Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand n, E-235 VOL. 7 DRAFT FINAL REPORT Seu Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant By RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED and SYSTEM ENGINEERING Co.,Ltd. AUGUST 1997 EGAT - INVESTMENT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT (WORLD BANK PARTIAL CREDIT GUARANTEE) Electricity Generating Authorit' of Thailand n; KI \NI nit[ O I o 0 1n W k\\ (662) 4336317. a335523. 4344064 I I(TLI\ 72348 L 111.82711E I It (C 11.: I; \T O\H Iit 1. KI No. EGAT N6800/ 3 260 24. J 1998 Multinational Environment & Social Assessment Services Consulting Environmental Specialist 327 Roselare Drive Arnold, Maryland 21012 USA. Attention: Mr. Alfred P. Picardi Sir, Subject : EIA Report for Fuel Oil System Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Project (RTPP) Proj. Ref. No. : RTPP-VI-AD-008/1998 Refer to the Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant (RTPP) capacity 4 X 700 MW. burning heavy fuel oil. EGAT pladed to construct Fuel Oil Supply System to support RTPP Unit 1 - 4 by receiving oil transportation at Sea Berth in the sea and transfer by Sub Sea Pipeline (about 20 kilometeres) which lay down on bottom of the sea to store in Tank Farm on the sea shore at Petchaburi and transferring by Cross Country Pipeline to Ratchaburi Power Plant, at distance of about 80 kilometers. Therefore Fuel Oil Supply System has separated to 4 packages including; Sea Berth, Sub Sea Pipeline, Tank Farm and Cross Country Pipeline. EGAT has presented the environmental impact assessment report (EIA) of those 4 packages to the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning to approve. As the result of economy crisis in ASIA and government's policy , EGAT has to postpone Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Unit 3&4 for few years. Therefore, the Fuel Oil Supply System has to be delayed. RTPP 1&2 have an alternative plan for fuel oil system by modifying EGAT barge slip to receive fuel oil by barge, loading at barge slip and transfer by pipeline to join the pipe line route from Petchaburi to RTPP, distance 9.5 kilometers. This project needs to present EIA's report separately. 2 EGAT would like to present 2 copies of EIA report for Fuel Oil Supply System from Petchaburi Province to Ratchaburi Power Plant as your requested. This report has to be continued for EIA approval to prepare for R vPY Unit 3&4 in the future. Thank you and appreciate for your consideration. Very truly yours, Mr. Kamol Takabut Manager, Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Project-Engineering Engineering Management Project Department Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Project Telephone: 4366940,4366982 Telefax :4249361 Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand DRAFT FINAL REPORT Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant By RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED and SYSTEM ENGINEERING Co.,Ltd. AUGUST 1997 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Table of content Table of content List of Tables page Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background 1-1 1.2 Objectives of Study 1-1 Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 Project Characteristic 2-1 2.1.1 Site Location 2-1 2.2 Sea Berth Description 2-5 2.2.1 Sea Berth Overall Layout 2-5 2.2.2 Sea Berth Process Flow Diagram 2-8 2.2.3 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 2 1 System (SCADA) 2.2.4 Power Supply 2-24 2.2.5 Fire Protection System 2-27 2.2.6 Oil Spillage Control Equipment 2-29 2.3 Sub-Sea Pipeline Description 2-29 2.3.1 Trenching 2-29 2.3.2 Pipeline Coating 2-30 2.3.3 Cathodic Protection System 2-31 2.3.4 Submarine Cable 2-31 2.4 Shore Tank Farm Description 2-32 2.4.1 Shore Tank Farm Process Flow Diagram 2-32 2.4.2 Bulk Storage Tank 2-37 2.4.3 Sub-Sea Pipeline Reception Relief Tank 2-37 2.4.4 Circulating Pump 2-37 2.4.5 Tank Farm Fire Fighting System 2-37 2.4.6 Wastewater Treatment System 2-38 2.4.7 SCADA System 2-39 2.4.8 Power Supply to Onshore Tank Farm 2-40 2- ,ea riert. buo-aea ripejine ana snore iank t-arm tor uel ViI Nuppi) N),stern to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Table of content Chapter 3 Existing Environment 3.1 Physical Resources 3.1.1 Climatology and Air Quality 3-1 3.1.2 Noise 3.1.3 Geology and Earthquake 3-5 3.1.4 Sea Water Quality 3-10 3.1.5 Ground Water Quality 3-12 3.2 Biological Resources 3.2.1 Terrestrial Ecology 3-14 3.2.2 Marine Ecology/ Oceanography 3-15 and Fisheries 3.2.3 Coastal Ecology 3-51 3.3 Human Use Values 3.3.1 Land Use 3-54 3.3.2 Land Transportation and Navigation 3-56 3.3.3 Solid Waste Management 3-60 3.3.4 Water Supply 3-65 3.3.5 Power Supply 3-67 3.3.6 Soil Resources 3-70 3.4 Quality of Life Values 3.4.1 Socio-Economic Status 3-72 3.4.2 Public Health, Occupational Health 3-90 and Safety 3.4.3 Landscape! Visual Scenery and Aesthetics 3-103 3.4.4 Archaeology! Historical Values 3-103 and Recreation Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Assessment 4.1 Physical Resources 4.1.1 Climatology and Air Quality 4-1 4.1.2 Noise 4-2 4.1.3 Geology and Earthquake 4-4 4.1.4 Sea Water Quality 4-5 4.1.5 Ground Water Quality 4-6 11 Sea Berth. Sub-Sca Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supplh Systern to Rdichaburi Thermal Power Plant Table of content 4.2 Biological Resources 4.2. errestria cogy 4-6 4-2.2 Marine Ecology/ Oceanography 4-7 and Fisheries . 4.2.3 Coastal Ecology 4-8 4.3 Human Use Values 4.3.1 Land Use 4-9 4.3.2 Land Transportation and Navigation 4-9 4.3.3 Solid Waste Management 4-10 4.3.4 Water Supply 4-11 4.3.5 Power Supply 4-12 4.3.6 Soil Resources 4-12 4.4 Quality of Life Values 4.4.1 Socio-Economic Status 4-13 4.4.2 Public Health, Occupational Health 4-14 and Safety 4.4.3 Landscape/ Visual Scenery and Aesthetics 4-14 4.4.4 Archaeology/Historical Values 4-14 and Recreation Chapter 5 Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Programs 5.1 Physical Resources 5.1.1 Air Quality 5-1 5.1.2 Sea Water Quality 5-2 5.2 Biological Resources 5.2.1 Marine Ecology! Oceanography 5-3 and Fisheries 5.3 Human Use Values 5.3.1 Land Transportation and Navigation 5-5 5.4 Quality of Life Values 5.4.1 Socio-Economic Status 5-5 5.4.2 Public Health, Occupational Health 5-6 and Safety Annex A Osis Stochastic Modelling iTiL Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply S%steni to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter I %1..'lapptei l L,11R4pLLt"I1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is to construct and to operate a Ratchaburi Combined Cycle Power Plant and a Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant at a combined site northeast of Ratchaburi, Thailand. A fuel oil supply system is required to be constructed to supply heavy fuel oil for the Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant. The fuel oil supply system is composed of a sea berth to offload ocean tankers, sub-sea pipeline, shore tank farm and cross country pipeline to the Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant. This environmental impact assessment report for the fuel oil supply system is concentrated on studying the impacts resulting only from the sea berth, sub-sea pipeline and shore tank farm. 1.2 Objectives of Study (a) To define the scopes of the studied area on which the development of the sea berth, sub-sea pipeline and shore tank farm for the fuel oil supply system to the Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant will cause the direct and indirect impacts. (b) To study and survey the physical characteristics and the qualities of the existing environment including physical resources, biological resources, human use values and quality of life values in 5 Kilometer radius around the proposed tankfarm site. (c) To evaluate both positive and negative environmental impacts during the construction and operation phases of the proposed project together with to indicate the effect sizes and scales of violence. (d) To recommend the guidelines of mitigative measures for the adverse impacts as well as the appropriate methods in monitoring the environmental qualities in short and long terms of the proposed project. Page 1-1 c:\egat\berth\english\chapl.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN S%sten to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Project Description 2.1 Project Characteristic The main elements of the fuel oil supply system to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant in this environmental impact assessment report cover the sea berth to offload ocean tankers, sub-sea pipeline and shore tank farm. 2.1.1 Site Location (A) Sea Berth The sea berth location is approximately 19.5 Km. offshore east of Petchaburi, in the Gulf of Thailand and has a grid reference at Latitude 130 06' 30" N and Logtitude 1000 14' 27" E as shown in Figure 2.1.1-1. This location has been selected to provide a minimum of 16 metres water depth at lowest low water. The proposed sea berth is parallel to the existing Petchburi Terminal Co., Ltd.'s sea berth situated at Latitude 1 320 07' 2A" NT and -* Lti 1 A00 07' 36.5" P ashnwn i Figure, 2.1 1-2 (B) Sub-Sea Pipeline The EGAT's sub-sea pipeline shore landing has a reference location at Latitude 130 07' 26" N and Logtitude 1000 04' 04" E while the existing sub-sea pipeline shore landing of the Petchburi Terminal Co., Ltd. has a reference location at Latitude 130 07 ' 42.4" N and Logtitude 1000 04' 04.4" E as shown in Figure 2.1.1-2. It can be seen that the existing sub-sea pipeline of the Petchburi Terminal Co., Ltd. runs parallel to the proposed sub-sea pipeline for a distance of approximately 8 Km. from the shore. Lateral distance between both sub-sea pipelines is in the order of 500 meter. (C) Shore Tank Farm The shore tank farm site is located between at Ban Don Makham Sung and at Ban Don Chong Khaep, Ban Learn District, east of Petchaburi Province (Figure 2.1.1-1) and has a reference location at Latitude 130 07' 22" N and Logtitude 1000 04' 00" E. The pointed location is approximately 500 m. south of the existing tank farm owned by the Petchaburi Terminal Company Limited. The proposed tank farm area is a 50 rai parcel of land currently used for salt pans and has low density residents as pictured in Figure 2.1.1-3. The site is accessible from Highway No. 3177 (Petchburi-Hat Chao Samran). When arives at the Hat Chao Samran intersection, travels approximately 16 Km. to the north along the sea water barrier road following to the coastal line which was completely constructed by the Page 2-1 c:\cgat\berth\chap2- 1. doe 4 15 16 17 l8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 20 31 32 33 34 *35 2 -F 7 7 7 7- 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 Bon O 5ak •61 0 el. Don PhIn åt ng RI Wot ok Dong Ud-r n a hl W.t p Thol, rut114t .2 9,nD. W.k mY-n- Tan .Farmn Do* n0dong EWn - 1.Pipeline Route Sea Berth ... .......S....l c - SOURCE GMT CRPORATON.LT .. ..997 Sy sten Thua oka n n . e - -a Po - -a. -. . ..n. ..r. . . . . '.g ph. Phr irn11emnTh-kip, snutrufo20 . . . ..n. . . hr. . . . . g Päg Tnl .. ....SHODRELINE - sn-luu • 0 Tak. ---~... . .. . LEGEND MuDl..* BAN ROAD streamý aCONTOUR LUNE OF FLOOR OF SANDY CLAY (LLW) r SOURCE :GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 RHISAL Figure 2.1.1-1 Location of Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel OilSupply RDA System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant .A IA .» tio b.a fl4 Ir .t.,W 4 JP c b T al Co Ltd exsn laCildi.s u ~~Compsn hr Tank Fårm., Sub Sca Pipeffnes Sand Sca selth 5>N lSub Sca LandIng 100 O04.4 E, 138 or 42.4 N- . .å....,S e h 100'0r38,5E.13 2.8N GPsoposed Scheme by EGAT Com ng Shore Tant Farm. Sub Sca Ipeline and Sca Bert JSub Sca Landn10 lo4°oc4o E, i3 aT 26' N Ý ~Seg Bet 0*427-E.1351 30Ne 131el -0*N ,t." -vJR- Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.1.1-2 Location of EGAT's Proposed Facilities Parallel to Location RADIAN of Existing Petchburi Terminal Co., Ltd.'s Facilities S.EA. LIMITED (J Figure 2.1.1-3 Proposed Shore Tank Farm Site Is Currently Used for Salt Pans RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply Ssienm to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 Irrigation Department until reaches the project site (Figure 2.1.1-1). The site topography is relatively flat, low lying and very wet and the subsoil conditions are mainly silt, overlying silty clay with stiff clay at depth. 2.2 Sea Berth Description The sea berth to offload ocean tankers is a structural steel construction comprising a main platform together with outer dolphins for attachment of mooring lines. The sea berth is designed for two berthing positions, each capable of handling 8,000 DWT to 60,000 DWT tankers. The design basis is to offload oil at the rate of up to 100,000 Tones per week. Approximately 50% of the oil is anticipated to be supplied from refineries in Thailand, utilising smaller tankers in the range 8,000 DWT to 25,000 DWT and the remainder imported from other parts of the world utilising larger tankers in the range 30,000 DWT to 60,000 DWT. Oil will be imported at temperatures in the range 30 0C to 60 oC. 2.2.1 Sea Berth Overall Layout The sea berth overall layout is made up of a sea berth main platform, mooring dolphins, berthing dolphins, a tug berth and a helicopter pad as shown in Figure 2.2.1 - 1. (A) Sea Berth Main Platform The main platform area consists of offloading arms, offloading system pumps, flow meters, separators, air eliminators, pig trap, transformers, generator and operating/ control systems, storage/ drain tanks, stores, control room, fire fighting- and safety equipment, mooring equipment and fendering, cranes and davits (see Figure 2.2.1-2). (B) Mooring Dolphins Each mooring dolphin has variable speed electrical capstan with quick-release mooring hooks. The hardwood fendering kerbs are installed to prevent mooring line chafing. (C) Berthing Dolphins The berthing dolphins support outer fenders and outer spring mooring lines. The fender units have guard rails to prevent snagging of mooring lines. Immersed steel components are cathodically bonded into the terminal cathodic protection system. Page 2-5 c:\cgat\berth\chap2-1.doc 一〞■，必，•‘同，內•．劇騙－一。。． 且一－么一騙」 0 v - - - - - - - - -- ------- --------- 0 ult Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.2.1-2 Sea Berth Main Platform Layout n-AM N 5 F.A. LIMITED Pagg 2-7 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 (D) Tug Berth and Tug Boat The northernmost mooring dolphin has an extended structure which includes berths for four tugs and a tender landing as shown in Figure 2.2.1-1. If severe sea conditions occur, the tugs will either stand off the terminal or return to their shore base. The Iduering.and moUUig are pJU1rPiUd U prLit thtLugnL Lbot. LUo liAealo There are access stairways at platforms. An accommodation module on the tug berth to provide crew relaxation (Figure 2.2.1-3) is comprised of -Sleeping berths with toilets, wash basins, showers, lockers, desks and other fitments sufficient for accommodating up to 12 crew -Lounge/ leisure room, fully equipped including radio and television -Galley with full cooking facilities and refrigeration storage facilities for up to 1 month supplies for up to 12 crew -Sick bay with 2 beds and sufficient medical facilities for treatment of minor ailments and injuries -All accommodation areas are air conditioned -Fresh water tankage and pump unit for galley supply, drinking water (sufficient for 3 month supply for entire crew, excluding other fire water service requirements) and bathroom facilities -Sea water tankage and pump unit for toilet flushing -Septic tank with arrangements for digested/ treated effluent to be discharged to sea. Two number 20 Tonne pull tug boats (see Figure 2.2.1-4) and two number 4 Tonne pull tug boats (see Figure 2.2.1-5) are used to maneuver ocean tankers to and from the docked positions at the sea berth. (E) Helicopter Pad A helicopter pad is provided on the roof of the south mooring dolphin including the access stair (see Figure 2.2.1-1). 2.2.2 Sea Berth Process Flow Diagram The sea berth process flow diagram as presented in Figure 2.2.2-1 has the main function of the system to offload diesel or heavy fuel oil from berth tanker via a pump booster station located on the sea berth to sub-sea pipeline for transmission to a tank farm. The system incorporates the following features: m Offloading of diesel or heavy fuel oil from the tanker manifolds via 3 offloading arms at each of the two berths to a pump booster station manifold . An air eliminationsystem which Will remove air inclusions upstream of the pump booster station or particular relevance during start-up of the offloading operation Page 2-8 c:\egat\berth\chap2- I.doc ，江 =C= 00 0 CD øP i MI-LY MUARD PROM FRM VEW .. ......... -M EL- ............ ..... BMW MAM DICK Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.2.1-4 General Arrangement of 20 Tonne Bollard Pull Z-Drive Tug Bont "DIAN S.E.A. LIMITED P FILE MAIN DECK Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.2.1-5 General Arrangement of 4 Tonne Bollard Pull Tug Boat RADIAN S.E.A LIMITED Page 2-11 2.-~ --_,.rA -- - UMrEE C..C OFIMIMLD P a- Sourr- e:sBPAC, 1,97 Figure 2.2.2-1 Sea Berth Process Flow Diagram RIADIAN Page 2-12 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm lor Fuel Oil Suppl System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 m An ultrasonic flow metering system on each offloading leg upstream of the pump booster station manifolds " Two duty and one standby screw pumps with variable speed fluid couplings " A pour point depressant system to prevent the system being plugged with heavy fuel oil at low temperatures m A pump speed control system to prevent low suction pump pressure m A pig trap for launching/ receiving cleaning and intelligent pigs (A) Sea Berth Offloading Arms The flow rates of offloading arms are variable, depending upon size of tanker to be offloaded and viscosity of product. On the basis that three arms will be utilised simultaneously, design of each arm is suitable for at least 1,200 m 3/hr of diesel fuel oil at 2 cSt and 800 m3/hr of heavy fuel oil at 750 cSt. The diesel fuel oil will be offloaded at the ambient temperature while the heavy fuel oil will be offloaded within the temperature range of 30 OC to 60 oC. Tanker connection shall be by quick acting manual coupler. An electrical isolating joint shall be incorporated into the arm adjacent to the tanker connection such that any static electricity in the arm is isolated from the tanker connection. An adjustable support jack shall be provided to prevent excess loads from the arm being transmitted to the tanker connection. Adapter flanged reducers shall he provided for each arm covering the size ranges to be anticipated for the range of tankers. A vacuum break valve and drain valve connections shall be provided at three tanker connection and at base level on the sea berth to permit draining of the arm. The vacuum break valve shall be capable of operation from either the tanker or sea berth deck. On the basis that three arms will be used simultaneously to offload tankers in the range of 8,000 DWT to 60,000 DWT, arms shall be 250 mm. nominal bore. The arms are operated by electro-hydraulic actuation from the sea berth deck adjacent to the arms and by umbilical cable from the tanker deck. The arms shall be fitted with restraining devices in the parked position to withstand the severest storm conditions that are to be anticipated. The alarms shall be fitted to warn operators when the limits of the operating envelope are being reached. (B) Air Elimination System An air elimination system is incorporated into the offloading system to enable air to be removed from the system upstream of pumps and meters, particularly during start- up when offloading arms will have been drained and contain air. The elimination system includes as follows: > An air elimination vessel, suitable for handling heavy fuel oil and diesel at flow rates of up to 1,200 m /hr from each arm Page 2-13 c:\egat\bcrth\chap2-1.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN S% stem to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 > The elimination vessel shall incorporate automatic and manual air vents which are piped to the closed product recovery tank. (C) Sea Berth Offloading Screw Pump ThC three sea berth screw pumps driven by an induction electric motor through a variable speed hydraulic coupling controlled by low suction pressure are identical and arranged in parallel. Two operating pumps are adequate to deliver 2,400 m'/hr at discharge pressures up to a pump body relief pressure setting of 20 Bar, assuming a tanker deck pressure of 7 Bar and making due allowance for pressure drop between tanker and pump through offloading arms and pipe work. The pumps are to be suitable for pumping diesel fuel oil and heavy fuel oil number 6. The viscosity/ temperature charts and density are provided in the following table. Diesel fuel oil is to be pumped at the temperature range 25 0C to 35 oC. Heavy fuel oil is to be pumped at the temperature range 30 0C to 60 oC. Table 2.2.2-1 Properties of Diesel Fuel Oil Parameters Values Specific gravity at 60/60 F 0.86-0.865 Viscosity cSt at 38 uC Higher heating value, MJ/Kg 45.1-45.3 Sulfur, %Weight 0.01-0.6 Ash, %Weight 0 Water and sediment, %Weight 0 Table 2.2.2-2 Viscosity/ Temperature of Diesel Fuel Oil Temperature, C Minimum Viscosity, cSt Maximum Viscosity, cSt,. 20 2.5 10 . 30 2 -7.3 40 1.6 5.8 50 1.3 4.5 60 1.1 3.6 70 1 2.8 80 0.9 2.4 90 0.8 2.1 100 0.75 - 2 Page 2-14 c:\egat\berth\chap2- I.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl1 SNsten to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 Table 2.2.2-3 Properties of Heavy Fuel Oil Number 6 Parameters Values Specific gravity at 60/60 uF (Max.) 099 Viscosity cSt at 122 "F 81-180 Pour point, uF (Max.) 75 Flash point, 'F (Min.) 140 Calorific Value, Btu/lb (Min.) 17,820 Sulfur, %Weight (Max.) 2 Ash, %Weight (Max.) 0.1 Water and sediment, %Weight (Max.) 1 Table 2.2.2-4 Viscosity/ Temperature of Heavy Fuel Oil Number 6 Temperature, uC Minimum Viscosity, cSt Maximum Viscosity, cSt 20 520 1700 30 260 750 40 140 360 50 80 180 60 50 110 70 33 70 80 24 45 90 17 30 100 13 22 (D) Pour Point Depressant System The pour point depressant system is required to prevent the heavy fuel oil from becoming sufficiently viscous and to prevent flow in the offloading system. The system includes > A 30 m3 storage tank, capable of being refilled from a supply boat via a flexible hose connection > A variable stroke positive displacement pump with standby, providing flow rates up to 5 m3 /hr > A strainer between tank and pump >A recycle dump line and pressure sensing valve, capable of dumping from pump discharge line to tank in the event of overpressure > Check and isolation valves downstream of the additive pump (E) Pig Launching System A pig launching system is incorporated on the jetty main platform. The system consists of > The pig launcher is located in a position suitable for orientating the adjacent pipeline riser to suit the sub-sea pipeline approach and associated tie-in spool geometry. Page 2-15 c:\egat\berth\chap2-1.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl% System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 >- The pig launcher is capable of launching swabbing, cleaning and inspection pigs from a range of suppliers. > The pig launcher shall incorporate a hinged door suitable for permitting loading of the above pigs. The door includes test cock and bleed connections. The door shall incorporate a safety lock which prevents opening while the trap isolating valves are open. > The pig launcher includes a suitable venting and drain system > A space envelope shall be provided behind the trap to permit launching of pigs. The envelope shall be sufficient to accommodate the largest intelligent train commercially available. > Pig lifting equipment, cradles and trollies are provided. (F) Water Drainage Systems * Below Deck Tank The below deck tank shall be fitted with high and low level switches and a local indicating level gauge. The contents of the below deck tank are transported by the transfer pump to the oil/ water separator. The transfer pump is automatically controlled by the tank's high and low level switches. * Oil! Water Separation System An oily water separation system is provided which processes any fluids collected in the bunded areas on the jetty main deck. The system is designed in accordance with the following requirements: > A separator is suitable for separating diesel and heavy fuel oil from water and treat water that does not exceed the limits of contamination laid down by)he Thai Regulatory Authorities for discharging to the sea. > The separator shall be piped from a lower elevation tarik (using a closed drain system concept) which shall contain sensors to detect the status of the fluids within the tank. Transfer pump shall be positive displacement type to avoid emulsifying the oil/ water. > Water product from the separator shall be piped to a water testing tank and then to open drains for discharging to sea. If the water quality is not acceptable for discharging to sea, the system shall include connection via a flexible hose to a waste collection vessel for disposal. > Oil product from the separation system shall be piped to the closed product recovery tank. > An outflow pollution monitor shall be installed at the separator for detecting the presence of oil in the outflow water. The alarm condition is reported to the local control panel and to the pipeline control centre via the SCADA system. Page 2-16 c:\cgat\berth\chap2-I.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm tor Fuel Oil Supplh Systen to Ratchaburi Thermal PowNer Plant Chapter 2 * Water Testing Tank > A low level switch and a local indicating tank level gauge are installed at the water testing tank. > The water from the water testing tank is transported to a tanker or dumped to sea, if of suitable quality, by the associated transfer plimp. This pump is manually controlled and automatically shutdown by the low level switch. * Closed Drainaee System > A closed drain system is provided which shall drain product from offloading arms, pumps, air eliminator vessels etc. to the product recovery tank. > Relief valve discharges shall be piped by a separate system to the product recovery tank. > The product recovery tank shall be located below the platform level to enable draining of equipment by gravity. The tank design shall prevent overflow by an extended vent system above the highest drain point and sealed tank design. Vent from the tank shall be fitted with a flame arrestor and located in a safe area. > A positive displacement re-injection pump shall be utilised to re-inject product into the offloading system. 2.2.3 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) The sea berth equipment, including the ingress to the sub-sea pipeline, is provided with the facilities that shall allow the local operator to control and monitor all of salient operational equipment. The control and monitoring equipment, displays and controls shall be located within a control panel located in the sea berth's control room. Facilities shall also be provided to allow for the remote monitoring and control of specified equipment by the pipeline control centre located at the shore tank site of the sub-sea pipeline. These facilities shall be implemented by a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA). The arrangement for the SCADA system is detailed in Figure 2.2.3-1. (A) Local Control Panel The local control panel shall be located within the sea berth control room and shall provide the following facilities: * Local monitoring and control of plant equipment * Plant sequence, interlocks and shutdown circuits to ensure safe plant operation * Offloading metering * Emergency shutdown system * Marshalling for plant cables Page 2-17 c:\egat\berth\chap2- .doc \．江 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm tor Fuel Oil Suppl% SNStCnI to Ratchaburi Thernial Po%%er Plant Ch3picr 2 * Marshalling for signals to be handed off to the SCADA system 0 Rack capacity for communication equipment * Rack capacity for SCADA equipment Typical arrangement for the local control panel is detailed by the control and instrumentation block diagram and the control room I yout as' displayed in Figure 2.2.3-2 to Figure 2.2.3-3. 1; Control Equipmen The equipment for the control and monitoring of the process plant shall utilise a programmable logic controller with discrete front of panel indicator lamps and push buttons/ switches. Annunciation of alarms shall be in accordance with I SA S 18.1 alarm sequence F2A- 1. Provision shall be made for remote acceptance of alarms from the pipeline control centre via the SCADA system. All signals which interface with the SCADA system shall be processed via the programmable logic controller and handed off via a serial data link. Each process analog variable shall be displayed by the use of discrete, front of panel A;_;f A;-I-_A by some oth r fi-- of --I equipment. Flov 7 .6.1al pane1 meters m-fles, _AaFI".Y- V y a-A.. uAe. A.m., -A Ime. computation and displays shall be implemented by the use of a proprietary flow computer for each meter stream. Sh ystem Emergency utdown (ESD) S An ESD system shall be implemented based on hardwired relay logic. The ESD initiators shall consist of a fire alarm system, manual call points, the SCADA system, ESD and others as required. All ESD initiators and the ESD initiation alarm shall be monitored by the pipeline control centre via the SCADA system. Upon initiation, ESD actions shall shut down the offloading pumps, all other pumps and close the hatch area actuated valves. The ESD system shall not automatically trip the main power supply. A separate power supply trip system, utilising manual call points, shall be provided in the control room, external to the power supply switchgear and at other location as required by regulation. Q Power Sugply The local control panels shall be supplied from an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provided as part of the electrical distribution system. Page 2-19 c:\cgat\berth\chap2-l.doc SEABERTH SHORE TANK CONTRACT FARM CONTRACT VIDEO TELEPHONES FAX LOCAL CONTROL PANELSCD P LSCAD COMMUNICATIONS EO DISCRETE AND SERIAL DATA OUTSTATIONEUPMENT ElREMOTE IS. CENERAL PURPOSE POWER SUPPLY OPTIC FIBRE CONSOLE 01" LINK TO SHORE SCADA 0F WITCHROOM MMI FT PT PS LS 'ESD MOV MOV ETC DISTRIBUTION I AND STANDBY Source: BPA, 1997 GENERATOR EQUIPMENT Figure 2.2.3-2 Sea Berth Control and Instrumentation Block Diagram RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED COM EPERU0EX( ("lI IMIT MR CNOIImt 01 1500 000 11100 ACCESS Co.'s Raj iO~1E ERS *M00 I "SPA".. SYSTES 90 CCuOORS SS r 4200 C014P1~~~ 0000 010~ __ _ 200EOEP NES COMMS &1 PCs 100 P11000 -0- ---- 7o90- Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.2.3-3 Sea Berth Control Room Layout RADIAN S E.A. LIMITED Page 2-21I Sea Benh. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore lank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN S%sten to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 (B) Communications Q Optic Fibre Link The communication system including an optic fibre link to shore will provide: * SCADA communications * Telephone/ fax circuits * Video circuit (future) Rack space for these equipment shall be provided within the local control panel adjacent to that area reserved for the SCADA equipment. Radio communications shall also be provided for ship and shore operational and safety communications as specified. 