E4361 V4 REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES STATE DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK REGIONAL PASTORAL LIVELIHOODS RESILIENCE PROJECT (RPLRP) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (IPMF) (P117635) DRAFT FINAL REPORT January 2014 Prepared by: EMC Consultants Limited Tito Kodiaga –Team Lead and Environmental Specialist Nairobi, Kenya. Cell: +254-722-579272 Email: tito@emconsultants.org URL: http://www.emconsultants.org Page | 1 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... 2 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 7 2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Pesticide Use under RPLRP ................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Purpose of the IPMF ............................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Rationale for the IPMF ........................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Approach for the preparation of IPMF ................................................................................... 15 2.5 Project Description ................................................................................................................. 15 2.5.1 Agriculture Sector in Kenya ............................................................................................ 15 2.6 Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Issues and Challenges in the ASALs ................................... 16 2.6.1 Proposed Development Objectives (PDOs) .................................................................... 19 2.6.2 The aims of the project include: ...................................................................................... 19 2.6.3 Specific objectives under the components ....................................................................... 19 2.7 Project beneficiaries and targeting approach .......................................................................... 20 2.8 RPLRP Components: .............................................................................................................. 20 2.8.1 Component 1: Natural Water Resources Management ................................................... 20 2.8.2 Component 2: Market Access and Trade ........................................................................ 23 2.8.3 Component 3: Livelihoods Support ................................................................................. 27 2.8.4 Component 4: Pastoral Risk Management...................................................................... 30 2.9 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements ........................................................ 33 2.10 Project Coordination Unit (PCU) ........................................................................................ 34 2.10.1 Implementation Arrangements ...................................................................................... 35 2.11 Requirements for Public Disclosure ..................................................................................... 35 3 METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION ...................................................................... 36 3.1 Detailed & In-depth Literature Review .................................................................................. 36 3.2 Interactive Discussions ........................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Preparation of IPMF ............................................................................................................... 36 4 Integrated pest management................................................................................... 37 4.1 History of IPM ........................................................................................................................ 37 4.2 IPMF in RPLRP Sub Project Investments .............................................................................. 38 5 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE IPMF ................. 40 5.1 The Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework ....................................................................... 40 5.1.1 Environment Management and Coordination Act (No. 8 of 1999), EMCA .................... 40 5.1.2 Chapter 346: Pest Control Products Act ........................................................................ 40 5.2 Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies (SAGAs) Related to Pest Management within the RPLRP ....................................................................................................... 41 5.2.1 Agricultural and Livestock Sector Ministries .................................................................. 41 5.2.2 Agriculture Research, Finance and Marketing Institutions ............................................ 41 5.2.3 Pest Management Institutions ......................................................................................... 42 5.3 International Pest Management Requirements ....................................................................... 42 5.3.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ................................................................................ 42 5.3.2 World Bank Operational Policy on Pest Management, OP 4.09 .................................... 42 6 KEY LIVESTOCK DISEASES AND PESTS & CONTROL MEASURES IN ASALS .................. 43 6.1 Common Livestock Pests & Control Measures ...................................................................... 43 Trypanosomosis ........................................................................................................................... 44 6.2 Common Fodder Pests and Common Control Measures ........................................................ 50 6.3 Common Fodder Weeds and Control Measures ..................................................................... 50 6.3.1 Annual Weeds .................................................................................................................. 51 6.3.2 Perennial Weeds.............................................................................................................. 51 Page | 2 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 6.3.3 Annual Weeds Control .................................................................................................... 51 6.3.4 Control of perennial weeds ............................................................................................. 52 6.4 Current Pest Management Approaches & IPM Experience in Kenya. ................................... 52 6.5 Pesticides Usage in Agriculture Sector Kenya ....................................................................... 53 6.5.1 Pesticide Imports and Exports ........................................................................................ 54 6.5.2 Fertilizers ........................................................................................................................ 54 6.6 General Pesticides Application Methods in Kenya ................................................................ 55 6.7 Pesticide Transportation and Storage in Kenya ...................................................................... 56 6.7.1 Storage of Pesticides ....................................................................................................... 56 6.7.2 Conditions of Warehouses............................................................................................... 57 6.7.3 Storage on the Farm........................................................................................................ 57 6.7.4 Transportation of Pesticides ........................................................................................... 58 6.7.5 Determination of Risks to Farmers and General Public ................................................. 58 7 METHODOLOGIES FOR IPM PLANNING, DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION ...................... 59 7.1 Designing an IPMP ................................................................................................................. 59 7.1.1 Setting up an IPM Program ............................................................................................ 59 7.1.2 Proper Identification of Problems................................................................................... 59 7.1.3 Sampling to determine the extent of the problem ............................................................ 60 7.1.4 Analysis to assess problem importance ........................................................................... 60 7.1.5 Selection of appropriate management alternative .......................................................... 60 7.1.6 Consider Economic Factors ............................................................................................ 61 7.1.7 Evaluate IPM Program ................................................................................................... 61 7.2 Implementation of IPMPs ....................................................................................................... 62 7.2.1 Identify Implementation Team......................................................................................... 62 7.2.2 Monitoring IPM Success ................................................................................................. 62 7.2.3 Develop Worker Training Plans and Policies................................................................. 62 8 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PEST MANAGMENT ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................. 63 8.1 Chemical Control Method Including Fertilisers ..................................................................... 63 8.1.1 Impact on Environment ................................................................................................... 65 8.1.1 Contamination of surface water courses and underground water .................................. 66 8.1.2 Contamination of surface water ...................................................................................... 66 8.1.3 Impact on Health and Safety ........................................................................................... 67 8.1.4 Worker/Human Exposure Pathway ................................................................................. 67 8.1.5 Impacts on Non-Target Organisms ................................................................................. 69 8.1.6 Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and other organisms from pesticides: .................................... 71 8.2 Use of Biological method ....................................................................................................... 71 8.2.1 Impact on Environment ................................................................................................... 71 8.2.2 Impact on Health and Safety ........................................................................................... 71 8.3 Use of Mechanical Method..................................................................................................... 72 8.3.1 Impact on Environment ................................................................................................... 72 8.3.2 Impact on Health and safety ........................................................................................... 72 8.4 Use of Manual method............................................................................................................ 72 8.4.1 Impact on Environment ................................................................................................... 72 8.4.2 Impact on Health and Safety ........................................................................................... 72 8.5 Use of Quarantine ................................................................................................................... 72 8.5.1 Impact on Environment ................................................................................................... 72 8.5.2 Impact on Health and safety ........................................................................................... 72 9 MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST ADVERSE IMPACTS ............................................... 73 9.1.1 Measures to Reduce Exposure Risks During Pesticide Transport .................................. 73 9.1.2 Mitigating Foetal Exposure ............................................................................................ 73 9.1.3 Mitigating Pesticide Applicator Exposure ...................................................................... 73 9.1.4 Mitigating Pesticide Exposure through Treatment ......................................................... 75 Page | 3 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 9.1.5 Mitigation Measures against Warehouse/Storage Exposure .......................................... 76 9.1.6 Mitigating Exposure Impacts through Container Re-use................................................ 77 9.1.7 Inventory of empty pesticide containers .......................................................................... 77 9.1.8 Disposal of Pesticide wastes and Containers.................................................................. 77 9.1.9 On Going Efforts in Disposing Pesticide Containers ..................................................... 78 9.1.10 Obsolete Pesticides Dilemma ........................................................................................ 78 9.1.11 Public Awareness Campaigns ....................................................................................... 78 9.1.12 Institutional and Financial Capacity in Pesticide Destruction ..................................... 79 9.1.13 Supervision .................................................................................................................... 80 9.2 Institutional Structures for Implementing Mitigation Measures ............................................. 80 9.2.1 MALF /State Department of Livestock ............................................................................ 80 9.2.2 RPLRP/PCU.................................................................................................................... 81 9.2.3 Farmer Groups ............................................................................................................... 81 9.2.4 Agrochemical Association of Kenya/Distributors/Agro-Vet Proprietors........................ 81 9.2.5 Pest Control and Products Board ................................................................................... 81 9.2.6 National Environment Management Authority ............................................................... 81 10 INTEGRATED PESTICIDE MITIGATION & MONITORING PLAN .................................... 82 10.1.1 Protective clothing not used by farmers ........................................................................ 82 10.1.2 Pesticide usage should be in the context of IPM programs .......................................... 82 10.1.3 Pesticide disposal of containers and obsolete product needs to be strengthened ......... 82 10.1.4 Rotate pesticide chemical groups to minimize pesticide resistance .............................. 83 10.1.5 Protecting biological reserves from pesticide incursion ............................................... 83 10.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR THE VARIOUS PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF THE PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMPs) ................................................... 83 10.2.1 Proposed Pests Monitoring and Evaluation Regime..................................................... 84 10.2.2 Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) ....................................................................... 85 10.2.3 Integrated Pest Management Monitoring Framework .................................................. 86 12 CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE –RPLRP ................. 94 12.1 Institutional Capacity for IPMF Implementation .................................................................. 94 12.1.1 Pesticide Distributors.................................................................................................... 94 12.1.2 The programme beneficiary farmers ............................................................................. 94 12.1.3 MALF/State Department of Livestock ........................................................................... 94 12.1.4 Agrochemical Association of Kenya ............................................................................. 95 12.1.5 Ministry of Health ......................................................................................................... 95 12.1.6 Distributors/Agro Vets Proprietors ............................................................................... 95 12.1.7 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) ............................................ 95 12.2 Technical Capacity Enhancement ......................................................................................... 96 12.3 IPMF Implementation Budget .............................................................................................. 99 13 REFERENCE .............................................................................................................. 100 Page | 4 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ADC Agricultural Development Corporation AFC Agricultural Finance Corporation APR Agricultural Policy Review ASDC Agricultural Sector Development Strategy AAK Agro Chemical Association of Kenya ASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands BMP Best Management Practices CBK Coffee Board of Kenya CPM Commission on Phytosanitary Measures ISPM Standards for Phytosanitary Measures CAGR Compound Average Growth Rate CBD Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) CLSM Cotton Lint and Seed Marketing Board, CMMV Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus CPS Country Partnership Strategy DLCO Desert Locust Control Organization ED Economic Damage EIL Economic Injury Level EMCA Environment Management and Coordination Act EIA Environmental impact assessments FAO Food Agricultural Organization FIFO First In/First Out GAP Good Agricultural Practices GoK Government of Kenya GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus HCDA Horticultural Crops Development Authority IEC Information Education and Communication IPMPs Integrated Pest Management Plans ICIPE International Centre for Insect Physiology and Entomology ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics IDA International Development Association IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ILRI International Livestock Research Institute CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre IPPC International plant Protection Convention of FAO IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMPs Integrated Pest Management Plans KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KFS Kenya Forest Service KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service KSC Kenya Seed Company KSB Kenya Sisal Board KFS Kenya Forest Services KSB Kenya Sugar Board MTP Medium-Term Plans, MOF Ministry of Finance MOH Ministry of Health Page | 5 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF MEWNR Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources MALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries NCPB National Cereals and Produce Board NEMA National Environment Management Authority NIB National Irrigation Board NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NTZTDC Nyayo Tea Zones Development Corporation OP Operational Policy PIM Participatory Impact Monitoring PCPB Pesticides Control Product Board PCU Project Coordination Unit PPE Personal Protective Equipment PCPB Pest Control Products Board PMPS Pest Management Plans PMP Pest Management Policy PIC Public Information Center PMF Integrated Pest Management Framework PRS Poverty Reduction Strategies PPB Pharmacy and Poisons Board PPE Personal Protective Equipment PCU Project Coordination Unit PDO Proposed Development Objectives PBK Pyrethrum Board of Kenya RPLRP Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project SAGA Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies SRA Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture WHO World Health Organization Page | 6 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Kenya has received technical assistance from technical consortium of the development partners to finance the preparation of the proposed Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project (RPLRP) that is to be implemented in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia. In Kenya, the project implementation will be under the overall responsibility of Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF). The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to enhance livelihoods resilience of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in drought prone areas through regional approaches. The project will be implemented in 14 Counties which are Lamu, Isiolo, Laikipia, Mandera, Marsabit, West Pokot, Turkana, Tana River, Garissa, Baringo, Samburu, Narok, Samburu and Wajir which have cross border activities and trans- boundary stock routes linking pastoral communities on either side of the borders. Brief Project Description Component 1: Natural Resources Management - At the national and sub-regional levels, this component will support the mapping of major natural resources (water resources, rangelands), their full embedment in the policy design/review process and a better planning of interventions related to them. It will rehabilitate natural resources that are crucial for livestock productivity and resilience to droughts, such as major water points and pasture. The activities will empower communities in sustainable natural resources management by introducing collective rangeland management systems. For the purpose of the RFP this component focuses on eight (3) sub components namely; i) water resource development, ii) sustainable land management in pastoral and agro pastoral areas and iii) securing access to natural resources in the Arid and Semi Arid Lands (ASALs) and border countries. Component 2: Market Access and Trade- this component will support market infrastructure with a focus on those that support regional trade and export. The objectives are both to facilitate intra-regional trade of animals and animal products. It will build the capacity in the national veterinary services, as well as promotion of increased collaboration among countries. It will improve the surveillance and control systems of trans-boundary animal disease that negatively impact trade. The component will finally assist the three countries and Inter Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in: (i) harmonizing their animal health and food safety standards as part of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in compliance with international ones (set up by the World Organization for Animal Health and Codex Alimentarius); (ii) strengthening the national and regional market information systems; and (iii) establishing and improving regionally recognized animal identification and traceability systems. Component 3: Livelihoods Support; Investments- Under this component will address trans-boundary issues related to improved livestock productivity (fodder/feed production, animal health and breed improvement) and diversification (processing, non-livestock products, etc.). This component will disseminate across participating countries existing and tested approaches and/or technologies developed through research for the dry lands. Page | 7 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF The component will be implemented under three key sub component namely; i) Livestock production and Health, ii) Food and Feed Production and productivity, iii) Livelihood diversification. Component 4: Pastoral Risk Management - This component will strengthen existing national Early-Warning and Response Systems in the project districts and link them with a sub regional under the IGAD platform. It is aimed at helping pastoralists build resilience to drought and other climatic shocks. The activities will harmonize the response to disasters in communities and other stakeholders, including public institutions in charge of drought management, at the sub regional level. This will be done through organizing joint sub-regional training and disseminating recognized tools for drought response such as the “Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards�. The activities will also support conflict management with particular focus on cross-border issues, as livestock and access to natural resources (water and pasture), which are the major drivers behind conflicts and security in the pastoral areas. Component 1, 2 3, and 4 which is described above will entail sub projects triggers the OP 4.09 due to the potential use of pesticides as part of the irrigation developments in fodder/feed protection and treatment of livestock. Objective of IPMF In bank financed projects, whenever the use of pesticides is envisaged then a critical requirement that of developing Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMPs) for each investment is mandatory. In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of livestock and crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach. Justification for the IPMF An Integrated Pest Management Framework (IPMF) is the principal tool and instrument to ensure initial project safeguards as regards pesticide use at this stage principally because the exact locations, scope, designs and nature of the proposed investments remains unknown. This IPMF is aimed at ensuring that implementing institutions in this project use it in order to ensure that the WB’s pest management safeguard policies as outlined in Operational Policy (OP) 4.09 are adequately complied with. The purpose of this document is to provide a strategic framework for the integration of pest management considerations in the planning and implementation of the activities to be implemented within the Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project (RPLRP) specifically on sub projects that will involve use of fertilizers and pesticides for fodder production and treatment of livestock. Use of pesticides in livestock health disease control and in livestock fodder production can constitute increased risks to human health and environment for reasons including the following: Page | 8 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 1. Absence of effective pesticide regulation and enforcement; 2. Scarcity of, and or lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); 3. Failure to implement good plant health, soil health, and water management practices; 4. Little or no understanding of IPM theory or principles; 5. Inability to read or comprehend pesticide labels and safety warnings due to illiteracy; 6. Inability to properly identify pests, their population levels, and economic thresholds; 7. Inadequate knowledge about pesticides and their dangers; 8. Porous national borders likely to encourage illegal entry and trade in pesticides These are among the reasons that World Bank requires preparation of and compliance with an IPMF containing restrictions on the pesticides procured or facilitated recommendations for Integrated Pest Management, and specific recommendations for safety training and use of safety equipment. The primary goals are to reduce risk and to change attitudes and behaviours toward a more comprehensive approach to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). Kenya has a developed legislative framework necessary for safe importation, storage, distribution, use and disposal of pesticides for agricultural purposes, and has a government compiled a list of approved pesticides as well as a list of reputable and registered pesticide manufacturers. The purpose of the IPMF is:  Establish clear procedures and methodologies for IPM planning, design and implementation of investment to be financed under RPLRP  Develop monitoring and evaluation systems for the various pest management practices of the pest management plans (PMPs)  To assess the potential economic, environmental and social impacts of the pest management activities within the proposed investment  To mitigate against negative impacts of crop protection measures  To identify capacity needs and technical assistance for successful implementation of the IPMF  To identify IPM research areas in RPLRP  To propose a budget required to implement the IPMF This IPMF was developed through a combination of literature review of relevant documents including previous IPMFs developed for similar bank projects in Kenya, as well as consultation and engagement of stakeholders specifically Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF), Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). This IPMF as is the requirement with all WB safeguard documents will be locally disclosed and also forwarded to the Bank for disclosure at its Public Information Center (PIC) of the country and at the Bank’s Infoshop. Page | 9 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Policy, Legal and Institutional Issues The following legal instruments were reviewed in view of the fact that they provide guidance and regulations when implementing programs or projects that are likely to use pesticides.  Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999)  Water Act  Public Health Act  Agriculture Act  Pharmacy and Poisons Board Act  Occupation Health and Safety Act  Pesticide Control and Product Act  Plant Protection Act  Seed and Varieties Act  Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act Environmental and Social-Economic Impacts of Pesticides Potential Adverse Impacts The potential adverse effects of pesticide use within the related sub projects under the RPLRP will include among others; -  Pollution and contamination of surface and underground water bodies  Pollution and contamination of soil  Impact on aquatic life due to pollution of water resources  Impact on terrestrial fauna due to contamination  Human and animal health related hazards due to indiscriminate exposure to pesticides No pesticides other than those registered by the Pesticides Control Product Board (PCPB), of Kenya, Pharmacy and Poisons Board (PPB) may be used by the RPLRP. All the pesticides banned or under restriction will not be used in the RPLRP. Wherever possible, non-chemical means of pest control will be exercised, in keeping with the policy of the bank to promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM can in some cases facilitate seed crop pest protection without the application of chemical based pesticides. Some IPM tactics that could be considered by RPLRP sub projects that reduce pest risk are relatively simple agriculture best management practices (BMPs), such as:  Biological control methods  Natural physical methods, such as picking of ticks  Mechanical/manual control of pests  Breeding of pest resistant livestock Recommendations The RPLRP/PCU will work closely with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and other relevant national agencies including KARI, PCPB to access and Page | 10 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF promote relevant country level authorization, support, or consent it may need to implement the program. Key components include: a) Ensure compliance with national and international regulations and guidelines on pesticide procurement and importation. In the event that national regulations are less stringent than WB regulations, then WB regulations will take precedence. b) Establish quality assurance for commodity procurement (application equipment, and PPE) to minimize risks to human health and the environment. This will include ensuring legitimate procurement sources and verifiable chain of custody for commodities, as well as inspection of packaging and labelling upon receipt. c) Provide adequate storage facilities compliant with FAO standards to minimize pilferage and contamination and ensure that the storage facilities are not poorly sited. Ensure strict controls and inventory of all pesticide stock purchased, with records kept of all related transactions (purchase, distribution, issue, use, return, and disposal). d) Train relevant categories of workers involved in the RPLRP related operations from partner implementing agencies (Ministries and departments) to private sector including (e.g. program managers/coordinators, storekeepers, pesticide transporters, and supervisors) on best practices in accordance with recommendations and regulations from the WB and World Health Organisation (WHO) as well as the conditions imposed by this IPMF. Criteria will be established for corrective action if recommended practices are not used in the field, including relieving from duty workers who intentionally or repeatedly violate regulations and/or fail to follow recommendations. e) Undertake Information Education and Communication (IEC) activities for targeted communities to reduce adverse exposure related incidents. f) Enforce protection of pregnant and breast feeding women against exposure. Pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers will be excluded from any handling of pesticides (e.g. livestock spraying and dipping, PPE washing, store room operations). g) Ensure use of appropriate personal protective equipment and best practices, including effective supervision of operations, for adequate protection of operators and other handlers of pesticides. h) Establish strict practices to reduce environmental contamination. This will include comprehensive auditing of pesticide stocks and usage, and enforcing best practices related to the washing of clothing and equipment, such as progressive use of contaminated/wash water, and ultimate disposal of waste and leftover pesticides. i) Train health workers in the pesticide-specific treatment of poisoning, and provide the required medical supplies. This will include designation of County and sub County Page | 11 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF hospitals within the target areas for appropriate treatment of insecticide poisoning, guidelines on recognition of symptoms and required response, and pesticide-specific treatment of known or suspected exposures. j) Perform effective compliance inspections of related sub projects that use pesticides within the RPLRP in the field. Reporting and Performance Review Requirements The MALF through the RPLRP/Project Coordination Unit (PCU) already set up will prepare project specific quarterly progress reports on pesticide use for all sub projects, including Integrated Pesticide Management Plans (IPMPs) for submission to the Bank specific for identified sub projects during the feasibility study phase of the project following detailed screening. Environmental and Social Safeguards Technical Assistance to the RPLRP in regard to pesticide use and application will be provided by the RPLRP/PCU’s Social and Environmental specialists who will screen all sub projects to determine if they trigger the need for IPMPs and prepare ToRs when such determinations are made. These reports will be submitted to the RPLRP and the World Bank’s implementation support mission. Capacity Building and Training World Bank recognizes that safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing countries and Kenya is no exception. In this regard, training of pesticide users and applicators will be a vital component of capacity building in this program. The program will, using the resources available from the RPLRP prepare a comprehensive training manual on pesticide use and management, targeting different actors within the program, ranging from extension service providers, actual farmers, loaders, mixers, transporters, government staff among others. The RPLSP sub projects especially those in component 1, 2, 3 and 4 should also run extensive training programs for farmers, extension workers, and stockists. These training programs should if possible be further amplified by training that is being undertaken by other institutions such as MALF, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Agrochemical Association of Kenya (AAK), various Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), pesticide wholesalers, etc. The RPLRP should adopt a strategy where extension services stress usage of a few basic pieces of protective clothing and then working into more complete coverage after the first few have been adopted. Communities will be encouraged to form professional spray teams that would be certified and hired to apply pesticides after training. These could be more efficiently trained to wear protective equipment. The estimated cost of capacity building and other support to implement the IPMF is given as $695,000 and the breakdown is summarized as follows: Page | 12 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 1. Training workshops/ seminars 2. Public awareness creation/ communication plans 3. Monitoring and evaluation exercises 4. Coordination Project Implementation Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries –State Department of Livestock is the principal implementing institution for this project and a senior official in the Ministry will be the overall Project Coordinator. MALF via the PCU will also be responsible for day-to-day implementation (project management, financial management, procurement, disbursement, monitoring, including environmental and social aspects of the project etc.) for all components. The project coordination unit will comprise of the National Coordinator, 4 project component heads, M&E officer, community development Specialist, procurement specialist and the project Financial Accountant as shown in the organizational structure in Figure 1. The PCU will oversee the project implementation by backstopping and facilitating the project implementation teams at counties and sub- counties to access the project resources based on the approved activities. Cost implication of this IPMF An estimated USD 650,000 is considered the amount that will be necessary for implementing the activities in this IPMF. Page | 13 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 2 INTRODUCTION GoK has requested the World Bank’s support to prioritize, prepare, and finance development in ASALs and thus increase resilience. The proposed Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project – which was agreed between the World Bank and GoK in the Country, responds to this request. The proposed Project is currently expected to be in the order of about US$ 105 million and will be implemented over a period of approximately five years. 2.1 Pesticide Use under RPLRP Some of the RPLRP activities and components will utilise pesticides and thus trigger the Pest Management Policy (OP 4.09). The appropriate instrument at this point in time for the RPLRP is an IPMF because the specific sub projects are still evolving. The RPLRP irrigation related sub projects for fodder production are likely to use fertilisers to increase productivity. At the same time, livestock health interventions (including quarantine systems, vaccines etc.) are likely to use pesticides for control of pests normally associated with diseases to livestock. There will be no use of chemicals for controlling pests that attack fodder. Livestock diseases and their control methods (chemical and non-chemical control measures) are also highlighted in annex 1. 2.2 Purpose of the IPMF The World Bank’s OP 4.09 indicate that when a project includes assistance via use of pesticides then an IPMF and Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMPs) should be prepared and used in evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticides to be used to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental and social impacts. Livestock and livestock fodder are generally infested, attacked and damaged by pests and weeds to varying degrees, often causing economic loss. The damage from pests and weeds is potentially serious to fodder and livestock. If uncontrolled, or not controlled effectively, livestock and fodder loss can occur as a result of pest infestation, posing serious obstacles to the achievement of the objectives of the RPLRP. It is expected that pesticide usage would be embedded within Integrated Pest Management (IPMPs), which stress alternative practices to pesticides as well as safety and decision guidelines for their effective usage. Fodder production will however not use chemical pest control method other than application of fertilisers for boosting productivity. This IPMF is expected to provide guidelines for safer pesticide use in livestock production under the RPLRP and judicious fertiliser application in fodder production. The term ‘pest’ in this document is generic, referring not just to insects. Likewise, ‘pesticides’ is a generic term. Page | 14 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 2.3 Rationale for the IPMF Specific sub projects that may include use of pesticides have not been clearly identified at this stage; hence need for an IPMF, which provides a general impact identification framework to assist RPLRP to institute measures to address adverse pesticide use, related environmental and social impacts. The specific information on countrywide sub project locations, project types and whether pesticides will be used, bio- physical features etc. when known at a later stage will trigger the preparation of IPMPs for each sub project. 2.4 Approach for the preparation of IPMF This IPMF has been prepared in accordance with applicable World Bank safeguard policies related to pest management, and which involved the following activities, among others:  Literature/ Data Gathering and Review;  Public consultations and discussions with relevant sector institutions;  Data collation and analysis, consisting of literature reviews; Determination of potential impacts; Identification of impact mitigation measures; Preparation of a Pesticide Management Plan; and Preparation of sub-project guidelines.  Review of comments from stakeholders 2.5 Project Description 2.5.1 Agriculture Sector in Kenya The Kenya Vision 2030: This is the overarching national development master plan that aims to move all Kenyans towards the future as one nation that respects and harnesses the diversity of its peoples’ values, traditions, and aspirations for the benefit of all. It re- affirms the Government’s commitment to addressing the particular priorities of Kenyans living in arid and semi-arid lands. Agriculture (comprising livestock, fisheries and crops, and related activities) remains a key sector in Kenya’s economy. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Kenyan economy, directly contributing about 24% of the annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 65% of total exports and provides more than 60% of informal employment in the rural areas. Agriculture in Kenya, therefore, offers considerable options for economic growth and rural poverty reduction.1. Livestock contributes more than 47% of the agriculture GDP, and 12% to the national GDP in Kenya. The livestock sector in Kenya employs about 50% of the agricultural workforce and about 90% of the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) workforce. The ASALs occupy 89% of the of the Kenyan landmass of which 70% is arid (Northern Kenya) and 19% semi-arid lands dispersed all over the country. The ASALs are home to about 14 million people (of whom 4 million are pastoralists2). Approximately 95% of 1 A Kenya CPP - A framework to End Drought Emergencies in the HoA, October 2012 2 Kirbride and Grahn 2008 Page | 15 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF ASAL households derive their income from the livestock subsector where 70% of livestock is produced. The number of smallholder farmers and small-herders who are unable to sustain a living from agriculture is however increasing and yet, with concerted efforts these groups could benefit greatly from the country’s long experience in collective actions through cooperatives and producer associations as witnessed in the dairy and horticulture sub- sectors. The under-exploited potential of rangelands and fisheries subsectors could also offer the residents in the ASALs sustainable alternative livelihood options. The ASALs have the lowest development indicators and the highest incidence of poverty in the country, partly because of past government policies put into effect following the Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 which advocated giving less priority to investing in less developed Provinces.3. For many years this statement guided the direction of Government resources, with the result that the social and physical infrastructure of the arid districts was neglected. Many analysts also argued that the region’s main livelihood strategy, pastoralism, was irrational and environmentally destructive, and that the ASALs contributed little to the national economy. The most obvious implication of the worsening situation and vulnerability of ASALs in Kenya were demonstrated during the severe droughts that afflicted Kenya and other IGAD countries between 1981 and 2011. The negative impact of the droughts was particularly evident among the pastoralist who lost major parts of their livestock, and in the increasing number of people receiving food aid4. For example the number people who received food aid as a proportion of the total affected by drought increased from 60% in 2006 to 88 % in 2010. The livestock subsector sustained significant losses as a result of the drought between 2008 and 2011 which was estimated at approximately Ksh 699,336 billion with Ksh 56,142 billion in damages and Ksh 643,194 billion in losses in income flows5. 2.6 Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Issues and Challenges in the ASALs Due to the drought in 2011 and high cost of farm inputs, the agriculture sector recorded a low growth of 1.5 per cent. The severe contraction of production in (ASALs) was the major contributory factor to the recorded reduction of national agricultural growth. In these areas, crop and livestock production declined significantly. There were also significant losses in livestock breeding herds and other assets that may reduce the productive capacity of these areas for years to come, if no outside intervention is taken to restore productive capacity quickly. In addition to the drought, crop and livestock farming was also adversely affected by fuel prices that has resulted to high inputs and transport costs during 2011/2012. 3 ibid Government of Kenya Sessional Paper No 2 for 2008, Page | 16 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Over the past few decades, the ASALs have witnessed several transformations that impacted on the livelihoods of the pastoralists. Migration of the rural communities from the congested high-rainfall areas to the fragile low rainfall areas has contributed to change of land-use to non-pastoral activities such as cropping in grazing lands not well suited for that region. Also, large pastoral grazing areas have been converted to settlements, removed from communal use to conservation. The pastoral grazing areas have also been targeted by large government schemes such as Turkwell Electricity project and the Olkaria Geothermal project thereby reducing accessible communal grazing. In addition, records indicate that droughts in the arid and semi-arid parts of Kenya have become longer and more frequent. Over the past 8 years (2005–2012) Kenya has experienced four episodes of severe drought (2004/05, 2005/06, 2008/09, and 2010/11). The negative impacts of shrinking pastoral grazing areas and drought manifest itself in accelerated ecological deterioration. This is characterized by increasing loss of vegetation cover, land degradation through soil erosion, fragmentation and deterioration of water sources. These has led to scarcity of livestock feed and water resources. The limited, overgrazed and degraded rangelands hamper herd growth, leading to reduction of stock numbers below economical thresholds, consequently driving many pastoralists to perpetual food insecurity. Increased competition for scarce grazing and water resources often leads to inter-communal conflicts, insecurity, limited access to markets and other basic services. Drought forces livestock owners to sell animals facing imminent death at low sale prices, thus leading to depressed purchasing capacity of pastoralists (as food prices increase) increasing their vulnerability to starvation. Deteriorating livestock health, low crop yields, and rising food prices exacerbate food insecurity. In spite of the above prevents and transformations, pastoralism remains the most viable economic activity for most of the people of the ASAL region. Besides pastoralism, the climatic and cultural diversity of the vast arid and semi-arid areas offers significant economic and livelihood opportunities that is hitherto untapped or underexploited. The ASALs are a landscape rich in biodiversity, both fauna and flora, there are untapped underground water resources as well as stretches of land that could be used for food and animal feed production. These vast resources and opportunities, if properly managed and exploited in the presence of reliable infrastructure and social services, could offer sustainable and prosperous livelihoods for the inhabitants and eventually spur significant economic growth for the whole nation. Experience shows that livestock market access is an invaluable part of the livelihood of the pastoralist and agro-pastoralists. Markets inject money into the local economy on each market day even in times of stress. This money supports financial access to food. Livestock markets therefore serve as drivers of rural economies, in pastoral areas. So if markets collapse, it will result in the collapse of the local economy. Page | 17 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF The RPLRP will address the concerns identified above which are the degradation of the rangeland, scarcity of livestock forage and water, access to market and trade, exploitation of alternative opportunities to ensure the livelihood of the ASAL communities is secure Implementation of natural resource management component aims at having prevailed access, management and utilization of shared resources. Development of well-planned water resources, with appropriate infrastructure and trained management capacities of local communities will ensure prevailed access, promote equity, ensure sustainable use and reduce user rights and access conflict. Water is recognized as a key constraint in ASAL that determines migratory nature of pastoralists. Migrations due to water scarcity are closely associated with livestock deaths, notifiable disease outbreaks, and increased incidence of waterborne human infections. Re-vegetation of degraded areas with grass and trees will be done to ensure that land regain its productivity. Strategic feed reserves (hay stores) will be constructed to store surplus, the reserves will be used as emergency feeds to reduce livestock mortalities in subsequent droughts. These activities will improve water and pasture availability in quantity and quality hence reducing resource based conflict and promoting resilience of the pastoral communities during dry seasons. Protecting the pastoral economy from collapsing due to market failure in essence is building the resilience of the pastoralists. Activities under market access will ensure all year-round access to markets both local and regional by facilitating the physical markets and attendant infrastructure to remain functional. In addition the markets and trade access component proposes measures that will prevent collapse of livestock prices to ensure the target communities are not disadvantaged in the terms of trade with other food and consumer items. The component will also address measures to improve the ice accruing to livestock and livestock products marketed by the target communities. Enhanced health of livestock will contribute to reduction of morbidity and mortality. This will result in increased livestock off-take and increased incomes. Breeding will result in animals that are more productive under the ASAL conditions. Drought tolerant crops will contribute to food security and crop by products will be utilized for animal feeding hence increasing availability of feed. Surplus pastures during the rainy seasons will be conserved for utilization during dry spells. This will ensure the productivity of livestock is not adversely affected. The irrigation schemes will further contribute to fodder and food availability for animal left in the homesteads when others migrate. Support will be provided to pastoralists who have lost their animals to start income generating activities. Under the Pastoral Risk Management (PRM) component, the project will build the capacity of target communities and their service providers to anticipate and monitor threats through early warning systems and respond appropriately. The anticipated state of preparedness will enhance the resilience of the community to shocks. Page | 18 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 2.6.1 Proposed Development Objectives (PDOs) The overall development objective of the RPLRP is to develop and implement regional approaches that enhance livelihoods resilience of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in the drought prone areas of the ASALs of Kenya and its neighboring countries including Ethiopia and Uganda. The project will contribute to the agreed response of Kenya along with other IGAD member states to address the regional priorities developed through the Country Programs Papers (CPP) in response to the IGAD drought disaster resilience and sustainability initiative (IDDRSI) in the Horn of Africa. 2.6.2 The aims of the project include:  Mitigating droughts impact at the national level by introducing regional interventions in complement to the existing national initiatives such as Kenya Government Sessional Paper No 2 of 2008 on National Livestock Policy, and the Kenya Vision 2030.  Building capacities in Kenya for pastoral and agro-pastoral communities from ASALs that will increase resilience to medium and long-term climate related vulnerabilities with a focus on livestock related livelihoods;  Building and strengthening linkages with Ethiopia and Ugandan Governments to better tackle issues that affect communities in the ASALs. 2.6.3 Specific objectives under the components 1. The specific objective of the Natural Resource Management Component is to contribute to the development of a framework for the management and utilization of shared pastoral and agro-pastoral resources within the context of social stability and conflict prevention and, management. The outcome of this is to increase availability and equitable access to sustainably managed land, pasture and livestock water resources for cross border livestock and pastoralist movement. 2. The objectives of the Marketing Access and Trade Component is to harmonize trade policies regulatory framework to promote formal regional/cross border trade; streamline livestock movement requirements at border control points; address the constraints of cross-border trade services including infrastructure, certification, information, human capacity development and value chain development. The intended outcome of this component is improved access to markets and trade. 3. In the Livelihoods Support Component, the objective is to develop resilient livestock livelihoods and other supporting diversified livelihoods. This will result in increased adaptive capacities of households in drought prone communities. 4. The Pastoral Risk Management Component objective is to establish national infrastructure and capacity for implementing harmonious and effective early Page | 19 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF warning and response systems for management of droughts and other disasters. This will result in eenhanced disaster (especially drought) preparedness, prevention, management and response. 5. The Project Management objective is to have a harmonized project management within the implementing counties in the country and between the implementing countries. The outcome of this will be effective and efficient utilization of resources for the drought resilience project in the target areas. 2.7 Project beneficiaries and targeting approach The project direct beneficiaries estimated at 92,2906 are the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities susceptible to climate uncertainties and recurrent droughts. The beneficiaries will be targeted based on informed processes and innovative tools (e.g. PAPOLD, CMDRR, applying maps, GIS. remote sensing and ICT tools and resources) of defining the biophysical areas that have direct or indirect impact on the ASALs communities and ecosystems e.g. country, national and regional boundaries, trans- boundary water and land resources, trans-boundary animal movement and livestock trade areas, conflict areas and hotspots. 2.8 RPLRP Components: 2.8.1 Component 1: Natural Water Resources Management At the national and sub-regional levels, this component will support the mapping of major natural resources (water resources, rangelands), their full embedment in the policy design/review process and a better planning of interventions related to them. It will rehabilitate natural resources that are crucial for livestock productivity and resilience to droughts, such as major water points and pasture. The activities will empower communities in sustainable natural resources management by introducing collective rangeland management systems. This component focuses on:  New water facilities to be constructed  Water facilities to be rehabilitated  Water sheds for the existing shared water facilities to be rehabilitated/developed  Pastoral and Agro-pastoral rangelands/field demonstration schools to established Sub-component 1.1: Water Resources Development The subcomponent will be implemented through the following outputs: Refining and Dissemination of Available regional/national mapping of water resources and issues users (including for investments) The project will refine, improve, assimilate and disseminate information of water resource from the existing maps and databases7 of the selected project areas. IGAD will 6 The population has been estimated from the proportion of the project investment (KES 6 billion) relative to the requirement in the Kenya CPP (226 billion) which is multiplied by the proportion of people affected by major drought hazards (3.5 million) 7 . Example from IGAD, NDMA WESCOORD ground water resources and WRMA Page | 20 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF coordinate the development of the legal framework as well as provide a platform for sharing the data and maps. They will facilitate the improvement of the maps resolution. At the national activities will include;  Develop legal framework for data and map sharing  Carry out water resources, water use/users profiling. This will be achieved by: study availed data/maps on location of water resources, function of the resource and quality of water; Ground truthing and; Update profiles of water resources and access facilities (data collection, analysis, documentation, storage and production Development and Rehabilitation of infrastructures for water access resources The project will develop surface water through appropriate community-owned water harvesting structures while harnessing ground water based on social and environmental sustainability criteria. IGAD will convene meeting to coordinate the siting of the water resource facilities. The following activities will be undertaken to achieve this output: 1. Identify and design water resources access facilities. This involves carrying out feasibility studies on identified water resources access facilities and survey and design water resources access facilities; 2. Rehabilitate water resource access facilities-water pans, earth dams and boreholes 3. Construct new water resource facilities- water pans, earth dams, rock catchment and boreholes. Strengthening stakeholders’ capacities to manage shared water resources through knowledge dissemination and sharing To achieve the output IGAD will support the setting up of integrated information system and support regional workshops to share best practices. At the country level activities to achieve this will include; 1. Set up integrated information system; 2. Build capacity for water user association. Where there none existence the project will establish water resources user committees for shared water resources; train on water management skills; hold workshops to share knowledge on best practices on water resources management at regional, country and county levels 3. Build capacity for staff; The staff will be trained on operation and maintenance of water facilities; sponsor relevant short courses and exchange visit to enhance their capacities. Sub-component 1.2: Sustainable Land Management The subcomponent will be implemented through following outputs: Available regional/national mapping of land resources and use related issues refined and disseminated  To effectively manage the shared rangelands ecosystems (e.g. seasonal grazing areas, degraded pasture resource areas and forest cover). IGAD will coordinate the development of the legal framework as well as provide a platform for sharing Page | 21 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF the data and maps. They will facilitate the improvement of the maps resolution At the national activities will include; Refine, improve, assimilate and disseminate information existing in maps and databases8 in the project areas, use the information to target intervention points. Concentration will be mainly in areas adjacent to borders and along key regional livestock corridors.  