic losses and $94 petroleum gas, electricity, and piped natural gas)—fuels that are cooking with biomass, assuming consumers are paying for those billion in lost labor income truly clean at point of use. fuels, especially when the ever increasing costs of charcoal are taken into account (Bruce, Aunan, and Rehfuess 2017). in 2013. Just how clean and affordable is LPG? The Global LPG Partnership (GLPGP) assisted Cameroon in developing that country’s first national LPG master plan (box 1). LPG’s environmental footprint is negligible— and a global surplus exists Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)—known in some countries as Box 1. Cameroon’s master plan for increasing propane, butane, bottled gas, or cooking gas—is a clean-burning and the use of LPG efficient cooking fuel used by almost three billion people. It has long been an aspirational fuel choice for many urban and rural poor. Cameroon adopted its first national LPG master plan in 2016, partnering with the Global LPG Partnership to craft policies and Some in the development community dislike LPG because it reforms and define investments and interventions to increase the is nonrenewable. But as it is an unavoidable byproduct of oil and share of households cooking with LPG from about 12 percent in 2014 natural gas production and oil refining, a global LPG surplus exists. to 58 percent by 2030. Driving Cameroon to act was the significant deforestation it had experienced, caused in part by the widespread Some of the surplus is vented or flared at oil and gas production use of firewood and charcoal as cooking fuel. sites, wasting this valuable fuel resource and spewing carbon back To develop its master plan, Cameroon took a government-led, into the atmosphere. Using it for clean cooking makes sense. inter-ministerial, multi-stakeholder approach, drawing on international The environmental footprint of LPG is negligible compared with best practices and facilitated by GLPGP experts. Some €400 million biomass and other fuels (Grieshop, Marshall, and Kandlika 2011), in investments over the next 15 years—for cylinders, importation facilities, refilling plants, and distribution (including by small and because of its very efficient and complete combustion and its sus- medium-size enterprises)—will support this scale-up. tained performance in field use over time (Smith, Rogers, and Cowlin In February 2017, GLPGP , together with Cameroonian partners and the 2005). LPG emits negligible amounts of black carbon and other Department of Public Health and Policy at the University of Liverpool, short-lived pollutants that contribute to global warming (Grieshop, launched a new microfinance pilot to expand the adoption of LPG Marshall, and Kandlika 2011). for clean cooking to previously unserved communities. The pilot marks the first time that microfinance institutions in Cameroon have LPG has a clean emission profile and low sulfur content. In provided loans to support the purchase and initial refilling of LPG. It is global burden of disease studies, cooking with LPG is taken as also part of an international initiative on the part of GLPGP and other the feasible counterfactual level of pollution, because it is usually institutions, including the University of Liverpool, to evaluate what the first clean fuel consumers use when they move away from portion of households can be encouraged to switch to LPG for cooking if the barrier of upfront cost is lowered, by making the equipment biomass. To explore the possible health benefits to pregnant more affordable and accessible. women and their children, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, 3 I n c r e asi n g t h e U s e o f L i q u e f i e d P e t r o l e u m G as i n C o o k i n g i n D e v e l o pi n g C o u n t r i e s GLPGP (box 2) is now working with Cameroon’s government on Box 2. About the Global LPG Partnership the technical plans and financing structures required to deliver the projects defined in the master plan. The Global LPG Partnership (GLPGP) was launched in 2012 at the Rio+20 conference as a public-private partnership (PPP) under the UN Sustainable Energy for All Initiative. Its goal is to help countries make Is LPG catching on? the shift to LPG for clean cooking on a large scale, to enable the move Today there are improved of a billion people to clean LPG energy for household cooking by 2030. Many countries across Africa have already biomass models that are GLPGP works at the invitation of host-country governments, partnering set goals for increased or exclusive LPG use more efficient than earlier with other public and private sector stakeholders to create national plans for rapid, sustainable scale-up of LPG infrastructure, distribution, Members of the Economic Community of West African States models and have lower and demand. It then assists with financing and implementing key (ECOWAS) have coordinated their LPG targets for clean cooking emission profiles—but they elements of the plan to help countries facilitate the