9 Public Address System The sea berth shall be provided with a comprehensive public address system which shall be controlled from the sea berth control room. The system shall satisfy the following criteria: * Full broadcast coverage of the sea berth * Adequate sound level suitable for audibility in normal offloading and pumping conditions * Adjustable sound level overall and on a selectable station by station basis * Two way communication from individual stations to the control room * A selection of alarm tones initiated by inputs from the fire alarm system, ESD system and other systems that require such annunciation - The control room equipment shall be located in the local control'panel with a desk mounted facilities for the operator. Q Ship to Sea Berth Communications During the process of offloading from a vessel, there shall be a voice communication facility connecting the vessel offloading master to the sea berth control room operator. This communication facility shall be implemented by the installation of a hardwired facility or by use of dedicated radio. The communication facility shall be of high availability, not less than 99.9%. A facility shall be provided to record all conversation between tankers and the sea berI. Ie audio recording equipment shall be industrial sandards using audio cassette magnetic tape recording techniques. The equipment shall be located in the control room. Recording shall be voice/ traffic actuated with a time and date stamp display. Page 2-22 c:\cgat\bcrth\chap2- .doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl% System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 P Backup Telephone Communications As a backup of the fibre optic communication path, the sea berth is to be provided with a backup telephony circuit. The backup circuit will be implemented by the technique of Inmarsat "M" satellite communication. ; HF and VHF Radio HF and VHF maritime band radio. transceiver equipment shall be provided with the operator facility located in the control room. Antenna equipment shall be mounted on the control room roof or adjacent to the control room utilising a suitable mast structure. ;P SOLAS Communications In accordance with the applicable Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations, emergency radio communications shall be provided with the operator facility located in the control room. Ja Radar A radar system shall be provided to detect vessels up to a distance of 5 nautical miles. The operator facility and display shall be provided in the control room. The system shall be provided with collision detection alarms that shall alert the operator when vessels move into a selectable range. Antenna equipment shall be mounted on the control room roof or adjacent to the control room utilising a suitable structure. Q Closed Circuit Television A color closed circuit television (CCTV) system shall be provided for security and plant surveillance. Four cameras shall be installed with remote control at the sea berth control room to let the operator facility to view the two offloading areas, the offloading pumps, pipeline hatch area, the tug berth and accommodation area. Cameras shall be mounted at the strategic locations to give the greatest view of the required surveillance areas. The cameras have automatic controls to accommodate the various lighting conditions. Within the control room, two video monitors shall be provided with an operator control console. Controls shall be provided such that cameras may be allocated to either monitor permanently on scan or a combination of the two. In conjunction with the control console, a 24 hour time lapse video cassette recorder shall be provided to record all CCTV cameras. A single video channel shall be handed-off to the optic fibre communication system for transmission to the pipeline control center located at the shore tank farm. This channel shall be selected by users at the sea berth CCTV control console to monitor a single camera or two or more cameras on scan. Page 2-23 c:\egat\bcrth\chap2- .doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Powser Plant Chapter 2 P Field Radio Six hand held transceiver radios shall be provided with associated charging equipment. Frequency spectrum shall be VHF. As a minimum, all radios shall be equipped with four selectable channels and one common calling channel which when used can. break into any of the foljr channels. Hand Qhet ntnashalpb flex;il stubh style. Battery standby time shall be 10 hours as a minimum, a main power charger and spare battery pack shall be provided for each transceiver. The field radio system shall be approved and compliant with Thai radio licensing authorities' requirements, as applicable. 2 Meteorological Monitor Wind speed and direction indication and current velocity and direction meter equipment shall be provided on the sea berth with local operator indication facility provided within the control room. The indication equipment shall be located within the local control panel with 4-20 ma retransmission of signals being made available for the SCADA system. The retransmission signals shall be made available at terminations within the marshalling termination area. The meteorological instrumentation shall be mounted on the roof of the control building or radio mast, as applicable. The exact location shall be suitable to enable representative measurement. 2.2.4 Power Supply The onshore tank farm main intake substation consists of a 22 KV switchroom which distributes electrical power by means of a 22 KV sub-sea cable to the main power MV switchroom module on the offshore sea berth platform (Figure 2.2:4-1). This 22. KV power supply at the sea berth platform will be transformed to 3.3 KV in the platform main power intake module. The power received at the offshore MV switchroom is for the purposes of power provision to the pump motor switchboards. The power is also transformed to 380 V of general and domestic power supplies. The 380 V switchboards will be split into 'Essential' and 'Non-Essential' sections. The 'Essential' sections will be provided with a 380 V diesel driven standby generator set of suitable rating to supply the essential loads for each location. The systems as described above are shown on the single line diagram of the entire power system (see Figure 2.2.4-2). The single line diagram defines the minimum requirements for the protection of the system by means of the use of electronic protection relays in each main switchboard. Low voltage switchboards shall be equipped in general with integral direct acting protection trip units within the circuit breakers. Page 2-24 c:\egat\berth\chap2-1.doc (lOTO~S) ,~~-22 kVC .!-1w --------------------- ------- ---- ---------- i mulm (CR Ia -- - - ----------- ------------- 22 1*lm I W.-,Å- -- - CÆd~ ------- 3.3 tv~ -øs BILOWl1 OCCK W~sW P~I MUSI'R _ = SUX),YE O %KMORMOWO Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.2.4-1 Sea Berth Main Platform Electrical System Layout R DA P'agt 2-25 E6 J e rr L . - --- - - L -- - r- - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.2.4-2 Offshore Single Line Electrical Diagram RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED Page 2-26 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore T ank Farm fr FueI Oil Suppl\ I SNstem to Ratchaburi Thermal Pow%er Plant Chapter 2.2.5 Fire Protection System A manual and automatic fire alarm and detection systems are provided to cover all potential risk areas. A fire hydrant system is also provided to enable localised fire fighting at various points across the facility. The fire protection requirements are as follows: (A) Generator Enclosure The generator enclosure is provided with: -automatic fire detection and alarm system utilising flame and smoke detectors with the latter sampling the cooling air by means of probes. -automatic fixed fire extinguishing system with alternative manual operation utilising CO2 cylinders. (B) Gas Venting Enclosures are nominally gas tight and are arranged with separate ventilation, discharging to atmosphere. Any mechanical ventilation with air inlet and outlet ducting is protected with fire dampers. These dampers close automatically in case of fire in the enclosure concurrent with shut down of the mechanical ventilation system. In case of gas leakage, fire dampers shall not be operated and the mechanical ventilation shall be maintained. (C) Gas Detection and Alarm System The operation of 2 out of 3 combustion gas detectors shall initiat6 local audible and visual warnings and similar warnings at the central control room. (D) Fire Detection and Alarm System The fire detection and alarm system is arranged such that two circuits are provided, with a minimum of two detectors on each circuit. The operation of any one detector on either circuit shall initiate local "level l" audible and visual alarms of fire repeated at the central control room. The operation of two detectors on different circuits shall initiate "level 2" alarms of fire and the following actions: -Shut down of the appropriate plant -Shut down of ventilation system and operation of fire dampers to seal openings Page 2-27 c.\cgat\berth\chap2-l.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl System to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%er Plant Chapter 2 -Automatic closure of the related fuel gas and fuel oil isolating valves (ESD valves) -Release of extinguishant (C02) within the enclosure -Heat detectors shall be of the fixed temperature point type -Smoke detectors shall be of the optical point type and shall be incorporated Intoa probe sampling system -Manual call points shall be of the break glass type and shall be located at or near doorways and exits on recognised access or escape routes. (E) Fixed Fire Extinguishing System The fixed fire extinguishing system shall be of the gaseous total flooding type. The systems used shall be CO2 systems. (F) Alarms The operation of the fire protection system shall activate local audible and visual alarms and shall also provide remote indication in the central control room. Fault indicators, visual and audible and switches for testing and muting all alarms shall be provided both locally and on the central control panel. (G) Foam/ Water Fire Fighting System and Equipment The fire hydrant system shall comprise a sea water fire main installed under the main deck level and with risers to the various hose reel and fire hydrant monitor points through the deck. The fire main shall be provided with sea water from two (one duty, one standby) electrically driven submersible sea water pumps @ 600 m 3/hour flow rate. These pumps shall be mounted on the end of a casing which is inserted into the sea to within 4 m. of the sea bed. Normal operation is from mains electricity but the standby generator is capable of operating fire pump in the event of a mains failure. The hydrant take off shall also be mounted at each corner of the main deck and at each corner shall be installed a monitor adjacent to the hydrant take off. The monitor shall be capable of directing sea water directly onto a fire or hazard and shall also have a mechanical arrangement whereby the monitor can direct foam on to a fire or hazard. The foam generation shall be by means of a venturi arrangement, fed from a 45 gallon foam drum/ reservoir mounted adjacent to each monitor. (H) Other Fire Fighting Equipment In order to comply with the international regulations, the following general equipment shall also be supplied. -2 x CO2 6 Kg. portable extinguishers, located in the operations/ control room Page 2-28 c:\egat\berth\chap2-I.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipelne and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl System to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%er Plant Chapter 2 -4 x portable foam extinguishers, trolley mounted (located in main platform store) -3 x 9 Kg. foam extinguishers -3 x 9 Kg. dry powder extinguishers -2 x portable water extinguishers, located in accommodation block -2 x dry powder extinguishers, located in accommodation block 2.2.6 Oil Spillage Control Equipment A power pack for the inflation of booms completed with a skimmer pump set of oil collection is installed into a location from where deployment is without difficulty sufficient oil containment boom to contain any oil spillages occurring at the sea berth or tanker. The sufficient dispersent/ detergent together with a means of application to deal with an oil spillage is provided. 2.3 Sub-Sea Pipeline Description The sub-sea pipeline commences at the sea berth central platform and terminates within the shore tank farm. The pipeline is 30" outside diameter with a minimum wall thickness of 15 mm. and has a corrosion allowance of 3 mm.. The pipeline material is carbon steel which will be heat insulated and concrete weight coated. The pipeline has a cathodic protection system and is suitably designed for a sea berth pump discharge pressure of 25 bar. An allowance of 6 bar in excess of steady state operating pressure is made for surge pressure. Thermal relief pressure is not less than 38 bar gauge. The pipeline is buried throughout its length including both sub-sea and shore approaches to tank farm with a cover of at least 1.5 m. except for riser to sea berth and connection to tank farm pig trap. Flow meters at the shore tank farm are used in conjunction with meters on the sea berth to monitor for product losses when pumping is taking place and automatic shut down systems are incorporated, into the design if any losses are detected. Pressure and temperature are moi-itored when there is no product flow which raises an alarm in the event of a suspect leak when pumping is not taking place. 2.3.1 Trenching Trenching trials consist of * test all procedures for trenching * test all procedures for Data Monitoring * test all equipment and instrumentation The minimum depth of trenching is 1.50 meters. The minimum height of backfill on the pipeline is 0.50 meters according to the regulation of Harbour Department. It is acceptable that backfilling is achieved by "Silting-Over" where the pipeline is not exposed at low tide. For area exposed at low tide, pipe trench is backfilled with backfill protruding above local ground level to allow for consolidation. Page 2-29 c:\cgat\berth\chap2- .doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supph S%stern to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 2.3.2 Pipeline Coating The pipeline coating has 3 types as follows: (A) Corrosion Coating A corrosion coating is applied to all external surfaces of the pipeline before the application of a heat retention coating. The weld joints with size of 150 mm. is used for the corrosion coating. All surfaces to be coated are prepared by blasting to BS 7079-SA 272. The coating is two coats of Fusion Bonded Epoxy each with a minimum dry finished thickness of 200 gm to provide a minimum total dry finished thickness of 400 gm. (B) Heat Insulating Coating The heat insulating coating is required to retain the heat of fuel oil contained in the pipeline. The fuel oil has varying pour point temperatures with a specified maximum pour point of 24 oC and is imported at varying temperatures from 30 OC to 60 OC. To avoid pumping problems and in the worst case scenario a plugged pipeline, heat requires to be retained in the fuel oil such that the temperature at any point in the pipeline does not fall below 10 0C above pour point for a period of at least 10 days following offloading. The design basis for heat insulation is to prevent temperature decay of heavy fuel oil under static conditions from 55 0C to 35 OC in less than 10 days with an external water/ sediment temperature of 25 0C. Heat insulation is a closed cell type polyurethane foam, 100 mm. thick, with a minimum density of 80 Kg/m3. The insulation is covered with 12 mm. thick solid polyethylene outer casing. (C) Weight Coating Weight coating is high density reinforced concrete of sufficient thickness to provide negative buoyancy and stability against water currents when the pipeline is empty and before the pipeline trench has been filled by backfill or silting. Weight coating thickness may need to be increased to provide protection of the pipeline from damage. The materials for the weight coating are Portland cement to BS 12, sand without impurities (silica type to BS 882), aggregate crushed iron ore or barytes to produce the required density and the reinforcing steel in the form of a welded cage surrounding the pipe. Adequate thickness of concrete is provided both inside and outside of steel to prevent spilling of concrete. Page 2-30 c:\cgat\berth\chap2-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Fami for Vuel Oil Supph SN stem to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%%er Plant Chapter 2 233 Cathodic Protection System A cathodic protection system is required to protect the sub-sea pipeline from corrosion in the event of damage to the pipeline external coatings. The system will not be effective when the pipe is shielded by insulation and weight coatings. The offshore pipeline is protected from corrosion using a combination of external coatings and cathodic protection. The cathodic protection system is designed to maintain exposed pipeline metal surfaces within an electrochemical potential range which controls corrosion within acceptable limits without causing material damage. The recommended cathodic protection system for newly constructed offshore pipelines features bracelet-type sacrificial anodes. For offshore pipelines, the pipe-to- soil/ water "ON" potential is used as a criterion for effective cathodic protection. The criteria for the cathodic protection is in accordance with DNV RPB401 (1993). The cathodic protection system maintains the pipe-to-sea water/ soil potential of the pipeline between -800 mV and -1,100 mV with respect to an Ag/AgCl reference cell. Cable connections from anode to pipe shall not permit the ingress of water to the pipe or insulation. 2.3.4 Submarine Cable The 22 KV 3 MVA submarine cable incorporating a fibre optic communication element are installed from the tank farm high voltage panel to the high voltage incoming panel sited on the sea berth platform for 19.5 Kilometer distance. The cable is a minimum of 70 mm2 and 3 cores. The cable is installed 1.5 meters below sea bed in sea water depths up to 20 meters. The cable route is parallel the sub-sea pipeline and follow the optimum routes for connection to the high voltage panels. If the cable is to be laid in the sametrenching as the pipeline, distance between pipeline and cable is not less than-6meters. If cable is to be laid in a separate trenching, distance between pipeline aid cable is not less than 20 meters. The fibre optics are used to provide communications between the sea berth and shore tank farm. The component comprises 12 single mode fibres, as a minimum. The fibre optic conductor is made of glass and the communication rate is not less than 10 Mbit/s. The fibre optic cables comply with IEC 793, 794 and 874. Page 2-31 c:\egat\bcnh\chap2-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl\ System to Ratchaburi Thermal Pow%er Plant Chapter 2 2.4 Shore Tank Farm Description 2.4.1 Shore Tank Farm Process Flow Diagram The tank farm reuires to initialiv receive diesel ffiel oil and silbseauently to receive heavy fuel oil from the sea berth via the sub-sea pipeline at variable intermittent flow rates up to 2,400 m /hr and at temperatures ranging from the lowest ambient temperature to 60 oC. The shore tank farm process flow diagram is shown in Figure 2.4.1-1 to Figure 2.4.1-3 and the shore tank farm layout is also represented in Figure 2.4.1-4. Storage tanks require to have a minimum net storage volume (volume between lowest and highest normal operating levels) of 100,000 m3 contained in a minimum of 6 tanks. Storage tanks require to be heat insulated. Tank level gauging requires to meet the requirements of the Customs Department of the Government of Thailand for import duty purposes. When received into storage at the tank farm, in order to provide suitable temperatures! viscosity's and flow rates for the cross country pipeline, heavy fuel oil at temperatures below 60 0C, requires to be transferred/ circulated tank to tank at 600 m /hr via oil fired heaters to raise the temperature to 60 oC. Due to the critical nature of achieving required temperatures, a full standby heating system is required to be provided. Oil from the storage tanks requires to be delivered to the cross country pipeline at either 300 m 3/hr or 600 m3/hr and at pressure up to 90 Bar. Pumping may be intermittent or continuous. In the event that continuous pumping in the cross country pipeline can not -be maintained (resulting in cooling of the oil in the cross country pipeline--which is insulated but not heat traced), it is required that a pour point depressant additive injection system is provided to reduce the pour point of heavy fuef oil before delivery to the cross country pipeline to less than 15 oC. In the event of an electrical main power failure, a diesel engine driven pump is provided to deliver oil to the cross country pipeline at 300 m 3/hr. A standby electrical generator is capable of operating other essential services for delivering oil to the cross country pipeline in the event of an electrical main power failure. To reduce rate of oil temperature cooling, piping requires to be heat insulated and suction piping to pumps requires to be also provided with electrical trace heating for pump start-up following a period of no flow. Rainwater falling onto areas with a risk of oil contamination requires to be processed via oil/ water separators and retaining lagoon before discharging offsite. Page 2-32 c:\cgat\berth\chap2-2 doc IM M Mm M as M SOURCE BPA , 1997 RADIAN Figure 2.4.1-1 Shore Tank Farm Process Flow Diagram (Sheet No. 1) S.E.A. LIMITED Page 2-3, SREWA1 SUpPLY mm "m M am m hk CM M m mn CM) n URC:BPA ,1997 Figure 2.4.1-2 Shore Tank Farm Process Flow Diagram (Sheet No. 2) R.EAD Page 2-34 M: SOURCE BPA 1997 RADIAN Figure 2.4.1-3 Shore Tank Farm Process Flow Diagram (Sheet No. 3) S UMIED Page 2-35 l 啡 PagcZ·36 中「 Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN System to Ratchaburi Thermal PoN%er Plant Chapter 2 A fire water reservoir, fire main and hydrant system is required to provide fire fighting water to the storage tanks in order to cool adjacent tanks to any tank which may be on fire and in order to provide foam injection to the tanks. The sub-sea and cross country pipelines are to be provided with flow rate/ volume metering and static pressure/ temperature measurement for loss monitoring. 2.4.2 Bulk Storage Tank Bulk storage tanks are above ground vertical cylindrical type with fixed cone roof and cone "up" floor (highest point at centre) to API 650. Roofs of tanks are heat insulated with sprayed polyurethane foam. Total net storage (volume between minimum normal operating level and maximum normal operating level) is not less than 100,000 m 3 contained in a minimum of 6 tanks. Height of vertical side of tanks shall not exceed 18 meter. Vertical cylindrical surfaces are also heat insulated with mineral wool blanket. Each tank is fitted with a spiral type access stairway to roof welded directly to the tank shell. The roof of each tank is fitted with handrails and toe boards around the full circumference. Tanks are located in a bunded area to retain 110% of the maximum volume contained in one tank. The bund floor slaps laid to fall to a central drainage channel with a controlled outlet valve. Thus, in the event of a major oil spillage, the oil is entirely contained and pumped into tankers for recycling. 2.4.3 Sub-Sea Pipeline Reception Relief Tank This tank is a vertical cylindrical to API 650 and is similar to the bulk storage tanks with the exception that the volume between normal low and high operating levels is 3 400 M . Height of tank is selected to provide a stable ratio with diameter. 2.4.4 Circulating Pump Circulating pumps are required to circulate/ transfer product from tank to tank at the shore tank farm through heaters in order to increase the product temperature in order to achieve a suitable temperature/ viscosity for transportation in the cross country pipeline to the power plant at Ratchaburi. Three numbers of circulating pumps are identical and arranged in parallel. Each pump is screw type driven by an induction electric motor. Two pumps are operated and the remainder is standby pump. The flow rate and discharge pressure of each pump is equal to 300 in 3 /hr and 4 bar, respectively. 2.4.5 Tank Farm Fire Fighting System Water for the fire fighting reservoir at the shore tank farm is to be obtained by deep well pumps and is saline sea water. Fire. fighting water storage (2,000 m 3 minimum capacity) is sufficient to continue at full rate, assuming one tank is on fire without interruption for a minimum period of 6 hours. The drainage system is designed to Page 2-37 c:\egat\berth\chap2-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl% System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 2 deal with fire fighting water and to protect the environment from oil and foam contamination. (A) Fire Fighting System for Bulk Storage Fuel Tanks uk StOlarage fuel tanks are to be fire protected by a fire water hydrant ring main with fixed monitors by top foam injection and by roof mounted cooling spray rings. Foam 2 injection is at a minimum rate of 4 litres/min/m of tank liquid surface area. Foam is generated by a minimum of three mobile foam generating units. Foam concentrate is stored in drums within a building on site. For radiation cooling a minimum rate of 2 litres/min/m2 of exposed area is necessary and for flame impingement a minimum rate of 10 litres/min/m2 is required. Tank top cooling water rings are fitted with individual jet strainers to prevent jets from blocking with rust particles and are split into two segments for selective cooling depending upon the location of the fire. One electric fire pump and one diesel engine driven fire pump are provided to supply water to the hydrant ring main. The ring main and pumps are sized to provide a pressure at any point in the ring main under fire fighting conditions in the range 8-10 Dar. (B) Fire Fighting System for Pumps, Heaters and Equipment Equipment for processing oil such as pumps and heaters have portable foam and dry powder extinguishers located in adjacent positions in the event of a fire. Fire alarms are provided in all areas at risk monitored from the central control room. (C) Fire Fighting System for Buildings CO2 extinguishers are provided for electrical fires while water extinguishers are provided for fabric fires. Each building room considered to be at-isk from fire is provided with a fire detection alarm system monitored from the central control room. 2.4.6 Wastewater Treatment System Surface water interceptors are installed to separate and retain oil. Sludge traps are provided either immediately upstream of the interceptor or as part of a combined unit. Access for sampling is provided immediately downstream of the interceptor. An automatic closure device is installed within the interceptor to give adequate advance warning before the storage capacity of retained light liquid is reached. Foul waste is pumped to the onsite treatment system for treatment prior to discharge into the open channel surface water system. A -3 *J M--3. A uraiMage water holding lagoon with minimum capacity of 1,500 m is to hold water from the oil/ water interceptor discharge before being released offsite into existing drainage channels. Discharge from the lagoon is via a manually operated sluice. The Page 2-38 c:\cgat\berth\chap2-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeine and Shore Tank Fan for Fuel Oil Suppl\ S\slemi to Ratchaburi Themial Pow%er Plant Chapter 2 drainage lagoon is adequately separated from the fire water reservoir to ensure no possible pollution from lagoon water to reservoir water. 2.4.7 SCADA System (A) SCADA System Overview The SCADA system consists of a masterstation located at the elected pipeline control center location which communicates to SCADA outstations as specified. In addition to the masterstation located at the pipeline control center, submaster control stations are provided at other control centers as specified. A facility is provided to enable e- mail messaging between masterstations and submasters. The SCADA system is provided the pipeline operator at the pipeline control center to monitor and control the pipeline network by use of the SCADA Man Machine Interface (MMI). A digital communication network provides the communication between the masterstation and its submasters/ outstation to fulfill the specified requirements. (B) Pipeline Leak Detection with Softwares (a) Static Leak Detection The static leak detection system has a static leakage detection capability for any section of pipeline that has been valved off and is pressure packed. The input data entered in the program for each section of pipeline are time, pressure deviation and the expansion coefficients. The detail of performing the static leak detection is that after the line section has been valved off, the line temperature and pressure are stored and an alarm set if any of the following is detected: * The actual pressure falls below the stored value by an amount greater than a set limit. + The temperature corrected pressure falls below the stored value by an amount greater than a set limit. * The pressure falls by more than a set limit over a period of 5 minutes. The system produces the following outputs: * Operator warnings * Alarms * Static leakage detection values * Corrected, calculated and pressure value The static leak detection application is run at least once every minute on each section of pipeline defined by valve closed indications. Page 2-39 c:\egat\berth\chap2-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply SNsten to Ratchaburi Thermal Po",er Plant Chapter 2 (b) Dynamic Leak Detection The dynamic leak detection system is capable of handling pipe networks under transient and steady state in real time. This system is composed of volume balance with line pack compensation. The outputs of the dynamic leakage detection system are"alarms, warnings and mimicI text datato eithr user defined or standard pages on the MMI. 2.4.8 Power Supply to Onshore Tank Farm The electrical power for the onshore tank farm will be delivered to the site from the Provincial Electricity Authority at a service voltage of 22,000 volts, three phases and at a frequency of 50 Hertz. The onshore tank farm main intake substation consists of a 22 KV switchroom which distributes electrical power to the tank farm MV switchroom and also the offshore sea berth platform. This 22 KV power supply will be transformed to 3.3 KV in the tank farm main power intake module. The power received at the onshore MV switchroom is for the purposes of power provision to the pump motor switchboards. The power is also transformed to 380 V of general and domestic power supplies. The 380 V switchboards will be split into 'Essential' and 'Non-Essential' sections. The 'Essential' sections will be provided with a 380 V diesel driven standby generator set of suitable rating to supply the essential loads for each location. The systems as described above are shown on the single line diagram of the entire power system (see Figure 2.4.8-1). The single line diagram defines the minimum requirements for the protection of the system by means of the use of electronic protection relays in each main switchboard. Low voltage switchboards shall be equipped in general with integral direct acting protection trip units within the circuit breakers. The shore tank farm 22 KV substation layout and shore tank farm 380 V/ 3.3 KV substation layout are exhibited in Figure 2.4.8-2 to Figure 2.4.8-3, respectively. Page 2-40 c:\cgat\berth\chap2-2 doe ,. ., 火 pagoZ一月， 22 W THAPIMM PE n W/.U w M*Grm" v w 30taft" WC OprC O"J"Od CW902 Source: BPA, 1997 Figure 2.4.8-2 Shore Tank Farm 22 KV Substation Layout RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED ··컫 Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN SNstern to Ratchaburi Therinal Po%%er Plant Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Existing Environment 3.1 Physical Resources 3.1.1 Climatology and Air Quality (A) Climatology The climatological data of the Petchaburi station for the period 1981-1990 is demonstrated in Table 3. 