E899 Volume 2 KENYA ELECTRICITY GENERATING COMPANY LIMITED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE CONVERSION OF KIPEVU OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE TO COMBINED CYCLE OPERATION FINAL REPORT GIBB (Eastern Africa) Ltd. ShellUBP House, Harambee Avenue P. 0. Box 30020 NAIROBI Tel: (254) 20 338992 / 250573 Fax: (254) 20 210694 / 244493 E-mail: gibbea@gibb.co.ke February 2004 FLE C OPYf ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE CONVERSION OF KIPEVU OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE TO COMBINED CYCLE OPERATION FINAL REPORT CONTENTS Chapter Description Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Project location 1-1 1.3 Project objectives 1-1 1.4 Study methodology 1-2 2 ENVIRONMENT AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 2-1 2.1 National Environmental Regulations 2-1 2.1.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 2-1 2.1.2 EIA Regulations 2-2 2.1.3 Environmental Quality Standards 2-2 2.1.4 The Institutional Framework 2-6 2.2 World Bank Environmental Regulations 2-7 2.2.1 World Bank EIA Classification system 2-7 2.2.2 World Bank Guidelines 2-7 3 PROJECT TECHNOLOGY, PROCEDURES & PROCESSES 3-1 3.1 Project background 3-1 3.1.1 Initial feasibility study 3-1 3.1.2 Updated feasibility study 3-1 3.2 Project execution 3-2 3.3 Existing technology 3-2 3.3.1 Gas turbines 3-2 3.3.2 Existing steam plant Units 6 and 7 3-2 3.4 Existing processes 3-3 3.4.1 Gas Turbines 3-3 3.4.2 Steam Boilers and Turbines 3-3 3.5 Proposed modifications 3-4 3.5.1 Plant layout 3-4 3.5.2 Mechanical systems 3-4 3.5.3 KPLC substation 3-4 4 MATERIALS TO BE USED 4-1 FINAL KenGen ckm edit Issue 1.0/ February 2004 4.1 During construction 4-1 4.1.1 Construction activities and timetable 4-1 4.2 During operation 4-1 4.2.1 Alternative 1 and 3: Unfired 4-1 4.2.2 Alternative 2: HFO supplementary fired 4-1 5 PRODUCTS, BY PRODUCTS AND WASTES 5-1 5.1 Products 5-1 5.2 By-products & wastes. 5-1 5.2.1 General 5-1 5.2.2 Air emissions 5-1 5.2.3 Sludge from the fuel systems 5-1 5.2.4 Thermal water 5-1 5.2.5 Oily water from the fuel systems 5-1 5.2.6 Miscellaneous solid waste including packaging, chemicals, lagging 5-1 5.2.7 Office waste 5-1 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 6-1 6.1 Stakeholders 6-1 6.2 Stakeholder workshop 6-1 7 POTENTIALLY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 7-1 7.1 Baseline environment 7-1 7.2 Bio-physical environment 7-1 7.2.1 Topography, climate and air quality 7-1 7.2.2 General ecology of the coastal area 7-2 7.2.3 Geology and soils 7-9 7.2.4 Water resources 7-9 7.2.5 Human influence and pollution 7-11 7.3 The socio-economic environment 7-11 7.3.1 Administration 7-11 7.3.2 Ethnic groupings, population structure and household data 7-12 7.3.3 Population density 7-12 7.3.4 Health 7-13 7.3.5 Water and sanitation services 7-14 7.3.6 Energy sources 7-14 7.3.7 Employment levels and types 7-14 7.3.8 Cultural beliefs and folklore 7-14 7.3.9 Religion 7-15 7.3.10 Housing 7-15 7.3.11 Literacy levels 7-15 7.3.12 Gender 7-15 7.3.13 Traffic 7-15 8 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 8-1 8.1 Health and safety administration 8-1 8.2 Occupational health and safety concerns 8-1 8.2.1 The risk of electrical shock 8-1 8.2.2 Fire protection 8-1 8.2.3 Ambient and occupational noise and vibration 8-2 FINAL KenGen ckm edit Issue 1.0/ February 2004 8.2.4 Occupational air pollution 8-3 8.2.5 Machine / equipment injury risk 8-3 8.3 Important hazards and risks 8-4 8.3.1 Health hazard 8-4 8.3.2 Potential fire inception hazard 8-4 8.3.3 Fire propagation hazard 8-4 9 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS i IMPACTS 9-1 9.1 Positive impacts 9-1 9.2 Negative impacts 9-1 9.2.1 General 9-1 9.2.2 Destruction of floral communities and loss of habitat 9-2 9.2.3 Increased soil erosion 9-2 9.2.4 Increased siltation of the marine environment 9-2 9.2.5 Potential impact of labour force 9-2 9.2.6 Impacts of water intake for the cooling of turbine condensers 9-3 9.2.7 Thermal pollution 9-3 9.2.8 Impact of oil pollution 9-4 9.3 Community's needs and expectations 9-5 9.4 Summary table of impacts 9-6 10 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 10-7 10.1 Alternative technical designs 10-7 10.1.1 Alternative plant layouts 10-7 10.2 Alternative mitigation measures and designs 10-8 10.3 Alternative projects in comparison to combined cycle 10-8 11 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN / ACTION PLAN 11-1 11.1 Mitigation plan 11-1 11.1.1 Reduction of soil erosion and siltation 11-1 11.1.2 Restoration of habitat and biodiversity 11-1 11.1.3 Management of labour force 11-2 11.1.4 Landscaping 11-2 11.1.5 Oil spill response 11-3 11.1.6 Other remedial measures 11-3 11.1.7 Mitigation for the neighbouring communities 11-4 11.2 Monitoring plan 11-4 11.2.1 Terms of reference for the KenGen environmental officer to be based at Kipevu 11-5 11.2.2 Cost estimates of environmental management 11-5 12 KNOWLEDGE GAPS 12-1 13 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT 13-1 14 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 14-1 14.1 Conclusions 14-1 14.1.1 Bio-physical 14-1 14.1.2 Ecological 14-1 FINAL KenGen ckm edit Issue 1.0/ February 2004 14.1.3 Socio-economic 14-1 14.1.4 Preferred alternative 14-2 14.2 Recommendations 14-2 15 REFERENCES 15-1 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Photographic plates (1-8) showing environmental features of the project area Appendix 2: Plant Species of Kipevu Area Appendix 3: Methodology for Socio-economic Assessment Appendix 4: Minutes of Meetings and People Met Minutes of Meetings KenGen head office National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) People Met FINAL KenGen ckm edit Issue 1.0/ February 2004 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Project KenGen proposes to convert two gas turbines at Kipevu from open cycle operation to combined cycle operation. The objective is to capture the unused energy contained in the high temperature exhausts of the two gas turbines and convert it into steam for electricity generation, which will be fed into the national grid. The two gas turbines have a current capacity of 30MW each which equates to a combined capacity of 60MW. Kenya, World Bank and EU Environmental Requirements The project is being designed to address all applicable environmental health and safety regulations and where relevant, World Bank and EU guidelines. Kenya has a framework law: the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act of 1999, but has not gazetted any environmental quality standards, to date. In the absence of these standards for waste water, air emissions, noise etc, World Bank and European Union guidelines have been used. Potential impacts and proposed mitigation The major impacts and proposed mitigation measures are as follows: Air emissions The use of the waste exhaust in the combined cycle is a significant positive impact as it represents the use of a by-product. Either of the two unfired alternatives (1 or 3) are preferred to the fired one (2) as the latter will result in higher emissions. The major pollutants are identified as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) and the air survey for SO2 and NO2 suggested that the levels are within World Bank guidelines. Nevertheless, limitation of SO2 will be done through the burning of fuels with low sulphur content while it has been proposed that low NOx burners be installed for the combined cycle plant. Fichtner has recommended air monitoring and air dispersion modelling for the new plant. Ecology Both the terrestrial and marine ecology of the subject site and the surrounding area is at most risk during the construction period. The use of mitigation measures as detailed in Chapter 11 is important and should be included in the Contract specifications. Noise The noise survey indicated that the current Gas Turbines exceed World Bank noise levels particularly at the northern end of the property boundary. During the conversion to combined cycle operation, noise levels can be attenuated through a variety of methods including silencers. Thus, it is recommended that the commissioning of the combined cycle be linked to a noise survey that shows that noise levels have been reduced to within the World Bank limits. Socio-economic issues Water supply to the neighbouring communities and for the proposed project is by the same organisation, the National Water Conservation Pipeline Corporation. Consultation revealed that water supplies are intermittent and insufficient to the communities and they were FINAL KenGen ckm edit 1-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 concerned that their supplies would be further negatively affected by the Project and its increased demand for water. Furthermore consultation revealed that the neighbouring communities felt some of their members should be employed at KenGen. Stack height As has been stated in the Fichtner Report (2003) the current stack heights are too low which is likely to result in air emissions currently being deposited in the near-field residential area, rather than dispersed over the far-field environment. While the pollutants from the Gas Turbines are less significant than from the diesel driven plants, replacement with taller stacks is essential. Waste water Although, the current operations are mostly dry, because of the large usage of petroleum products on-site, waste water monitoring should be implemented in the future and samples should comply with the World Bank guidelines as detailed in the report. Thermal pollution This study has illustrated that there is the potential for thermal pollution from disposal of the cooling water to Makupa Creek, a rich bio-diverse marine environment. Regular temperature monitoring is recommended to ensure that the cooling water complies to the World Bank guideline and therefore does not adversely affect the environment. Fire protection Fichtner has not elaborated on the fire protection measures that will be implemented for the new project. It has therefore been assumed that the design engineer will be responsible for this aspect. Oil spill response KenGen does not have an independent oil spill response capability. It has therefore been recommended that they support the Oil Spill Mutual Aid Group (OSMAG) and participate in their programme. Institutional capacity KenGen is a progressive organisation and has eight full time environmental experts, but there is no expert at Kipevu site. It is therefore recommended that they employ an environmental specialist to oversee the planning, construction and operation of the new combined plant as well as work on the other KenGen plants in Kipevu. Environmental Management Plan Project activity Cost estimate (KSh.) 1 Construction of silt traps 1,000,000 2 Construction of oil/water interceptors in the drainage system 1,000,000 3 Landscaping and planting of trees and grassing 1,000,000 4 Remuneration for environmental officer 2,000,000 5 Sample analysis (chemical and biological) 20,000 6 Purchase of Consumables (Computer, sampling apparatus, 300,000 field equipment and other consumables) 7 Purchase of stationery, documentation and report writing 10,000 FINAL KenGen ckm edit 1-2 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 Project activity Cost estimate (KSh.) 8 Transportation requirements 50,000 Noise survey prior to commissioning of Combined Cycle 228,000 plant Air quality monitoring & dispersion modelling as detailed in Unknown, but estimated the Fichtner Report followed by correct determination of to be 1,520,000 stack height Fund for neighbouring community projects 50,000 Environment, health and safety audit (twice per year) internal Total Estimated Cost 7,038,000 10 Contingencies at 10% 703,800 11 Grand Total 7,741,800 The grand total estimated cost for implementation of the proposed environmental management plan is Kenya shillings seven million, seven thousand and forty one and eight hundred (7,741,800) only. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 1-3 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd (KenGen) supplies the bulk (about 80%) of electricity used in the country. KenGen utilises various sources of energy to generate electricity ranging from hydro, geothermal, thermal to wind. To date, it has installed power capacity of 936MW. The KenGen power station at Kipevu (Mombasa, Kenya) comprises a 60MW steam plant, a 73.5MW diesel plant and two gas turbines with a total capacity of 60MW. The proposed project mainly involves modifications of the existing gas turbines that are currently operated in a simple combustion cycle. KenGen intends to convert the turbines into a combined cycle gas turbine plant (CCGT). The feasibility study to utilise the waste heat stream from gas turbines by converting the installation into a combined cycle gas turbine plant was carried out by Sinclair Knight Merz Consultants (2001) and recently updated by Fichtner (2003). 1.2 Project location The subject site is located on the eastern tip of the mainland area of Mombasa just above sea level. Immediately, to the north lies Makupa Creek, government land and across the creek, the Nairobi Mombasa road. To the east lies Kipevu causeway and Mombasa Island. To the south likes Kipevu I and 11 and further south Kenya Ports Authority railway sidings and berths. To the west lie the Changamwe Sewerage Treatment works, the Kalahari informal settlement and the residential area of Changamwe. The site is therefore located in a mixed industrial, commercial and residential area and borders the sea on one side (Figure 1). 1.3 Project objectives The overall objective of the environmental study is to undertake an environmental impact assessment (EIA) in accordance with Kenya law: the Environmental Management and Co- ordination Act, 1999 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003. More specifically, the objective of the assignment is the establishment or update of a database of existing environmental conditions surrounding the 2x3OMW gas turbines and auxiliary equipment (transformers, breakers) in order: * To provide baseline data against which both positive and negative environmental impacts of the Kipevu component, if any, including mitigation and remedial measures, will be recorded. * To develop an audit methodology and to carry out an audit of the environmental aspects of the existing gas turbine plant. Collect data and information related to emissions, waste disposed from the gas turbines, assess their impact on air, water and soil quality, flora and fauna, and human health and safety (for example noise, heat etc). Estimate the likely impacts of the combined cycle operation on the above, and assess the need or otherwise of developing mitigating and remedial measures to contain negative impacts, if any. * To relate the impact on the environment of the preferred options for the combined cycle gas turbine plant. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 1-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 * To gather and provide any data and information that will be useful for the study 1.4 Study methodology Environmental conditions of the project area, were investigated during the field trip conducted between 22 and 26 January 2004. General observations were carried out on the air emissions, noise, flora and fauna and other attributes of the project area and photographs were taken where appropriate. The field notes and other type of information gathered during the field trip were compared with the results of a detailed ecological survey carried out by the Consultant Ecologist on the same project area in 1993. The environmental features of the project area captured during the field trip are presented in a series of photographic plates Appendix 1. For the socio-economic study, the consultation process concentrated on the whole of Chaani location in Changamwe Division, which is comprised of 20 villages. The village elders from the villages, the Chief and Assistant Chief of Chaani location, felt that any discussion about the community should be for the whole community in the whole location and not limited to one village eg the village across the valley (namely Kalahari village). Thus the information collected for this study is generally for the whole of Chaani location in Changamwe Division in Mombasa district. (Reference methodology in Appendix 3). FINAL KenGen ckm edit 1-2 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 2 ENVIRONMENT AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1 National Environmental Regulations 2.1.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 Kenya passed the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (the Act) in 1999. The main function of the EMCA is to provide for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment. The Act is administered by the National Environmental Council and implemented by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). The Act has the following contents: Part I Preliminary. Part II General Principles. Part III Administration. Part IV Environmental Planning. Part V Protection and Conservation of the Environment. Part VI Environmental Impact Assessment. Part VII Environmental Audit and Monitoring. Part VIII Environmental Quality Standards. Part IX Environmental Restoration Orders, Environmental Conservation Orders & Environmental Easements. Part X Inspection, Analysis and Records. Part Xl International Treaties, Conventions and Agreements. Part XII National Environmental Tribunal. Part XIII Environmental Offences. First Schedule. Second Schedule. Third Schedule. Of immediate relevance to KenGen for this project is Section 3(1) 58(1&2) Part VIII (see 2.1.3) and the Second Schedule. Section 3(1) states "Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has the duty to safe-guard and enhance the environment". This Section goes on to comment that an individual may apply to the High Court for redress etc. Section 58(1) states "Notwithstanding any approval, permit of licence granted under this Act or any other law in force in Kenya, any person, being a proponent of the project, shall, before financing, commencing, proceeding with, carrying out, executing or conducting or causing to be financed, commenced, proceeded with, carried out, executed or conducted by another person any undertaking specified in the Second Schedule to this Act, submit a project report to the Authority in the prescribed form, giving the prescribed information and which shall be accompanied by the prescribed fee". On 19 January 2004 during a meeting NEMA commented that project proponents (KenGen) are required to submit a project brief/report to enable NEMA to screen the project and subsequently assign an assessment category, note any particular concerns and provide a list of registered consultants. It was therefore agreed that KenGen would submit a project report to NEMA, but at the same time the EIA would proceed as GIBB are registered with NEMA. Furthermore, it was appreciated by NEMA that clients are in a period of transition in terms of understanding NEMA's procedures and timing requirements. The Project Report was submitted by KenGen in early February 2004 directly to NEMA. Section 58(2) states "The proponent of a project shall undertake or cause to be undertaken at his own expense an environmental impact assessment study and prepare a report thereof FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 where the Authority, being satisfied, after studying the project report submitted under subsection (1) that the intended project may or is likely to have or will have a significant impact on the environment, so directs". The Second Schedule of the Act, point 10(a) lists electrical infrastructure - electricity generating station projects as requiring an EIA. 2.1.2 EIA Regulations The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003, contained in Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 56, Legal Notice 101, have been used to guide the methodology and provide the framework for this Final Report's format and contents. Part IV, p247 lists the contents of an EIA final report as follows: * Project location. * National Environment & Legislative Framework. * Project objectives. * Project technology, procedures and processes. * Materials to be used. * Products, by-products and waste. * Potentially affected environment. * Environmental effects / impacts of the project. * Alternative technologies and processes. * Analysis of alternatives. * Environmental management plan (EMP) / Action plan. * Occupational health. * Knowledge gaps. * Economic and social analysis of the project. * Any other matters as the Authority (NEMA) may require. In 1997, sector guidelines were drafted for projects in Kenya, but were never legislated. 