Promote best practices for rangeland resources through: carry out needs assessment to identify gaps; hold knowledge sharing workshops to share best practices at county, national and regional levels; support exchanges visits and study tours. Rehabilitation of rangeland ecosystems with trans-boundary implications including for livestock movements  IGAD will convene meeting to coordinate the choice of intervention points. At the national level The following activities will be undertaken to achieve this output: Rehabilitate degraded areas through bush control, seed bulking, extensive reseeding and soil conservation; conservation of pasture seeds and forage will be promoted Harmonisation of Policies at regional level on rangeland management These will be achieved through the following activities: IGAD will convene joint meetings for the member state to review and harmonize policies on rangeland management. While at the national level the activities will include: 1. Collect, Identify gaps, review and harmonize relevant policies; disseminate the policies 2. Disseminate the AU land policy 3. Carry out a study on effectiveness of implementation of policy regulation Sub-component 1.3: Securing Access to Natural Resources in the ASALs and border countries The subcomponent will be achieved through the implementation of the following outputs:  Harmonisation of Conflict prevention, management and resolution strategies and approaches To realise this output, the following activities will be undertaken: IGAD will facilitate setting up platform for information sharing; they will also coordinate the development of a legal framework for information sharing. a) Form cross-boundary resilience platform; identify conflict hotspots and drivers; sensitize relevant stakeholders on the identified causes and mitigation options; b) Conflict resolution by: Set up a platform for accessing, disseminating and sharing information Facilitate repeated joint meetings between communities to foster 8 . Example, Rangeland NDVI, Fewsnet, ICPAC, MET, RCMRD Page | 22 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF unity; Support joint activities; Train local government officials and security officials to enforce agreements; Facilitate signing of the shared agreement; facilitate exposure visits of community members Support and Harmonisation of policies at regional and national level on rangeland management including those on secured access to NR a) To achieve the above the project will undertake the following activities; IGAD will facilitate and coordinate meetings to review and harmonize policies related to secure access to natural resources. At the national level activities will include: b) Support harmonization of decentralization policies and land use policies; hold regional and local policy consultations and harmonization meeting; support production and dissemination of the policies. A consultant will be engaged to drive the process. c) Strengthen traditional institution for implementation of policies by; mobilize community leaders; facilitate meeting that build on traditional conflict management; facilitate formal recognition of the institutions; facilitate the community to carry peace campaigns d) Operationalize existing policies through; Civic education, create awareness and network at county and regional level; Support formal cross border peace building negotiations and information sharing meetings. 2.8.2 Component 2: Market Access and Trade This component will support market infrastructure with a focus on those that support regional trade and export. The objectives are both to facilitate intra-regional trade of animals and animal products. It will build the capacity in the national veterinary services, as well as promotion of increased collaboration among countries. It will improve the surveillance and control systems of trans-boundary animal diseases that negatively impact trade. The component will finally assist the three countries and IGAD in: (i) harmonizing their animal health and food safety standards as part of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in compliance with international ones (set up by the World Organization for Animal Health – OIE and Codex Alimentarius); (ii) strengthening the national and regional market information systems; and (iii) establishing and improving regionally recognized animal identification and traceability systems. Key subcomponent activities include:  Construction and rehabilitation of Livestock Markets  Construction and rehabilitation of border check points  Construction/rehabilitation of laboratories  Construction/rehabilitation of slaughter facilities  Construction/rehabilitation of holding/auction grounds  Construction/rehabilitation of trading routes to be demarcated  Grazing and strategic livestock feed reserves to be demarcation  Watering points to be demarcated Page | 23 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Sub-Component 2.1: Marketing Infrastructure and Information Systems This sub-component will facilitate access to markets and trade through the provision of physical infrastructure and marketing information to livestock market participants. 2.1.1: Livestock Marketing Infrastructure Improved Physical Markets are generally underdeveloped and poorly integrated locally and regionally. In several instances, poorly supported cross-border trade and mobility are major causes of health and security hazards. IGAD will coordinate mapping and gap analysis of cross-border market infrastructure to ascertain the adequacy of:  Holding grounds for animals to rest and recuperate after long period of trekking before being sold. The holding grounds services will include access to water and animal feed, livestock products processing facilities, testing and certification facilities and quarantine facilities.  Infrastructure improvement is expected to facilitate access to markets and trade through the improved physical infrastructure facilities such as, (i) construction of five sanitary slaughtering facilities in selected towns; (ii) the development of four and rehabilitation of 6 holding and auction yards/grounds in marketing towns and border trading points with Uganda and Ethiopia and providing veterinary services at these places, including inspection and certification services; and (iii) demarcating cross-border trading routes and providing services (watering and animal health) along these routes. a) There specific objectives will be achieved through the following priority activities: b) Mapping of existing and required infrastructure and harmonize the need for coordinated infrastructure in the region, and; c) Identification of needs, renovation/construction of infrastructures and installing management models. 2.1.2 Establishment of a Market Information System Limited access to market information (prices, sources, demands and objective standards for selling and buying animals, etc.) is a real constraint marketing livestock in the ASALs. Improving the information flows to local producers will be an important undertaking to improve market access. There are several market information systems including the voluntary widely adopted use of mobile phone systems. However these systems lack approaches that assure clear and harmonized definition of data, access to reliable data and innovative ways of information dissemination and feeding systems. The project will provide marketing information both nationally (Kenya) and at IGAD level to enhance informed decision-making. IGAD will develop regional market information platform that will enable the region to share marketing information. National priority activities include: Page | 24 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 1. Upgrade and integrate the National Livestock Marketing Information System with the regional market information systems 2. Development of mechanisms for dissemination of the information through electronic, print and verbal media. 3. Capacity building of pastoral populations and relevant stakeholders on marketing information utilization and other aspects of livestock marketing and trade (auction system, grading and certification, taxation, and legal procedures for export). Sub component 2.2: Livestock Marketing support and Value Chain Development The transfer of animals from the farm gates to the terminal markets is the major value added activity along the value chain of the pastoral and agro-pastoral livestock systems. Livestock marketing channels are segmented into domestic and cross-border sections. Most of the producers market small quantities of livestock commodities and this happens seasonally. The phenomena become a barrier to their participation in domestic as well as the cross-border segments of the livestock markets. Furthermore, while all traders (small, medium and large-scale) participate in the domestic segment of the marketing chain, only large-scale traders get involved in the export segment due to the huge initial capital investment In addition, there is very little presence of processors in the marketing channels particularly the cross-border segment. This project will address the value chain barriers through the following priority activities: 2.2.1: Model Cooperatives: The project will develop model cooperatives capable of strengthening the sale and marketing power of the small herding communities by selling to the producer association for onward sale to exporters and processors. To achieve this out put the following activities will be undertaken: 1. Develop Organizations’ model for coordinating sales of livestock to major livestock buyers. Innovative approaches such as the experience of CARE in Marsabit where community bank approaches were set to link the producers with the market systems. 2. Build the capacity pastoralists on cooperative and contract marketing with other market actors (Major abattoirs and exporters) and sensitize producers on benefits of collective actions through cooperatives and producer associations. 2.2.2 Value Chain Development Cross border Livestock Marketing Channels will be analyzed to isolate channels with good prospects for value chain development, and for the promotion of high value livestock commodities such as the “green livestock�. IGAD will Commission a study on gap-analysis of regional value chains that would provide high impact on the livelihood of pastoralists. In addition, IGAD will develop a training programme for member states on cross-border values chains. a) The following national activities will then be undertaken to achieve this output: Page | 25 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF b) Conduct livestock market research using value chain approach c) Develop value chains of selected cross border livestock products including specialty livestock products (Organic/green meat) d) Build capacities of market actors on cross-border value chains 2.2.3. Protection of Pastoral Assets Livestock is both the principal asset and source of income for the vast majority of ASAL residents. Drought is the single greatest cause asset loses through body condition loss and livestock mortality. This imposes considerable economic and welfare costs on pastoralists. Conversion of livestock assets into other asset forms and sustainable insurance can mitigate this risk and shock. This will support the food security strategy of the region by sensitizing communities to sell livestock and use the money received to purchase cereals/food at the most favorable terms of trade between livestock and cereals, and store cereals/food. The following activities will be implemented: a) Capacity building of pastoralists on alternative asset holding b) Scaling up of grain storage and warehouse receipt systems c) Popularizing and scaling up of the index based livestock insurance schemes 2.2.4 Financial Systems To Support Livestock trade Considering that lack of access to credit has been identified as major barrier to entry in livestock marketing, and particularly international trade, efforts will be put in place to provide a revolving fund where producers and traders can access financial capital. Support financial service provision to small business particularly for women and young people will go a long way in enhancing resilience. The project will: a) Review existing financial access schemes and products to pastoralists and livestock farmers and support improvement/up scaling of systems where relevant. b) Improve access to financial products and services (banking and insurance) to low- income urban and rural communities, through micro-finance and micro-insurance initiatives. Sub-component 2.3: Improving Livestock Mobility and Trade in Livestock and Livestock Product The anticipated outcome of this subcomponent will be achieved through the implementation of the following output Page | 26 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 2.3.1: Improving Trade Policies and Regulatory Framework of the Governments and Region IGAD will coordinate harmonization of regional trade policies for the member states to trade with each other and with the outside world. Then the country will achieve this output through the following activities: a) Review, ratification and implementation of regional trade policies and protocols. b) Review of national policies and regulations and aligning them with the regional policies and protocols c) Making the policy, legal and regulatory requirements accessible by livestock marketing and trade participants. d) Capacity building of relevant government officials and private sector people working in the livestock trade on basic legal and regulatory requirements 2.3.2: Improving Cross Border Food Safety Control of Livestock Products Uncontrolled cross border movement of livestock is a major barrier to trade in the region, which could be overcome by harmonized legislation, regulation testing and certification systems condoned by the countries in the region. In addition certification is an important means of collection of valuable information to consumers about product quality and safety (e.g. food safety). This output will be achieved by undertaking the following activities through the application and scaling up the available innovations and practices such as Digital Pen and Animal Identification and Traceability systems. IGAD will Coordinate Setting and harmonizing cross-border trade SPS, and other trade- facilitating tools. It will also coordinate regional diseases surveillance and laboratory networks. In addition, IGAD, will coordinate development of harmonized livestock identification, certification and traceability system a) Implementation of the harmonized cross-border trade SPS, and other trade- facilitating tools b) Upgrading of veterinary laboratory services through provision of reagents, equipment and training c) Implementation of harmonized animal identification system and traceability 2.8.3 Component 3: Livelihoods Support This component will address trans-boundary issues related to improved livestock productivity (fodder/feed production, animal health and breed improvement) and diversification (processing, non-livestock products, etc.). This component will disseminate across participating countries existing and tested approaches and/or technologies developed through research for the dry lands. The component will be implemented under three key sub component namely; i) Livestock Production and Health, ii) Food and Feed Production and productivity, iii) Livelihood diversification. The component activities include:  Construction/rehabilitation of communal demonstration permanent crushes Page | 27 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF  Construction/rehabilitation of crushes  Pasture improvement (degrade range rehabilitation/ reseeding, pasture seeds scheme)  Training and demonstration for households in different income generation activities  Support appropriate alternative income generating enterprises for households  Field demonstration plots to be established  Construction/rehabilitation of storage facilities Sub-component 3.1: Livestock Production and Health The sub-component will be implemented through the following outputs: 3.1.1 Strengthening and Harmonisation of disease and vector surveillance and control services at national and regional levels IGAD will convene meetings for harmonisation of regional policies (AU policy and IGAD-LPI) and disease control protocols, vaccination programmes. IGAD will support research in camel diseases Under this sub component significant investment will be made on the national activities including: a) Aligning national policies with regional policies (AU policy, IGAD-LPI) and cascade to the county governments; developing and strengthening regional disease-surveillance (through work with FAO to scale up digital pen technology) to monitor disease prevalence and spread; b) Synchronized regional vaccination campaigns for identified major diseases such as FMD, CBPP, CCPP and PPR in targeted areas; c) Vector and pest control will be carried out through spraying, spot on or pour on, traps and targets d) Identify research institutions to collaborate in the camel diseases research 3.1.2 Enhancement of Capacity of Pastoral Community Access Sustainable Animal Health Services  IGAD will set up platform for information sharing on best practices, innovation on animal production and health delivery services At the national level the following activities will be supported; (i) building the capacity of the pastoral communities and animal health service providers to identify and report occurrence of diseases; (ii) develop partnerships between the community, animal health service providers and other stakeholders in order to facilitate provision of inputs and services within the counties; 3.1.3 Conservation of Indigenous Livestock Breeds The ASAL areas are home to diverse and adapted livestock breeds, which can be used as foundation stock for breed improvement programs. The diverse breeds occupy different ecosystems and can be used to enhance resilience of pastoral communities Page | 28 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF At the regional level IGAD will support harmonisation of breeding strategies for the countries. At the National level the program will establish four sub-regional breeding centres (SBC) to provide superior breeding material to individual pastoralists and the community breeding programmes; a) Develop community based livestock breeding programmes (CBLBP) for cattle, camels, sheep and goats while incorporating indigenous knowledge); b) Strengthen national focal point to develop breeding strategy; support breeder organization to enhance data collection and maintain breed standards c) Build capacity of communities for improved productivity using platforms such as pastoral/farmer field days, schools (FFS/FPS) and farmer-farmer exchanges. Sub-component 3.2: Food and Feed Production The sub-component will be implemented at the national level through uptake of technologies and best practices for up scaling to achieve the following outputs: 3.2.1. Availability and Utilization of Drought Tolerant Fodder a) Drought tolerant fodder offers an opportunity for communities to build reserves to combat drought. The sub-component will support the following activities: b) Promote production, bulking and conservation of drought tolerant fodder for livestock feeding in the agro-pastoral areas; c) Support development of a food security reporting system to assess the vulnerability of the communities; and d) Construct model hay sheds and provide harvesting equipment at strategic locations. 3.2.2. Investments in Irrigation and Irrigated Agriculture The following activities will be implemented: a) Enhancing irrigation technologies along permanent water sources in the pastoral areas for the cultivation of fodder crops to reduce vulnerability of communities especially during prolonged dry spells; b) Support distribution of certified fodder crop seeds and other inputs to improve productivity, and c) Establishment and capacity building of irrigation water users associations (IWUA) to manage and ensure sustainability of the irrigation schemes. Sub-component 3.3: Livelihood Diversification Viable value chains on pastoral and agro-pastoral alternative livelihoods promoted (e.g. hive products, gums & resins, poultry, medicinal plants, fodder and fish. Under this component IGAD would facilitate the member states to carry out market survey and identify international markets for identified products under this component. The following national priority activities will be undertaken to achieve this output a) Value chain analysis of identified possible alternative livelihood sources (e.g. honey, gums and resins, poultry, medicinal plants, fodder and fish) will be carried Page | 29 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF out in order to minimize inefficiencies/losses thereby maximizing returns for the different players involved. b) Capacity building of communities on improved production using platforms such as pastoral/farmer field days, schools (PFS/FFS) and farmer-farmer exchanges, c) Support cottage industries for selected enterprises to improve market access; develop training programs for communities on group dynamics and financial management, and promote linkages to existing micro-financing institutions d) Support capacity building on wildlife conservancy, livestock tourism and eco- tourism. 2.8.4 Component 4: Pastoral Risk Management This component will strengthen existing national early-warning and response systems in the project districts and link them with a sub regional under the IGAD platform. It is aimed at helping pastoralists build resilience to drought and other climatic shocks. The activities will harmonize the response to disasters in communities and other stakeholders, including public institutions in charge of drought management, at the sub regional level. This will be done by organizing joint sub-regional training and disseminating recognized tools for drought response such as the “Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards�. The activities will also support conflict management with particular focus on cross- border issues, as livestock and access to natural resources (water and pasture), which are the major drivers behind conflicts and security in the pastoral areas. Key subcomponent activities include:  Support conflict management with particular focus on cross-border issues, as livestock and access to natural resources (water and pasture), which are the major drivers behind conflicts and security in the pastoral areas.  Readily avail, timely disseminate, and understood early warning information  Harmonized and strengthen drought resilience mechanism policies  Institutionalized effective responses to early warnings Sub-Component 4.1: Pastoral Risk Early Warning and Response Systems This subcomponent will aim at strengthening and harmonizing the EW and response systems at the national and regional levels through two out puts. The sub-component will involve institutions that have capacity in early warning on forage supply, water supply, livestock market prices/volume, livestock movement, disease control, conflict resolution and terms of trade –cereal prices. The institutions include technical departments such as Livestock, Agriculture and Meteorology, East African early warning system (www.glews.tamu.edu), National Livestock Marketing Information Center Kenya (www.lmiske.net), waterhole monitoring for East Africa with NASA data (www.watermon.tamu.edu), IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (www.icpac.igad.org) and our own National Drought Management Authority. 4.1.1 Early Warning Systems Strengthened and Harmonized and Capacities Built; IGAD will coordinate, organize and facilitate capacity building (workshops, study tours, trainings etc.) for national experts and senior officials to enable knowledge and Page | 30 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF experience sharing to identify best practices, and develop a harmonized methodology for risk profiling at regional level and train member states in the use of the methodology, establish and operationalize a regional EWR platform to collect and analyze information for dissemination to relevant national authorities to guide action, establish and operationalize a regional EWR platform to collect and analyze information for dissemination to relevant national authorities to guide action. Interventions in national Early warning systems will be achieved through the implementation of the following activities: a) Expand sentinel sites to cover 60% of Kenya b) Establish National Rapid Response Systems, Livestock-insurance schemes / pilot projects for adoption in the region. Support and incorporate traditional EW information and coping systems and integrate with the conventional EWS c) Best practices and interventions acquired from the regional capacity building will then be domesticated in the project area. Such innovations include financial risk transfers mechanisms (weather based Insurance) that has already been piloted and may need scaling up. , d) Undertake national risk profiling e.g. natural hazards vulnerability, climate, and institutional capacities and disseminated at all levels. IGAD to consolidate a regional risk profile. e) Dissemination of EW information through traditional vernacular media, print media and website with the ultimate aim being linkage of early warning to action. Link national platform to Regional EW platform. 4.1.2 Building capacity of communities to develop Contingency plans9 Developing and operationalization of contingency plans will be achieved through;  IGAD to organise regional training of trainers in formulation of contingency plans and develop guidelines, training modules and capacity build trainers for contingency planning, assess existing national structures’ response capacity and build where gaps exist. a) Strengthening contingency planning capacities of communities and stakeholders by training different levels of implementers and beneficiaries at national level in contingency planning b) Formulation and dissemination of contingency plans at all levels. c) The contingency plans will be submitted to IGAD for consideration and compilation of regional contingency plans. d) Internally assess existing national structures’ response capacity e) The project will Support food security assessments and development of a livestock food commodity balance sheet. 9 Systems and capacities for effective response Page | 31 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Subcomponent 4.2: Disaster Risk Management (DRM) The objective of the DRM is to operationalize effective disaster risks management policies and avail contingency funds. Three outputs are to be achieved namely; 4.2.1 Ex-ante Risk Reduction Measures For Effective Disaster Management This will entail supporting the following activities: a) IGAD undertaking training of trainers (TOT) on DDRM-related key guidelines/standards such as Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS) b) As part of the Regional-national activities, this will entail supporting the following activities: c) TOTs will cascade the trainings at national levels. d) Upscale disaster preparedness and mitigation measures through adopting research and innovations at all levels as well as developing human capacity (education – institutionalization of Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS) and Community Managed Disaster Risk Reduction (CMDRR). This will help focus interventions to early warning. e) Awareness creation of disaster risk management options among policy makers 4.2.2 DRM Policies Harmonized, operationalized, mainstreamed and institutionalized at the central and line ministry levels a) To harmonize, operationalize, mainstream and institutionalize DRM policies, the following activities will be undertaken; b) Participate in regional workshops organized by IGAD for knowledge and experience sharing on DRM policies and harmonize where possible. c) Harmonizing DRM policy at the national and county. d) Mainstream DDRM policies and strategies into all line ministries and institutions 4.2.3 Contingency Funds (regional & national) created and operationalized a) Create mechanisms (fiduciary and administrative capacities) for receiving and disbursing contingency funds. IGAD to building countries capacities to access the IGAD regional DRM contingency fund (guidelines) b) IGAD to support the development of DRM contingency fund guidelines and country criteria for assessing those funds Sub-Component 4.3: Climate Risk Management The following priority outputs will be achieved, 4.3.1 Readily available and accessible drought related weather and climate information (decision making processes to enhance resilience of livelihoods in the ASALs research and analytical work on climate change including climate outlook) are used in planning Climate Risk Management strives to ensure that drought related weather and climate information is readily available and accessible to the stakeholders. The project will implement the following activities:  Link to Global Framework For Climate Services (GFCS) Page | 32 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF  Facilitate workshops for identifying actionable elements from GFCS at the regional level.  Implement climate change activities as identified at the regional forum at the country level.  Adoption of research and innovations (advocate for conservation tillage, limited burning and promote reforestation and use organic fertilizers) at all levels (National) 4.3.2 Climate change management policies are incorporated into planning and investments for pastoralists The project will incorporate climate change adaptation policies into national planning and budgeting in the various components in order to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change. This output will be achieved through Integration of climate change information into early warning and information systems with emphasis on improving the integration of climate change information into existing bottom-up and top-down early warning systems (e.g. CBLEWS, ALRMP, FEWSNET, LINKS, LEWS, ICPAC and FAO forecasts), and refining information formats and dissemination structures. 