1.1 -1 which can be briefly summarized as follows: (a) Temperature Annual average ambient temperature is equal to 27.6 Celsius. The weather in April and May is the hottest where the maximum mean temperature is approximately 33.2 Celsius and the minimum average temperature in December is 20.1 Celsius. Relative humidity throughout the year has average value of 76%. The highest average relative humidity in October is about 92% which relates to rainfall in this month having maximum mean rainfall of 263.8 nun.. The lowest average relative humidity in December is equal to 55% resulting in dry weather. (c) Rainfall Total annual average rainfall is 1,044.1 mm.. The heavy rainfall pen'od occurs during May to November; the total rainfall in this period equals 957.5 mm. which is 91.71% of total annual mean rainfall and the number of mean rainy days in this period is 93.9 days with respect to total annual average rainy day having the value of 101.8 days. While the rare rainfall period occurs between December and April; the total rainfall in this period equals 86.6 nun. which is 8.29% of total annual mean rainfall and the number of mean rainy days in this period is 7.9 days which is relative to total annual average rainy day having the value of 101.8 days. (d) Wind Direction and Speed The south monsoon blows from February to Mar and during May to August and the mean wind speeds equal 2.4-7.4 knot (4.44-13.69 km./hr.). While the northeast monsoon blows between October and January and the average wind speeds equal to 1.3-2.3 knot (2.4-4.26 km./hr.). In addition, the southeast monsoon blows between April and May as well as the average wind speeds equal to 1.7-6.3 knot (3.15-11.66 km./hr.). Page 3 -1 c:\egat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-I.doc Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN System to Ratchaburi Thermal Pow%er Plant Chapter 3 Table 3.1.1-1 Climatological Data of Petchaburi Station for the Period 1981-1990 Station PETCHABURI Elevation of station above MSL 2 Meters Index station 48465 Height of barometer above MSL 4 Meters Latitude 13 09 N Height of thermometer above ground 1.25 Meters Longitude 100 04 E Height of wind vane above ground 10.5 Meters Height of rain gauge 0.11 Meters __ ikn Ibar A a Ju u Aug - Sep kci Nov Dec Yea Pressure (Hectopascal) Mean 1012.36 1011.08 1009.97 1008.26 1006.90 1006.44 1006.76 1006.57 1007.97 1009.70 1011.51 1013.31 1009.24 Ext.max. 1022.82 102016 1021.28 1015.94 1012.94 1011.74 1012.65 1012.53 1014.74 1016.92 1020.16 1022.91 1022.91 Ext. min. 1003.68 1002.23 1002.65 1000.60 999.22 1000.14 999.16 999.35 1001.14 1002.34 1005.07 1006.26 999.16 Meandailyrange 423 4.25 4.43 4.40 372 3.44 3.35 355 4,14 4.32 4.15 428 402 Temperature (Celsius) Mean 25.2 27.0 28.2 29.4 29.3 28.8 28.5 28.5 28.1 27.6 26.5 24.6 27.6 Mean max. 30.5 30.9 32.1 33.2 33.2 32.7 32.5 32.5 32.1 31.5 30.7 30.1 31.8 Mean min. 20.5 23.0 24.4 25.6 25.9 25.9 25.4 25.7 25 24.4 23.2 20.1 24.1 Ext. max. 34.5 35.2 36.6 37.8 37.2 37.1 36.7 37.5 37.5 35.7 34.2 34.5 378 Ext. min. 14.0 17.4 16.0 22.4 23.1 22.9 22.9 23.7 23.2 21.7 15.6 13.3 13.3 Relative Humidity (%) Mean 74 77 76 76 76 75 75 75 79 81 80 72 76 Mean max. 86 86 84 84 85 85 86 86 90 92 90 86 87 Mean min. 60 67 65 65 64 63 63 63 67 67 63 55 64 Ext. min. 30 28 21 38 35 38 40 38 46 41 43 34 21 Dew Point (Celsius) Mean 20.3 227 23.5 24.6 24.4 23.8 23.5 23.5 24.0 239 22.2 19.2 23.0 Evaporation (mm.) Mean-pan 124 131.8 180.8 171.3 164.6 136.2 141.9 136.7 128.5 108.9 106.9 119.9 1651.5 Cloudiness (0-10) Mean 3.6 3.7 4.0 5.2 7.0 8.2 8.1 8.6 8.2 7.3 5.6 3.6 6.1 Sunshine Duration (hr., NO OBSERVATION Visibility (km.) 0700 L.S.T. 5.4 6.1 7.8 8.9 11.6 12.0 12.3 11.6 11.5 9.7 8.1 7.0 9.3 Mean 7.6 8.7 9.7 10.5 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.2 12.2 10.7 94 8.5 10.6 Wind (Knots) Mean wind speed 2.3 5.4 7.4 6.3 4.2 3.4 2.7 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 - Prevailing wind NE S S SE SE,S S S S SE NE NE NE Max. wind speed 24 29 45 36 45 30 32 26 40 40 35 25 45 Rainfall (mm.) Mean 12.1 2.8 12.5 43.5 94.4 84 80.1 106.5 130.3 263.8 198.4 15.7 1044.1 Mean rainy day 0.7 1.1 1.7 3.7 10.6 - 12.2 12.6 15.7 16.1 16.5 10.2 0.7 101.8 Daily maximum 74.7 15.4 407 74.9 165.4 46.1 53.7 70.3 79.7 177.0 188.0 72.9 188.0 Number of days with Haze 16.9 5.8 7.2 4.4 0 9 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.4 2.6 8.9 19.1 67.9 Fog 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 Hail 0.0 0.0 00 00 00 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 Thunderstorm 0.1 14 1.4 4.6 10.9 8.6 11.2 94 31 ? ?6 02 855 ISquall 00 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 00 00.0 00 Source: Climatological Data of Thailand for 30-Year Periqd (191-1990), Climatology Division, Meteorological Department, Ministry of Transport & Communications,1994 Page 3-2 c:\cgat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-I.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 The ambient air quality surrounding the proposed sea berth and sub-sea pipeline is not measured because their locations are situated in the Gulf of Thailand and no air pollutant emission sources are available in these positions. The designated tank farm site and the areas around the shore tank farm are currently salt pans, low density resident and do not have large air pollutant exhaust sources. Consequently, the secondary data of ambient air quality obtained from the single point mooring, sub-sea pipeline and shore tank farm project of the Petchaburi Terminal Co., Ltd. which is approximately 500 m. far from the north of the proposed onshore tank farm site are the representative of the existing ambient air quality around the area of developed tank farm. The air quality monitoring stations of the Petchaburi Terminal Co., Ltd. as displayed in Figure 3.1.1-1 were composed of the Ban Pak Thale School located at the north of the designated tank farm site, the tank farm site of Petchaburi Terminal Co., Ltd. and the Bang Kaeo School situated at the south of the proposed project. The particulates and total hydrocarbon at three afore-mentioned air quality monitoring stations were sampled and analysed during October 26-28, 1995. The results of air quality was sunmerized in Table 3.1.1-2. The air quality analysed results (Table 3.1.1-2) were shown that the concentrations of particulates around the proposed areas was significantly lower than the air quality standard as provided by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE). The concentrations of total hydrocarbon at every monitoring site were equal to 2.2 ppm. Due to no identified total hydrocarbon standard, these concentrations of total hydrocarbon were baseline information for controlling and monitoring air pollutant emission after the operation phase of the proposed project. Table 3.1.1-2 Results of Ambient Air Quality around Proposed Shore Tank Farm Site Monitoring Location Date Air Pollutant Concentration Particulates THC (pg/m3) (ppm) 24 hr. Ban Pak Thale School 26-28 Oct. 1995 55.12 2.2 Shore Tank Farm of Petchaburi 26-28 Oct. 1995 82.87 2.2 Terminal Co., Ltd. Bang Kaeo School 26-28 Oct. 1995 119.90 2.2 Ambient Air Quality Standard* 330 - Averaging Time 24 hr. Remark: * Ambient Air Quality Standard Provided by MOSTE Source: Pre Development Consultant Co., Ltd. (1996) Page 3-3 c:\egat\berth\english\chap3-i.doc Bon Do Sokae • •<-n Ban Don Phin et........ Åong R! Wat ok l Station 1 Ban Pak Thale School .on Pak Thole ........ B Dong Udomrnmn Wat P Thole - Bon No Nong Bon Do Mak m Yon Ban Nong Bou........ tnwTani Farm B on M 9 Station 2 Tank Farm Ban Som 101ro . - . t/luW1 . on Nong P .o , hon . o ..o N>n -1 -a o g o ban No Ho - - - - - Phi L1o g ýnW 2 - - - - - - - Ch g Koep ... ... • on No Bu.. ...... ... ... ... ..... nw Norörn Ban Muong Klomtg Ba k •'Bn -on Ke Rmn SRo on. Bang ...... Bon Nng Thle e Station 3 Ban bang Kaeo School Bar Pho bhra. . . . . . . . Ban' No 'Bon Nong 1h - - - - - • .B nh... . . ...m.. . . . Figure 3.1.1-1 Air Quality and *Noise Monitoring Stations around Proposed RA DIA N Onshore Tank Farm S.E.A. UIMITED Page 3-4 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl% System to Ratchaburi Thermal Pow%er Plant Chapter 3 11 .1 Noise Noise level mentioned in this study were gathered from the secondary data and monitoring results in 1995 in the report of EIA Study for the Construction of Tank Farm and Sub-Sea Pipeline of Phetchaburi Terminal Co.,Ltd, performed by Pre Development Co.,Ltd which was approved by the Office of Environment and Policy Plan. Noise Monitoring Station Noise monitoring around the project site are at three stations as shown in Figure 3.1.1-1. 1. Ban Pak Thale School (Station 1) This fishery community is located at the coast of the sea. The monitoring station (Station 1) is far from the north of the project site nearly three kilometers. Noises are mainly originated from either manmade or natural sources such as ship, boat, vehicles, animals and environment, etc. for a variety of activities in this community. 2. Shore Tank Farm of Petchaburi Terminal Co., Ltd. (Station 2) This station is located at the construction site of Phetchaburi Terminal Co.,Ltd. While noise monitoring, this site was on ground grade. The vicinity of the monitoring stations are salt pans and coastal areas. 3. Ban Bang Kaeo School (Station 3) The location of the station is far away from the project site around 2.8 kilometers. Noises are mostly originated from the varieties of the community and environment. The surroundings of the station were residential areas. Results from Noise Monitoring The results from noise monitoring in all stations is lower than 60 dBA except Baan Pak Talay station. The main causes of this peculiar noise level in this community are that there are a lot of fishing boats go back and forth both in the morning and evening and that many vendors drive to the front of the community for sea animal purchase. 3.1.3 Geology and Earthquake (A) Geology The physiographic geological feature of the studied area within the radius of 5 Kilometers from the proposed shore tank farm located at the west of the Gulf of Thailand is tidal flat and the average elevation of the site is above the mean sea level Page 3-5 c:\egat\bcrth\english\chap3-I.doc Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 Thailand is tidal flat and the average elevation of the site is above the mean sea level slightly till approximately 1 meter. This area has the high quantity of salt and deposited materials from the sea. In general, the soil is found in the deep level. The characteristics of the soil are clay to sand and silt, do not have any structure, and have very poor soil drain and high ground water level. The soil always retains water. The geological condition of this alluvial plain area is the Quaternary alluvial and beach deposits resulting from the deposition of the coastal sediments influenced by the sea water (as shown in Figure 3.1.3-1). The deposited materials in this alluvial plain area are river gravel, silt, clay and mud. The older terrace of the former alluvial plain area consists of boulder, loosed block and pebble of quartzite, quartz, chert, slate, sand-stone and granite. In addition, the lateritic soil is generally found on top or in higher elevation in places. No economically important mineral deposits are recognized in the studieZ area. (B) Earthquake Thailand is located on the east of the Alpine Belt as shown in Figure 3.1.3-2, this belt extends from China to Burma and from the Andaman Sea to Sumatra Archipelago. Thailand and her eastern neighbor countries such as Laos and Cambodia, are generally considered to be situated on a relatively stable continental land. Nutalaya and his colleagues in 1985 classified the maximum earthquake intensity of the Indo-China countries into the scale of 1-12 as depicted in Figure 3.1.3-3. From this figure, it can be seen that the proposed onshore tznk farm area is not located within the seismic zone affected by the high earthqu ..Ke intensity. The maximum earthquake intensity of this site is not more than Mercalli scale of 3 that somebody can notice it as an earthquake and does not cause the damage on the structures. Page 3-6 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap3-I.doc L홑〔 轍헵 1蟬．,... CIRC m PAC I )--I C BELj lu ALPIN5 f^ IREI T Figure 3.1.3-2 Distribution of Earthquake Epicenters RADIAN 930 90 990 0 2* 1050 ioe E N CHNA v -- 22 VVETN BURMA - LAOS .VI 19e~~ _X v9i- KIAMHEA ,- 19 13- \ Vv 0 00 vivi 7 Figure 3.1.3-3 Maximum Earthquake Intensity Map of Thailand RAD IAN and Adjacent Areas S.E A LIMITED Page 3-9 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 3.1.4 Sea Water Quality This EGAT's project is located at the sea coast; thus, wastes and oily water resulted from the construction and operation of the project will be discharged into the sea. As a result, it is recommended that the quality of sea water should -be monitored during either construction or operation periods. The results of this monitoring will become basic information for environmental impact assessment about sea water quality which may be occurred. The sea water samplings were collected around the vicinity of the project site totaling three stations during June 18-19, 1997 (Figure 3.1.4-1), details as bellows: Station I: At the front of the project site, 500 meters from the sea coast. Station II: At the front of the project site, 8000 meters from the sea coast. Station III : At the front of the project site, 16000 meters from the sea coast. Each stations, sea water samplings were collected at the water surface and in the four meter depth except station I because its depth is less than four meters. Parameters and methods of sea water quality are as shown in Table 3.1.4-1. Table 3.1.4-1 Parameters and Methods of Sea Water Analysis Parameter Method Temperature Thermometer pH pH-meter Turbidity Turbidity meter Salinity Salino-meter Suspended solid Glass fiber filter disc Coliform bacteria Multiple tube fermentation technique Dissolve Oxygen(DO) Azide modificatiod Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) Azide modification TKN Kjeldahl method Oil&Grease Observation 3.1.4.1 Analysis Results of Sea Water Quality The results of survey about sea water quality in the vicinity of the project area conducted on June 18-19, 1997 indicated that temperature and pH of sea water quality became 28.6-30.5*C and 8.10-8.27, respectively, which are regarded as the acceptable values in the standard of sea water quality (according to the announcement of the Nations Environment Committee, 7th Issue, 1994). The saltiness of sea water at the coast is almost the same; approximately 31.8-33.3, which is also acceptable for the standard value. In addition, no oily slimes contaminated in the sea water around the project area were found. Page 3-10 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap3-I.doc 、二廈 ，二 留 Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Ptpehne and Shore lank Fami for Fuel Oil Suppl S. steni to Ratchaburi Thernial Pox%er Plant Chapter Table 3.1.4-2 Result of Sea Water Analysis Parameter Station 1(0 M.) 2(0 m.) 2(4 m.) 3(0 m) 3(4 m.) Temperature('c) 28.6 30.5 f9-.5 29.3 30.1 pri 9.10 8.27 '8.25 9.17 8.17 Salinity 33.3 31.9 31.8 32.4 32.2 Turbidity (NTU) 30 -1 1 -2 0 Oil&Grease ND. ND. ND. ND. ND. DO (mg/L) 7.03 6.12 4.93 7.53 7.80 BOD (mgAL) 1.19 0.76 1.12 0.83 0.91 SS (mgAL) 47 ND. ND. 6.00 ND. TKN (mg[L) 0.92 0.46 0.92 0.61 0.61 E2! coliform (MPN/ 100 ml) 4 <2 <2 <2 <2 Note: ND. = Non-detectable Regarding the turbidity and the volumes of suspended solids, it was found that both of them are extremely high. This must be resulted from the shallow sea coast and muddy beach causing high dispersion of iron substance. The monitored turbidity is 30 NTL and volumes of suspended solids is 47 mg/l. However, the quality of other sea water at the farer stations from the sea coast is clearer and contains low suspended solids. The volumes of TKN in water samples from all stations is between 0.92-0.46 mg/l. The station I at the water surface and station 11 at the four meter depth contain the maximum TKN. From the analysis regults, the diluted oxygen value is 4.93-7.80 mg/l and BOD is about 0.76-1.19 mg/l which are still in the standard value. At the station II with four meter depth, there is the lowest diluted oxygen value: 4.93 mg/l and high oxygen consumption of organisms (BOD): 1. 12 mg/l. :These- may be resulted from the contaminated waste water discharged from comniunities and prawn breeding farms at the north of Bang Kaew village and Pak Talay viflage. In addition, since the project site is located near the mouth of Phetchaburi river, organic substances from this river may be contaminated in that sea area. For the nearer station from the sea coast, both of oxygen and BOD values is quite high as well due to its surface water state and wave influence causing well oxygen exchange in sea water even though there are high volumes of contaminated organic substances from the communities. The nearer sampling station is, the higher volumes of chloroform bacteria becomes. The most highest volumes is 4 MPN/100 ml but is regarded as insignificant volumes. 3.1.5 Ground Water Quality Most of the ground water sources in the studied area are found in the rock strata with the depth not more than 30 meter. The ground water wells have the pumping rates approximately 20-100 gallon per minute or approximately 4.5-22.7 cubic meter per Page 3-12 c:\cgat\berth\english\chap3-I.doc Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 hour. The ground water is pumped from the sand layer supported by clay layer. In addition, the ground water sources are also found in the granite strata. The ground water qualities pumped from the ground water wells in Amphoe Ban Laem surveyed by the Department of Mineral Resources in 1995 (Table 3.1.5-1) had the acid-base values in the range of 7.2-8.1 which were acceptable for consumption. The iron concentrations in the ground water were approximately 0.12-1.20 mg/1 which were mostly in the water consumption standard. The studied area is located on the coastal line, thus, the ground water had high chloride concentrations which were equal to approximately 1,036-3,470 mg/I which were very higher than the standard (200- 600 mg/1). The total dissolved concentrations of 2,573-7,220 mg/I in the ground water were also higher than the standard (750-1,500 mg/1). In overall, it can be concluded that the ground water qualities in the studied area were improper for the consumption but were able to be used for other purposes due to very high concentrations of chloride and total dissolved solid. Table 3.1.5-1 Ground Water Quality in Amphoe Ban Laem Tambon Available Acid- Iron Chloride Total Dissolved Number of Base Concentration Concentration Solid Wells Value (mg/1) (mg/1) Concentration (mg/1) Bang Kaeo 2 7.9 0.18-0.50 1,639-1,680 3,792-3,834 - - IIAnA AA Bang Krok I 7.2 1.20 1,97 4,34 Laem Phuk Beay 2 7.8-8.1 0.12-0.31 1,036-3,470 2,648-7,220 Pak Thale I 7.9 0.12 1,150 2,573 Water Consumption Standard 7.0-8.5 0.5-1.0 200-600 750-1,500 Source: Department of Mineral Resources (1995) Page 3-13 c:\cgat\berth\english\chap3-I.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farni for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Pow%er Plant Chapter 3 3.2 Biological Resources 3.2.1 Terrestrial Ecology Regarding the suvey and related secondary information, it indicates that the coastal areas in the vicinity of the project site within five kilometer diameter in Tambon (District) Pak Talay and Tambon Bang Kaew are salt pans. Plants found in such areas are bushes along the edges of salt pans which are durable for salty soil. The areas far away from the coast are mostly rice fields taken water supply from irrigation canal. In the edges of these rice fields, few trees for sunshade are randomly found. Along the coastal road (sea water barrier) of the Royal Irrigation Department, there are the dispersion of community. In the residential area, bush fences and trees are precisely noticed. A number of different birds are the majority of animals found on trees and bushes. However, the quantities of them are slightly insignificant. Types of plants and kinds of birds investigated in the vicinity of the project site are as shown in Table 3.2.1-1 and Table 3.2.1-2. Table 3.2.1-1 Plants around the Vicinity of the Project Site Common Name Scientific Name Rice Orvza sativa Linn. Madras Thorn Pithecellobium dulce Tamarind Tamarindus indica Star Gooseberry Phyllanthus acidus Papaya Carica papaya Walnut Samanea saman -_ _ _ Avicennia officinalis Linn. -_ _Rhizophora apiculata BI. Table 3.2.1-2 Birds around the Vicinity of the Project Site Common Name Scientific Name Rock Pigeon Columba livia Spotted Dove Geopelia striata Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhvnchos Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Asian Pied Starling Sturnus contra Plain-backed Sparrow Passer flaveolus Page 3-14 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN Systen to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 3.2.2 Marine Ecology/ Oceanography and Fisheries (A) Marine Ecology Objectives 1. To study the abundance of marine ecology at the proposed area as a fundamental information for environmental impact assessment. 2. To definite the measurement and solution of environmental impacts (if found). Methodology The methodology in studying marine ecology is Plankton and Benthhos random sampling and analysis. The sampling was conducted during March 25-26, 1997 at three following offshore intervals and five offshore locations for accurate Plankton and Benthhos collection, respectively. (Figure 3.2.2-1) Offshore intervals for Plankton sampling 1. 500 meters from the front coast of project site. 2. 800 meters from the front coast of project site. 3. 1600 meters from the front coast of project site. Offshore locations for Benthhos sampling 1. 500 meters from the north coast of project site. 2. 500 meters from the south coast of project site. 3. 500 meters from the front coast of project site. 4. 4000 meters from the front coast of project site. 5. 8000 meters from the front coast of project site. - Results of Analysis 1. Planktonic Analysis The analysis results of Plankton population (Table 3.2.2-1 and Table 3.2.2-2) from seawater samples at above three intervals (Figure 3.2.2-1) appear that the density of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton are in between 4,526,400 - 20,951,040 and 57,400 - 436,480 cell/M , respectively. The most found species of Phytopankton is Chaetocerus (Phylum Bacillariophyta), while those of Zooplankton is Bivalva larva. Page 3-15 c:\egat\berth\english\chap3-2.doc ，聖 Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore "lank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Po"er Plant Chapter 3 Table 3.2.2-1 Species and Abundance (Cell/m) of Phytoplankton at Coastal Area around the Study Site, March 25-26, 1997 Invertebrate Identification Sampling Station 2 3 Phytoplankton Bacillariophyta (diatom) Rhizosolenia alata 4305280 262400 301320 Rh. semispina 248000 8200 19440 Rh. calcar-avis 218240 32800 87480 Rh. stylifibmis 69440 32800 - Rh. setegera 49600 - 19440 Rh. bergonii 29760 8200 19440 Rh. stollerfothii 29760 8200 9720 Rh. robusta 19840 - 9720 Bacteriastrum sp. 59520 73800 87480 B. hyalinum 575360 828200 1632960 B. varians 99200 57400 116640 A delicatulum 39680 16400 19440 B. mediterrananeum 39680 32800 87480 Chaetoceros sp. 7598720 191880 4510080 Ch. decipiens 1230080 254200 865080 Ch. curvisetus 674560 65600 116640 Ch. lauderi 674560 73800 359640 Ch. diversus 436480 - 38880 Ch. didymus 228160 - 19440 Ch. laciniosus 178560 32800 145800 CA coartalus 89280 73800 340200 Thalassiothrix,freuenfellsii 535680 98400 126360 Thalassionema nitzschioides 39680 - - Laptocylindrus sp. 892800 - 29160 Melosira sp. 198400 - - Hemiaulus hauckii 138880 - H. sinensis 39680 - - Nitzschiapungens 367040 - 19440 N.ongissima 9920 - 9720 N. sigma - 41000 9720 Ethmosiscus sp. 49600 - 9720 Climacodium biconcavum 29760 16400 29160 Lauderia sp. 19940 - - Guinardiaflaccida 9920 - 19440 Hemidiscus cuneiformis 9920 8200 9720 Coscinodiscus sp. 19840 8200 19440 Corethron hystrix - - 19440 Pleurosigma sp. - 16400 38880 Gyrosigma sp. - - 9720 Eucampia zoodiacus - - 29160 Biddulphia sinensis 8200 19440 Page 3-17 c:\cgat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore I ank Farm lor fuel Oil Suppl) System to Ratchaburl Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 Table 3.2.2-1 Species and Abundance (Cell/M3) of Phytoplankton at Coastal Area around the Study Site, March 25-26, 1997 (Con't) Invertebrate Identification Sampling Station (Cells/m3) - _ 1 2 , 3 Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellate) Nictiluca sp. 674560 352600 894240 Ceratium sp. 49600 - - C. tripos 69440 - - C fusus 49600 8200 19440 C. breve 39680 - C. macroceros 9920 - 9720 C. sumatranum 9920 - - C intermedium - 8200 19440 Peridinium sp. 29760 32800 29160 Dinophysis sp. 9920 - - D. homunculus 89280 - Phyrophacus sp. 9920 - - Cyanophyta (blue green algae) Oscillatoria sp. 654720 147600 38880 Unidentified species - - 19440 Table 3.2.2-2 Species and Abundance (Cell/m') of Zooplankton at Coastal Area around the Study Site, March 25-26, 1997 Invertebrate Identification Sampling Station (Cells/m3) 1 2 3 Zooplankton Arthropoda *Nauplius 128960 24600 19440 *Copepods 29760 - 19440 Mollusca *Bivalva larva (Pelecypods) 158720 24600 19440 Protozoa Feramminfera sp. 39680 - Globigerina sp. 29760 - 9720 Tintinnopsis sp. 19840 - - codonellopsis ostenfeldi 9920 - Chaetognetha Sagitta sp. 9920 - Annelida Sabllaria sp. 9920 - Unidentified species - 8200 - Note: * =Unidentified Page 3-18 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipelme and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Pox%er Plant Chapter 3 (Pelecypods) in Nauplius Phylum and Nauplius (Phylum Arthopoda). Considering Phytoplankton types from seawater sampling at three intervals, it indicates that the first interval, which is the nearest coastal sampling, contained the maximum of various organisms. 2. Benthhos Analysis The most type of Benthos found from every five location sampling around the project site is Annelid group (Phylum Annelida). The second maximum become Mollusk group (Phylum Mollusca), whereas the least type of them is Arthropod group (Phylum Arthropoda) particularly found in the 2nd and 5'" locations.(Table 3.2.2-3) The density of Annelid group is in between 682 - 198 individual/m' which commonly found in muddy areas containing high organic substances. The found Mollusk group is both Gastropod and Bivalve. The density of single shell particularly found at the 2nd location and double shells are 22 and 22 - 88 dividual/m', respectively. For Arthropod, its density at the 2" and 5h locations become 22 individual/m'. Table 3.2.2-3 Species and Abundance (Individual/m') of benthic Organisms found in Sampling Stations at Project Site, March 25-26, 1997 Benthic Organism Station 1 2 3 4 5 PHYLUM ANNELIDA Class Polychaeta 220 198 242 506 682 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Class Arustacea Order Decapoda Family Penaeidae Metapenaeus sp. - 22 - - - Family --( Shrimp larva) - - - - 22 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Class Gastropoda Order Mesogastropada Family Planaxidae Planaxis sp. - 22 - - - Class Bivalvia Order Eulamellibranchiata Family Cultellidae Siliqua sp. 22 - - - 22 Family Donacidae Donex sp. - 44 - 44 - Family Veneridae Meretrix sp. - - - - 44 Order Anisomyaria Family Pectinidae Amuseum sp. - - 88 - - Total (individual/m2) 242 286 330 546 770 Note: * Unidentified Page 3-19 c:\egat\bcrth\english\chap3-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl\ System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 (B) Oceanography EGAT hired GMT Corporation Ltd. to perform the programs of marine survey during February-May, 1997 in order to determine where the appropriate position of the sea berth for 60,000 DWT.tankers to-import heavy fuel oil for the Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant is situated and to investigate the marine conditions along the sub-sea pipeline route from the onshore tank farm to the proposed sea berth. The programs of marine survey to obtain the baseline information on geology and hydrography were accomplished as follows: * Seismic survey to define the sub-bottom profiles * Side scan sonar survey to detect anomalies on the sea floor * Drop coring to correlate the stratigrahy obtained from seismic works * Current and transient flow measurements at the sea berth to obtain the current data * Bathymetric survey to determine water depth * Wave study from the existing sources The survey results were described in details as follows: (a) Geology a Seismic Survey The procedure of seismic survey is the continuous cross-section beneath the sea bed recorded as the survey vessel moves through the water. The reflection profiling consists of an acoustic source (usually lows in the water), a hydrophone to pick up the reflections of the signal emitted by the source and a graphic recorder to translate these signals onto a continuous paper record (Figure 3.2.2-2). This profiling depends on measuring the time between the emission of an acoustic signal and the return of that signal reflected from an acoustic interface at or beneath the sea bed. The seismic survey was performed for all survey lines in the pipeline corridors but wings and for all lines over the proposed sea berth area. The results were produced in terms of the isopach map of each interpreted layers (scale 1:5,000), the topographic map of each interpreted layers (scale 1:5,000) and the interpreted geological section from the seismic velocity along the center line of the pipeline. The layers underneath the sea floor by using the reflected waves obtained from the seismic survey can be classified into 3 types in the following sections. * Marine Mud: This layer was found on the top of other layers as defined by the low seismic velocity. The thickness of mud varied from I to 2 m. but some parts were found to be very thin. The gradation of particle sizes together with the intercalating of clay with shell fragments were found in some areas, especially towards the sea. (as shown in Figure 3.2.2-3 to Figure 3.2.2-5) Page 3-20 c:\cgat\bcrth\english\chap3-2.doc Recording system Energy source Acoustic source Hydrophono- receiver 11 I Unosliae -sdietr 4"ADIAN Figure 3.2.2-2 Basic Elements of a Continuous Reflection Profiling System SREADIMITE S..A LIMITE L 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35,, aon nl Mak an' ua 52 Son No* Bau Tank Farrn 0 nM ha S.0g Pipeline Route s1 on hong Koap - . - b.. > .. Sea Berth oN N . H . b4 c g K!p ..50 m NoramSHORE LINE 49 Rang Rion åai Bong KlK. 48 LEGEND ROAD CONTOUR LINE OF FLOOR OF SANDY CLAY (LLW) BAN Stream 0 2 4 Km SOURCE GMT CORPORATION LTD.. 1997 GRAPHIC SCALE Figure 3.2.2-3 Topographic Map of Floor of Sandy Clay RADIAN SEA UITED Page 3-22 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35, 53 onODnVoak an on 52 Do. No .u¯ nv . . Tank Farm B on M ho Sung Pipeline Route 51 El/ h .. 9 Sea Berth Bon No Ho Ch g K-ep SHORE LINE Rang Rion Bon Bong Ka.. -- 48 LEGEND MUlD ROAD - 51 CONTOUR LINE OF FLOOR OF SANDY CLAY (LLW) BAN 0 1 2 4 KM GRAPHIC SCALE SOURCE GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-4 Isopach Map of MarineMud RADA S.E.A. UMIT Page- 3-23 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 ann M.1k an o Tank Farmi Pipeline RIoute Sea Berth nNo H n SHIORE LINE R nHg Rkon Il o P 0ng K.o LEGEND MjUD ROAD CONTOUR LINE OF FLOOR OF SANDY CLAY (LLT) BAN 0 1 2 4 GRAPHMeSM SOURCE GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-5 Isopach Map of Sandy Clay RADIAN SEA LIMITED Page 3-24 Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupphN System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 Sandy Clay-Clayey Sand: The thickness of this layer varied from 7 to 9 m. and the variation of lithology is normally quite common, sandy clay to clay due to the sediments transported during the deposition. * Clay-Silty Clay: This layer was found on the top of dense sand, but from the shoreline to the station'about 6+000 Kim., these materials were not detected due to the acoustic opaque zone (Figure 3.2.2-6). This layer was approximately 10 m. thick. m Side Scan Sonar Survey The method of side scan sonar survey is nearly the same principle as the echo sounding but different angle of beam. The main features of the side scan sonar that distinguish from other forms of sonar are: -Sideways look -Narrow beam: A narrow horizontal beam angle is required to obtain a high resolution picture of the sea floor; I to 2 degrees. -Two channels: SSS looks to both sides of the vessel which does the double effective coverage area. -Towed transducer: This technique reduces the effects of rough floor and allows the sonar to operate in the shallow water. -High resolution printer: SSS printout builds up its image by laying down successive scans of the sonar image producing a composite image. -Operating frequency: SSS-100 kHz was selected for this project because 100 KHz is the best among all and the most popular in use today. The survey pattern of this method was carried out both along the pipeline and over the sea berth location. This survey was set 100% overlapping on each track. The result was produced in terms of the sea floor map (scale 1:5,000). The result of this survey showed the deposition of fine sediments which was marine mud from the near shore area to the station approximately 8+000 Km., after that sand deposits and coarser sediments were found. At the sea berth, coarse sediments were mainly observed. There was no rock outcrop detected along the survey lines and at the sea berth. Only the anomalies of boat at the station 5+000 Km. and 5+500 Km. were found (see Figure 3.2.2-7). n Drop Coring As represented in Figure 3.2.2-8, the gravity core sampling for soft materials such as clay was carried out at every 1 Km. by 3 m. long sampler along the sub-sea pipeline route and at the proposed sea berth and the sampling location was marked by using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). If the sandy materials were encountered, a grab sampling was instead of the gravity core sampling. Moreover, two undisturbed sampling were made by the thin-wall sampler at the station 2+500 Km. and 4+500 Km.. The recovered samples were firstly described by a site geologist Page 3-25 c:\egat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc 0 - - - --- - - - - - -- -5 - - - - - -5o - -- - - I H- -15- -20 --25~. .. . ..- -.-..- - - - .- - - , . --.. ...a~~~~~.. . -3... ._-...- -.--.- - - - - -- - 3s -. . .. . -. - -- - - - - - .- -...- -- . . . . . .-.- - 4 0 l- . -40 - - - ------ - ~- - _ _ -- - - _ _-- -- -- - - ------ __--- . -30 - - - --35_ - .___---- ____ -''- ----*CH CL 16 17 la 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 26 29 30 3l 32 33 34 35 GRIDLINE TOWARDS EAST LEGEND MARINE 1uD, soMD S- CIYEY SAND - SAND SANDY CLAY - SILTY CLAY [ SANDY - SILTY CLAY D DENSE SAND WITH INTERCALATING 0 1 4 KM OF CLAY HORIZONTAL SCALE 0 1 2 6 Mt VERTICAL SCALE SOURCE GMT COPORATION LTD., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-6 Seismic Survey RADIAN S.E.A. UMTED Page 3-26 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35,. lI I I I I I I I '|| |i 52 è Tank Farm a o M ha Sdng Pipeline Route S 51 BLa hong K a p -Sea Berth - 50 'C-h 9 K..p SHO0RE LINEE J N om' 49 Boø H.