2.1.3 Environmental Quality Standards Part Vil of the EMCA, 1999 deals with environmental quality standards. It establishes a Standards and Enforcement Review Committee whose functions include the establishment of standards for all environmental media. Discussions with NEMA on the 19 January 2004, revealed that there are committees for the following environmental subject areas: * Water quality; * Waste quality; * Chemicals; * Land use; * Biodiversity; * Economic instruments. It is noteworthy that, to date, there is no committee on air pollution. While these committees are in the process of finalising their respective standards, none have been gazetted since the inception of NEMA. Thus, local authority standards or previous guidelines from the National Environmental Secretariat (the precursor to NEMA) are used. Furthermore, in the absence of Kenya standards, World Bank and EU guidelines are also used. (a) Water Quality The Design Manual for Water Supply in Kenya published in 1986 by the Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development outlines the national water quality guidelines as FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-2 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 detailed in Table 2.1 below. The basic requirements for drinking water can be summarised as follows: * It must be free from pathogenic organisms; * It must not contain any compounds that have an adverse acute or long term effect on human health; * It must be fairly clear; * It must not be saline; * It must not contain any compounds that cause an offensive taste or smell; * It must not cause corrosion, encrustration or stain the water supply system. Table 2.1 : National Quality Guidelines for drinking water Parameter Limits Remarks Faecal coliform Zero per 100ml Colifomm organisms Zero per 100mI In 95% of samples examined throughout the year for large supplies with sufficient samples examined 3 per 100ml In occasional samples but not in consecutive samples Arsenic 0.05mg/l Asbestos No guideline value set Barium No guideline value set Beryllium No guideline value set Cadmium 0.005mg/l Chromium 0.05mg/I Cyanide 1.Omg/l Fluoride 1.5mg/l Local or climatic conditions may necessitate adoption of 3mg/l Hardness No health related guideline value set Lead 0.05mg/l Mercury 0.001mg/l Nickel No guideline value set Nitrate 10mg/l as Nitrogen Nitrite No guideline value set Selenium 0.01mg/l Silver No guideline value set Sodium No guideline value set Aldrin & Dieldrin 0.03pg/l Benzene 1g1 O/l Benzo-a-pyrene 0.01 pg/l Carbon tetrachloride 3pg/l Tentative guideline value Chlordane 0.3pg/l Chlorobenzes No health related Odour threshold concentration between guideline value set 0.1 to 3pg/l Chlorophenols No health related Odour threshold concentration 0.1pg/l guideline value set Chloroform 30pg/l Disinfection efficiency must not be compromised when controlling this parameter 2,4,D loo0pg/l DDT 1 ug/l 1,2 Dichloroethane lOpg/l 1,1 Dichloroethylene 0.3pg/l Lindane 3pg/l Tetrachloroethylene lOpg/l Tentative guideline value Trichloroethylene 30pg/l Tentative guideline value FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-3 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 2,4,6 trichloro henol 10 tl Odour threshold concentration isO.1u /l Trihalomethanes No guideline value set (b) Air Quality Draft Kenya Standards for air emissions are presented below, but are subject to confirmation by NEMA. Table 2.2: Draft Kenya Standards for Air Emissions Average time Limit levels Particulates 260 pglm~ (24 hrs) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 400 pg/m3 (24 hrs) Carbon monoxide (CO) 10,000 pg/mr (24 hrs) Hydrocarbons ? pg/rmn (24 hrs) Nitrogen dioxide 200 pg/me (24 hrs) Lead 1.5 pg/me (24 hrs) Photochemical oxidants 260 pg/in4 (24 hrs) Source: UNEP, 1999 There are no draft standards or guidelines for occupational air quality or for ambient air quality. (c) Waste water / effluent quality NEMA has not yet enacted effluent discharge standards, however, proposed standards and guidelines exist (Mar 03). The first is for effluent being disposed directly to an aquatic environment while the second is for waste water being disposed to a public sewer. Table 2.3: Proposed Discharge Standard for Effluent into an Aquatic Environment (applicable to Makupa Creek) Parameter Limits Remarks pH 6-9 BOD (5 days at 200C 20mgO2/I COD 50mgO2/1 Suspended solids 30mg/l Total phenols 0.001mg/l 2.0mg/l in some cases Copper 3mg/l 0.05mg/l Zinc 0.5mg/l Sulphates 250mg/l 500mg/I Dissolved iron 10mg/l Dissolved managanese 1 Omg/l 0.1 mg/I Chromium 2mg/I Chromium (hexavalent) 0.5mg/l Chloride 200mg/l 100mg/l Fluoride 2mg/l Free ammonia 0.2mg/l Coliform bacteria 300mg/100ml 1000/100ml Colour (hazen units) 5 Dyes Nil Sulphide 0.1mg/l Cadmium 0.1mg/l 0.05mg/I Cyanide 0.1mg/I Organic phosphorous 1.0mg/l Nickel 1.Omg/l FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-4 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Parameter Limits Remarks Selenium 0.05mg/I Barium 2.0mg/1 Lead 1mg/I Arsenic 0.02mg/1 Total mercury 0.005mg/i Alkyl mercury Not detectable 0.001mg/l Polychlorinated biphenyls 0.003mg/Il Smell Not obiectionable to the nose Toxic substances Nil Pesticides Nil 0.05mg/I Oils and grease Nil Degreasing solvents Nil Calcium carbide Nil Chloroform Nil Condensing water Nil Inflammable solvents Nil Temperature 300C +/- 20C of ambient Dissolved solids (total) 1200mg/l n-Hexane extract 30mg/I The former standards are more stringent and require full treatment of the effluent while the latter only require pre-treatment. Both may be relevant to KenGen depending upon the ultimate disposal method of their waste water. Table 2.4: Proposed Discharge Standard for Effluent into Sewers (eg Mombasa) Parameter Limits Remarks pH 6-9 BOD (5 days at 20cC) 50OmgO2/1 COD 1 OOOmgO2/1 Settleable solids 1.0mg/l Total suspended solids 500mg/l Total non-volatile dissolved 100mg/l 2000mg/l in some cases solids Smell Not objectionable to the nose Toxicity Non toxic Detergents 30mg/l 15mg/l in some cases Soaping oils & fats 50mg/l Phenols 1 Omg/l Hydrocarbons (cyclic) 5mg/l Silver 2mg/l Arsenic 0.2mg/l Barium 10mg/l Cadmium (Cd) 0.5mg/I Chlorite (C102) 2 mg/I Chromium (VI) 0.5mg/l 0.05mg/l Chromium (total) 1.0mg/I Cyanide 0.5mg/I Cyanide (total) 1.0mg/l Cobalt (Co) 1.0mg/l Copper 11.0mg/l Mercury (Hg) 0.05mg/l 0.01mg/l Ammonia (NH4) 2mg/l Nickel (Ni) 3mg/I 1mg/l Nitrite (N02) 2.0mg/l Nitrate (N03) 20mg/l Lead (Pb) 1.0mg/l - FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-5 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Phosphate (PO4) 30mg/I Sulphide 2mg/I Selenium 0.2mg/1 Tin 5mg/i Sulphite 50mg/l Sulphate 1000mg/l Zinc 5mg/l Total non-ferrous metals 10mg/l Chlorides 1000mg/l_ Oil & grease 10mg/l Nil in some cases In addition, no person shall discharge into the sewer any of the following substances: 1. Calcium carbide; 2. Chloroform; 3. Condensing water; 4. Degreasing solvents of mono-di-trichloroethylene type; 5. Inflammable solvents. 6. Radioactive residues. 2.1.4 The Institutional Framework (a) NEMA, Provinces & Districts The National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) was formed and had a Director General by July 2001, however was not fully functional for a period of time due to the absence of a Board and staff. Currently NEMA employs about 156 people, but there are only five people dedicated to environmental impact assessment (EIA) enforcement and compliance. At the start of this year, NEMA issued a notice through the national newspapers to all factories and facilities that they must have an audit completed by the end of the year. It is estimated that there are between 200,000 and 300,000 facilities that will require an audit in Kenya. Only five people in NEMA are dedicated to ElAs and environmental audits. Therefore, it is clear that the EIA department will be stretched beyond capacity in 2004 and 2005. In fact, unless drastic institutional measures are taken organisations and business enterprises could become disillusioned with NEMA and environmental regulation due to their inability to provide responses within a given time-frame. Through brief discussions with NEMA, the priorities for capacity building and training are in: * Environmental impact assessment (EIA); * Environmental auditing (EA); * Environmental standard development and enforcement; * Support to province and district environmental officers; and * Support for the formation and effective functioning of district environmental committees. (b) KenGen environmental capability KenGen is a progressive organisation and employs eight environmental officers within various sectors (4 officers at Olkaria Power Station, 3 Officers at the Headquarters and one officer at the Seven Forks Hydro system). However, there is no full time environmentalist based at Kipevu. There is a broad spread of expertise in KenGen ranging from environmental planning through to environmental science. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-6 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 2.2 World Bank Environmental Regulations 2.2.1 World Bank EIA Classification system According to the World Bank environmental classification system (A to D) this project will fall into category B. Category B type projects require a moderate level of environmental assessment. This is because the EIA is for the 'upgrading of an existing project'. The upgrading being the harnessing of waste exhaust from the two operational gas turbines. Category A type projects are generally large scale new development projects while category C projects have little environmental impact and an example could be the implementation of a training course. Category D type projects are projects for which separate ElAs may not be required as the environment is a major focus of project preparation. 2.2.2 World Bank Guidelines The World Bank guidelines directly relevant to this project are: * Thermal Power: Guidelines for New Plants - Pollution Prevention Abatement Handbook, July 1998; * Thermal Power: Rehabilitation of Existing Plants - Pollution Prevention Abatement Handbook, July 1998; * General Environmental Guidelines, July 1998 (a) Ambient air quality Table 2.5: World Bank Guidelines for Air Quality Parameter 24 hour average in Annual average in Pg/m3 __pgm3 Nitrogen dioxide 150 100 Sulphur dioxide 150 80 Particulate Matter 150 50 (PM1o) Total Suspended 230 80 Particulates (b) Air emissions Table 2.6: World Bank Guidelines for Stack Emissions Gas Turbine with kerosene Parameter Maximum stack emissions (mg/Nm3) Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) 300 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2000 Particulates (PM10) 50 Gas Turbine with supplementary firing using HFO Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) 460 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2000 Particulates (PM10) 50 FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-7 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Wastewater sample analytical parameters and their associated World Bank limits for discharge to surface water are as follows in Table 2.7. Table 2.7 Maximum wastewater effluent discharge concentrations Wastewater parameter Maximum concentration (mg/m3) Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 50 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 250 Total suspended solids (TSS) 50 pH 6-9 (unit-less) Oil & Grease (O&G) 10 Total residual chlorine 0.2 Chromium (total) 0.5 Copper 0.5 Iron 1.0 Zinc 1.0 Temperature < 3YC Source: World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998 - Part l1l Local Kenya standard (not regulated by World Bank) (c) Noise Table 2.8 World Bank maximum allowable ambient noise levels Maximum allowable Leg (hourly) in dB(A) Receptor Day time Night time 0700 - 2200 hr 2200 - 0700 hr Residential, Institutional 55 45 and Educational Industrial and Commercial 70 70 Source: World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998 - Part lii FINAL KenGen ckm edit 2-8 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 3 PROJECT TECHNOLOGY, PROCEDURES & PROCESSES 3.1 Project background 3.1.1 Initial feasibility study KenGen owns two gas turbines at its power station in the Kipevu area of Mombasa, Kenya. The gas turbines are operated in a simple, open combustion cycle. KenGen intends to convert these turbines into a combined cycle gas turbine plant. A feasibility study for the conversion of the open cycle gas turbine power station to a combined cycle power station was conducted by Sinclair Knight Merz Consultants and a feasibility report produced in 2001. The aim of the study was to utilise the waste heat stream from the gas turbines by converting these into a combined cycle gas turbine plant. The Report proposed the installation of two heat recovery steam-generating boilers (HRSGs) at the gas turbine plant area with three possible options for conversion, each with two sub- options. These options were: * Conveying the steam from the HRSGs to run the two existing turbines at the old steam power station; * Conveying the steam from the HRSGs to run two newly installed turbines at the old steam power station; * Conveying the steam from the HRSGs to run two new steam turbines installed at the existing gas turbine site. The sub-options proposed were unfired option to generate an additional 36MW and supplementary firing with heavy fuel oil to generate an additional 70MW. 3.1.2 Updated feasibility study In December 2003, KenGen engaged Fichtner GmbH & Company to update the feasibility study and implement the project. The update study evaluated three alternatives for plant configuration. Generally, combined-cycle units including the one proposed in this project operate in two main stages. The first stage involves buming of fuel in combustion chamber and the resultant gases are used to drive turbines. In the second stage, the waste heat boilers recover energy from the turbine exhaust gases for the production of steam, which is then used to drive other turbines. The total efficiency of a combined-cycle system in terms of the amounts of electricity generated per unit of fuel used is greater than the efficiency of a conventional thermal power system. The details of the plant technology, procedures and processes are provided in the Updated Feasibility Report. KenGen recommended that three options be studied and evaluated for the plant configuration of the add-on plant so as to determine the optimal approach. The three alternatives are outlined below. Alternative 1: Installation of an unfired Heat Recovery Steam Generating (HRSG) boiler and one steam turbine of about 35MW output at the GT plot; Alternative 2: Installation of a HRSG boiler with supplementary firing and two steam turbines of about 30MW output each at the GT plot; Alternative 3: Installation of an unfired HRSG and one steam turbine of about 31MW output in the machine hall of the existing boiler plant. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 3-1 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 3.2 Project execution The project will be executed in three phases as follows: Phase 1: Updating the feasibility study and making final recommendations for the optimum option to be adopted for the project. In addition, an environmental impact assessment study (this report) providing environmental information on the existing plant and analysis of the rehabilitation options is part of Phase 1. Phase 2: Preparation of the conceptual design of the selected option, on the basis of which technical specifications and bidding documents for the supply and installation of project components will be prepared. It is envisaged that environmental and social considerations identified in this report will be included in the tender documents. Phase 3: Supervision of construction up to project completion. This will also involve implementation of the environmental and social management and monitoring plan. 3.3 Existing technology 3.3.1 Gas turbines The existing gas turbine plant consists of two engines manufactured by John Brown with GEC Alsthom (Kvaerner) generators, each with a 30MW capacity (Figure 2). The installed capacity of the thermal plant (two gas turbines) is 60MW. The gas turbines (GTs) are described below: (a) Gas Turbine Unit 1 Gas Turbine Unit 1 (GT1) was installed in 1991. After a major failure in 1996, a new gas turbine was installed to run the generator. GT1 was re-commissioned in 1997. In February 2003, the generator step up transformer failed. The turbine is not in use at present, but a new transformer is scheduled for installation. (b) Gas Turbine Unit 2 Gas Turbine Unit 2 (GT2) was installed in 199819. It is comprised the refurbished gas turbine of Unit 1 and the installation of a new generator. Since mid 2001 the two units have only been used to make up power shortages. Both turbines have been modified with a Frame 9E-radial fuel divider so that the gas turbine can fire kerosene without additives. 3.3.2 Existing steam plant Units 6 and 7 The Kipevu steam power station was commissioned in 1962. The station consists of two heavy fuel oil-fired John Thompson Boilers connected to two steam turbines. The units, 6 and 7 turbines, have installed capacities of 30 and 33MW respectively. The station has phased out five boilers/turbines (Nos. 1-5). The retired turbines and boilers will be removed and disposed of by the end of 2004. The installed capacity of the thermal plant is 63MW. (a) Boiler Unit 6 Boiler unit 6 has been out of operation since February 2001 after its operation certificate expired. Preparatory works for boiler rehabilitation were undertaken in 2002 on the stack and FINAL KenGen ckm edit 3-2 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 auxiliary tank. The insulation and burners were removed. Extensive refurbishment is outstanding and replacement of the burner management system is required. (b) Steam Turbine Unit 6 The steam turbine generator unit was installed in 1971. A major refurbishment of the turbine rotor and associated components was carried out between July and December 2002. The unit is available for use at a maximum rating of 28MW. (c) Boiler Unit 7 Boiler unit 7 is currently in operation. The burners and burner management system were changed in 1977. (d) Steam Turbine Unit 7 The steam turbine generator unit was installed in 1975. A major refurbishment of turbine casings, diaphragms and turbine was carried out in 1993. The turbine is currently not in operation due to failure of the Automatic Voltage Regulator. The turbine is rated at 30MW. 3.4 Existing processes 3.4.1 Gas Turbines The inputs to the process are kerosene fuel, lubricating oil, air filters and combustion air from the atmosphere. The outputs are excess hot gases released through the stacks, which mainly include NOx, SOx and CO2. Kerosene fuel is received into two vertical Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks each of 2000m3 capacity via a pipeline from the Kenya Petroleum Refineries Limited (KPRL). During operation, the fuel is transferred to the GTs through a pumping and filtering system. Combustion air from the atmosphere is filtered through: * Pulse clean air filtration system for GT1; * Static air filtration system for GT2. The filtered air is then compressed to ten times (x10) atmospheric pressure then conveyed to the combustion chamber. The fuel is mixed with the compressed air, heated at high temperatures, atomised and the hot gases used to turn the turbines. The excess gases are released through the stacks. The GTs all have a closed circuit cooling water system for cooling the lubricating oil. The cooling water is replaced every four to six months. The GTs are also equipped with two types fire fighting systems. These are described in the Chapter 13 entitled Occupational Health and Safety. 3.4.2 Steam Boilers and Turbines The inputs to the process of generating steam include the following: * Heavy fuel oil (HFO) stored in two vertical ASTs each of 4000m3 capacity delivered through pipelines from KPRL; * Treated fresh water for the boilers delivered through pipeline from the National Water Corporation; * Combustion air from the atmosphere; * Sea water for cooling. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 3-3 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 The outputs are mainly; * Used oil and sludge from combustion and filtration of HFO; * Excess steam and SOx emission through the stacks; * Slightly elevated temperatures of cooling water released back to the sea. The HFO is filtered and heated at the heating and pumping unit and then supplied to the furnace / burners of the boilers. The fuel is mixed with combustion air from the atmosphere to produce hot gases to heat the water in the boilers. The steam generated in the boiler is then conveyed to the steam turbines to generate electricity, after which the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled. The cooling water from the sea is conveyed through pipes to cool the steam in the condenser. The exhaust gases from the combustion chamber are released into the atmosphere. The cooling water pumping station, situated opposite the KPA administration building, consists of six pumps, of which only three are in service. Pump No. 1 is in operation to cover the cooling water needs of Steam Turbine 6. Pump No. 2 is on stand-by. Each pump has a capacity of 35,000 gal/min (9550 m3/hr). Pump No. 3 requires major repairs to make it operational. Pump Nos. 4 - 6 each with a capacity of 10,000 gal/min (2,730 m3/hr) were overhauled in 2003. 3.5 Proposed modifications The Updated Feasibility Report by Fichtner proposes the following modifications: 3.5.1 Plant layout In all the proposed alternatives under consideration, the Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) and bypass stacks will be installed. The proposed location is outward of the existing GTs. 3.5.2 Mechanical systems * Installation of new stacks and silencers; * Installation of new pumps at the cooling water pumping station; * Overhaul of the pumping house and screens; * Construction of a new water treatment building; * Installation of a separate and new chlorination plant since the existing chlorination plant is not adequate for continuous operation; * Repairs to the cracked sections of the piping between Nos. 5 and 6 condensers especially for Alternative 3 with installation of a new steam turbine in the existing machine hall; * Installation of a third kerosene fuel tank with a capacity of 2000m3 adjacent to the existing tank farm; * Installation of a new raw water and de-mineralised water storage tanks; * Construction of a new central control and switchgear building where the entire CCPP will be operated and controlled; * Installation of new GRP piping along the shoreline for alternatives 1 and 2; * Relocation of the existing fire fighting equipment including fire-water storage tank and the fin fan cooler of GT2. 3.5.3 KPLC substation The operation of the 33kV substation has been found to be unreliable due to outdated equipment. Fichtner has recommended replacement. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 3-4 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 4 MATERIALS TO BE USED 4.1 During construction 4.1.1 Construction activities and timetable Construction activities will involve the following: * Procurement and extraction of construction materials - this includes the following activities: mining, quarrying, water abstraction; * Establishment of site office and temporary sanitary facilities for the workforce; * Construction activities such as transport of construction materials and use of heavy and light construction machinery; * Site clearance, demolition work, relocation of site facilities, foundation laying, excavation and filling, building work, disposal of construction wastes; * Construction of access roads to the shoreline at reasonable spacing and all along the shoreline to enable transport of heavy equipment; * Installation of services (pipework, electrical systems etc); * Installation of additional AST and associated piping; * Storage of materials including chemicals and fuels; * Completion of the development. Construction work will be carried out from Monday to Saturday from 7:30am to 6:00pm for a period of 20 - 22 months. The period of commencement has not yet been finalised. The actual quantities of cement, sand, ironworks, piping etc has yet to be determined. 4.2 During operation The materials / inputs to the processes during operation have been described in Section 4.4 for the existing processes at the GT and Steam Plant. The materials to be used during operation are similar to those already described but will vary slightly depending on the alternative selected. These are outlined below: 4.2.1 Alternative I and 3: Unfired Materials to be used include: * Kerosene fuel; * Lubricating oil; * Air filters; * Combustion air from the atmosphere; * Cooling water. 4.2.2 Alternative 2: HFO supplementary fired As outlined in altemative 1 with the following additional inputs: * Heavy fuel oil (HFO) stored in two vertical ASTs each of 4000m3 capacity; * Treated fresh water for the boilers. During operation it is also envisaged that environmental auditing and monitoring will be undertaken pursuant to Section 68 and 69 of the Environmental Act. The Environmental and Social Management Plan outlined in this report will be used to guide the audits. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 4-1 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 5 PRODUCTS, BY PRODUCTS AND WASTES 5.1 Products The main product will be electricity. As described in the Updated Feasibility Report additional MW to the existing 60MW as outlined in the alternatives are 35MW, 2x3OMW or 32MW. 5.2 By-products & wastes 5.2.1 General Segregating by-products and wastes can typically only be done at a specific point in time. Today's waste is tomorrow's by-product that can be re-used and / or recycled. This is exemplified by this project which is proposing to utilise the waste exhausts as a by-product to generate additional electricity. 5.2.2 Air emissions The air emissions of Sulphur oxides (SO.) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) will continue to be produced. 5.2.3 Sludge from the fuel systems There is little or no sludge produced from kerosene. The quantities of lubricating oil used per annum are low and do not result in significant sludge. Transformer oil is typically collected and accumulated until sufficient quantities have been collected and then returned to the supplier. During the site visit there were 26, 210 litre drums with transformer oil of which a few (less than 5) were observed to be leaking. However, if a fired option is considered, the HFO results in the production of considerable quantities of sludge. 5.2.4 Thermal water Water at temperatures 3 degrees or more above (or below) ambient temperature levels is both a waste and poses a risk to marine life. 5.2.5 Oily water from the fuel systems There is the potential for oily water to be produced from kerosene, lubricants and transformer oil. Oil / water separators are required and the drainage lines require linking and integrity testing. 5.2.6 Miscellaneous solid waste including packaging, chemicals, lagging There is a large amount of miscellaneous solid waste on site that requires removal including asbestos sheeting, plastic piping, iron works etc. 5.2.7 Office waste Office waste is collected and apparently disposed of at Mwakirungi by the Contractor who has the cleaning contract. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 5-1 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 6.1 Stakeholders As required in the ToR, GIBB held meetings or attempted to hold meetings with the following major stakeholders in the limited time available for this study: * KPLC; * Ministry of Energy; * ERB; * Kenya Ports Authority (KPA); * Municipal Council of Mombasa; * Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute (KMFI); * Local administrations; * Local people; * NGOs; * Environmental groups. Meetings or contacts were made with the following additional stakeholders, and the details of the minutes can be found in Appendix 4: * GEF-KAM Industrial Energy Efficiency Project; * The Cleaner Production Centre; * The Petroleum Institute of Kenya; * The Kenya Oil Refinery; * The Environmental Liaison Centre International; * The Environment Trust of Kenya. 6.2 Stakeholder workshop A Stakeholder Workshop is planned for late February to early March 2004. A tentative date of Tuesday 2nd March 2004 has been proposed. It is envisaged that KenGen will formally invite all major stakeholders and make available this environmental assessment report for a reasonable period of time, prior to the workshop (for example, 10 days). It has been recommended that the Workshop is held in Mombasa and all four GIBB environmental team members will assist with the facilitation of the Workshop. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 6-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 7 POTENTIALLY AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 7.1 Baseline environment For ElAs, the environment is taken to include both the bio-physical and socio-economic environments. In order to determine how "affected" the environment may become with project implementation, it is necessary to describe the baseline conditions. For ease of reference the bio-physical environment is sub-divided into: * Topography, climate and air quality; * Flora; * Fauna; * Geology and soils; * Water resources; * Human influence and pollution. The socio-economic environment is sub-divided into: * Ethnic groupings and population structure; * Population density; * Health (morbidity and mortality data); * Water and sanitation services; * Household data; * Energy sources; * Employment levels and types; * Cultural beliefs and folklore; * Religion; * Housing; * Literacy levels; * Gender. 7.2 Bio-physical environment 7.2.1 Topography, climate and air quality (a) Topography The land at Kipevu site rises sharply to an altitude of 50m within a short distance from the sea level. The site topography is diverse and presents a mixed pattern. The area is characterised by steep gradients and undulating relief. (b) Climate Kipevu experiences a moist, tropical, monsoon climate. Temperatures are hottest typically from December to March and coolest from June through to the end of August. The average daily temperature is approximately 26°C. The average number of bright sunshine hours is eight. Relative humidity is high throughout the year and can reach 95% during the two rainy seasons of April / May (the long rains) and September / October (the short rains). Average annual rainfall is 1040mm, of which more than 40% typically falls in April and May. Winds in Mombasa follow a typical monsoon pattern and at the Kipevu site are affected by the sea breeze. During November to March the wind direction from 2 am to 11 am is generally west-north-west and from midday to midnight is east-south-east. From May to September the change is less dramatic with a south-west (220°) wind direction from 2 am to 11 am and south- FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-1 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 east (1250) from midday to midnight. Mean wind speed is 1.2m/s from 2am to 11 pm and 5.2m/s from midday to midnight (personal communication Tsavo Power, 2004). (c) Air quality Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) are the two air emission parameters of concern at the thermal power plants. There have been few studies performed to determine the possible negative impacts to the local ground level air quality from the Kipevu plants. Therefore, GIBB performed an air quality sampling programme to ascertain the existing background levels of NO2 and S02 in the immediate surroundings of the gas turbine (GT). The sampling programme was modelled on a 1995 study to establish a baseline for evaluating the impacts of the then proposed Kipevu I and Kipevu II power plants. The study involved passive diffusion tubes to sample the concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in the ambient air. Using a total of 16 tubes set at strategic points around the plant sites, the expected baseline conditions were approximated (Mott MacDonald, 1996). GIBB followed a slightly modified version of the above methodology. GIBB set colorimetric diffusive devices at multiple locations upwind and downwind of the plant. The World Bank Group's Pollution Prevention and Abatement Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants apply to sources larger than 50MW or with an equivalent heat input greater than 170x106BTU/hr. For this study Drager colorimetric tubes for NO., and SO. were placed at 7 locations within a radius of 10km to the GT plants. The tubes were placed at two locations along the property boundary, the Port Reitz Hospital and at 4 KPLC sub-stations. At the time of sampling only the GT and the KenGen Diesel Plant were generating power. Air quality testing results are presented in table 7.1. Table 7.1: Air Quality Test Results, 2004 Location SO2 NO2 Sample period _(g/m3) (lg/m 3 (min) SW property boundary 1.0 <0.1 300 Southern boundary windward side 1.0 <0.1 300 Kipevu Hill top sub-station 0.8 <0.1 270 Makande sub-station 1.66 <0.1 180 Mbaraki sub-station 1.66 <0.1 180 Refinery sub-station 0.83 <0.1 180 Port Reitz Hospital 0.8 <0.1 270 7.2.2 General ecology of the coastal area Ecological baseline conditions of the project area mainly describe the general ecology of the coastal habitats and the immediate hinterland and specifically the ecological conditions of the Kipevu Site and the surrounding areas around the Makupa Creek, which constitute what is generally referred to as the project area. Areas of ecological importance include the marine ecosystem, the terrestrial vegetation types and critical habitats and endangered species. (a) Marine ecosystem The coastal zone has several different ecosystems with a high degree of faunal and floral diversity. The main ecosystems comprise the coral reefs, the mangroves and other tidal ecosystems and the associated inland terrestrial vegetation types. (i) Coral reef ecosystem The coral reefs roughly run parallel to the coast at distances ranging from 500m to 2km from the shoreline. The coral reefs, however, do not occur at the mouths of streams and rivers. This is due to the silt load of river water, the low salinity of the river mouths and the absence of hard substrate at these sites. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-2 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 The coral reefs are one of the finest examples of a biologically productive and taxonomically diverse ecosystem. About 140 different species of hard and soft corals have been identified along the Kenya coast (Bess, 1990). The coral reefs form a very complex ecosystem which even rival the complexity of tropical rain forests. They form important breeding grounds for fish and other marine life. Coral reefs are a barrier against the force of the sea and the lagoons they protect provide a stable environment for the breeding and feeding of marine organisms. (ii) Sea grasses The sea grass beds occur in lagoons between the fringing reefs and the shore as well the creeks. The sea grasses form a highly productive system, providing nursery grounds for marine fauna. They also play an important role in marine food chains in various habitats including the lagoons, creeks, coral reefs and open sea (Isaac, 1968). Most important sea grasses along the Kenya coast are Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, Thalassodendron ciliatum and Thalassia hemprichii. Although Makupa Creek is a suitable habitat for the growth of sea grasses, there are currently no sea grass beds in the Makupa Creek. This is attributed to the oil spill of July 1988 that killed a wide range of plants found in Makupa Creek. (iii) Mangroves The mangroves are distinctive coastal ecosystems. They are basically estuarine and mainly occur in protected habitats where the seawater and freshwater from the land mix. The Kenya coast has an estimated area of 530km2 of mangrove forests. The mangrove forests are well developed in Lamu, Kiunga, Dodori, Gazi, Vanga and other areas along the coast. Around Mombasa, mangroves form a major vegetation in Mtwapa creek, Tudor creek and Port Reitz. Mangrove forests along the Kenya coast are dominated by the species of Rhizophora mucrunata, Avecinnia marina, Ceriops tagal and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza The mangroves are very productive ecosystems and yield large quantities of fish, crabs, prawns and oysters. They are also valuable sources of fuel wood, timber, tanning and other natural products (Kokwaro 1985). The mangroves from critical nursery grounds for numerous marine species. They are also important habitats for resident and migratory birds and other forms of wildlife (Ruwa, 1989). Makupa Creek is a suitable habitat for mangrove development. Mangrove communities covering an estimated 12ha along the Makupa Creek were destroyed following the large-scale oil spill of 1988 from the Kipevu Power Station. Establishment of mangrove community in Makupa Creek is presently in the early stages of succession and young bushes of Avecinnia marina have colonised the inter-tidal mudflat habitat. (b) Terrestrial vegetation types Along the coast the original vegetation has been greatly modified by agriculture and other human interference. Before this modification the vegetation cover was a mosaic dependent on available moisture, soil type and elevation. Several broad vegetation types including the coastal dunes, forests, woodlands, bushlands and savannas are encountered from the shoreline inland. (i) Coastal dunes and cliffs These are unstable formations. They are covered with salt tolerant vegetation. Removal of this vegetation leads to erosion of the sand dunes and the cliffs. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-3 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 (ii) Lowland dry forest on coral rag This type of a forest occurs on the narrow strip of land usually less than 5km wide extending inland from the coast where old raised reef is the land surface. This is the type of vegetation found around Diani, Mtwapa and Shimoni. This vegetation is currently under severe threat of clearance for hotel and other tourist related developments. Remnants of this vegetation, albeit significantly disturbed by human activities, are represented at the Kipevu area especially the land set aside for the Export processing Zone. (iii) Lowland moist forest This forest is rich in plant diversity especially the hard wood species. It is found in coastal areas with high rainfall especially in Buda and Tongoni Forest Reserves at Witu and Shimba Hills. Some of the "Kaya" or sacred forests are found in this forest type. The lowland moist forest has come under great human pressure. Today there is very little of this forest remaining outside protected areas. (iv) Lowland dry (deciduous) forest This type of forest is found in areas with annual rainfall between 600 and 1000mm and well- drained soils. It is mainly found in Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve. In northern Kilifi the lowland dry forest is being cleared for pineapple plantations. (v) Lowland woodland This woodland is mainly remnant vegetation of Brachystegia speciformis on infertile white sandy soils. This vegetation is characteristic of Kwale and Kilifi districts. (vi) Acacia - Euphorbia bushland Bushland vegetation occurs over the whole coastal hinterland where rainfall is less than 600mm per annum. Activities such as overgrazing and charcoal burning are presently threatening the productivity of this ecosystem. (vii) Lowland savanna This is a lowland grassland with scattered trees and bushes. It is a widespread vegetation type where shift and burn agriculture is still practised. Lowland savanna is the characteristic vegetation of the foot plateau. (c) Critical habitats These are areas of unique or outstanding value because of their inherent ecological or geological attributes and include: * Areas of high biodiversity; * Habitats for endemic, rare or endangered species; * Areas of intense scenic beauty; * Areas with aesthetic and sacred value; * Areas with the above characteristics along the coast between Kilifi and Mombasa districts cover a wide range of habitats including forests, groves, creeks and coral reefs. (i) Arabuko - Sokoke forest The Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, with an area of 372 km2, is situated between Kilifi Creek and the Sabaki River. This is a forest with high biological diversity. The forest is one of the most important sites in Kenya for bird conservation (Kesley and Langton, 1984). Six species of birds listed as rare in the ICBP / IUCN Bird Red data Book occur in this forest. Two of these bird species, the Sokoke Owl (Otus ireneae) and the Clarke's Weaver (Ploceus golandi) are found nowhere else in the world. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-4 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 In addition to the endemic bird species, the Arabuko-Sokoke forest is of great importance for other wildlife. It is the only known locality for the rare Ader's Duicker (Cephalophus adersi). The frog Leptopelis flavomacculatus is only known elsewhere in the Shimba Hills. Two bufferflies, Charaxes lasti and Charaxes protocles are endemic. The Kipevu power project will not affect this unique forest situated in Kilifi / Malindi District which is over twenty kilometres to the north of the project site. (ii) The Kaya forests The Kaya Forests are relic patches of the once very extensive lowland rain forests of Eastern Africa. The word "Kaya" means homestead to the Miji Kenda people. Historically the Kayas sheltered small-fortified villages and functioned as places for refuge in times of war. Today the Kayas are still respected as holy places for burying elders and offering sacrifices and prayers (Robertson, 1987). The main Kayas in Kilifi District are the Kaya Kauma, Kaya Chonyi, Kaya Jibana, Kaya Kambe, Kaya Ribe, Kaya Rabai and Kaya Giriama. These forest patches have a high biodiversity and contain rare and unique flora. The forests protect the many small but important watersheds. They also form suitable habitats for the remnants of rain forest trees such as Sterculia appendiculata and Chlorofora exelsa. The Kipevu power project will not affect the Kaya forests which are mainly in Kilifi District, some 20-30 kilometres to the north of the project area. (iii) Sacred groves The sacred groves are small patches of forests and woodlands that have developed in areas with unique geological formations such as caves and rock outcrops. These are areas of great scenic beauty. The sacred groves are used for offering prayers, rainmaking and other traditional practices by the Miji Kenda. Most prominent among the sacred groves of the district are the Cha Simba, Pangani and Kambe Rocks in Kaloleni and Mulungu wa Mawe in Ganze. The rock outcrops contain many rare, endemic and botanically unique plants. Striking plants to be seen in the sacred groves include Euphorbia wakefieldii, Pandanus rabaiensis and Ficus wakefieldii. The endemic Saintpaulia rupicola and the rare Cola octobaloides and Savia fadenii are among other unique plants found in the sacred groves. Like the Kaya forests, the sacred groves are mainly found in Kilifi District are also not threatened by the proposed project. (iv) Gorges and creeks The Rare and Ndzovuni Rivers of Kilifi District have cut deep gorges in some sections of the district before discharging their water into Kilifi Creek. The gorges cut by the above rivers are colonised by unique flora including the succulents and cycads. The gorges are suitable habitats for species such as Eucephacartos hilderbrandtii (Cycadaceae) Gonotopus bolvinii (Araceae) Cissus quandrangularis (Vitaceae) among other spectacular plant species. Like the sacred groves, the gorges are also sites of great scenic beauty. The creeks are critical habitats for a wide range of marine organisms. They are important breeding, nursery and feeding grounds for marine fish and crustaceans. The coastal area has several major creeks including Tudor, Mtwapa, Kilifi and Mida Creeks. The Rare, Nzovuni and other minor gorges in Kilifi District are far away from the project site (some 30-40 km) and will not be affected by this project. The Makupa Creek is part of the greater Tudor Creek system. The proposed project will have limited impacts on the Makupa Creek as described in detail in the chapter on environmental impacts. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-5 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 (v) Coral reefs The coral reefs roughly run parallel to the Kenya coast at distances ranging from 500m to 2km from the shoreline. The coral reefs, however, do not occur at the mouth of streams and rivers. This is attributed to the low salinity of the river mouths, the absence of hard substrate at these sites and possibly to the high silt load of some rivers. There are ten main coral reef areas along the Kenya coast of which Bamburi reef, Vipingo-Kanamai reef and Watamu-Malindi reef are found along the shore of the Kilifi District. Corals belong to the fairly large group of animals known as coelenterates. The living corals are colonies of polyps, which secrete a calcareous sheath around them. About 140 different species of hard and soft corals have been identified along the Kenya Coast (UNEP, 1989). The most common coral genera found along the coast include Pocillopora, Acropora, Montipora, Astreopora, Porites, Playtgyra, Echinopora and Galaxea. The coral reefs are one of the finest examples of a biologically productive and taxonomically diverse ecosystems. A coral-reef forms through a system of intricate inter-relationships among a multitude of organisms, a very complex ecosystem, which rivals the complexity of the tropical rain forests. The coral reefs are critical habitats for a host of marine organisms. The reefs are utilised as feeding, spawning, nursery grounds and shelter for a wide range of marine life including marine fish, sponges, echinoderms, molluscs, annelids, crustacean and other coelenterates. This project will not affect the coral reefs along the Kenya coast. The Makupa Creek (situated in close proximity to the project site) is not a suitable habitat for the growth of coral reefs. (d) Ecological conditions of the Kipevu area (i) Flora of Kipevu area The flora of Kipevu area fall under the coastal vegetation type referred to as the Manilkara Delbergia/ Hyparrhenia zone (Jaetzold and Schmidt, 1983). This is mainly a bushland community composed of several trees and shrubs that usually do not exceed a height of 10m. Most of the natural vegetation on dryland Mombasa has been cleared to give way to industrial and residential quarters. Nevertheless, remnants of natural vegetation, albeit disturbed by human activities, are found around Kipevu especially between the power station and the sea and covering most of the land set aside for the Export Processing Zone (EPZ). The most common plant species around the Kipevu Power Station and surrounding areas are listed in Appendix 2. There are close to 100 species of common plants around Kipevu area, which belong to 33 families of the flowering plants. The most abundant family group is the Graminea. Other relatively abundant groups are the Paplionaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Mimosaceae. The most prominent trees are the species of Acacia, Cassia singuena, Dalbergia vaccinifolia, Manilkara mochisia and Ziziphus abyssinica. Palms including Cocos nucifera and Hyphaene compressa are common around the area. The bush vegetation is not continuous but is distributed in clumps. In between the clumps, the ground is mainly covered by grass vegetation. The most common of the grasses include the species of Hyparrhenia, Cymbopogon, Panicum, Aristida and Cynodon dactylon. The above vegetation extends into the compound of the Kipevu Power Station although there has been significant human interference. The area around the diesel plant has been landscaped and various exotic and local plants have been introduced. The common plants used in the landscaped area and along the roads and paths of the of the rest of non landscaped area include, Delonix regia, Bauhinia sp., Bourgainvillea, Cassia spectabilis, Euphorbia splendens, Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) Terminalia mantally, Terminalia catapa, Spathodea campanulata, Adansonia digitata, Palms (Cocos nucifera and Phoenix reclinata) Cynodon dactylon, Acalypha wilkesiana and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis among other common plants and ornamental plants. In addition to the above account of natural terrestrial flora around the Kipevu Power Station, the project area has a specialised vegetation type in what is referred to as the inter-tidal zone, FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-6 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 an area that is covered by sea during high tides and exposed during the neap tides. Under normal conditions the inter-tidal zone is colonised by several species of algae, sea grasses and mangroves. The inter-tidal habitat of the project area is still recovering from the effects of the oil spill of 1988. However, there is now significant establishment of mangroves dominated by the Avecinnia marina bush and a few saplings of Rhizophora mucrunata. he green alga, Ulva is occasionally spotted on the mud substrate of the inter-tidal zone. (ii) The phytoplankton and algae of Makupa Creek The phytoplankton community is an important component of the marine ecosystem. Phytoplankton are the major primary producers in the marine aquatic system in the project area. They provide the initial energy input in the marine food chain. A list of the phytoplankton composition of Makupa Creek established in 1993 is presented in Table 7.2. The most common groups of phytoplankton were the diatoms, the dinoflagellates and the blue-greens. The phytoplankton assemblage recorded in Makupa Creek is a normal algal composition for the creek habitats. The phytoplankton composition is also among the species diversity reported for Mombasa area by Norconsult, 1974. Table 7.2: The phytoplankton of Makupa Creek Organisms Station 1 Station 2 Actrioptychus spendens + + Anthrospira sp + + Biddulphia simensis + + Biddulphia rhombus + + Certium sp. + Chaetoceros sp. + + Climacosphenia moniligera + + Coscinociscus sp + Dinophysis sp. + Leptocylindrus sp. + Melosira sp. + Melosira sulcata + Navicula sp. + + Nitzschia sp. + + Oscillatoria sp. + + Peridinium sp. + Pleurosigma elongatum + + Rhizosolenia sp. + + Spirulina sp + Stephanopyxis sp. + Striatella interrupta + + Synedra sp. + + Thallasiothrix sp. + Tricerdium E. _+ Source: Development Impact Assessment for the Export Processing Zone, Mombasa. Station 1 - Near Kipevu EPZ Site. Station 2 - Near former Kibarani Dump. (iii) Fauna of Kipevu area Generally animal life was poorly represented on the terrestrial habitat around Kipevu area. The insect life was, however, relatively common. Members of the insect community encountered in the terrestrial habitat included the grasshoppers, bees and butterflies. The avifauna community was present on the project area habitats although species diversity and abundance were rather low. The Indian crow (Corvus plendens vicillot) was common in the area. Other birds found in the project area included the little swift (Apus affinis) ring-necked dove (Streptopella capicola) Grey-headed sparrow (Passer griseus) and speckled mousebird (Colius striatus). The sunbirds (Nectarinia sp.) among other bird species were also found on the site, albeit in small numbers. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-7 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 The reptiles found on the site were mainly the common lizard and an occasional Agama, and snakes. Among the mammals found in the terrestrial habitat were the vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The inter-tidal zone is an important habitat of the project area. This zone is covered with sea water during the high tide and subsequently, the substrate is exposed during the low tide. The inter-tidal mud flat is usually rich in marine fauna. The habitat supports a wide variety of bottom-feeding invertebrates including the crabs, annelids, oligochaetes, polychaetes and molluscs. The dominant groups of the inter-tidal invertebrates at the Makupa Creek were crabs including Cardisoma camifex and Sesarma guttatus. The pelagic zone is dominated by various species of fish including the Snapper (Lutjanus fulvi- flammus) Honey comb rock cod (Epinephelus merra) Sweet lips (Gaterin gaterinus and G. niger) Bat fish (Platax pinnutus and Sardinella sp. among other common marine fish of the project area. The zooplankton community is important in the marine ecosystem because it forms a link between the primary producers and the secondary consumers. Some zooplankton is used in later stages as direct food for man. The crustaceans such as mysids and sergestids are used as human food. The zooplankton of Makupa Creek fall into two broad categories, the holoplankton and the meroplankton. The holoplankton comprise organisms that are members of Coelentrata, Ctenophora, Siphonophora, Chaetognatha, Mollusca and planktonic Crustaceae. The meroplankton are the organisms that do not spend their whole life as plankton. They are the developmental stages such as the eggs and larvae of invertebrates and fish. The zooplankton of Mombasa Creeks has been reported to be rich in species diversity and abundant in numbers. Over 51 taxa have been documented with an average density of 236 organisms m-3 (Okemwa, 1989). The major groups of zooplankton found in Makupa Creek are presented in Table 7.3. The most abundant members of the zooplankton community are the copepod nauplii and the bivalve larvae. Table 7.3: The Zooplankton of Makupa Creek Organisms Station I Station 2 Acantharians + + Appendicularia + + Bivalve larvae + + Branchyuran larvae + + Chaetognaths + Cirrepede nauplii + Copepods + + Copepod nauplii + + Fish eggs + + Fish larvae + + Gastropod larvae + Isopods + + Medusae + + Mysiids + + Nematodes + + Polychaeta larvae + Tinhniids + Source: Development Impact Assessment for the Export Processing Zone, Mombasa. Station 1 - Near Kipevu EPZ site. Station 2 - Near former Kibarani Dump. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-8 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 7.2.3 Geology and soils The rocks in the Kenya Coastal area are largely of sedimentary origin and range in age from the Permian (or possibly Upper Carboniferous) to Recent. The rocks are a result of marine invasion in Mid Jurassic times that led to the deposition of a series of limestone, sandstones and shales that were deposited on the Mazeras Sandstone. The Mombasa area is underlain by sedimentary formations comprising the Magarini Sands overlying the Changamwe Shales. The bottom of the succession is composed of the Coroa Mombasa Limestones and shales. The Magarini Sands are the youngest formation in the area. It is believed that in Upper Pliocene times, the material that forms the Sands was eroded from the Duruma Sandstones, a Triassic rock found further inland. The Magarini Sands were deposited as river gravels and coastal dunes. The deposition is, in general, ill-sorted, poorly stratified and unconsolidated and varies in grade from silty clay to a coarse boulder gravel. The Changamwe Shales are part of the Upper Jurassic shales and limestones found within the coastal belt and were deposited in a marine environment. The shales are greenish grey to yellowish, sandy, calcareous and sometimes ferruginous and contain bands of nodular clay, ironstone and muddy limestone. The Coroa Mombasa Limestones and Shales were deposited at an earlier stage than the Changamwe Shales although the lithology of the deposit does not differ from that of the Changamwe Shales. Mombasa Island is largely covered by rocks termed the Kilindini Sands, raised fossil coral reefs, alluvia and Oyster Beds. The Sands are flat-bedded, coarse and poorly cemented quartz sands with two distinct calcareous horizons. North of Mombasa Island borehole evidence shows that the top ten metres or so consists of broken coral in a matrix of brown soil and sand grading into coral, compact in parts, with lenticles of true coral found in a matrix of coral rubble. Northwest of the Island the cover is of flat-bedded, coarse calcareous sands interbedded with quartz sands, coral sands, clays and shelly crags. These appear to grade westwards by a lessening of their calcareous content into the more quartzose Kilindini Sands. Coral outcrop can be observed at the Kipevu site. The coral appears to be covered in a relatively thin (up to 50 cm) layer of sandy and silty carbonaceous soils. Within a short distance from the sea (approximately 50-100m) the land rises sharply to a plateau where Kipevu I and 11 stations are. At Kipevu II, the site is known to be underlain by Jurassic shales that are heavily jointed, generally in a southerly direction. The soils are poorly developed and are mainly sandy in texture. There is some degree of soil erosion especially on the steep terrain where miniature gulleys have been cut by runoff. Soil erosion is also pronounced along the footpaths and in areas where man has interfered with the substrate. 7.2.4 Water resources (a) Water quality Common water quality characteristics of the project area are presented in Tables 7.4 and 7.5. The water quality characteristics of the Makupa Creek determined in 1993 are within the range of water quality values of creek waters around Mombasa reported by Norconsult, 1975. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-9 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Table 7.4. Some water quality characteristics of creek waters around Mombasa Parameter Range of concentration pH 7.9 - 8.2 Temperature (u C) 28 - 29 Transparency (Secchi Disk) m 1.7 - 4.1 Turbidity (TTU) 0 - 4.6 Salinity (0/°0) 34.6 - 36.1 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 2.1 - 9.9 Phosphates (pg/I) 12- 112 Total nitrogen (pg/1) 50- 125 Oxygen (mg/I) 4 - 10 Source: Norconsult, 1975. Table 7.5. Water quality characteristics of Makupa Creek Parameters Stations Near Kipevu EPZ Site Near Former Kibarani dump Temperature (0C) 28 28 Salinity (0/0) 36 36 Transparency (Secchi disk) (m) 2 2 Turbidity (JTU Units) Nil Nil Dissolved Oxygen (mg/i) 4.6 4.6 pH 8.2 8.0 Electrical conductivity (pMhos/cm) 47,000 42,000 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/I) 33,000 31,000 Nitrate (NO3) (mg/I) 9.5 3.3 Presumptive Coliform Counts (per ml) 17 1 Escherichia coli (E coli) counts (ml) 17 13 Source: Development Impact Assessment, Mombasa Export Processing Zone, 1993. (b) Bacteriological water quality Bacteriological water quality is an important parameter that may have health implications in the project area. Coliform bacteria are usually used as indicator organisms for bacteriological water quality. When coliform bacteria are present in water it indicates fairly fresh faecal contamination. Based on the data collected in 1993, and presented in Table 7.5 it evident that the waters of Makupa Creek were contaminated with bacteria of faecal origin. The faecal pollution at that time was mainly attributed to the sewage dumped at the former Kibarani Dump by the Mombasa Municipal Council. Although the dump has now been relocated to Mwakirunge area, the pollution situation may not have changed. This is due to the high influence of human activities and the mushrooming of unplanned settlements around the Makupa Creek. More investigations will need to be carried to determine the severity of the problem. (c) Wastewater Wastewater samples were to be collected from the thermal plants, however, during the site visit, the conditions were dry and no sample was collected. Discussions with the site engineers indicated that the most serious issue was likely to be elevated temperatures of the cooling water, followed by minor contaminants, such as oil, and / or low levels of heavy metals. Wastewater sample analytical parameters and their associated World Bank limits for discharge to surface water are as follows in Table 7.6. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-10 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 Table 7.6 Maximum wastewater effluent discharge concentrations Wastewater parameter Maximum concentration (mg/m3) Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 50 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 250 Total suspended solids (TSS) 50 pH 6-9 (unit-less) Oil & Grease (O&G) 10 Total petroleum hydrocarbons 20* 1(TPH ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Source: World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - Part /Il Local Kenya standard (not regulated by World Bank) 7.2.5 Human influence and pollution The Kipevu area is under significant human influence. Around Kipevu Creek is found scattered debris including motor vehicle parts, assorted metallic objects, bottles, glass and plasticware and paper. It is worth noting that the Kibarani Municipal refuse dump site was, until recently, located to the west and in close proximity to Kipevu Power Station. The Kipevu Power Station is a source of pollution to the surrounding areas due to petroleum by-products and a tremendous amount of heat emanating from the power station. On 13 July, 1988 a storage tank from Kipevu Power Station holding heavy fuel oil was accidentally punctured and about 4,000 tons of oil flowed into the sheltered Makupa Creek. The spilled oil greatly polluted the marine environment resulting in the destruction of 12ha of mangrove ecosystem and a massive mortality of marine flora and fauna (Munga et al, 1990). During the site visit between 22 and 26 January 2004, a significant quantity of spilled used oil was observed around the cooling water outfall structure and the rocks on the embankment of the outfall. It appeared as though used oil from the HFO facility had been dumped at this location. Oil contaminated soils were also observed on the soils adjacent to the HFO heating and pumping units and around both gas turbines. The heavy oil stains around the GTs were attributed to manual refuelling and leaking turbine parts. 7.3 The socio-economic environment The standard of living of the people of Chaani Location is greatly influenced by the existence, access, distribution and utilisation of social and economic infrastructure. Incomes of the population are important as they determine the level of saving, which influences investments. Most of the savings in the area are derived from activities in the industrial and commercial sector. The main economic pursuit of the people in the area is accrued from wage employment and self-employment. Most of the self-employed persons are engaged in Jua Kali (informal) activities such as tailoring, carpentry, blacksmith, maize roasting, repair of footwear etc. 7.3.1 Administration Mombasa District is divided into four divisions, namely Island, Changamwe, Kisauni and Likoni Divisions. The district has one local authority, the Mombasa Municipal Council. Although Island Division is the smallest, it has the largest number of locations and sub-locations. Kisauni, Changamwe and Likoni Division each have 2 locations. The proposed project is located in Chaani Location, Changamwe Division, Mombasa District. Chaani Location has 20 villages, each with a village elder to oversee development in the area, who reports to the Area Chief through the Assistant Chief. These village elders and the local FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-11 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 administration work well together and meet often to discuss development issues in the area. The village elders, who come from different tribes, represent their villages and can be relied on for information. Administratively, the Chief of Chaani Location is in charge of the area and he reports to the DO of Changamwe Division. The Assistant Chief reports to the Chief of Chaani and the village elders from the 20 villages report to the Chief and Assistant Chief. Local councillors can also be found in the area and the people of the area elect them. The location development committee, which is chaired by the Chief, is one of the forums where leaders meet and discuss development issues, which are in turn taken to the District Development Committee for funding if funds are available. The village elders, Chief and Assistant Chief play an important role in development and are a good entry point for any development in the area. 7.3.2 Ethnic groupings, population structure and household data The 20 villages found in Chaani location are Kalahari, Mathare, Mlolongo, Vietnam, Tausa, Mwatate, Kipevu, Mikadini, Nunganusu, Half london, Kaloleni, Kwahola, Chaani central, Mtaroni, BBC, Mcheleni, Msikiti Nuru, Kisumu Ndogo, Mainland corner and SangSang. Each of these villages has approximately 150 households although some have slightly less. Household sizes are generally large, although the figures vary widely depending on the source of information and accurate data on the number of people per household was unavailable. From the 1999 Population and Housing Census, Changamwe Division had 53,012 households. Chaani Location is cosmopolitan and all the major tribes of Kenya can be found in its villages. One can actually conclude that all the tribes in Kenya are represented in this location. Some of the major tribes found in Chaani location are the Mijikenda, Kambas, Luos, Taitas and the Luhyas. Apart from the Mijikenda from the Coast the rest of the tribes have migrated from other parts of the country and have settled here eg the Kamba artists have migrated from Ukambani and the Luhyas and Luos from Western Province etc. Thus one finds people of different cultures from different tribes intermingling in harmony. 