2.9 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements Project activities are implemented at (i) regional and/or (ii) Country (national and county) levels. The National Activities In Kenya, State Department of Livestock will be the project-implementing agency at the national and county level. The department responsible for livestock development will designate a project coordinator for the entire period of the project. The project coordinator shall be responsible for the day-to-day coordination of the entire project. There will also be Component Coordinators for the four components of the project. And in line with Bank guidelines the GoK will also second an environmental specialist with requisite qualifications. The necessary support staff, including an accountant and a procurement specialist, will support the coordinator. Project Steering Committees The Project will be coordinated at the regional level through a regional coordination committee under the auspices of IGAD. At the Country level, a National Project Steering Committee will be established. It will be the technical coordination committee and will comprise of relevant stakeholders (e.g. KCA, KARI, KWS, KLMC, KLBO ILRI and Universities) and other relevant NGOs. The NSC will meet quarterly and be responsible for approving: (i) the annual work plans and budgets before recommending their endorsement by the Inter-Ministerial Coordination Committee (ICC), and (ii) monitoring of the implementation progress and reporting. Membership of the committee will be derived from relevant institutions including NDMA, and Research institutions. The beneficiaries will be represented through pastoral associations and individuals identified. The committee will be responsible for technical guidance for implementation of the Kenya-RPLRP. Relevant Sub-committees will be formed to handle specific issues on Page | 33 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF behalf of the Steering Committee. Decisions of the national steering committee will be implemented by a project secretariat headed by the national project coordinator. Other key roles of the NSC will be to spearhead formation of county project teams; convene the project steering committee and other national meetings; Constitute the national project Secretariat, Facilitate implementation of relevant project interventions in the context of resilience to drought and sustainable livelihoods; and be the entry point for development partners and other funding agencies in this project. Like the National Project Steering committee, there will a County steering Committee headed by and appointee of the Governor. A County Project Service Committee (CPSC) headed by a county project coordinator and comprising of all implementing agencies at county level will be established. Their role will be to plan, budget and monitor implementation of project activities at county level. The CPSC will link closely with existing County stakeholder forums (including the ASAL stakeholder forum in the respective county) for necessary input into project planning and re-planning. The Secretariat of the CSC will be the county project coordination unit headed by the County Project Coordinator (CPC). The Agricultural Sector development project (ASDP) is spearheading establishment of stakeholder forums and steering committees in the Agricultural sector in all counties of the country including the project area. RPLRP will therefore utilize these committees and forums. The implementation of project activities at the sub county level will be done through sub-county service units (SCSU) coordinated by the County Project Coordinator. 2.10 Project Coordination Unit (PCU) The project coordination unit will comprise of the National Coordinator, 4 project component heads, M&E officer, community development Specialist, procurement specialist and the project Financial Accountant as shown in the organizational structure in Figure 1 below. The PCU will oversee the project implementation by backstopping and facilitating the project implementation teams at counties and sub- counties to access the project resources based on the approved activities. Below is a flowchart showing the interactions of various players in the organization and implementation structure of the Kenya- RPLRP. Implementation Arrangements General Organizational/Coordination and Implementation Structure of RPLRP Page | 34 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Figure 1: Organization Structure of RPLRP RPLRP Stakeholder Core RPLRP RPLRP Constituencies Steering Coordination Structures IGAD Platform, National ASAL National RPLRP structure National Project Platform coordination unit (NPCU) National Steering Programme Coordinator, Universities Committee (NSC) Component heads (5), Members: Collaborating M&E, Environment Research Institutions Ministries and institutions specialist, Community development specialist Livestock Extension County Coordination Units Pastoralists organizations County RPLRP (CCU) (15) County Coordinator, structure community development Private Sector Agents County Steering Committees (CSC) (15) Civil Society Chair: executive member County Project Service organizations responsible for maters of Livestock, Committees (CPSC) Field Implementation Agencies Implementing Departments, Private Sector Programmes Pastoralists, Pastoralists groups, Beneficiaries, & community-based institutions, traders 2.10.1 Implementation Arrangements Safeguards instruments preparation and implementation; - It is the responsibility of the RPLRP/PCU to prepare IPMPs during the feasibility study and to submit to the World Bank to be implemented with the sub-project and during its operation. These documents are reviewed by the World Bank and NEMA and must receive a no-objection from the World Bank and approval of NEMA before the sub-project can be implemented. 2.11 Requirements for Public Disclosure This IPMF will be disclosed in line with the World Bank requirements through posting on the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries website: www.malf.go.ke and on the World Bank’s external website. The final version will be publicly disclosed through the Bank’s Infoshop. Page | 35 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 3 METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION 3.1 Detailed & In-depth Literature Review Review on the existing baseline information and literature material was undertaken and helped in gaining a further and deeper understanding of the proposed project. A desk review of the Kenyan legal framework and policies related to pesticide use was also conducted in order to the relevant legislations and policy documents that should be considered during project implementation. Among the documents that were reviewed in order to familiarise and further understand the project included: World Bank Related Documents  World Bank Project documentation for RPLRP  Aide Memoire for the RPLRP  World Bank RPLRP Draft Project Appraisal Document (PAD)  World Bank Safeguards Policy OP 4.09  World Bank IPMF documents for other agricultural projects Kenyan Legislative Documents  Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999)  Water Act  Public Health Act  Agriculture Act  Pharmacy and Poisons Board Act  Occupation Health and Safety Act  Pesticide Control and Product Act  Plant Protection Act  Seed and Varieties Act  Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act 3.2 Interactive Discussions Stakeholder consultation formed part of the methodology in preparing this IPMF where a list of the entire project interested and affected stakeholders was prepared and stakeholder engagement was undertaken through a workshop. The stakeholder consultation was significant to the preparation of this IPMF and formed the basis for the determination of potential project impacts and design of viable mitigation measures. 3.3 Preparation of IPMF Preparation of the IPMF included the following stages:  Collation of baseline data on agriculture, livestock and pesticide use in Kenya in general;  Identification of positive and negative economic and environmental and social impacts of pesticide use under RPLRP;  Identification of environmental and social mitigation measures; Page | 36 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 4 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT This section describes in brief the IPM approach specifically the historical background and then links the strategic issues under the RPLRP that have implications for pests and pesticides management with the IPM approach. 4.1 History of IPM In the early years of the last century, different crop and livestock protection practices were integral parts of any cropping system. However, with increased world human population, the demand for more food was eminent. This also coincided with increased pest problem and advent of pesticides. From the 1940’s to the 1970’s, a spectacular increase in yield was obtained with the aid of an intensive development of technology, including the development of a variety of agro-pesticides. In many countries this advancement was coupled with the development of education of farmers and efficient extension services. However, in many developing countries, pesticides were used without adequate support systems. Agro-pesticides were often used injudiciously. Misuse and over-use was stimulated by heavy subsidies on agro-chemicals. Livestock and crop protection measures were often reduced to easy-to-use pesticide application recipes, aimed at immediate elimination of the causal organism. In places where the use of improved varieties was propagated, packages of high-yielding varieties with high inputs of agro-pesticides and fertilizers made farmers dependent on high external inputs. Since then, it has been realized that this conventional approach has the following drawbacks: a) Human toxicity; poisoning and residue problems b) Destruction of natural enemies and other non-target organisms c) Development of resistance in target organisms d) Environmental pollution and degradation e) Pesticides are expensive and good management of their use requires skills and knowledge Because of the drawbacks of reliance on pesticides, livestock and crop protection approach is needed that is centred on local farmer needs that are sustainable, appropriate, environmentally safe and economic to use. Such approach is called Integrated Pest Management (IPM). There are many different definitions that have been fronted over the years to describe IPM. In 1967, FAO defined IPM as “a pest management system that in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible, and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury�. The requirement for adoption of IPM in farming systems is even emphasized in the WB OP 4.09, which supports safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management aspects, such as the use of biological and environmental friendly control methods. Page | 37 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF The following are key preconditions for an IPM approach, which will be adopted by all the sub projects within RPLRP that will be screened and found to require pesticide use: a) Understanding of the ecological relationships within a farming system (livestock, crop, plant, pests organisms and factors influencing their development) b) Understanding of economic factors within a production system (infestation: loss) Understanding of socio-cultural decision-making behavior of the farmers (traditional preferences, risk behavior) c) Involvement of the farmers in the analysis of the pest problems and their management d) Successive creation of a legislative and agricultural policy framework conducive to a sustainable IPM strategy (plant quarantine legislation, pesticides legislation, pesticide registration, price policy) This IPMF for RPLRP has been developed following and applying the key elements of IPM program namely: 1. Ensuring that sub projects under RPLRP use of available, suitable, and compatible methods which includes resistant varieties, cultural methods, biological control, safe pesticides etc. to maintain pests below levels that cause economic damage and loss 2. Ensuring that sub projects under RPLRP conserve the ecosystem to enhance and support natural enemies and pollinators 3. Ensuring that sub projects under RPLRP integrate the pest management strategies in the farming system 4. Ensuring that sub projects under RPLRP conduct analysis based on pests and crop loss assessments 4.2 IPMF in RPLRP Sub Project Investments This Integrated Pest Management Framework (IPMF) addresses the RPLRP’s need to promote ecosystem approach in pest management where sub projects will entail the use of pesticides. The RPLRP sub projects that are likely to use pesticides are specifically those that will include livestock health management. They include prevention or treatment of livestock from diseases and pests common in the project areas. Fodder production for livestock will not use pesticides for control of diseases and pests. Page | 38 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Therefore, this IMPF will ensure that sub projects yet to be identified apply the elements of IPM as described above and the preconditions for the same in order to minimise the adverse impacts associated with pesticide use in the agriculture and livestock sector. It is for this reason, that every sub project that is screened and found that pesticides use is certain, an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) will be developed as a mandatory requirement. This approach will benefit the RPLRP sub projects in terms of enhancing good human and environmental health, and improving economic wellbeing of the farmer. Finally the IPMF has been designed with focus on the general principles of IPM and every sub project that will have components of pesticide use will be required through enforcement, monitoring and review to follow these principles namely; - 1. Adequate methods and tools must be used to monitor harmful organisms adequate where available. Such adequate tools should include observations in the field as well as scientifically sound warning, forecasting and early diagnosis systems, where feasible, as well as the use of advice from professionally qualified advisors. 2. Based on the results of the monitoring, the users have to decide whether and when to apply protection measures. Robust and scientifically sound threshold values are essential components for decision-making. For harmful organisms, threshold levels defined for the region, specific areas, livestock and particular climatic conditions must be taken into account before treatment, where feasible. 3. Sustainable biological, physical and other non-chemical methods must be preferred to chemical methods if they provide satisfactory pest control. 4. The pesticides applied shall be as specific as possible for the target and shall have the least side effects on human health, non-target organisms and the environment. 5. The professional user should keep the use of pesticides and other forms of intervention to levels that are necessary, e.g. by reduced doses, reduced application frequency or partial applications, considering that the level of risk in vegetation is acceptable and they do not increase the risk for development of resistance in populations of harmful organisms. Page | 39 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 5 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE IPMF This chapter outlines and highlights the relevant institutional and legal as well as policy framework in Kenya, which has a direct bearing on the RPLRP in regard to implementing the IPMF. 5.1 The Legal, Regulatory and Policy Framework 5.1.1 Environment Management and Coordination Act (No. 8 of 1999), EMCA This is an Act of Parliament providing for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. This Act is divided into 13 Parts, covering main areas of environmental concern as follows: Preliminary (I); General principles (II); Administration (III); Environmental planning (IV); Protection and Conservation of the Environment (V), Environmental impact assessments (EIA), audits and monitoring (VI); Environmental audit and monitoring (VII); Environmental quality standards (VIII); Environmental Restoration orders, Environmental Easements (IX); Inspection, analysis and records (IX); Inspection Analysis and Records (X); International Treaties, Conventions and Agreements (XI) National Environment Tribunal (XII); Environmental Offences (XIII). The Act provides for the setting up of the various ESIA Regulations and Guidelines, which are discussed below: Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003 state in Regulation 3 that “the Regulations should apply to all policies, plans, programmes, projects and activities specified in Part III and V of the Regulations� basically lists the guidelines of undertaking, submission and approval of the ESIA Reports a key requirement for projects that will use pesticides. Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006 These are described in Legal Notice No. 121 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 69 of September 2006. These Regulations apply to all categories of waste as provided in the Regulations. These include:  Industrial wastes;  Hazardous and toxic wastes;  Pesticides and toxic substances;  Biomedical wastes;  Radioactive substances. 5.1.2 Chapter 346: Pest Control Products Act This Act covers the use, application, importation and trade in pest products. It includes regulation on:  Prescribing for the purposes of this Act the nomenclature of pests, pest control products and classes and kinds of pests and pest control products;  Prescribing the form in which applications for registration shall be made and the information to be furnished therewith; Page | 40 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF  Respecting the registration of pest control products and establishments in which any pest control products are and led by manufacturers or dealers and prescribing the fees therefore, and respecting the procedures to be followed for the review of cases involving the refusal, suspension or cancellation of the registration of any such product or establishment;  Prescribing the form, composition, and all other standards relating to the safe use of pest control products, including toxic residue effects;  Respecting the manufacture or treatment of any pest control product to facilitate its recognition by change in colouration or other means;  Respecting the standards for efficacy and safety of any pest control product;  Respecting the manufacture, storage, distribution, display and use of any pest control product;  Respecting the packaging, labelling and advertising of pest control products;  Respecting the taking of samples and the making of analyses for the purposes and provisions of this Act;  Prescribing the information to be supplied and the form of such information in respect of any pest control product that is to be imported into Kenya; 5.2 Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous Government Agencies (SAGAs) Related to Pest Management within the RPLRP There are several different institutions and stakeholders are involved in pest management in Kenya and directly or indirectly and influence adoption of IPM programs. These include: 5.2.1 Agricultural and Livestock Sector Ministries The functions of various agricultural ministries are hinged on various policy documents, guidelines and institutional structures. Some of the services provided by the sector ministries include the provision of National direction on agriculture and livestock development, husbandry and management through Agricultural Policy and Services. The lead ministries are also instrumental in guaranteeing national food security through the National Food Policy. Many of the food security policies in Kenya are closely linked to Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRS) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries provide extension services to the lowest administrative levels in the country though it is constrained by various economic, human resource and geographical factors. Many extension services do not only include the development of these natural resources but a high level of pest management; even though, there are institutions charged with express mandate of crop and animal pest management in Kenya. 5.2.2 Agriculture Research, Finance and Marketing Institutions Various research institutions are involved in applied research in both crop and animal production. The main focus has been on high yielding varieties of crops and animals as well as development of early maturing and disease resistant varieties. Institutions of particular interest include: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) among others. Page | 41 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 5.2.3 Pest Management Institutions There are several public and private institutions that play a major role in pest management in Kenya. They include among others; - Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), Pest Control Products Board (PCPB), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and Agro Chemical Association of Kenya (AAK). There are international and regional institutions that are involved in pest management of crops and animals which includes;-  International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)  International Centre for Insect Physiology and Entomology (ICIPE)  International Institute of Tropical Agriculture  International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 5.3 International Pest Management Requirements 5.3.1 Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity adopts a broad approach to conservation (Alistsi 2002). It requires Parties to the Convention to adopt national strategies, plans and programs for the conservation of biological diversity, and to integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral and cross-sectoral plans, programs and policies. The proposed programme is expected to conserve biodiversity, especially the rare and endangered species in the project area and its environs. 5.3.2 World Bank Operational Policy on Pest Management, OP 4.09 The Bank uses various means to assess pest management in the country and support integrated pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides, economic and sector work, sectoral or project-specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and adjustment or investment projects and components aimed specifically at supporting the adoption and use of IPM. In the Bank-financed agriculture operations, it advocates pest populations reduction through IPM approaches such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. Page | 42 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 6 KEY LIVESTOCK DISEASES AND PESTS & CONTROL MEASURES IN ASALS The Government of Kenya, with its predominantly rural population, relies heavily on the agricultural and livestock sector for achieving a steady economic growth for its people. The sector accounts for over 65% of total Kenya exports, provides 18% of formal employment and more than 70% of informal employment in the rural areas. Over 60% of the national income is also from this sector. During the past several years, the sector has consistently registered the highest contribution to economic growth when compared to other sectors and is expected to continue carrying the burden of ensuring sustainable economic growth in the country for the foreseeable future. This role is demonstrated by the corresponding growth of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which has been on a growth path since 2002. The GDP was 5.8% in 2005, 6.1 % in 2006, and 7% in 2007 1.5% in 2008, 2.6% in 2009 and 5.6% in 2010 (Source: 2011 Economic Survey Report). Further, it has been established that there is a strong correlation between growth in the agricultural sector and that in GDP. Since independence in 1963, the sector has witnessed varied levels of contribution to the GDP with a high of 36.6% between 1964 and 1973, a minimum of 2.2% in the late 1990's and picking up again to 24.2% in 2005. Currently the sector contributes 26% of the GDP directly and another 25% indirectly. In appreciation of the role played by the agricultural sector in the country's economy, the Government classified the Agriculture and Rural Development sector as the top ranked national priority sector in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for the period 2001¬2004 and similarly in the Economic Recovery Strategy for 2003-2008 and the Vision 2030, which identifies agriculture as one of the key sectors to deliver the 10% projected annual economic growth. 6.1 Common Livestock Pests & Control Measures The RPLRP will support livestock production and increase their resilience to extreme climate in the selected Counties. The livestock include; -goats, cattle, sheep and camels. The table 1 and 2 below shows the common livestock diseases and vectors/pests. Table 1 . Vector-borne Parasitic Diseases of Livestock in ASAls, Kenya Vectors Disease/Condition Ticks East Coast Fever (ECF) Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ECF Boophilus decolaratus Anaplasmosis (Gall sickness), Babesiosis (red water) Rhipicephelus evertsi Babesiosis (red water) Amblyomma variegatum Heart water (Bush sickness) TseTse Fly Page | 43 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Glossina pallidipes Trypanosomosis (Nagana) Mange Chorioptes bovis Pruritis Sarcoptes Pruritis Biting flies Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly Anthrax Table 2. Endo-parasitic Diseases Endoparasites Helminths Helminthiasis Nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus Anaemia Unthriftiness (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus Trematodes: Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantic Anaemia Unthriftiness Cestodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus Anaemia Hydatidosis granulosus Coccidia Coccidiosis Trypanosomosis Control of tsetse flies and Trypanosomosis Insecticides The chemicals used to control tsetse flies and drugs used to treat and control trypanosomosis are shown in Table 3 and 4. The combined strategy used is effective because tse tse flies and trypanosomes are both destroyed and thus reduce infection in animals. A practical control strategy would include:  Use of insecticides impregnated odour-baited traps and targets and spraying.  Spraying and dipping animals and applications of pour-ons.  Partner with PATTEC (Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign) programme in order to reduce tsetse fly and trypanosomosis.  Involve local communities in the long-term tsetse and trypanosomosis control.  Use chemotherapy agents to cure and control trypanosomosis in animals. The drugs should be used carefully at the recommended dosage rates in order to reduce drug resistance and maintain their anti-trypanocidal activity.  Clear bushes on the farm regularly. Anthrax The disease is caused by Bacillus anthracis, which attacks all domestic animals and many wild animals. Anthrax is characterized by fever, swollen throat and sudden deaths in cattle, and by acute death in goats and sheep. Control of anthrax Anthrax is a notifiable disease and is controlled by the following methods; i) Rapid diagnosis by examination of smears. ii) Disposal of carcass by efficient and safe means such as burning or burial. Page | 44 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF iii) Supervision of carcass until it is disposed off, with efficient methods of sterilization or using disinfectants on blood or discharges. iv) Annual vaccination and control of movement of unvaccinated animals. v) Milk from infected animals should not be consumed. Black Quarter Black–quarter (black–leg) is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and is an acute infectious disease of cattle and sheep. The disease is common in young cattle between 2-3 years because they are most susceptible. It is characterized by fever, depression, painful edematous swelling on the neck, chest, hip, acute lameness and death in 24 hours. Control of Black-quarter  Vaccinate cattle and sheep in high-risk areas with a bacterin containing C . chauvoei.  Vaccinate calves between 2-6 months old.  Treat susceptible cattle with penicillin. Foot and Mouth Disease The disease is caused by the following 7 types of picornaviridae virus, European types O, A and C, South African territories types. SAT 1, 2 and 3 and Asia type 1. Foot and mouth disease commonly affects cattle and sheep but goats and wild ruminants are susceptible. The severity of FMD depends on the strains of virus involved and immune status of the animal. The disease is characterized by fever, vesicles in the mouth and feet, salivation; drop in milk production and abortion in severe cases. Control The following control measures are used to control Foot and Mouth Disease.  Put administrative measures in place quickly and impose quarantine in order to restrict movement of animals and their products.  Enforce policies for the disease control in order to prevent spread of the diseases in the country and in the region.  Rapid diagnosis and surveillance for the emergence of disease by new strains of virus which are not covered by the vaccine used.  Use properly prepared and stored vaccines.  Vaccinate animals regularly in order to establish immunity in the control of foot and mouth disease quadvalent vaccine containing, types A, O SAT, 1 and 2 is used to protect animals for up to 6 months. Rift Valley Fever RFV is caused by Phlebovirus and epidemics often occur after 5 years. Mosquitoes spread the disease especially during wet season. The disease is characterized by fever, anorexia, salivation, nasal discharge, diarrhoea, drop in milk production and abortion. Control  The disease is controlled by annual vaccination of animals using inactivated vaccine and dipping or spraying animals in order to reduce risk of mosquitoes. Page | 45 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF The strategies for control of vectors and drugs used in the treatment of vector borne diseases are summarized in Table 7, 8 and 9. The most effective strategy of controlling vector borne diseases (VBD) in ruminants is to use a strategy of controlling vectors and early treatment of vectors borne diseases. Strategies For Disease Control The chemicals used currently to control vectors include; amitraz, pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates (Table 8). Amitraz and pyrethroids are the most widely used chemicals to control ticks and tsetse flies in the country since they are effective and they also control other ectoparasites in ruminants. The chemicals should be used following the recommended dose and frequency of application in order to avoid development of resistance. The acaricides kill ticks in the predilection sites and breaks the life cycle of ticks. The common methods used for the application of the chemicals are given in Table 4 and include, dipping, hand spraying and hand dressing. The problems associated with use of ectoparasiticides include high costs, environmental pollution, residues in animal products and gradual development of resistance. The main advantage of the chemicals is that they are highly effective against ectoparasites and thus reduce mortalities associated with VBDs. The study conducted indicated that majority (60 %) of dairy producers spray animals. The drugs commonly used in the programme area for the treatment and control of VBDs is given in Table 5. The drugs are effective and are given by intramuscular or subcutaneous routes to animals. However, most of these drugs have a narrow therapeutic index and animals should be given the recommended dose in order to avoid side effects. Table 3. Control of Vector Borne Diseases in Cattle 1. Tick SpeciesParasite/ Disease Control Causative Agent Transmitted Rhipicephalus 1.Theileria parva 1.ECF Dipping, Spraying, Appendiculutus 2.Anaplasma 2. Anaplasmosis Pour-on (Brown ear tick) Marginale Rhipicephalus avertis 1.Theileria parva 1.ECF Dipping, Spraying, (Red-legged tick) 2.Babesia bigemina 2.Babeciosis Pour-on Boophilus 1.Babesia bigemina 1.Babesiosis Dipping, Spraying, decoloratus s 2.Anaplasma 2.Anaplasmosis Pour-on (Blue tick) marginale Amblyomma spp. Rickettsia Heart water Dipping, Spraying, (Bont tick) ruminantium Pour-on Hyalomma spp. Tick toxin Sweating sickness Dipping, Spraying, (Brown legged tick) Pour-on Page | 46 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 2. Glossina Trypanosoma vivax Trypanosomosis Dipping, Spraying, pallidipes T. congolense Pour-on Chemotherapy, Control animal movement into risky areas. 