transition to clean cooking for as many people as possible. through the Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy may not reduce household Efficiency (ECREEE) (table 1). Cabo Verde has established goals for GLPGP was established on the premise that LPG is the preferred air pollution enough to solution for the next 15–20 years, until a fully renewable solution for almost exclusive LPG use. Burkina Faso and Niger have set very clean cooking can be found and made sustainable on a large scale. high LPG targets for urban areas. Nigeria and Togo are seeking to provide the health benefits Such an energy source might eventually include bio-LPG, which is have LPG represent 80 percent and 75 percent, respectively, of their needed to reach SDG7. chemically identical to fossil fuel–derived LPG and would use the same supply infrastructure. Other innovative solutions are still under cooking fuel mix by 2030. development or being researched. Table 1. LPG penetration targets of ECOWAS member countries 2015 2015 GDP Percent of population per capita population using Country (millions) (dollars) solid fuels in 2013 LPG penetration target by 2030 Status of SE4All Action Agenda Not reported, but LPG expansion to urban Benin 10.8 762 94 Under development (ECREEE 2015a) areas cited Burkina Faso 18.1 589 95 68% in urban areas Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Cabo Verde 0.5 3,080 31 90% or more Released (República de Cabo Verde 2015) Côte d’Ivoire 22.7 1,399 81 1,200 kT of LPG for household cooking by 2030 Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Not reported, but LPG expansion to urban and Gambia, The 2.0 472 95 Released (The Gambia 2015) peri-urban areas cited Ghana 27.4 1,370 83 50% by 2020 Released (ECREEE 2015b) Guinea 12.6 531 > 95 50% access to clean cooking by 2025 Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Guinea-Bissau 1.8 573 > 95 20% Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Liberia 4.5 456 > 95 43% (“cooking plan” scenario) Released (Sandikie 2015) Mali 17.6 724 > 95 62.5% Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Niger 19.9 359 > 95 85% urban, 60% rural Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Nigeria 182.2 2,640 75 80% for all clean fuels Released (Republic of Nigeria 2015) Senegal 15.1 900 61 Not reported Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Sierra Leone 6.5 653 > 95 25% for all clean fuels Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Togo 7.3 560 95 75% for all clean fuels Under development (ECREEE 2015a) Sources: Per capita GDP statistics: World Bank (2015); percent of population using solid fuels: WHO (2013, survey-based data). 4 I n c r e asi n g t h e U s e o f L i q u e f i e d P e t r o l e u m G as i n C o o k i n g i n D e v e l o pi n g C o u n t r i e s Table 2. LPG penetration targets of selected Central and East African countries 2015 2015 GDP Percent of population per capita population using Country (millions) (dollars) solid fuels in 2013 LPG penetration target by 2030 Status of SE4All Action Agenda Pending Angola 25.0 4,101 54 100% by 2025 CEMAC/CEEAC (2014) The environmental Cameroon 23.3 1,217 78 58% Released (Republic of Cameroon, 2016) footprint of LPG is Pending Gabon 1.7 8,266 20 100% by 2025 negligible compared CEMAC/CEEAC (2014) with biomass and other Kenya 46.1 1,377 84 36% Released (Republic of Kenya 2016) Rwanda 11.6 697 > 95 25% LPG penetration in urban areas Released (Republic of Rwanda 2016) fuels. Gabon and Angola Released (United Republic of Tanzania are seeking to achieve Tanzania 53.5 879 > 95 > 75% access to modern cooking solutions 2015) universal LPG access by Uganda 39.0 705 > 95 1 million urban households Released (Republic of Uganda 2015) Sources: Population and per capita GDP statistics: World Bank (2015); percent of population using solid fuels: WHO (2013, survey-based data). 2025. The Central African Economic and Monetary Community Public financing for the program came from the termination of (CEMAC) and the Economic Community of Central African States national kerosene subsidies, and in 13 provinces all subsidies were (CEEAC/ECCAS) have set the target of quadrupling LPG penetration, withdrawn. As part of the plan, the government created “8 new LPG from 16.5 percent in 2010 to 66 percent in 2030 in urban areas and terminals, 53 LPG cylinder factories, 31 stove factories, 14 regulator from 6 percent to 25 percent in rural areas (CEEAC-CEMAC 2014). producers, and 22 filling stations,” according to a report by the Asian Both Gabon and Angola, which have relatively high levels of LPG Development Bank (Sovacool 2016). The program “generated $1.7 usage (62 percent and 54 percent, respectively) are seeking to billion of investment across these types of facilities along with 28,000 achieve universal LPG access by 2025 (table 2). new jobs.” Government audits showed significant reductions in CO2 East African countries have also included LPG expansion targets. as a result of the switch from kerosene to LPG. Kenya is