7.3.3 Population density Mombasa district has an estimated population of 461,753 (1989) depicting an inter-censal growth rate of 30% from 1979. This population is projected to rise to 586,331, 628,047 and 661,085 in 1997, 1999, and 2001 respectively. In 1989, the district had a population of 461,753 of which 256,233 were males while 204,990 were females. (Source: Mombasa District Development Plan 1997-2001). Table 7.7: Population Density by Division: Division Area (sq Km 1989 1994 1997 1999 2001 Likoni 64 1,050 1,221 1,336 1,418 1,506 Island 21 6,082 7,066 7,732 8,210 8,717 Changamwe 71 1,598 1,857 2,032 2,157 2,291 Kisauni 126 1.217 1,414 1,547 1,643 1,744 Total 282 1,637 11,902 2,082 12,210 2,347 Source:1989 population census, Vol 1 In 1989, Kisauni had the largest population followed by Island and Changamwe while Likoni had the least. Both the 1999 Population and Housing Census (Vols 1 & 2) and the Mombasa District Development Plan do not show the population figures up to the location level. However, according to the 1999 census, Changamwe division had a population of 173,930 people with 53,012 households. According to the chief of Chaani location the Population of Chaani location in Changamwe division was 44,945 in the year 1999. (Source: Chief, Chaani Location). FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-12 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 There has been an increase in population in the location and this, according to the chief, is as a result of national growth and in-migration, mostly of labor force from other parts of the country. The high population is likely to impede the provision of services like water, schools and health services unless there is corresponding increases or expansion on these facilities. At the moment there is dire need for more public schools, additional health facilities and water supply. The overall concern of the Government of Kenya (GOK) with regard to population is to implement appropriate policies, strategies and programs that will consistently match the country's population growth with the available resources over time in order to improve the well being and quality of life. The pressure of population and rapid urban growth in the district and specifically at Chaani location has led to diminishing land-population ratio, unemployment and underemployment and other socially undesirable outcomes such as crime. The rapid growth has also overstretched existing infrastructure such as housing, health centre, schools, water and other amenities. Chaani location is the only location with the highest number of slums in Mombasa District and the slums are expanding at a very fast rate. 7.3.4 Health Changamwe Division has 2 GOK health facilities, 5 municipal facilities, and 7 private facilities. The majority of the health facilities in Mombasa District are privately owned and the rest are municipal and GOK owned. In Chaani Location there is only 1 Municipal owned health centre and a few privately owned health clinics. Most of the people in the area depend on the Government run hospital eg the Coast General hospital in Island Division, which serves the whole Province, and the Port-Reitz hospital in Changamwe Division, which serves as a district hospital. The 2 hospitals are quite far for the people of Chaani and reports indicate that there has been a drop in the number of patients seeking medical attention at these 2 GOK facilities due to shortage of drugs and the user-charges introduced. There has also been a drop in patients at the only health centre in Chaani location due to shortage of drugs. According to the nurses at the centre when drugs are available the number of patients is approximately 20 a day and this drops when there are no drugs. The community has initiated the "Bamako initiative" which are small community pharmacies, where drugs are sold at a cheap rate to members of the community. The village health committees and village health workers who run these pharmacies buy the drugs at wholesale prices and sell them cheaply to the community at a very small profit. These local pharmacies have helped the community members as most of the times there are no drugs at the health centre or at the hospitals. The Tsavo Power Company has assisted these initiatives, which has been perceived very well by the community as they talk about it all the time. The health centre has received assistance from The International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH) in terms of renovation and construction of a laboratory and VCT centre. ICRH also has plans to assist the centre further by building a wall around it. One doctor from ICRH assists the centre and the rest of the staff is from the Municipal council. Diseases such as malaria HIV/AIDS are major causes of morbidity both at the district and at the location level and have adversely affected the process of industrialisation. While malaria affects the whole population in the location, HIV/AIDS has tended to focus mainly on the productive age group. Major diseases reported include malaria, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoea and anaemia. In Mombasa district in 1994 malaria constituted 33.4% of all cases reported while pneumonia was 19.55%. Tuberculosis was recorded at 19.8 %. According to the Mombasa District Development Plan 1999-2001, 37% and 18% of the children in Mombasa district are moderately and severely stunted. The low nutritional levels greatly contribute to poverty and about 90% of food intakes in the district are from other parts of the country. The majority of the population in Chaani Location cannot attain the FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-13 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 recommended minimum food energy intake because they live below the poverty line. The low nutritional levels in this slum area are a result of poverty and most people here rely heavily on food brought in from Mombasa and neighbouring districts. 7.3.5 Water and sanitation services Chaani Location is served with water from Mzima spring in Makueni District. Of the 150 households in the villages three quarters of them have piped water in their houses while the rest depend on public standpipes. There are about 20 public standpipes where water is sold. These are managed by women's groups and some individuals. The local mosque has a borehole, and there are also a few shallow wells in the area which are privately owned. In some villages water is rationed and people have to look for alternative sources. Generally water supplies are insufficient for the whole location. The National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation has only been able to provide less than a half of the total requirement for the location and there is thus a need to increase water supply to meet the demand. This demand for water has been increasing as a result of the fast growing population and the increase of industrial activities. The water pipeline has not been upgraded for many years, which results in leakages and subsequent loss of water. The community was quite concerned about the start up of the project at KenGen as they fear that it will increase the demand for water and thus lead to further rationing of water in their area. There is need to seek and harness additional water sources for both industrial development and domestic usage. As noted earlier Chaani is the location with the highest number of slums. This is due to in- migration, which has led to the mushrooming of these shanty dwellings with little or no sanitation facilities. Most of the households depend on pit latrines and only a few households in villages such as Chaani and Mikadini have toilets in their houses. This lack of sanitation facilities has caused the prevalence of diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea diseases and intestinal worms. These diseases have been the major cause of death among infants. 7.3.6 Energy sources The location is not well served with power distribution. Only Chaani and Mikadini villages are served with power under the "site and service scheme" project funded by the with World Bank and implemented by the Mombasa Municipal Council. The rest of the villages are not connected but are within access to power. The problem with the present supply of electricity in the two villages is the frequent power rationing. Charcoal is commonly used for domestic cooking purposes and many people in the area use kerosene, both for cooking and lighting. 7.3.7 Employment levels and types The labour force for Mombasa district was estimated to be 359,002 people in 1996 and was estimated to rise to 370,261 people in 1997 and further to 417,469 by the 2001. For Mombasa District, the most economically active population is the labour force (15-59 years) and comprised 63% of the 1989 population unlike in other districts. This is due to the district's commercial, industrial and urban status. The majority of the labour force in the Chaani Location is comprised of males who are mainly employed in the informal sector as casual labourers. Many are small-scale business owners while others are employed in the informal sector. There are also a number of organised self- help groups (men, women and the youth) who are engaged in income generating activities. 7.3.8 Cultural beliefs and folklore Chaani location, being cosmopolitan, has representatives of most of the ethnic groups in Kenya. Major tribes such as the Mijikenda, Kambas, Luos, Taitas and Luhyas are found in the location with their own cultures and folklore and one cannot find a cultural belief which is common to all tribes. However, they intermingle very well and live in harmony. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-14 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 7.3.9 Religion All religions are represented in Chaani Location and religious leaders from all the denominations also play an important role in development. There are several churches and mosques found in the location. 7.3.10 Housing Most of the buildings in the location are temporary structures. Under the housing project funded by the World Bank through the Mombasa Municipal Council (the site and service scheme) the community was offered small loans to build permanent houses. Some people in the two villages of Chaani and Mikadini took up the loans and were able to build permanent houses. These houses have electricity and latrines in them. All residents of Chaani have to pay rates to the Municipal Council and there have been many cases where land has been repossessed because owners have not been able to pay the required rates. All the plot owners in the location have not yet been issued with title deeds. Due to the high population the houses are overcrowded and paths and drains are filled with garbage. During the rains the drains in some villages become blocked and the area flooded. 7.3.11 Literacy levels Mombasa District has a total of 253 pre-primary schools with the total enrolment of 26,504 pupils. Changamwe Division has 28 schools (primary and pre-primary) with child enrolment of 6115. Changamwe is one of the divisions, which has a high number of schools but low corresponding enrolment. This is because Changamwe forms a big portion of the peri-urban area of the district constituting the larger part of the population which is in the low-income bracket. Chaani Location has 5 public primary schools and over 10 private primary schools. There is only one girl's secondary school, which is run by the mission. The literacy level is below average and there are a high number of school dropouts who are unemployed. Due to unemployment, crime has been on the increase. 7.3.12 Gender From the public consultation, it was noted that both men and women actively participate in discussions. This was seen during the discussion with the village elders from the 20 villages. Some of the elders were women and others were men. Thus women have been able to take up leadership roles and are able to express their opinions without fear. The "Bamako initiative" is led by women as women are typically responsible for the family's health. Due to the cosmopolitan makeup in Chaani, there is no specific local culture inhibiting women from participating in discussions. Women in the area have organised themselves into groups and are engaged in income generating activities such as soap making, selling water at public standpipes and contributing money (merry-go-round) for their members. From discussions with the residents, both the men and women felt that needs of men, women, youth and children need to be taken into consideration in the proposed project. They also felt that the vulnerable groups should not be left behind and must be identified as vulnerable on a gender basis. It was observed that the poor must be identified as they are not a uniform group. Similarly it was not clear if the women village elders and those who came for the discussions were from the same economic or ethnic group and thus there cannot be any blueprint to meet all their needs. 7.3.13 Traffic The road leading from the main Mombasa port access road to Kipevu is only lightly trafficked by vehicles with staff who work at the Kipevu plants or by suppliers. The main road leading from the Kipevu gate directly to the Gas Turbine plant is likely to suffice for all light vehicular traffic. However, it maybe insufficient for heavy and / or wide loads and FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-15 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 detailed checks should be made prior to transporting equipment for the combined cycle project. Pedestrian and cycle traffic is limited to people who have permission to be on site. There are no public access routes that cross the site. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 7-16 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 8 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 8.1 Health and safety administration KenGen employs two hundred and sixteen permanent staff at the Kipevu Gas, Steam and Diesel plants. For the Gas Turbines, two production staff are deployed, on a twenty-four hour triple shift, seven days a week. The three KenGen Kipevu utilities employ a common, full-time Safety Engineer. There is a Safety Committee that was launched in 1999, comprising of several staff members. The committee is responsible for safety audits and training and has arranged training in fire fighting, first aid and disaster management. Committee meetings are held once a month and proceedings recorded. Individual members of the committee carry out random inspections daily to ensure that safety requirements are complied with in all areas on the premises. Based on observed conditions and practices, the Safety Committee has been ineffective. There is need for support from senior management and the Head Office. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) including overcoats, overalls, headgear, safety boots, earmuffs and safety goggles are provided to staff by the Human Resource Department. Accident registers are maintained. There has been no fatal accident on the premises. Minor incidents have been experienced and treated locally. 8.2 Occupational health and safety concerns 8.2.1 The risk of electrical shock Notices on electrical shock and treatment are displayed at different sections on the premises. The electric installations appeared to be in good state of repair. No welding or other hot work is undertaken on the premises. However, there is a need to document at least annual inspections of the electrical installations, especially given the corrosive sea air. 8.2.2 Fire protection (a) Fixed fire protection systems Five dry barrel hydrants are strategically sited to cover the premises. Each outlet is provided with a delivery hose in a cabinet. Fire water is supplied by the National Water Conservation Corporation. There is one overhead Braithwaite tank, approximately 150m3 capacity. The water system is pressurised with one electric motor driven Newman pump and a backup Mather and Platt pump with Fiat diesel engine. This is a manual system. In addition, two sets of automatically actuated CO2 flooding system are installed to protect each gas turbine. The system protects the engine, exhaust and electric component. The CQ2 flooding system poses an asphyxiation hazard, and while these are in the open air, waming signs should still be provided. (b) Portable fire suppression appliances A number of portable extinguishers are installed strategically to cover the plant. Atlas Mombasa Ltd is contracted to service the appliances on a quarterly basis. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 8-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 (c) Support from existing fire brigade The Kenya Ports Authority has a private brigade less than 1km away. The brigade employs well-trained staff deployed on twenty four-hour basis and prepared to attend to any emergency within the port. It is equipped with three fire engines, two rapid response vehicles and one ambulance. Portable equipment includes delivery hoses, foam compound and mixing branches, water canons and various types of extinguishers. The brigade is currently in the process of acquiring additional new fire engines. It is likely to attend immediately, if summoned in an emergency. The Mombasa City Council brigade is sited nearly 5km away. It is expected to attend in good time if summoned in an emergency. 8.2.3 Ambient and occupational noise and vibration (a) Existing plant The ambient and occupational noise levels of the existing GT were measured when the GT2 was in operation. The surrounding ambient noise levels were measured within the plant area and at the property boundary during day time and near extemal receptors such as residential areas during night time. Occupational noise levels are based on the World Bank and International Labour Organisation (ILO) maximum limit of 85dB(A). The ambient noise levels, as measured from the impacted off-site receptor, are based on the standards presented in Table below: Table 8.1 World Bank maximum allowable ambient noise levels Maximum allowa ble Leq (hourly) in dB(A) Receptor Day time Night time 0700 - 2200 hr 2200 - 0700 hr Residential, Institutional 55 45 and Educational Industrial and Commercial 70 70 Source: World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - Part 1ll The purpose of the noise surveys was to determine whether the existing plant was in compliance with the World Bank noise standards and define areas within the plants where hearing protective equipment should be worn, and receptors outside the plant where levels may be elevated due to plant operations. The noise levels were measured using an Extech Instruments Model 407736 sound level meter, which was automatically calibrated prior to use. Noise readings were measured in decibels 'A scale' (dB(A)) which is the weighting to have the meter respond as the human ear would with regard to frequency. 'A weighting' is used for environmental and occupational testing. World Bank and ILO occupational noise levels of 85.OdB(A) were not exceeded within the GT control room and the steam turbine hall. The maximum occupational noise levels measured were 69.8 and 74.3dB(A) respectively. Immediately outside the control room door, noise levels ranging between 90 - 99dB(A) were recorded. The results of the day time and night time ambient noise survey have been presented in Figure 2 and 3 respectively. Table 8.2 below provides a summary of the data. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 8-2 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Table 8.2 Ambient noise measurements at selected areas of Kipevu Gas Turbine Power Plant Location Noise level Noise level Amount Amount over in dB(A) in dB(A) over day- night-time Day time Night time time limit limit North property boundary 89.3 90.5 19.3 20.5 NE property boundary 86.5 86.4 16.5 16.4 East - fuel tank farm 62.7 - - SE property boundary 68.7 - South - on the road 67.9 61.8 - SW property boundary 75.5 71.0 5.5 1.0 West property boundary 70.0 - - NW property boundary 77.0 86.4 7.0 16.4 EPZ fence 59.2 56.6 - KenGen residential, NE 48.6 - - approx. 400m Kalahari residential - 45.3 0.3 boundary, approx 400m E ast _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The World Bank ambient noise levels are exceeded at some locations around the property boundary, mainly the northern end of the property facing Makupa Creek. However, at the KenGen residential premises and at the boundary to Kalahari residential the noise levels are found to be within the desired limits. (b) Combined cycle plant The Updated Feasibility Report has suggested that the Combined Cycle Plant will be equipped with standard noise attenuation features. The report has suggested three possible options for mitigating noise impacts. The report states that "All machinery, which exceeds the permissible noise limits, should be equipped with silencers, or with lagging or specially designed acoustic enclosures." The following noise levels are proposed. Table 8.3: Proposed noise levels Location Maximum Noise Level, dB(A) At one (1) metre outside the Plant fence / boundary when 70 all equipment is running At one (1) metre away from open air installations 85 Within the central control room 50 Within the turbine halls (outside operational areas) 90 Within other machine rooms, workshops 85 8.2.4 Occupational air pollution No studies have been performed on occupational air pollution. Potential contaminants include ozone, SO2, NO2, CO and C02. 8.2.5 Machine / equipment injury risk A number of safety audits have been carried out at Kipevu, but it appears that none have specifically targeted the Gas Turbine area. An audit is therefore recommended. The last known safety audit was of the diesel plant in February 2002. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 8-3 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 8.3 Important hazards and risks 8.3.1 Health hazard The operating temperature for the Control Room for Unit 1 is less than 150C. No su.itable protective clothing is provided to operators. However, the new design proposes the setting up of a central control room for the combined cycle plant. 8.3.2 Potential fire inception hazard The electric installations appeared to be in good state of repair. No welding or other hot work is undertaken on the premises. Signs of cigarette smoking were noted in the Control Room and a number of areas on the premises. Use of direct heating appliances was noted. The potential fire inception hazard exists. 8.3.3 Fire propagation hazard The fire propagation risk comprises of three main components, two separate turbines / generators and the tank farm. A fire in one unit is unlikely to spread and affect all other units. The potential for fire spreading is considered moderate. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 8-4 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 9 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS / IMPACTS 9.1 Positive impacts Overall the conversion of the open cycle to combined operation has significant positive impacts. The benefits accruing from this conversion have been described in detail during the feasibility study conducted by the Sinclair Knight Merz (in 2001) and the update carried out more recently by the by Fichtner (2003). The conversion presents a more efficient means of producing electricity. Harnessing the considerable energy remaining in the exhaust flow in a heat recovery steam generator provides the opportunity to use that energy in a range of options as shown below: 1. In the implementation of Alternative 1, Fichtner have commented that this is the most attractive from an investment perspective for KenGen. The output will be 35MW. 2. Implementation of Alternative 2 will result in more output at 60MW, but requires supplementary firing and therefore there will be corresponding fuel costs. Nevertheless Fichtner shows this alternative to have the lowest average power costs. 