* ok - 48 LEGEND MLUD FOAD CONTOUR LINE OF FLOOR OF MARINE MUD (LLW) B3AN Strearn 0 1 2 4 K m GRAPHIC SCALE SOURCE GMT CORPORATION LTD.. 1997 Figure 3.2.2-7 Topographic Map of Floor of Marine Mud RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED page 3-21 컫 P&ge 3-28 & 』 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Suppl% Systern to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%%er Plant Chapter I and kept in PVC tube, then sealed before sending to Bangkok laboratory for testing. The lists of testing done on the samples from the gravity sampling were: -Natural water content -Unit weight -Atterberg limits -Sieve analysis/ Hydrometer Two more testing were done on undisturbed samples namely unconfined compression test and unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial test. As exhibited in Figure 3.2.2-9, the samples obtained from the gravity core sampling showed that the lithology along the pipeline route from the station 0+000 Km. to the station 8+000 Kin. was mainly lean clay (CL) of greenish gray color and medium plasticity but only one point at the station 6+000 Km. was organic clay (CH) interlayer. From the station 9+000 Km. to the sea berth, clayey sand (SC) with shell fragments was found, this clayey sand had about 60 to 65% water contents with the unit weight of 1.55 to 1.80 ton/m' while the lean clay had only 1.3 to 1.4 ton/m' with the higher percentage of water contents (80 to 90%). The specific gravity of these two materials were also different, CL had the value around 2.52 to 2.60 while SC had the figure of 2.60 to nearly 2.70. The undisturbed samples taken from the station 2+500 Km. and the station 4+500 Km. at the shallower depth than the gravity coring samples showed the composition of mainly finer particles, clay size with the Cohesion (c) of 0.05 to 0.07 ksc and the very low internal friction angle (less than I degree). (b) Current Speed and Direction and Water Properties m Current Measurement The measurement was done at the sea berth location with twor-different apparatus including the current meter (model SD-30) and the water quality checker (model WQC-20A). The measurements were performed at two depths including near the water surface and close to the sea floor at every hour. The properties obtained from this survey were: -Current direction in degree-from the North -Current speed in cm/sec -Temperature in degree Celsius -Dissolved Oxygen in mg/l -pH -Conductivity in S/m Jurbidity in mg/l Page 3-29 c:\egat\bcnh\cngl ish\chap3 -2. doc CC- 0-GG, sC-C-1 E GC-2 GC-3 CC-5 GC- SGC-7 CC-8 -. -to z - c-10 GC-11 CC-1 Gc-13 C- 14 CC-IS GC-I6 CC-17 GC-8 GC-19 -IS -~-S-2 Sc Sc SC SC - CL SC CLS0 CLc CL CL5 0 C Q5 500 Sc7 sc CL CL 43 CL 12 CL CH .2 LEGEND CL LEAN CLAY, GREENISH GRAY. SC GRAVELLY CLAY. GREENISH GRAY VERY SOFT, WITH SHELL MEDRIM STIFF. NON-SHELL CL SILTY CLAY. GREENISH GRAY. SC LEAN CLAY. GREENISH GRAY MEDIUM STIFF, NON-SHELL VERY SOFt. WITH SHELL O 1 2 4 a M CH SILTY CLAY. GREENISH GRAY. MEDIUM STIFF. NON-SHELL ygRTICAL SCALE o I 2 A KU HORIZONTAL SCALE SOURCE GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-9 Drop Coring RADIAN S.E.A LIMITED Page 3-30 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 The result from the investigation showed two distinct current directions. The first direction occurred during the afternoon till early morning in ncarly N to NNW direction while the other current direction varied from nearly S to SSE. The speed of current at both depths were generally less than 10 cm/sec but increased to 25-30 cm/sec during some periods. The current speed near surface was normally higher than one adjacent to the floor. From the measurements by using the water quality checker, it was found that the dissolved oxygen varied in the range of 6.1 to 6.6 mg/ with the constant pH of 7.9 to 8.0 as well as the conductivity. The average temperature was nearly 30 degree Celsius. The turbidity was only parameter that quite varied less than 10 to nearly 100. v Transient Flow Measurement The transient flow measurement was done at the sea berth location covering the turning areas of the tanker. The size of this area was assumed on the concept of the rectangular shape of: *1.0 Km. from the center point of the sea berth towards the sea (East direction) . ' *1.0 Km. from the center point of the sea berth along the shore on both sides (North and South directions) *0.5 Kn. from the center point of the sea berth towards the shoreline (West direction) The investigation was performed by observing the direction and the speed of two drogues released at the center point of the sea berth until they reached the set margin and this process was repeated over 25 hours on the day having the highest current velocity. The drogues were set at 2 levels, 4 m. and 8 m. below the water surface. The track-lines of these drogues were marked by using GPS Magellan NV-2000 (tracking mode). The result was analyzed on the concept of the flow direction and speed that varied by effects of current and tidal. The drogue tracking for measuring of the transient flow at the sea berth was carried out during 9-10 May, 1997. The results of this survey were shown in forms of the traveling curve/ line of each track, the brief of these tracks was: 4- For 4 m. Deep Drogue Track No. 1-3 carried out during 6.50-11.51 A.M. showed the flow direction towards S. The average speed of Track No. I was 0.2 m/sec and the speed increased to 0.4-0.5 m/see in Track No. 2 but decreased to about 0.3 in Track No. 3 (see Figure 3.2.2.-10). Track No. 4 during 11.58-14.47 p.m. showed the reversal of flow direction from S to N and the speed of the drogue was slow before turning (see Figure 3.2.2.-10). Page 3-3 I c:\egat\berth\english\chap3-2.doc TRACK 1 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 2 for 4: m. deep drogue TRACK 3 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 4 for 4 m. deep drogue Source: GMT Co., Ltd., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-10 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 1-4 at 4 m. Deep Drogue sEA. LMITED Page 3-32 Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%er Plant Chapter 3 Track No. 5-11 carried out during 14.59-19.52 p.m., these tracks had the NNW flow direction with the average speed of 0.6-0.7 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2-11 to Figure 3.2.2- 12). The maximum speed of the transient flow recorded in Track No. 7 at 16.45- 16.50 p.m. was 1.33 m/sec while the minimum speed found in Track No. 11 at 19.32- 19.52 p.m. was 0.4 m/sec. Track No. 12 showed the same feature as Track No. 4 with the reversal of the flow direction of NNW to E and then to S towards the center of sea berth. The average speed recorded was 0.1-0.2 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2.-12). Track No. 13-15 showed that the transient flow was not dominant in any directions, the drogue flew only around the center of the berth (see Figure 3.2.2.-13). Track No. 16-17 had the same feature of flowing towards the North with the average speed of 0.2 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2.-13 to Figure 3.2.2.-14). Track No. 18 showed the reversal from N to S at 7 a.m., the average speed was 0.2- 0.3 m/sec sec (see Figure 3.2.2.-14). .- For 8 m. Deep Drogue Track No. 1-3 carried out during 7.00-11.50 A.M. showed the flow patterns were mainly the same as ones of 4 m. deep, SSE direction and the average transient speed was about 0.3-0.4 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2-15). Track No. 4 showed the reversal flow from S to N during 11.50 a.m. to 2.37 p.m. with rather low speed from noon to 1 p.m. (see Figure 3.2.2-15). Track No. 5-6 showed NNW to N flow direction with the average transient speed of 0.5-0.7 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2-16). Track No. 7-9 showed NNW to NE flow direction with the high' speed of flow, the maximum recorded at 18.44 had the value of 1.54 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2-16 to Figure 3.2.2-17). Track No. 10 had the feature like Track No. 5-6 with the flow direction of NNW. The average speed of drogue recorded was 0.35 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2-17). Track No. 11-12 tracked during the night time from 20.15 to 2 o'clock in the morning showed the flow pattern in various directions. The average speed of the drogue was 0.2 m/sec with the occasionally high speed of 1 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2-17). Track No. 13-14 showed N flow direction with the speed of 0.3-0.5 m/sec for Track No. 13 and 0.2 m/sec or less for Track No. 14 (see Figure 3.2.2-18). Track No. 15 showed the reversal of N-flow to SE-flow with the average speed of 0.1-0.2 m/sec (see Figure 3.2.2-18). Page 3-33 c:\cgat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc TRACK for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 6 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 5 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 8 for 4 n. deep drogue Source: GMT Co., Ltd., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-11 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 5-8 at 4 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A. LIMITED Page 3-34 0 Source: GMT Co., Ltd., 1997 TRACK 9 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 10 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 11 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 12 for 4 m. deep drogue Figure 3.2.2-12 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 9-12 at 4 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A. LIMITED Page 3-35 TRACK 13 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 14 for:4 m. deep drogue TRACK 15 for 4 n. deep drogue TRACK 16 for 4 m. deep drogue Source: GMT Co., Ltd., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-13 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 13-16 it 4 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A LIMITED Page 3-36 TRACK 17 for 4 m. deep drogue TRACK 18 for 4 m. deep drogue Source: GMT Co., Ltd., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-14 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 17-18 at 4 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A. LIMITED Page 3-37 TRACK 1 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 2 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 3 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 4 for 8 m. deep drogue Figure 3.2.2-15 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 1-4 at 8 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A LIMITED Page 3-38 TRACK 5 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 6 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 7 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 8 for 8 m. deep drogue Figure 3.2.2-16 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 5-8 at 8 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A LIMITED Page 3-39 TRACK 9 for 8 r. deep drogue TRACK 10 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 11 for 8 m. deep droue TRACK 12 for 8 m. deep drogue Source: GMT Co., Ltd., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-17 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 9-12 at 8 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A. LIMITED Page 3-40 TRACK 13 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 14 for 8 m. deep drogue TRACK 15 for 8 m. deep drogue Source: GMT Co., Ltd., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-18 Transient Flow Measurement of Track RADIAN No. 13-15 at 8 m. Deep Drogue S.E.A. LIMITED Page 3-41 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeine and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil SupplN System to Ratchaburi Themal Pow%er Plant Chapter 3 (c) Water Depth and Topography The bathymetric survey was carried out both along the pipeline and at the proposed sea berth by using depth sounder where the water level is more than 2 m. deep. The ground survey was done from the shoreline to the end point of the sounding area. Moreover, the ground survey was performed covering the tank farm area with approximate size of 200-350 meter. As shown in Figure 3.2.2-19, the depth sounding was performed along seven longitudinal lines with the spacing of 50 m. over the pipeline corridor and 25 m. for the winglines. Moreover, it was also carried out along the transverse lines located at every 250 meter. The total survey line along the pipeline was almost 95 line- Kilometer. At the sea berth, this survey was proposed to do at 10 m. gridlines interval covering the area of approximate 400-400 m. (see Figure 3.2.2-19), but actually the survey lines were not straight due to current and wave effects and it was very difficult to control 10 m. spacing. So many infilled traverses were made to get sufficient data points. The water depth obtained from this survey was calculated to LLW (Lowest Low Water Level) and calibrated by using the vertical control from the tidal record. The product of this survey was in the form of the Bathymetric map (scale 1:5,000) while the result of topographic survey on the tank farm area was in scale 1:1,000. From the result of bathymetric survey performed at the area where the water depth was more than 2 m., it was shown that the slope of the floor was changed to be more flat (approximately 1:1,000). But from the eastern grid line of 620 to 625, the slope has changed to be around 1:500. Afterward at the location of the selected sea berth, the slope of the sea floor was very gentle with the deposits of marine sediment as the sand deposits (see Figure 3.2.2-20 to Figure 3.2.2-21). The tank farm area covering an area of 210-330 m. was rather flat with the average elevation of 1.1 to 1.2 m. MSL. The slope near the shoreline area implemented by the ground survey at the northern section is about I to 300, but at the southern parts where the marine sediments deposited and formed as an underwater ridge, the slope was more gentle (see Figure 3.2.2-22). (d) Wave The National Research Council of Thailand recorded the hydrographic data related to wave height and wave period by using the drogue during January to October, 1996. It can be seen that the wave height found during January to February was approximately 0.5 m. while the wave during March to April was between 0.6 and 0.8 m., but more than I m. wave height was also found. During May to June, the recorded wave height was about 0.5 m. with occasion 1 m. wave height. During the rainy season (July to Page 3-42 c:\cgat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc I1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 8 In Do 0oo 50. . 25D-m 20 m 250 m - - 55 50 g R W50, m 54 vtrrllrLR50 50 f5 n D. Hong ...... &r .nm - 25 m Tan Farrn Pipeline Route Sea Berth phi ti. Ch 0 K-ep 114Thomn op 4- hr.-El 9ng 10 - 6 Ban gPhreon Pge [-4- SHORELINE- - --------------- 4002- LEGEND MDCONTOUR LINE OF WMER DEPTH (LLW) WAI.NE.SURVEY LINE ROAD .., BAN - stre-__ _ - - - -- SOURCE :GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 SAL Figure 3.2.2-19 General Layout Map of Marine Survey R DAN 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35, on n Maok ua -. 52 Bon No Bou tfnm1 Tank Farm a on M ha Sung Pipeline Route S1 Boy~ n 5009kl1 Bong K. - 5 rN~ SHORE LINE 49 Bo o%Bon IL9K. 90 Hua ok rJnL 5. R1 .. Rong R1o Bon Bong 458 LEGEND MUD ROAD CONTOUR LINE OF WATER DEPTH (LLW) BAN 0 1 2 4 KM Stream GRAPHIC SCALE SOURCE GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-20 Bathymetric Map RADIAN SPEaA 34MIT4C 13' 06 30 1449800N LEGEND CONTOUR LINE OF SEA-FLOOR (LLW) 1449700N- D sBOUNDARY OF SEA BERTH \-- CL OF PIPELINE 1 449600N - 1449500N 0 100 200 300 M 1 GRAPHIC SCALE 0 Index Map 1449400N SB ferth 1449300N - 16 0 - 1 449200N -- 634200E 634300E 634400E 634500E 634600E 634700E SOURCE : GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-21 Bathymetric Map of Sca Berth RADIAN S.E.A. uuITED Page 3-45 TP 32 -àO- - 9 0 T 23F \ -f LEGEND SOURCE GMT CORPORATION LTD., 1997 Figure 3.2.2-22 Topographic Map of Tank Farm RADIAN S.E A. LIMITED Page 3-46 Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm tor Fuel Oil Suppl\ SSitem to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Cnapter 3 September), the average wave height was 0.8 to 1.0 m. but the calm weather was also observed. In October the wave height was almost low (0.2-0.3 m.). The wave period was varied as same as the wave height but the average figure was between 2.8 to 3.7 sec. The maximum wave period rarely found was above 4.5 sec. (C) Fisheries Fishery in Amphoe Baan Learn is the most popular occupation in Phetchaburi. More than half of people are working related to fishery since the majority of this area connects to the sea coast with approximately 32 kilometer in length. There is a lot of accumulated sludge originated from Phetchaburi river, Mae Klong river and some parts of Ta Jean river, which bring about incessant land expansion starting from the mouth of Bang Ta Boon Gulf to Pak Bia Cape. Such areas are filled with prosperous natural resources. Along the coast are full with mangrove forests. Both medium and small boats or ships are always used in the fishery. Labor in fishery comes from members of families and local people. Large ships are rarely seen because of shallow channel of water. The fishing traps are varieties of nets and others as shown in Table 3.2.2-4. Table 3.2.2-4 Statistics of sea Fishery Equipment at Amphoe Ban Laem Types of Fishery Number of Owners Number of Boats Equipment (Persons) (Units) Phaen Takhe Trawl Net 282 282 Double Trawl Net 8 22 Ruun Net 37 37 Cuttle-fish Net 310 310 Crab Net 27 27 Shrimp Net 32 32 Fish Net 95 .. 95 Net Trap 44 44 Winged Set Bag 35 35 Bamboo Stake Trap 23 23 Source : Ban Laem Fishery Office in Petchaburi Province (1995) From the field survey conducted on June 26-28, 1997, it was clearly found that there were groups of small fishery boats and ships in Tambon (District) Pak Talay and Tambon (District) Bang Kaew, which are located in the north and the south of the project site. The popular fishing traps are Spider-Crab Net, Mackerel Net, Banana Prawn Net, Lorb (a kind of bamboo fish-trap with a narrow neck) and Cast Net. Fishing period takes about once a day. Departure and arrival time of those fishing boats and ships are inconsistent depending on the tides. The trapped sea animals are mackerels, banana prawns, spider-crabs and squids, etc. A number of those trapped sea animals are also inconsistent depending on particular seasons. There are available local markets and whole-sale traders for their product transfer into retail markets in Page 3-47 c:\egat\bcrth\cngl ish\chap3-2.doc Sea Herth. Sub-Sea Pipelinc and Shore I ank I arm l0r Fuel Oil Suppl% SNsten to Ratchaburi Thermwl lPoxer Plant Chapter 3 town. The mooring places for those boats and ships are at Pak Talay canal and the mouth of Bang Kaew gulf. However, only the mooring place at Pak Talay canal is the safety place from monsoon wind in all seasons. The mouth of Bang Kaew gulf is possible to be moored since there are 14 stone dams constructed by the cooperation between the Asia Institute of Technology (AIT) and the Royal Irrigation Department. Each dam is 30 meter long and the gan between ench of them ik 120 niters. The main objective of this construction was to protect coastal erosion. Meantime, they are used for mooring as well. Coastal Sea Animal Breeding Prawn breeding in mangrove forests in Amphoe Baan Leam is the most popular occupation in Phetchaburi (Table 3.2.2-5). This industry requires high investment but its result is much cost effective. The adequate grown up pawns can be distributed in domestic and exported to many foreign countries: Japan, New Zealand, Hong Kong. Thus, this occupation can be counted as high income opportunity for owners. That's a reason why this occupation expands rapidly. However, such expansion brings to water pollution since untreated organic substances accumulated in too high level. It certainly causes unfulfilled prawn breeding now. Some folks then change to breed sea crabs and cockles instead. Table 3.2.2-5 Registrations of Shoreline Aquatic Animal Breeders in 1996 Separated According to Amphoe Amphoe Types of Types of Breed Numbe Area Aquatic Animals r (Rais) (persons) Khao Yoi Giant Tiger prawn, Prawn Farm 56 5,418 Banana prawn Cha Am Giant Tiger prawn Prawn Farm 1 30 Giant Tiger prawn, Prawn Farm 1 28 Banana prawn- Sea Perch Pond 6 18.78 Sea Perch Hinged 30 1.36 Floating Basket Muang Giant Tiger prawn Pond 22 162 Sea Perch Pond 13 146 Ban Laem Giant Tiger prawn Pond 41 1,870 Banana prawn Pond 27 1,625 Sea Perch Pond 1 2 Sea Crab Pond 2 50 Cockle Permitted 189 4,132 Breeding Area Green mussel Bamboo, 276 2,084 Winged Stake Trap, Winged Net Trap Source Petchaburi Provincial Fishery Office (1996) Page 3-48 c \egat\berth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipline and Shore lank Farm tor Fuel Oil Suppl\ S\sten to Ratchaburi 1 hernial Po\er Plant Chapter 3 In Amphoe Baan Learn, there is the cockle preservation area along nine kilometer sea coast covering three districts: Tambon Baan Leam, Tanbon Bang Khun Sai and Tambon Pak Talay, far away from the north of the project site over five kilometers (Figure 3.2.2-23). Some educators from the Fishery Department has ever surveyed the abundance and dispersion of matilus species along the sea coast in Phetchaburi and has found that there were offspring of cockles, 1-7 mm. in size, from the breeding all over a whole year except in November. The dispersion cockles is generally seen all over such areas. The density of them in April and May is higher than other months in the same year. The product from this breeding is about 514.2 tons. The characteristic of sea bed is soil mixed with sludge. The saltiness of sea water is 15-40 PPM. Distinctive Phytoplanktons are all diatom which are foods for cockles. Moreover, water quality and the quantity of edible substances in this area are really suitable for the growth of phytoplanktons as foods for those cockles. Besides, there is the royal privilege area for seashell breeding at the north of the cockle preservation area. The boundary of this breeding starts from Bang Chang canal to the mouth of Phetchaburi River. This area is right angle to the coast in 3,000 meter long as shown in Figure 3.2.2-23. Nowadays, there are 189 cockle breeding permits covering 4,132 rais. In Amphoe Baan Learn, there is also commercial green mussel breeding. At presents, the methods of this breeding is to pitch bamboo sticks in the sea to allure various species of sea shells from September to November which are the breeding periods. Then, their offspring will be wrapped with nets before putting them on the bamboo sticks. The sea shells will grow enough for sell either in New Year and Chinese New Year seasons with well price. In the project site and the vicinity of the project site, there are only four private prawn breeding owners covering about 300 rais. Artificial Coral Hill In Amphoe Baan Leam, there is the cooperation between Navy and the Phetchaburi Administration Office for the construction of the artificial coral hill and protection of cockle breeding. Their responsibilities are separated precisely. The Navy is responsible for the construction of three on-shore light houses to determine the boundary of the cockle breeding area and coastal area in 3,000 meter distance in Tambon Baan Leam, Tambon Bang Khun Sai and Tambon Bang Kaew. The construction of the artificial coral hill at three positions in the coastal areas of Tambon Pak Talay, Tambon Bang Kaew and Tambon Learn Pak Bia is under the responsibility of the Phetchaburi Administration Office. The nearest artificial coral hills are Baan Leam 1, approximately 1.5 kilometers from the north of project's pipeline, and Baan Leam 2, approximately 1 kilometer from the south of pipeline as shown in Figure 3.2.2-23. Page 3-49 c:\egat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc -n UmerOus fishifl: sfakes 0 5 tonu. Scale 1: 250,000 Sea Shell Breeding Area 0 'G ULP' OF- TH A ILA N jo Cockle Preservation Area 1~Ban lA ¿S Shore Tank ofiFarm Artificial Coral Hill at Ban Laem l Berth l a \an haTn -~" 2 ,- ~ . . Artificial Coral Hill at Ban Laem 2 GH 4-51( 'AT_ PH11 T 9'A BU RI T .".-Symbol r Se. Shell Breeding Area cn 4. K Artificial Coral Hill at Ban Laem 3 1t 51y- '1 Pd X) Cockle Preservation Area Figure 3.2.2-23 Sea Shell Breeding Area and Artificial Coral Location of RADIAN Petchaburi Province S.EA. LIMITED Sea Berth, Sub-Sca Pipeline and Shore lank I arm tor I-ul Oil Suppl% S%stemi to Ratchaburi T heinial Po% er Plant Chapter 3 3.2.3 Coastal Ecology The present study of coastal ecology around the project site is to provide database of environment impact assessment which might be happened and to determine the prevention and solution measures for such impacts. The ways of the study are secondary information collection and field survey conducted on June 26-18, 1997, which provide beneficial description of coastal ecology around the project site as follows: From the related secondary information collection, it was found that some parts of the sea coast in Amphoe Baan Learn are two areas of the nation forest preservation. The first one is Baan Learn Forest located in Tambon Baan Learn, Amphoe Baan Learn. Types of trees in this forest are Rhizophora spp. and Avicennia alba spp. covering I krn2 or 625 rai. The latter is Pak Talay Forest located at Tambon Pak Talay, Amphoe Baan Learn. Types of trees in this forest are Aegiceras tomentosa spp., Aegiceras offinicalis sp. and Rhizophora spp. covering 1.6 km2 or 1,000 rai. The Pak Talay Forest is nearer the project site than the Baan Learn Forest. The Pak Talay Forest is far away from the project site approximately 5 kilometers. Regarding the information about the 1995 Phetchaburi Forest Criteria, it determined that 590 rai of the Pak Talay Forest has been granted to the Office of Agricultural Land Reform since 1993. The balance areas of 410 rai is still the preservation area which are presently trespassed by local people for their resident and cultivation. Therefore, few lands of mangrove forests remain. From the field survey, it was found that no mangrove forest either in the project site or the sea coast of Tambon Bana Kaew at which the location of the project site is. The coastal areas are muddy beach where few of Rhizophora spp2. and Avicennia alba spp. grow randomly. The muddy beach looks slightly slope providing broad areas during low tide period. Thus, varieties of shallow fish, crabs and sea shells are found there such as Perionhthalmus spp., Uca spp., Sesarma mederi spp. and Cirritidea sp., etc. Besides, such plants and animals are also found at the canal connecting to this muddy beach as shown in Figure 3.2.3-1 and Figure 3.2.3-2. Page 3-51 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap3-2.doc Figure 3.2.3-1 Existing Area around Klong Pak Thale at Ban Pak Thale RADIAN S.E.A. LIMITED Figure 3.2.3-2 Fish Found around Klong Pak Thale at Ban Pak Thade RDA S.E.A. LIMITED - mi Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore lank Farm tor Fucl Oil Suppi\ Sstem to Ratchaburi Thermal lower Plant Chapter 3 3.3 Human Use Values 3.3.1 Land Use The onshore ta fa of thisA on a coastal road (a sea water of the Royal Irrigation Department) in Tambon (District) Bang Kaew, Amphoe Baan Learn, Phetchaburi. The total area of this project is 50 rai from the survey and topology map, scale 1:50,000. Within five kilometer in a diameter of this project, land use can be classified (Figure 3.3.1-1) as below: Agricultural area consisting of: * Salt-farm area consists of salt pans, salt bins and sea water canal covering long coastal area which is 1-1.5 kilometer wide. * Rice fields are far away from the project site around three kilometers from the west. The characteristic of rice fields is arable fields where paddy is sown broadcast. The main water supply is from an irrigation canal. * Mired gardens are far away from the project site over five kilometers from the west. Small bushes are randomly found. Local plants are cultivated here such as banana, papaya, mango and vegetable, etc. Open areas where small bushes scatter widely. Such land is used as multipurpose area and to raise animals. Community classified into following two groups: Fisherman group live along the canal connected to the sea and the coast of the sea such as Baan Pak Talay Community, etc. General Community : folks in this community are rice and salt farmers, workers, etc. such as a community inside the road (sea water barriers). From the investigation of the agreement of this project's land use and the Town & Country Planning in Phetchaburi, it is found that the project site is located in the development location for the coastal marine animal breeding and salt pans. This development ranks in the third community which is the major fishery community (Project of Performance Plan and Important Investment Priority for Environmental Impact Mitigation in Phetchaburi) Page 3-54 c:\cgat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-3 .doc ‘賢－ 抓祝狀、D帝a加物而而廿訕 國‘,,，一F。一，!,：〔“·、」、京。，口”：·‘.&)；一”&&&&& 國、，：一：一：,::1。。。，，口、：一。？。〔。。。 口。。。？。，‘。，.，。：:?；口、《一，舛．。 Ifi望IJj·（·，,.；三．］一11:,,),Jlj、：I么：11重e，·，1;,r.,111,&11&i.llk If:jrl,,. h邵3一55 Sea Berih, Sub-Se a Pipe line and Sh(irc 'I a nk Fann tor F uc I Oi I Supp I.\ S\ sic ni to Ratchaburi Thennial Po\\er Piani Chapter 3.3.2 Land Transportation and Navigation There are two ways to study transportation around the project site. First, secondary data collection from Traffic Engineering Division, the Department of Highways, Ministry of Transport and Communication. Next, site survey which was conducted (luring June 26-28, 1991. The detailed results are as tolflows: (A) Land Transportation This proposed project is located at Tambon (District) Bang Kaew, Amphoe Baan Learn, Phetchaburi. The access to this site is a two-lane coastal road as a sea water barrier constructed by the Royal Irrigation Department. Some intervals on this road are covered with asphalt but some are not, which have loose or light surface. Some parts of surface were accurately found in bad condition on the survey (Figure 3.3.2-1). This coastal road is connected with two lane highway #3177 (Phetchaburi-Had Chao Samran). This highway cuts through four lane highway #4 (Phetkasem) as a bypass entrance to Phetchaburi. It is the main highway for the transportation of the lower west and the south of Thailand (Figure 3.3.2-2). It is precisely still in good condition. According to Traffic Engineering Division, the Department of Highways, Ministry of Transport and Communications (Table 3.3.2-1 and 3.3.2-2), it was found that a number of daily traffic in a whole year clearly climbs up. In 1992, 1994 and 1996, the average daily traffic for a whole year on highway #3177 was 4,285, 6,075 and 9,4 8 1, respectively and on highway #4 was 19,804, 22,096 and 3 5,5 5 6, respectively. Within five kilometers around the project site, there are two roads for transportation which will have pipelines pass along as below: " An asphalt road along a Baan Sam Mala irrigation canal which is two lane wide serving beneficial transportation. " A coastal road (sea water barrier) of the Royal Irrigation Department is two lane wide. Some intervals are covered with asphalt but some are not. Thus, it causes much trouble in transportation especially in rainy season. Page 3-56 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\cliap3-3.doc Figure 3.3.2-1 Sea Water Barrier Road Following to Coastal Line of Irrigation R AN Department S.E.A. LIMITED \ Ban Pak Thale 3173 1 76 9 0 ProPosed Shore Tank Farm \a 1 G\ Petch,abur! PrOvince Ban Bang Kaew 00 Symbol Ban Laem Phuk Bi .. -.--- Asp halt Road Aggreprate Rond 317 - Raillway Track Ban Hat Chao Samran Figure 3.3.2-2 Land Transportation around Proposed Project RADIAN S.E A. UIMITED Sea Berth. Sub-Sca Pipcline and Shore lank Farm lor Fucl Oil SuppN S\stcn to Ratchaburi 1 hemial Pow%er Plant Chapter I TABLE 3.3.2-1 Average Annual Daily Traffic Volumes on National Highway No. 3177 (Phetchaburi-Hat Chao Samran) Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) Types of Vehicles (vehicle/day) 1992 1994 1996 Passenger Car 1,250. 