similarly now Kenya has adopted a goal of 36 percent penetration (from an initial moving to replace kerosene for cooking with LPG. level of just 5 percent). It plans to eliminate the use of kerosene for cooking. Uganda seeks to increase the use of LPG significantly in What have we learned? urban areas. Results in countries that have already made the switch to LPG at Five key lessons emerge from national efforts to date large scale are promising. Lesson 1 In Indonesia, policy changes and a nationally planned LPG Adoption of LPG requires investment in infrastructure (import, bulk scale-up program financed by both the public and private sectors storage, transportation, and filling facilities and LPG cylinders) and increased the number of LPG stove users from just three million in expanded distribution and retailing networks to ensure reliable and 2007 to 43.3 million by 2012. Every household across six provinces, affordable supply and safe delivery to end-users. If upstream supply including Jakarta, reportedly received a free initial package of a issues are not addressed, LPG stove dissemination programs will not 3-kilogram LPG cylinder, a first LPG fill, a one-burner stove, a hose, provide long-term benefits. and a regulator (Sovacool 2016). 5 I n c r e asi n g t h e U s e o f L i q u e f i e d P e t r o l e u m G as i n C o o k i n g i n D e v e l o pi n g C o u n t r i e s Lesson 2 with initial equipment purchase. Additionally, because smoke from At the national government level, an inter-ministerial and multi-stake- neighboring biomass-burning households or kerosene lamps could holder approach is critical to ensure that planning addresses all compromise the benefits of cooking with clean fuels, GLPGP and relevant issues, including upstream investment and supply chain, other environmental health experts recommend that all households health and environmental issues, and affordability. Policy makers within a community transition as fully to LPG as possible at the same Experience has shown that, must determine whether and how pricing regimes, taxes, and time, to ensure that the maximum health benefits are achieved. Some when made accessible, subsidies are tailored to enable poor people to adopt and use LPG Indian states such as Karnataka are adopting this approach, with on a sustained basis. Cameroon and India—which aims to expand designated “smokeless villages.” affordable, and available, national LPG use by providing free connections to an additional 50 LPG can be adopted by million households within three years—are showing the way. To Lesson 5 millions of rural poor as ensure safe adoption and ongoing usage, such approaches must be Creating a strong enabling environment for LPG via a combination rolled out together with local awareness campaigns. of national planning, policy reform and targeted investments across their primary cooking fuel. the supply chain is critical. Developing countries that have not done Lesson 3 so remained stuck at levels of 2 kilograms per capita or less. In The potential market for LPG for clean cooking is much larger than contrast, countries that have done so are maintaining high levels of many people realize. Modeling by the International Energy Agency LPG penetration, with or without long-lasting subsidies. By guiding (2011) and experience in a number of countries have shown that, investments throughout the LPG value chain, India and Senegal have when made accessible, affordable, and available, LPG can be raised LPG use to 10–15 kilograms per capita. Brazil, Indonesia, and adopted by millions of rural poor as their primary cooking fuel. The Peru have reached at least 40 kilograms per capita. experiences of Indonesia (Budya and Arofat 2011) and Brazil (Coelho and Goldemberg 2013), to a certain extent in Senegal, along with the These lessons are expressed in the form of “five principles” in box 3. emerging example of India, help to show what developing countries can achieve. Lesson 4 Box 3. Five principles for rapid and sustainable LPG market The issue of partial versus full adoption and use of multiple cooking development fuels, a practice known as “fuel stacking,” remains important. As • Implement and rigorously enforce effective, self-consistent LPG countries develop, their populations naturally shift from solid biomass market rules, with central emphasis on property rights protection in fuels to clean ones. The shift to exclusive use of clean burning fuels marketer-owned LPG cylinders and on public safety. can be accelerated, especially in areas where LPG is already used— • Ensure stability and continuity of the LPG fuel supply in all regions to just not exclusively. This requires education of consumers both in be served. terms of health and environmental benefits, but also in the household • Implement stable, market-sustaining and market-stimulating policies. economics of LPG, to help households understand how to compare the costs of LPG refills to, say, charcoal purchases. Also, if initial equip- • Ensure high LPG retail density. ment purchases are not provided free of charge (in India they are • Develop a consensus-based national master plan for coordinated now fully subsidized for below poverty line households), consumer LPG investments and interventions. financing mechanisms (such as microfinance, and, potentially “pay Source: Global LPG Partnership (2015). as you go” approaches) should be fully utilized to help consumers 6 I n c r e asi n g t h e U s e o f L i q u e f i e d P e t r o l e u m G as i n C o o k i n g i n D e v e l o pi n g C o u n t r i e s References ECREEE (ECOWAS Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Make further Balakrishnan K., S. Sambandam, S. Ghosh, K. Mukhopadhyay, M. Efficiency). 