3. Implementation of Alternative 3, results in an output of 31MW, but is placed in the steam hall of the existing boiler plant which Fichtner have not recommended as it would "jeopardise future development in the old area of the station". 9.2 Negative impacts 9.2.1 General Although there are significant economic benefits from the proposed power project, implementation of the project will certainly have environmental implications especially on the surrounding marine habitat. The Kipevu Power Station is located in an environmentally sensitive area. The project site is in close proximity to the Makupa Creek that is part of a larger creek system connecting Port Reitz and Tudor Creeks and covering a total of 65 km (Munga, et al., 1991). The creek habitats are areas of great ecological importance. They serve as nursery and feeding grounds for many marine organisms including prawns, fish and shrimps. The creeks represent important fishing grounds at the coast. Surveys of fishing activities carried out in 1974 and 1975 showed that 40-50 fishermen operated within the creeks around Port Tudor and Kilindini. In addition, there are many but unknown number of fishermen fishing from the shore without boats (Norconsult, 1975). The fishing potential of this marine zone is high. In order to sustain the creek fisheries and other forms of marine exploitation, the creek waters must be protected from environmental degradation processes such as soil erosion, siltation, pollution and other forms of environmental degradation emanating from the proposed power development. Most of the negative environmental impacts envisioned in this project are likely to occur during the construction stage of the combined cycle plant. During the construction stage, the installation of HRSG boilers will use the land available in the remaining space around the Gas Turbines as shown in Photographic Plate No.1-4. This includes the area now occupied by water storage tanks, the area partly used as a dump for an assortment of piping material and discarded equipment and the surrounding bush land as shown in Photographic Plate 4. Approximately 1100 m2 of land north west of the site is to be reclaimed for Altematives 1 and 2. Site preparation activities for the implementation of the project and subsequent construction of the HRSGs for any of the three options proposed will alter the present salient features of the FINAL KenGen ckm edit 9-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 project site at the Kipevu Station. These activities involve the clearing and trampling of vegetation, excavation of soils and other geological formations, levelling of landscape and construction work. The above activities will have immediate negative impacts including loss of habitat, destruction of floral and faunal communities, soil erosion and other related impacts. In addition there will be far-reaching effects on the adjacent marine ecosystem (Photographic Platel-2 and 5-8) through the effect of run off and subsequent siltation processes. 9.2.2 Destruction of floral communities and loss of habitat Site preparation activities will directly destroy the habitat for both flora and fauna. This will have short-term and long-term ecological implications in and around the Kipevu area. There will be a loss of some plants in the area of operation including some trees. Examples are Acacia, Azadirachta indica (neem tree - an exotic tree that is now naturalised in this area) Zixiphus africana, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, some shrubs and herbs and grasses found in the area of operation. Except for the neem tree that has been found to have medicinal value, the other plant species are common flora of the coastal area and are well represented in the project area and the coastal region. 9.2.3 Increased soil erosion The combined effects of site preparation and construction activities at the project site and in borrow pits and quarries (if any) can lead to acute and chronic soil erosion problems in the project area. Development on the transformed site may lead to continuing soil loss especially during the construction period when the ground is exposed. Severe erosion is likely to be caused during the construction of the boiler facility in the Kipevu Power Station area. This may lead to soil wash out by rains with considerable ecological consequences on Makupa Creek. 9.2.4 Increased siltation of the marine environment Some of the excavated sediments from the project site and the construction spoils emanating from excess excavated material and construction debris will impact negatively on the surrounding areas of Kipevu and the nearby marine ecosystem if not properly disposed of. Thus, at Kipevu, the spoils and other excavated material could be washed into the Makupa Creek by storm water and this would significantly contribute to the siltation of Makupa Creek with subsequent serious ecological implications on the marine production. It is therefore imperative that adequate protection measures should be included in the project design to prevent negative impacts of the proposed project. The excavated material and construction spoils washed away as run-off to the marine habitat during the rainy season will increase siltation of the Makupa Creek. The silt particles are likely to increase the water turbidity and reduce water transparency. In addition, the suspended material will cut down light penetration reducing the photosynthetic capabilities of primary producers including the phytoplankton, benthic algae and other marine macrophytes. This will reduce the marine primary production with detrimental effects on other processes. In addition, the fine silt will smother the bottom dwelling marine organisms and the breathing roots of the mangroves. This may result in mortality of the affected benthic fauna, benthic algae and the mangrove plants. 9.2.5 Potential impact of labour force Depending on the mode of management, the project workers especially during the construction stage, are likely to indulge in activities that will cause negative impacts on the environment of the project area. In this regard the construction and subsequent management of labour camps if any, could generate negative impacts at the project site. For example the construction of the labour camps may require building material from within the project area. Consequently may result in harvesting wood resources from the plant communities around the Makupa Creek with serious ecological consequences. In addition, construction of labour camp may experience poor sanitation and poor waste disposal with subsequent negative impacts on the environment. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 9-2 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Even in a scenario where there will be no labour camps, the labour force will still exert some negative impacts on the environment of the project area. In this case there will definitely be a need to provide food or catering services for the labour force. Subsequently a need will also arise for the disposal of wastes generated by the work force. It should also be noted that wastes generated by the construction workers, including food remains and human wastes, could attract animal pests and vermin including monkeys, rats, Indian house crow, flies etc to the construction sites with resultant management challenges. 9.2.6 Impacts of water intake for the cooling of turbine condensers The operation of the present thermal plant involves production of steam that is used to drive the turbines. The proposed combined cycle operation will also use steam to drive the turbines. In the running of the above thermal plants, seawater is used in the condensers and is subsequently discharged as warm water into Makupa Creek. The process of drawing water at the intake and the subsequent use of seawater in thermal power plants has significant implication on the environment. The intake of seawater into the thermal plant carries with it an assortment of marine life including adult fish, larval forms and eggs of aquatic organisms in the cooling water. While there are screens, these need replacement. In the absence of new screens, sudden temperature changes, pressure in the condensers and the presence of added chorine, will result in -reduced chances of survival for the trapped aquatic life. 9.2.7 Thermal pollution The implementation of the proposed combined cycle plant has the potential of increasing the thermal pollution of the seawater of the nearby Makupa Creek. This will come about by the process of taking sea water for cooling of turbine condensers and the subsequent discharge of warm water into Makupa Creek. The cooling water leaving the plant is warmer than the incoming seawater. This is likely to cause an increase in water temperature of the Makupa Creek, especially in the vicinity of the outfall. Temperature increase in the waters of Makupa Creek will certainly increase thermal pollution of the aquatic habitat. This will have subsequent effect on aquatic ecology in terms of physiology and distribution of aquatic organisms depending on the severity of thermal pollution. It should be emphasised that although discharge of water from the steam thermal plant into Kipevu Creek has been going on since the inception of the thermal plant in 1956, no regular measurements of temperatures have been taken except for an occasional reading. In addition no investigations have been carried out on possible thermal impact (if any) on the receiving water. Since there is virtually no data on thermal pollution pertaining to the Kipevu Power Station, insight and experience on thermal pollution can only be sourced elsewhere outside Kenya. Investigations on thermal pollution carried out in other countries including USA and Europe (El Mahgary, 1971) show that thermal pollution can have significant effects on physico-chemical properties of seawater and aquatic life. The discussion presented below is based on experiences contained in the above report. (a) Effects of thermal pollution on physico-chemical properties of seawater Thermal pollution will affect properties of seawater including levels of dissolved oxygen, hydrogen-ion concentration, alkalinity, salinity, specific conductance, transparency and ionic concentration. Perhaps the most important of the above physical parameters is the concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater. The solubility of oxygen in water increases with increasing temperature. Although different organisms have different range of oxygen requirements, under normal circumstances values of dissolved oxygen below 5mg/I are deemed to be below levels of oxygen essential to sustain fish production. Since the normal values of dissolved oxygen in the Mombasa Creek waters ranges from 4.6 to 7mg/l, the importance of the concentration of oxygen in Makupa Creek and the need to maintain optimal levels of oxygen cannot be overstated. There will therefore be a need to sustain optimal levels of oxygen (at least above 5mg/I) at the cooling water outlet of the power generating station. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 9-3 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 (b) Effects of thermal pollution on aquatic life Thermal pollution has the potential to significantly affect several important groups of organisms that constitute the basic biological structure of Makupa Creek. As a rule development of aquatic organisms accelerates with temperature rise up to an optimal temperature beyond which a delay in metabolic process sets in following which there is a decline in organism development. The most vulnerable sea organisms to thermal pollution include the fish, macro invertebrate, macrophytes and micro-organisms. Generally, the preferable temperature for the fish fauna is a little warmer than the temperature at which they are found in nature. It has been reported that for adult fish in nature, the preferred temperature is about 7.20C below lethal temperature while for juvenile fish observed in laboratory, the preferable temperature is about 6°C below lethal temperature. However, the effect of thermal pollution on aquatic fauna is a complicated matter and more research is required in this field and especially the effect of thermal pollution on aquatic fauna in tropical waters. The development of macro-invertebrates or the bottom fauna accelerates with rise in temperature in a similar way as reported for fish fauna above. Remarkable increases in the production of zooplankton (about four times increase in production) have reported in heated lakes (26-28°C) as opposed to normal lakes where the temperature ranges is 20-22°C. The lethal temperature for some invertebrates such as Chironomus dorsalis ranges between 34 and 37°C beyond which a delay in metabolic process sets in and the organism stops feeding. Hence high temperatures will eventually restrict the distribution of organisms in aquatic systems. Temperature rise has also remarkable effects on micro-organisms and plants. The micro- organisms react rather quickly to changes in aquatic systems and hence are sensitive indicators to thermal pollution and other forms of pollution. Production of micro-organisms accelerates with increasing temperatures to an optimal level beyond which growth and development declines. However, it should be noted that within a range of thermal regime, each particular group of organisms has its own specific range of tolerance. This eventually determines the distribution of different organisms in a body of water. Optimal temperatures for three groups of algae in a range of aquatic conditions were reported to be 15-25°C for diatoms, 25-35°C for green algae and 30-40°C for blue green algae. In conclusion it can be said that discharging of cooling water of power plants into water bodies could be detrimental, neutral or beneficial depending on specificity of the case in point. It can also be said that increasing the temperature of a water body but never exceeding 28-30°C with dissolved oxygen always above 5mg/l has no detrimental effect on the hydro-biological conditions of the receiving water body. However, raising the temperature of a water body above 30-340C or raising the temperature of water bodies that are chemically or organically polluted to elevated temperatures will cause detrimental changes to aquatic life. There is definitely a dire need to carry out investigations to determine the effects of the cooling water (thermal pollution) from the Kipevu Power Station to the receiving waters of Makupa Creek. 9.2.8 Impact of oil pollution It has already been noted in this study, and a previous environmental audit, that oil spillage, used oil disposal and management of clean oil products at both Kipevu Steam and GT plants is a major concern. Petroleum contaminated soils were noted at various locations on site. While there are no current soil quality standards pertaining to petroleum, NEMA is currently preparing draft environmental standards, as required under EMCA. Petroleum contaminated soil can impact the surface and groundwater, either directly or via contaminated runoff. During construction, construction equipment generate large amounts of waste oil and its proper handling is critical, since haphazard storage and leakage can result in the contamination of soils, surface and ground waters. Oil products can also lead to contamination of surface and groundwater if there is a lack of a controlled fuelling, maintenance and servicing protocol for construction machinery at a work site. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 9-4 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 9.3 Community's needs and expectations From the discussions using the methodology in the Appendix 3 most of the people in Chaani village perceive KenGen just like any company operating near their area and see no relationship between the company and them. There is no direct contact between the community and the company and according to them they only notice the company when their plants are running. The community would like to see the KenGen Company become their good neighbour. To build trust and have the support of the community they indicated that they would like to see some of the members of the community employed in the company, even as unskilled labourers, especially during the construction phase of the project. The neighbouring Tsavo Power company has given the community assistance in the "Bamako initiative" which has progressed well. This has made them identify with Tsavo Power and treat them as their good neighbour. They feel they are not directly affected by the proposed project but they are enthusiastic to participate in programs and to work together with the companies that are near them. The community has taken an initiative whereby during the "2003 Environmental Day" they invited the KenGen Company to participate in cleaning the Chaani area together with the community, which they did. This, they feel was a good gesture and would like the relationship to continue. During discussions, the community gave a list of their most pressing needs which they later prioritised. If they were to be assisted they felt then it should benefit the whole of Chaani location and not be limited to the immediate surroundings. It was clear to them that KenGen is not obliged to give them any assistance and they understood the objective of this consultation process. Some of the pressing needs that were identified and prioritised are: • Upgrading of access roads within the community which are in a very bad state. These roads are impassable during the rains in some villages of the location yet are very important as they lead to schools, markets and the health centres. The upgrading of these roads (Approximately 1OKms) is also linked to the poor drainage system that needs to be improved. Some of the areas especially Msikiti Nuru becomes flooded during the rains as the drains are blocked. Also, when these roads are not passable because they are flooded, the police cannot patrol the area. Crime in the area is high and it is a risk to walk in the area. The community feels once the road has been upgraded and drains improved they can be assisted in building police posts in strategic places, which will be easy for the police to patrol so as to curb crime in the area. The community sees this as their first priority that would benefit the whole community. These sentiments were also expressed by the staff from the health centre. They noted that the centre also becomes flooded during the rains, thus preventing patients from coming to the centre. Thus upgrading of access roads, improvement of the drainage system, building of police posts ranked as the most important general needs of the community. * The community would like to see an improvement in their water supply system as at the moment the water they have is insufficient. Most parts of Chaani have their water rationed and residents have to look for alternative sources eg shallow wells or the borehole at the mosque. * Their third priority is upgrading the existing health centre. They would like to see the building expanded and a maternity wing and admission ward included. They have enough land to accommodate this expansion. The community felt that if the centre could have 20 beds (observation ward) it could really assist them. The nearest hospital is the Coast General Hospital in Island Division or Port Reitz hospital in Changamwe Division, which is far for the patients. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 9-5 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 * Their fourth priority is assistance in the building of a secondary school with all the necessary facilities, as the only one currently available is the mission girls secondary school. * The community would also like to see a fully equipped polytechnic for their youth and rated this as their fifth priority. * Another pressing need is looking at ways in which the economic livelihoods of the poorest or the most vulnerable members of the community can be improved, such as using micro- enterprise development as an income generation tool. There are several active women and youth groups that could benefit from this and who also need training in financial management, record keeping etc to enable them manage their projects well. 9.4 Summary table of impacts Table 9.1: Summary of envisaged impacts during construction and operation Environmental issue Construction Operation Loss of flora. -ve impact. Worse for +ve with landscaping and Alternatives 1 & 2 than 3. mitigation. Soil erosion. -ve impact. Worse for Reduced by landscaping. Alternatives 1 & 2 than 3. Siltation of marine -ve impact. Worse for None. environment. Alternatives 1 & 2 than 3. Impact of labour force. -ve impact. Worse for None. Alternatives 1 & 2 than 3. Water intake for turbine None. -ve impact without new screens. cooling._ Thermal pollution. None. -ve impact if >30 above ambient temperature. Oil pollution. -ve. Worse for Alternative 2 than -ve. Worse for Alternative 2 1 and 3. than 1 and 3. Community water supply. -ve. Equivalent for all -ve. Equivalent for all Alternatives. Alternatives (25tVhr). Noise. -ve. -ve without attenuation measures. Air quality. -ve. Mainly through the -ve. Requires monitoring of production of dust. SO2, NO2, PM10 and dispersion modeling. Emissions greater for Alternative 2 than 1 or 3. Fire hazard. -ve. Requires additional -ve. Requires regular audits. vigilance during construction period. Potential for oil spill. -ve. Requires additional -ve without drafting of oil spill vigilance during construction response plan and supporting period. OSMAG. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 9-6 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 10 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Alternative technologies and process for the equivalent production of electricity include diesel i HFO driven turbines, such as those found at Kipevu I and 11 and steam driven turbines such as Units 6 and 7 found in the Kipevu steam turbine hall. Other alternative technologies could also include wind and wave power but these alternatives are not realistic for the Kipevu site. 10.1 Alternative technical designs The alternatives of the project have been revised in the Update Feasibility Study Report by Fichtner. The aim of the update study was to identify and evaluate the most favourable plant configuration for the combined cycle plant based on the existing two turbine. It was clarified to Fichtner that the existing steam turbines shall not be integrated into the conversion project. KenGen intends to rehabilitate the steam plant under a separate maintenance project. KenGen recommended that three options be studied and evaluated for the plant configuration of the add-on plant so as to determine the optimal approach: Alternative 1: Installation of an unfired Heat Recovery Steam Generabing (HRSG) boiler and one steam turbine of about 35MW output at the GT plot; Alternative 2: Installation of a HRSG boiler with supplementary firing and two steam turbines of about 30MW output each at the GT plot; Alternative 3: Installation of an unfired HRSG and one steam turbine of about 31 MW output in the machine hall of the existing boiler plant. The configurations and associated requirements are summarised below: Alternatives 1 2 3 Location of steam GT plot GT plot Existing machine turbine(s) hall HRSG type Unfired dual HFO supplementary Unfired, single pressure fired, single pressure pressure Steam turbine, 1 X 35MW 2 X 30MW 1 X 32MW output (MW) Cooling water supply New GRP pipes New GRP pipes Existing cooling water pipes & culverts Installation of new 2 x 50% 2 x 50% 1 x 6000 m/h cooling water pumps (3000 m3/h) (5500 m3/h) in pump house 10.1.1 Alternative plant layouts According to the Update Feasibility Report, in all three alternatives, the bypass stacks and HRSGs will be located outwards of the existing gas turbines leaving free space at the centre of the plot between the two GTs for a central access road and the two existing main GT transformers. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 10-7 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Alternatives 1 2 3 Location of steam GT plot. GT plot. Existing machine hall. turbine(s). Land requirements. At least 1,100m2 of At least 1,100m of Extension of the high additional land NW of additional land NW voltage outdoor the plot for turbine of the plot for turbine switchgear area by installation and 300m2 installation and approx. 300m2. for extension of outdoor 300m2 for extension switchgear area. of outdoor switchgear area. Earthworks. Reclamation of area by Reclamation of area Extension of the high compacting soil to a by compacting soil voltage outdoor height of 6m. to a height of 6m. switchgear area by approx. 300m2. Protection works. Embankment slope Embankment slope Minimal slope protection required. protection required. protection works required. Foundations and Concrete for HRSGs, Concrete for Concrete for the structures. turbines, pipe support. HRSGs, turbines, HRSGs only. pipe support. Pipe routing from Along the shoreline, Along the shoreline, Existing. pumphouse. pipes being placed on pipes being placed sleepers supported on on sleepers piles. supported on piles. 10.2 Alternative mitigation measures and designs As described in Section 11.1 Fichtner 2003 investigated three alternative designs for the combined cycle operation. As can be seen the impact of Alternative 3 is substantially less than either Alternatives 1 or 2. 10.3 Alternative projects in comparison to combined cycle There are no logical technically appropriate alternatives to combined cycle as the principle behind this is the use of a by-product. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 10-8 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 11 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN / ACTION PLAN Environmental management involves the two main processes of environmental mitigation and monitoring plans. As described above, the implementation of this project will have only limited impact on the ecology of the project area. The site preparation and construction activities will result in subsequent removal of natural vegetation. These activities will also cause soil erosion and subsequent siltation of the nearby marine environment. The operation of the installed facility will cause limited thermal pollution in Makupa Creek due to the slight increase in turbine cooling water that is discharged back to the sea. In order to promote sustainable energy development and maintain a healthy environment in the project area, KenGen management should undertake to institute measures to mitigate the negative impacts of project implementation and monitor the environment on a regular basis. 11.1 Mitigation plan KenGen should institute mechanisms to reduce or alleviate the negative impacts of project development including plans to reduce soil erosion and siltation, restoration of lost biodiversity and other relevant mitigation measures. 11.1.1 Reduction of soil erosion and siltation Following the completion of land levelling and other site preparation activities, there should be a programme to rehabilitate the degraded environment. A major environmental problem could emanate from the disposal of loose earth. The loose earth will be a source of silt in the run-off especially during the rainy season. Immediate action should therefore be taken to address the issue of soil erosion and the potential for the siltation of Makupa Creek. In this connection the following short-term measures are recommended: * Earth works to be carried out during the dry season if possible. * Excess loose earth to be disposed of before the onset of the rainy seasons. * Silt traps be installed to prevent sediments from entering the Makupa Creek. The following long-term measures to curb soil erosion and siltation are recommended: * Proper terracing and landscaping of the affected area. * Planting of sediment binding grasses such as Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum and other suitable grasses on the exposed slopes and other surfaces. 11.1.2 Restoration of habitat and biodiversity Following land preparation activities at the Kipevu site, natural vegetation has virtually no chance of survival on the site of the project. KenGen management should therefore undertake to restore some biodiversity in the disturbed area. In this connection the management can draw on the vast land rehabilitation experiences of the Baobab Farm in Mombasa (Wood, 1987). Restoration of the destroyed plant communities will include planting of trees, shrubs and grasses on the affected areas. Suitable plant species for this exercise include members of local flora and other plant species that have been known to thrive under coastal environment conditions. The following plant species could be used for the rehabilitation of the affected area: * Acacia nilotica; * Acacia zanzibarica; * Species of other coastal Acacias; FINAL KenGen ckm edit 11-1 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 * Palms (Phoenix reclinata, Cocos nucifera and Hyphaene compressa); * Cynodon dactylon and other suitable grasses; * Azadirachta indica; * Conocarpus lancifolius; * Siziphus africana. In addition to the above measures, there will be a need to establish a buffer zone between the installed facility and the nearby marine environment. The buffer zone should be free of any form of interference. The zone will provide a habitat for the remnants of flora and fauna that survived the site preparation processes. In addition, the above rehabilitation programme should also be extended to the inter-tidal mudflat, the scene of the 1988 oil spill. In this regard a programme should be initiated for the restoration of the mangrove plant community at Makupa Creek. This will involve planting and re-establishment of the mangrove plants including Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucrunata. 11.1.3 Management of labour force During the construction of the proposed project, the labour camps should be located away from areas of natural vegetation to avoid unnecessary cutting and trampling of vegetation. Preferably there should not be any labour camps near the project area. Instead, workers should be accommodated in the nearest market centres in Chaani Location. This will deter the work force from engaging in cutting of trees for charcoal burning, building, fuel wood or for any other purposes. Catering services for the lower cadre of labour force especially during lunch break should be properly managed in order to reduce any negative impacts on the surrounding habitats. Management approach could include the following: * Provide a canteen with running and safe drinking water and toilet facilities where the workers can buy food and drinks, at least during lunchtime; * Establish a special facility well planned with hygienic facilities (running and safe drinking water and toilet facilities) and invite a private entrepreneur to provide catering services to the construction workers; and * Put in place measures to clean the environment around the above-proposed catering facilities. This includes collection of all wastes generated (solid wastes, organic wastes, food remains, garbage etc.) and subsequent disposal through efficient incineration or disposal in a sanitary landfill. 11.1.4 Landscaping Although planting of trees in the compound of Kipevu Power Station had been previously practised, it was observed during the site assessment that most of the area of the power station (with the exception of the immediate area of the Diesel Plant [see Photographic Plate 7]) is not landscaped. Generally most of the area covered by the power installations is rugged and littered with boulders, stones, wooden poles, metallic objects, pipes, and discarded pieces of equipment and other objects of assorted sizes. The above-misplaced objects have degraded the aesthetic appeal of the power station environment. There is now an opportunity during this project to improve the scenic beauty and improve the working environment in the power station. To start with all the above heterogeneous material needs to be collected and disposed of appropriately. In addition, there is a dire need to terrace the land and landscape the Kipevu Power Station compound. Subsequently, appropriate plants including trees, shrubs and grasses need to be planted on the landscaped area in order to increase plant biodiversity and enhance the aesthetic value of the power station. Particularly important will be the planting of trees and ornamentals in the following areas: FINAL KenGen ckm edit 11-2 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 * Along the road reserves and other spaces * Areas around power units and administrative buildings * Areas around the boundary fence 11.1.5 Oil spill response On 30 November 1990, the Government of Kenya adopted the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990. The convention came into force on 13 May 1995. This led to the formation of a National Oil Spill Response Committee and subsequently the Oil Spill Mutual Aid Group (OSMAG). The latter's membership is mainly drawn from the multinational petroleum marketing companies who import fuel through the port of Mombasa, KPRL, the Kenya Navy and Kenya Ports Authority KPA. The committee is chaired by a Team Leader from KPA. The convention calls for the following: * Stockpiling Oil Spill Response equipment; * Holding regular drills in oil spill response; * Developing and maintaining detailed plans for dealing with pollution incidents. OSMAG has set up a pollution control centre at the KPA premises. The centre has a pollution control boat called "Fagio" which regularly patrols the coastal waters and reports any spill incidents or pollution to the OSMAG team. In addition the centre stores spill response equipment such as booms, dispersants, skimmers, pumps and sorbents. During the study it was observed that KenGen does not have an oil spill response plan or spill response equipment. KenGen should liaise with OSMAG and prepare an spill response plan for theie site. The plan should: 1. Identify all chemical stores, containers / tanks and capacities; 2. Describe the containment systems in place; 3. Describe the drainage, potential pathways and receptors; 4. Outline possible spill scenarios; 5. Document available spill equipment; 6. Anticipated spill recovery methodology; 7. Staff availability and training needs; 8. Staff responsible for the described store and clean-up; 9. Emergency contact numbers for collaborating institutions and procedures. The above should be reviewed at least annually to ensure that the information is applicable and correct. From the spill plan, the proper containment and recovery equipment can be selected with a degree of confidence that it should satisfy the purpose. Of primary concern for petroleum products is the purchase of absorbent material that can safely be burned or disposed in a landfill. Non-sparking tools, such as shovels, would be required for cleaning up fuel spills. There are a number of commercial retailers of spill control, containment and recovery equipment. 11.1.6 Other remedial measures These include: 1. Construction of bunds and installation of silt traps prior to the commencement of earthworks to prevent sediment disposition into the Makupa Creek; 2. Incorporation of oil interceptors into the storm water drainage system to prevent ingress of spillages of petroleum products from the roads, power generating units, oil storage facilities and other sources into the water courses in the project area; 3. Install well designed screens at the periphery of the water intake in order to stop fish and other marine organisms from entering the water condensers; FINAL KenGen ckm edit 11-3 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 4. Lower the temperature of the cooling water to levels similar to the prevailing seawater temperature of 27-290C prior to introduction into Makupa Creek. This could be done by directing the cooling water to holding ponds to facilitate further cooling or let the effluent cascade from a suitable height to the receiving seawater. In addition to lowering the temperature of the cooling water, increasing turbulence and aeration will raise the levels of dissolved oxygen in the outfall; 5. Collect solid material littered in the KenGen compound and dispose it accordingly. 11.1.7 Mitigation for the neighbouring communities It was agreed that it was important for the beneficiaries of community development to feel a sense of ownership in a project and recognise that their contribution will influence both decision-making process and the outcome of the project. Thus the next step should be to consult the whole community and involve the people when designing the projects that have been identified and they should also be involved in deciding how funds should be used. The community agreed that this involvement would increase the chance that they endorse and successfully carry out the plans they have come up with. Chaani Location has a population of 44,945 (1999) with 20 villages. Each village has about approximately 150 households. It is important that this figure is confirmed and once confirmed then a sample of households in each village should be selected to be interviewed. This should be followed with a series of focus group discussions with women, men and the youth from the same village. Village elders, religious leaders, administration should also be interviewed. This process will confirm that everyone has been consulted and agrees on the needs already identified in the first sample of villagers interviewed. Consultation should be used to determine who in the community the project will affect and what change it might cause. Assessment should be done to see whether benefits will be spread equally or if they will focus on certain groups or disadvantage others. Here it is important that the voiceless members are identified, often women, or the poor, and where possible, ensure that benefits are allocated to include them. During the social assessment it was made clear that if projects were to succeed the community should not feel that the sponsor is the sole provider of the services, which actually should be the responsibility of central government. Thus as consultations continue it is important that one is clear about the limits of the sponsor's resources for investing in community development, so it is important that these investments are only part of efforts of the project to be good neighbours. There is need for them to understand the need for their participating in construction and operating the project and expectations for mass employment will be limited. The management of KenGen should identify and appoint a Community Liaison Officer who has the appropriate qualification. His / her responsibility should include understanding and considering the Chaani residents' concerns and suggestions and monitoring the ongoing projects. He / she should not work in isolation but must involve the managers of KenGen and be able to negotiate and listen to the community on behalf of KenGen. 11.2 Monitoring plan Environmental monitoring is envisioned as an important process in the protection of environment of the project area. Monitoring will reveal changes and trends brought about by the presence and operations of the installed facilities. The basic activities for the proposed monitoring programme should involve the following: * Air emission and noise measurements; * Quarterly effluent monitoring; * Collection and analysis of appropriate environmental data; * Preparation of periodical reports and liaison with other relevant bodies; FINAL KenGen ckm edit 11-4 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 * Identification of unexpected environmental impacts; * Formulation of counter-measures to mitigate the unexpected negative impacts. KenGen should carry out monitoring on both terrestrial and aquatic environment with a focus on the following ecological factors: * Changes in biodiversity; * Changes in water quality including increase in water temperature, pollution and eutrophication of Makupa Creek; * Soil erosion and siltation; * Other relevant ecological attributes. In the process of monitoring the environment, particular emphasis should be laid on the effect of thermal pollution. In this regard prospects of collaboration with the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) should be explored with a view of carrying out investigations on the effect of the cooling water on the physico-chemical properties and biodiversity of Makupa Creek. Although Ken Gen has made commendable effort in the protection of the environment associated with its various power stations, there does not seem to be any systematic data collection with regard to environmental monitoring of the previous projects at Kipevu Power Station. There is therefore a need to engage an Environmental Officer to be stationed at the Kipevu Power Station to oversee the implementation of the proposed mitigation plan and conduct environmental monitoring on a regular basis. The recruited environmental officer should have appropriate training and experience on environment with at least a Masters degree in environmental studies. 11.2.1 Terms of reference for the KenGen environmental officer to be based at Kipevu The main responsibility of an environmental officer is to carry out a sustainable environmental management of the Kipevu Power Station on a daily basis in order to ensure healthy environment for the workers and protect the environment of the project area from negative impact of project implementation. His/her duties are to: * Conduct surveys and monitor the environment of the Kipevu Power Station on a regular basis; * Facilitate regular collection and analysis water, waste water and other ecological samples through use of suitable laboratories; * Liase and establish networks for exchange of information and ideas with relevant institutions such as Government Chemist, National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Export Processing Zone Authority (EPZA) Independent Power Producers (IPPs) on matters concerning environment; * Prepare environmental reports and brief/advice KenGen Management on the state of Kipevu Power Station and emerging trends if any; and * Formulate strategies and counter measures to protect the environment from unforeseen impacts. 11.2.2 Cost estimates of environmental management The estimates for environmental management will include costs for the construction of silt traps, landscape of relevant areas in the power station, remuneration of the Environmental Officer, purchase of consumables, payments for sample analysis, report writing and other documentation, miscellaneous expenses and contingencies. A summary of cost estimates is presented in Table 11.1. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 11-5 Issue 2.01 February 2004 Table 11.1: Cost Estimates for the Environmental Management (one year operation) Project activity Cost estimate (KSh.) 1 Construction of silt traps. 1,000,000 2 Construction of oil/water interceptors in the drainage system. 1,000,000 3 Landscaping and planting of trees and grassing. 1,000,000 4 Remuneration for environmental officer. 2,000,000 5 Sample analysis (chemical and biological). 20,000 6 Purchase of Consumables (Computer, sampling apparatus, field 300,000 equipment and other consumables). 7 Purchase of stationery, documentation and report writing. 10,000 8 Transportation requirements. 50,000 Noise survey prior to commissioning of Combined Cycle plant. 228,000 Air quality monitoring & dispersion modelling as stated in the Unknown, but estimated Fichtner report followed by correct determination of stack height. to be 1,520,000 Fund for neighbouring community projects. 