1,921 3,201 Light Bus 249 393 298 Heavy Bus 157 135 65 Light Truck or Pick-Up 2,109 3,029 4,858 6 Wheeled Truck 329 348 500 10 Wheeled Truck or Trailer 190 244 559 Total 4,285 6,070 9,481 Source : Traffic Engineering Division, Department of Highways. (1992, 1994 and 1996) TABLE 3.3.2-2 Average Annual Daily Traffic Volumes on 4 National Highway No. 4 (Bypass Phetchaburi) Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) Types of Vehicles (vehicle/day) 1992 1994 1996 Passenger Car 4249,80 Light Bus 814 246 301 Heavy Bus 848 395 781 Light Truck or Pick-Up 6,386 9,367 11,432 6 Wheeled Truck 2,029 1,793 4,188 10 Wheeled Truck or Trailer 5,503 3,673 8,964 Total 19,804 22,096 35,556- Source : Traffic Engineering Division, Department of Highways - (1992, 1994 and 1996) (B) Navigation Apart from the project site about 500 meters, Phetchaburi Terminal Co.,Ltd. has been constructing single point mooring, sub-sea pipeline and tank farm for oil products transfer and storing. Resulting from this construction, there are approximately 60 tankers/year traveling around there, which mostly comes from Singapore. Furthermore, there are more 40 other ships/year traveling the same route of these tankers. Therefore, the total of both tankers and other ships goes to 100 per year. Regarding oil quantity in this project, half of them comes from a domestic oil refinery while the other is imported from abroad. Thus, all tankers passing the project site absolutely come from local route and abroad. Within one week, there are accurately five tankers with a load capacity of 8,000-2,5000 tons and higher load capacity of a foreign tanker (30,000-60,000 tons). Page 3-59 c:\cgat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-3.doc Sea Berth, Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore lank Farm lor Fuel Oil SupplN S. sten to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%%er Plant Chapter 3 The risk of oil spill in this project area has ever ranked by Mr.Charat Rungruengsilp in Very High level and as High Risk Area since 1990 containing traveling route as shown in Figure 3.3.2-3 and 3.3.2-4, respectively. The project must be significantly aware of accident. In the same area where berths of Phetchaburi Terminal Co., Ltd. are located at, traffic management and officials for water transportation must be cooperated together. 3.3.3 Solid Waste Management Solid waste management plays an important role on the project operation. Improper and incorrect solid waste management possibly impacts on environmental vicinity and community around the site area. Therefore, the study of solid waste management is necessary for the environmental impact assessment in either construction period or operation period. A survey was conducted during June 26-28, 1997 in order to collect information from Baan Leam Sanitary Office and to interview people living in vicinity. From this survey and investigation, it was found that solid waste management is commonly divided into two different ways : inner and outer Baan Leam Sanitation area. The study area is located outside Baan Leam Sanitation area. Within 5 kilometer diameter from the project site, solid waste management is preliminarily carried out by collecting wastes in residential areas before getting rid of them by outdoor burning as shown in figure 3.3.3-1. However, it was found that some public areas in Tambon (District) Bangkaew which are parts of project site were scattered with tiny piles of wastes as shown in Figure 3.3.3-2. This causes unappreciated site seeing and certainly brings to disease dispersion. For solid waste management inner the Baan Leam Sanitation area, there are three different vehicles providing waste collecting service. Two of them are side-opened and back-dumped trucks with 10 m' capacity. Nevertheless, one truck is accurately out of order because of intensive and long use for over ten years since 1987. The other truck regularly collects waste once a day. The other one out of these two trucks is a side-opened and back-dumped pick-up with 3 m' capacity providing waste collecting service twice a day. There are 13 officials responsible for this waste collecting task. Both available vehicles are capable to collect waste 3.5-5 tons/day covering 5-23 kilometer in distance which is sufficient for the demand. The solid waste reduction of Baan Leam Sanitation Office is both outdoor burning and furnace use. Since the efficiency of furnace is limited and a number of wastes always exceeds the capacity of this furnace (2.5 tons/day), outdoor burning is necessary to be conducted as a parallel waste management. This furnace is installed at the project site covering 12 rai and located at Moo 5 in Baan Learn subdistrict far away from community 15 kilometer. Page 3-60 c:\egat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-3.doc (BANGKOK SAMUTSONGKAM CHONBURI PHETBURQ Project Site TRA CHUMPORN SURATITHANI 1. Very High Risk .' Area KRAB) 2~. Hiah Risk Area PH U-KET RA)3. Medium Risk Area TRANG og4. Low Risk Area * o P •SONGKLA Source :Charat Rungrengsilip. (1990) Figure 3.3.2-3 Risk area of oil spillage accident R ADIA N S.EA Il,ITED Page 3-61 BANJKOK PETCHABURI j RAYONG C4ANTHAB RI :t, LAEM SIN Proje:t T3tI TRAT PRA HUAB KING A 1 KHIRIOKHA KO CHANG KHLONG YA er Z: N KO KUD 10 rais 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2.2 Status of land possession - Owner 28 84.8 16 100.0 44 89.8 - Rent 3 9.1 0 0.0 3 6.1 - Others 2 6.1 0 0.0 2 4.1 3. Number of vehicles - Bicycle/motorcycle 4 12.1 12 75.0 16 32.7 - Car/pickup 14 42.4 5 31.3 19 38.8 - 6wheels/10 wheels truck 2 6.1 0 0.0 2 4.1 - Others 13 39.4 1 6.3 14 28.6 4. Transportation - Walking 6 18.2 4 25.0 10 20.4 - Car 19 57.6 9 56.3 28 57.1 - Public bus 8 24.2 3 18.8 11 22.4 Train 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Page 3-77 Table 3.4.1-3 Public Utility Data Sea Berth .Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply Systemto Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant List Thambon Bang Kaew Thambon fak Talay Total Numberof Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee !A^V, 6NimJA iiE6f Samples 33" %? 100 7- z16- W2002! 40 1. Natural water sources 1.1 canal/river - sufficient 15 45.5 6 37.5 21 42.9 - insufficient 13 39.4 5 31.3 18 36.7 - Don't use canal/river water 5 15.2 5 31.3 10 20.4 1.2 rain water - sufficient 22 66.7 8 50.0 30 61.2 - insufficient 11 33.3 8 50.0 19 38.8 - Don't use rain water 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1.3 shallow water - sufficient 3 9.1 1 6.3 4 8.2 - insufficient 0 0.0 1 6.3 1 2.0 - Don't use shallow water pond 30 90.9 14 87.5 44 89.8 2. Quality of Natural water sources 2.1 canal/river - good 8 24.2 0 0.0 8 16.3 - moderate 18 54.5 4 25.0 22 44.9 - low 2 6.1 7 43.8 9 18.4 2.2 rain water - good 30 90.9 14 87.5 44 89.8 - moderate 1 3.0 2 12.5 3 6.1 - low 2 6.1 0 0.0 2 4.1 2.3 shallow water pond - good 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - moderate 3 9.1 1 6.3 4 8.2 - low 0 0.0 1 6.3 1 2.0 3. water supply source 3.1 washing / cleaning - rain water 2 6.1 0 0.0 2 4.1 - shallow water pond 2 6.1 2 12.5 4 8.2 - canal/river 18 54.5 2 12.5 20 40.8 - tap water 10 30.3 12 75.0 22 44.9 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 1 3.0 0 0.0 1 2.0 3.2 cooking - rain water 24 72.7 9 56.3 33 67.3 - shallow water pond 2 6.1 0 0.0 2 4.1 - canal/river 5 15.2 0 0.0 5 10.2 - tap water 2 6.1 7 43.8 9 18.4 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3.3 bathing water - rain water 2 6.1 0 0.0 2 4.1 - shallow water pond 3 9.1 2 12.5 5 10.2 - canal/river 14 42.4 2 12.5 16 32.7 - tap water 11 33.3 12 75.0 23 46.9 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 3 9.1 0 0.0 3 6.1 3.4 drinking water -rain water 28 84.8 13 81.3 41 83.7 - shallow water pond 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - canal/river 0. 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - tap water 4 12.1 3 18.8 7 14.3 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 1 3.0 0 0.0 1 2.0 Page 3-78 Table 3.4.1-3 (continued) List Thambon Bang Kaew Thambon Pak Talay Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee u,iiber.of Samples >33 100 "1, 100*C I.:492 l 7 00<; 3.5 water for agriculture - rain water 4 12.1 1 6.3 5 10.2 - shallow water pond 0 0.0 1 6.3 1 2.0 - canal/river 14 42.4 2 12.5 16 32.7 - tap water 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - no agriculture 15 45.5 12 75.0 27 55.1 3.6 waste water drainage - canal/river 4 12.1 0 0.0 4 8.2 - household area 28 84.8 11 68.8 39 79.6 - drain pipe 1 3.0 5 31.3 6 12.2 4. solid waste management - burning at open area 29 87.9 15 93.8 44 89.8 - disposal at the public area 3 9.1 1 6.3 4 8.2 - correctly bury 1 3.0 0 0.0 1 2.0 - collected by municipality 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Page 3-79 Table 3.4.1-4 Opinion Data about the Purpose Project Sea Berth ,Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply Systemto Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant List Thambon Bang KaeNs Thambon P ak Talav Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee 1. Do you know about sea berth, sub-sea pioeline and shore tank farm project before ? -don't know 25 75.8 12 75.0 37 75.5 - know 8 24.2 4 25.0 12 24.5 2. Information source - members in family 0 0.0 0 .0. 0 0.0 - neighbour 7 87.5 3 37.5 10 83.3 - government officials 0 0.0 1 12.5 1 83.0 - others 1 12.5 0 0.0 1 8.3 3. Anxious issue about project - impact on visual scenery 4 12.1 0 0.0 4 8.2 - impact on agriculture 7 21.2 5 31.3 12 24.5 - noise and dust impact during construction phase 8 24.2 4 25.0 12 24.5 - impact on transportation 12 36.4 4 25.0 16 32.7 - life safety 9 27.3 5 31.3 14 28.6 - fire disaster 8 24.2 4 25.0 12 24.5 - environmental pollution problem 10 3 0.3 5 31.3 15 30.6 - no problem 12 36.4 6 37.5 18 36.7 - others 4 12.1 1 6.3 5 10.2 4. Resolution of anxious issue - clearly explain the project details 16 48.5 5 31.3 21 42.9 - provide pollution control measures 11 33.3 4 25.0 15 30.6 - project must not obstruct the agriculture and other utillities during 13 3 9.4 7 43.8 20 40.8 construction and operation phases - fire prevention measures 13 39.4 6 37.5 19 38.8 - prevention measures of pipeline safety 20 60.6 12 75.0 32 65.3 - public health prevention 11 33.3 4 25.0 15 30.6 - environmental surrounding prevention 12 36.4 5 31.3 17 34.7 - other 11 33.3 4 25.0 15 34.6 5. positive effect of the project - increase income 6 18.2 3 18.8 9 18.4 - more recruitment 19 57.6 11 68.8 30 62.2 - good trade 10 30.3 8 50.0 18 36.7 - others 13 39.4 3 18.8 16 32.7 6. negative effects of the project on interviewee and communities - lose visual scenery 4 12.1 0 0.0 4 8.2 - obstruct agricalture 8 24.2 5 31.3 13 26.5 - obstruct transportation 11 33.1 3 18.8 14 28.6 - no impacts 12 36.4 10 62.5 22 44.9 - others 6 18.2 1 6.3 7 14.3 7. Do you agree with the proposed project or not? - agree 6 18.2 6 37.5 12 24.5 - agree but have anxious issues 16 48.5 8 50.0 24 49.0 - disagree 1 3.0 1 6.3 2 4.1 - no comment 10 30.3 1 6.3 11 22.4 Page 3-80 Table 3.4.1-5 (Fisher) General Data of interviewee Sea Berth ,Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply Systemto Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant List Thambon Bang Kaew Thambon Pak Talav Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee ~bbetofSarnp1MAIM, _1MB"112 %W__ ' t ~ ~ 40 1. Sex - Male 11 78.6 4 100.0 15 83.3 - Female 3 21.4 0 0.0 3 16.7 2. Age - <10 years 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - 10-20 years 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - 21-30 years 1 7.1 2 50.0 3 16.7 - 31-40 years 5 35.7 0 0.0 5 27.8 - 41-50 years 3 21.4 0 0.0 3 16.7 - 5.1-60 years 2 14.3 1 25.0 3 16.7 - more than 60 years 3 21.4 1 25.0 4 22.2 3. Educational level of Interviewee - Non education 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - Primary School 14 100.0 3 75.0 17 94.4 - Secondary School 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.6 - Vocational Degree 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - Bachelor Degree 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - Post - graduation 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4. Family Status - Head of family 10 71.4 2 50.0 12 66.7 - Husband& wife 3 21.4 0 0.0 3 16.7 - Son/daughter 1 7.1 2 50.0 3 16.7 - Cousin 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - House-dweller 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - Unidentified 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5. local people? - yes 14 100.0 4 100.0 18 100.0 - no 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5.1 Migration from - another village 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - another district 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - another amphoe 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - another province 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - another region 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5.2 Migration Reason - marriage 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - change job 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - land requirement 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - follow parent/ cousin 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - others, identifies......... 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6. Number of members in family - 1-3 persons 2 14.3 0 0.0 2 11.1 - 4-6 persons 8 57.1 2 50.0 10 55.6 - 7-9 persons 3 21.4 2 50.0 5 27.8 - more than 10 persons 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 page 3.81 Table 3.4.1-5 (continued) List Thambon Bang Kacw Thambon Pak Tala, Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee A g.; Number of Samples .z Ij;14. .. 910Q0. ; :10;,7Z:187;@ 100 6.1 Age interval (years) - less than 20 years 29 36.3 1 4.2 30 28.8 - 21-40 years 25 31.3 17 10.8 42 40.4 - 41-60 years 18 22.5 5 20.8 23 22.1 - more than 60 years 8 10.0 1 4.2 9 8.7 - Total 80 24 104 Page 3-82 Table 3.4.1-6 (Fisher Economic Data Sea Berth ,Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply Systemto Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant List Thambon Bang Kaew Thambon Pak Talav Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee 1. Occupation 1.1 Major occupation - marine fishery (Next to No.2) 13 92.9 4 100.0 17 94.4 - Sea Shoreline breeding (Next to No.1 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1.2 Freelance - marine fishery (Next to No 2.) 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - Sea Shoreline breeding (Next to No.1 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.6 - non 14 100.0 3 75.0 17 94.4 2. Fishing boat occupancy - owner 12 85.7 4 100.0 16 88.9 - employee 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 - other 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 3. size of boat 3.1 big size 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - lenght ....... meter - - - height ....... meter - - 3.2 medium size 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - lenght ....... meter - - - height ....... meter - - 3.3 small size 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - length 4-6 meter 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - height 2.5-3 meter 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 4. boat engine - gasoline size...piston(s) 4 30.8 4 100.0 8 47.1 - diesel size...piston(s) 9 69.2 0 0.0 9 52.9 - other size...piston(s) 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5. Number of fishers/boat/time - 1-2 persons 13 100.0 3 75.0 16 94.1 - 3-4 persons 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.9 - > 5 persons 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6. Sea animal trapping period / time ? - 1/2 day - I day 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - more than I day 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6.1 Off-shore time ? - morning / evening 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6.2 On-shore backing time ? - morning / evening 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Page 3-83 Table 3.4.1-6 (continued) List Thambon Bang Kaews Thambon Pak Talav Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee 7. How far is away from shore ? - 1-5 kilometers 4 30.8 .1 25.0 5 )9A - 6-10 kilometers 4 30.8 2 50.0 6 35.3 - > 10 kilometers 5 38.5 1 25.0 6 35.3 8. Oil cost of each sea animal trapping about ....baht - < 100 baht 13 100.0 3 75.0 16 94.1 - 100-200 baht 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.9 - > 200 baht 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9. Fishery area district...............province .......... - Bang Kaew/Pak Thale 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10. fishing period - all the year 11 84.6 4 100.0 15 88.2 - except inhibited period 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - other . 2 15.4 0 0.0 2 11.8 11. fish trapping Equipment - net 7 53.8 4 100.0 11 64.7 - bamboo trap 5 38.5 0 0.0 5 29.4 - cast net 1 7.7 0 0.0 1 5.9 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12. catched sea animal -fish 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 -cuttlefish 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 -prawn 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - crab 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 -shells 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 -other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 13. sea food market - Petchaburi market 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 13.1 Prices of catched sea animals (a) fish/mackerel - inconsistent 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 (b) cuttlefish - inconsistent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 (c) shrimp - inconsistent 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 (d) crab - inconsistent 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 (e) shells - inconsistent 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 (f) other (identifed .....) 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 14. mooring area normal season - in front of shore 13 100.0 4 100.0 17 100.0 Page 3-84 Table 3.4.1-6 (continued) List Thambon Bang KaewN Thambon Pak TalaN Total INumuber of Percent Nuibeir o Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee W 1~~ofS 5ainlesS 7 k ________ O _48 Q monsoon season - in front of shore 13 100.0 4 . 100.0 17 94.4 - other (identified .....) 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 15. Do the quantities of sea animal decrease or increase with respect to the past time (a) reduce cause 12 92.3 4 100.0 16 94.1 - obstructed pipe line 10 76.9 0 0.0 10 58.8 - waste water 2 15.4 4 100.0 6 35.3 kind of sea animals reduced - several kind of sea animals 12 92.3 4 100.0 16 94.1 - qther 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 (b) increase cause 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - unidentified 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 kind of sea animals increased 0 0.0 0 0.0 - unidentified 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 (c) the same quantities as formerly caus 1 7.7 0 0.0 1 5.9 - unidentified 1 0 1 16. Did existing tank farm and existing berth use to impact on interviewee ? (a) recieve the tank farm impact or not ? 8 61.5 3 75.0 11 64.7 - sea water is turbid 2 15.4 0 0.0 2 11.8 - reduce sea animal quantity 5 38.5 3 75.0 8 47.1 - oil scum on surface sea water 4 30.8 0 0.0 4 23.5 - obsturct to boat transpotation 6 46.2 0 0.0 6 35.3 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 (b) no impact 4 30.8 1 25.0 5 29.4 (c) other 1 7.7 0 0.0 1 5.9 17. sea shoreline animal breeding kind of sea animals - shimp/shells 1 0 1 50.0 - fish 0 0 0 0.0 - unidentified 0 1 1 50.0 18. Types of sea animal breeding characteristic - soil pond 1 0 1 50.0 - cement pond 0 0 0 0.0 - hinged floating basket 0 0 0 0.0 - unidentified 0 1 1 50.0 19. breeding peroid/month - 1-5 months 1 0 1 50.0 - 6-10 months 0 0 0 0.0 - unidentified 0 1 1 50.0 20. Quantities of products / time - < 10 kilogram 0 0 0 0.0 - > 10 kilogram 0 0 0 0.0 - unidentified I I 2 100.0 21. sea animals market - Petchaburi market 1 0 1 50.0 - unidentified 0 1 1 50.0 Page 3-85 Table 3.4.1-6 (continued) List Thambon B ng Kaew Thambon Pak Tala, Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee ~~N mbR of SaplqsK,<2 1'.-4 t -_____ .~ t~~0!~A sea animals price (a) shrimp - var 0 1 50.0 (b) fish - vary 0 0 0 0.0 (c) shells - vary 1 0 1 50.0 (d) unidentified 0 1 1 50.0 22. Did existing tank farm and existing birth use to impact on interviewee ? (a) yes 1 0 1 50.0 - sea water is trubid I 0 1 - sea water quality is low 1 0 1 - oil scum on surface sea water 0 0 0 - other (identified .....) 0 0 0 (b) Do not recieve 0 0 0 0.0 (c) unidentified 0 1 1 50.0 23. Land possessing 23.1Total rai of land - < I rai 10 71.4 2 50.0 12 66.7 - 1-10 rais 4 28.6 2 50.0 6 33.3 - > 10 rais 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 23.2 status of land possession - owner 14 100.0 3 75.0 17 94.4 - rent 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.6 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 24. Number of vehicles - bicycle/motorcycle 14 100.0 4 100.0 18 100.0 - car/pickup 1 7.1 1 25.0 2 11.1 - 6 wheels/10 wheels truck 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - other 0 1 25.0 1 5.6 25. Transportation - walk 3 21.4 1 25.0 4 22.2 - car 14 100.0 2 50.0 16 88.9 - public bus 7 50.0 1 25.0 8 44.4 - train 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - other 2 14.3 0 0.0 2 11.1 Page 3-86 Table 3.4.1-7 (fisher) Public UtilitN Data Sea Berth Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant List Thambon Bang Kaew Thambon Pak TaiaN Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee __ __ __ __ __ _ . 100 7zZTMPI. ~O ~ ~ 1. Natural water sources 1.1 canal/river - enough 2 14.3 1 25.0 3 16.7 - notenough 1 7.1 2 50.0 3 16.7 - Don't use canal/river water 11 78.6 1 25.0 12 66.7 1.2 rainwater - enough 3 21.4 1 25.0 4 22.2 -notenough 11 78.6 3 75.0 14 77.8 - Don't use rain water 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1.3 shallow water - enough 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - not enough 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - Don't use shallow water pond 14 100.0 4 100.0 18 100.0 2. Quality of Natural water sources 2.1 canal/river - good 1 7.1 1 25.0 2 11.1 - moderate 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.6 - low 2 14.3 1 25.0 3 16.7 2.2 rain water - good 10 71.4 4 100.0 14 77.8 - moderate 2 14.3 0 0.0 2 11.1 - low 2 14.3 0 0.0 2 11.1 2.3 shallow water pond - good 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - moderate 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - low 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3. water supply source 3.1 washing / cleaning - rain water 3 21.4 1 25.0 4 22.2 - shallow water pond 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.6 - canal/river 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - tap water 1 7.1 2 50.0 3 16.7 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 10 71.4 0 0.0 10 55.6 3.2 cooking - rain water 1 7.1 3 75.0 4 22.2 - shallow water pond 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - canal/river 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - tap water 1 7.1 1 25.0 2 11.1 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 12 85.7 0 0.0 12 66.7 3.3 bathing water - rain water 2 14.3 2 50.0 4 22.2 - shallow water pond 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - canal/river 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - tap water 2 14.3 2 50.0 4 22.2 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 10 71.4 0 0.0 10 55.6 Page 3-87 Table 3.4.1-7 (continued) List Thambon Bang Kaew% Thambon Pak Tala% Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Inter%viwee ~ Samples. U~. ~ JAO, 4 ' -1O' 3.4 drinking water - rain water 5 35.7 4 100.0 9 50.0 - shallow water poud 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - canal/river 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - tap water 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 - buy water from tank truck/ Polaris 8 57.1 0 0.0 8 44.4 3.5 water for agriculture - rain water 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - shallow water pond 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - canal/river 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 5.6 - tap water 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - no agriculture 14 100.0 3 75.0 17 94.4 3.6 waste water drainage - canal/river 3 21.4 2 50.0 5 27.8 - household area 10 71.4 2 50.0 12 66.7 - drain pipe 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 4. solid waste management - burning at open area 11 78.6 4 100.0 15 83.3 - disposal at the public area 3 21.4 0 0.0 3 16.7 - correctly bury 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - collected by municipality 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - other 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Page 3-88 Table 3.4.1-8 (fisher) Opinion Data about the Purpose Project Sea Berth Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank Farm for Fuel Oil Supply System to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant List Thambon Bang Kaew Thambon Pak Talay Total Number of Percent Number of Percent Number of Percent Interviwee Interviwee Interviwee 1. Do know about sea birth sub-sea pipeline and shore tank farm project before ? - don't know 8 57.1 4 100.0 12 66.7 - know 6 42.9 0 0.0 6 33.3 2. ntormation source - member in family 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - neighbour 4 66.7 0 0.0 4 6.6 - government officer 2 33.3 0 0.0 2 33.3 - other 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. anxious issue about project - impact on visual scenery 4 28.6 1 25.0 5 27.8 - impact on agricalture 9 64.3 4 100.0 13 72.2 - noise and dust impact during construction phase 4 28.6 0.0 4 22.2 - impact on transportation 12 85.7 1 25.0 13 72.2 - safety of life problem 6 42.9 2 50.0 8 44.4 - fire disaster 1 7.1 1 25.0 2 11.1 - environmental pollution problem 7 50.0 2 50.0 9 50.0 - no problem 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 - other 1 7.1 0 0.0 1 5.6 4. improvement methods of anxious issue - Clearly explain the project detail 5 35.7 0 0.0 5 27.8 - pollution control measures 6 42.9 2 50.0 8 44.4 - Project must not obstruct the agricalture and other utillities during 7 50.0 3 75.0 10 55.6 construction and operation phases - fire preventivemeasures 5 35.7 1 25.0 6 33.3 - pipeline safety preventive measures 10 71.4 2 50.0 12 66.7 - public health prevention 7 50.0 1 25.0 8 44.4 - environmental surrounding preventio 7 50.0 1 25.0 8 44.4 - other 3 21.4 1 25.0 4 22.2 5. positive effect from the project - increased income 4 28.6 0 0.0 4 22.2 - more employment 5 35.7 0 0.0 5 27.8 - good commerce 5 35.7 1 25.0 6 33.3 - other 7 50.0 3 75.0 10 55.6 6. negative effects of the project on interviewee and communities - lose visual scenery 4 28.6 0 0.0 4 22.2 - obstacle to agricalture 11 78.6 2 50.0 13 72.2 - obstruct to transportation 9 64.3 3 75.0 12 66.7 - no impact 10 71.4 3 75.0 13 72.2 - other 1 7.1 2 50.0 3 16.7 7. Do you agree with the proposed project or not? - agree 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 - agree but have anxious issue 4 28.6 0 0.0 4 22.2 - disagree 8 57.1 3 75.0 11 61.1 - no comment 2 14.3 1 25.0 3 16.7 Page 3-89 Sea Bierth. Sub-Sca Piphlinc and Shorc I ank I arni lor I uci 011 Suppl% \\stcn to Ratchaburn I hcrmal Pmer Plant Chapier 3.4.2 Public Health, Occupational Health and Safety (A) Present Criteria of Services and Human Resources The Work Plan and Assessment Division, Office of -Phetchaburi Public Health recorded in 1995 that at the end of 1994, there were eight hospitals with 475 beds of which the occupational rate was 79.98 % and two other hospitals. In addition, a number of Offices of Public Health in Amphoe boundary was apparently 110 (Table 3.4.2-1). In 1994, the proportion between the physician and population was 40 : 444,444 or equaled to 1 : 11,111. The ratio of the dentist and the pharmacist to population was I : 26,143 (Table 3.4.2-2). Furthermore, it was recorded about Office of Private Public Health in this province that there were five hospitals, 41 medical clinics, nine dental clinics, 24 drug stores of modem medicine, 36 drug stores of modem packed medicine and 16 drug store of traditional medicine. From the data collection of the Office of Amphoe Baan Learn Public Health in its annual report, it indicated that the ratio of human resources in public health field working at the Office of Public Health and hospitals to 100,000 population as shown in Table 3.4.2-3. B. Population Status In the 1996 Census Registration of Amphoe Baan Learn, it indicated that the population of this area was 54,375 : 27,064 men and 27,671 women. However, the population record surveyed by the Office of Public Health was only 44,567 : 21,124 men and 23,124 women (Table 3.4.2-4). The crowded population was 282.08 persons/km and the most density of population was at Amphoe Baan Lean which became 556.86 persons/km. When considering family change in district scope, it was apparently found that a number of families has been slowly and gradually increased in Amphoe Baan Leam, Amphoe Baan Lad Ta Yang, Amphoe Khao Yoi, Amphoe Nong Ya Plong and Amphoe Kaeng Kra Chan including Amphoe Mueng and Amphoe Cha-Am in outer municipal areas (Table 3.4.2-5). The whole population of Amphoe Baan Leam is classified by age and sex as shown in Table 3.4.2-6. Page 3-90 c:\egat\bcrth\cnglish\chap3-4.doc TABLE 3.4.2-1 Phetchaburi Public Health Organizations in 1994: by Amphoe Amphoe Hospitals and Occupied Officials Other Service Malaria Nursing Beds Beds Number Hospitals Center Section College Amphoe/Community Municipality/ Red Cross Mueng 1/356 84.37 23/- 2 1/1 1 Phetchaburi Khao Yoi 1/10 67.21 11/- - Nong Ya Plong 1/10 69.45 7/1 - Cha-Am 1/30 50.43 13/- - 1/- - - Ta Yang . 1/30 87.04 17/- - Ban Lard 1/30 38.25 19/- - Ban Leam 1/30 76.49 12/- - Kaeng Kra 1/10 33.49 8/- - Chain Total 8/475 79.98 110/1 2 2/1 - - Source : Work Plan and Assessment, Division, Office of Phetchaburi Public Health (1995) TABLE 3.4.2-2 Number and ratio of Medical and Public Health Professionals to Petchaburi population during 1991-1994 Human Resources of Medical and 1991 1992 1993 1994 Public Health Professionals Physician 1: 8,113 (53) 1: 8,446 (51) 1: 8,647 (51) 1: 11,111 (40) Dentist 1: 35,823 (12) 1: 30,766 (14) 1: 29,400 (15) 1: 26,143 (17) Phamarcist 1: 33,067 (13) 1: 33,067 (13) 1: 29,400 (15) 1: 26,143 (17) Vocational Nurse 1: 1,369 (308) 1: 1,436 (300) 1: 1,542 (286) 1: 1,537 (289) Technical Nurse 1: 2,336 (184) 1: 1,906 (226) 1: 2,564 (172) 1: 2,168 (205) Nursing Officials 1: 4,274 (91) 1: 5,189 (83) 1: 7,875 (56) 1: 9,456 (47) Public Sanitary Officials 1: 1,268 (339) 1: 1,389 (310) 1: 1,441 (306) 1: 1,476 (301) Dental Sanitary Officials 1: 42,987 (10) 1: 39,157 (11) 1: 31,500 (14) 1. 37,037 (12) Source Work Plan and Assessment Division, Office of Phetchaburi Public Health, 1995 Sea lerth. Sub-Scu Pipcline and hirc lank I arm lr 1-uel Oil Suppl\ x\ tcmr to Ratchaburi I hcrnal Po%cr Plant (hapict 3 TABLE 3.4.2-3 Human Resources in Public Health Field in 1996 NO POSITION COUNT TOTAL POPULATION Office of Hospitals. RATIO:100,000 Public Health Persons 1. Public Health District Official/ 1 1 2 4.39 Director of Public Hospital 2. Public Health Officials 3 2 5 10.97 3. Public Health Officials 2-4 25 3 28 61.48 4. Public Health Administrators 5 10 - 10 21.95 5. Public Health Administrators 6 2 - 2 4.39 6. General Administrators - 1 1 2.19 7. Vocational Nurse 3-5 - 16 16 35.13 8. Vocational Nurse 6 - 2 2 4.39 9. Technical Nurse 2-4 - 7 7 15.37 10. Technical Nurse 5 - 6 6 13.17 11. Health Support Educator 6 - 1 1 2.19 12. Sanitary Educator 5 - 1 1 2.19 13. Public Health Educator 1 - 1 2.19 14. Physician -_2 2 4.39 15. Dentist - 1 1 2.19 16. Dentist Assistant - 1 1 2.19 17. Dentist Sanitary Official - 1 1 2.19 18. Pharnarcist - 1 1 2.19 19. Pharmaceutical Officials - 1 1 2.19 20. Nurse Patricationist - 1 1 2.19 21. Medical Science Officials 1-3 - 1 1 2.19 22. Medical Scientist - 1 1 2.19 23. Radiological Officials 2-4 - 1 1 2.19 24. Clerk 2-4 - 2 2 4.39 25. Financial & Accounting - 1 1 2.19 Officials 5 Total 42 54 96 210.8 Source :1996 Annual Summary Report of Office of Amphoe Ban Learn Public Health Page 3-93 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap3-4.doc TABLE 3.4.2-4 Population And Housing in Amphoe Ban Leam, 1996 Responsible Service Population (persons) Housing Quantity Center Census_Registration Survey Census Survey Male Female Total Male Female Total Registration Bann Khun Sai 3,755 3,904 7,659 3,140 3,331 6,471 1,259 1,126 Pak Ta lay 1,292 1,266 2,558 952 978 1,930 468 382 Bang kaew 1,517 1,529 3,046 934 1,002 1,936 486 421 Nabua 1,026 1,078 2,104 852 983 1,835 367 342 Leam Pak Biea 1,105 1,104 2,209 1,042 1,099 2,141 424 385 Bang Krok 2,589 2,874 5,463 1,706 1,823 3,529 966 871 Bang Ho 937 959 1,896 658 812 1,470 369 272 Tarang 2,196 2,397 4,593 2,183 2,361 4,544 929 882 Tarang Oak 1,090 1,189 2,279 1,098 1,122 2,220 379 391 Bang Ta boon 1,016 1,298 2,314 1,333 1,309 2,642 572 506 Bang Ta boon Oak 1,849 1,922 3,771 1,338 1,383 2,721 670 606 Bang Sam Prak 736 761 1,497 738 721 1,459 324 306 Baan Learn 6,149 6,670 12,819 6,058 6,583 12,641 2,855 2,316 Total 25,257 26,951 52,208 22,032 23,507 45,539 10,068 8,806 Source : 1996 Annual Summary Report of Amphoe Baan Learn Table 3.4.2-5 Family Number and Comparison Between Average population and Family Amphoe Family Number _ Average Population :Family (District) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Municipal Town 5,878 5,960 5,995 6,130 6,313 7,383 7,895 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.4 4.6 4.3 Amphoe Mueng 13,663 13,688 13,719 13,962 15,445 15,769 15,983 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.3 4.) (Outer Municipal) Cha-Am District 3,184 3,187 3,193 3,214 3,816 6,816 9,642 6.6 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.3 3.6 2., Municipality Cha-Am 6,287 6,392 6,456 6,616 6,716 6,926 7,176 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 (Outer Municipality) Baan Leam 9,162 9,182 9,202 9,236 9,339 9,619 9,814 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.9 Baan Lard 9,526 9,535 9,550 9,555 9,640 9,800 9,998 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 Ta Yang 14,553 14,564 14,591 14,619 14,701 15,801 16,487 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.4 5.2 Khao Yoi 6,613 6,616 6,617 6,620 7,189 7,301 7,526 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.1 5.0 Nong Ya Plong 2,141 2,153 2,155 2,169 2,474 2,536 2,618 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.6 Kaeng Kra Charn 4,332 4,332 4,332 4,334 4,927 5,277 5,695 4.9 5.4 5.4 5.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 Total 75,339 75,609 75,610 76,455 80,578 87,228 93,834 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.7 Source : 1. Central Office of Census Registration, Department of Local Administration and Office of Phetchaburi Administration 2. Summary Data of Phetchaburi Statistical office Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore lank I arm for I uel il Suppl\ S%Ntem to Ratchaburt Thermal Pow%er Plant Chapter 3 TABLE 3.4.2-6 Population of Amphoe Baan Leam in 1996 classified by age and sex AGE(year) SEX QUANTITY "AL E FEMALE TOTAL % _ 0-4 1,735 1,682 3,417 7.50 5-9 1,993 1,925 3,918 8.60 10-14 2,332 2,128 4,460 9.79 15-19 2,156 2,217 4,373 9.60 20-24 2,168 2,158 4,326 9.50 25-29 2,036 2,135 4,171 9.16 30-34 1,764 1,840 3,604 7.91 35-39 1,575 1,772 3,347 7.35 40-44 1,205 1,482 2,687 5.90 45-49 991 1,093 2,084 4.58 50-54 807 944 1,751 3.85 55-59 802 1,024 1,826 4.01 60-64 738 958 1,696 3.72 65-69 735 814 1,549 3.40 70-74 436 570 1,006 2.21 75-79 289 396 685 1.51 80 UP 271 369 640 1.41 Total 22,033 23,507 45,540 100 Source : Survey data on January 31, 1997 C. Statistic Livebirth and Death The natural augmentation of population -- livebirth and death--as shown in Table 3.4.2-7 and Table 3.4.2-9 indicates that such augmentation calculated from the difference between livebirth rate and death rate points out the innovation of population size in Phetchaburi. The rate of both livebirth and death in this province was precisely low and it trends to climb down gradually especially for this particular province and Amphoe scale. Page 3-96 c:\egat\berth\cnglish\chap34.doc Sca Berth. Sub-Sca flipchnc and Shurc lank Farm for Iucl Oil Supph. SN steni to Ratchaburi Thermal Phmer Plani Chaptcr 3 TABLE 3.4.2-7 Livebirths and Crudebirths Rate Per 1000 Population in Phetchaburi during 1975-1993 Year Population Population Livebirth Crude Livebirth rate (End of Year: Dec 31) (Middle Year) (Livebirth / 1,000 Population) 1975 343,588 - -- 1976 345,218 344,403 8,333 24.2 1977 345,412 348,315 7,911 22.7 1978 356,915 354,164 7,467 21.1 1979 362,101 359,508 7,427 20.7 1980 366,612 364,356 6,970 19.1 1981 372,207 369,410 6,566 17.8 1982 379,383 375,795 6,765 18.0 1983 392,971 386,177 6,337 16.4 1984 405,990 399,480 5,581 14.0 1985 410,578 408,284 5,609 13.7 1986 412,337 411,458 5,420 13.2 1987 415,746 414,042 4,847 11.7 1988 418,771 417,258 5,407 12.9 1989 423,589 421,180 4,926 11.7 1990 427,985 425,787 5,168 12.1 1991 430,725 429,355 4,820 11.2 1992 438,615 434,670 5,279 12.1 1993 441,012 439,814 5,309 12.1 Source Population at the end of the year (December 31) and Annual Livebirth Gathered by Office of Phetchaburi Administration Remark 1. Middle Year Population Calculated from Nation Average during the Studying Years and in Former Years 2. Crude Birth Rate calculated from: Livebirth x 1,000 Middle Year Population Page 3-97 c:\egat\berth\english\chap3-4.doc Sea lierth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore lank I arm lor I ucl Oil Suppl\ S\\ ter to Ratchaburi I hermal P'o%Ner Plant Chapter 3 TABLE 3.4.2-8 Number of Deaths and Crude Death Rate Per 1000 Population of Phetchaburi Population during 1975-1993 Year Population Population Number of Crude Death Rate [(End of year- Dec 31) (Middle of Deaths (Death/1000 Population) Year) 1975 343,588 - - 1976 345,218 344,403 1,943 5.6 1977 351,412 348,315 1,806 5.2 1978 356,915 354,164 1,803 5.1 1979 362,101 359,508 1,753 4.9 1980 366,612 364,356 1,734 4.8 1981 372,207 369,410 1,669 4.5 1982 379,383 375,795 1,734 4.6 1983 392,971 386,177 1,724 4.5 1984 405,990 399,480 1,368 3.4 1985 410,578 408,284 1,454 3.6 1986 412,337 411,458 1,843 4.4 1987 415,746 414,042 1,826 4.4 1988 418,771 417,258 2,074 4.9 1989 423,589 421,180 2,616 6.2 1990 427,985 425,787 2,023 4.8 1991 430,725 429,355 2,454 5.7 1992 438,615 434,670 2,734 6.2 1993 441,012 439,814 2,460 5.6 Source :Population of the end of year(December 31) and Annual number of Death Gathered by Office of Phetchaburi Administration Remark :1. Middle year Population Calculated from Population Average during the Studying Years and Informer Years 2. Crude death rate Calculated from: Number of Death x 1,000 Middle Year Population Page 3-98 c:\egat\br6h\english\chap34.doc TABLE 3.4.2-9 Crude Livebirth Rate and Death rate during 1988-1993: by Amphoe Amphoe Crude livebirth Rate Crude Death Rate 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Municipal Town 77.5 77.7 89.6 - - 106.7 5.8 5.7 4.1 - - 9.6 Amphoe Mueng 7.5 7.8 5.1 - - 24.5 5.4 7.3 4.8 - - 10.5 (Outer municipal area) Municipal Subdistrict 6.3 7.5 6.9 - - 8.3 3.6 4.4 5.0 - - 5.5 Cha-Am Amphoe Cha-Am 4.9 2.9 3.1 - - 2.6 3.9 5.8 4.4 - - 5.9 (Outer municipal area) Baan Leam 6.9 4.6 4.7 - - 3.8 5.4 6.6 5.9 - . - 8.4 Baan Lard 2.2 1.4 1.9 - - 0.7 5.9 6.4 5.8 - - 7.4 Ta Yang 11.8 10.2 11.1 - - 8.3 4.4 6.3 3.9 - - 6.2 Khao Yoi 4.1 2.5 2.7 - - 2.3 6.4 7.6 5.9 - - 8.5 Nong Ya Plong 10.9 13.5 14.7 - - 14.3 3.6 4.8 5.4 - - 7.9 Kaeng Kra Chan 9.6 6.7 7.3 - - 6.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 - - 6.2 TOTAL 12.9 11.7 12.1 - - 1.6.6 4.9 6.2 4.8 - - 7.9 Source : 1. Central office of Census Registration, Department of Local Administration 2. Summery Data of Phetchaburi Statistical Office ,Ca BerIh. Sub-ca hipLhnc and Shorc lank I arm or I ucl 0i Suppk SN-Menm to Ratchabur Thermal I 'o"er Plan Chapwr 3 D. Causes of Illness and Death Resulted from data collection in 1996 by the Office of Amphoe Baan Learn Public Health, it indicated that the major significant cause of Baan Learn folks' illness was Respiratory system. The second and following causes were DiSeaSeS of Cirriltion System, Diseases of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue, respectively (Table 3.4.2-10). In addition, it also stated that natural death among people has been increased, which means that the majority of people's health has been better. However, the campaign of heart attack protection must be launched out because of the increasing tendency of this disease (Table 3.4.2-11). TABLE 3.4.2-10 Cause Groups of Illness during October - April 1996 NO. Cause Group Office of Hospital Total Public Health I infectious and Parasitic diseases 1,625 999 2,624 2 Malignant neoplasm (included Cancer) - 127 127 3 Diseases pf blood and blood forming organs - 22 22 4 Endocrine and Metabolic diseases, immunity 436 1,810 2,246 disorders and nutritional deficiencies 5 Mental and behavior disorder 18 28 46 6 Diseases of the nervous system 663 278 941 7 Disorders of the eye and adnexa 377 340 717 8 Diseases of the ear and mastoid process 96 95 191 9 Diseases of the B1 circulatory system 1,531 2,021 3,552 10 Diseases of the respiratory system 8,092 4,793 12,885 11 Diseases of the digestive system and oral cavity 1,596 1,045 2,641 12 Diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue 1,694 1,091 2,785 13 Diseases of the muscoloskeletal system and 564 1,117 1,681 connective tissue 14 Diseases of genital organs and urinary system 92 286 378 15 Certain conditions originating in and after the 12 80 92 prenatal period and during pregnancy 16 Abnormal condition of infant originating in and - - - after the prenatal period Pregnancy up to 220 weeks till 7 days after prenatal period 17 Congenital anomalies - 1 1 18 Symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions 833 1,640 2,473 19 Accidental poisoning and results 15 71 86 20 Transport accidents and results 230 470 700 21 Other violence 1,005 1,296 2,301 TOTAL 18,879 17,610 36,489 Source 1996 Annual Summery Report of Amphoe Ban Leam Page 3-100 c:\egat\berth\cnglish\chap3-4.doc Sea ierth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore I ank I arm tor I ud Oil Suppl\ Sstcn to Ratchaburi Thermal Po anr lair Chapter I TABLE 3.4.2-1i Top Ten Cause Group of Death during October - April 1996 Rank Cause Group No. of Rate per 10,000 Population Death 1 Senility 77 16.91 2 Heart Attack 44 9.66 3 Accident 16 3.51 4 Epilepsy 10 2.20 5 Cancer 9 1.98 6 Respiratory Failure 7 1.54 7 Lung Disease 7 1.54 8 Blood Infection disease 4 0.88 9 Viral encephalitis 4 0.88 10 Liver Disease 3 0.66 Source: 1996 Annual Summery Report of Amphoe Ban Learn E. Related Illness Concerning the Project The 1996 Annual Report of the Office of Amphoe Baan Learn Public Health indicated that Diarrhea was the first problem among top ten cause groups, which the committee of Amphoe Baan Learn Public Health Cooperation must concern. The second and following cause were Thai Hemorrhagic Fever, Undefined Fever and Influenza which must be aware of as well since they are epidemic widely and rapidly particularly for Thai Hemorrhagic Fever that causes high rate of illness and death (Table 3.4.2-12). TABLE 3.4.2-12 Report of Top Ten Illness during October - April 1996 Rank Diseases No. of Illness Percentage 1. Diarrhea 279 61.46 2. Thai Hemorrhagic Fever 49 10.79 3. Undefined Fever 31 6.83 4. Conjunctivitis 31 6.83 5. Influenza 30 6.61 6. Chickenpox 16 3.52 7. Pneumonia 14 3.08 8. Malaria 2 0.44 9. Food Poisoning 1 0.22 10. Mumps 1 0.22 Total 454 100 Source: 1996 Annual Summery Report of Amphoe Ban Learn Page 3-101 c:\cgat\bcrth\english\chap3-4.doc Sa ficrth. Sub-Sca Pipchin and ShorL lank I arm lor I ucl Oil Suppk [LS m to Raichaburi Thernal Powcr Plant (.hapici 3 F. Safety and Fire Mitigation Safety in Phetchaburi has been operated by the Office of Phetchaburi Public Health. A Project of Safety Development and Life Quality has been launched out under the operation of selected omrnMttee that are compriscd of different representatives from related organizations such as the Center of Phetchaburi Municipal Accident Mitigation, etc. The objectives of this project is to support workers, industrial officers and general people to have better quality life, to acknowledge skills and capabilities for their health protection, disease awareness caused from their careers and accidental injury prevention, to diminish the violence of traffic accidents as well as to prepare the Plan of Accidental Victim Delivery. Regarding fire protection and mitigation, the location of this project is far away from the Center of Phetchaburi Municipal Accident Mitigation around 14 kilometers which is actually under its regular operation area (40 kilometers) with following personnel and equipment: 54 Officials 1 Fire Engine with water/foam sprayer, loading capacity 2,000 liter 5 Fire Engines with water/foam sprayer, loading capacity 1,800 liter I Fire Engine without water tank I Water waggons, loading capacity 12,000 liter 2 Water waggons, loading capacity 6,000 liter 2 Watering Lorries, loading capacity 5,000 liter 1 Monitoring Engine with carrying fire extinguisher 2 Carrying Fire Extinguishers This center also provides two training causes of accidental mitigation to volunteers and for annual practice review, and practice training for officials on every Thursday. Meanwhile, the Accident Mitigation Center, Office of Baan Learn Public Health, far away from the project site around 12 kilometers has personnel and equipment as below: 5 Officials I Fire Engine without water tank 2 Watering Lorries, loading capacity is 6,000 liter 1 Multipurpose Watering Lorry, loading capacity is 10,000 liter I Carrying Fire Extinguisher In case of violent fire, assistance will be obtained by the Office of Ta Yang Public Health, the Office of Khao Yoi Public Health, Tambon (district) Cha-Am Municipals and other accident mitigation centers nearby. Page 3-102 c:\egat\berth\cnglish\chap3-4.doc Sea Herfh Sub-Sea Pipelinc and Shore lank I arm for I uel Oil Suppl\ Ssemrn to Ratchaburi I hermial 1Po%er Plant Chaptcr 3 3.4.3 Landscape/ Visual Scenery and Aesthetics This project site is located at wide range of salt pans. The present landscape, visual scenery and aesthetics may be described from the overview characteristic of the vicinity of the project site by a survey conducted during June 26-28, 1997. A. North The landscape on the north of the project site is on-shore tank farm owned by Phetchaburi Terminal Co.,Ltd. and salt pans. The back of the on-shore tank farm is wide range of salt pans. Some mangrove forests are found along the coast. B. South The area on the south is filled with wide range of salt pans and as same as that on the north. C. East The east side of the project site is salt pans and random mangrove forest near the coast. Next to the mangrove forest is muddy land in wide area since it is shallow beach. D. West The landscape on the west of the project site is full of salt pans approximately in one kilometer distance. Next to the salt pans is rice fields and residential areas. 3.4.4 Archaeology/ Historical Values and Recreation Due to its old and important royal fort town, there are various significant historical and archaeological locations nearby the project site. Above of all, it is also full of natural charming attraction for tourists as following: 1. Wat Nai Klang Wat Nai Klang is an ancient temple with no evidence to prove when and by whom it was built. Inside, there are artistically beautiful portraits, kuti (monk's living places) and a sermon hall or multipurpose hall. In addition, this temple has a Buddha image in the Sukhothai artistic design enshrined which was given by King Tak Sin of Thonburi era (Figure 3.4.4-1). Page 3-103 c:\egat\berth\cng1ish\chap3-4.doc st -7 Figure 3.4.4-1 Sermon Hall at Wat Nai Kiang (Top Left), Sukhothai Baddha RADIAN Image (Top Right) and Portraits (Bottom) S.E.A. LIMITED Sea Berth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore Tank I ann for Fuel Oil Supply S. stem to Ratchaburi Thermal Power Plant Chapter 3 2. Wat Ton Son This monastery is regarded as a central center for various community activities involving in religion, tradition and career promotion. Furthermore, it also has a Buddha statue called Luang Pho Samrit in Lopburi artistic design enshrined; this statue is in the attitude of calming relatives (Figure 3.4.4-2). 3. Wat Khao Ta Khrao There is a small hill with the height of 300 feet inside the temple called "Khao Ta Khrao." This temple has a sitting Buddha statue named Luang Pho Khao Ta Khrao enshrined. There are a huge number of folks from Phetchaburi and nearby provinces always visit here in order to pay homage and respect to this Buddha including admiring Baan Learn subdistrict bird view (Figure 3.4.4-3). 4. Wat Phet Suwan This temple has not only the beautiful ornamented Buddha statue called Luang Pho Chok Chai in Srivichai artistic design but also Chao Mae Kuan Im (the Kannon; the goddess of Mercy) enshrined. This goddess was carved from wood with 1,000 year of age. Moreover, the front area of the temple located Sala Ruen Re Dee (a creation shelter) which is suitable for seaside seeing and investigating natural life of sea birds and marine animals. However, it is slightly far away from the North West of the project site about 13 kilometers (Figure 3.4.4-4 and Figure 3.4.4-5). 5. Phra Nakorn Khiri (Khao Wang) King Rama V ordered to have a palace built at this hill for royal recreation. Nowadays, this palace is welcomed to public as a tourist highlight in this province which is far away from the project site nearly 11 kilometers (Figure 3.4.4-6). Natural Locations for Tourist Attraction 1. Leam Luang This sand cape stretching into the sea with 2 kilometer length. It is the muddy sea in the North till Samut Prakarn province and ended Malaysia to the South. Along the cape is the white sandy beach which is more beautiful and suitable to take a rest than other beaches. It is far away from the project site around 6 kilometers(Figure 3.4.4-7). 2. Had Chao Samran This beach was had ever been the most favorite one among other beaches in Thailand for many kings especially for King Rama VI where he ordered to have a seaside palace built, called Had Chao Sam Ran Palace, and it was completed in 1918. That's a reason why this beach was called "Had Chao Samran" (Happy King Beach). This Palace was later demolished and rebuilt in 1923 by using same construction materials at a little bit beyond Cha-Am Beach, then recalled as Marukhathaiyawan Palace (the palace of love and hope). It is far away from the project site about 10 kilometers (Figure 3.4.4-8). Page 3-105 c:\cgat\berth\cnglishichap3-4.doc Ai Figure 3.4.4-2 Buddhist Monastery at Wat Ton Son (Top) and Luang Pho RADIAN Samrit (Bottom) S.E.A. LIMITED Page 3-106 RADIAN Figure 3.4.4-3 Wat Khao Ta Khrao (Tourist's Bird View Hill) S.E.A. UMITED Figure 3.4.4-4 Luang Pho Chok Chai (Left) and Chao Mae Kuan Im (Kannon, RADIAN Goddess of Mercy) at Wat Phet Suwan S.E.A. LIMITED RADIAN Figure 3.4.4-5 Sala Ruen Re Dee (A Creation Shelter) at Wat Phet Suwan S.E.A. LIMITED Figure 3.4.4-6 Phra Nakorn'Khiri or Khao Wang RADIAN S.E.A. LIMiTED Page 3-1t0 Figure 3.4.4-7 Laem Luang (Sand Cape Stretching into the Sca) RADlAN S.E.A. LIMITED Page 3-111 Figure 3.4.4-8 Had Chao Samran and Fisher Lifes RAIDIAN S.E.A. LITED Page 3-112 Sea Berth. Sub-Sca Papcne and Shorc I ank I arm lor I uel Oil Suppir ',\N tcm io Ratchaburi hermal Pa,r cr Plant Chaplr 4 Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Assessment 4.1 Physical Resources 4.1.1 Climatology and Air Quality 4.1.1.1 Climatology (A) Construction Phase The activities during the construction of the proposed sea berth, sub-sea pipeline and onshore tank farm project have minor influences on the climatological condition of this region or no impacts because the sea berth and sub-sea pipeline locations situated in the Gulf of Thailand occupy the very small areas in comparison to the vast sea bed of the Gulf of Thailand and the onshore tank farm site located on a very small parcel of land (approximately 50 rais) with respect to the total areas of the Petchaburi province. Therefnre the impacts on the climatology have no significance. (B) Operational Phase The activities of the proposed sea berth, sub-sea pipeline and onshore tank farm may cause heat and moisture dispersing into the atmosphere but the effects are very minor as the sea berth and sub-sea pipeline locations are sea bed and the onshore tank farm site is coastal and flat area where the sea is always breezy. So the climatological condition of the region has no change. 4.1.1.2 Air Quality (A) Construction Phase The air pollutant emission sources during the construction of the proposed sea berth and sub-sea pipeline are only the construction machines. The quantity of air pollutant exhausted from these machines is very low and the number of the receptors around the sea berth and sub-sea pipeline locations situated in the middle of the Gulf of Thailand is very diminutive. It can be concluded that the degree of violence of air quality impact resulting from the construction of the sea berth and sub-sea pipeline is very low. The total suspended particulate (TSP) resulting from the earthworks excavated by the construction machines including, the construction materials transported by trucks during the construction of the shore tank farm have the impact on the air quality around the construction site and vicinity areas. However, this impact is only the Page 4-1 c:\cgat\berth\english\chap4-I.doc Sca lierih Sub-Sca l'ipchine and Shore lank I arm lor F uel Oil Suppis SNslem to Ratchaburi I hermal Power Plant Chapter 4 temporary effect. The construction labour. the Petchaburi Terminal Co.. Ltd. officers and a small number of residents around the site are the receptors of this impact. The TSP quantities per day resulting from the construction vary, depending on the level of activities, the operational condition and the climatology. The TSP resulting from the construction activities are larger than 10-20 micron and fall nenr the emissinn snurres and are easily controlled. The other air pollutant emission sources namely the trucks, machines and cars which enter and exit the construction area cause the other air pollutants less than TSP because these vehicles consume diesel oil producing only smoke. The construction materials such as sand and gravel etc. loaded by the trucks may slightly cause the TSP problem. This problem can be solved by using canvas covering the construction materials during the transportation and the trucks have to be constantly and well maintained. The truck tyres must be watered before exiting the construction area. (B) Operational Phase Only two heaters (1 operation, 1 stand by) located on the shore tank farm site are the air pollutant emission point sources because the areas surrounding the onshore tank farm site are salt pans. Each heater consumes the fuel oil with rate of 2 cubic meter/hr and the sulfur content in the fuel oil is equal to 2 percent, thus, the sulfur dioxide emission rate of each heater equals 21.11 g/s, the TSP emission rate of each heater is equal to 1.6 g/s and the nitrogen oxide emission rate of each heater equals 3.67 g/s. It can be seen that the three types of air pollutant emission rates are very diminutive and the onshore tank farm site is flat and open area where it is situated on the coastal line. Accordingly, the air pollutant concentrations disperse very rapidly in this area, not causing the impact on the air quality. During offloading the fuel oil process, no fuel oil vapour occurs during offload because the vapour pressure of fuel oil is equal to 0.00013 psia which is very low value, not causing the vapour. Thus, there is no impact resulting from the fuel oil vapour on the offloading fuel oil operators but the operators may slightly expose the fuel oil smell. 4.1.2 Noise (A) Construction Phase Noise sources from the construction of oil tank farm and sea berth is as same as those from other construction consisting of four following major steps: 1. Site Preparation such as demolition, destruction, translocation of rejected use.less things in former places: any construction objects, trees, rocks, for example. This step also includes site adjustment and soil task. Page 4-2 c:\egat\bcrth\english\chap4-1.doc Sea Jim)rh Sub-Sca Pipchne and Shore Iink I arn or I ucl oil Suppl. isem to Ratchaburi Thernial I'mo cr Plant Chapter 4 2. Excavation and Foundation such as pile hammering. pillar fabrication. etc. In addition, other construction foundation of buildings and on-shore tank farm as well as soil digging and pipeline laying for water, drainage and fire mitigation systems are also included. 3. Erection such as pile erection, pole supporting, framework and wall fabrication, roofing and window fixing, etc. 4. Finishment and Decoration such as covering up all pipeline laying, parking lot painting, cleaning, installation of communication systems, fencing, building of security box and interior landscape decoration, etc. The majority of noise annoyance under construction is originated from the operation of machines and different types of instruments. In each steps of construction, different instruments are exploited and each instruments and machines will originate different noise levels as shown in Table 4.1.2-1. Noise level of construction instruments is in between 76-101 dB(A) monitored 15 meter from noise sources. Formulas for Noise Level Calculation LW =- Lqp210g/1) Lw: Loudness at R2 distance from noise source Lp : Loudness at RI distance from noise source RI :15 meters from noise source R2 : any distances from noise source to receiver Table 4.1.2-1 Typical Sound Level from Construction Equipment Construction Equipment Typical Sound Level at 15 m., dB(A) Dump truck 86 Portable air compressors 81 Concrete mixer 85 Jack hammer 88 Scraper 88 Dozer 87 Paver 89 Generator 76 Pile driver 101 Drill 98 Pump 76 Pneumatic tools 85 Backhoe 85 Source : Noise from Construction Equipment and Operation, Building Equipment and Home Appliance. December 31, 1971. US.EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460.NTID 300.1 Page 4-3 c:\egat\berth\cnglish\chap4-I.doc Sca 13crih Sub-Sca 'hpchnci and Shorc Iank I arm for I ucl ()il Suppl) s. sic,,, it) Kaichahtiri 'I hernial Pissscr Plzare .hzipicr 4~ The nearest community of the project site are the communities of Baan Pak TalaN and Baan Bang Kaew. 3 kilometer from the north of the site and 2.8 kilometer from the south of the site, respectively. Noise levels in both communities are as shown in Table 4.1.2-2. Table 4.1.2-2 Predicted Noise Level on the Surrounding (Construction Phase) Community Distance Construction Existing Noise Total Noise (Km./Direction) Noise Level Level dB(A) Level dB(A) dB(A) Baan Pak Talay 3.0/North 30.0-55.0 61.3 61.3-62.2 Baan Bang Kaew 2.8/South 30.6-55.6 55.6 55.6-58.6 Note: Noise Level from Construction Equipment = 76-101 dB(A) The most noisy levels in both communities originated from the construction are 58.6 and 62.2 dB(A), respectively, which increase approximately 3 and 1 dB(A), consecutively. However, those increasing levels are lower than the standard values (draft) in Thailand, 70 dB(A). The noise level from the construction will be originated in short times so they will not cause any impacts on people's health living in the vicinity of the proposed project. (B) Operational Phase Considering the characteristic of the project operation of sea berth and on-shore tank farm, there will be insignificant noise annoyance since the necessary instruments and equipment used in the operation period do not originate noisiness. Most of them are equipment for oil transfer such as pumps. Furthermore, there are few residents nearby and the majority of surroundings are salt pans. Therefore, noise levels from the operation of on-shore tank farm and sea berth will not cause any impacts on environment and communities nearby. 4.1.3 Geology and Earthquake 4.1.3.1 Geology (A) Construction Phase The pile driving in order to construct the foundation of the onshore tank farm does not cause the change of the structural and geological conditions as well as the settlement problem because the Petchaburi Terminal Co., Ltd. tank farm site located on the neighbour area of the proposed site has been completely constructed and no problem of the geology also occurred. (B) Operational Phase During the operational phase, the offloading and retaining fuel oil system of the proposed project has no effect on geology. Page 4-4 c:\egat\berth\cngl ish\chap4- I .doc Sea Berih. Sub-Sea Pipelmie and Shore 'lank I arm lor I uel Oil Supply Systcm to Ratchaburi I hermal Pow er Plant Chapter -4 4.1.3.2 Earthquake (A) Construction Phase The proposed project area is not- located on the earthquake zone, thus, there is no important effect on the project. (B) Operational Phase The proposed project area is not located on the earthquake zone,, thus, the project is safe from the seismic condition during the operational phase and the buildings are designed excessively for the earthquake level more than 8. 4.1.4 Sea Water Quality (A) Construction Phase Major activities under construction which may cause any impacts on sea water quality along coastline in the proposed area are water channel digging for oil pipeline laying and foundation of sea berth originating the dispersion of soil sludge in the surroundings. Water currents, waves including sizes of sludge strongly influence distance and direction of the soil dispersion. When it is low tide, soil sludge will blow to the south, which may effect synthesis of phytoplankton and sea animal breeding along the coast. However, the sizes of channels suit the pipes properly and the fewest depth for the digging equal to 1.5 meters according to the regulation of the Harbor Department. Therefore, the dispersion of soil sludge will be trivial. The foundation of sea berth will not cause severe impacts on the sea coast since it is apparently far away from the shore and sludge causing from the digging are mostly heavy and rapidly sinking. Before construction, the analysis results of sea water quality on sea coast before construction indicates that a number of suspended substances is quite high, around 47 mg/l. Waste water discharged from temporary buildings of staff and workers in the site will be treated. Thus, the drainage of treated waste water into water sources will cause insignificant impacts on water quality. (B) Operational Phase Waste water form the site operation and the hazardous of oil spill resulted from oil transfer and storing will cause lower synthesis of phytoplankton and may reduce its number, which then effects the number of basic production in the sea around the project site. The hazard may cause impacts on the living and eating behavior of larger sea animals if the number of water contaminated with oil is really high. Any movable sea animals will migrate to other places. This will also effect life cycle of benthos while the water is contaminated with oil. Page 4-5 cAegal\bert\cnglish\chap4- .doc Sca 11crth. Sub-Sca Pipeline and Shorc lank I arm for ucl oil Suppil Nmlen t, Ratchahuri I hermal 11om cr Plant Cha(ptr 4 In case of oil spill accidents. the arithmetic model: OSIS Stochastic Modeling will be used to assess impacts of oil spread as shown in Annex A. 4.1.5 Ground Water Quality (A) Construction Phase The population around the proposed area does not use the ground water for consumption and the proposed project also does not utilize the ground water. So no impact on the quality of ground water during the construction phase. (B) Operational Phase The proposed sea berth does not cause the impact on the quantity, quality and the level of the ground water because the sea berth uses the sea water for extinguishing fire when the sea berth platform is on fire. The fire fighting water for the onshore tank farm obtains from the ground water wells. The ground water is pumped to detain in the fire. water reservoir with the minimum capacity of 2,000 cubic meter, therefore, there may be a little impact on the quantity and level of the ground water but this effect does not frequently occur. Because the proposed project retains the ground water in case that the tank farm is burned only and the frequency of this fire emergency event occurs very low because the proposed project uses the SCADA system to control the offloading fuel oil process. The wastewater resulting from the operation of the sea berth and the shore tank farm is treated by the wastewater treatment plant prior to discharging into the sea, thus, there is no impact on the ground water quality. 4.2 Biological Resources 4.2.1 Terrestrial Ecology (A) Construction Phase Since the project site is former salt pans, it requires land fills and ground adjustment by filling in with earth. Therefore, the state of the site will completely change. There is insignificant numbers of bushes so the impacts on terrestrial ecology resources will be trivial. (B) Operational Phase The activities of the project is for product transfer and storing inside the site. In addition, the quality of terrestrial ecology resources, at present, is pr9cisely low. Thus, it will not be any impacts on the terrestrial ecology. Page 4-6 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap4.1.doc Sea Herih. Sub-Nca Pipelinc and Shore I ank I arm lor I udl 1 Suppl SN Stem to Ratchaburi Thermal Pkmcr Plant Chapter 4 4.2.2 Marine Ecology/ Oceanography and Fisheries 4.2.2.1 Marine Ecology (A) Construction Phase To deepen water channels and carry out land fill in the sea for pipeline laying and sea berth foundation, the density of suspended solids in the sea water around the project site will increase and may cause insignificant impacts on photosynthesis of phytoplankton and benthos around the site especially in the cockel preservation area since life cycle of phytoplankton changes rapidly and rate of livebirth and death is extremely high. The benthos living on the ground surface or inside the ground may receive greater impacts than plankton due to their durability against environment variation and short life cycle. Therefore, the construction of the project will cause low impacts on the ecological resources around the sea coast in the vicinity of the project. (B) Operational Phase The contamination of waste water from the site and oil slimes from the oil spill during oil transfer and storing will lessen the synthesis of phytoplankton Wnd may decrease its population because of oil hazard. These will also clause impacts on the living and eating behaviors of larger sea animals if the hazard and contamination degree is extremely high. The benthos will receive these impacts as well. 4.2.2.2 Fisheries (A) Construction Phase Water channels will be digged to lay down sub-sea pipeline in construction phase. Drilling instruments will may effect the fishery. They will possibly cause damages to sea animal traps such as Prawn Net, Fish Net, Squid Net, etc. The fisherman along the sea coast will be faced with such impacts since the pipeline laying area in Tambon Pak Talay and Tambon Bang Kaew is their trapping area too. (B) Operational Phase There will be negative impacts on coastal fishery during operation period since all pipelines are buried into the sea ground. Therefore, no damages of sea animal traps or transportation obstacles towards the fisherman will not occurred. However, there will possibly be oil spill impacts resulted from the project operation on the sea animal breeding area and the cockel preservation area in the north of the proposed project as well as the coastal fishery. Nevertheless, it will not much severe since the instrument to control such incident is always ready for use in case of emergency. Besides, there also be water treatment systems for oil contamination in either the on-shore tank farm or the sea berth areas. Oil will be separated from water Page 4-7 c:\cgat\berth\english\chap4-I.doc Sea llcni, sub-Sca IPipdoic and Sh tanr nk I arin tor I icl Ioil .Suppl 1. '. eml to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%er Plant C hapicr 4 before discharging it into public areas. Therefore. the quantity of oil discharged from the project is too low to cause dangers towards animals and water resources but it may has too bad smell to consume. 4z23 Coastal Ecology (A) Construction Phase Since the former sites are mostly salt pans not mangrove forests, the construction of the proposed project do not lessen a number of mangrove forests. The laying of sub- sea pipeline and the construction of sea berth permitted by the Department of Harbour do not obstruct the sand movements or the variation of sea coast or water channels. The impacts resulted from the drilling of sub-sea pipeline trench will be limited along the pipelines will effect the loss of some bethos. However, that trench will be rapidly filled up so that the ecological system will turn to the former state as it will be. Another impact on the dispersion of soil sludge resulted from the trench drilling will occurred. This dispersion will blow widely to the areas under the current, which will cause water turbidity. Thus, this impact must be controlled by effective measures and drilling methods as much as possible even though it is temporary working step. (B) Operational Phase During the operation period, main activities are oil transfer and storing. There will be oil spill on the ground of buildings in the on-shore tank farm. When it is raining, there will be the oil contamination. If oily water flows into canals connecting to muddy beach, it may cause impacts on organisms living either in the canals or on beach. The disposal system of raining water will eliminate and separate oil slimes from the disposal water in order to keep its quality in the standard criteria. Therefore, the operation of the project do not generate any impacts on coastal ecology. In case of oil spill in the sea resulted from transportation or pipelines, the impacts on ecological system will spread widely. However, the project has launched out prevention measures for such incidents. Even though the oil spill accidentally occurred, the control measures will help to limit its dispersion boundary. Page 4-8 c:\cgat\berth\english\chap4- I.doc 'ca Berth, Sub-Sea llipclimc and Shore lank Farm for I uc Oil Suppl% S% slem to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%er Plant Chapter 4 4.3 Human Use Values 4.3.1 Land Use (A) Construction Phase The construction of on-shore tank farm in this project will greatly differentiate land use from the past. As ever mentioned, this project is located at the coastal sea animal breeding area and salt pans. The industry development in the area is low (according to the Town Planning in Phetchaburi of the Department of Town and Country Planning, Ministry of Interior). Furthermore, it is apparently seen that the project area (50 rai) is not proportional to the coastal breeding area. Therefore, the impacts on land use resulted from this variation is precisely low. (B) Operational Phase The operation of the proposed project is in the site only. Meantime, there are many measurements for the oil spill control, oil slime elimination and other pollution mitigation which may be the cause of environmental deterioration. The operation of this project will not have any impacts on the vicinity of the project site resulted from the variation of land use. The future potential of land use will be limited for only salt pans. Land use in other fields will hardly possible due to its low lying land, rare water supply and non tourist attraction resulted from muddy beaches. Thus, the operation of the proposed project will not be contradictory to the present land owners. In future, the road accessed to the project site must be repaired since the present characteristic of the present road is quite ruinous. The prospective development on this road will not bring to any following impacts since there will be not too many workers enough to increase related service business. 4.3.2 Land Transportation and Navigation (A) Construction Phase The main route for construction materials and machines delivery is on the coastal road (sea water barrier) of the Department of Royal Irrigation since it is the unique road passing the front of the project. A number of in-out vehicles are approximately 50. The majority of vehicles are truck loading with construction materials and equipment. Their minority are beyond to staff. Since the present state of road is uneven and some intervals are covered with sandy surface, the operation of the project will cause impacts on this road. The road will be more damaged especially in rainy season. But, the highway #3117 and #4 will not obtain any impacts during construction period Page 4-9 c:\egat\berth\english\chap4-2.doc Nca erih. Sub-Sca llipelinc and Shorc I ank I arm lor I uc Oil Suppl. .Ss tcn to Ratchaburi Thrmal Powkcr Plant Chapicr 4 since both of them are in good order and the percentage of vehicles are only 0.5 and 0.1. respectively. Regarding water transportation, insignificant impacts will be occurred because there ar onliy co.astal fishu~ing ships an'u larg r s lllI: 1iiip_ _____All~ +l.UlU LI. .AIL-U.. area. Furthermore, extra light signs and flag buoys will be set up to determine the operation boundary and to warn the fisherman. (B) Operational Phase The proposed project will be operated inside the project site only. Moreover, the useful measurements about oil spill control, oil slime elimination and other pollution mitigation which may destroy the environment are launched out. The operation of the project will not cause any impacts on the variation of land use around the vicinity of the project site. The potential of future land use will be limited except for salt pans due to its low lying land, rare water supply and non tourist attraction. Thus, the operation of the project will not bring to the contradiction between the present land owner and the project operator. 4.3.3 Solid Waste Management (A) Construction Phase The construction of on-shore tank farm, sub-sea pipeline laying to berth and berth will bring to the appearance of solid wastes which will be derived from two sources: construction materials and workers' activities. All construction materials is possible for reuse and/or recycling such as pieces of wood and steel scraps, etc., which will not cause any problems in waste management. However, wastes from the workers' activities are classified into two types: organic and inorganic, such as food packages and remainders for example. Wastes from the workers' activities are supposed to be 0.5 kg/person/day. In this project site, the worker will not exceed 100. So, the origination rate of solid waste in the project site will not over than 50 kg/day. Nevertheless, trash bins modified from 200 liter oil tanks will be placed all over the project site. The solid wastes originated from the construction of berth and sub-sea pipeline laying will be collected and separated into two portions: reused and/or recycled wastes and other wastes which require to be get rid of and forward them by boats or ships to combine with the wastes originated from the ground project. Then, those wastes will be carried to the waste management area of the Office of Baan Learn Public Health under contract condition between the construction contractor and the project's owner, EGAT. In other words, the EGAT will cooperate with the Office of Baan Learn Public Health to accept those wastes to be there. Therefore, the solid wastes originated in the construction period will be wholly collected and eliminated. Page 4-10 c:\egat\berth\english\chap4-2.doc 'ca lIrlh. Sub-Sca Pipchnc and Shorc lank Iarm lor I uc Oil Supplk S stle to Ratchaburi Thermal I'oNer Plant Chapter 4 (B) Operational Phase Upon the on-shore tank farm and the berth are running, there will be wastes originated from its office and workers on the berth. Wastes from both sources will supposed to be 0.3 kg/person/day if the total employee and workers do not, exceed 40 persons. So, the origination rate of wastes will fall behind 12 kg/day. After waste collection from both sources, the wastes will be transported to waste management area of the Office of Baan Learn Public Health. The wastes come along with the oil tankers will not be allowed to throw away on the berth. In case of necessary reason, they will be gathered with the wastes originated from the workers on the berth for later waste management. Therefore, the solid wastes originated from the operation of the project will be totally collected and eliminated and will not cause any impacts on environment. In case of solid wastes contaminated with oil or toxic substances, they will not be strictly permitted to combine with other wastes. Steel bins with covers are prepared for such wastes and will be transported to the Industrial Solid Waste Management Center (Samaedam) of the Department of Industrial Works. Any wastes possible to be burned such as contaminated soil or oil slime from the water treatment (if available) will be delivered to many companies accepting these oily wastes as inflammable materials for their cement industries. Usually, such wastes are trivial or nearly none. 4.3.4 Water Supply (A) Construction Phase During construction, it is estimated that a number of workers is around 200. No ones stay at the project site. However, there is water supply for workers' consumption and cleaning. The rate of each worker consumption and utilization is supposed to be 100 liter/day. Therefore, the water demand for a whole day is approximately 20 m3. Water source for this purpose is shallow well groundwater drilled at the proposed area. While the shallow well drilling is not completed, tap water will be purchased from vendors instead. There are a lot of vendors who supplies tap water around the project site. Thus, the need of water consumption and utilization during project construction will not cause any impacts on the water supply of this community around the vicinity of this project. (B) Operational Phase When the operation of this project begins, the water demand for consumption and utilization is about 4 m3/day. Water source for this project is groundwater which is necessary to ask for permission for shallow well drilling and consumption from the Department of Mineral Resources. In case of the incompletion or impermission of shallow well drilling, water supply is possible to be purchased from tap water vendors. Thus, no impacts on people's water supply during the operation of this project. Page 4-11 c:\cgat\berth\english\chap4-2.doc Sca berih. Sub-Sca Pipehnn and Shorc Iank I arm lr I ucl 00 SupplN SN sicn to Ratchabur I hermal Pom er Plant Chaptcr 4 4.3.5 Power Supply (A) Construction Phase During Construction, the project operator requested temporary electricity supply to the Local Electricity Authority in Phetchaburi by placing temporary electric lines from Baan Bang Kaew to the project site. The main electricity consumption of this project is for lightening and metallic welding. However, this consumption is not too much to cause electric current slow down in the vicinity. Thus, the electricity consumption during construction period will not cause any impacts on the advantage of electricity supply in the vicinity of local community. (B) Operational Phase This project will locate the small electricity generation station and electric converter system at the front of oil tank farm in order to join electric transmitting lines of the Local Electricity Authority in Phetchaburi. Electric posts will be stake at the front of the project soon. The major electricity consumption of the project operation is for lightning and driving oil pumps, which will not cause any impacts on the capability of electric supply of this organization. 4.3.6 Soil Resources (A) Construction Phase The loss and opening of soil surface will occur during construction; pile driving and cement surface cover, etc. and pipeline laying to the sea berth. The impacts on soil and its quality is limited in construction area only. Trench depth should be 1.5 m to lay down pipe line to the sea berth. After that, trench should be filled up. Thus, there is no value to be counted on this soil quality resulted from the construction activities. (B) Operational Phase During the construction period, there is no impact on soil quality in proposed project and around the site because the tank farm and pipeline do not generate pollution that effects variation of soil. Furthermore, the prevention system of oil spill is more efficient. So, the impact will not occur during operation period. However the project has monitoring program of oil contamination in soil around possible oil spill areas such as instrument maintenance area. The soil sampling will be collected at 0, 0.5 and i meter denth by a Hand Auger and analysis of total Hydrocarbon in soil will then be followed. The sampling site should be considered after the construction of proposed project starts running. The soil sampling will be collected in every 5 years. If the oil contamination depth in soil is more than 0.5 m. then that soil will be removed to be treated possibly in ceramic industries because it Page 4-12 c:\egat\bcrth\english\chap4-2.doc Sca lnh. Sub-Sca Pipchnc and Shore ail,nk Iarm lor I ud Oil Suppl% S.stem to Ratchaburi I hermal Po%er Plant Chaptcr 4 is not hazardous substance. The reason of soil removal is to prevent oil contamination in water. In case of the oil spill outside the project boundary . the contaminated soil will be removed and treated. This case is less possible to occur because each oil well will be installed with bun walls and water drainage system, which will not allow drain water or liquid substances flow to the outside of proposed project before the water quality is completely inspected. 4.4 Quality of Life Values 4.4.1 Socio-Economic Status (A) Construction Phase The construction of sub-sea pipeline and berth is the important obstacle towards fishery and boat/ship travel of fishermen. The impacts resulted from the construction may cause difficulties to people living in the vicinity of the project such as environmental impacts especially in dust, noise wastewater pollution. Besides, it might effect the safety of folks and their possession since the population rate will be increased by immigration. However, this impact will be temporary and ended when the construction is completed. In addition, it will cause significant since no residential areas around the project site within two kilometer distance. (B) Operational Phase From the questionnaire prepared for the interview on this survey, it is summarized that people in the vicinity of the project site are definitely worried about the impacts supposed to occur such as oil spill into the sea destroying marine ecology, accidents from the operating officials as well as their worry about the sub-sea pipeline operation. Since the pipelines of other projects were not buried in the sea, they all experienced the obstacles of such pipelines in their water travel and fishery. Economic impacts resulted from this project are supposed to happened significantly either negative or positive results because the objectives of the construction of this project is for oil transfer only excluding other following activities with 50 employee. Therefore, the impacts resulted from this project construction are expected to occur significantly as same as the employment. No social impacts resulted from the folks' immigration happen because of no residents. Physical impacts on society : noise, dust and wastewater, are also significant or hardly found. Thus, the proposed project will not generate the social impacts such as life style, etc. If the innovation may be happened, it should be the road development for flood protection which might brings other development but it should be limited because of rare water in this are and no potential tourist attraction. Page 4-13 c:\egat\berh\english\chap4-2.doc Sca l3crih. Sub-Sca Pipeline and Shorc afik I-arm for I aQ oil SupplN Systcn to Ratchahuri I hernai Powcr Plan hapier 4 -lowever. the public relation of the operation of the proposed project will help a must in resolution people*s ambiguity in the forms of small group seminars. for example: seminars of District Administration Office and fishermen 4.4.2 Public Health, Occupational Health and .Safety (A) Construction Phase and (B) Operational Phase The operation of the project site may cause impacts on workers' illness and pollution from the construction such as dust, noise, etc. as well as workers' accidents including public health of workers. However, since the project site is not far from the town, it is very convenience to obtain services from the Public Health Centers in the town. 4.4.3 Landscape/ Visual Scenery and Aesthetics (A) Construction Phase During the construction of the project, there is the arrival of workers and constructing machines. Therefore, there will be the impacts on landscape of the proposed project in the medium level because of the construction of temporary offices, an on-shore tank farm and sub-sea pipelines including piles of construction materials and equipment. However, the construction of berth will not cause any impacts on visual scenery and aesthetics of the sea since it is quite far away from the sea coast about 19.5 kilometers. (B) Operational Phase After the construction is finished, the operation of the project will be run. Since then, the natural visual scenery of the sea and sea coast will be destroyed like the on-shore tank farm of Phetchaburi Terminal Co., Ltd. However, since the project site is located at the former salt pan and not tourist attraction places, the ongoing impacts will be not innumerable. Considering the berth, it is supposed that no impacts on visual scenery and aesthetics of the sea and sea coast since the birth is quite far away from the coast about 19.5 kilometers. 4.4.4 Archaeology/ Historical Values and Recreation (A) Construction Phase Phetchaburi is one of the provinces where there are a lot of archeological and historic places since it is the ancient town. Besides, there are many naturally beautiful places as previously described. The visual scenery around the project site will be changed from salt pans to on-shore tank farm due to the construction. However, there is no important historic or Page 4-14 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap4-2.doc Sea Berih. Sub-Sca Pipcln and Shore lank I arm for I uc 0il Supp1% S. slcm to Ratchaburi Thermal Po%% er Plant Chapictr 4 archeological places nor any buildings and tourist attraction. in addition. it is impossible to see the popular beach (Had Chao Sam Ran) and the old palace (Phra Nakorn Khiri) from this view point on the site. Furthermore, there is another on- shore tank farm of one private company nearby. Thus, insignificant impacts on history, archeology and aesthetics are supposed to occur. (B) Operational Phase Phetchaburi has many important historic and archeological places due to its old royal fort town. Besides, there are a lot of naturally beautiful places as described in previous unit. Since tree lines and small garden around the project site are parts of the project plan in order to provide recreation areas for employee and good sight view for nearby communities, the supposed impacts will also be negligible. Page 4-15 c:\cgat\bcrth\cnglish\chap4-2.doc Sea Berth. Suh Sca ipeline and Shore I alk I arm or 7 TdI (l01 Suppli SVtl0 to Ratchaburi Ihermal Power Plant C hapter Chapter 5 Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Programs 5.1 Physical Resources 5.1.1 Air Quality 5.1.1.1 Mitigation Measures (A) Construction Phase During the construction of the proposed shore tank farm, the following practices are committed * The canvas is used to cover the construction materials transported by trucks in order to prevent the total solid particulate dispersing to annoy other persons. * The construction area and the road using to enter and exit the construction area should be watered 2 times per day in minimum to prevent the particulate dispersion. * The tyres of trucks and other cars must be watered before exiting the construction area. * If the residents around the proposed project site complain about the air pollutant problem during the construction, the project owner and the contractor must urgently correct this problem. 5.1.1.2 Monitoring Programs (A) Construction Phase > Measured Parameter: TSP or PM10 and wind velocity and direction > Monitoring Method: Gravimetric (Pre and Post Weight) > Monitoring Location: Proposed onshore tank farm site, Ban Pak Thale School and Bang Kaeo School > Monitoring Period: 2 times per year and continued 3 days per time > Responsibility: The proposed project owner hires the companies or the agencies having licenses of Ministry of Industry > Monitoring Expenditure: 75,000 Baht/time > Analytical Results: To compare the measured air quality results with the ambient air quality standard provided by MOSTE Page 5-1 c:\egat\bcrth\cnglish\chap5-I.doc 'wa lBerih, ',ub-1wa Pipchnic and Shore I l, I arm) for Iuel Oil '.uppl.N \}%stemn t, Ratchabur I Tirnal Po%% cr Plant C hapter 5.1.2 Sea Water Quality 5.1.2.1 Mitigation Measures (A) Construction Phase Environmental impacts on sea water quality during construction period cause from digging activities for water channels which bring to the dispersion of soil sludge. Therefore, the most suitable methods and operation times must be determined to lessen this dispersion. Tiding times and severe wind appearance must be aware of since it will cause abundance dispersion of sludge. (B) Operational Phase To prevent impacts resulted from the oil spill and waste water contamination disposed from staff buildings, all equipment and instruments related to the control of oil transfer must be taken care of. In addition, protection and safety measures for these incidents should always be reviewed and trained to all employee. The waste water treatment system should regularly run in full efficiency all the times. The drainage channels should also be in adequate sea depth. 5.1.2.2 Monitoring Programs (A) Construction Phase Sea water quality around the project site must be monitored all the times during construction period. The monitoring parameters and methods are as shown in Table 5.1.2-1. Table 5.1.2-1 Parameters and Methods of Sea Water Analysis Parameter Method Temperature Thermometer pH pH-meter Turbidity Turbidity meter Salinity Salino-meter Suspended solid Glass fiber filter disc Coliform bacteria Multiple tube fermentation technique Dissolve Oxygen(DO) Azide modification Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) Azide modification TKN 1Kjeldahm ethod The expenditure for above all monitoring methods is about Baht 15,000. Page 5-2 c:\egaG\berth\enlglish\chaps-bI.doc S.a i3erth. Sub-Sea Pipeline and Shore lank I arm lor I LIC Oil Suppi\ Isen to Ratchaburi I hermal llo%wer Plant Chapter 5 (B) Operational Phase Every three month, sea water quality around the project site must be always monitored during operation period. The monitoring parameters and method as described in following Table 5.1.2-2. Table 5.1.2-2 Parameters and Methods of Sea Water Analysis Parameter Method Temperature Thermometer pH pH-meter Turbidity Turbidity meter Salinity Salino-meter Suspended solid Glass fiber filter disc Coliform bacteria Multiple tube fermentation technique Dissolve Oxygen(DO) Azide modification Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) Azide modification TKN Kjeldahl method Oil&Grease Observation The expenditure for above monitoring methods is approximately Baht 60,000 per year. 5.2 Biological Resources 5.2.1 Marine Ecology! Oceanography and Fisheries 5.2.1.1 Marine Ecology Mitigation Measures (A) Construction Phase and (B) Operational Phase The mitigation measures of marine ecological impacts in both construction and operation periods are as below: 1. Determine the system of oil transfer in every procedures with efficiency and safety including the performance of employee must be restrivtively controlled. 2. Provide efficient elimination systems and equipment for oil spill and be ready to solve such incident in time in case of emergency. 3. Construct a waste water treatment system together with consistent maintenance to meet the standard criteria. Page 5-3 c:\Mgat\bcrth\cnglish\chp-u.doe Sca Ierth u'b-5ca 'tpclinc and Shurt I ank Varm f0r I uCI Oil Supp Sxstem to Ratchaburi I hernial Pm er Planw Chapter 5 Monitoring Programs (A) Construction Phase and (B) Operational Phase During both construction and operation periods, all equipment and instruments related to the oil transfer must be regularly checked. If either one of them becomes out of order, the responsible officials must have it repaired immediately. 5.2.1.2 Fisheries Mitigation Measures (A) Construction Phase In order to prevent and mitigate any damages of sea animal traps resulted from the project construction, there should be effective prevention measures. First, inform the fisherman about the project site which will be under construction. Then, prepare signs or signals such as flag buoys and light signals to determine the boundary of the construction areas. After that, examine the emptiness of construction equipment or instruments after the finish of the construction in order to prevent any contradiction between the fishermen and the project operator. If there will be any damages of sea animal traps resulted from the errors of the construction, the project operator must be responsible for such errors and compensate appropriate amount of money to them. (B) Operational Phase The regulations of oil transfer and oil tanker transportation must be followed restrivtively in order to prevent any impacts which may cause to the sea animal breeding area, the cockle breeding area and fishery resulted from the oil spill or contamination. Besides, in case of oil spill, there should be immediate elimination of oil slimes before they disperse in wide area. More important, the warning of such incidents must be greater during monsoon season especially for North-East monsoon wind. Regarding waste water treatment, its treatment efficiency of the system must be regularly inspected and controlled to prevent irregular problems. Furthermore, water quality especially for oil & grease values in treated water ponds must be monitored before it is discharged. Page 5-4 c:\cgat\bcrth\english\chap.-I.doc ca iertII. Sub-Ca IIipC IIne and Yhore I ink I arm Ior I uc ( )i SuppI l S\ tcm to Ratchaburi I hcrnia h- cr Plant (111pItr 5.3 Human Use Values 5.3.1 Land Transportation and Navigation 5.3.1.1 Mitigation Measures (A) Construction Phase In order to prevent and Initigate any impacts which may cause from the operation, the project must be carried out as following: * Control speed of trucks carrying construction materials and equipment not exceeding 65 km/hour and 40 km/hour on regular routes and on roads of the Royal Irrigation Department when passing through communities, respectively. * Promptly repair any roads if they are not in good order resulted from the transportation of construction materials. * Install light signals and flag buoys to precisely determine the construction boundary either day or night times. (B) Operational Phase During operation period, following practices must be performed: * Install lighting lamps and light signals to determine the position of sea berth. * Restrictively follow safety measures especially for the access of oil tankers around the sub-sea pipeline area. Furthermore, signs of anchor dropping and other related awareness must be installed. 5.4 Quality of Life Values 5.4.1 Socio-Economic Status 5.4.1.1 Mitigation Measures (A) Construction Phase There will not be over 1000 workers employed during the construction of the project. One policy of this project is to recruit local workers as many as possible in order to lessen the immigration rate of non-local workers. This policy will then help a must to mitigate the expansion of population and to increase local incomes. Thus, the construction of the proposed project will effect social structure of population in low Page 5-5 c:\cgat\berth\cnglish\chap5-i.doc \ca Herth uh-Sea Pipchine and Shore lank Fari for Irel (1) buppl .S sten to Ratchaburn Thermal Power Plant Chapter 5 degree. Meantime. the construction of on-shore tank farm. sea berth and sub-sea pipelines will be operated restrictively according to the safety regulation to minimize people's anxiety. In economic factor, local people will gain more incomes from the freelance occupation such as trading, etc., which will bring to positive results to the economic state of people living around the site. (B) Operational Phase There will be security, control and protection measures for the oil spill and accidents resulted from the project operation. Besides, there will be a policy about community cooperation to support the development, education and activities of local communities: religious activities, local development, for example. The cooperation between the project operator and local communities will create the positive image of the project and also bring to the direct benefit to them. 5.4.2 Public Health, Occupational Health and Safety 5.4.2.1 Mitigation Measures (A) Construction Phase During construction period, there will be many policies to control and prevent any dangers possibly resulted from the operation of workers or unexpected accidents including workers' health and illness. Such illness may come from sanitary, water consumption and supply in the construction areas. There will be pure waters for workers' consumption. The sanitary systems such as temporary bathing rooms and toilets for workers, etc. will be provided. These will mitigate the workers' illness related to diseases of digestive systems such as diarrhea, dyspepsia, dysentery, etc. (B) Operational Phase There will be first aid rooms to basically diagnose and cure victims from the accidents as well as to take care of officials' health working in the project site: good sanitation of canteens, bathing rooms and toilets under the operation of human resource department. So, the officials and guests visiting the project site will not receive any impacts on their health. Page 5-6 c:\egat\bcrth\english\chap5-I.doc ca Berth Sub-be lipeIime and Sholrc I ank Farm lor I uel Oil Suppl. SN tcnm to Ratchaburr I iermi a her P] ant Anne\ ANNEX A OSIS STOCHASTIC MODELLING Page A-I c:\egat\berth\engiish\anncx.doc OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand OSIS STOCHASTIC MODELLING INNER GULF OF THAILAND REPORT JULY 1997 Prepared By:..... ....... M.C. R'ymel! Project Manager Checked By.. ........ J. Rusin Principal Technical Manager Submitted to: RSK Environment Limited Spring Lodge 172 Chester Road Helsby Cheshire WA6 0AR Submitted by: BMT Marine Information Systems Limited Grove House Meridians Cross 7 Ocean Way Ocean Village Southampton Hampshire S014 3TJ Information contained in this report is strictly commercial-in-confidence and should not be transmitted to any third party without the prior written permission of BMT Marine Information Systems Limited 1 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 OSIS 3 TRANSPORT MODEL 3 THE OIL PROPERTIES MODEL 5 Evaporation 5 Emulsification 6 Dispersion 7 Changes in Physical Properties 7 THE STOCHASTIC MODULE 8 3 NUMERICAL INPUT 9 METEOROLOGICAL DATA 10 OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA 15 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16 SURFACE OILING 16 BEACHING 16 Time to Beaching 16 Probability of Beaching 24 5 CONCLUSION 27 6 REFERENCES 28 2 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Oil Spill Information System (OSIS) is a computer-based tool for predicting the fate of oil spilt at sea. The stochastic module of OSIS permits information on the likelihood of particular meteorological conditions to be combined with OSIS spill calculations, thereby provided statistical information on the fate of the spilt oil. OSIS is a joint development between BMT Marine Information Systems Lirhited and AEA Technology plc. BMT-MIS has configured OSIS to permit its application in the Inner Gulf of Thailand. AEA Technology has used that version of OSIS to undertake stochastic model calculations for four months, using spill characteristics and meteorological data provided by BMT-MIS. The purpose of this report is to describe the basic mechanisms represented within OSIS, to document the input data used in the calculations and to present the results of those calculations. 3 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand I INTRODUCTION The Oil Spill Information System (OSIS) is a computer-based tool for predicting the fate of oil spilt at sea. Derived from numerical models developed by the Warren Spring Laboratory, OSIS is now a joint development between BMT Marine Information Systems Limited (BMT-MIS) and AEA Technology plc. OSIS has been validated against extensive field data , has proved effective and accurate in real-time incidents (including most recently the Sea Empress) and is in use by many governments and oil companies world-wide. The stochastic module of OSIS has now been used to calculate the likely fate of oil accidentally released in the Inner Gulf of Thailand. The project was based on Version 2.2.1 of OSIS, specially configured for use in the Inner Gulf of Thailand, as supplied to AEA Technology by BMT-MIS (9 July 1997 ref: 3237/058/MR). The purpose of this report is to describe the basic mechanisms represented within OSIS, to document the input data used in the calculations and to present the results of those calculations. This work has been carried out under contract to BMT-MIS. 4 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 2 OSIS OSIS represents an oil slick as a collection of particles, ranging in diameter from 1 - . 800 rim, which are free to move, independently of each other and which embody time-varying physical and chemical properties. OSIS can be divided into two principal parts: the transport model and the oil properties model. 2.1 TRANSPORT The physical oceanographic processes modelled are regarded as most important in simulating the advection and spreading of a pollutant in the marine environment. The actions of tide, waves and wind together with the effect of sheared currents and turbulence are modelled in OSIS and the predicted movement and lateral and vertical spreading of a slick show a good representation of real slicks as observed following accidental spills and AEA Technology's sea trials. The oceanographic parameters are used to construct a three-dimensional velocity field in which the motion of individual parcels, representing elements of the slick, can be tracked (particle-tracking). A random element simulating turbulence is applied which can enhance or decrease the spreading of a slick (random walk). Evidence that an oil patch can be considered as individual droplets which wili be transported by currents and turbulence within the water column has been confirmed by the observation of oil droplets beneath a slick at depths exceeding 20m. Additional evidence comes from work with sonar equipment which shows that the depth penetration (in metres) of air bubbles is equal to the wind speed (in ms"'). More recently in situ field measurements of oil droplet sizes have been made (Lunel, 1993). Each particle is advected due to the effects of tide, wind, waves, diffusion and buoyancy; this is shown schematically as a force diagram in Figure 1. Because these effects can be parameterised in terms of environmental conditions, predictions can be made allowing for a wide variety of weather conditions. These oceanographic parameters have been measured during experiments at sea (Elliott and Wallace, 1989) and are at the heart of the OSIS model. Horizontal advection is the result of tidal flow with a contribution from wave drift and wind forcing. For the purposes of this project, OSIS uses tidal and residual current fields supplied by BMT-MIS. In the sea, the strongest currents are found near the surface and often there are vertical gradients of velocity (or shears) due to the separate effects of tide, wind, and waves. Velocity gradients in the sea generate shear diffusion which enhances the spreading of a slick and this is reproduced in OSIS. Sources of shear in the sea include wind forcing of surface water, wave-induced surface currents (Stokes drift) and the vertical profile of the tidal current. Wind and wave induced shear is dominant in the near-surface layer, whilst tidal current shear dominates near the sea bed. 5 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 5 independently acting forces Tide Wind Waves Diffusion Buoyancy Figure 1. Force Diagram for Particle Advection Wind forcing and wave drift are modelled using logarithmic depth profiles of velocity. It is generally accepted that the surface current moves at 2 to 3.5% of the wind speed in the direction of the wind. In OSIS the wind component of the surface current is taken to be 2.1% of the wind, but decays logarithmically with depth. The surface velocity of the wave-induced Stokes drift has a value between 1 to 2% of the wind speed. Vertical advection is based on the buoyancy of a pollutant in sea water, for oil, is included as a rise velocity resulting from buoyancy effects. Turbulence in the sea causes diffusion of a pollutant and is simulated by the random walk element of the model. . A parcel may have its advection horizontally or vertically enhanced or decreased depending on the diffusion coefficients. The degree to which each droplet is advected is dependent on the amount of time it spends in the surface layers relative to the deeper waters. From Figure 1 it can be seen that a particle spending a higher proportion of time in the surface layers will be advected further due to the effects of wind and waves. It is important to note that the advection forces are independent of each other so that the wind and waves can act in the same direction as the tide or against it. The amount of time each particle spends in the surface layers is, in tum, determined by the balance between the buoyancy and the vertical diffusion rates. Thus, larger more buoyant droplets spend proportionately more time in the surface layers and are advected furLher due to the surface Currents. The spreadingV of the% slick is therefore three- dimensional process controlled by the droplet size distribution and shear diffusion processes. 6 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand The model correctly predicts the occurrence of thicker oil towards the leading edge of the slick and the alignment and elongation of the slicks in the direction of the wind. This realistic prediction of the distribution of the slick is in marked contrast to the uniform circular or elliptical slicks predicted by variations on the Fay-Blokker approach (Fay, 1964; Blokker, 1971; Lehr et al, 1984). Another important improvement on the Fay-type approach is that the effects of tide, wind, and waves are - separately parameterised enabling predictions for rough sea conditions where it is difficult to obtain empirical data. 2.2 THE OIL PROPERTIES MODEL The oil weathering model in OSIS simulates the major weathering processes occurring to spilled oil i.e. evaporation, emulsification and dispersion, and the consequent changes to physical properties such as density, viscosity. 2.2.1 Evaporation Oil spills generally result in a large slick area, consisting of a thin layer of oil, typically of the order tenths of a millimetre or less. Evaporation of the volatile components such as n-alkanes occurs rapidly, at a rate depending on the thickness of the slick and its spreading rate, ambient temperature and wind speed. Experimental spills of oil made in the North Sea (Buchanan, 1987; Buchanan and Hurford, 1988; Hurford, 1992; Walker et al, 1993) have shown that alkanes up to nonane can be lost within an hour, and alkanes to hexadecane can be lost after 2 days on the surface. Evaporation of refined products or light crude oils can be very rapid, with a large proportion of the original slick removed in a matter of hours. Heavier crudes can be far more persistent because of limited evaporation. For a single chemical covering an area A, the rate of loss of mass by evaporation (- dm/dt) can be calculated from a knowledge of its vapour pressure (P) and molecular weight (Mw): dm _ KE MW PA . 1 dt RT where KE iS a mass transfer coefficient which for hydrocarbons is related to wind speed (U): KE = 0.0025 U"-8 2 Equation 1 can be re-written in terms of the volume fraction evaporated (F) and thickness of the slick (h): dF K P Mw 3 dt h pRT The term PM,/pRT can be considered as a Henry's Law Constant H. For oil, which is not a simple chemical but a complex mixture, it is necessary to predict the variation of 7 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand H as evaporation proceeds. Stiver and Mackay, 1984 have shown that this variation can be determined experimentally by bubbling air through oil (gas stripping) and measuring the loss of oil volume with volume of air passed through it. They derived an expression for H, based on the gas stripping of 5 oils, which is related (using the Clausius Clapeyron equation) to the boiling point of the oil (T.) at any fraction vanrnted anrd amhient temperature T: In H = In P Mw = 6.3 - 10.3 T 4 pRT T T. itself can be determined from a plot of boiling temperature against fraction evaporated (i.e. the distillation curve of the oil): assuming that the plot is linear with initial boiling point C, and slope C2 then TB = C + C2 F 5 Substitution into Equation 3 gives dF _ KE 6310.3C+C, 6 dt h AEA Technology has carried out gas stripping experiments on about 60 oils. For each of the oils examined, individual values to replace the above constants 6.3 and 10.3 have been derived. The values of the constants C, and C2 for some 100 oils have been derived, either from literature distillation data (e.g. van Oudenhaven, 1983), or by laboratory distillations: these are stored in a database of oil properties for use by OSIS together with constants derived from gas stripping where available. 2.2.2 Emulsification Under the influence of wave action, water droplets may become entrained into the oil slick to form water-in-oil emulsions. Such emulsions can range from rather runny mixtures to the 'chocolate mousse' type found after the Torrey Canyon incident, which are highly viscous and resistant to treatment by chemical dispersants. Viscous crudes and emulsions also pose difficulty for mechanical recovery and require specialist equipment. The processes which govern emulsion formation are not well understood, so an empirical approach has been taken to estimate rates of emulsification. Using recorded emulsion water contents for samples taken during the Ekofisk blow-out, a relationship between wind speed U and water content Yw was determined by Mackay et al, 1980: d Y. . . ,. d KA(J+UY(1-KB Yw) 7 dt where KA is the reciprocal of the maximum fractional water content (YF) of the emulsion (0.8) and K. a curve fitting constant whose value varies with wind speed. 8 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand An attempt to improve this relationship has been made using data from a number ol experimental spills. The equation above implies that all oils emulsify to the same extent (i.e. a water content of 80%) and rate. A laboratory study of weathering and emulsification indicated that different oils take up different amounts of water with the rate of uptake varying between oils: the data from that study have provided oil specific values of YF. 2.2.3 Dispersion Dispersion is the means by which an oil or emulsion is removed from the sea surface, under the influence of turbulent mixing and wave breaking. The process involves the generation of oil droplets, of sizes thought to be between 1 and 500jim diameter, which move down into the water column; recent and ongoing experimental work at sea has shown that droplets whose diameter is less than about 70 j.m will remain dispersed in all sea conditions. Forces acting upon such droplets are vertical diffusion, downward turbulent mixing and buoyancy: if buoyant forces exceed downward mixing forces then the droplet rises to the surface, otherwise they remain below the sea surface and are considered to be dispersed. The random walk particle tracking model in OSIS allows droplets to move vertically but the previous uncertainty as to the droplet sizes involved made it unsuitable as the basis for modelling this process; however, new data on the droplet size distribution have been incorporated into versions of OSIS used for modelling the Braer and Sea Empress spills. Previous experimental work has demonstrated several features which allow dispersion to be modelled empirically: the work has shown that the dispersion process is wind- speed dependent, linked to spreading and slick thickness and occurs when waves are breaking, and that the amount of oil remaining at the sea surface is an exponential function of time. In OSIS the dispersion process is currently modelled by a simple exponential whose half life is a function of sea state, size of spill and length of time on the sea surface. 2.2.4 Changes in Physical Properties During the processes of evaporation and emulsification the density of oil increases, due to both evaporation of the low density volatiles and to the incorporation of water. The change of density of an oil during evaporation is linear with increasing volume fraction evaporated (F). Therefore the changes can be modelled by the equation p. Pc + C3 F where pc and p. are density of crude and topped oil respectively, and C3 a constant for each oil. In OSIS values of C3 are stored in a database. Changes in density as a result of emulsification are modelled as a linear combination of oil and seawater densities, according to the fraction of each present. 9 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand The processes of evaporation and emulsification lead to increases in emulsion viscosity (Tle) of two or three orders over that of the crude oil (Re) from which they are derived. The relationship between oil and emulsion viscosity can be predicted by 77, = 77, e K, eI-llII where ie,.c are the viscosities of the emulsion and crude oil respectively and KWE are oil specific constants. 2.3 THE STOCHASTIC MODULE The stochastic module provides the ability to couple multiple runs of OSIS with probabilistic information on wind conditions, thereby generating statistical information on the likelihood of the fate of a spill. Meteorological data (windrose data) is entered into OSIS containing the probability of winds of particular speeds and direction within any required time-frame. Output from the stochastic module comprises 6 components. In tabular form: i) beaching summary - information is provided summarising all of the scenarios for which beaching occurs and in graphical form on the OSIS display map: ii) surface oiling - this is based on the relative frequency with which oil particles are present at a depth of less than 20cm. iii) beaching sites - the location of all sites where beaching occurs iv) initial beaching sites - as above, but in this case showing only those sites where initial beaching occurs. v) probability of oil beaching - based on the number of oil particles on a portion of coastline in any scenario and the relative frequency of that scenario. 10 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 3 NUMERICAL INPUT 3.1 RELEASE CHARACTERISTICS OSIS stochastic calculations were undertaken using the following input data, specified by BMT-MIS: Release position: 130 06' 30" N 1000 14' 27" E This position is approximately 16 km from the nearest coastline. Release volume: 1000 tonnes Release duration: 0 hours i.e. instantaneous release Maxlmin depth: 0 m Initial diameter: 500 m Max run length: 300 hours Runs are terminated when the volume of oil left at sea becomes insignificant - 0.1% of the release volume - following beaching, evaporation and/or dispersion losses, or upon reaching the maximum pre-specified run length. Oil type: Bunker C Information on oil properties was provided by BMT-MIS, as listed in Tables 1 and 2. On the basis of this data, the oil type "Bunker C" was selected as being the most suitable oil type from the existing OSIS oil database. 1 Specific gravity at 60/80OF Max 0.99. 2 Viscosity cSt at 122 OF 81 to 180 3 Pour point OF Max 75 4 Flash point F Min 140 5 Calorific value Btu/lb Min 17820 6 Sulphur % wt Max 2 7 Ash % wt Max 0.1 8 Water & sediment % wt Max 1 Table 1 Oil properties 11 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand Temperature oC Minimum Viscosity Maximum Viscosity Min -Cst Max -cSt 20 52 . 1700 U 30 260 750 40 140 360 50 80 180 60 50 110 70 33 70 80 24 45 90 17 30 100 13 22 Table 2 Oil properties contd. 3.2 METEOROLOGICAL DATA The main -features of the Gulf of Thailand are the Northeast and Southwest monsoons and occasional tropical cyclones. The monsoonal regime generates four seasons: * winter - the Northeast monsoon peaks during December to January, waning in February. This winter monsoon is characterised by fine, cool weather and relatively low rainfall. * spring - during March to May, the pre-monsoon transition period brings relatively weak and variable winds with land and sea breezes prevailing, little rainfall and correspondingly hot temperatures. * summer - the Southwest monsoon peaks during July and August, waning in September. The summer monsoon brings overcast skies, daily light rain, interspersed with squalls, thunderstorms and occasional torrential rains. * autumn - a second transition period brings variable winds during October and November. Significant differences are present in the water circulation patterns in the Gulf of Thailand resulting from the changes in meteorological forcing. Accordingly, representative stochastic model calculations were carried out for 4 months (January, May, August and November) using data supplied by BMT-MIS and reproduced in Tables 3a) - 3d). BMT-MIS determined windroses for the four months from monthly statistics of wind speed and direction recorded at Phetchaburi meteorological station in 1996 (this is a coastal station about 25km WNW of the release location). For all four months, the relatively high probability of occurrence for winds less than 0.1 mis is apparent. The resultant windroses are shown in Figures la) - 1d). 12 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand Sea temperatures were determined using data from the Royal Thai Navy and air temperatues from monthly mean temperatures at Phetchaburi meteorological station. These were set as: Air Sea January 260C 280C May 290C 300C August 290C 300C November 270C 280C 13 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand Speed 3380-230 23G-680 680-1130 1 1 3 0 - 1 5 8 0 - 2 0 3 0 - 2 4 8 0 - 2 9 3 - m/s 1580 2030 2480 2930 3380 0-0.1 67.339 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-3 0.806 2.823 3.629 10.081 1.613 1.613. 0 1.210 4-16 0 0:403 0.806 4.839 4.435 0.405 ' 0 0 17-27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 3a Percentage occurrence of winds in each category - January Speed 3380-230 230-680 680-1130 1 1 3 0 - 1 5 8 0 - 2 0 3 o - 2 4 8 0 - 2 9 3 0 m/s 1580 2030 2480 2930 3380 0-0.1 68.548 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-3 0.000 0.000 2.823 10.484 3.226 1.210 1.613 0.806 4-16 0.403 0.000 0.806 6.452 2.823 0.000 0.403 0.403 17-27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 3b Percentage occurrence of winds in each category - May Speed 3380-230 230-680 680-1130 1 1 3 o - 1 5 8 0 - 2 0 3 o - 2 4 8 o - 2 9 3 0 m/s 1580 2030 2480 2930 3380 0-0.1 80.242 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-3 0.000 0.000 2.419 5.645 4.435 0.403 1.613 0.403 4-16 0 0.000 0.000 1.613 3.226 0.000 0 0 17-27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 3c Percentage occurrence of winds in each category - August Speed 3380-230 230-680 680-1130 1 1 3 0 - 1 5 8 0 - 2 0 3 0 - 2 4 8 0 - 2 9 3 0 m/s 1580 2030 2480 2930 3380 0-0.1 81.667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-3 2.083 5.417 1.667 0.417 2.917 0.417 0.417 2.083 4-16 0.833 0 0.417 0.833 0.417 0 0 0.417 17-27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 3d Percentage occurrence of winds in each category - November 14 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 51 Copy E 1.0 .4.1 -- -.h.0' 0 - .- W E, . . . - -' Figure 1b) OSIS windrose for May 15 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand Wind Rose L2N Ii W E Wind Speed !mWsj 1GO .40.-1 Figure Ic) OSIS windrose for August W E- ind Speed (n/&) IV,.. 0i. ti.1ped m&: I a Qo.or4u Figure Id) OSIS windrose for November 16 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 3.3 OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA Tidal and residual currents databases were configured for the Inner Gulf of Thailand region by BMT-MIS. The data was mainly taken from a hydrodynamic model of the Gulf of Thailand set up by BMT-MIS. The model grid has a resolution of 2.5km. Tidal current data was provided as a set of harmonic constituents at each grid point (these are then used by OSIS to predict the tidal current at any time). Residual current data was provided at each grid point for each of the four seasons. In addition, RSK Environment Ltd. provided BMT-MIS with current meter data at the release location for the period 30/4/97 - 18/5/97. Near-surface current meter data was tidally-analysed and the resulting harmonic constituents placed in the tidal database. The data was found to agree very well, in both phase and amplitude (current velocity), with the modelled tidal data. 17 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This Section presents the results obtained for each of the four stochastic simulations. 4.1 SURFACE OILING The patterns of surface oiling are shown in Figures 2a) - 2d) for each of the four model simulations. The influence of the tides in this region is relatively small and the differences in the dispersion patterns is related to differences in currents and in the wind data for the four periods. Surface oiling occurs primarily over the western half of the Inner Gulf of Thailand. In general, surface oil which spreads into the eastern half of the Inner Gulf does not reach the coastline - the exception to this being in May when there is a relatively low occurrence of westerly winds in the higher 4-16 ms-' category. The probability of surface oil being found in the eastern part of the model area is generally low. A particular feature of the results is the high probability of surface oil which is present in the simulation for May. Oil released during calm conditions is essentially trapped in the north-western corner of the grid, where it beaches near the end of the simulation period. Each of the runs undertaken for the stochastic calculations have been allowed to continue for 300 hours. The meteorological input to each run remains constant throughout this period. The high probability of surface oiling near the coastline during the May simulation is, therefore, based on an assumption that the period of calm weather (wind speed 0.1 ms-') extends for an uninterrupted period of 300 hours. Similarly the predictions of beaching in the eastern half of the grid, also during the May simulation, are based on the assumption that the westerly winds occur for an uninterrupted period of 300 hours. Such constancy in meteorological conditions is highly unlikely and, whilst long simulation periods may be desirable to allow the runs to extend to typical beaching times, the probablistic output which these runs generate such be interpreted with caution. 4.2 BEACHING Tables 4a) - 4d) summarise the calculations relating to beaching. The probability of beaching is low in January and November, but reaches 97% in May. In all cases, the probability of beaching within the first 24 hours after the release occurs is <10%, thereby providing time to respond to the spill and to mitigate its environmental consequences. 18 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand The time to beaching is also illustrated in Figures 3a) - 3d). In all cases, the runs resulting in rapid beaching (<24 hours) are those associated with the higher wind speeds, which essentially blow the oil directly onshore. 19 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand Run no. Probability Time to beaching Latitude Longitude 10 2.82 197 12.87801 100.024330 11 3.63 119 13.089005 100.067223 13 1.61 282 13.445100 100.152176 18 0.40 18 12.960379 10.044113 19 0.81 11 13.132488 100.070625 20 4.84 20 13.350741 100.005180 21 4.43 22 13.463886 100.224525 22 0.40 37 13.528339 100.626465 Table 4a) Beaching summary - January Total probability of beaching 19% Run no. Probability Time to beaching Latitude Longitude 1 68.55 245 13.424852 100.087318 11 2.82 88 13.132740 100.070595 12 10.48 122 13.348077 100.004021 13 3.23 _143 13.484203 100.330048 14 1.21 248 13.483918 100.819611 19 0.81 11 13.128221 100.069710 20 6.45 21 13.354231 100.005173 I1 12.82 123 13.482569 100.260170 123___ 10.40 138 13.124336 1 100.810616 : Table 4b) Beaching summary - May Total probability of beaching 97% Run no. Probability Time to beaching Latitude Longitude 11 2.42 161 13.329800 100.001358 12 5.64 170 13.457106 100.195320 13 4.43 215 13.500451 100.519226 20 1.61 22 13.341716 100.002861 21 3.23 27 13.517435 100.277069 Table 4c) Beaching summary - August Total probability of beaching 17% Run no. Probability Time to beaching Latitude Longitude 10 5.42 205 12.920713 100.029640 11 1.67 116 13.123084 100.068443 12 0.41 233 13.341913 100.002831 13 2.92 269 13.469499 100.244019 19 0.41 13 13.102226 100.067772 20 0.83 22 13.3312377 100.001915 21 0.41 25 13.470592 100.246872 Table 4d) Beaching summary - November Total probability of beaching 12% 20 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand zfin Ld y. ~ od B ..a-..s i- l -w-. ti* p.j.j_x 1.0o0 2.000 S2.Oo - 3.000 3.000 - 10.000 4.: ooo - 2.0o ØM 0.000 20.000 -e EU m4.OO.0 Mm6 2 0 0 0 1 o 0 . 0 0 0 - . 1000 . I ffe fl :: .11& ___ U.o* .JU.*0 MUM.co -R:0 2t.0# .un::0:9 m: an da Figure 2b) Probability of surface offing - Many 21 BT MI Ltd 5*S5. SU nEl OIO 1~ Figure ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 -a rbbliyo ufaeo~n -Jnur ..ENEN.... ,W s"Ho 40^ 80 effiloSSSS 8:0UUUU SSU' s* 0600**0uma..nms GOA 100 .S..,S fS. .a....... ... 21me BenMnSLtd OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand D JGcD ft? o.1 .oom ~~ii.m NUo.oms Ø -1.000 -2o000 - 2.000 3 000 3 .000 4000 . - .0000 -4.000 . .000 - 000 N .0 H: m 60.000 110.00 mar-a•. \D- mussm..mm." ....m0HmHUM 0060.*wn-maf.fi - .mmmm.ooouU-um1m.mmoo mnmam.m1m.m mm..2m.m N m--- m2m00 ..4..0 e "HUMU.Vo:Dems*.oo" m M:N. Figure 2d) Probability of surface offing - Novembe 22 B MSt 6Dm mmDO 10^ m0Dm 20Å 40 *0 5000 :PK GOD1.0j0 I~ ~ ~ U RUM *mMmmmm en J, 0< ~ ~ ~ ~ N "SM..s... -. . E..N . - _ _ _- .m . m . Figure ~~ 2d PoaliyOf ufc:o0n Nvme 22UUUTMIHHLtd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 4.2.1 Time to Beaching The time to beaching of each spill and its associated probability are illustrated in Figures 3a) - 3d). For a release in January, beaching times range from n1 to 282 hours after the release. The two spills with the highest probability of occurrence would both reach the shore within 24 hours of the release. Beaching times for a release in May range from 11 to 248 hours after the release. The highest probability, 69%, is associated with the release under calm conditions. In that case the time to initial beaching is calculated to be 245 hours after the release. For the August release, beaching times range from 22 to 215 hours. Again, those spills beaching within 24 hours are associated with higher wind speeds (10 ms-'). In November, the spills impacting the shoreline within 24 hours of the release all have probabilities of occurrence of <1%. The release most likely to impact on the shoreline takes 205 hours to reach the shore. 23 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand Probab,ihty E 3 a2 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 Time (hrs) Figure 3a) Time to initial beaching - January Probability 80 60 40 20 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 160 210 240 270 300 Time (hrs) Figure 3b) Time to initial beaching - May 24 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand Probabihty 6 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 Time (hrs) Figure 3c) Time to initial beaching - August Probability (%) 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 Figure 3d) Time to initial beaching - November 25 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 4.2.2 Probability of Beaching The likelihood of beaching is illustrated for the 4 release scenarios in Figures 4a) - 4d). In most cases, because the oil travels directly to the shoreline, the probability of beaching is essentially the same as the probability of surface oiling occurring offshore i.e. as depicted in Figures 2a) - 2d). Probabilities of beaching are generally low, <5%, except for the May simulation where 4 areas are identified as having beaching with a probability in excess of 60%. 26 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 0 ~ od .1a 5 tf ~ afs I-b ~ tfölp × am ns-... ....... . - . p .8 N 3 0" 9 m _ Figure 4a) Beaching probability - January 0.1 Spill Inimrmation System 2.2.1 - [Seochastic Mode - inne bult o[ Thadandl må-E [b-EA 2 • VIL, M- d. Besut% råls Io"l W - i k he ·.: -- - - - - . .ja.E fiiTifäFisöraf T!B% iè - 3.4% 3-4% O1 60-80% Figure 4b) Beaching probability - May 27 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand il. MOnl ].S JiESJ rmen= '4 - ra.J Fåt- 7- 7 77 i s i.in -1., « A o o "" trud I¯.a._ a .__-_... --_ f..;__r_-. .__c ä 1. JN13 O 34 06 9 m __ _ Figure 4c) Beaching probability - August ErUL A .f.i a S l-a fLS lI W .xSUC'e ,-- - i.-.. . . .MjDLi Itff UUIJLIL?'!fl28ŽBMT MlS Ltd.0Mo-U32 ILE-4 .1 3 2~ -% 5-19- 5z, Figure 4d) Beaching probability - November 28 BMVT MIS.Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 5 O ICiI ISIiON OSIS has been used to examine the probabilistic fate of oil spilt in the Inner Gulf of Thailand. Calculations have been carried out for four months, using release characteristics and meteorological data supplied by BMT-MIS. The calculations do show significant differences between the four months. In particular, the calculations for May indicate particularly high probabilities of the oil impacting on the shoreline, although the time taken to reach the shore would permit mitigation measures to be undertaken. The long simulation times specified for these calculations force unrealistic assumptions regarding the longevity of particular meteorological conditions. The quantitative probabilities assigned to those calculations where beaching does not occur rapidly should be interpreted with some caution. 29 BMT MIS Ltd. OSIS Stochastic Modelling Inner Gulf of Thailand 6 REFFRFNCFS Blokker, P.C. (1964). Spreading and evaporation of petroleum products on water. Antwerp: in Proceedings of the Ninth. International Harbour Conference. Buchanan, I. 1987. Methods for Predicting the Physical Changes in Oil Spilt at Sea. Stevenage: Warren Spring Laboratory, Report No. LR 609 (OP). Buchanan, I and Hurford, N. 1988. Report of the Forties Fate Trial, July 1987. Stevenage: Warren Spring Laboratory. Report No LR 671 (OP). Elliott, A.J. and Wallace, D.C. 1989. Dispersion of Surface Plumes in the Southern North Sea. Dt. Hydrogr. Zeit., 42, 1-16. Fay, J.A. 1971. Physical Processes in the Spread of Oil on a Water Surface. Washington D.C.: in Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, pp 463-468, American Petroleum Institute. Hurford, N. 1992. Report of the Flotta Fate Trial, August 1988. Stevenage: Warren Spring Laboratory. Report No LR 725 (MPBM). Lehr, W.J., Fraga, R.J., Belen, M.S. and Cekirge, H.M. 1984. A New Technique to Estimate Initial Spill Size Using.a Modified Fay-type Spreading Formula. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 15 (9), 326-329. Lunel T. Dispersion. 1993. Oil droplet size measurements at sea. pp 1023- 1056. Proceedings 16th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Technical Seminar. Environment Canada. Mackay, D., Buist, I., Mascarenhas, R., Paterson, S. 1980. Oil Spill Processes and Models. Report EE-8. Environment Canada, Ottawa. Stiver, W. and Mackay, D. 1984. Evaporation rates of spills of hydrocarbons and petroleum mixtures. Environmental Science and Technology, 18, 834-840. van Oudenhaven, J.A.C.M et al. 1983. Characteristics of Petroleum and its Behaviour at Sea. Den Haag: CONCAWE, Report No. 8/83. Walker, M.I., McDonagh, M., Albone,D., Grigson, S., Wilkinson, A. and Baron, G. 1993. Comparison of Observed and Predicted Changes to Oil after Spills. pp 389-393. Proceedings. 1993 International Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute. Washington DC. 30 BMT MIS Ltd.