2015a. ECOWAS Sustainable Energy Policy & connections Investment High Level Forum Presentations. http://www.ecreee. Vaswani, N. K. Arora, D. Jack, A. Pillariseti, M. N. Bates, and K. R. org/node/85076. Smith. 2015. “Household Air Pollution Exposures of Pregnant Live Wire 2014/7. ———. 2015b. Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Action Agenda for Women Receiving Advanced Combustion Cookstoves in India: “Understanding the Ghana. http://www.ecreee.org/sites/default/files/events/sustain- Implications for Intervention.” Annals of Global Health 81 (3): Differences Between able_energy_action_plan_ghana.pdf. 375-85. Cookstoves,” by Koffi Ekouevi, Global LPG Partnership. 2015. “Five Essential Principles for Rapid Berkeley Air Monitoring Group. 2015. Field Performance of a Modified Kate Kennedy, and Ruchi Soni. and Sustainable LPG Market Development.” New York. Philips Stove in Gisenyi, Rwanda. Berkeley, CA. www.glpgp.org/publications. Live Wire 2014/8. “Tracking Bruce, Nigel G., Kristin Aunan, and Eva A. Rehfuess. 2017. The Gambia, Ministry of Energy. 2015. SE4ALL Action Agenda. Access to Nonsolid Fuel “Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a Clean Cooking Fuel for http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/Gambia_AA_EN_ for Cooking,” by Sudeshna Developing Countries: Implications for Climate, Forests, and Released.pdf. Ghosh Banerjee, Elisa Portale, Affordability.” Materials on Development Financing no. 7, IEA (International Energy Agency) and OECD (Organisation for Heather Adair-Rohani, and KfW Development Bank, Frankfurt. https://drive.google.com/ Economic Co-operation and Development). 2011. World Energy Sophie Bonjour. file/d/0B_799OzSu-p8WTB3YW1wZlI4SXM/view. Outlook 2011. Paris. https://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/ Budya, Hanung, and Muhammad Yasi Arofat. 2011. “Providing energymodel/Poverty_Methodology.pdf. Live Wire 2014/28 “Tracking Cleaner Energy Access in Indonesia through the Megaproject of Mortimer, K., and many others 2016. “A Cleaner Burning Biomass- Progress Toward Providing Kerosene Conversion to LPG.” Energy Policy 39 (12): 7575–86. Fuelled Cookstove Intervention to Prevent Pneumonia in Children Sustainable Energy for All in Coelho, Suani T., and José Goldemberg. 2013. “Energy Access: under 5 Years Old in Rural Malawi (the Cooking and Pneumonia East Asia and the Pacific,” by Lessons Learned in Brazil and Perspectives for Replication in Study): A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial.” The Lancet 389 Elisa Portale and Joeri de Wit. Other Developing Countries.” Energy Policy 61 (1): 1088–96. (10065): 167–75. Forouzanfar, M. H., and many others. 2016. “Global, Regional, Live Wire 2015/46. “Results- NIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health). 2016. “NIH-Funded Trial to and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioral, Based Financing to Promote Assess Benefits of Clean Cookstoves.” Global Health Matters Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters Clean Stoves: Initial Lessons (Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, of Risks, 1990–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden from Pilots in China and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services): November/ of Disease Study 2015.” The Lancet 388 (1): 659–724. Indonesia,” by Yabei Zhang December: 3. http://bit.ly/LPGInterventionTrial. Grieshop, Andrew P ., Julian D. Marshall, and Milind Kandlika. 2011. and Norma Adams. Republic of Nigeria. 2015. Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda “Health and Climate Benefits of Cookstove Replacement (SE4ALL-AA). http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/NIGERIA_ Options.” Energy Policy 12 (12): 7530–42. Live Wire 2015/63. “Toward SE4ALL_ACTION_AGENDA_FINAL.pdf. CEEAC-CEMAC (Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Universal Access to Clean Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Energy and Petroleum. 2016. Centrale and Communauté Economique et Monetaire de Cooking and Heating: Early Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) Kenya Action Agenda. l’Afrique Centrale). 