50,000 Environment, health and safety audit (twice per year). internal Total Estimated Cost. 7,038,000 10 Contingencies at 10%. 703,800 11 Grand Total 7,741,800 FINAL KenGen ckm edit 11-6 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 12 KNOWLEDGE GAPS The major knowledge gaps have been described through out the report, but can be summarised as: * The lack of information regarding the cooling water, particularly the temperature upon disposal to Makupa Creek, but also the presence, or lack of contaminants; * The lack of air monitoring equipment and periodic surveys in both the near field environment; * The lack of a recent ecological survey of Makupa Creek. * The lack of information regarding noise levels in the neighbouring residential areas, particularly during the night. * The quantity and quality of effluent produced from the subject site during the rainy seasons; * Water distribution and supply from the National Water Conservation Pipeline Corporation to both the neighbouring communities and Kipevu. Furthermore, their capacity to meet increased demands; FINAL KenGen ckm edit 12-1 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 13 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT Both the Sinclair Knight Merz Feasibility Report of 2001 and the Update of the Feasibility Report by Fichtner in 2003 discuss in detail the economic and financial viability and contraints of the various alternatives. The reader is referred to these reports. The social analysis has been integrated into Chapter 7, the potentially affected environment, Chapter 9, the environmental impacts and Chapter 11, the environmental management plan for a more holistic approach. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 13-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 14 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 14.1 Conclusions 14.1.1 Bio-physical The impact of the proposed project is considered to be positive overall, as it represents an opportunity to upgrade equipment and information and essentially involves the use of a by- product that currently goes to waste. The current gas turbine plant emits noise levels that are higher than recommended in the World Bank guidelines. This requires addressing for the combined cycle plant. A noise survey on commissioning may be required. The ambient air survey suggests that current air emissions for SQ2 and NO2 are within World Bank guidelines. Nevertheless, air quality measurements and dispersion modelling are recommended to determine the optimal stack height, among other parameters. It is further suggested that the gas analyser on Kipevu I be activated, so that KenGen can begin to segregate the emissions from the different plants on site. 14.1.2 Ecological Ecological conditions of the project area including terrestrial and marine ecosystems, critical habitats and endangered species have been described. Critical habitats including the Arabuko-Sokoke forest, the Kaya Forests, gorges, sacred grooves which are located in Kilifi District will not be threatened at all by this project. The project, however, will have limited impacts on the project site and the nearby Makupa Creek especially during the construction Phase. Most of the impacts will stem from the construction activities including site preparation, soil excavations and levelling and the construction of the proposed facility. The above activities are likely to result into soil erosion and siltation into the Makupa Creek, loss of habitat and destruction of plant communities in the project site Implementation of the project is also likely to negatively impact on aquatic biodiversity at the proposed seawater intake and subsequently increase thermal pollution of the seawater in the Makupa Creek 14.1.3 Socio-economic The community and especially the chief, assistant chief and the village elders of Chaani location were very clear on the consultation process and understood the objectives of the assessment. Nevertheless they felt they should come up either the most pressing needs the community have, and are aware that KenGen will not be the sponsor of their projects. However, with the new project coming up there is need to look at the water use in the area. If a lot of water is to be used by the project it may have an effect on the community if it is from the same source. There is need to look for alternative sources of water for the community or upgrade the existing one. Another issue is employment. Many of the people in Chaani location are unemployed especially the youth. During construction there is need to employ some of these youth as casual labourers as good neighbours. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 14-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 It should be noted that whatever assistance the project will give to the community should cover the whole of Chaani Location and not just that part neighbouring the project. This is a sentiment also expressed by the Mombasa District Social Development Officer. 14.1.4 Preferred alternative If one starts from the premise that Alternative 2 is the least environmentally friendly option because it involves the use of additional HFO and results in additional emissions it would leave Alternatives 1 and 3. However, the counter argument could be that Alternative 2 will generate almost double the amount of electricity than either Alternatives I or 3. However, supply currently exceeds demand by approximately 30% nation-wide and it has been stated that the cleanest and cheapest power should always be selected first. This implies Alternative 1 and 3 in preference to Altemative 2. The major difference between Alternatives 1 and 3 is that Alternative 1 requires at least 1,100m of additional land and involves reclamation of an area (unspecified) to a height of 6m. Furthermore additional concrete works and new piping are required. Given that Makupa Creek has been identified as a sensitive marine ecosystem this leaves Alternative 3. However, should KenGen wish to renovate the steam hall in the future Alternative 3 could jeopardise such plans and the complete hall would no longer be available. 14.2 Recommendations KenGen needs to design and implement an appropriate management and monitoring plan in the project area in order to protect the environment from the negative impacts of the project. This will include implementation of mitigation measures proposed in this report to alleviate the negative impacts. This will include: * Plans to reduce soil erosion and siltation; * Rrestoration of destroyed habit and biodiversity; * Management of labour force; * Landscaping of the affected area; * Oil spill response; * Reduction of temperature of the cooling water discharged, among other remedial measures. KenGen needs to recruit an Environmental Officer to carry out monitoring on both the terrestrial and aquatic environment of the Kipevu Power Plant and the general Kipevu area with a focus on the following ecological factors: * Changes in biodiversity; * Changes in water quality including increase in water temperature, pollution and eutrophication of Makupa Creek; * Soil erosion and siltation; * Other relevant environmental attributes. Furthermore, KenGen should actively support OSMAG and participate in training and understanding of oil spill management. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 14-2 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 15 REFERENCES Bess, M., 1990. Kenya's Coral Reefs. In: Kenya, Past and Present, Issue 22, P. 27 - 33, Nairobi. Isaac, F.M., 1968. Marine botany of Kenya coast, 4: Angiosperms. Journal of the East African Natural History Society and National Museum, Vol. XXVII No. 1 (116) p29-47 Jaetzold, R. and Schmidt, H, 1983. Farm Management Handbook of Kenya Vol. II Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information. Part C, East Kenya (Eastern and Coast Provinces). Kelsey, M.G and Langton, T.E.S., 1984. Conservation of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. Study Report No. 4. International Council for Bird Preservation, England, 1984. Kokwaro, J.O., 1985. The distribution and economic importance of the mangrove forests in Kenya. Journal of the East African Natural History society and National Museum. Vol. 75 No. 188, p. 1 - 10. Moomaw, J.C., 1960. A Study of Plant Ecology of Coastal Region of Kenya, East Africa. Government Printers, Nairobi. Munga, D., Mutwiri, J.G. and Yobe, A.C., 1990. Preliminary Observations on Effects of Oil Spills on the Mangrove Ecosystem In Mombasa Creek. International symposium on the Ecology of Mangroves and Related Ecosystems, Mombasa, 24-30th September 1990. Norconsult, A.S., 1975. Mombasa Water Pollution and Waste Disposal Study. Part IV - Sewerage and Sewage Disposal Master Plan. Norconsult, A.S., 1977., Mombasa Water Pollution and Waste Disposal Study. Part VI - Marine Investigations. Okemwa, E.N., 1989. Analysis of six 24-hour series of zooplankton samplings across a tropical creek, the Port Reitz, Mombasa, Kenya. Tropical Zoology 2: 123-138. Robertson, S.A., 1987. Preliminary Floristic Survey of Kaya Forests of Coastal Kenya. Report for WWF - International, East African Regional Office, Nairobi. Ruwa, R. K., 1989. Ecology of crabs in mangrove forests along the Kenya coast. In: Interdisciplinary Research on Marine Coastal Systems along the Kenya Coast, p. 12 - 29; Programme for UNESCO-ROSTA, Nairobi. Wood, C.V., 1987. Trees for Wastelands. The Baobab Farm Handbook. Rodwell Press Ltd., P.O. Box 90252, Mombasa. FINAL KenGen ckm edit 15-1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 APPENDIX 1 Photographic plates showing features of the project area KenGen Final Report.doc Issue 2.0 / February 2004 PLATE 1 :Kipevu Power Station and the sorrounding area including Makupa Creek _ ~ ~~~~~ .' . 4 p '.~~~~~~~~~~A PLATE 2: The Gas Turbine Plant and Makupa Creek Site Photos Issue 2.0 February 2004 o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.. ..amvIL 1 A; PLATE 3: The Gas Turbine Plant PLATE 4: Area proposed for the installation of the HRSG Boiler Site Photos Issue 2.0 February 2004 . I - , A ,.s~~~~~~A I F: PLATE 5: The Makupa Creek inter-tidal mudflat and mangroves PLATE 6: Terrestrial vegetation around Makupa Creek Site Photos Issue 2.0 February 2004 I ,. ,- ....- - 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PLATE 7: Landscaped area in the vicinity of the new Administration Block . - PLATE 8: Cooling water ouffall into Makupa Creek Site Photos Issue 2.0 February 2004 1 K1 3 PLATE 9: Oil slick observed on discharged cooling water . ! .X.F . ' ..;~. 41 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- iAJ PLATE 10: Used oil on stones adjacent to the cooling water outfall structure Site Photos Issue 2.0 / February 2004 e ., .|4 , rr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S PLATE 11: Used oil stains on bareground adjacent to HFO tanks 14! =- '~~~- 1 SG.i' PLATE 12: Chaani Location Health Centre Site Photos Issue 2.0 IFebruary 2004 APPENDIX 2 Plant Species of Kipevu Area KenGen Final Report.doc Issue 2.0 1 February 2004 Appendix 2 Plant Species of Kipevu Area Plant Species Family Abutilom mauHtianum Malvaceae Acacia mellifera Momosaceae Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Acacia stuhimannii Momosaceae Acacia zanzibarica Mimosaceae Acalypha fruticosa Euphorbiaceae Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Adansonia digitala Bombacaceae Ar/stida adscensionis Graminea Aristida sp Graminea Asparagus buchananii Liliaceae Avicennia marina Verbenaceae Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Blepgharis linarnifolia Anacardiaceae Bothriochloa insculpta Graminea Caesalphinia bonduc Caesalpiniaceae Cassia singueana Caesalphiniaceae Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae Catunarega nilotica Rubiaceae Cissus quandrangularis Vitaceae Cissus rotundifolia Vitaceae Colubrina asiatica Rhamnaceae Commelina bengalensis Commelinaceae Crotolaria retusa Pap/ionaceae Appendix 2 1 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Plant Species Family Cymbopogon sp. Crarminea Cynodon dactylon Graminea Cyperus sp. Cyperaceae Dalbergia vaccinifolia Paplionaceae Diospyros consolatae Ebenaceae EHosema sp. Paplionaceae Euphorbia tirucali Euphorbiaceae Grewia bicolour Tiliaceae Grewia plagiophylla Tiliaceae Hosludia opposita Verbenaceae Hyparrhenia sp Gaminea Hyphaene thebaia Palmae Indigofera tricta Paplionaceae Indigofera sp Paplionaceae Ipomoea - pes - carprae Convolvulaceae Jasminium apyssinicum O/eaceae Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Rubiaceae Lumnitzera racemosa Combretaceae Manilkara mochisia Sapotaceae Manilkara sulcata Sapotacea Maytenus sp. Celastraceae Opilia celtidifolia Opiliaceae Ozoroa obovata Anacardiaceae Panicum sp. Graminea Pluchea dioscodis Compsitae Pluchea ovalis Compositae Rhus matalensis Anacardiaceae Appendix 2 2 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 Plant Species | Family Sanservieria virosa Agavaceae Securinega virosa Euphorbiaceae Sideroxylon inerme Sapotaceae Solanum incanum Solanaceae Spirostachys venenifera Euphorbiaceae Sporobolus pyramidalis Graminea Strychnos innocua Loganiaceae Stryschos sp. Loganiaceae Thespesia danis Malvaceae Typha domingensis Typhaceae Vernonia sp. Compositae Zamioculus zami/folia Araceae Ziziphus abyssinica Rhanunacea Appendix 2 3 Issue 2.0/ February 2004 APPENDIX 3 Methodology for Socio-economic Assessment KenGen Final Report.doc Issue 2.0 / February 2004 Appendix 3 Methodology for Socio-economic Assessment The assessment used both secondary and primary sources of data. The secondary sources comprised of published and non-published materials on the Coast District, particularly Chaani location in Changamwe division, which is the surrounding area of the proposed project. Documents like the Mombasa District Development Plan 1997-2001, 1999 population and housing census (volume 1 and 11) were used. The primary sources, which made up the bulk of the study, relied mainly on interviews with the local administration, namely the DO Changamwe Division, the Chief and assistant Chief Chaani location, The Mombasa District Social development Officer and officials from the local Health Centre in Chaani location. Focus group discussions were done with village elders from the 20 villages in Chaani location, informal group discussions with women and men and on the spot discussions with some members of Chaani location. Transect walks to confirm information from the discussions was also made and observation of physical and environmental conditions was also done. In order to avoid unrealistic demands and expectations from the community members during discussions, it was made very clear what the objective of the assessment was. Nothing was overstated so as not to increase their expectations. Group discussions using a checklist were used, rather than a statistically valid sampling strategy. Also the result from the discussions was cross-checked during the transect walk and observation. Thus the findings from the discussions are indicative rather than definite. However, the work was sufficiently widespread as village elders representing all the 20 villages in the location and the chief and his assistant gave their views and information on the location and provided legitimate insight on the area. Limitations: An assessment of this nature has some built in limitations. A lot of time was spent on protocol especially getting the approval through letters from the PC's office to the DO's office in Changamwe division and then to the local Chief in Chaani location so as to visit the area. This delayed the start of the consultation process. This is an important aspect to remember for future consultation, as it takes time and must be planned in advance. Another limitation was the high expectation of the local community whenever a new person comes. To avoid unrealistic demands and expectations from the community members, it was made very clear what the objective of the assessment was and nothing was overstated so as not to increase their expectations. Nevertheless, this cannot be confirmed. The chief and the assistant chief played a very useful role, as they understood the objective of the consultation and can be used in future to pass the correct messages effectively to the community and minimise the expectations. Appendix 3 1 Issue 2.0 / February 2004 APPENDIX 4 Minutes of Meetings and People Met KenGen Final Report.doc Issue 2.0 / February 2004 Appendix 4 Minutes of Meetings and People Met 1.1 Minutes of Meetings 1.1.1 KenGen head office A familiarisation meeting was held on 19th January 2004 with Eng. Wahogo, Eng. Nyambala and three representatives of the GIBB team. The programme outline was discussed and GIBB submitted a list of documents required for the EIA study. Key information from the meeting is summarised as: * Mobilisation for field work must take place as soon as possible; * KenGen is required to publish the draft findings of the EIA study on by the 26th February 2004: therefore they must receive the draft report prior to this date. GIBB pointed out that the air pollution detection tubes make take time to be delivered to Kenya and subsequently analysed. * It was agreed that KenGen would hold the Stakeholders Worship after 26th February 2004 and that they would invite all four GIBB team members to participate. It was agreed that both World Bank and EU environmental guidelines should be used for the Study. * The engineering consultancy company currently undertaking the Feasibility Study is Fitchner and GIBB may contact them, as required. In addition, KenGen provided a list of the available environmental documents in their library on 21 January2004. 1.1.2 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) A meeting was held on 19th January 2004 with Eng. Karuiki from NEMA, Pacifica Ochieng and Jennifer Nyambala from KenGen and Sharon Gordon, Elizabeth Ndinya, Professsor Frank Muthuri and Pauline Ikumi from GIBB. Eng. Karuiki commented that project proponents (KenGen) are required to submit a project brief/report to enable NEMA to screen the project and subsequently assign an assessment category, note any particular concerns and provide a list of registered consultants. It was therefore agreed that KenGen would submit a project brief / report to NEMA, but at the same time the EIA would proceed as GIBB are registered with NEMA. Furthermore, it was appreciated by NEMA that clients are in a period of transition in terms of understanding NEMA's procedures and timing requirements. It was further agreed that World Bank and EU guidelines would be used for air and noise emissions etc as NEMA has not yet passed the respective standards. The project brief/report was sent to NEMA in early February 2004 and a copy can be obtained from KenGen. 1.1.3 Electricity Regulatory Board (ERB) Two GIBB team members had a meeting with Dr. Nyang of ERB on 21 January 2004. He commented that it is important to note that ERB are not only regulators of electricity but also energy. Therefore, more environmentally responsible energy sources and methods of production will be favoured. Furthermore, it was stated that it is important to cost all mitigation measures. Appendix 4 1 Issue 2.0 1 February 2004 ERB completed a country wide environmental audit in 2003 but this has yet to be formally released to the public. It is expected to be released in February 2004 and included an audit of the subject site. 1.1.4 Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) A meeting was held with KPLC on 6 February 2004 with Mr. David Mwangi, Mr. Raphael Maura, Mr. Kinuthia and three GIBB team members. KPLC's concerns were: * Is there any effect to the transmission line; * Is the current electricity network sufficient; * What is the downtime and how do the alternatives compare; and * What are the ultimate MWs of the various alternatives. They further commented that it is likely that Westmont will be phased out which has a capacity of 44 MW and therefore either of the two unfired alternatives will not replace the lost capacity. From this perspective, KPLC could favour the fired option. 1.1.5 The Ministry of Energy Two GIBB team members had a meeting with Mr. D.R. Ogalloh Riaroh of the Ministry of Energy on 4 February 2004. It was stated the Ministry supports the project and contrary to popular perception that ElAs killed projects, the Ministry does not take this view. They requested the consultant to look at health, safety and environmental issues, fire risk and fire fighting capability, chemical & other storage and how KenGen would handle a substantial oil spill. It was commented that the composition of gases in the exhaust stream and vibration issues should be covered. Mention was made of the new Energy Policy which was to be presented to the public on the 12th and 13th of February 2004. This is the most updated policy, since the one drafted in 1987 which was essentially for internal purposes only. 1.1.6 GEF-KAM Industrial Energy Efficiency Project A meeting was held on 9 February 2004 with Paul Kirai, the National Project Manager, James Wakaba, the Consultant Electrical Engineer and Pauline Marima, the Training and Network Assistant. They commented that proposed project was likely to have an overall positive impact. They further commented that from a planning perspective installing any new turbines adjacent to the existing gas turbines was likely to result in lower heat losses than transporting exhaust to the steam hall which is 100 metres plus away. Lastly, they commented that in the future the production of clean energy was likely to be prioritised over all other energy sources. Therefore hydropower was likely to continue to be the preferred option followed by either of the unfired alternatives. And given that supply for electricity currently outstrips demand by approximately 30%, it may be wiser to go for either of the unfired options. 1.2 People Met In addition, to the people mentioned in the meetings above, the following people were met and the project discussed: DO Changamwe Division Village elders from the 20 villages in Chaani location Mr. C.M. 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