3. Mange Choriptes bovis Itching Ecto-parasiticides Sarcoptes Anaemia 4. Lice Linognathus Anaemia Ecto-parasiticides stenopsis 5. Fleas Bovicola bovis Anaemia Ecto-parasiticides Irritation 6. Biting flies Stomaxys Irritation, Transmits Ecto-parasiticides anthrax Table 4. Groups of Acaricides Used to Control Vector Borne Diseases in Cattle Vector Acaricides Method of Application Ticks Amitraz Pyrethroids Spray Dip Pour- Organophosphates Carbamates on Dusting Tse tse fly Pyrethroids Organophosphates Spray Dip Mange Organophosphate (Coumaphos) Spay Ivermectin Topical application Fleas/Lice Carbamates, Spray Dip Dust Organophosphates Pyrethroids Biting flies Organophosphates, Pyrethroids Spray, dip, and dust Table 5. Drugs Used to Treat/Control Vector Borne Diseases in Cattle Tick Borne Diseases Drug Disease Main action Buparvoquone ECF Curative Imidocarp Oxytetracycline Anaplasmosis Curative Imidocarp Babesiosis Curative Tetracycline Heartwater Curative Trypanosomosis in Cattle Drug Disease Main action Diminacene Aceturate T. Vivax Curative (Berenil) T. congolense Homidium T. vivax Curative Bromide (Ethidium bromide) T. congolence T. brucei Isometamidium (samorin) T. vivax Curative and T. Congolence prophylactic Page | 47 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Endo-parasites of Ruminants Drug Disease Main action Anthelmintic group; Roundworms Broad Benzimidazole Substituted phenols; Flukes Narrow Oxyclosanide Niclosamide Tapeworms Narrow Coccidiostats; Coccidia Curative Sulphonamides Table 6. Strategies for Diseased Control in RPLRP Sub Projects Vector Diseases Control strategy Ticks ECF  Dip/spray animals using recommended acaricides.  Apply pour-ons Anaplasmosis  Use recommended acaricides at the dose rates and frequency. Babesiosis  Check dip strength regularly Heart water  Ensure proper management and maintenance of dips.  Early treatment of sick animals. Tsetse flies Trypanasomosis  Dip/spray animals using recommended insecticides  Apply pour -ons  Train farmers on tsetse control  Avoid grazing animals in highly infested tsetse areas  Clear bushes in the farms Use drugs to treat sick animals Mange Pruritis  Dip spray animals with insecticides  Use ivermectin Endo-parasites Helminthiasis  Use effective drugs  Deworm animals before rainy season  Deworm ruminant animals every 3 months.  Deworm cats and dogs every 2 months  Enforce meat inspection regulations and advice people to cook meat well in order to control tape worms  Drain swamps in order to control Fasciola species Page | 48 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Coccidiosis  Feed animals with clean water and feed.  Isolate affected animals  Use sulphonamides or Amprolium to treat animals. Feed borne Mycotoxicosis  Train farmers on good feed preparation diseases  & preservation practices.  Farmers should buy feed from reputable manufacturers.  Remove contaminated feed from animal compounds.  Advice farmers not to feed animals with contaminated feeds.  Surveillance of mycotoxins in feeds. Plant poisoning  Identify poisonous plants (eg) cestrum.  Uproot plants and cultivate the farm. Breeding Brucellosis  Use artificial insemination service diseases Trichomoniasis  Examine bulls before using them for breeding. Vibriosis  Surveillance of diseases  Vaccinate heifers less than 8 months old  Advice people to boil milk before consumption  Government should subsidize AI services in order to reduce high cost of AI. Tuberculosis  Slaughter animals with chronic tuberculosis Infertility  Surveillance of diseases in the area  Government should subsidize AI to levels affordable by farmers Other Diseases Milk fever  Advice farmers to use milk from reputable manufacturers.  Give dairy animals salt lick with calcium and phosphorous Page | 49 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Bacterial Mastitis  Advice farmers to wash udder and diseases use milking salve  Use dry cow mastitis tubes when stopping milking pregnant cows.  Early diagnosis and treatment of cows with mastitis.  Frequent milking of affected udder. Bacterial Anthrax  Rapid Cull cows with recurrent diagnosis mastitis. and treatment. diseases  Report suspected cases of anthrax.  Annual vaccination of animals.  Efficient disposal of carcasses by burning or burying. Black quarter  Vaccinate animals in high-risk areas.  Treat animals early with penicillin. Viral diseases LSD  Disease surveillance  Impose quarantine and control movement of animals 6.2 Common Fodder Pests andCommon Control Vaccinate animals Measures regularly. About 25-35% loss in agricultural produce is caused by pests and diseases, which can be  Reduce contact between domestic controlled by use of pesticides. These pesticides kill or deter the destructive activity of and wild animals by fencing the target organism and they posses’ inherent toxicities that endanger the health of the  Vaccinate dogs and cats against farmers, consumers and the environment. The RPLRP sub projects involving rangeland rabies annually. rehabilitation and fodder production under irrigation will not involve use of pesticides  Use properly stored vaccines. instead manual and mechanical control of weeds will be employed. Use of chemicals to  Subsidize vaccines to affordable levels control pest in fodder production is discouraged due to the adverse impacts it has on the by farmers. livestock.  Report suspected cases of diseases 6.3 Common Fodder Weeds and Control Measures According to CABI's (2005) definition, a weed is a plant, which grows where it is not wanted. In conventional agriculture all the plants germinating in the field, which are not specifically planted by the farmer, are often called weeds. This definition of weeds have led to "weeds" being rigorously weeded out or killed by herbicides as an integral part of what is currently known as conventional farming. Another definition is that a weed is a plant, the use of which has not yet been discovered. This definition fits in better with the natural law of biodiversity, nature striving to create balances in vegetation/soil and fauna (creatures living off plants). Farmers in Kenya are often observed to be leaving edible weeds in the fields when weeding, not enough to threaten the main crop but just enough to have early maturing vegetables to eat until the main crop is ready. Notorious (troublesome) weeds are generally divided into two major categories:  Annual weeds (e.g. purple witch weed/Striga)  Perennial weeds (e.g. couch grass and sedges) Page | 50 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 6.3.1 Annual Weeds These are all the weeds germinating from seed along with every crop and going through a full lifecycle from germination to flowering to setting and dropping seeds in one season. All healthy top soils have myriads of different types of weed seed, and every time the soil is disturbed a new lot germinates, in order for the ground to keep itself covered. If weeds grow unchecked, the crop we are trying to cultivate will not do well as there is too much competition. 6.3.2 Perennial Weeds These are weeds with a root system that survives the dry seasons and stay alive for two or more seasons. If not controlled, perennials can completely crowd out crops in some cases by sending a dense network of underground roots and stolons in all directions. They are very difficult to control as the roots go deep and a very small piece of root or stem can regrow after weeding and create new networks. Perennials such as couch grass and sedges have a function though: they help the soil restore aeration and natural life in the patch of ground where they grow. They also protect the soil from soil erosion, being carried away by water or wind and the grasses provide fodder for livestock. . If these perennial weeds cover unproductive corners of the farm or steep hillsides they are not harmful, so far they do not invade the crop area. Management practices depend on which type is predominant in the field. 6.3.3 Annual Weeds Control Many methods have been devised to combat annual weeds at an early stage to get optimum yield of food crops: 1. Digging or pulling the weeds and removing them from the field (in small gardens). The weeds can be composted. 2. Shallow cultivation at an early stage and leaving the weeds to dry on top of the soil either by hand or by animal or tractor mounted equipment. Tools include row cultivators, small grain seed spring harrows and hard brushes for row treatment. 3. Slashing weeds at ground level when 10 to 15 cm tall and definitely before flowering, then leaving them on the ground as mulch, reduces the weeding work substantially. It is much lighter work to slash than to dig with a hoe (jembe) and intervals between slashing can be longer than between traditional weeding/digging. This method can also be using either hand slashing or animal/tractor drawn equipment such as mowers or the knife rollers developed by Conservation agriculture studies in Kenya (IIRR 2005). 4. Planting of ground cover plants especially legumes to crowd out further "weed" germination. This not only provides ground cover but also enriches the soil, and will eliminate further weeding operations. The legumes will often continue growing after the main crop is harvested, providing soil protection until the next crop is planted. They can also become useful for feeding livestock or for incorporating into the soil as green manure. Page | 51 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 5. Burning. Mechanised farming can choose between a variety of equipment for weed control by burning, both back pack types and tractor mounted equipment. This method will not improve soil fertility, but instead burn off badly needed humus in the top layer of the soil. 6.3.4 Control of perennial weeds  Solarisation. Covering weed infested land with black polythene after wetting it, and leaving for some days with hot sunshine, will completely eliminate any of the sedge species. However plastic is expensive, so if it cannot be afforded try the first option: ground cover with legumes.  Mulching. Weeds have been successfully controlled with heavy mulching.  Hand digging. Very careful hand digging with a knife ensuring all the little underground bulbs are removed can give a small reduction in oxalis populations (annual or perennial), but is very time consuming and bound to leave a few bulbs here and there which will waste no time in germinating. 6.4 Current Pest Management Approaches & IPM Experience in Kenya. Integrated Pest Management is an approach embraced by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF). This is an activity coordinated by the Crop Protection Division of MALF. It Involves training of extension service personnel on minimal use of pesticides to control plant and animal pests and diseases and maximum use biological agents as natural enemies of pests to control them. They are trained to recognize and appreciate the dangers inherent in over-use of pesticides, which include harmful effect on beneficial insects and biodiversity. This information is then passed down the line to the local farmers through farmer’s field days or during in-house training at Farmer Training Centres. The Crop Protection Division has a vision of being the leading agent in the reduction of plant losses through sound plant protection practices. The mission of the Division is to promote sustainable Plant Protection practises that are ecologically safe for increased agricultural production. The principle objective of this division is to reduce pre and post-harvest crop losses through effective control of pests, toxins and diseases. Its functions include; 1. To develop and expand facilities and capabilities of the Division required in assisting farmers in crop pests, weeds and diseases control both in the field and in stores. 2. To organize and execute pests, weeds and diseases control operations when pest occur in outbreak proportions beyond the capabilities of individual farmers such as quelea, armyworms, rodents and locusts outbreak. Page | 52 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 3. To monitor and evaluate crop pests, weeds and disease control operations in the field and on the farms. 4. To advise farmers on the methods and techniques of detecting, reporting and controlling crop pests, weeds and diseases both in the field and on the farms. 5. To train extension staff on the technical and financial aspects of integrated crop protection in specific farming systems. 6. To test under field operational conditions, the practically of any new techniques, new equipment or new pesticides for crop pests, diseases and weed control, emanating from National or Regional Research Institutions before releasing them to the districts. 7. To continue to investigate the environmental impact of crop protection techniques with emphasis on minimizing the amount of pesticides used, evaluating contamination of water and grazing, reducing damages to vegetation species. 8. Planning and implementation of crop protection programmes, projects and strategies, which aim at reducing crop losses caused by pest weeds and diseases. 9. To strengthen or where appropriate, establish district crop protection advisory Units to a level which they can handle most of the local crop protection problems with up-to-date advice to farmers. 10. To co-operate with other relevant institutions such as KARI, ICIPE, Department of Defence, Universities, DLCO-EA, IRLCO-CSA, CABI, KEPHIS, and PCPB etc. in matters related to Plant Protection and to the enforcement of Plant Protection Act Cap.324 and Pest Control Products Act Cap 346. The Government of Kenya recognition of the importance of managing risks posed by chemicals is reflected in several sector policies and legal instruments. The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 provides for sustainable management of the environment, it provides detailed considerations for toxic chemicals. It also provides for coordination and regulation of activities on sound management of chemicals. The Sessional Paper on Environment and Development of 1999, created the overarching policy framework that informed on development of subsequent legislations governing chemicals regulations, guidelines, management tools, data, information, illegal grade and commitment to abide to international agreements. 6.5 Pesticides Usage in Agriculture Sector Kenya Pests and diseases are responsible for 30-40% loss in agricultural produce in the tropics. The most conventional and common way of pest and disease control is through the use of pesticides. These pesticides are largely synthetic compounds, which kill or deter the destructive activity of the target organism. Unfortunately, these compounds possess Page | 53 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF inherent toxicities that endanger the health of the farm operator, consumer and the environment. Agriculture accounts for about 24% of Kenya’s GDP with an estimated 75% of the population depending on the sector either directly or indirectly. Much of the intermittent strength and overall weakness in GDP and income growth in Kenya can be attributed to changes in agricultural performance. As an agricultural economy, Kenya’s demand for pesticides is relatively high. The import demand is further fuelled by regional consumption in land locked countries like Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. Indeed the development of horticultural farming in Kenya equally increased the demand in the late 1990’s (Paul, 2005). Kenya imports approximately 7,000 metric tones of pesticides worth billions of Kenya shillings (US$ 50 million). These pesticides are an assortment of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides fumigants, rodenticides, growth regulators, defoliators, proteins, surfactants and wetting agents. Of the total pesticide imports, insecticides account for about 40% in terms of volume (2,900 metric tones) and 50% of the total cost of pesticide imports (Ngaruiya, 2004). 6.5.1 Pesticide Imports and Exports Approximately 7047 metric tonnes of the pesticides with a value of US$ 50 million (4.0 billion Kenya shillings) were imported into the country in 2005 (PCPB, 2005). The major active substances imported during the year were glyphosate, Mancozeb, Amitraz, Copper oxycholide, 1, 3-dichloropropene, 2, 4-D Amine, Sulphur, Dimethoate and Methyl bromide in order of decreasing volume. In the year, more insecticides were imported in comparison to the other pesticide groups. The pesticides value contributed to more than 50% of the total value of pesticides imported during the year. In 2005, approximately 63 metric tonnes of pesticides worth US$ 700,000 (Kshs. 55 million) were exported from Kenya to the neighbouring countries (mainly Seychelles, Burundi, Uganda and Tanzania) (PCPB, 2005). The pesticides exported were mainly cypermethrin, chorofenvinphos and permethrin + pirimiphos. These are mainly synthetic pyrethroid. These figures exclude exports of crude pyrethrin done by the pyrethrum board of Kenya which amount to 6000 tonnes annually. The export figure may be more because some dealers may be exporting pesticides without the board’s knowledge. Private sector distributors and retailers also do a large part of pesticide distribution to end-users, although exact figures are not available. Furthermore, private distributors deliver the pesticides they import to commodity companies, which in turn will distribute the products to end-user farmers. The private sector may also deliver pesticides to government structures who then distribute them to end users. 6.5.2 Fertilizers In 2009, Kenya had one plant fertilizer (KEL Chemicals Ltd), which has an annual production capacity of 40,000 tonnes (the local market demand) of super-phosphate. The rest of the chemical fertilizers, whose demand is about 344,000 tonnes per year, are Page | 54 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF imported. Other sources of fertilizer imports are normally in the form of aid from the US, Gulf States, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Table 7. Fertilizer imports in 2008 Manufactured fertilizers: Tonnes Nitrogenous 129,057 Phosphatic 14,716 Other 331,932 Current annual consumption is considerably below the level required for a growing agricultural sector, estimated at 400,000 tonnes. Donor-aid fertilizer has constituted about 40 per cent of phosphate (DAP) for planting and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) for top-dressing. Also large amounts of NPK 25:5:5 + 5S are imported and used mainly for use in tea plantations. The main concern about fertilizer industries is that most farmers are not familiar with the chemical nature of fertilizers or the soils to which they apply the fertilizer. There have been cases of misuse of fertilizers. In addition, run-off from agricultural fields with heavy fertilizer uses contributes to nutrients enrichment of the rivers and lakes with nutrients accelerating eutrophication. For instance the growth of savinia molesta in Lake Naivasha and of the proliferation of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria often cost Kenya Millions of shillings due to reduced fish catch for export. The high toxicity level encountered in these environments is attributed to high rate of discharge of nitrates and phosphates from sewage treatment works. 6.6 General Pesticides Application Methods in Kenya Pesticides have been used extensively in Kenya for agricultural and public health purposes for over 50 years (De Lima, 1976). For example according to a survey that was carried out in Rift Valley and Central provinces of Kenya between October 2009 and January 2010 on horticultural farms producing either kales, french beans, cabbage, eryngium, morbydick and arabicum, the results indicated that pesticides are readily available and widely used in farms and the main herbicides in use were identified as linurex 50 wp and diurex 80wp while insecticides included diazol 60EC and methomex 90S, fungicides included folicur EW and dithane M45.  The most common application methods in Kenya are spraying with liquid formulations and dusting with powders. Common spray equipment is either carried by hand, dipping or backpacks or mounted on a tractor or aircraft. Other pesticide delivery systems include seed dressings, baits, granules or liquid drenches applied to the soil, vaporization (outdoor fogging or indoor fumigation), and controlled release formulations.  Liquid pesticides are commonly sold as concentrates that need to be diluted. Mixing and loading are usually the most hazardous steps in pesticide handling. Inaccurate dilution can reduce pesticide effectiveness, increase residues or accelerate the development of pesticide resistance. Page | 55 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF  Low-concentration granular, seed dressing, and bait formulations generally present lower levels of hazard to users and the environment, but they may be harmful to domestic animals and wildlife, particularly granivorous birds. Erroneous consumption of treated seed is a cause of human poisoning.  Fumigation is used to protect farm products in stores and during transport. Use of fumigants at farm level has been facilitated by the availability of phosphide tablets that release toxic gas. Use of these tablets requires special equipment, airtight storage containers, training, and post treatment caution. Fumigation also involves residue risks. Therefore, this option can present a serious hazard if users are untrained and poorly equipped, as often is the case. Air-tight storage of farm product may be a safer and cheaper alternative.  Trapping techniques that combine pest attractants with pesticides can be a very efficient in controlling pests with very small quantities of pesticides. Such techniques also avoid residue problems, environmental contamination and exposure of non-target organisms.  Spot applications, where pesticides are sprayed only on affected plants and livestock, are preferred over blanket applications, where the whole field is sprayed. 6.7 Pesticide Transportation and Storage in Kenya The Pest Control Products Board is a Statutory organization of Kenya Government established under an Act of parliament, the Pest Control Products Act, Cap 346, Laws of Kenya of 1982 to regulate the importation and exportation, manufacture, distribution and use of pest control products. 6.7.1 Storage of Pesticides A significant proportion of pesticide stores in Kenya like in many sub-Sahara African countries does not meet minimum requirements for such stores: location at safe distance from water and human dwellings; compound fenced and access limited to authorized staff; floors of impermeable concrete; ramps to contain leaking liquids; adequate ventilation; doors under lock; store keepers trained in handling pesticides; emergency shower facilities; adequate quantities of materials and protective gear to deal with emergencies. Storage of pesticides in Kenya is primarily the domain of the licenced agro-vet institutions that have a licence from PCPB Kenya to importation and exportation, manufacture, distribution and use of pest control products. Majority of farmers in Kenya purchase their pesticides from licensed agro-vet who must be registered dealers and must possess a permit to store and distribute pesticides. Page | 56 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 6.7.2 Conditions of Warehouses The mandate of the Pest Control Products Board as prescribed in the Pest Control Products Act and also in line with its vision and mission statement includes the following activities: 1. Assessing suitability of premises used for manufacture/formulation, re-packing, storage and distribution of pest control products for purposes of licensing them for those functions. 2. Creating awareness of the general public on all aspects of safety, storage, handling, disposal and use of pest control products. Every year, the PCPB is mandated to inspect the licensed warehouses in the country to determine if they meet the requirements of storage for pesticides. Majority of the warehouses that are inspected on annual basis do not meet the threshold recommended for best practise in warehouses for pesticide storage. 6.7.3 Storage on the Farm The PCBP guidelines on pesticide storage on the farm require that all farmers;-  Ensure the pesticide store is properly secured i.e. locked and out of reach of unauthorised people, children and animals.  Keep food and feed stuffs well away from pesticides.  The store should be well sited to minimise deterioration due to climatic conditions.  The pesticide stocks should be properly managed - correctly placed, properly marked, upright, placed on intact shelves or pallets, appropriate height.  Proper stock controls: orderly stock arrangement, segregation of different pesticide types, “first-in, first-out� stock control, controlled receiving and issuing of stocks.  Regular store and stock inspections: checking if pesticide is still fit for use.  No re-packing on the farm should be done except in emergency, because of the dangers associated with unsuitable packing material and inadequate labelling.  Have emergency procedures for fires: avoid smoking; safe electrical systems; danger warning signs; fire fighting equipment - water, sand, fire extinguishers; equipment must have easy access; protective clothing; regular equipment checks.  Have emergency procedures for spills and leaks: sawdust-lime mix, sand, broom, spade, buckets or strong plastic bags.  Have emergency procedures and facilities for personnel contamination: protective clothing, showers. Most farmers in Kenya do not procure large quantities of pesticides that would warrant storage over a long time. The trend by many farmers especially small-scale farmers is to procure only the quantities they expect to use for that planting season. Only the large- scale farmers procure large quantities of pesticides and fertilisers and store over a long period of time. This cadre of farmers however, possesses adequate storage facilities that meet the FAO standards and guidelines for pesticide storage. Page | 57 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 6.7.4 Transportation of Pesticides The PCPB has developed guidelines for the transportation of pesticides and these guidelines disallow the transportation of pesticides near people, their belongings or food. The guidelines specify that where farmers have to collect pesticides from distributors such as retailers, the following guidelines should be followed: 1. Seal small containers in plastic bags: as an added precaution, any small containers should be sealed inside a strong plastic bag. 2. Do not carry pesticides inside the passenger compartment: pesticides should be placed on the back of the truck or boot of a car, in an outsize container, or in a trailer. 3. Inform drivers: drivers collecting pesticides must understand the danger of pesticides, what the containers hold and what to do in the case of an emergency. 4. Care in loading and unloading: special care must be taken during loading and unloading to prevent container damage and spills. 5. Do not push containers off the back of the vehicle. Load in a controlled way - forklift truck, hoist or suitable ramp, such as planks and old tyres to stop containers at the ground. 6. Vehicles transporting pesticides should carry spill equipment including, Lime- sawdust mix, sand, broom, spade, buckets 6.7.5 Determination of Risks to Farmers and General Public Poor storage and transport of pesticides is a potential risk to farmers and the general population. There have been several cases where pesticide stores burnt down as a result of poor management. These accidents caused severe environmental contamination. On- farm storage practices for pesticides are very often not safe. Risks associated with the transportation and storage of pesticides should be addressed will be addressed in the sub project specific Integrated Pest Management Plans. Auditing of storage facilities will be necessary as part of project preparation if procurement of large volumes is envisaged. Page | 58 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 7 METHODOLOGIES FOR IPM PLANNING, DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION This chapter describes the typical methodologies that should be used by the RPLRP when preparing sub project Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMPs) for sub projects specifically when screening determines that pesticides will be utilized in the specific sub project. The RPLRP will use pesticides as part of ensuring improved livestock health. The likelihood and potential for application of pesticides in the RPLRP sub projects triggers the OP 4.09 which requires the preparation of an IPMF and consequently sub project specific IPMPs. 7.1 Designing an IPMP Integrated Pest Management is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining cultural, physical/mechanical, biological, and chemical tools in a way that keep pests below their economic injury levels and minimizes economic, health and environmental risks. Fundamentally, IPM aims to maximise the use of biological control; other control measures especially chemicals play a supportive rather than a disruptive role. Every sub project under the RPLRP that triggers OP 4.09 will require the preparation of an IPMP and the sections below outlines the proposed approach in developing IPMPs. The RPLRP will recruit consultants with expertise in livestock science and pest management to prepare these IPMPs. 7.1.1 Setting up an IPM Program Planning is at the core of any IPM program. Every livestock has pests that need to be considered. Waiting until problems arise will end up increasing reliance on pesticides more and more. A good Integrated Pest Management program has four parts and all the IPMPs that will be prepared under RPLRP will have to follow these parts: a) Identifying problems; b) Selecting tactics; c) Considering economic and environmental factors; and d) Evaluating the program. 7.1.2 Proper Identification of Problems The correct IPM approach promotes “proactive� rather than “reactive� management. Correct identification is the first and most important step in controlling a problem. This first step is critical to future success, since an incorrect diagnosis leads to mismanagement. Scouting is, in fact, the key feature of any IPM program. By scouting, the ability to detect potential problems early is increased. The earlier a problem is discovered, the better you chances are of avoiding economic losses. Farmers implementing RPLRP using pesticides will be trained on scouting techniques to identify pests early to promote the proactive approach in pest management as described above. Page | 59 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF To scout effectively farmers will be encouraged and trained to:  Identify the cause of the problem to know what kind of pest you are dealing with.  Contact agricultural extension officers if they encounter something that they cannot identify.  Determine the stage of growth of the pest and livestock. This is essential for proper timing of control methods.  Decide whether the infestation is increasing or decreasing.  Assess the condition of the livestock.  Map out problem areas. It may be possible to limit the area that needs treatment.  Use the right scouting method for the specific pest. Select Tactics  Once the problem has been identified, considerations on how to control it will have to be made. The goal in selecting control tactics is to use methods that are effective, practical, economical, and environmentally sound. To select the best control tactics, there will be need to:  Understand the life cycle and habits of the pest. Some control methods will work only if they are used at the right time.  Decide whether the infestation is serious in terms of economic loss.  Compare the costs and benefits of various control methods.  Make plans for the future. Not every part of an IPM program can be put into effect immediately. 7.1.3 Sampling to determine the extent of the problem Once the pest is correctly identified, the next question which that will need to be answered will be; Is there a risk of significant loss? Is the problem occasionally seen? Localized? Or commonly found throughout? What is the extent of the damage? Is the problem a growing threat? Correct sampling will help to eliminate the guesswork in pest control by providing a means to quantify an old problem or discover a new one. Sampling knowledge and information on pest and crop biology should be used to make better management decisions. 7.1.4 Analysis to assess problem importance This step in the pest management process entails analysing the identification and sampling information and evaluating the need for a pest control action to make a determination on how bad the problem really is. There is need to assess whether the potential control measure are more costly than the damage potential? There is need to weigh economic, environmental, and times concerns and assess the impact of the current pest control decision on future management decisions? 7.1.5 Selection of appropriate management alternative The action plan needed must entail a strategy that fits with the short- and long-term plans, labor force, capital, equipment, and finances of the farm. Therefore an evaluation of the costs, benefits, and risks of employing various management options. Opportunities to integrate different pest control strategies must be considered. Page | 60 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Choosing controls There is no such thing as a completely safe and natural pesticide. Pesticides can vary greatly in their level of toxicity to non-target organisms such as people, pets or beneficial insects. Even organically approved pesticides can pose a danger to people and the environment if they are not used properly. Pesticides are grouped into various types or categories. For example, there are fungicides, insecticides, herbicides (for weeds), nematicides (for nematodes) and miticides (for mites). While many pesticides control specific problems, there are still some broad-spectrum controls. In addition, there are many products that are only effective if they are used at a specific growth stage of the pest, so timing is critical. It is never wise to use blanket applications of pesticides on large areas or to use them based on a calendar alone. The improper use of pesticides can pose a risk to the applicator, family, plants, beneficial organisms and the environment. There are times when pesticides are needed to prevent major losses. The judicious and proper use of pesticides can occur with a sound IPM program. The following are examples of management tactics, which can be employed;  Biological - Parasites, predators, pest  Chemical - Pesticides, pheromones, baits, attractants  Physical 7.1.6 Consider Economic Factors Know When It Pays to Use a Pesticide Despite efforts to avoid using chemicals, there are times when only pesticides can control the damage. Even so, it may not pay to use them. Pesticides should be used in an IPM program only when the benefits (yield, quality, aesthetic value) exceed the costs of control. Otherwise time and money are wasted. It’s not easy to figure out when it pays to use pesticides. There are many variables: the pest population, variety, and growth stage, weather, and cost of the control. 7.1.7 Evaluate IPM Program Evaluation means deciding how effective a program is and whether any changes are needed. All sub projects that will prepare IPMPs will have to evaluate the IPM program, and should:  Monitor fields and keep records. Each time field visits are made, a note of livestock and pest conditions—record yields and quality and record any counts on pest populations.  Record control measures. Records should include dates, weather conditions, pest levels, application rates and timing, and costs. Good records are a guide if the same problem occurs.  Compare effectiveness. Whatever control tactics are chosen, use a different method on some strips. That way comparison can be made; which worked better, taking into account costs and environmental impacts. Page | 61 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 7.2 Implementation of IPMPs 7.2.1 Identify Implementation Team As with any successful initiative, the transition to an IPM program requires a diverse, action-oriented team. This team could be part of an existing ‘green team’ or developed as a subcommittee under the County Environmental Committee, since implementation of a new IPM program can be tracked as a performance indicator. The leader of this team should be familiar with pests, pesticides and pesticide regulations, leadership and have the time and authority to supervise IPM implementation. Other team members could include environmentalists, agronomists, crop protection experts (entomologists, pathologists) animal production experts, animal health experts, veterinarians, maintenance staff, public health experts, food services, industrial hygiene, environmental services, safety and infection control. 7.2.2 Monitoring IPM Success Every IPMP should have mechanisms in place to monitor the success or otherwise of the plan. Every sub project investment that utilises pesticides will require as part of its IPMP an evaluation and monitoring plan and a system in place to measure the program’s achievements. Efficacy: Since IPM is better at controlling pests, a measurable reduction in pest sightings should be observed. Cost: The IPMP should evaluate the cost reductions over time as a result of the IPM gains. Safety: IPM’s ability to create a safer environment is predicated in large part on reducing pesticide use. The goal should be a downward trend over time or ideally, a specific reduction amount, with the end result a reduction to only very occasional usage of highly toxic pest control chemicals. 7.2.3 Develop Worker Training Plans and Policies The farmers who will benefit from the RPLRP sub project investment that will use pesticides need to be provided with training, which is a fundamental part of any IPMP. Training includes among others routine, proactive surveillance, reporting pest sightings, which will quicken response times and help limit the scope of new infestations. Page | 62 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 8 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PEST MANAGMENT ACTIVITIES This chapter analyses the potential positive (beneficial) and negative (adverse) socio- economic and environmental consequences of pesticide use under the sub projects envisioned within the RPLRP. 8.1 Chemical Control Method Including Fertilisers Broadly defined, a pesticide is any agent used to kill or control any pest. Pests can be insects, rodents or birds, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, micro biocides, rodenticides and various other substances used to control pests. Pesticides are by their nature poisons, and their use entails a degree of risk to humans, birds, fish, bees, and other living things, as well as to the environment. To deal with and minimize these risks within bank funded projects, the bank has developed instituted OP. 4.09 that require an examination of the proposed use of pesticides and the alternatives that are available, and the establishment of a framework to govern the choice of specific pesticides, as well as the manner in which they will be used. The figure below shows the fertiliser consumption in Kenya from 1990-2007 and projection of 2008. Figure 2: Trends in fertilizer consumption, commercial imports, and donor imports, 1990- 2007, with projections for 2008. Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 1990-2007; 2008 projections from interviews of fertilizer importers. Page | 63 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Figure 3. Main Fertilizer Types in Kenya Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Farm Inputs Division Figure 4. Fertilizer consumption trends in Kenya Page | 64 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Source: Ministry of agriculture, Farm Inputs Division Table 8. Pesticide and Fertilizer imports/exports/manufacturing Chemical Type Production/manufacturing Imports/year Exports (tonnes/year) 1,000 (tonnes/year) tonness Pesticides* Nil 9,972 0 Fertilizers* Nil 475,705 0 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2009, *Pest Control Products Board Annual Report (2007) 8.1.1 Impact on Environment All campaigns against invasive species of pests and disease tend to occur over large areas, thereby affecting a significant amount of territory and people. The use of pesticides in an effort to control pests, both introduced and indigenous, can lead to serious health effects. High levels of these chemicals become harmful to man and aquatic community as the chemicals are eventually washed as run offs to the water bodies. The use of pesticides becomes injurious particularly for example as evidenced by the spray drift if the spraying is not well done it affects non-target plants or animals. Table 9 below shows the list of agrochemicals that are banned or restricted in the country. Table 9. Banned Pesticides in Kenya BANNED PESTICIDES IN KENYA Common name Use Date Banned 1. 2,4,5 T (2,4,5 – Trichloro- Herbicide 1986 phenoxybutyric acid) 2. Chlordane Insecticide 1986 3. Chlordimeform Insecticide 1986 4. DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl Agriculture 1986 Trichloroethane) 5. Dibromochloropropane Soil Fumigant 1986 6. Endrin Insecticide 1986 7. Ethylene dibromide Soil Fumigant 1986 8. Heptachlor Insecticide 1986 9. Toxaphene (Camphechlor) Insecticide 1986 10. 5 Isomers of Hexachlorocyclo- Fungicide 1986 hexane (HCH) 11. Ethyl Parathion Insecticide ; All formulations banned except for capsule 1988 suspensions 12. Methyl Parathion Insecticide ; All formulations banned except for capsule 1988 suspensions 13. Captafol Fungicide 1989 14. Aldrin Insecticide 2004 15. Benomyl, Carbofuran, Thiram Dustable powder formulations containing a combination 2004 combinations of Benomyl above 7%, Carbofuran above 10% and Thiram above 15% 16. Binapacryl Miticide/Fumigant 2004 17. Chlorobenzilate Miticide 2004 18. Dieldrin Insecticide 2004 19. Dinoseb and Dinoseb salts Herbicide 2004 20. DNOC and its salts (such as Insecticide, Fungicide, Herbicide 2004 Ammonium Salt, Potassium salt & Sodium Salt) 21. Ethylene Dichloride Fumigant 2004 22. Ethylene Oxide Fumigant 2004 23. Fluoroacetamide Rodenticide 2004 24. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Fungicide 2004 Page | 65 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 25. Mercury Compounds Fungicides, seed treatment 2004 26. Pentachlorophenol Herbicide 2004 Phosphamidon Insecticide, Soluble liquid formulations of the substance 2004 that exceed 1000g active ingredient/L 27. Monocrotophos Insecticide/Acaricide 2009 28. All Tributylin Compounds All compounds including tributyltin oxide, tributyltin 2009 benzoate, trybutyltin fluoride, trybutyltin lineoleate, tributyltin methacrylate, tributyltin naphthenate, tributylin chloride 29. Alachlor Herbicide. 2011 30. Aldicarb Nematicide/Insecticide/Acaricide. 2011 Endosulfan Insecticide. 2011 31. Lindane Insecticide. 2011 Source: PCPB Kenya Table 10. Restricted Pesticides in Kenya RESTRICTED PESTICIDES IN KENYA Common name Remarks Benomyl, Carbofuran/Thiram Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of Benomyl below 7%, combinations Carbofuran below 10% and Thiram below 15%. DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl Insecticide, restricted use to Public Health only for mosquito control for indoor trichloroethane) residual spray by Ministry of Health. Banned for agricultural use. Ethyl Parathion Insecticide, capsule suspension formulations allowed in 1998. Methyl parathion Insecticide, capsule suspension formulations allowed in 1998. Phosphamidon Insecticide, Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that is below1000g active ingredient/L. Source: PCPB Kenya 8.1.1 Contamination of surface water courses and underground water Spills in water bodies (surface) are a key concern in pesticide procurement, transport, and application because it could not only lead to contamination of water routinely used for domestic purposes but because of the toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms. Thus the primary concern for the RPLRP would be the possible release of the pesticides into the existing water bodies from accidental spills during the transportation of the pesticides, application of pesticides to seeds and crops, clean-up of PPE and used pesticide equipment (mixers), or the disposal of pesticide wastes (sachets, containers, packaging materials etc.). Contamination of underground water resources is also possible during the disposal of containers through leaching, burying, and accidental spills. 8.1.2 Contamination of surface water Pesticide application in irrigation agriculture is a risk to surface water sources which are numerous in Kenya and contamination of surface water sources is a threat to human health through the contamination of water that the general public depend on for domestic and industrial use. Surface water contamination is also a risk to the aquatic life forms (flora and fauna), all which inhabit water bodies in Kenya and in the ASALs. The main pathways for surface contamination include dipping of livestock that could lead to unnecessary use, environmental contamination, impact on non-target organisms, and human exposure through the spray drift effect. Page | 66 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 8.1.3 Impact on Health and Safety It is understood that pesticide use can be dangerous to farmers, nearby exposed populations and the affected environment. It is estimated that there are almost 5 million cases of pesticide poisoning in developing countries each year. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are 3 million severe human pesticide poisonings in the world each year, with approximately 220,000 deaths. While developed countries use about 80 percent of the world's pesticides, they have less than half of this number of deaths. It is not known how many of these poisonings should be attributed to control measures against plant pests. The use of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides may lead to water pollution, given that water is used for drinking and other domestic purposes. Concerns remain about worker exposure, residues on food and harm to domestic and non- target wild animals. Fish and invertebrates are frequently vulnerable, especially aquatic arthropods. Stocks of obsolete pesticides have also become a serious health and environmental problem in many countries including Kenya. Since pest outbreaks are erratic and difficult to predict, there is a danger that more pesticides than needed may be ordered leading to stockpiles. The pesticide stockpiles pose a very important problem that requires urgent attention, especially for stocks near urban areas where there is a risk of the pesticides contaminating drinking-water, food or the air. The table 11 below shows the number of pesticide related deaths officially recorded in 2008 in Kenya. Table 11. Deaths attributable to Pesticide Poisoning Cyhalothrin 18 Chlorpyrifos 10 Carbofuran 17 Diazinon 17 Chlorfenvinphos 4 Propoxur 3 Methomyl 2 Amitraz 4 Carbaryl 5 Unidentified OC 3 Unidentified OP Ethion Total 87 Source: Situation Analysis on Sound Management of Pesticides in Kenya. 2008 8.1.4 Worker/Human Exposure Pathway Throughout the pesticide application process, all applicators, including loaders, mixers, applicators, and transporters are at risk of un-intentional or deliberate exposure through accidents or poor and improper handling of the spray chemical. Worker exposure to the chemical could arise prior to and/or during the actual pesticide application phase of operations. Page | 67 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Pre Application Exposure Pathway Preparing pesticide solutions will involve in some cases pouring and mixing the pesticide in cans or other equipment to ensure ample mix with the water or other soluble matters. The process of mixing the pesticide can lead to exposures via inhalation, dermal contact, and incidental ingestion, mostly from releases of pesticide vapours, and solutions. Vapour releases can occur when liquid concentrated emulsions are diluted. Workers can inhale the vapours or the particulates or be exposed through dermal contact. Spills could also pose significant risk, especially for children who ingest the resulting residues that are left on surfaces such as floors. Figure 5 below shows the possible modes of exposure during preparation of pesticides. Figure 5. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Preparation of Pesticide Process Accidental Release Media Exposure Pathway Receptor Mixing Air emissions Inhalation (dry) Worker Stirring Splashing Dermal Pouring Spillage Soil Ingestion Resident Application Exposure Pathway Inhalation of aerosol vapours during spraying is the main process for worker exposure during pesticide application. Farmers or pesticide handlers are mainly exposed through dermal contact with sprayed surfaces and incidental ingestion of pesticides. Leaky equipment can also lead to pesticide exposure through dermal contact and incidental ingestion by children who may come in contact with the spills before they are cleaned up. Exposure During Disposal Disposal is a key issue in any intervention that utilizes pesticides, especially during the decontamination process and disposal of the liquid effluent that will arise from washing and progressive rinse. Both burying and dumping can lead to dermal exposure to residents who come in contact with the soil or water in which the pesticide was disposed. Ingestion exposure can occur from drinking contaminated surface water. Once the excess formulation gets into the soil, the pesticide can reach the groundwater, which may be used as a water supply via household wells. Residents may then be exposed to this contaminated water by ingestion or by dermal contact when it is used for cleaning or drinking purposes. Page | 68 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Process Media Exposure Pathway Receptor Burying Groundwater Ingestion Soil Resident Dermal Rain event Dumping Surface water Figure 6. Conceptual Model for Possible Exposure Pathways from Disposal of Pesticide Formulations 8.1.5 Impacts on Non-Target Organisms This section examines the potential effect of the pesticide on organisms other than the target pest (for example, the effect on bee colonies kept in the area). Non-target species of concern also include birds and fish. The potential for negative impact on non-target species should be assessed and appropriate steps should be identified to mitigate adverse impacts. Pesticides are by their nature bio-poisons and whereas they are beneficial against pests (targets) their use may inadvertently harm other organisms (non-targets) leading to significant biodiversity losses. Loss of biodiversity makes ecosystems more vulnerable to changes in the environment, with lower genetic diversity and fewer species to support fundamental ecosystem functions such as pollination. All but the biologically based pesticides being recommended are broad spectrum in effect, thus will have negative impacts on beneficial arthropods in the case of insect and mite pests. Insecticides can also kill herbivorous arthropods feeding on weeds. Bees pollinate a number of crops that are not only sensitive when flying but also can carry contaminated pollen and nectar to the hive potentially killing off the whole colony. The hazard to non-target organisms is dependent upon a pesticide’s acute and chronic toxicity, and is also a function of the rate at which the pesticide breaks down (half-life) under various scenarios (aqueous or in-soil, UV exposure, etc.) in the environment. In addition, many pesticides break down to toxic daughter products that have their own half- life. Impacts to fish and other aquatic animals may be reduced through prevention of contamination to waterways and bodies. Care must be exercised with raw material, formulated product, wash waters, and used containers or other wastes. Properly located, constructed and maintained soak pits should be utilized for washing down PPE and application equipment in order to avoid runoff to water bodies. Choice of toxicity class III and IV pesticides will pose less danger than class I and II, which are not being recommended. The potential RPLRP program pesticides’ toxicity details are discussed below and indicate known toxicity to fish and bees. Impacts to fish and other aquatic animals may be reduced through prevention of contamination to ponds, waterways, and drains with raw material, formulated product, wash waters, or used containers. Page | 69 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Summary of Toxicity of pesticides to Avifauna, Aquatic life, mammals and insects by Class;- Pyrethroids  All pyrethroids are highly toxic to bees and highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, except deltamethrin, which has low toxicity to other aquatic organisms.  Birds are least affected by bifenthrin (low to medium toxicity). All other pyrethroids have very low toxicity to birds.  Pyrethroids are highly toxic to mammals. bifenthrin, has low to medium toxicity.  In terms of persistency in the environment, only bifenthrin is persistent. The rest of the pyrethroids have low to medium persistency.  Bifenthrin does not accumulate in the environment. There is potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms for other pyrethroids. Carbamates  Carbamates are highly toxic to bees.  In addition to other aquatic organisms they are also highly toxic to mammals and birds. Acute symptoms of propoxur poisoning in birds include eye tearing, salivation, muscle in coordination, diarrhoea, and trembling. Depending on the type of bird, poisoning signs can appear within 5 minutes of exposure, with deaths occurring between 5 and 45 minutes, or overnight. On the other hand, this insecticide has very low toxic properties on fish.  In general, carbamates have low to medium indications for persistency in the environment and bioaccumulation in organisms Organophosphates  Organophosphates have different characteristics and impacts on different organisms depending on the type of insecticide.  Fenitrothion has low toxicity on mammals and fish and is not persistent in the environment. However it is highly toxic to bees, birds and other aquatic organisms, like crustaceans and aquatic insects and has a medium toxicity to aquatic worms. It has moderate to medium potential to bioaccumulate in organisms.  Malathion is only highly toxic to bees. It has very low impacts on fish and other aquatic organism and has very low potential to persist in the environment or bio-accumulate in organisms. It shows low to medium toxicity on mammals and birds.  Pirimiphos-methyl is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms and has a high potential to persist in the environment. It has low to medium toxic effects on mammals and bees. It does not bio-accumulate in organisms. Page | 70 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 8.1.6 Impacts to Birds, Fishes, and other organisms from pesticides: Table 12 below illustrates the degree of toxicity of selected pesticide classes to birdlife, aquatic life and bees, and includes the degree of persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation. Table 12. Pesticide Toxicity Other Pesticide Mammal Bird Fish Aquatic Bee Persistence Bioaccumulate1 Pyrethroids Carbamates Organophosphates Source: IVM PEA 1 Bioaccumulation in the environment, not in mammalian bodies (mammalian detoxification produces different results). 2 Low toxicity, but high chronic or bioaccumulation effect on raptors, pelicans. Key High Toxicity  Medium to High Toxicity  Medium Toxicity  Low to Medium Toxicity  Low Toxicity  Data Not Found  8.2 Use of Biological method The biological control of pests and diseases entail the use of insects, bacteria or fungi on the host to eliminate the pest or disease. 8.2.1 Impact on Environment This is one of the known environmentally friendly control methods as compared to other control methods. Unlike other methods biological control is applied carefully and selectively and since no chemicals are used it has no adverse effect on the environment. In comparison to other methods it is cost effective since its application may entail community participation and can be integrated in other control methods. The only criticism is that the control agents are slow in action and take a longer period to generate results and therefore cannot be used in emergency situations. The danger comes in when the host is eliminated if the pest is not host specific then they may attack other plants (crops) or insects and therefore create an imbalance in the ecosystem. 8.2.2 Impact on Health and Safety Since no chemicals are used there are no dangers and thus the method is generally/fairly safe. Page | 71 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 8.3 Use of Mechanical Method This method involves the use of automated machines and may also be expensive depending what machines are used. 8.3.1 Impact on Environment This may be friendly or unfriendly to the environment depending on the operation carried out and the disposal technique of the weeds or the wastes. 8.3.2 Impact on Health and safety The wise operation of the machines and the supporting labour becomes important in the safety and handling. 8.4 Use of Manual method The manual control basically consists of the use of labour with simple implements/tools. The major concern is often the high cost involved. 8.4.1 Impact on Environment It is friendly to the environment as there is no pollution of land, water or air when the method is applied. 8.4.2 Impact on Health and Safety Since no chemicals are used there are no dangers and thus the method is generally/fairly safe. 8.5 Use of Quarantine Quarantine refers to a period when an animal or person that has or may have a disease is kept away from others in order to prevent the disease from spreading. 8.5.1 Impact on Environment This method is fairly safe to the environment as it allows for the control and management of pests and diseases through isolation. 8.5.2 Impact on Health and safety Quarantines ensure safe passage of livestock by reducing contamination or spread of diseases. Page | 72 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 9 MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST ADVERSE IMPACTS This section outlines the various measures proposed to mitigate against any of the potential adverse impacts likely to occur as outlined above. The primary mitigation measures include training in safe and judicious pesticide use and management; delivery of a mix of Information Education and Communication (IEC) approaches targeting the farmers, resident, pesticide operators and teams; include provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training to spray personnel, and thorough and consistent supervision and monitoring. Also important are the identification of appropriate pesticide storage facilities and training and equipping health facilities with adequate exposure treatment drugs. 9.1.1 Measures to Reduce Exposure Risks During Pesticide Transport Prior to long-distance transport of the pesticides from the customs warehouse/central storage facility to the agricultural project areas, drivers will be informed about general issues surrounding the pesticides and how to handle emergency situations (e.g. road accidents). Training for long-distance transport from the distributorship to the storage facilities will include the following information:  Purpose of the pesticides  Toxicity of the pesticides  Security issues, including implications of the pesticides getting into the public  Steps to take in case of an accident or emergency (according to FAO standards)  Combustibility and combustion by-products of insecticide  Handling vehicle contamination 9.1.2 Mitigating Foetal Exposure All the potential females expected to handle pesticides should be tested for pregnancy before being engaged in the pesticide application process. Female persons found to be pregnant should be re-assigned to positions that require less exposure to pesticides. 9.1.3 Mitigating Pesticide Applicator Exposure Each operator handling pesticides (loaders, transporters, mixers, and applicators) will be provided with the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and other safety equipment, in accordance with WHO and FAO specifications for pesticide handling. These PPEs will be replaced frequently whenever wear and tear is identified or reported. However, the respirators will be replaced every day after use. See Table 13 below for a reference guide to PPE.  Broad-rimmed hat/helmet  Face shield or goggles (face shield preferable)  Respirators-disposable and replaced on a daily basis  2 sets of cotton overalls per spray operator  Nitrile rubber, neoprene, PVC or butyl rubber gloves, without inside lining, long enough to cover forearm and replaced if torn or if wear and tear is noticed Page | 73 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF  Rubber boots Table 13. Protective Clothing and Equipment Guide Signal Words on Caution Warning Danger Pesticide Label Formulations Dry Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes and socks and socks; wide-brimmed and socks; wide-brimmed hat; gloves hat; gloves; cartridge or canister respirator if dust is in air or if precautionary statement on label says: “Poisonous or fatal if inhaled� Liquid Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; rubber and socks; wide-brimmed and socks; wide-brimmed boots, wide-brimmed hat; hat hat; rubber gloves. rubber gloves, goggles or Goggles if required by face shield. Canister label precautionary respirator if label’s statement; cartridge or precautionary statement canister respirator if label’s says: “Do not breathe precautionary statement vapors or spray mists� or says: “Do not breathe “Poisonous if inhaled� vapors or spray mists� or “Poisonous if inhaled� Liquid (when mixing) Long-legged trousers; Long-legged trousers and Long-legged trousers and long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt; shoes long-sleeved shirt, rubber and socks; wide-brimmed and socks; wide-brimmed boots, wide-brimmed hat, hat; gloves; rubber apron hat; rubber gloves; goggles rubber gloves, goggles or or face shield; rubber face shield. Canister apron. Respirator if label’s respirator if label’s precautionary statement precautionary statement says: “Do not breathe says: “Do not breathe vapors or spray mist� or vapors or spray mists� or “Poisonous [or fatal or “Poisonous if inhaled� harmful] if inhaled� Liquid (when mixing the Long-legged trousers; Water-repellent, long- Waterproof suit, rubber most toxic concentrates) long-sleeved shirt; boots, legged trousers and long- gloves, and waterproof rubber gloves, waterproof sleeved shirt; rubber boots, hood or wide-brimmed hat. wide-brimmed hat rubber gloves, rubber apron; waterproof wide- brimmed hat; face shield; cartridge or canister respirator Workers should be closely monitored for symptoms of acute pesticide exposure, because there will always be some level of exposure. In addition, workday duration should be monitored to limit exposure as required by safety recommendations (Najera and Zaim, 2002). Monitoring and reporting of acute exposure of the pesticide applicators should be undertaken by reviewing Incident Report Forms that are made available to every pesticide applicator. Any exposure incident should be normally recorded as a form of best practice, and guidelines established for the action to be taken, e.g., immediate treatment and/or referral to the health facilities for further treatment. In addition, IRFs Page | 74 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF will be reviewed by the Monitoring and Evaluation Officer to determine if corrective action is required. Similarly, human exposure will be monitored using the reported cases of exposure or those reported in the health centres. The individual or group farmers or those expected to handle pesticides will receive intensive training on the use, operation, calibration and repair of the sprayer and practical exercises prior to the beginning of the pesticide application. They will also receive training to understand proper hygiene, to recognize the signs and symptoms of poisoning, and to understand the referral procedure for any incidents involving poisoning. 9.1.4 Mitigating Pesticide Exposure through Treatment The following drugs are recommended for use in case of exposure to the pesticides. The project should try and reach out to Ministry of Health and ensure that all the health facilities around the project sites are stocked with these recommended drugs and that all the staff responsible receives training on emergency treatment to pesticide exposure. Table 14. Drugs Recommended for Treatment of exposure Name of drug Active ingredients Promethazine Promethazine Hydrocloride Panadol Paracetamol Diazepam Benzodiazapine/Diazapam Lorazepam Lorazepam Calamine cream Calamine, zinc oxide, glycerol, phenol, purified water, sodium citrate, betonite, Vit E Tocopherol, fragrance, mineral oil, deionized water, sodium hydroxide, stearic acid Hydrocortisone cream 1% hydrocortisone Salbutamol Salbutamol 100 mcg, suspended inert aerosol Salbutamol tablets Salbutamol sulphate 4 mg Activated Charcoal Activated Charcoal All the pesticide applicators will receive detailed training on the emergency steps to take if accidental exposure of the chemical occurs through ingestion, eye or dermal contact with the chemical. This training will be conducted by RPLRP in collaboration with existing health officers and will include of drills to test knowledge of the operators. The following are basic first aid procedure for which the RPLRP/PCU will train all the pesticide applicators as part of handling pesticide poisoning. Follow the first aid instructions on the pesticide label. Take the pesticide can or label to the doctor or medical practitioner if seeking medical assistance. For poison on skin:  Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water  Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water  Dry victim and wrap in blanket Page | 75 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF For chemical burns:  Remove contaminated clothing  Wash with large amounts of running water  Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean soft cloth  Do NOT apply ointments, greases, powders or other medications to burn Poison in Eye:  Wash eye quickly but gently  Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean running water for 15 minutes or more  Do NOT use chemicals or medicines in the water; they may worsen the injury Inhaled Poison:  Carry victim to fresh air immediately  Open all windows and doors  Loosen tight clothing  Apply artificial respiration if the victim is not breathing or victim’s skin is grey or blue. If the victim is in an enclosed area, do not enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If proper protection is not available, call for emergency equipment from your fire department. Poison in mouth or swallowed:  Rinse mouth with plenty of water.  Give victim large amounts (up to 1 litre) of milk or water to drink.  Induce vomiting only if the pesticide label instructs you to do so. 9.1.5 Mitigation Measures against Warehouse/Storage Exposure In order to mitigate risks associated with pesticide storage, the following key points will serve as key mitigation steps:  All primary pesticide storage facilities will be double-padlocked and guarded  All the storage facilities will be located away from nearby watercourses, domestic wells, markets, schools, hospitals etc.  Soap and clean water will be available at all times in all the facilities  A trained storekeeper will be hired to manage each facility  Recommended pesticide stacking position and height in the warehouse as provided in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual will be followed  All the warehouses will have at least two exit access routes in case of fire outbreak  A fire extinguisher will be available in the storage facilities and all workers will be trained on how to use this device.  Warning notices will be placed outside of the store in the local language(s) with a skull and crossbones sign to caution against unauthorized entry  All pesticides will be used and any remnants will be stored under lock and key until the next round of application.  Application of First In/First Out (FIFO) approach in pesticide distribution will be practiced to avoid accumulation of expired pesticide Page | 76 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Warehouse/Store Keeping Training All the store keepers and managers will be trained on sound store keeping practices and procedures in order to ensure that all the stock coming in and out of the storage facilities can be traced accordingly. This is a mechanism aimed at preventing pilferage of pesticides. The trainings will be organised through the auspices of the PCPB and Agrochemicals Association of Kenya. 9.1.6 Mitigating Exposure Impacts through Container Re-use Best practices emphasize that no matter how many times a container is cleaned; it should never be used to carry anything other than pesticides. Any container once used to contain potentially harmful chemicals should never be used to hold household items or foodstuffs, especially water. 9.1.7 Inventory of empty pesticide containers Kenya was the first country in Africa to start a project branded as CleanFarms to manage obsolete pesticides stocks. The objectives of the project are to take inventory of all obsolete pesticides and empty containers in the private and public sector and eventually to safeguard those that pose a hazard. 9.1.8 Disposal of Pesticide wastes and Containers Pest Control and Product Board of Kenya has developed guidelines focus on on-farm disposal of pesticide wastes and containers. They provide information on what Kenyan farmers should do in the management of pesticide wastes on the farm including containers. Pesticides and pesticide wastes are also a common phenomenon. The guidelines outline the sources of pesticide wastes as being: Sources of Pesticide Wastes  Caking due to poor methods of storage.  Unidentifiable products due to lack of label.  Banned products.  Expired products.  Pesticide spillages and leakages.  Contaminated items (soils, clothing etc.).  Rinsate from pesticides applicators. Avoidance of Pesticide Wastes A number of preventive steps can be taken to avoid the difficult problems and costly solutions of pesticide waste disposal. These include the judicious purchase, collection, transport, storage and use of pesticides. Purchasing Pesticides When purchasing pesticides, the following precautions should be observed:  Only purchase what you need: calculate carefully the amount needed and try to avoid being left with a surplus. For example, do not buy a large container if only a small portion of its contents is likely to be used by the end of the season. Page | 77 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 9.1.9 On Going Efforts in Disposing Pesticide Containers Collection of empty pesticide containers from farmers, which is one of the pesticide container management approaches by MALF, has been a major challenge as only large- scale growers have the capacity to collect and deliver for disposal to the facility at Kitengela. Fence poles can be made through the recycling of plastic sheets, empty plastic containers and spraying equipment. 9.1.10 Obsolete Pesticides Dilemma So far, 120 tonnes of obsolete pesticides have been safeguarded, including over 30 tonnes of WHO Class 1a products. After training extension officers, an inventory of private and public sector was made. A total of 200 tonnes and more than 25,000 empty containers were identified. The first 30 tonnes were shipped to Europe for incineration in March 2012. At the moment the safeguarding of the identified obsolete pesticides is on-going. A temporary storage facility has been constructed in a secured compound of the Ministry of Agriculture. Staff from the industry and the ministry of agriculture was trained to record activities and stock during safeguarding while a local waste company, ECCL, has been prepared by international experts to do the actual safeguarding. Special equipment such as UN-approved drums, have been sourced locally or shipped from South Africa. The Government of Kenya has requested the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) for financial assistance to dispose the remaining safeguarded materials. In addition, a pilot container collection scheme is underway. Farmers can dump empty pesticide containers in collection bins that are strategically placed within communities. The main challenge is to collect all obsolete pesticides that are located in different areas of the country and also meet the costs of transport and eventual destruction at Kitengela, which is a commercial hazardous waste destruction facility. 9.1.11 Public Awareness Campaigns Problems related to pesticides are mainly found in the rural areas in Kenya, since most pesticides are crop specific and therefore used in specific regions/zones. In addition the comparatively lower levels of education and hence understanding of risks posed by improper usage of pesticides. In close collaboration with CropLife Kenya and MALF a strategy was agreed to extend an outreach campaign to identify previously unknown potential stocks of obsolete pesticides held in the private sector. The first step was an indemnity published by MALF to declare a period in which everyone could register obsolete pesticides without being fined. The project designed an awareness creation campaign on general safety procedures when handling pesticides. In addition, radio spots were used to announce the registration and collection process. Outreach visits have been organised by MALF and CropLife Kenya on obsolete pesticides as well as other general pesticide wastes. During these visits, explanations have been provided about the organization of the outreach campaign, the collaboration with and role of MALF, the use of the inventory forms, the entry of data into a database, safeguarding and other activities. Page | 78 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF There are no specific environmental awareness projects or programs underway in Kenya for farmers on the risk of hazardous air emissions from burning empty pesticide paper bags (e.g. dioxin and furan emissions from burning of pesticides containing chlorine). 9.1.12 Institutional and Financial Capacity in Pesticide Destruction The technology to dispose of pesticides including pesticide containers in an environmentally safe manner is very limited in Kenya. Currently, there are two known companies with incinerators. These are Bayer East Africa (Private) and Environmental Combustion Consultants (ECC) located at Kitengela 40 Km from Nairobi. The empty metallic containers are sometimes disposed by smelting in steel milling plants. The following are Ministerial responsibilities with regard to chemicals.  Ministry of Health (Malaria Control Division): The Ministry provides policy guidelines on human health in Kenya.  Ministry of Trade and Industry (MT&I). The Ministry regulates and enforces trade regulations both local and international.  MALF is mandated to oversee sustainable agricultural/livestock practices and use of agrochemicals.  Ministry of Labor handles matters related to workers health and exposure to chemicals and related issues. Table 15 below highlights the institutional and financial capacity of Government agencies/entities for effective control of the destruction and use of pesticides as cited in the Kenya National Profile to Assess the Chemical Management, 2011. Table 15. Enforcement & Institutional Capacity Legal Instruments Responsi Chemical Objective of Resources Enforcem ble Use Legislation Allocated ent Ministrie Categories Ranking s Environmental NEMA Industrial Legal and institutional Inadequate Inadequate management and Co Chemicals framework for the ordination Act, (EMCA) management of the No.8 of 1999 environment Occupational Health (DOHSS) Chemical To ensure safety at Work Inadequate Fair and Safety Act LN. 60 Concentration in places for workers of 2007 Work Places Pest Control Products PCPB Agricultural To regulate the importation, Inadequate Effective Act, Cap 346 Chemicals exportation, manufacture, distribution Public Health Act, Cap MoH Human and, Securing Inadequate Effective 242 Veterinary And maintaining health Chemicals Food, Drugs and MoH Pesticides and To make provision for the Inadequate Inadequate Chemical other Industrial prevention of adulteration of Substances Act, Cap Chemicals food, drugs and chemical 254 substances. Fertilizers and Animal MALF Veterinary and To regulate the importation, Inadequate Inadequate Food stuffs Act, Cap agricultural Manufacture and sale of 345 Agricultural fertilizers and Animal Foodstuffs. The Agriculture Act, MALF Agricultural Inadequate Inadequate Page | 79 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Effectiveness in enforcement of different pieces of legislation The enforcement of laws is often inadequate. Many provisions of the law have not been utilized largely on account of limited enforcement capacity. An additional problem relates to limitations in the nature and content of the data required for enforcement purposes. The combination of these factors has meant that the enforcement of the laws has been limited. As stated the national laws have had only limited effect in addressing national priorities on chemicals. This is on account of limitations in capacity arising from technical, financial and human resource constraints. 9.1.13 Supervision Supervisors will be necessary for ensuring quality control and overseeing pesticide application at all levels. Supervisors will observe applicators undertaking pesticide preparation, application technique, and clean up procedures after pesticide application. Scrupulous attention to personal hygiene is an essential component of the safe use of pesticides. For operators, safety precautions will depend largely on personal hygiene, including washing and changing clothes. A schedule for carrying out and supervising personal hygiene, regular washing of protective clothes and cleaning of equipment will be organized along the following lines (WHO 2006):  Pesticide applicants will be provided with sets of overalls to allow for daily changes.  Washing facilities with sufficient water and soap will be made available in the field at appropriate locations.  All working clothes must be removed at the end of each day’s operations and a shower or bath taken—in circumstances where a full-body shower or bath is not feasible, face/neck and hands must be washed with soap and water.  Working clothes must be washed regularly.  Particular attention will be given to washing gloves, as wearing contaminated gloves can be more dangerous than not wearing gloves at all.  Eating, drinking and smoking during work will be strictly forbidden.  Pesticide applicators will never wash themselves, their overalls, or their PPE in any water bodies, or where wash water will drain to water bodies. 9.2 Institutional Structures for Implementing Mitigation Measures The proposed mitigation and monitoring measures require a clear and adequate institutional framework that will be used for each sub project investments where pesticides will be used. Mitigation and monitoring measures will occur at different levels and undertaken by different institutions as described below. 9.2.1 MALF /State Department of Livestock MALF/SDL will be the principal institution responsible for overall monitoring and mitigation of the adverse impacts of the pesticides including ensuring that the IPMP is followed under the RPLRP. The RPLRP will recruit consultants (in the event that they lack specialist) agronomists, crops specialists who will prepare the IPMPs for sub Page | 80 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF projects in line with the requirements of this IPMF. The IPMPs will be submitted to the RPLRP/PCU for review before they are subsequently sent to the World Bank for approval. No financial disbursement for pesticide related sub project will be undertaken until the bank approves the IPMP. 9.2.2 RPLRP/PCU The MALF/State Department of Livestock has established a Project Coordination Unit (PCU), which will undertake screening of all sub projects to determine if they intend to use pesticides and hence trigger the need to prepare an IPMP. If a project is screened and found that it will use pesticides, the PCU will prepare Terms of Reference for the preparation of an IPMP. The PCU will also provide overall technical support in monitoring of proposed mitigation measures and indicators on a period basis including the review of the monitoring reports. 9.2.3 Farmer Groups The sub project will use farmer groups and associations who are the project beneficiaries to undertake monitoring for instance in observing the pests in the farms, identifying weeds, and reporting as part of the surveillance to inform what sort of control measure to adopt. The farmer groups and associations will be trained on surveillance and best management practises in pesticide application and use. 9.2.4 Agrochemical Association of Kenya/Distributors/Agro-Vet Proprietors Members of the Agrochemical Association of Kenya and distributors or wholesalers of pesticides will also be used to mitigate and monitor the adverse impacts. For instance, the agro-vet distributors will be trained to provide education and awareness to farmers on judicious pesticide use and application for the benefit of the environment and human health since they have constant contact with the farmers. 9.2.5 Pest Control and Products Board The Pest Control and Product Board will remain significant in conducting annual reviews and inspection of all pesticide storage where the RPLRP sub projects are under implementation; ensure that only registered pesticides are used in the RPLRP sub projects and enforce the guidelines for transportation and disposal of pesticide wastes including containers as required by law. 9.2.6 National Environment Management Authority National Environment Management Authority will ensure that there is enforcement including monitoring of the guidelines and regulations for waste disposal including pesticide wastes and will undertake this jointly with the PCPB. NEMA has County offices and will be best placed to ensure the monitoring of pesticide use as well as disposal of the same. Page | 81 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 10 INTEGRATED PESTICIDE MITIGATION & MONITORING PLAN The Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) presents a program by which should be used by RPLRP/PCU to assure initial and on-going compliance with environmental requirements and guidelines for pesticide use. The plan also includes activities proposed for mitigating environmental and social impacts of pesticides. The sections below are summaries of the adverse impacts as well as mitigation measures proposed followed by a full plan that highlight the monitoring aspects. 10.1.1 Protective clothing not used by farmers Few farmers normally use even the bare minimum of appropriate pesticide protection clothing and equipment; Use of PPE by farmers is still a remote phenomenon in Kenya. Farmers in Kenya still generally mix chemicals (where the pesticide is most toxic) without rubber gloves, a bucket of water to wash off spills, or goggles and spray while walking through the spray path without rubber boots, goggles, rubber gloves, a plastic sheet between the sprayer and the back, and with only every-day clothing. This behavior is common with Kenyan farmers especially small-scale farmers even though they generally believe that pesticides pose danger to their health. Recommendations The key danger times are during mixing and when walking through the spray path. Eye and feet protection are the greatest priority. Goggles, long pants, and rubber boots are most needed. The RPLRP sub projects that will use pesticides should provide the necessary PPEs for all the farmers as recommended. Those that apply pesticides should be encouraged to wash their clothes after each day’s spraying. 10.1.2 Pesticide usage should be in the context of IPM programs Pesticides are often seen as a first choice in pest control whereas following IPM their use should be the last choice when all else fails. In addition the decision to use pesticide is based on the presence of the pest and not on decision protocols such as action thresholds. As it is now for most crops, recommendations imply that as soon as the pest is seen, s pesticide should be used. As a result more applications are probably given than would be necessary if decision guides were developed based on field verification or trials. Pest control recommendations include many non-pesticide practices and pesticide usage should also be seen as a last resort. Recommendations Monitoring programs need to be developed along with action thresholds as methods to quantify pest abundance as a guideline to initiate pesticide usage for more crops. Pest control recommendations should include many non-pesticide practices first and pesticide usage only as a last resort. 10.1.3 Pesticide disposal of containers and obsolete product needs to be strengthened Concern that pesticide containers will be poorly disposed and probably scattered around fields or near farmers’ homes will remain a key concern in the implementation of sub Page | 82 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF projects within RPLRP that will entail use of pesticides. Farmers reuse sometimes containers. Both unsound disposal and reuse of containers pose hazardous situations. If the containers are burned, products from burning can be more hazardous than the pesticide itself. Recommendations Pesticide containers will be disposed following the PCBP guidelines for disposal of pesticides wastes and containers. The RPLRP program must develop a robust Pesticide Waste Disposal Plan for use by the farmers in its areas of operations that will include the disposal of pesticide containers. 10.1.4 Rotate pesticide chemical groups to minimize pesticide resistance Repeated pesticide use presents risks for development of pesticide resistance where mortality rates decline. When this occurs it is often difficult to find substitutes. Farmers need to have knowledge of the general families of pesticides for rotation must occur between families and not just brand names. Farmers generally do not know that different brand names are often the same chemical. 10.1.5 Protecting biological reserves from pesticide incursion It has been observed that due to the pressure to expand agricultural lands, crops where pesticides are used are being grown along the borders of national parks, rivers, and other protected areas. Nearness of these fields poses hazards to the wild nature of these biodiversity centres. According to a study by Wildlife Works in 2010, Kenyans are using furadan and other pesticides in hunting birds and fish for human consumption. This is not just about the dying birds, fish and other animals; it is a public health concern. Pesticide can enter protected areas by a number of means with drift posing the most imminent threat. Herbicides, being more water soluble, have a history of leaching into underground aquifers particularly in sandy soils. They are carried downward by rainwater seeping into the soil. Farmers may improperly dispose of pesticide containers and rainwater can leach pesticides into groundwater. The same can be said when farmers wash their sprayers and throw rinsate onto the ground or worse directly into bodies of water. 10.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR THE VARIOUS PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF THE PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMPs) Successful implementation of the agricultural related investments under RPLRP in the Counties will require regular monitoring and evaluation of activities undertaken by the Farmer Groups. The focus of monitoring and evaluation will be to assess the build-up of IPM capacity in the Farmer Groups and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in agricultural production, and the economic benefits that farmers derive by adopting IPM. It is also crucial to evaluate the prevailing trends in the benefits of reducing pesticide distribution, application and misuse. Page | 83 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Indicators that require regular monitoring and evaluation during the programme implementation include the following:   The IPM capacity building in membership of Farmer Groups: Number of farmers who have successfully received IPM training in IPM methods; evaluation the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback  Numbers of Farmer Organizations that nominated members for IPM training; emphasize the number of women trained; assess Farmer Groups understanding of the importance of IPM for sustainable livestock production  Numbers of farmers who have adopted IPM practices as livestock protection strategy in their production efforts; evaluate the rate of IPM adoption  How has the adoption of IPM improved the production derive by adopting IPM  Economic benefits: increase in livestock and fodder productivity due to adoption of IPM practices; increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM practices, compared with farmer conventional practices;  Social benefits: improvement in the health status of farmers  Numbers of IPM networks operational and types of activities undertaken  Extent to which pesticides are used for livestock production  Efficiency of pesticide use and handling and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination  Levels of reduction of pesticide use and handling and reduction in pesticide poisoning and environmental contamination  Number of IPM participatory research project completed  Influence of the results of IPM participatory research on implementation of IPM  Overall assessment of: activities that are going according to plans; activities that need improvements; and remedial actions required. The following indicators will be incorporated into a participatory monitoring and evaluation plan:  Types and number of participatory learning methods (PLM) delivered; category and number of extension agents and farmers trained and reached with each PLM; practical skills/techniques most frequently demanded by farmers.  Category and number of farmers who correctly apply the skills they had learnt; new management practices adopted by most farmers; types of farmer-innovations implemented; level of pest damage and losses; rate of adoption of IPM practices; impact of the adoption of IPM on production performance of farmers  Increase in production systems/livestock production; increase in farm revenue; social benefits: e.g. improvement in the health status of farmers, reduction in pesticide purchase and use; and number of community families using preventive mechanisms against diseases. 10.2.1 Proposed Pests Monitoring and Evaluation Regime The participatory M&E system for IPM should also be enterprise-based so as to deal with a group of diseases and pests affecting any single livestock. The approaches being proposed here therefore does not handle single pest to otherwise the issue of different agronomic practices for different crops would have to be taken into consideration. Page | 84 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Since pest problem is an existing problem and a major constraint to several enterprises in Kenya, it is obvious that there are already existing pest management programmes within the country. In view of these efforts, it will be advisable to use the Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) approach. Monitoring of pesticide use will also be vital in order to detect health and environmental impacts, and to provide advice on reducing risks. Depending on the circumstances, this may include monitoring of:  Appropriate use of protective gear  Incidence of poisoning  Pesticide residues in food crops and drinking water  Contamination of surface water and ground water  Environmental impact (impact on non-target organisms, ranging from beneficial insects to wildlife)  Efficacy The steps involved in participatory M&E should include:  Stakeholder Analysis and identification of M&E team  Setting up objectives and expectations for monitoring  Selection of Impacts to be monitored (Variables/Indicators)  Develop Indicator sheets  Develop and test the tools to be used in data collection (Usually Participatory Rural Appraisal tools are used)  Collect the data from as many sources of stakeholders as possible  Assessment of the data and discussion for a arranged on regular basis 10.2.2 Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) Participatory Impact Monitoring (PIM) should be employed for continuous observation, systematic documentation and critical reflection of impacts of IPM, followed by corrective action (plan adjustments, strategy changes). Project staff and target groups, using self-generated survey results, should undertake this task. The stakeholder analysis and selection of participatory M&E team is therefore very important in implementing an effective impact monitoring. Once an agreement on the objectives of PIM is reached among the stakeholders (development partners, implementing agency, target groups etc.), their expectations and fears regarding project impact are identified, e.g. in brainstorming sessions. Having examined already existing M&E data regarding the selected impacts, the task is to develop indicator sheets which contain all important information for impact measurement: definitions of terms, indicators and their rationale, survey units and respondents, instructions for data collection, statements on limitations of the methods used. The factsheet assumes that political, legal, agro-ecological and other framework conditions are almost the same for a single enterprise; any observed differences regarding selected impacts will be largely due to the (additional) input towards IPM. After the selection of impacts to be monitored, impact hypotheses are established in order to obtain a clearer picture of the IPM and the environment in which it acts. In impact diagrams, Page | 85 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF project activities/outputs that are supposed to lead to a certain impact can be arranged below, external factors above the impact in the centre of the diagram. Once questionnaires and other tools (e.g. PRA instruments) have been pre-tested, and a decision on sample size and composition has been taken, impact-related information and data is collected and processed. Interviews are held with randomly selected individuals (e.g. female farmers), key persons (e.g. village elders, teachers) or groups (e.g. Saving and Credit Groups, Development agencies, Institutions etc.). Joint reflection workshops with project staff, target group representatives and other stakeholders are conducted in order to (a) consolidate impact monitoring results by combining the views of various actors and (b) ensure that necessary plan adjustments and strategy changes are in line with the target groups’ demands and capacities. 10.2.3 Integrated Pest Management Monitoring Framework The Participatory M&E Framework for IPM should follow a feedback principle in which results or impact of any interventions can be traced to the activities/inputs. Either by using conventional pest management method or IPM, the feedback should allow for evaluation of the methods used and adjustment or incorporation of additional control methods. The results of the activities form the basis of the factsheets to be used in monitoring. Page | 86 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP). Pesticide Pre-Application Phase-Control of Pests Impact Mitigation Measure Monitoring Indicator Responsibility Accidental Spills of pesticides Ensure that the drivers identified to Number of Road Accidents and RPLRP/State Department of Livestock/MALF during road transportation to haul the pesticides to the sites are well spills reported warehouse and field application trained on the FAO standards and sites guidelines for the storage, transport Records showing Drivers (Human Health and and stock control for pesticides. Training Environmental impacts) Damaged packaging will not be accepted, and loads will be tied down to vehicle bed or sidewalls. Possible environmental Ensure the selected warehouse is sited Storage facility located outside RPLRP/State Department of Livestock/MALF contamination (soil, water, away from a flood plain area, water of floodplain, away from nearby biodiversity) caused by course, wells, schools, markets etc. schools, hospitals, water courses warehouse exposure due to poor siting of warehouses, pilferage Secure the selected warehouse and Storage facilities secured as per RPLRP/State Department of Livestock/MALF or vermin attack of the stored apply all the guidelines for Storage the FAO Storage and Stock treated seed and pesticides and Stock Control manual by FAO. Control Manual before use. Accidental Fires and injuries in All warehouses must be equipped with Presence of fire fighting RPLRP/State Department of Livestock/MALF the warehouses a fire extinguisher, thermometer, exit equipment, warning signs and at doors and warning signs, and proper least 3 exits access in the stacking position and height as warehouse stipulated in the FAO Storage and Stock Control Manual. All the workers handling pesticides or Availability of PPE to all the RPLRP/State Department of Livestock/MALF other products and equipment in the workers. storage facilities must all have PPE including goggles, gloves, boots, overall, dust masks etc. Page | 87 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF All operators and store managers must Training in fire prevention and RPLRP/State Department of Livestock/MALF be trained on how to operate the fire fighting extinguishers and what to do in case of fire outbreaks. Existence of an Emergency Develop an Emergency Response Plan Response Plan Pesticide Pilferage –including Ensure all the pesticide storage Presence of security personnel RPLRP/State Department of Livestock/MALF pilferage of treated seeds from facilities are secure, with double locks, Double locked access doors storage facilities;; full time security and routine stock Adequate inventory and stock Potentially cause human and control audits conducted to determine control records environmental impacts related to stock quantities exposure Pesticide Application Phase Potential Impacts Mitigation Monitoring Impact/Issue Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Measure(s) Indicator(s) Foetal exposure caused Pregnancy tests to ensure Percentage female operators Once before application begin Ministry of Health/ RPLRP/ by using pregnant pregnant women are not on who took pregnancy tests and then after every 30 days for RPLRP/State Department of female operators in the the teams that apply repeat purposes. Livestock/MALF application of pesticides pesticides; prohibition of breastfeeding women on pesticide application teams Percentage female operators who indicated they were not breastfeeding Percentage of female Education of women operators who have signed regarding risk and consent forms presentation of consent forms Page | 88 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Reassign women operators Number of expectant females Periodically re-assignment as the RPLRP/State Department of who become pregnant reassigned to storekeeping cases are identified Livestock/MALF during the application to work etc tasks that minimize Reported cases of pesticide occupational exposure to inhalation insecticides Operators, drivers and Provide PPEs to all the Record indicating training Training to be undertaken once RPLRP/State Department of storekeepers exposure workers, farmers and store has been conducted during the overall ToT Livestock/MALF due to negligence or managers. Ability to respond as lack of PPEs, or un- Train on emergency required when exposure intentional exposure Daily monitoring of operators by procedures to take if incidents are encountered. caused by accidents team leaders to ensure full use of exposure occurs Availability of PPE for all PPE accidentally i.e. dermal, eye operators including store or ingestion emergencies. keepers, drivers Ensure that effective monitoring of operations diligently and take action to correct any non-compliance issues noted right away. Procurement of sprayers or application equipment manufactured according to WHO specifications; procurement and proper use of PPE by spray operators, team leaders and supervisors (cotton overalls, face shield, dust mask, broad-rimmed hat, rubber gloves, gum boots) procurement of PPE for wash persons. Page | 89 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking during work; Acute Effects of Ensuring treatment Availability of exposure Once before spraying begins and RPLRP/State Department of Pesticide Exposure medicines for insecticide treatment medicine in the then periodically to check if the Livestock/MALF; Ministry of exposure are available at the hospitals medicines are finished in the Health County and District and health centers and if the first aid Percentage of treatment Village level. kits require replacement. medicines available at health facilities Ensure first Aid kits are available in the storage Availability of first aid kits facilities and the transport in storage facilities and hired vehicles vehicles Contamination of Create buffer zones in areas Presence of buffer zones in Daily monitoring during pesticide Contractor biodiversity (water and where pesticide application critical areas application soil) from pesticide is close to critical Periodic sampling of water from releases during biodiversity natural water bodies to determine application Avoid over application of the presence of pesticide residue pesticides that could lead to increased run off Page | 90 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Pesticide Post Application Phase Impact Mitigation Measure Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Pilferage and Keep storage facilities up to Presence of a dedicated and trained Daily accounting of insecticide RPLRP/State Department of Community Exposure, standards described in FAO storekeeper and tally of used sachets Livestock/MALF Environmental Pesticide storage and stock Contamination from control manual; Storage of Insecticide stored separately any remaining all insecticides, empty Periodic monitoring of the pesticides not used packaging, barrels and tubs Stock records up-to-date warehouse to ensure that it does in storage facilities not have structural problems. Facility double-padlocked and guarded Facility physically secure Cases of theft or pilferage reported Operator exposure due Ensure all operators are Reported cases of operator exposure Whenever pesticides are applied RPLRP/State Department of to lack of washing provided with PPE and Livestock/MALF Soap and clean water available at all after spraying adequate water and soap for times (previously mentioned) washing Exposure (human and Ensure that all the pesticide Availability of Pesticide Waste Routine collection (daily) of RPLRP/State Department of animal) from Pesticide containers, sachets etc. are Disposal Plan pesticide containers from Livestock/MALF Containers through re- treated as hazardous wastes farmers Strict inventory of all the pesticide use or poor disposal and hence disposed in an containers and sachets that must be Routine awareness creation environmentally sound returned to the RPLRP project for campaigns manner including NO custody before disposal REUSE. Absence of pesticide containers used Ensure that all pesticide by residents containers and sachets are collected back from the Number of awareness and farmers in order to avoid sensitization campaigns conducted re-use or poor disposal by the program Page | 91 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF Conduct training and awareness campaigns among farmers and residents on the hazards of re-using pesticide containers and sachets Exposure and Procure pesticides with Shelf life of pesticides procured RPLRP/State Department of contamination from long shelf life preferably 2- Livestock/MALF Comparison of quantity of stock Expired Pesticides 3 years to avoid expiration procured and needs assessment Do not procure excess report pesticide stock that will eventually expire; Only procure pesticides that will be used based on quantification following a strict pesticide needs assessment. Page | 92 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 11 PROJECT REVIEW, COORDINATION & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 11.1 Sub Project Investment Review Each sub project will need to be reviewed independently for potential pesticide related environmental and social impacts. In cases where an IPMP is required, it will be paramount that one is prepared in order to ensure that proposed mitigation measures are proposed in the sub project design. 11.1.1 Screening and sub project investment preparation Screening of investments will commence right at the project inception phase as soon as the specific sub project details are known including nature and scope, proposed location and area among other parameters. Screening is expected to happen concurrently with the project specific feasibility studies so that any potential impacts identified. The screening process could result in any of the following determination;- 1. Need for an IPMP if pesticide use will be required as part of the sub component related to agriculture 2. No further pesticide evaluation study needed if the sub project does not involve pesticide usage 11.1.2 Who undertakes screening? The project/screening report will be prepared by RPLRP/PCU. The Bank also requires that sub projects are screened in order to make a determination as to whether an IPMP is needed or no further pesticide related studies are needed for the sub project. In order to blend the requirements of the bank, the screening will be done and submitted to the bank. 11.1.3 Preparation of IPMP A consultant will be recruited by RPLRP/PCU for any sub project that is poised to implement a pesticide related project which will be prepared in accordance with the specific Terms of Reference (ToR) which will be followed in development of IPMP. Page | 93 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 12 CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE –RPLRP 12.1 Institutional Capacity for IPMF Implementation IPM is a knowledge intensive and interactive methodology. The need to accurately identify and diagnose pests and pest problems and understand ecosystem interactions could enable farmers with biological and ecological control opportunities and in making pragmatic pest control decisions. Thus the success of IPM depends largely on developing and sustaining institutional and human capacity to facilitate experiential learning for making informed decisions in integrating scientific and indigenous knowledge to solve specific problems. Poor communication between farmers, extension has often led to poorly targeted research or to poor adoption of promising options generated by research. Capacity building will be achieved through farmer-based collaborative management mechanisms where all key stakeholders shall be regarded as equal partners. Beneficiary farmers shall be the principal actors facilitated by other actor such as from research institutes, academic institutions, sector ministries, NGOs, etc. as partners whose role will be to facilitate the process and provide technical direction and any other support necessary for the implementation of IPMPs. The major actors and partners will include the following: 12.1.1 Pesticide Distributors In many cases, farmers' primary sources of information and advice on pest management and pesticide use are pesticide distributors or sales staff who represent a special interest and are not likely to advice on non-chemical alternatives or cultural techniques to prevent the pest problem in the first place. Extension workers should be prepared to advise farmers on alternative pest management approaches, cost aspects of various control options, and, where chemical control remains desirable, on the proper selection, handling and use of pesticides and their hazards. To avoid conflicts of interest, extension services should not receive income from selling pesticides. 12.1.2 The programme beneficiary farmers As the principal beneficiaries they will be organized into Farmer Groups for training and adoption of IPM practices. The farmers will be facilitated to set up Community IPM Action Committees to coordinate IPM activities in their areas. 12.1.3 MALF/State Department of Livestock Has the national mandate in implementation of livestock production and pest management research. RPLRP/PCU will provide logistical and technical support to the extension staff of MALF in each sub project area to be trained as IPM trainers and to exploit their experiences in the implementation of IPM and management of outbreak and migratory pest. The extension staff from the MALF under RPLRP/PCU will undertake to build the capacities of farmers and community leaders in promoting IPM activities. These in turn will facilitate information sharing with Farmers Field Schools (FFS). Page | 94 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 12.1.4 Agrochemical Association of Kenya Agro-chemical companies, and their associations, have been running safe-use training programs. Motivation for providing such training has included: response to pressure for regulatory action against products that cause a high incidence of farmer intoxication; product promotion; product stewardship. Several reports published in 1999-2000 questioned the effectiveness of such training. Proper use is not only determined by user knowledge but also by availability and use of affordable protective gear, appropriate application equipment and appropriate storage facilities. Training does not solve absence of these pre-requisites for proper use. Training should therefore be seen as additional to regulatory use restrictions aimed at protecting farmers from intoxication, and not as a replacement of such restrictions. 12.1.5 Ministry of Health The County and sub County hospitals or clinics in the RPLRP project investment areas should set up databases on incidence of data on poisoning, effect of pesticides on human health and environmental contamination. This data will then be used to measure and validate the ameliorating effects of IPM adoption and implementation that is expected to reduce risks to pesticides exposure. Training of medical staff at health clinics in recognition and treatment of poisoning symptoms may be required alongside with the provision of antidotes. 12.1.6 Distributors/Agro Vets Proprietors Training and information may also be required for retailers and farmer groups or cooperatives involved in the sale or distribution of pesticides. Ideally, pesticide retailers should be licensed, with appropriate training as a prerequisite. 12.1.7 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) Partners will include the following: a) Research and training institutions: to formulate proposals for research and training programmes for the development of IPM protocols, and training modules for participating RPLRP- commodity IPM team and programme staff. b) World Bank, FAO and Global IPM facility: to be a valuable sources of technical information and to provide technical support for training, planning and field implementation of IPM in Farmer Groups. The RPLRP sub projects will also build on the knowledge, structures, facilities, and lessons learnt in other related projects in Africa and elsewhere. c) c) Agriculture Service Providers and NGOs that are working on providing services to farmers and improving agricultural productivity, environmental management and rural health matters will be identified to provide services and technical support to the field implementation of IPM and other pilot PMP. Page | 95 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 12.2 Technical Capacity Enhancement World Bank recognizes that safety training is an essential component in programs involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed countries. In this regard, training of pesticide users and applicators will be a vital component of capacity building in this program. The program will, using the extensive resources available from the RPLRP prepare a comprehensive training manual on pesticide use and management, targeting different actors within the program, ranging from extension service providers, actual farmers, loaders, mixers, transporters, government staff among others. The RPLRP should run extensive training programs for farmers, farmer leaders, extension workers, and stockists. These training programs should if possible be further amplified by training that is being undertaken by other institutions such as MALF, KARI, other NGOs, pesticide wholesalers, etc. For farmers, farmer leaders, and extension workers, the training should be fodder/livestock based with farmers being organized into groups led by a farmer leader. The method for training farmers and farmer leaders is the on-farm demonstration where farmer groups are led, step by step in growing the crop during the season from planting to harvest and increasingly into post-harvest activities and even marketing. There are two types of knowledge that farmers must assimilate and which the RPLRP sub projects must adopt in order to rise above their current level. One is that knowledge of practical skills that can be learned by seeing someone do it or by observation. More difficult to learn however is the set of knowledge that requires analysis and decision- making and what to do if conditions changed in the field different from what occurred during the demonstrations. On-farm demonstration is adequate for the former if repeated over several sessions but not good on the latter. The FAO farmer field school method teaches farmers how to make decisions and gives them skills to develop their own technologies when new pests appear. Part of the farmer field school method teaches farmers how to conduct their own applied research and analyze data. In addition partners should introduce farmer driven research into trained farmer groups. This not only can be used as a learning tool but also can increase our knowledge of the performance of IPM technologies. These could be testing various pesticides, action thresholds, monitoring and scouting schemes, fertilizer rates, varieties, etc. It will require that the RPLRP undertake periodic evaluations of the on-farm demonstration methods in terms of adoption surveys. An outside consultant with a background in agricultural extension theory and practice should be engaged to make a Page | 96 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF review of the on-farm demonstration programs and make recommendations on improving training skills and conducting evaluations. Data should be taken on attendance and published in project reports as should results of quizzes and adoption evaluations. Commonly used evaluations are short quizzes before and after training sessions. This would tell the trainers immediately if their training session were successful. If not, the presentation should be changed and more time spent on less understood concepts. Concepts are best presented with analogies or short exercises conducted by the farmers. The trainer should act as a facilitator as farmers learn best from other farmers thus discussions should be undertaken where farmers themselves come up with the answers. If they are merely told or just see it done by others it does not stick in their mind as well. The RPLRP IPM program will be obliged to focus on Farm Chemical Safety (FCS) and worker protection practices by creating awareness among farm workers about the potential hazards of misuse of farm chemicals through farm training programs and seminars. Key training and awareness creation topics will include but not limited to among others 1. Chemical knowledge: registration, correct use, application procedures and label specifications. This training includes an in-depth review of label information, as well as a discussion of chemical concentrations, application rates, equipment calibration and maintenance, application intervals, and demonstrations of proper equipment use. 2. Pest knowledge: farmers will be trained to recognize crop and animal pests and damaging threshold levels, as well as key cultural practices to promote seed health, and when pesticide use is necessary and appropriate. 3. Storage: proper storage of chemicals in relation to other structures on the property. The need for a separate, clearly marked and locked facility will be emphasized for exclusive storage of farm chemicals. Pesticides should be kept away from food for human or animal consumption or sources of drinking water. Pesticides should always be stored in their original containers. 4. Transport: safe transport of pesticides will be discussed (i.e. not using public transportation if possible, keeping chemicals in a closed environment, how to avoid punctures and torn bags, etc). 5. Worker protection: Types of personal protective equipment (PPE), when they should be worn and why, and how they should be cared for. The basic PPE recommended for all pesticide applications includes long-sleeved shirts, long pants, shoes and socks. According to the toxicity and label directions of spinosad, chemical-resistant gloves, aprons, and masks may be required, and will be provided. Page | 97 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 6. Safety practices: proper mixing techniques, the importance of reusing rinse water for mixing, and the importance of not contaminating water sources. The types of containers used in chemical preparation, their proper use, cleaning and storage will be addressed. Applicators will be taught not to eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides. 7. First aid and medical facilities: first aid materials must be made available (soap, clean water and a towel) especially in case of spills. Participants will be taught to identify the primary symptoms of chemical exposure and what do to in an emergency. 8. Waste Management: how to clean up and safely dispose of any chemical not used. For liquids, empty containers will be rinsed 3 times, and emptied into the spray tank as part of the application mixture. When the product is used completely, chemical containers should be triple-rinsed and punctured before being buried. Containers should NEVER be reused. 9. Protection of drinking water: Training will emphasize the importance of protecting potable water sources and avoiding contamination of ground and surface waters. Participants will be trained to identify their drinking water source, and to keep all pesticides away from that source. Characteristics of the water source and mitigation measures to avoid contamination will be addressed. 10. Environmental safety: the importance of protecting natural resources and the proper use of pesticides to avoid environmental contamination and impacts on non-target organisms will be addressed. An additional training phase will be targeted towards women and children who may come into the production fields or who may be exposed to residues on the clothing of their spouses at home. Basic training materials in local languages, with illustrations will be developed for this purpose. Training for those exposed to treated seed may be somewhat limited in scope, but should include the following: 1. Wear the appropriate PPE! Do not allow pesticide-treated seed to contact skin, eyes, hair, or any other part of the body. Do not allow untrained or unprotected people in the field where seed is being distributed and planted. (Especially women, children, and other sensitive receptors). Wash the PPE and equipment immediately after use, and only at designated sites. Do not bring contaminated clothing home. The RPLRP will adopt a strategy where extension services stress usage of a few basic pieces of protective clothing and then working into more complete coverage after the first few have been adopted. Communities could be encouraged to form professional spray Page | 98 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF teams that would be hired. These could be more efficiently trained to wear protective equipment. 12.3 IPMF Implementation Budget The estimated total cost for IPMF implementation is indicated in the table 16 below and included the resettlement implementation costs. The programme management team of RPLRP will be responsible in the implementation of this IPMF and estimated costs for the various activities under this program will be built in the budget. The core activities will be as follows: Coordination a) Development of IPM packages for the RPLRP investments b) IPM orientation workshops c) Training of trainers and Farmer groups training d) Public awareness and promoting the adoption of IPM practices e) Field guides/training materials for production, purchase and distribution f) Farmers field days g) Field visits and study tours h) Database for human-health and environmental contamination i) Crop pest surveillance and updating pest/disease database at KEPHIS j) Annual workshops on progress and lesson learnt k) Participatory IPM research and development l) Monitoring and evaluation Table 16. Tentative cost estimates of budgetary requirements (USD) Line item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Total Capacity Building IPM orientation 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000 TOT 20,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 50,000 FG training 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 Database 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 20,000 Surveillance 15,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 35,000 Workshop 20,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 50,000 215,000 Research & Development Participatory IPM 30,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 50,000 Field days 40,000 20,000 5,000 5,000 70,000 120,000 Advisory Services Field guides/IPM 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 materials Public awareness 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 Pest specialist 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 100,000 M&E 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 120,000 Coordination 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 60,000 360,000 Page | 99 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 13 REFERENCE 1. Government of Kenya Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999 2. Government of Kenya Public Health Act 3. Government of Kenya Constitution 4. Government of Kenya Vision 2030 5. Government of Kenya Water Act 2002 6. Government of Kenya Occupational Health and Safety Act 7. Government of Kenya The Lakes and Rivers Act Chapter 409 Laws of 8. Government of Kenya The Employment Act 9. Government of Kenya National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy-July 2007 10. Government of Kenya Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 11. Government of Kenya Agriculture Act 12. Government of Kenya Pesticide Control Product Act 13. Project Documentation for RPLRP 14. World Bank Aide Memoire for RPLR Page | 100 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF 13.1 Annex 1. Disease Surveillance Maps PPR OUTBREAK JAN - MARCH 2012 Mandera Wajir Garissa Nairobi Kajiado 300 0 300 600 Kilometers Key no of outbreaks Mandera 8 Nairobi 1 Kajiado 1 Garissa 10 Wajir 1= Page | 101 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF FMD OUTBREAK JAN AND FEB 2012 100 0 100 200 Kilometers Sat 2 fmd.shp Fmd o.shp Kenya_new3.shp Page | 102 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF LAB CONFIRMED DISEASE OUTBREAKS 2011- 2012 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## ## # ## ## # # # # # # # ### # ###### ### # # # # # # # # # # # 300 0 300 Kilometers KEY NCD CCPP ASF Brucellosis Antrhax Page | 103 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF OCTOBER 2011 MAP ON DISEASE OUTBREAK REPORTS (CLINICAL) # # # # # # # # ## # # # # ## # ## # ## # # # # ## 0 200 Kilometers KEY Leptospirosis Trypanamiasis East Coat Fever Rabies Anaplas Page | 104 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF NOVEMBER 2011 MAP ON DISEASE OUTBREAK REPORTS (CLINICAL) # # # # # ## ## # # # # # 0 500 Kilometers KEY NSD ECF Page | 105 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF DECEMBER 2011 MAP ON DISEASE OUTBREAK REPORTS (CLINICAL) ## ## # ## # # # # # ### 0 200 Kilometers KEY STOMATITIS LEPTOSPIROSIS CORRIDOR DISEASES Bovine petechial fever Page | 106 RPLRP Integrated Pest Management Framework - IPMF