2014. Livre blanc de la CEEAC et de la CEMAC: Lessons from the East Asia http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/Kenya_AA_EN_ Politiques régionale pour un accès universel aux services and Pacific Clean Stove Released.pdf. énérgetiques modernes et le dévelopment économique et social Initiative, by Yabei Zhang and Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Infrastructure. 2016. Sustainable 2014–2030. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/ Norma Adams. Energy for All Action Agenda 2016 Update—Draft. se4all/Documents/News___Partners_Docs/ECCAS_CEMAC_livre_ https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/ blanc_energie_2014.pdf. (Continued) Documents/Country_AAs/RWANDA_Action_Agenda.pdf. 7 I n c r e asi n g t h e U s e o f L i q u e f i e d P e t r o l e u m G as i n C o o k i n g i n D e v e l o pi n g C o u n t r i e s Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development. United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Energy and Minerals. 2015. Make further 2015. Uganda’s Sustainable Energy for All (Se4all) Initiative Action Tanzania’s SE4All Action Agenda. http://www.se4all.org/sites/ connections Agenda. http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/Uganda_AA_ default/files/TANZANIA_AA-Final.pdf. EN_Released.pdf. WHO (World Health Organization). (continued) República de Cabo Verde. 2015. Action Agenda for the Sustainable ———. 2013. Population Using Solid Fuels. http://apps.who.int/gho/ Live Wire 2015/63. “The Energy for All Cape Verde. http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/ data/view.main.1671?lang-en. Lao Cookstove Experience: files/Cape_Verde__AA_EN_Released.pdf. ———. 2014a. Burden of Disease from Household Air Pollution for Redefining Health through Sambandam, S., K. Balakrishnan, S. Ghosh, A. Sadasivam, S. Madhav, 2012. Geneva: World Health Organization. Cleaner Energy Solutions,” R. Ramasamy, M. Samanta, K. Mukhopadhyay, H. Rehman, ———. 2014b. Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion. by Rutu Dave and Rema and V. Ramanathan. 2015. “Can Currently Available Advanced Geneva: World Health Organization. N. Balasundaram. Combustion Biomass Cook-Stoves Provide Health Relevant ———. 2016. Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Exposure Reductions? Results from Initial Assessment of Select Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Live Wire 2016/64. Contextual Commercial Models in India.” EcoHealth 12 (1): 25–41. Children. Geneva: World Health Organization. Design and Promotion of Sandikie, Jacob S. 2015. Liberia Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) World Bank. 2015. Progress toward Sustainable Energy. Global Clean Biomass Stoves: The Action Agenda Report 2015. http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/ Tracking Framework 2015, Summary Report. Washington, DC: Case of the Indonesia Clean files/LIBERIA_AA_EN_Released_0.pdf. World Bank. Stove Initiative, by Laurent Smith, K. R., J. Rogers, and S. C. Cowlin. 2005. Household Fuels and ———. 2016. The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Durix, Helene Carlsson Rex, Ill-Health in Developing Countries: What Improvements Can Be Case for Action. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents. and Veronica Mendizabal. Brought by LP Gas? Paris: World LP Gas Association. worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/The-cost-of-air- Sovacool, Benjamin K. 2016. Cobenefits and Trade-Offs of Green and pollution-strengthening-the-economic-case-for-action. Clean Energy: Evidence from the Academic Literature and Asian ———. 2017. Progress toward Sustainable Energy. Global Tracking Case Studies. Manila: Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb. Framework 2017, Summary Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. org/sites/default/files/publication/217001/ewp-502.pdf. Thurber, Marc C., Himani Phadke, Sriniketh Nagavarapu, Gireesh Shrimali, and Hisham Zerriffi. 2014. “‘Oorja’ in India: Assessing a Large-Scale Commercial Distribution of Advanced Biomass Stoves to Households.” Energy for Sustainable Development 19: 138–50. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. Professional printing can Each Live Wire delivers, in 3–6 attractive, highly readable pages, knowledge that is immediately It is a resource to relevant to front-line practitioners. also be undertaken on a customized basis for share with clients and specific events or occasions Live Wires take a variety of forms: counterparts.” • Topic briefs offer technical knowledge on key issues in energy and extractives by contacting GSDPM • Case studies highlight lessons from experiences in implementation Customer Service Center at • Global trends provide analytical overviews of key energy and extractives data (202) 458-7479, or sending a • Bank views portray the Bank Group’s activities in the energy and extractives sectors written request to cgsdpm@ • Private eyes present a private sector perspective on topical issues in the field worldbank.org. Each Live Wire will be peer-reviewed by seasoned practitioners in the Bank. Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas