ESMAP TECHNICAL PAPER 073 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural And Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Workshop Proceedings June 2005 Papers in the ESMAP Technical Series are discussion documents, not final project reports. They are subject to the same copyrights as other ESMAP publications. JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANK ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) PURPOSE The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance partnership sponsored by the UNDP, the World Bank and bi-lateral official donors. Established with the support of UNDP and bilateral official donors in 1983, ESMAP is managed by the World Bank. ESMAP's mission is to promote the role of energy in poverty reduction and economic growth in an environmentally responsible manner. Its work applies to low-income, emerging, and transition economies and contributes to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. ESMAP interventions are knowledge products including free technical assistance, specific studies, advisory services, pilot projects, knowledge generation and dissemination, trainings, workshops and seminars, conferences and roundtables, and publications. ESMAP work is focused on three priority areas: access to modern energy for the poorest, the development of sustainable energy markets, and the promotion of environmentally sustainable energy practices. GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (the ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions which benefit from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank, and from the energy and development community at large, to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager of ESMAP. FUNDING ESMAP is a knowledge partnership supported by the World Bank, the UNDP and official donors from Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. ESMAP has also enjoyed the support of private donors as well as in-kind support from a number of partners in the energy and development community. FURTHER INFORMATION For further information on a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report or copies of project reports, please visit the ESMAP website: www.esmap.org. ESMAP can also be reached by email at esmap@worldbank.org or by mail at: ESMAP c/o Energy and Water Department The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. 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Contents Part I............................................................................................. .......................1 WORKSHOP SYNTHESIS REPORT......................................................................... 1 OVERVIEW................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 Workshop Objectives ...................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY OF PRESENTATIONS............................................................................ 5 Day 1, Session 1: Opening Session................................................................ 5 Day 1, Session 2: International Experience in Rural Electrification................ 5 Day 1, Session 3: Policy and Institutional Framework for Scaling Up Electricity Access -- Key Issues and Challenges ............................... 8 Day 2, Session 1: Accelerating Renewable Energy Market Development.... 10 Day 2, Session 2: Energy as a Catalyst for Rural Transformation................ 13 Day 2, Session 3: Closing Session: Key Next Steps for Moving Rapidly to a Big-Impact Programme for Scale-Up and Rural Transformation....... 13 QUESTION AND COMMENT SESSIONS ............................................................... 15 COMMON THEMES ................................................................................................. 17 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................... 19 Annex 1..... .............................................................................................................. 21 WORKSHOP AGENDA................................................................................. 21 Annex 2..... .............................................................................................................. 25 Part II ....................................................................................................33 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 35 OPENING CEREMONY............................................................................................ 37 PRESS CONFERENCE............................................................................................ 39 WORKSHOP DELIVERY ......................................................................................... 41 Current Status of Renewable Energy Technologies around the World......... 41 Renewable Energy in Nigeria: Economic Challenges and Opportunities...... 44 Renewable Energy Financing and Industry. ................................................. 47 Policies and Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Renewable Energy Markets. ................................................................................ 49 Discussion Group Meetings (Breakout Sessions)......................................... 52 i Policy Lessons and Next Steps for Nigeria................................................... 54 Design Meeting ....................................................................................................... 55 Subject: Renewable Energy Development Program Proposal...................... 55 Guidelines for the Proposal on the Program for the Development of the Renewable Energy Market in Nigeria................................................ 55 Communiqué........................................................................................................... 59 Annex 1.... ............................................................................................................... 63 Annex 2.... ............................................................................................................... 73 LIST OF COMPANIES THAT ATTENDED THE SOLAR ENERGY COMPANIES MEETING OF 14TH NOVEMBER, 2001...................... 73 Annex 3.... ............................................................................................................... 75 LIST OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT NGOs THAT ATTENDED THE MEETING OF THE NGOs OF 14TH NOVEMBER, 2001.................. 75 Annex 4.... ............................................................................................................... 81 List of Media Representatives....................................................................... 81 Annex 5.... ............................................................................................................... 83 List of Participants......................................................................................... 84 Annex 6.... ............................................................................................................... 99 LIST OF PRESENTERS ............................................................................... 99 WORKSHOP ORGANISATION .................................................................. 100 ii Energizing Rural Transformation in Nigeria: Scaling Up Electricity Access and Renewable Energy Market Development National Workshop Part I WORKSHOP SYNTHESIS REPORT 1 1 OVERVIEW Introduction 1.1 On March 19-20, 2001, more than 200 government officials, multi-lateral development bank representatives, international rural energy and other development experts, researchers, private sector companies and NGOs came together for the first workshop of a two-part series on rural energy in Nigeria. The workshop, entitled "Energizing Rural Transformation in Nigeria: Scaling Up Electricity Access and Renewable Energy Market Development," was hosted by the Honorable Olusegun Agagu, Minister of Power and Steel, Government of Nigeria. Workshop codirectors were Mr. Arun Sanghvi, Africa Rural and Renewable Energy Initiative, World Bank, and Mr. John Brodman, Office of African and American Affairs, United States Department of Energy. The Nigerian Federal Ministry of Power and Steel sponsored the workshop, in cooperation with the Energy Commission of Nigeria, United States Department of Energy (DOE,) the World Bank's Africa Rural and Renewable Energy Initiative (AFRREI,) the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP,) and United States Agency for International Development. Coordinating assistance was provided by the International Centre for Energy, Environment and Development (ICEED) and Winrock International, and financial sponsorship was contributed by Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF.) Workshop Objectives 1.2 The objectives of the Workshop on Energizing Rural Energy Transformation in Nigeria were: · Accelerate the process of formulating Nigeria's overall vision for scaling up electricity access from renewable energy sources in underserved areas in a rapid and sustainable manner · Identify key principles for framing the policy platform and institutional framework required for mounting a large-scale clean energy program · Formulate a strategy for developing renewable and clean energy resources in a cost-effective manner, while supporting the twin objectives of poverty reduction and improved environmental conditions · Initiate the process of formulating Nigeria's strategy for rural energy provision for rural transformation, taking into account lessons learned and best practices from other key countries. 1.3 The workshop's organizers placed great emphasis on promoting participation and dialogue across Nigeria's energy sector. Workshop delegates were major stakeholders in the rural electrification arena. These delegates included key government officials, political and community 3 4 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria leaders, staff from academic institutions and think tanks, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs,) private sector firms, donor institutions, and commercial financiers. 1.4 Speakers and panelists included senior Nigerian federal, state and local government officials, international rural energy policy experts, professionals from Nigerian NGOs and universities, practitioners from several development sectors, and representatives from the World Bank and U.S. government agencies. 2 SUMMARY OF PRESENTATIONS Day 1, Session 1: Opening Session 2.1 The opening session was chaired by Dr. E.A. Ekerendu, Permanent Secretary of the Federal Ministry of Power and Steel. Opening statements were made by the following Nigerian and international dignitaries: · Alhaji Mohammed Danjuma Goje, Hon. Minister of State for Power and Steel, · Dr. Olusegun Agagu, Hon. Minister for Power and Steel, · Hon. Nnamdi Eriobuna, Chairman, Senate Committee on Power, · Hon. Idris Abdulahi Umar, Chairman, House Committee on Power and Steel, · Dr. Usman Bello, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Environment, · Hon. Howard Jeter, U.S. Ambassador to Nigeria, and · Mark Tomlinson, World Bank Country Director for Nigeria. 2.2 Each speaker expressed strong support for improving Nigeria's electricity infrastructure and rapidly scaling up energy access and supply, in order to foster positive economic and social transformation in the country's rural areas. 2.3 The dignitaries highlighted the need to create a strategy for developing renewable and clean energy resources in a cost-effective manner, while supporting poverty reduction and a clean environment. Other issues considered important included: · The need to serve unelectrified areas in a rapid and sustainable manner · Framing a policy platform suitable for mounting a large-scale clean energy program · The need to learn from the experiences of other countries · The importance of public, private and multilateral cooperation, and · The critical role of privatization and electric industry restructuring. Day 1, Session 2: International Experience in Rural Electrification 2.4 The second session, chaired by Mr. Nasir Ahmed el-Rufai, Director General of the Bureau of Public Enterprises, described the experiences of other countries in initiating large-scale rural electrification programs. A brief summary of each presentation follows. "Gearing Up for a Big-Impact Rural Electrification Program" 5 6 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria ­ Arun Sanghvi, Lead Energy Specialist, Africa Rural and Renewable Energy Initiative (AFRREI,) World Bank 2.5 Mr. Sanghvi began his presentation with a photo of the earth at night, showing that Africa is virtually unserved by modern lighting compared to the rest of the world. He noted that electrical energy could transform rural life in many ways, including reducing rural poverty, improving health and education, and addressing other priorities. Access to modern energy can also foster increased local empowerment and a cleaner environment. 2.6 Mr. Sanghvi stressed that successful rural electrification programs in other countries, such as those in Mexico and Indonesia, have been founded on favorable macroeconomic conditions and genuine government commitment. He suggested that other success factors in large-scale rural electrification programs include (a) cost recovery for service providers, (b) the limited-term use of "smart subsidies," (c) "working on both sides of the meter," or providing incentives for both suppliers and end- users, (d) employing demand-driven selection criteria with an emphasis on cost recovery, (e) providing government-backed incentives to reduce costs, and (f) promoting a supportive political environment. 2.7 To illustrate the importance of policies, Mr. Sanghvi pointed out that Nigeria's per capita GNP is roughly similar to that of Vietnam. Yet more than 80 percent of Vietnamese households have access to electricity, while only about 30 percent have such access in Nigeria. Sanghvi suggested that governments shift their rural energy role from that of service provider to service enabler, and from primary financier to provider of smart subsidies. Government could also coordinate policy setting and oversee policy implementation, ensure community participation, and foster cross-sectoral links with other development sectors. These sectors may include health, education, agriculture, water, microenterprise development, and rural information and communications technologies. "Enabling Renewable Energy Scale-Up: the Role of the State and the Case of Chile" ­ Dr. Alejandro Jadrasic, former Minister of Energy for Chile 2.8 Dr. Jadrasic shared the experience of the Chilean Energy Ministry's program to expand the national renewable energy (RE) market rapidly and cost-effectively. In 1994, the Chilean government made RE a priority as a tool for promoting economic growth and social equity. The Energy Ministry designed a program to reach 75 percent of the population by the year 2000, emphasizing regionally decentralized decision-making, joint financing, efficient allocation of resources, and promotion of alternative technologies. 2.9 Jadrasic noted that mild regulation of natural monopolies and subsidized projects, smart subsidies, reasonably regulated tariff structures, and environmental regulations all complemented transparent market transactions and strong reliance on community participation. In stressing the role of community participation, Jadrasic noted that all rural energy project proposals in the Chilean program had to originate within the communities themselves. The Chilean program proved very successful, achieving 76 percent coverage by the end of 1999. In his concluding recommendations Dr. Jadrasic suggested: · Creating market incentives to encourage private companies to solve rural electrification problems · A management model featuring central coordination but decentralized implementation · Close collaboration between government, the private sector, and end users. Part I Chapter 2: SUMMERY OF PRESENTATIONS 7 "Increasing the Pace and Lowering the Costs of Rural Electrification Connections" ­ Rob Stephen, Eskom, South Africa 2.10 Mr. Stephen presented Eskom's experience of a large-scale rural electrification program in South Africa. The Eskom program increased the rate of connections from a few thousand per year to 300,000 per year, and costs fell by 50 percent in five years. Stephen listed a number of key elements to a successful rural electrification program: · Clear direction from the federal government · Clear targets and performance indicators established in advance · Availability of adequate funds · Realistic timetables and goals · The involvement of all stakeholders · A clear decision about revenue management and metering technology and systems, made at the beginning of the electrification program · Optimized and standardized technology. 2.11 The logistical challenge in South Africa was great; on average, over the course of five years, a connection had to be made every 30 seconds, a pole had to be placed in the correct position every 10 seconds, and 200 meters of cable had to be strung every 60 seconds. 2.12 Eskom staff reviewed their plans every three months to reevaluate targets and costs, so that they could better mitigate potential risks associated with (a) sudden changes in political situations, (b) local population demographics, (c) the lack of accurate data, and (d) other difficulties meeting deadlines in remote communities. 2.13 Stephen noted that Eskom worked through "electrification committees" elected by the communities themselves, and later with the Local Authorities when they were formed. Eskom found that communities were very interested in "transfer of skills," i.e. local construction of facilities, and local training in maintenance and operation of systems. 2.14 Stephen suggested tackling technical interventions through four avenues: (a) determining realistic load requirements of rural populations, (b) determining the supply options, (c) ensuring that equipment is used optimally; and (d) revenue management and metering. 2.15 Stephen identified the main initial obstacles to the South African program as insufficient funds and the lack of clear direction from the federal government. These were overcome by reducing costs and establishing clear objectives internally. "Policy Platform for Scaling Up Access: Lessons from International Experience" ­ Wolfgang Mostert, International Expert on Rural Electrification Policy 2.16 Mr. Mostert began by outlining four elements necessary for a successful rural electrification company: · Access to finance · Operational know-how · An enabling legal and regulatory framework 8 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria · Access to market information. 2.17 In contrast to old, top-down regulatory paradigms, new regulatory models focus on bottom-up, and entrepreneur-driven competitive energy markets. This focus promotes a flourishing of ideas and local initiative. Mr. Mostert called for the "re-humanization" of regulation, in which political intervention is avoided as much as possible. Regulation should provide a supporting framework for commercial activity, not be an obstacle to it. Electrification projects should focus first on maximizing electrification coverage by building the project around the demand of "anchor customers," and then strive for high connection rates to meet social goals and achieve economies of scale. Mostert suggested letting tariffs vary according to the local cost of supply, and narrowing differences in tariff levels by imposing charges on urban consumption to subsidize rural electrification. Finally, Mostert recommended the use of "smart subsidies" in order to increase access to rural electricity. Day 1, Session 3: Policy and Institutional Framework for Scaling Up Electricity Access -- Key Issues and Challenges 2.18 The third session, chaired by Hon. Nnamdi Eriobuna, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Power, highlighted the role of government-owned utilities and local and national governments in restructuring the electricity sector and developing rural electrification programs. "The Role of a Restructured and Privatized Power Sector in Scaling Up Electricity Access" ­ Nasir Ahmed el-Rufai, Director General, BPE 2.19 Mr. El-Rufai noted that the vertically integrated structure of Nigeria's National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) has placed significant strain on the electricity sector in that country. The NEPA holds a monopoly on generation, transmission and distribution, and both regulation and implementation are under government control. Over the years, this structure has led to inconsistencies in policy, inadequate investment in the sector, management and maintenance problems, poorly maintained facilities, inadequate consideration of environmental concerns, heavy import requirements, and unreliable electricity supply. Further, only 36 percent of the population has access to the electric grid, and the majority has access for only six hours a day. Mr. El-Rufai reported that the government plans to provide 2,500 MW of new electric generation by December 2001. However, if the government is striving to reach 80 percent of the population, it will need to increase generation to 6,000 MW immediately and to 10,000 MW and 20,000 MW by 2005 and 2010, respectively, if it is to meet the demand. 2.20 El-Rufai suggested that Nigeria needs to promote an electricity supply industry (ESI) that meets current and future demand, modernizes and expands coverage, and supports economic and social development needs. To do this, Nigeria needs an unbundled NEPA and privatized generation, distribution and retail sectors, supported by a strong market structure and clear legal and regulatory frameworks. Electricity sector reform is beginning in Nigeria, starting with a draft Power Act, which is slated for public discussion soon. Consultants have also been hired to provide advice on unbundling NEPA by 2002. A new law, to be enacted in 2001, will create an appropriate market structure and a regulatory body, and will allow private investment in the power sector. "The Potential Role of NEPA in Grid Rural Electrification in a Restructured Distribution Sector" ­ Senator Liyel Imoke, Chairman, National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) Technical Board 2.21 According to Sen. Imoke, rural electrification in Nigeria has traditionally meant installing lighting systems, thus far a financially unsustainable undertaking. The current objective of NEPA's rural electrification program, however, is to make rural electrification cost effective. The broader goals of the Part I Chapter 2: SUMMERY OF PRESENTATIONS 9 rural electrification program are (a) to increase agricultural productivity through intensified irrigation and more efficient agricultural processing and crop preservation systems, (b) to promote rural enterprise, and (c) to reduce urban migration by bringing modern communications and entertainment facilities to the rural areas. 2.22 Sen. Imoke explained that NEPA's Rural Electrification (RE) subsector (within the Distribution and Marketing sector) has been in existence for 22 years, and that NEPA has much to offer in terms of engineering expertise and technical assistance for rural electrification projects nation-wide. 2.23 Under current unbundling plans, NEPA's RE subsector is being decentralized and most of its engineering staff is being sent to one of the six Distribution and Marketing zonal offices established around the country. The task of these zonal units is to connect all local government headquarters, and neighboring towns and villages, to the national grid. 2.24 Senator Imoke noted that the current government has budgeted and released more money for rural electrification than any previous administration, but most of this money is being channeled through the Federal Ministry of Power & Steel rather than NEPA. Increased funding has led to improvements in the RE program's efficiency and effectiveness, and strides have been made in achieving RE goals. So far, 600 out of 774 local government offices have been connected to the grid. The main obstacles to date include lack of adequate power supply at required locations and the need to construct thousands of kilometers of 33-kV inter-township connection line (with resultant high voltage losses, vandalism and theft) and limited access to needed off-shore materials. "Review of the Federal Rural Electrification Program" Engr. H. Nggada, Director, Electrical Inspectorate Services Department, Federal Ministry of Power & Steel 2.25 Engr. Nggada described Nigeria's rural electrification (RE) program, which is aimed at connecting all local government headquarters and select neighboring towns and villages to the national grid. The program began in 1981, and was originally implemented by NEPA. In 1987 the federal government negotiated an agreement with Bulgaria and Germany to supply US$75,000,000 worth of necessary imported materials, while those materials that could be produced locally ­ wooden crossarms, reinforced concrete poles, tie straps, stay blocks, etc. ­ were purchased on the local market. In 1989, the federal government inaugurated an Implementation Committee on Rural Electrification (ICRE,) composed of officials from NEPA, the Federal Ministry of Power & Steel, and the Electrical Inspectorate Services Department. RE projects are monitored by the 15 zonal offices of the Ministry, and NEPA's RE Department handles project supervision and evaluation. 2.26 Nggada noted that rural loads are small and sparsely distributed and therefore expensive. Though it cannot be justified on the grounds of economic viability, rural electrification is defended on the grounds of economic and social development and quality of life improvement for rural people. The main constraints to the national RE program have been: (a) budgetary limitations, (b) insufficient bulk power supply, (c) failure of systems due to faulty materials and vandalism, and (d) high costs associated with the distance of remote communities from the existing grid. Accordingly, the Ministry is looking into the use of solar and other renewable energy sources to provide power for rural areas. Additionally, the National Assembly is proposing a bill to mandate the licensing of retailers of high tension and other major power transmission and distribution materials, in order to curb vandalism. An estimated N45.2 billion (US$370 million) is needed to complete all planned RE projects. Japan has recently awarded a JY1.2 billion (US$9.6 million) grant in support of Nigeria's RE goals. 10 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria "Rural Electrification Programme Review and Future Challenges: A State Perspective" ­ Engr. Ahmed K. Amshi, General Manager of Yobe State Rural Electrification Board 2.27 Engr Amshi began his presentation by noting that the Yobe State Rural Electrification Board (REB) establishes and manages the state's RE programs, and generates, transmits, distributes and sells electricity, both in bulk, and to individual customers. The REB consists of a chairperson, general manager and secretary, one representative from each local government area within the state, and representatives of NEPA, Ministry of Works, Ministry of Justice and the Governor's office. Only 25 percent of Yobe state has access to the national grid, and nine out of seventeen local government headquarters are not connected. 2.28 According to Engr. Amshi, the REB's biggest obstacles include (a) limited knowledge of electricity supply issues on the part of the chairperson and local government representatives, (b) inadequate access to the national grid, (c) insufficient access to and affordability of alternative sources of electricity, such as diesel generators and solar power systems, and (d) inadequate federal funding for states' rural electrification needs. 2.29 Yobe state is trying to cope with these obstacles in part by working with local government councils to promote rural electrification. In new projects, the state provides the local government with a generator and distribution network as well as staff to manage, operate, and maintain the station. The local government, meanwhile, provides a second generator, power station and perimeter fencing, as well as the fuel and operating materials, as well as managing customer bill collection. 2.30 Some local government councils take on rural electrification on their own, working to get communities connected to the national grid without government assistance. (There are currently four community-driven rural electrification projects.) In addition, outside funders occasionally provide funds for community projects. NEAZDP, a European Union assisted program, has funded four such projects.) According to Amshi, no rural electrification projects have been completed by the Federal Ministry in Yobe state since its creation in 1991. In 1995, the Ministry began two projects in Yobe to connect local government headquarters to the grid, but progress has been limited. A third project ­a collaboration between the Ministry and the state government ­ is in the works, but again, it is not yet completed. Yobe plans to electrify 25 additional towns by the end of 2001, provided the Ministry widens access to the national grid within the state. Day 2, Session 1: Accelerating Renewable Energy Market Development 2.31 The first session on Day 2, chaired by Dr. I.H. Umar, Director General, Energy Commission of Nigeria, highlighted the role of renewable energy in meeting Nigeria's rural power needs in an environmentally sound manner. "Renewable Energy Development: Status and Prospects" ­ Professor O. C. Iloeje, Director, Energy Planning and Analysis, ­ Energy Commission of Nigeria 2.32 As a representative of the primary government agency responsible for the development and promotion of renewable energy technologies, Iloeje noted that Nigeria has significant hydropower, solar, and biomass energy resources, and a reasonable coastal wind regime. The Government of Nigeria's policy towards renewables calls for the incorporation of renewables into the country's energy supply, and Part I Chapter 2: SUMMERY OF PRESENTATIONS 11 especially for their use for decentralized rural energy supply, while discouraging the use of wood as a fuel source. The Energy Commission, through the National Centre for Energy R&D and Sokoto Energy Research Centre, has developed and tested a wide range of renewable energy technologies for use within the country. The research institutes have also gathered significant renewable energy resource data, and provided science and technology training. The Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) itself publishes and disseminates booklets and manuals to promote renewable energy, and has established dozens of renewable energy pilot and demonstration projects. The ECN is also implementing an integrated rural village energy supply program in two communities, in order to address a range of socioeconomic needs in a sustainable manner. 2.33 To accelerate the adoption of renewable energy to meet rural needs, Iloeje recommended that government should (a) set numerical or percentage targets for renewable energy uptake, (b) provide tax relief, discounts, and other financial incentives to consumers, (c) provide duty free import and other incentives to suppliers, and (d) establish a renewable energy fund to help finance these systems. 2.34 Iloeje called on the private sector to find ways to reduce the initial price shock of renewable energy systems, and ensure after-sale service, maintenance, and management for consumers. He also recommended that consumers should be willing to pay for the cost of supported services, and should organize as communities to manage local energy systems. Finally, Iloeje highlighted the continuing need for promotion and raising awareness in order to successfully integrate renewable energy into the national energy supply mix. "Solar PV Market Development: Barriers and Prospects" ­ Tunji Ajani, Director, Solar Energy Systems & Products Co., Ltd. 2.35 Mr. [Query: "Ms?"] Ajani noted that while solar energy provides a versatile power supply that relies on local resources, institutional obstacles and subsidized conventional fuels (which are nonetheless in short supply locally) have hindered its widespread adoption in Nigeria. Ajani recommended a dual approach to overcoming these barriers -- on the one hand providing incentives like soft loans, pilot projects, and subsidies -- and on the other hand deregulating the power generating sector and eliminating or reducing import duties, to place solar energy on a level playing field with conventional energy sources. "Climate Change and Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria" ­ Alhaji Y. Tanko, Global Environment Facility (GEF) Operational Focal Point and Director, Planning Research and Statistics, Federal Ministry of Environment 2.36 Mr. Tanko highlighted the importance of pursuing development goals in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner. The global "Agenda 21" identified climate change as a major environmental concern. Mr. Tanko emphasized the need to adopt appropriate strategies, including the development of appropriate renewable energy technologies and capacity building, in order to move Nigeria and other developing countries forward in meeting the obligations identified by the Agenda. As climate change is likely to have very detrimental effects on Nigeria, that country's current administration has identified it as one of its major environmental concerns requiring urgent attention. Nigeria was actively involved in the intergovernmental negotiations at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and has set in motion the process of ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. This will make Nigeria eligible to undertake projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM,) and attract investment in clean technologies such as the Trans-West African Gas Pipeline and Trans-Regional Railway projects. 12 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 2.37 In July of 2000 a Nigeria and GEF Country Dialogue Workshop was organized to garner support among key stakeholders ­ including the Federal Ministry of Power and Steel, the Energy Commission of Nigeria, the World Bank, private sector representatives, and NGOs ­ for initiating renewable energy and other GEF project concepts. Nigeria's GEF-related activities will focus on the two main objectives outlined in GEF Environmental Programme 6. The first objective is removing barriers to the use of commercial or near-commercial renewable energy technologies (RETs;)the second is reducing implementation costs associated with lack of practical experience, initial low volume markets, or the dispersed nature of RET applications. 2.38 The GEF operational focal point and its secretariat look forward to providing relevant assistance with promoting and implementing a strong renewable energy program in Nigeria. "Solar Energy for Rural Development" -Ewah Out Eleri, Director International Centre for Energy, Environment and Development (ICEED) 2.39 Mr. Eleri noted that Nigeria is in the process of seeking assistance from the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) in completing a private sector-driven solar energy project. The overall objectives of the project are to alleviate poverty in rural areas while simultaneously reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil-fuel-based electricity generation. Mr. Eleri explained that the solar energy project would improve the quality of life of rural people by making it possible to refrigerate in clinics, and providing lighting for rural secondary schools, microenterprises and residences. It will also limit reliance on petroleum for further electrification, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to international efforts to stem global warming. Mr. Eleri closed by describing some specific results expected from the project, including improving the overall policy framework, reducing prices, enhancing product quality, and promoting solar energy technology in Nigeria. "Renewable Energy Development for Women and Sustainable Livelihoods" ­ Engr. Joanna Maduka, Director, Friends of the Environment 2.40 Engr. Maduka pointed out that 60 percent of the Nigerian population, the majority of whom are women, live in rural areas. Most rural energy is used for meeting household needs, such as cooking and boiling water. Sixty to eighty percent of these needs are met by using wood and other biomass fuels. Women are the primary managers of this energy use, spending many hours each day procuring and using fuel and clean water for their family's benefit. Women are primarily responsible for many other energy-intensive activities, such as agricultural production and processing. Further, women are often the first victims of fuel shortages and energy price hikes, energy-related accidents and injury, and environmental degradation associated with unhealthy and unsustainable energy generation and use. Though women are key stakeholders in rural energy, their role in the development, implementation and evaluation of rural energy projects is largely overlooked, and the energy needs associated with women's responsibilities ­ including domestic, income-generating and community related activities ­ go largely unnoticed. 2.41 There is a need to focus rural energy programs on meeting women's basic energy needs ­ needs which benefit rural families and meet development objectives ­ as well as the needs associated with women's ability to increase their income-earning potential in order to benefit the family and to advance women's economic empowerment. Further, not only is there a need to increase women's involvement in the planning, implementation and evaluation of rural energy programs, but there is also a need to Part I Chapter 2: SUMMERY OF PRESENTATIONS 13 reevaluate whether the kinds of renewable energy technologies being developed are designed to benefit both women and men. This will require (a) a dramatic increase in women's participation in the design and deployment of rural energy programs, (b) capacity-building among rural women in the design, construction, installation, maintenance and operation of the energy technologies that are being deployed, (c) promoting women's increased involvement in both basic education and higher scientific and technical education and training programs, (d) increased access by women to credit, and (e) policies at the national, local and institutional levels that support these priorities. Day 2, Session 2: Energy as a Catalyst for Rural Transformation 2.42 The second session, chaired by Hon. Idris Abdulahi Umar, Chairman of the House Committee on Power, highlighted the importance of modern energy supply in meeting broader rural development needs beyond household lighting. "A Demand-Driven Framework for Linking Energy and Key End-Use Sectors" ­ Jamal Gore, Africa Program Manager, Winrock International 2.43 Mr. Gore noted that energy, and especially electricity is not valued in itself; rather it enables other valuable activities. Gore said that an emphasis on productive (income generating and labor saving) energy applications ­ as opposed to focusing only on household electrification ­ could help increase willingness and ability to pay for connections. Also, to ensure that programs are actually useful, planners must recognize that the energy (and electricity) needs of men and women may differ, and this issue must be addressed appropriately in advance. Gore described his organization's work in applying participatory approaches to determine income generating and labor saving energy needs in rural communities. However, Gore also noted that energy inputs alone are not sufficient to solve many social and economic problems. Project teams must address cross-sectoral needs, including the need for market access and for technical and financing assistance. "The Role of Household Energy in Rural Transformation" ­ Joe Obueh, Director, Centre for Household Energy and the Environment (CEHEEN) 2.44 Mr. Obueh noted that household energy helps create income generating opportunities, basic rural infrastructure, environmental resource management, and opportunities for social improvement. All of these needs are not merely components of economic development, but of broader rural development. To continue meeting the basic needs of resource-poor people, Obueh recommended that stakeholders, agencies, and local and international organizations take the following steps: (a) include intermediate household energy in national and local energy planning; (b) remove distorting taxes on household fuels; (c) help government to encourage private sector participation in household energy service and delivery; and (c) promote the viability of small scale enterprises using renewable energy. Day 2, Session 3: Closing Session: Key Next Steps for Moving Rapidly to a Big- Impact Programme for Scale-Up and Rural Transformation 2.45 The final session was chaired by Dr. E.A. Ekerendu, Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Power and Steel. John Brodman of DOE/USAID and Arun Sanghvi of the World Bank made closing statements. Sanghvi called for all sponsors and participants to make a commitment to the main objectives of the workshop, namely: to begin formulating a statement of principles from key stakeholders and decision-makers, and to clearly articulate the next steps to be made in support of a national rural energy development program for Nigeria. 14 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 2.46 Other closing speakers highlighted the need for cooperation across organizations and institutions, the need to maintain active government involvement in rural electrification, and the need to involve other federal and state ministries in these programs. Specifically, the closing speakers called for (a) the development of a Rural Electrification Strategy paper, including suggestions for coordination between federal and state governments, and coordination of rural electrification policy and implementation approaches, (b) definition of terms of reference (TOR) and a mobilization plan for a national Rural Electrification Agency, and (c) definition of the scale and scope of a National Rural Renewable Energy Program, including key principles for implementing the program, targets for each component, key cross-sectoral links, and potential financing mechanisms. 2.47 A follow-up renewable energy conference is planned for July 2001. At this conference, project-specific renewable energy opportunities for Nigeria will be discussed, as well as implementation strategies. Overall findings for various renewable energy technology sectors will be highlighted, and a renewable energy strategy for Nigeria will be finalized. 3 QUESTION AND COMMENT SESSIONS 3.1 Key issues raised and discussed at length during the workshop's lively question and comment sessions included: · Sovereign Control ­ The development of energy projects within a Nigerian context, not dictated by foreign models. Local production and use of materials. · Meeting Development Needs ­ The need to promote increased electrification while at the same time meeting poverty alleviation goals, given consumers' limited ability to pay for electricity. · Community Participation ­ Local cultural considerations and contexts are very important. Not understanding and addressing these concerns can create significant barriers to rural energy deployment. · Women and Energy ­ Discussion of the important role of women in energy projects was largely absent from the most of the presentations. Women are the primary managers and users of rural energy, and their participation in the development, implementation and evaluation of rural energy projects is critical. In many cases, community women have been the primary promoters of rural electricity projects. · Environmental Pollution ­ The significant adverse environmental consequences of conventional electric generation went largely unmentioned in most of the presentations. Increased use of fossil fuels would have serious impacts on pollution and health. Renewable energy is a way to meet energy needs while addressing environmental concerns. · Unbundling and Privatization ­ Separating utilities and other energy providers from the government is of critical importance. However, that separation may be difficult to accomplish on a practical level. The World Bank is currently engaged in a dialogue with the Nigerian government and private stakeholders, and is supporting existing NEPA energy projects, as well as NEPA unbundling. · Decentralization ­ Participants called for decentralization, to help increase civil society's control of energy decisions. As one delegated noted, "If we wait for the federal government to extend the national grid to every village, we'll be waiting forever." Participants pointed out the need for the federal government to take this issue more seriously, but called on rural communities to identify their own needs and take rural electrification into their own hands in the meantime. · Tariffs and Subsidies ­ Is imposing different rates for urban and rural areas necessary? Is it fair? It was argued that in Chile, charging higher tariffs to rural dwellers worked well, since this amount was still less than what rural populations were otherwise paying for generators, 15 16 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria kerosene, etc., and since they received significant benefits from increased access to electricity. · Vandalism ­ Vandalism is a big barrier to effective rural energy deployment, and must be actively addressed. 4 COMMON THEMES 4.1 An idea that recurred in many of the presentations was that artificial price controls on conventional fuel and electricity supply have had a negative influence on the development of rural energy supply and on Nigeria's rural development in general. Heavily subsidized electricity tariffs primarily benefit urban consumers, while depriving electricity suppliers of the revenue needed to provide reliable power and the infrastructure for grid extension to the rural poor. One energy expert in attendance estimated that subsidies and inefficiency cause the Nigerian Electric Power Authority (NEPA) to lose money on every additional electrical grid connection, even as the reliability of the national grid supply is declining. 4.2 Differential price controls on petrol, diesel, and kerosene lead to the diversion of fuel to the black market, and also lead to fuel adulteration. Small businesses that depend upon a reliable fuel supply to power diesel or petrol generators are thus placed at an economic disadvantage. What is more, these low fossil fuel prices make it difficult for private solar energy companies to compete on a level playing field in rural areas, especially in the face of import duties on photovoltaics (PV) system components. 4.3 These policies also ignore the broader needs for household energy and income generation in rural Nigerian communities, and the differing needs of women and men. As a result, the vast majority of rural families use biomass fuel to meet most of their household energy needs, with high economic and labor costs, especially for women. 4.4 Many people argue that price subsidies are required because the extreme poverty of many Nigerians makes it impossible for them to pay market prices for energy. However, poorly targeted price controls and fuel subsidies can do more harm than good. By lowering prices, these controls reflect an acknowledgment that many people in rural communities are very poor. But because they fail to provide incentives to increase service, these controls do little to help people rise out of poverty. 4.5 Other approaches may better encourage rural service delivery while better targeting subsidies on those communities in greatest need. In South Africa the government gave Eskom numerical targets for rural grid electrification, and then provided a tax subsidy that helped the utility cover its costs while providing service to poor households. A similar approach is being developed for off-grid electrification there. In Chile the government encouraged poor communities to organize themselves to request service, and then provided a subsidy to encourage power providers to service those communities. By encouraging competition in Chile, and economies of scale in South Africa, these "smart subsidy" policies have helped to dramatically reduce the cost-per-connection of rural electrification service delivery in those countries. 17 18 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 4.6 Allowing the private sector to provide rural electrification services does not eliminate the important role of government. Government places a high priority on meeting the needs of its citizens, and has long taken an active interest in the cost and quality of the energy supply. Furthermore, government agencies have taken the lead in researching and promoting the use of new and renewable energy technologies in Nigeria. An aggressive electrification program led by the private sector makes these activities more important than ever. Indeed, the combination of limited ability to pay for service, limited information, long distances and high infrastructure costs make it difficult for private companies to operate successfully without government assistance. Instead of directly providing service, however, the government can use its resources, information, and authority to encourage private actors to put their own money at risk to achieve national objectives. 4.7 However, the private sector is unlikely to enter the rural electrification arena in Nigeria without a predictable operating environment. At minimum, regulatory and approval processes must be transparent and consistent. Pricing and subsidy policies must also be predictable and sufficient to allow a return on their investment, and the macroeconomic climate must allow long-term financing. A new Rural Electrification Agency, therefore, can serve in a number of ways. This agency can develop a consistent regulatory framework in partnership with the Ministry and NEPA, and invite companies and organizations to become service providers. It can negotiate terms of reference and performance targets in partnership with the companies, screen the companies, and provide quality control services on behalf of the Ministry. It can also provide outreach and education to participating communities, organize training and networking activities to strengthen rural service infrastructure, and monitor the application of subsidies and operation of the companies. 5 CONCLUSION 5.1 While opinions varied, participants and delegates largely encouraged a common set of principles to guide the evolution of Nigeria's rural energy sector. 5.2 Given NEPA's current supply difficulties, participants and delegates agreed that the cornerstones of a large-impact, sustainable program should be demand-driven, private sector-led, and commercially-oriented rural electrification. Of course, in any initiative led by the private sector, care must be taken to ensure that societal needs are met. Furthermore, rural transformation requires that the energy sector develop cross-sectoral links with other social sectors (e.g., agriculture, health and education,) as well as investment sectors (e.g., supporting small and medium enterprises in need of energy inputs and helping provide water and telecommunications services to develop rural infrastructure. 5.3 Policies and institutions must be responsive to changing needs. Mounting a major rural energy delivery program will require, among other things, the following: · An unprecedented degree of policymaking and oversight coordination between federal, state, and local governments in order to maximize development impact per Naria invested · Increased engagement and participation by communities and other stakeholders, to ensure that rural electrification sub-projects are demand-driven and sustainable · Attracting the private sector and commercial finance institutions as major players in the program · The evolution of federal and state governmental institutions from providers of service to enablers of service, and from being the primary financiers of rural electrification to being providers of "smart" subsidies, complementing commercial finance, to meet social goals and promote rapid scale-up while providing strong incentives to reduce costs-per-connection · Significantly expanding the range of supply options, renewable energy technologies and sources, and delivery mechanisms in order to increase end-user choices while lowering the cost of connection and supply. 5.4 In support of this lattermost objective, the U.S. Department of Energy, the World Bank, and the Ministry of Power and Steel agreed in principle to organize a follow-up workshop on renewable energy. Ideally, this event would be jointly sponsored with one or more of the other stakeholder federal ministries (for example, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, or the Ministry of Communications.) 19 20 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Annex1 WORKSHOP AGENDA DAY 1: Monday, March 19, 2001 Session 1 Opening Session Chair: Dr. E.A. Ekerendu, Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Power and Steel 08:30 ­ 09:30 Registration and arrival of participants 09:30 ­ 09:35 National Anthem 09:35 ­ 09:45 Welcome remarks by Hon. Dr. Olusegun Agagu, Minister of State for Power and Steel 09:45 ­ 09:55 Keynote address by Hon. Alhaji Mohammed Danjuma Goje, Minister of Power and Steel 09:55 ­ 10:05 Address by Hon. Nnamdi Eriobuna, Chairman, Senate Committee on Power 10:05 ­ 10:15 Address by Hon. Idris Abdulahi Umar, Chairman, House Committee on Power and Steel 10:15 ­ 10:25 Address by PS Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 10:25 ­ 10:35 Address by PS Ministry of Environment 10:35 ­ 10:45 Address by Hon. Ambassador Howard Jeter, US Ambassador to Nigeria 10:45 ­ 10:55 Address by Mark Tomlinson, World Bank Country Director for Nigeria 10:55 ­ 11:35 Tea-Coffee Break Session 2 International Experience in Rural Electrification Chair: Mr. Nasir Ahmed el-Rufai, Director General, BPE 11:35 ­ 11:55 Gearing Up for a Big-Impact Rural Electrification Program, Mr. Arun Sanghvi, Lead Energy Specialist, World Bank 11:55 ­ 12:15 Enabling RE Scale-Up ­ Role of the State, the Case of Chile, Dr. Alejandro Jadrasic, ex- Minister of Energy, Chile 12:15 ­ 12:35 Increasing the Pace and Lowering the Costs of Rural Electrification Connections, Rob Stephen, ESKOM, South Africa 12:35 ­ 12:55 Policy Platform for Scaling Up Access ­ Lessons from International Experience, Wolfgang Mostert, International Expert on Rural Electrification Policy 12:55 ­ 13:55 Panel Discussion 21 22 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 13:55 ­ 15:00 Lunch Session 3 Policy and Institutional Framework for Scaling Up Electricity Access ­ Key Issues & Challenges Chair: Hon. Nnamdi Eriobuna, Chairman, Senate Committee on Power 15:00 ­ 15:20 Role of a Restructured and Privatized Power Sector in Scaling Up Electricity Access, Mr. Nasir Ahmed el-Rufai, Director General BPE 15:20 ­ 15:40 The Potential Role of NEPA in Grid Rural Electrification in a Restructured Distribution Sector, Senator Liyel Imoke, Chairman Technical Board NEPA 15:40 ­ 16:00 Review of Federal Rural Electrification Program, Engr. H. Nggada, Director of Electrical Inspectorate Service, Federal Ministry of Power and Steel 16:00 ­ 16:20 Rural Electrification Programme Review and Future Challenges ­ A State Perspective, General Manager, Yobe State Rural Electrification Board 16:20 ­ 17:30 General Discussion 18:00 ­ 20:00 Reception and Dinner DAY 2: Tuesday, March 20, 2001 Session 1 Accelerating Renewable Energy Market Development Chair: Dr. I.H. Umar Director General, Energy Commission of Nigeria 09:00 ­ 09:20 Renewable Energy Development ­ Status & Prospects, Prof O.C. Iloeje, Director, Energy Commission of Nigeria 09:20 ­ 09:40 Solar PV Market Development, Barriers and Prospects, Tunji Ajani, Director, Solar Energy Systems & Products Co. 09:40 ­ 10:00 Climate Change & Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria (Global Environment Facility Focal Point, Federal Ministry of Environment) 10:00 ­ 10:20 Solar Energy for Rural Development, Ewah Otu Eleri, Director, International Center for Energy, Environment and Development (ICEED) 10:20 ­ 10:40 Renewable Energy Development for Women and Sustainable Livelihoods, Joanna Maduka, Friends of the Environment 10:40 ­ 11:00 General Discussion 11:00 ­ 11:30 Tea-Coffee Session 2 Energy as a Catalyst for Rural Transformation Chair: Hon. Idris Abdulahi Umar, Chairman, House Committee on Power 11:30 ­ 11:50 A Demand-Driven Framework for Linking Energy and Key End-Use Sectors, Jamal Gore, Africa Programme Manager, Winrock International Part I Annex 1: WORKSHOP AGENDA 23 11:50 ­ 12:10 Energizing Agricultural Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 12:10 ­ 12:30 Energy for Electronic Communications, Ministry of Communications 12:30 ­ 12:50 Role of Household Energy in Rural Transformation, Joe Obueh, Director, Centre for Household Energy and Environment (CEHEEN) 12:50 ­ 13:20 Panel Discussion Comprising Above Speakers and Others TBD 13:20 ­ 14:00 Questions and Comments From Audience 14:00 ­ 15:00 Lunch Closing Session 3 Key Next Steps for Moving Rapidly to a Big-Impact Programme for Scale- Up and Rural Transformation Chair: Dr. E.A. Ekerendu, Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Power and Steel Concluding Remarks from: 15:00 ­ 15:10 Energy Commission of Nigeria 15:10 ­ 15:20 Federal Ministry of Environment and GEF Focal Point 15:20 ­ 15:30 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 15:30 ­ 15:40 Federal Ministry of Finance 15:40 ­ 15:50 U.S. Department of Energy 15:50 ­ 16:00 World Bank 16:00 ­ 16:15 Federal Ministry of Power and Steel 16:15 Adjournment Annex2 25 26 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Annotated List of Renewable Energy Companies, NGOs and Public Agencies S/NO Company Field of Activities Address Telephone Fax 1 A.O. Demarg Nig. Ltd PV consultancy, retailing, 50 Woji Housing Estate, P.O. 084-231944 084-231944 equipment supplies, installation, Box 70, Woji Port Harcourt, services Rivers State 2 Accord for Community Rural development, 1 Evergreen Close Ogbonda 084-571503 Development environment, energy, capacity- Estate (Off Artillery) building Rumuogba 3 ACUTECS Nig. Ltd. PV Retailing, equipment 5 Sura Mogaji Str. (off Coker 01-963886 supplies, installation, services Rd.) Ilupeju, P.O. Box 9263 4 ADVANTEC Int. Nig. PV Retailing, equipment 5B Agodogba Av. Park View 01-2694440 Ltd. supplies, installation, services Estate Ikoyi, Lagos 5 Afrobasik Nig. Ltd PV consultancy, retailing, 6 Fatomi Crescent, Bajulaye 01-823931 equipment supplies, installation, Compound, Shomolu, services P.O.Box4916 Shomolu Lagos 090-803589 6 Alka Technical Ltd PV Retailing, equipment Old Jos P.O. Box 662 Bauchi 077-551174 supplies, installation, services 7 AP Sunlite Ltd PV manufacturing, equipment AP Apapa Complex PMB 1036, 09-5872512 09-587 0426 supplies, retailing, installation, Abuja services 8 Atlantic Solar Product PV consultancy, retailing, 24A Cameron Rd. off Kingsway 01-686960 Inc. equipment supplies, installation, Rd. Ikoyi Lagos services Part I Annex2 27 9 Basiri Multipurpose Co- Biogas, appropriate technology, 8 Otutubiosun Street operative Union community-level services Akure, Ondo State 10 Belmont Ltd. PV Retailing, equipment 1 & 2Zaria Rd. Shargari Low 062-253128 062-231411 supplies, installation, services Cost Barnawa, P.O.Box3264, Kaduna. 11 Bio-Rad Nig. Ltd PV Retailing, equipment 11 Oseni Close (Off Modupe 01-7744369 supplies, installation, services Johnson) Surulere Lagos. 12 Bureau for Public Energy, electrification, reform, Maitama District, Abuja 09-4134636- Enterprises privatisation 46 13 Community Level Community-level energy and 65 Zik Avenue Uwani Enugu Environmental Action environment services Network 14 Drought and Renewable energy, D&D A Close, House 7Asokoro (Off Desertification Control control, community services Jimmy Carter Street) Abuja Action Team (DD-CAT) 15 Eauxwell Nig. Ltd PV consultancy, retailing, Plot 123 Joel Ogunaike Str. 01-4976869 01-4976059 equipment supplies, installation, GRA Ikeja Lagos. services 16 Energy Commission of Energy, renewable, rural energy Central Business District, Abuja 09-523 Nigeria policy making 4920-4 17 Even ­ Ezra Nig. Ltd PV Retailing, equipment 1 Yeshayahu Lasode Crescent, 01-2611927 01-2614608 supplies, installation, services Maroko V/I, (off Lekki Epe Expressway) Lagos, 01-611916 P.O.Box51385, Falomo, Lagos. 18 Federal Ministry of Power Energy, renewable, rural energy Shehu Shagari Way, Central 09-523 28 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria and Steel policy making Business District, Abuja 19 Fezzan Nig. Ltd PV consultancy, retailing, 25 Sir Kashim Ibrahim Av. 01-5880995 equipment supplies, installation, Borno State. services (Lagos No.) 20 Friends of the Energy, environment, gender, 106/110 Lewis Street P.O.Box Environment research, consultancy 10627 Lagos 21 Grass-roots Resource Community-based organization, 124A Okigwe Road Owerri Development Initiative development, environment 22 Guisiano Nig. Ltd PV Retailing, equipment 1 Ani-Ahbia Street Asaba Delta 056-280223 supplies, installation, services 23 Hillrich Ltd. PV Retailing, equipment Great Nig. House (15th Floor) 01-2660397 01-2660397 supplies, installation, services 47/57 Martins Str. Lagos 24 Hydroflow Ltd PV Retailing, equipment 27A Rabah Road Malali GRA 062-238947 062-238947 supplies, installation, services Kaduna. 25 Hyro Construction PV Retailing, engineering Samaru Road (Before Kano Rd. 069-34482 Engineering Co. Ltd services, equipment supplies, Junction) Samaru Zaria Kaduna. installation, services 26 ICEED ­ International Energy, environment, water, Plot 523 Misau Street Garki 09-2343836 09-2347181 Centre for Energy, policy research, reform, Abuja Environment & capacity-building, monitoring, Development evaluation 27 Itado Women Community-based organization, 8 Otutubiosun Street (Off Multipurpose Co-op. gender, development, Arakade Road) Akure Ondo Society environment State Part I Annex2 29 28 Jofos Industries Ltd. PV Retailing, equipment 2 Ali Akilu Road (Near SCOA) 062-233881 062-233881 supplies, installation, services Kaduna. 062-235048 29 Maclewis Engineering Renewable energy consulting, Suit 19 Kigoma StreetWuse Services Ltd engineering services Zone 7, Abuja FCT 30 National Association of Renewable energy science Oyewo's Residence Community Science and Technologies network, NGO High School Junction P. O. Box (NASTES) 20 Igbaye Osun State 31 National Centre for Solar PV, thermal, research and University of Nigeria Nsukka 042-771853 042771855 Energy Research & D development, outreach projects 32 National Electric Power Renewable, rural electrification Maitama District, Abuja 09-413 5614 Authority programme implementation 33 NESDEN Environment, energy, 1 Evergreen Close Ogbonda community services Estate (Off Artillery) Rumuogba P. O. Box 14244 Port-Harcourt 34 Ojokoro Ifelodun CAMS Rural cooperative, energy, Gengeto Bus Stop Oko-Oba Ltd environment Agege Lagos 35 Philips Project Centre Engineering services, PV 8 Kofo Abayomi Str. V/I Lagos 01-2620811 01-2620631 Ltd. consulting, retailing, equipment supplies, installation, services 01-2620632 01-2615143 36 Raitas Ltd. PV Retailing, equipment 10, Oladeinde Str. Anthony 01-4937494 01-4937494 supplies, installation, services Village, ( off Ikorodu Rd. Lagos. 30 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 37 RDC Power Systems PV consulting, equipment 39 Commercial Avenue, 01-866709 Division of Renaisance supplies, installation, services P.O.Box 404, Yaba Lagos Design and Construction 01-867091 Ltd 38 Resources and Food Community-level capacity 15 Ibikunle Avenue(Off Bodija Security Foundation building, agriculture, energy, Avenue)P. O. Box 9984 (REFSEF) environment University P. O. Ibadan 39 Rural Development Rural development research 99 Ogurugu Road Odenigbo Research Organization Nsukka Enugu State 40 Shereena Agricultural Ltd Equipment supplies, installation, 16 Magajin Ramfa Rd. P.O. Box 064-631103 064-647684 services 5283 Kano 41 Siemens Ltd. PV manufacturing, design, Siemens House 98/100 Oshodi- 01-4523010 01-4522259 consultancy, supplies, Apapa Expressway, P.O.Box installation 304, Apapa, Lagos 42 Sokoto Energy Research Solar PV, thermal, research and Usman Dan fodiyo University 060-235120 060-237568 Centre development, outreach projects Sokoto 43 Solar and Wind PV and wind consulting, design, 11 Bode Thomas Str. Surulere, 01-836556 01-5876854 Technologies Ltd supplies and installation Lagos (Sirmawax Solar Energy 01-5451821 Systems) 44 Solar Electric Systems PV consulting, equipment 6th Floor Joseph Gonwalk 073-450102 073-450102 supplies, installation, services House, P.O. Box 667 Jos, Plateau State. 45 Solar Energy Advanced PV consulting, hybrid power, Shamrock House, Plot 10 01-5450046 01-5871599 Power Systems equipment supplies, installation, Apapa-Oshodi services Expressway,Tincan Island, P.O. 01-5875200 Tele Fax Part I Annex2 31 Box2571 Apapa Lagos. 46 Solar Energy Society of Solar energy science network c/o Energy Commission of Nigeria Nigeria Plot 701 C Central Area PMB 358, Area 10 Garki Abuja 47 Solar Energy system and PV consulting, equipment 256 Ikorodu Rd., Obanikoro, 01-4973570 01-4973643 Product Co supplies, installation, remote P.O. Box 622 Surulere Lagos power projects, services 48 Solar Energy Tech. Nig PV consulting, equipment 24/26 Macarthy Str., Onikan 01-2637119 01-2637080 Ltd. supplies, installation, services Lagos 49 Solarium Ltd. PV Retailing, equipment 10 Balarabe Musa Crescent, 01-2624357 01-2626830 supplies, installation, services Victoria Island, Lagos 01-2619424 50 Solarius (A Branch of PV Retailing, equipment 20A McNeil Rd. Sabo, Yaba 01-7742826 BOP Technologies Co.) supplies, installation, services Lagos. 51 Solarmate Engineering PV consulting, equipment 34 Akinwumi Str. Alagomeji 01-867836 01-525855 Ltd supplies, installation, services P.O. Box 1654 Yaba Lagos 01-7740887 52 Solarquip Nigeria. Ltd. PV consulting, equipment 7 Sule Road P.O. Box 8458 062-240618 062-230350 supplies, installation, services Kaduna. 53 Sollatek Nig. Ltd. Solar PV Retailing, equipment Jagal Road Oregun P.O.Box 01-4961510 Energy Systems. supplies, installation, services 3959 Ikeja, Lagos. 01-4973390- 4 54 Soltec Energy and Solar energy, environment, NGO 2 Wogu Street D/Line Port- Environmental Network Harcourt 32 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 55 Stephenson Brothers Ltd. PV Retailing, equipment 60 Federal Palace Hotel V/I, 01-611048 01-619080 (Distributor of KACO supplies, installation, services P.M.B. 12592, Marina Lagos. Solar Power Energy) 56 Stop Erosion Now (SEN) Erosion control, forest Suite 3 Fahana Business 09-314 3133 management, energy, NGO complex (Behind AP Plaza) Wuse II Abuja 57 STRUCTEC PV Retailing, engineering, CFAO Nig. Plc, Apapa Oshodi equipment supplies, installation, Expressway Lagos. services 58 Sunray Electric Co. Ltd PV consulting, equipment 8th Floor NNDC Bidg. 18/19 062-21011 062-216645 supplies, installation, services Ahmadu Bello Way P.O.Box 2718, Kaduna. 062-216645 062-214566 59 Tenitek Nig. Ltd PV Retailing, equipment 2 Payne Crescent P.O. Box 676 01-5872160 01-5877231 supplies, installation, services Apapa Lagos. 60 Umuodu Community Rural development, c/o SEDI Box 3205 Enugu Association electrification, community based organisation 61 Unique Power Supply PV Retailing, engineering, SS 23 Audu Bako Way P.O.Box 064-642719 Engineering Service Ltd equipment supplies, installation, 11343, Kano. services 62 Western Sahara Environment, energy, 5 ATC Road Katsina Also AP Environmental Society community services 32 Fatika Road Kaduna Creating Demand and Removing Barriers to Renewable Energy Market Development in Nigeria Part II 33 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN,) in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID,) United States Department of Energy (USDOE,) the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP,) the African Development Bank (ADB,) the Government of Norway, and Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) hosted a national workshop on "Creating Demand and Removing Barriers to Renewable Energy Market Development in Nigeria" on November 13 - 17, 2001 at the Abuja Sheraton Hotels and Towers. 1.2 The overall objective of the workshop was to examine approaches to expanding the use of renewable energy technologies through identifying barriers to renewable energy market development, and to offer strategies for removing these barriers. Specific objectives included: · To assist in developing renewable energy strategies in Nigeria · To examine existing barriers to growth of demand and commercial deployment of renewable energy technologies in Nigeria · To develop policy initiatives and programs for increasing renewable energy-based power supplies to rural sectors · To explore opportunities for building financial mechanisms to support the growth of the renewable energy industry · To explore the potential role of public-private partnerships in creating a viable renewable energy market · To design renewable energy-based power supply projects for support by international aid agencies, especially the Global Environment Facility. 1.3 A total of 189 participants attended the workshop. Participants were drawn from academia, international donor agencies, the organized private sector, public service, and other relevant stakeholders. 35 2 OPENING CEREMONY 2.1 Opening: the Honourable Minister of Power and Steel, Chief Olusegun Agagu, declared the workshop open. 2.2 Welcome Address: The Welcome address was delivered by the Director General of the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN,) Professor I.H. Omar. Professor Omar provided the background for the workshop and explained the necessity for Nigeria to embrace renewable energy as a viable option in meeting its energy demands. He also highlighted efforts being made by the ECN to promote renewable energy technologies in Nigeria and emphasized the need to identify barriers to renewable energy development and strategies to remove these barriers, as a first step in greater market penetration of renewable energy technologies. He expressed his appreciation to the collaborators of the workshop and called upon participants to address the objectives of the workshop. He especially asked participants to explore and develop some implementable rural solar projects for Nigeria. 2.3 In his welcoming remarks, USAID Director, Mr. Thomas Hobgood commended the efforts of the organizers of the workshop and mentioned that the workshop was part of a series of planned events being arranged to develop infrastructural facilities aimed at enhancing the living conditions of Nigerians. He also mentioned that the workshop was designed to build on an earlier workshop held in May 2001 titled "Energizing Rural Transformation in Nigeria: Scaling up Electricity Access and Renewable Energy Market Development." He enumerated efforts being put in place to improve electricity supply in the country and mentioned that in spite of these efforts; nearly 70 percent of the rural population did not have access to reliable power supplies. He then reiterated his support for the goals of the workshop and expressed his confidence that deliberations at the workshop would help Nigeria create conditions that will attract private capital investment for the creation of a highly successful indigenous renewable energy industry. 2.4 Keynote Address: In his keynote address on the theme "Focusing on Renewable Energy Sources in Nigeria's Development Strategy," Professor A.T. Suleiman said that the key to Nigeria's effective and sustained technological development lies in its ability to systematically harness its enormous renewable energy resources. He defined the concept and types of energy, listed Nigeria's energy resources, and mentioned advantages inherent in the use of renewable energy technologies. He also identified problems associated with the popularization, commercialization and marketing of renewable energy, among which are resistance to change, lack of and inadequate information base, lack of investment capital, insufficient manpower, and absence of a program of action for renewable energy. In order to remove the identified barriers, he recommended measures including public enlightenment campaigns, active involvement of the organized private sector, and developing a comprehensive national programme for integrating renewable energy technology in the nation's energy mix. Other suggested measures include the need for government aid agencies and NGOs to meet initial RE demand by 37 38 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria sponsoring an application project. Furthermore, marketers of RE systems should appreciate the importance of cost-saving measures, in order to enhance the acceptability of these measures. Professor Suleiman concluded by expressing his hope that the workshop will contribute greatly to the widespread use of RE technologies. 2.5 Goodwill Messages: The workshop's collaborators sent goodwill messages. Mr. T. Obadaiah delivered a goodwill message from the World bank on behalf of Mark Tomlinson. In this message the World Bank reiterated its support for the government's current drive to use reliable, cost- effective renewable energy to improve quality of life and support economic development, especially for the more than 80 percent of the country's population living in rural areas. Mr. Obadaiah appreciated the existence of barriers to achieving this goal and expressed his confidence that the workshop would adequately address strategies to overcome these barriers. He also stated his belief that renewables should not and would not completely replace other conventional forms of energy, but that they would grow to become conventional, rather than alternative energy sources. He pledged the Bank's commitment to support this goal through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF.) In conclusion, he called on Nigeria to tap the Bank's experience in this field. 2.6 Professor E. Oladipo presented the goodwill message from the UNDP on behalf of UNDP Resident Representative Prof. Mbaya Kankwenda. The message pledged the UNDP's continued support at the national level for promoting renewable, clean rural energy in order to sustain development and build capacity. UNDP also pledged support for information sharing on new financing mechanisms to support investment in sustainable energy. Most important, UNDP would also strengthen national policy frameworks to support energy services for poverty reduction and sustainable development. In conclusion, Prof. Oladipo gave assurances of the UNDP's commitment to collaborating with stakeholders in removing barriers to the widespread application of renewable energy technologies in Nigeria. 2.7 The address by the ADB Resident Representative, Mr. J.R. Mwaikinda, emphasized that renewable energy technology has to be cheap or affordable, simple, and durable if it is to be of benefit to rural dwellers. He expressed his happiness that the workshop would focus on these issues. He also mentioned that the workshop fitted into the ADB's overarching objective of alleviating poverty in its regional member countries. He saw the adoption of renewable energy technology as a means of reducing global warming and highlighted the benefits of embracing and popularizing this technology. He finally described some of the ADB's work to encourage the use of renewable energy in some member countries. 2.8 In his message, the Norwegian Ambassador, Mr. Dag Nissen, explained that access to energy is fundamental to development and poverty reduction. He regretted that this is often an overlooked theme in the development debate despite the fact that all major challenges in development cooperation are, in one way or another, associated with energy. He pledged the commitment of the Government of Norway to intensifying efforts in the field of energy, development, and the environment in the coming years. He promised that the government of Norway would ensure that energy and environmental issues occupy a central place on the agenda for the World Summit on Sustainable Development in September, 2002 in South Africa. He assured the participants that the report and outcome of the workshop would be of interest to those in Norway who are involved in renewable energy. He recalled Nigeria's important role in the "New Partnership for Africa's Development," and hoped that the workshop's report would be an important contribution to the partnership and to the World Summit on Sustainable Development. 3 PRESS CONFERENCE 3.1 Professor I.H. Umar, Director General of the Energy Commission of Nigeria, addressed a press conference after the opening ceremony. Professor Umar expressed appreciation for the enthusiasm shown by members of the press in promoting the use of renewable energy technologies to alleviate the energy supply stresses being witnessed by Nigerians, especially the rural populace. He also informed them about the domestication of some renewable energy technologies by the Commission's two renewable energy research centers. He highlighted a few of the pilot renewable energy schemes currently operating in different parts of the country. Mention was made of the complementary efforts by some donor agencies, e.g. the European Union, UNDP, UNESCO, and USAID. According to Professor Umar, the current privatization program and the increased concern for environmental integrity have improved Nigeria's prospects for renewable energy technologies. Of equal importance is the introduction of the bill on "Solar Energy Development and Utilization" by the National Assembly. 3.2 Professor Umar reiterated the need for RE activities to be commercialized, profitable, and private sector-driven in order to ensure comprehensive adoption of renewable energy technologies. The first step to achieving this is to remove identified barriers, some of which he mentioned, and then to evolve policy measures and strategies that would enhance those already existing. Such strategies may involve developing a program for rural electricity supply using solar PV home systems and solar-powered rural water pumping schemes. 3.3 Professor Umar expressed gratitude to the international development partners who have been providing assistance in this effort. He asked the press to rise to the challenge of exercising their influence on all strata of society in order to ensure that renewable energy technology is adopted as our conventional energy source. 39 4 WORKSHOP DELIVERY 4.1 The workshop was delivered in six sessions: · Current Status of Renewable Energy Technologies around the World · Renewable Energy in Nigeria: Economic Challenges and Opportunities · Renewable Energy Financing and Industry · Policies and Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Renewable Energy Markets · Discussion Group Meetings (breakout sessions) · Policy Lessons and Next Steps for Nigeria. Current Status of Renewable Energy Technologies around the World 4.2 The papers presented during this session were "U.S. Energy Challenges and Opportunities" by John Brodman and "Renewable Energy Technology Development in Nigeria" by Professor C.E. Okeke. 4.3 The paper by John Brodman discussed the national energy policy of the United States and how it provides the opportunity for that country to address energy challenges. It was shown that the US energy supply is broken down in the following way: petroleum: 38.4 percent, natural gas: 23.3 percent, coal: 22.5 percent, nuclear: 8.0 percent, and renewables: 6.8 percent. The disaggregation of consumption shows that residential and commercial use consumed 36.1 quads, industrial use was responsible for 35.8 quads, and transportation used 27.1 quads. However, electricity use is on the increase due to demands of economic growth, and this is characterized by an increase in the use of natural gas. The paper mentioned some power outages and provided statistics to support the fact that the U.S. electricity generation, delivery and transmission infrastructures are aging and are not capable of providing the level of reliability and quality required for the digital age. In effect, higher demands are being placed on electricity generation, transmission and distribution, and this accentuates the looming lack of generation capacity and possible transmission bottlenecks. 4.4 Considering the above inadequacies and the enormous power needs of the U.S, Mr. Brodman said, solving the potential electricity infrastructure needs completely, efficiently and economically will not be accomplished by building new facilities that make and deliver power over long distances. The expanded use of smaller-scale, modular and distributed on-site resources, capable of providing "six nines" of reliability, would be an important part of the solution. In addressing the above challenges, transiting from the analog to the digital age will require a confluence of events including 41 42 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria concretizing the national energy policy, enacting the Hydrogen Reauthorisation Bill, and utility restructuring. Other measures include investing in transmission, distribution and generation capacity additions. Implicit in this transition is the crucial role of public-private partnerships in the development of next-generation technologies that are needed to sustain the increased demands. 4.5 John Brodman also highlighted the activities of the Office of Power Technologies (OPT) that is responsible for leading the national effort to develop and support clean, competitive, reliable renewable energy, distributing natural gas, and developing power delivery technologies for the 21st Century. In addition to its other programs in all areas of renewable energy technologies, a key aspect of the OPT portfolio is the creation of hybrid systems intended to capture synergies between renewables and natural-as-fired systems. Equally highlighted were the research and development focus on photovoltaics, wind energy systems, geothermal energy, biopower technologies, high temperature superconductivity, hydropower, and thermally activated systems. The paper also provided insights on the hydrogen program goals, distributed gas-fired technologies and challenges of combined heat and power (CHP.) In conclusion, Mr. Brodman mentioned current activities and partnerships in Africa, involving the United States Department of Energy and geared towards promoting renewable energy technologies on the African continent. 4.6 Mr. Taylor's paper on "Lessons Learned from the NREL Village Power Programme" described the lessons learned by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the US Department of Energy (NREL) staff during their participation in various pilot projects. This information will help the renewable energy-based rural electrification (RERE) community to implement increasingly more sustainable projects that will lead to widespread application. These lessons were classified as institutional aspects, pilot project characteristics, implementation processes, and technology development needs. 4.7 The paper stated that institutional aspects could make or break the long-term sustainability of the project. Adequate attention has to be paid to establishing effective partnerships, establishing and nurturing maintenance support infrastructure, tariff design, reflecting actual cost and quality of service, and linking rural development programs for development coordination. Other issues include the need to accommodate RE solutions by planning agencies and the concept of life cycle costing needs being integrated into the training of planning officials. Communications must be open, complete, and transparent. A pilot project must perform well technically, and emphasis should be placed on delivering the best end-use service for the least overall system cost in terms of energy efficiency and high quality of service. Other issues include replicability, developing multiple demonstration projects, designing modular systems that can be incrementally grown, encouraging diesel retrofits, monitoring performance, and ensuring cost sharing. 4.8 Implementation needs to be seen as part of a long-term process, and to be backed up with political will. It is also necessary to aid the transition from the pilot to the commercial replication phase with multiple regional projects, local capacity building, strong commitment of partners and substantial technical assistance. The paper also stated that RE projects should driven by need and supported by a good administrative structure. It is important to explore the use of hybrid systems, and to ensure effective controls on the components of the systems. Cost-effective application engineering is also required for a corrosive and electrical-storm-sensitive environment. Metering and billing problems should be addressed. Reliable and adequate resource data is necessary. The market for integrators and packaged systems also needs to be developed. Part II Chapter 4: WORKSHOP DELIVERY 43 4.9 In summary, the paper stated that RE solutions for village power applications could be economical, functional, and sustainable, and that properly managed pilot projects could lead to cost- effective, renewable energy-based village power systems. 4.10 Professor Okeke's paper, "Renewable Energy Technology Development in Nigeria," highlighted the installed electricity capacity in the country, identified some problems currently associated with power supply, and discussed inadequacies in the available power transmission lines. The paper also discussed the renewable energy sources available, areas of consumption, and their end uses. The paper highlighted the contributions of the Energy Commission of Nigeria and its research centers in the areas of solar water heaters, solar crop and manure dryers, improved wood and other domestic solid fuel stoves, solar cookers and solar energy application in poultry production. The paper also highlighted the qualities of biogas as a clean source of energy with little or no adverse effect on the environment. This was supported by statistics on the percentage contribution of biomass to energy demands in some countries. The prospects of biogas technology and its application in various areas of agriculture were discussed. 4.11 In explaining the benefits of solar PV the paper presented examples of some solar PV electrification projects in Nigeria and the results of two surveys of PV systems installation carried out by the ECN. The results gave the status of these systems in nine states of the country and areas of application via water pumping, refrigeration, lighting, village electrification, and radio, telecommunications, and TV. Data, classified by type of application, was also provided on the percentage share of installations nationwide from 1990 ­ 1998. Professor Okeke discussed some barriers to RE technology development, including poverty, poor infrastructure, inadequate research and development, and other factors. He said that the easiest way of creating demand for RE facilities is to create the necessary awareness through advertising, demonstration centers, subsidization, provision of financial assistance, harmonization of policies, direct government involvement, and removal or reduction of import duties on solar energy facilities and components. 4.12 In conclusion, Professor Okeke mentioned that Nigeria might draw some inspiration from India's experience. During the last fifty years, India invested heavily in technical education, embraced computerization, and produced 250,000 scientists and engineers a year. 4.13 Participants discussed the many ways of storing renewable energy sources (e.g. on fishing boats) so that they can be used to alleviate poverty. Two storage methods identified are batteries and pumped storage International donor agencies were implored to assist Nigerian scientists and physicists in adopting the manufacturing of renewable energy devices, which would ultimately encourage local production, once demand rose. The need for partnerships was emphasized, especially partnerships among USDOE, other international donor agencies, ECN and local entrepreneurs. Participants also highlighted the possibility of using the African Growth Organisation Act (AGOA) to foster the deployment of renewable energy resources. 4.14 To ensure that research institutions involved in renewable energy development complement one another, participants urged them to network with the ECN's research centers and to take advantage of these research centers' facilities. Mention was made of the manufacture of some renewable energy devices, e.g. inverters and charge controllers, at UNILAG and NCERD, Nsukka. What is required is to remove tariffs on PV systems and add value locally to reduce costs. Participants also reiterated the need to conduct more surveys and to create awareness of the existence and capability of renewable energy resources. 44 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Renewable Energy in Nigeria: Economic Challenges and Opportunities Four papers were presented during this session. 4.15 Dr. E.J. Bala presented the paper, "Economic Comparison of Solar PV, Grid Extension and Diesel Generating Set for Rural Development" by Iloeje et al. The instrument employed for comparing these three power delivery systems was the Unit Energy Cost (UEC,) which signifies the cost of unit energy produced by a power system throughout its lifespan, with all costs discounted at present value. This economic analysis was hinged on the Life Cycle Cost (LCC,) from which the UEC was derived. The system with the least UEC would be the alternative with the best comparative economic advantage. In conducting the economic analysis for each of these systems, their cost components were classified into capital, operation, and maintenance. 4.16 The calculations for the LCC and UEC were based on a general assumption of a 22 percent interest rate, an inflation rate of 7 percent, and a calculated discount value of 0.27 (27 percent.) These calculations were also supported with specific assumptions depending on the components, operating voltage, and time. UEC values from these systems were then plotted on a graph as a function of distance and power load, if they were employed to supply power to an isolated rural settlement located some distance away from the nearest 33KV high-tension point. This revealed that UEC for a given load increases linearly with the distance away from the 33KV for the generation set and grid extension, but decreases with increase in the load to be serviced for the three systems. Another important finding of the research was that the concept of distance for grid extension is relevant only when a power load to be serviced has been established. The results also showed that for distances greater than 20km, the diesel generation set would be cheaper than the extended grid system. However, at extensions beyond 40km, the solar PV power system would have some comparative economic advantage over the grid system. 4.17 The paper also noted that since the power requirements of many isolated rural communities may lie within the range of 50 kVA or less, solar PV may be better than the grid extension for distances greater than 200km. With regards to the diesel generating set and grid extension, the former is of comparative economic advantage at distances beyond 10km. In the paper's comparison of solar PV and the diesel generating set, the latter was found cheaper than the former at the 50 kVA load. 4.18 In conclusion, the paper drew the following inferences for a 24-hour-a-day load run: · The grid extension becomes less economical when compared to the solar PV system at distances beyond about 200km. · The grid extension becomes less economical when compared to the diesel generating set at distances beyond 10km. 4.19 The diesel generating set has a comparative economic advantage over the solar PV system. 4.20 The paper recommended that solar PV systems be used for power supply to low power demand centers located far away from grid. It also recommended intensifying research and development activities aimed at increasing the longevity and lowering the prices of solar PV components. This would increase the economic competitiveness of solar PVs even at larger power loads. 4.21 In the second paper, "Opportunities for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Nigeria" by Dr M.A.C Chendo, the presenter provided information on the pattern of human energy consumption throughout history. Dr. Chendo schematized the energy flow and its transformations, from production to consumption. He also linked energy and social issues in regard to the consequences of low Part II Chapter 4: WORKSHOP DELIVERY 45 energy use. He highlighted two-way links between energy and poverty, energy and income status, energy and urbanization, etc. He called for a reappraisal and reexamination of current energy patterns, in order to achieve sustainable energy development. This reappraisal should be anchored to five crucial components: economic efficiency, equity, empowerment, environmental soundness, and peace. He also said that if Nigeria is to achieve its targeted goal in socioeconomic development, energy consumption must soar. A possible way of doing this would be to make efforts to conserve conventional fuels and increase their efficiency, while simultaneously increasing the use of renewable energy sources. 4.22 Dr. Chendo discussed the quantities of available energy resources and their percentage contribution to the energy mix in the country. He summarized important characteristics of new renewable energy sources, and provided information on damages from energy-related pollution. He suggested that incentives for exploring and exploiting renewable energy included depletion of fossil fuels, rural dependence on biomass, a changing energy industry and the need to increase energy use. He also highlighted the benefits of RE technology and stated his belief that a successful transition from non- renewables must rely largely on political will. 4.23 After identifying some barriers to RE development, Dr. Chendo mentioned that the greatest challenge was cost. He described viable options for enhancing the use of RE technologies. He listed some energy-related options which would address social problems, and spoke of potential areas for deploying RE technologies. He discussed rural energy needs and their present sources in Nigeria. He disaggregated RE technologies by sectoral applications, namely electrical and thermal applications of RE. He provided some examples of stand-alone RE applications for households and communities 4.24 In conclusion, Dr. Chendo spoke of the urgent need to adopt and deploy appropriate renewable energy technologies in the energy sector, as an intervention measure to improve Nigeria's energy use. Doing this will require a radical change from the present norm, through (a) enabling policies and legislation, (b) access to more adequate levels of energy services, and (c) meeting key economic and social objectives. 4.25 The paper "Barriers to Expanding the Market for Renewable Energy Technology " by Mr. Muyi Lawal discussed the available renewable energy technologies and their relevance to the needs of Nigerian society in meeting the demand for sustainable energy in both urban and rural dwellings. Of all the RE resources, it is generally accepted that solar energy is the most universally available, especially in Nigeria with its six to eight peak sun hours and high irradiation levels. According to the presenter, five key issues are important in uncovering the barriers that tend to stifle the widespread adoption of RE technologies to meet the day-to-day demands for energy. These are: · The lack of an awareness campaign, featuring promotion of and information about technologies that are available to satisfy the demand for energy from cheap and naturally renewable resources · The initial cost of RE systems in comparison to conventional and existing technologies · The suitability of existing RE technologies to meet identifiable energy demands of both urban and rural dwellers · The competition offered by parallel and existing energy technologies, because of their comparative ease of deployment, maintenance, and operation. · Advantages of RE technologies over the conventional forms. 46 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 4.26 In summary, Mr. Lawal identified the basic obstacles to the expansion of the market for RE technologies in Nigeria as: · Low technological development · Absence of government incentives · A low level of RE promotional activities · The availability of cheaper and subsidized grid power · Resistance to change · A general lack of awareness and concern for the environment. 4.27 The last paper in this session, "Telecommunication Energy Systems: Application of Renewable Energy in NITEL," was presented by Engr. Orokunle on behalf of the Managing Director of NITEL. It dealt with the energy requirements for the provision of telecommunication services in Nigeria and the evolving technologies deployed by the organization. The presenter explained the range of services provided by NITEL and the components of its Domestic Network Communication (DNC) and Long Distance Communication (LDC.) He also itemized the energy problems as traceable to the irregular availability of Automotive Gasoline Oil (AGO) and Premium Motor Spirit (PMS,) unavailability of spare parts, security lapses, equipment vandalisation, and budgetary constraints. To keep in line with the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) energy specifications, NITEL has over the years been carrying out modifications in its operations to enhance reliability to 13-9s (i.e. 99.9 percent.) These modifications include the adoption of the Flywheel Motor Alternator (FMA,) generating sets operating on mutual standby with or without NEPA Supply, a trailer set, and meeting telecommunication equipment cooling requirements. 4.28 The organization has begun to introduce RE sources in some of its installations. These installations are the pilot scheme of turbine generator at Ilaro Local Exchange, and the solar generators in the digitalized trunk routes between Abuja and Maiduguri. However, experience from operating the solar energy system has shown that there is a need for an alternating current source to power the cooling systems of the unit, and a need for highly experienced professionals to operate the unit. For enhanced adoption of RE technologies, NITEL is considering options that address both reliability and costs. In order words, optimization of available resources and professionally re-engineered options are being considered. Those in the field of RE systems include: · A hybrid of solar systems and turbine generators (with or without batteries) · Turbineto turbine on hot standby · Fuel cells. 4.29 In conclusion, the presenter stated that the use of solar technology in telecommunication has proved to be efficient and reliable, especially in the networks in the northern states. However, solar hybrid with other renewables is accompanied by higher economic indices and reliability figures. The pursuit of the perfect power plant for the organization is a continuous search. 4.30 The speech delivered by Alhaji Saka Aleshinloye addressed "The Desirability of Exploring Alternative Energy Sources in Nigeria." Mr. Aleshinloye said that in the near future, the world would be compelled to resort to alternative energy sources because of the rapid depletion of hydrocarbons. This situation also applies to Nigeria, and is worsened by the adulteration of kerosene and its unfavorable price. Mr. Aleshinloye acknowledged the existence of various sources of alternative Part II Chapter 4: WORKSHOP DELIVERY 47 energy in the country. He stated that affordability should be the main focus in adopting any alternative energy source, and mentioned solar power as the alternative energy source with the lowest recurrent or running cost. He urged federal and state governments to begin encouraging the design and production of solar-powered hardware, especially domestic appliances. Mr. Aleshinloye concluded his speech with suggestions that Nigeria's president should abolish the tariff on the importation of solar components and encourage each state government to establish a solar village in its respective state. Renewable Energy Financing and Industry 4.31 The three papers delivered during this session dwelt on the financing and funding of renewable energy projects. 4.32 Mr. Alex Otti's paper, "Market-Driven Funding for Renewable Energy Projects," stated that renewables have to be embraced as an energy source in view of the depletion of the world's oil resources and the environmental friendliness of renewables. Mr. Otti mentioned that the federal government recently contracted with a firm to examine the feasibility of exploiting renewable energy sources in the Nigerian energy sector. He explained the advantages and disadvantages of solar power and gave a brief history of the development of wind power. 4.33 Mr. Otti emphasized that the crucial issue in funding a renewable energy project is the viability of private sector funding. The primary aim of a bank assisting any project is an assurance that the project would generate enough cash flow to pay itself back at a reasonable margin. Mr. Otti also mentioned the existence of gaps in the nation's power generation. These gaps create opportunities for investments, but investments must be weighed against the risks inherent in any project. The identified risk factors within this context are technology, market, output, supply, transportation, regulation, and financial and external environment. A proper evaluation of these risks determines the funding mix, which could be one or a combination of debt, equity, vendor financing, and multilateral agencies. 4.34 In conclusion, Mr. Otti stated that market-driven funding for renewable energy is possible if attention is paid to the issues identified as risks, and if the risks are satisfactorily mitigated. This mitigation should be guaranteed by government, in order to create an environment that enables the private sector to take over where the government stopped. 4.35 Mr. H.R. Heeroo's presentation, "International Development Funding Programmes for Renewable Energy," stated that lack of finance, together with the absence of institutional, legislative, and regulatory environments, as well as other factors, constituted barriers to renewable energy technologies. Mr. Heeroo said that international development funding for programs on renewable energy was based on two issues of global concern, namely poverty and climate change. Equally, the high initial investment costs are such that the programs' promoters would have difficulties in committing their resources, thus the necessity for international development funding. To support this, the paper presented data supporting the fact that the initial investment cost of power generating plants from renewable source is significantly higher than plants based on generation from diesel, which is a fossil fuel. 4.36 The presenter mentioned the Global Environment Facility (GEF,) World Bank, the African Development Bank (ADB,) Bilateral donors, E and Co, and E7 Fund for Economic Development as some sources of funds. The GEF operates a Small Grants Programme (SGP,) which provides financial and technical support to projects that conserve and restore the natural world. Its implementing agencies are UNDP, UNEP, and the World Bank, while the ADB is a GEF executing agency. The World Bank advances loans for renewable energy projects through its three lending windows, the International Development Association (IDA,) the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD,) 48 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria and the International Finance Corporation (IFC.) Other funding sources available at the World Bank for renewable energy projects include the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Fund for Emerging Markets (REEF,) the Small and Medium Enterprises Programme (SME Programme,) and the Solar Development Group (SDG.) ADB funds are also available through three windows, the ADB, the African Development Fund (ADF,) and the Nigerian Trust Fund (NTF.) The United States, Japan and EU member states were mentioned as principal sources of bilateral finance for renewables. 4.37 In conclusion, Mr. Heeroo cautioned that the availability of funds alone will not ensure the success of renewable energy projects, and that countries will have to set up the right institutional framework to regulate the sector and operate a tariff policy. This framework should take into consideration the environmental costs of the various means of energy production. Of equal importance is an effective public consultation process that would ensure that all stakeholder views are addressed. When these conditions are in place, the International Development Funding Programme would support renewable energy development, resulting in a win-win situation. 4.38 The paper on issues and options for "Financing Alternative Energy Projects in Africa" and was delivered by Mr. Robert Chronowski. He introduced the Alternative Energy Development Division (AED) of IRG Ltd. as an international venture that was incorporated to promote and participate in the commercial development of alternative energy and energy efficiency improvement projects. Its experience includes working with multiple biomass resources and municipal solid waste (MSW,) singly or in combination with other fossil fuels. The commercial framework of the AED is built on the need for energy, an enabling government policy, available energy resources, a friendly and cooperative energy buyer, a realistic cost-based energy pricing structure, seller and buyer credit worthiness, access to capital, and a contractual basis to do business. The latter is the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA.) Mr. Chronowski explained key elements of the PPA and emphasized that the use of alternative energy resources is attractive now that the relationships between economic growth, energy, environment, global climate change, sustainable development, and free market competition are becoming better understood. 4.39 In setting the optimum project size, the AED project structuring considers resource availability, capital cost options, heat rate variations, O&M cost variations, expected equipment life, process efficiency upgrades, and finance tradeoffs. Identified barriers to financing alternative energy projects included high project development to investment cost ratio, small total investment requirement, longer term debt financing, difficulty in guaranteeing project cash flow, and weak basis for non-recourse financing. Others barriers include inaccurate perception of risks, higher financial cost for alternative energy services, and weak project developers. In his discussions on strategies needed to overcome the financial barriers, Mr. Chronowski stated that large and medium scale alternative energy projects need to operate within the same financing rules that are applied to conventional energy projects, and to seek assistance to level the financial playing field. With regard to small-scale projects, they need to develop innovative financial mechanisms to cascade affordable financing and to seek assistance in building institutions, infrastructures, and capacity. He provided detailed strategies for the primary alternative energy systems. 4.40 The presenter acknowledged the existence of many instruments for financing alternative energy projects, but said that equity, debt and grants characterize the majority of funding sources for such projects. He enumerated the sources of equity financing, including project developers, venture capitalists, equity fund investors, equipment suppliers, regional development banks, and institutional and individual investors. With regard to sources of debt financing, he mentioned international and national commercial banks, multinational development banks (MDBs) and their private sector arms, debt-equity investment Part II Chapter 4: WORKSHOP DELIVERY 49 funds, equipment suppliers, and private investors. The identified sources of grant financing included the Global Environment Facility (GEF,) international and bilateral development agencies, foundations, and national and local agencies. A number of evolving alternative energy project finance supporters were also mentioned. 4.41 A number of innovative financing mechanisms are emerging to help meet the growing demand for financing alternative energy projects. These include energy service companies (ESCOs) and micro-utilities-cooperatives, leasing companies, vendor credits, targeted project credits, acceptance of equipment as collateral by suppliers, support for project preparation and development, GEF and activities implemented jointly (AIJ and JI.) The paper then concluded that successful project development depended upon a framework of commercial conditions to enable the ultimate project financing, and that the planned establishment of a commercial framework in any country will greatly facilitate cost effective and widespread development of the available alternative energy options. 4.42 Engr. Ayodele Osewa's paper, "Micro-Credit Financing of Renewable Energy in Ondo State," provided an insight into Basiri Multipurpose Cooperative Union as an association interested in promoting RE technology adoption. An organogram of the union, its operational mode, functions of the board of trustees, and Union Exco were detailed in the presentation. The paper then concluded that the process of dissemination of the available sustainable RE technologies would become faster and easier if funds are made available to build, at least, a plant in each senatorial district in Ondo state. 4.43 Key issues raised by participants included the need to focus on all available sources of RE with emphasis on traditional energy supplies, especially the most viable ones. However, adequate consideration should be given to environmental integrity; e.g. use of charcoal should be complemented with planting fuel wood trees. It was also emphasized that government should not be a barrier to RE development. Rather, it should encourage the use of a demand-driven, rather than supply-driven, approach, to drive the RE scheme in the country. Mention was also made of the need to further empower the ECN in discharging its statutory responsibilities, and that the bill before the National Assembly on the establishment of an Electricity Regulatory Commission would help in addressing some of the regulatory anomalies identified. Policies and Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Renewable Energy Markets 4.44 Professor O.C. Iloeje addressed "Current Policies and Policy Proposals for the Development of Renewable Energy in Nigeria." According to the paper, the enactment of the Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) Decree (No. 62) of 1979 was the first concrete indication of government policy on renewable energy, and this was complemented with the establishment of two federal renewable energy centers in 1982-83. The first comprehensive draft policy for energy, including renewable energy, was produced in 1993 by the ECN and reviewed in 1996. The draft policy made provisions for each renewable energy resource and the paper aggregated the key provisions, taking into consideration similarities of the various resources. Strategies for implementing the policy were also highlighted according to the energy source. These included strategies common to solar, wind, hydro and biomass, additional strategies for hydropower, and strategies unique to wood fuel. 4.45 As an instrument for implementation of the policies and strategies, the paper listed economic and fiscal incentives to promote demand, supply, and manufacturing of renewable energy components and systems. The economic incentives are soft loans, subsidies and grants, waivers on purchase taxes, rebate on income taxes and levies, and capacity development. The fiscal incentives, 50 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria targeted at producers and providers of RE goods and services, include lower profit tax, tax holidays, reduction of import duty, capital allowance and relief, and demand stimulation. Professor Iloeje also highlighted major recommendations of a workshop organized jointly by the Solar Energy Society of Nigeria (SESN) and the ECN on the promotion of business and industrial activities in solar PV. These recommendations, which are before the relevant committees of the National Assembly, were meant to create an enabling environment for effective deployment of RE technologies. 4.46 The paper also noted that the Solar Energy Development and Utilisation Fund Bill has been introduced in the National Assembly. The bill is at the committee stage in the House of Representatives, while the senate has yet to commence debate on it. Mention was also made of the efforts being made by the ECN to get the recommended incentives adopted. The stages of development of the various RE resources were also mentioned. The two important developments that had stimulated interest in exploiting RE potentials were the privatization exercise and a growing need for environmental integrity. It was also appreciated that barriers needed to be identified and removed to increase the contributions of RE to the national energy mix. The paper concluded that the challenge for policy and policy strategy development should include adopting measures to address constraints in demand, supply and financing of RE projects. These measures should also facilitate the adoption and implementation of specific RE projects, especially in the rural areas, and be targeted at having an identified impact on the national energy mix. 4.47 Priyantha Wijesooriya discussed "International Experience ­ The Applications of Renewable Energy: The Case of Sri Lanka," in which an overview of the country was presented along with its overall energy situation. Mr.Wijesooriya said that Sri Lanka had an installed power capacity of 1540 MW, made up of 80 percent hydropower and 20 percent thermal power, and that by a 2001 estimate, 40 percent of the population did not have electricity. He also listed the stakeholders involved in the renewable energy sector in the country and gave a history of its development. 4.48 In providing the current status of renewable energy, he mentioned existing systems and their installed capacities including solar-PV, micro and mini hydro, biomass, wind, and small wind generators. Noteworthy features for RE in the last 20 years included: Pattiyola Integrated RE Project · CEB 1975 · Suntec · SoLanka and Sarovdaya Solar PV Programmes · Panseeyagama 1000 SHS Government-sponsored project · ITDG's role in developing micro-hydro and promoting the concept of grid connected mini- hydro. 4.49 Other features are an ESD credit line and fiscal incentives by the Board of Investment Recognition. Activities supported by the GEF grant in the ESD credit line were mentioned and statistics of solar PV development in the country was provided. 4.50 Notable challenges experienced in renewable energy in the country included getting the microfinance organized for solar PV, safety engineering, environmental controls, and the CEB tariff position. The importance of energy resource mapping as vital to the renewable energy industry was also highlighted. In this light, wind energy mapping, solar resource distribution, sunshine data, biomass Part II Chapter 4: WORKSHOP DELIVERY 51 verification, standards and specifications, policy facilitation, and fiscal and environmental considerations needed to be addressed. The policy formulation process was provided, along with other vital statistics on the use of renewable energy. . The paper concluded that it was the general aspiration of the renewable energy lobby in Sri Lanka that in the medium term, a significant contribution could be made to the national energy mix by renewable energy technologies. 4.51 Wendy Hughes presented the last paper in this session, "Market Driven Renewable Energy Development ­ Lessons Learned in World Bank-Assisted Projects," by Wendy Hughes and Malcolm Cosgrove-Davies. The paper stated that renewable energy technologies (RET) in small rural emerging markets were mature but still not commercially attractive, and that most experiences in Africa were from projects financed by a single donor. Key characteristics of rural electricity customers that inhibit their embracing RET include (a) access to credit, (b) lack of understanding of the products of RET, (c) limited cash, (d) consumption matching seasonal income patterns, and (e) aversion to risk. 4.52 Equally, the private companies in renewable energy service are inhibited by the following: (a) short time horizons for payback, (b) limited equity and borrowing capability, (c) the difficulty of linking payment to services rendered (d) inability to compete with heavily grant-funded projects and (e) the scattered nature of rural customers. Other hindrances on the product side include high first cost, unfamiliarity of the products, and the difficulty of securing the products in local markets. Some features of the suppliers of RET were also enumerated. 4.53 Financiers' concerns about RET include misperceptions, limited security, unfamiliar product, dispersed and unfamiliar customers, high transaction costs, non-regular income streams, and limited rural credit availability. The paper also identified some energy sector-specific, economy-wide and funding barriers. Challenges for deploying RET include affordability, misinformation, credit availability, market distortions, misallocation of risks, and high transactions costs. Others include non-supportive policies, unfamiliar product investment, and no national focal points for advice. 4.54 Key lessons learned from World Bank-assisted projects include the following: · Encourage government to be the market enabler rather than the market · Encourage non-conventional service providers · Enforce standards and improve quality at the system level · Reduce the transaction costs · Increase affordability · Manage risk. 4.55 In conclusion, the paper reiterated that the main objectives of the World Bank's rural development are poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. In these there is a key role for renewable energy. The paper also pointed out that the World Bank's projects are increasingly supporting unconventional means of energy service delivery. The Bank's strengths are in financing and encouraging the adoption of suitable policies by governments. The main challenges of RET include ensuring that businesses are financially and technically sustainable and that customers receive high quality and reliable services at affordable prices. 52 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Discussion Group Meetings (Breakout Sessions) 4.56 Participants were divided into four working groups according to the following themes: Technology and manpower development Identification and removal of barriers Financing strategies for promoting renewable energy projects in Nigeria Project design. Technology and Manpower Development 4.57 The group observed that inadequate manpower to sustain RE activities and lack of coordination in manpower development programs were constraints to the deployment of RE technology. Other identified constraints included inadequate and inappropriate levels of technology, widespread ignorance, and inadequate funding for research and development activities. The group offered policy recommendations to address proper education in RE technology and the need to enhance manpower development in RE. Strategies proposed to enhance the policy recommendation included: o Including RE in the curricular of secondary and tertiary institutions o Empowering energy research institutions to offer training in RE technology o Fabricating RE equipment locally o Basing a substantial percentage of government-funded rural development programs on RE o Setting up energy research centers in geopolitical zones where they are currently absent. 4.58 These strategies would require short, medium and long term programs. The short term would concentrate on setting up demonstration centers in all the states of Nigeria and short term training courses on RE at the two energy research centers. The medium term programs should focus on postgraduate courses in RE while the long term programs would involve the introduction of RE in the curriculum of secondary schools. Identification and Removal of Barriers 4.59 Important issues that guided the group's discussion are the need for fossil fuel at affordable prices, the need for literacy, political instability, ignorance, lack of awareness, links between industries, and gross indiscipline. Others are poor funding for research and development, absence of an energy policy, high interest rates, and the absence of linkage between industries and research and development institutions. To address the above, the group gave the following recommendations: · Enact energy policy · Create an awareness campaign to be led by ECN · Deliberate a policy for capacity building in science and technology · Create massive incentives and subsidies for research and development devices · Federal government should direct state governments to set up solar villages in their respective states. Part II Chapter 4: WORKSHOP DELIVERY 53 Financing Strategies for Promoting Renewable Energy Projects in Nigeria 4.60 The group noted the existence of various forms of funding but lamented the lack of awareness on how and where to access these funds. It also noted the need for capacity and awareness building and the need to be able to access proven technology as a first step to assemblage, and subsequently, manufacturing. It recommended that the ECN should serve as a link between donors and project developers and conduct an awareness campaign on sources of finance available for various RE types. An effective tool for achieving this would be for the ECN to develop a road map detailing where and how to access funds for RE. This road map should indicate the types of funds available for a variety of needs, conditions and resources. The group gave three program proposals: · ECN should organize donors as a platform for generating data for RE projects financing · ECN should organize annual workshops or conferences to disseminate information and create awareness · A "Renewable Energy Association of Nigeria" should be created to promote energy activities and programs across the country. Project Design 4.61 It was noted that the content of a project design depends on the fund provider. In an ICEED presentation to thegroup it was mentioned that the main aims of rural energy provision are to address poverty alleviation and to reduce climate change. The group consented to project designs centred on solar home systems (SHS,) rural water pumping, biogas, and solar water heating, with emphasis on removing barriers to their adoption. In addressing this, key questions to be asked include priority areas, the extent to which they can be nationally driven, budgetary provisions, funds released so far, and how the available resources have been utilized. The use of SHS should be encouraged where the environment is most favorable. Mention was also made of the fact that biogas was justified because the most sustainable resource, firewood, was becoming expensive. 4.62 The group also observed that poverty alleviation should be used to sell RE, rather than environmental concerns being considered first. It was also agreed that energy services will lead to sustainable development, and that focus should be on identified technologies that could lead to poverty alleviation and sustainable development. The group recommended that project design should involve all stakeholders, with the ECN taking the lead, and with experts familiar with project design and operating environment of donor agencies also involved. The following outline for project design was proposed: · Context · National priorities · Action plans and RE programs · Project rationale and objectives · Expected outputs and objectives · Project strategy and implementation arrangements · Risk identification and analysis · Project costing and budget 54 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria · Appendices: Logical framework Stakeholder participation Incremental cost etc. Policy Lessons and Next Steps for Nigeria 4.63 This is encapsulated in the communiqué presented at the end of the workshop. 5 DESIGN MEETING Subject: Renewable Energy Development Program Proposal 5.1 The Design Meeting was initially scheduled to develop implementable project proposals on PV-based solar home systems and solar water pumping, as well as on biogas generators. However, in view of the development needs of the renewable energy subsector and of the priority need to implement the proposed renewable energy development program for Nigeria (of which the above projects are components,) the Design Meeting resolved to work instead towards the development of a "Proposal on the Program for the Development of the Renewable Energy Market in Nigeria. 5.2 The program proposal, when developed, will be the basis of further discussions with various funding agencies and sources, who will be favorably disposed to assisting Nigeria in the implementation of the program. It will also be of value to private sector organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs,) community based organizations (CBOs,) and cooperatives who are interested in developing projects in the Nigerian renewable energy subsector. 5.3 While recognizing the requirements of time and expertise to develop a full program proposal, and in particular, the limited time available to the Design Meeting, the latter resolved to develop the guidelines to the proposal. Subsequently, the Energy Commission of Nigeria, in cooperation with support agencies, will convene a group of experts to develop the proposal, using the guidelines produced by the Design Meeting. Guidelines for the Proposal on the Program for the Development of the Renewable Energy Market in Nigeria 5.4 The issues to be addressed are presented under the heading Context - National context in which the program is located, as well as relevant regional and international issues Demand - for renewable issue Rationale - for the program Aim Objectives Expected Outputs Strategy and Implementation Arrangements Risk Identification 55 56 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Program Costing and Budget Appendices Context (a) Macro environment · Energy policies (overall and renewable energy) · Environmental policy · Other relevant policies, e.g. rural development · Ongoing programs · Things to be done to meet national obligations to various conventions · Energy supply situation · Implications of the privatization of energy sector industries, e.g. power and downstream oil and gas · Transparency. (b) Demand · Estimate of demand, especially in rural areas unserved or unservable by conventional energy supply systems such as power grid, kerosene and fuel wood supply networks · Selection of commercially viable areas or locations of demand (c) Rationale · Sustainable development · Rural transformation - enabling infrastructure for social, political and economic development · Poverty alleviation · Environmental improvement (with references to supporting documents) · Getting formal commitment to the program at the highest political level · Specification of the project components of the program · Adoption of multi-sectoral approach - i.e. use of various relevant agencies · Definition and mobilization of funds for program preparation from possible sources (government of Nigeria, bilateral and multilateral) · Structuring of cofinancing of the program's projects by counterpart sources (budgets and other provisions from government at all levels,) contributions from the conventional energy sector (i.e. oil, gas, power, etc,) bilateral and multilateral (GEF, WB, ADB, PCF, etc) sources, private sector, and civil society · Phasing of each project · Setting up preliminary market targets, involving conservative estimates of market penetration, within a defined time frame (ten years?) for the various renewable energy technologies, including - Solar-PV (home systems, water pumping, health clinics and centers) - Biodigesters - Mini and micro hydro - Biomass (rural power, grid supply, thermal energy including improved woodstoves and biomass briquettes) · Project management, including identification and specification of the roles of the implementing agency, funding sources, consultants, project beneficiaries, etc. Part II Chapter5: DESIGN MEETING 57 Aim To put in place a major-scale renewable energy program. Program Objectives · To solve energy supply stresses, especially in rural areas · To remove barriers to development of a renewable energy market (barriers are as listed in 10.1 above) · To create demand for renewable energy technologies · To alleviate poverty · To meet national environmental obligations and solve identified national environmental problems Expected Outputs · Awareness created · Widespread utilization of renewable energy technologies achieved · A viable renewable energy market developed · Mechanisms for access to finance by project developers created · Economic and social empowerment of the rural population achieved · Etc. (each of the program components listed in 10.3 above will produce a set of expected outputs.) Implementation Strategy and Arrangements · Participation of all stakeholders, namely government ministries and agencies at federal, state and local government levels, communities, the private sector, NGOs, CBOs, International Agencies. Risk Identification (and Mitigation) · SWOT analysis · Effects of changes in macroeconomic policies · Effects of political changes (not expected to affect program particularly in view of bipartisan support for it) · Technological risks - non-acceptance - New and better technologies - Operational and maintenance competence - Quality control · Financial risk - Competition in sourcing of funds - Budgetary risks · Market risks - Market (demand) not available or not developing as expected - Competition from other energy technologies · Environmental Risks - Assessment of negative environmental effects including social and economic effects on resident populations · Climatic Risks. 58 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Program Costing and Budget · Costing and budget · Estimation of the funding potentials of the cofinancing sources and allocation of the budget accordingly. Appendices · Matrix of whole program · Briefs on the stakeholders and consultation made · Incremental cost analysis (especially for GEF-supported projects.) Conclusion 5.5 The program development exercise should lead to the conclusion that with regards to the program's aim and objectives · The problem has been understood · There is a critical mass of political, bureaucratic, professional and financing interests for solving the problem · A methodology has been developed for addressing the problem in a sequential manner · Results potentials have been estimated · The supporting and investment costs to achieve the results have been estimated. 6 Communiqué Communiqué of the National Workshop on Creating Demand and Removing Barriers to Renewable Energy Market Development in Nigeria 6.1 Participants and stakeholders from key federal, state, and local government agencies, community leaders, the organized private sector, international donor agencies, academia, and financial institutions met in Abuja November 13 ­ 17, 2001 to examine approaches to expanding the market for renewable energy technologies in Nigeria. 6.2 The workshop was organized by the Energy Commission of Nigeria, in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development, the World Bank, the United Nations Development Program, the African Development Bank, the Government of Norway, and Shell Petroleum Development Company Nigeria, Limited. Workshop participants identified barriers to market development and proposed strategies for removing them. The following are specific observations and recommendations of the workshop: BARRIERS IDENTIFIED 1. Inefficient energy pricing structure which is disadvantageous to renewable energy development 2. Lack of awareness about renewable energy potentials. PROPOSED STRATEGIES FOR THE REMOVAL OF IDENTIFIED BARRIERS, SO AS TO MAKE POSSIBLE RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRY 1. Awareness · Setting up of renewable energy awareness programs (including solar villages in each state) · Building up partnerships between government, private sector and civil society. 2. Technology Research and Development · Intensifying R & D in renewable energy science and technology as well as policy analysis and market research · Carrying out manpower development for the design, production, installation and maintenance of renewable energy technology 59 60 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria · Developing and implementing national standards on renewable energy devices and systems · Establishing an enabling regulatory framework for the renewable energy industry and renewable energy based power 2. Economics and Financing · Establishment of public and private sector partnerships to mobilize financial resources for the development of the renewable energy industry · Developing and making available a road map to guide project developers in their efforts to access financial resources · Promoting an energy pricing structure which is market-based and which reflects long term benefits and environmental costs · Removing all tariffs on imported renewable energy technologies and systems · Establishing a renewable energy development fund and a mechanism for operating the fund. 3. Institutional Reforms · Providing institutional linkages between public and private sector institutions and renewable energy end users with regards to funding and information exchanges · Strengthening the capacity of various renewable energy institutions. 4. Policies · Enactment of an integrated national energy policy · Enactment of an enabling renewable energy policy PROPOSED RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR NIGERIA 6.3 The proposed program consists of: 1. AWARENESS CREATION · Holding of regular media programs · Establishment of at least one solar village (integrated rural village energy supply) project in each state of the federation · Holding of regular stakeholders' dialogues, at state and national levels, on renewable energy policies, programs, project financing, and other issues. 2. DATA ACQUISITION AND MAPPING · Review and improvement of solar map · Review and improvement of wind map · Improvement of small-scale hydro potential data and mapping · Survey of biomass resources potentials of the country · Development of electricity grid map. 3. INVESTMENT SUPPORT · Establishment of a renewable energy development fund Part II Chapter 6: Communiqué 61 · Development of a road map for accessing investment and support funds (sources of funds, types of funds and how to access them) for renewable energy projects · Putting in place policy incentives to make renewable energy technologies economically competitive. 4. CAPACITY BUILDING · Organizing "Train-the Trainers" workshops on renewable energy for secondary and tertiary educational institutions · Developing renewable energy curricula for tertiary institutions and facilitating their introduction · Upgrading the facilities and personnel of renewable energy research centers for scientific, technological, policy and market research and development · Running training workshops on selected renewable energy technologies at professional, entrepreneurial, operational, maintenance, and fabrication levels · Putting in place a program to facilitate the local manufacture of renewable energy components and systems, especially solar-PV modules and biodigesters, and the establishment of solar-PV balance-of-system component maintenance. 5. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPREHENSIVE POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS · To be carried out through appropriate mechanisms. 6. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SPECIFIC RURAL ENERGY PROJECTS These projects include: · Solar home systems · Solar water pumping · Biogas · Solar rural clinics · Solar cookers · Improved biomass stoves · Biomass-based power generation · Etc. Annex 1 Background Electricity is a critical input to the development process. Today many Nigerians are without access to electricity, a majority of them in the rural areas. Fuelwood is the prime energy source for cooking and heating. This promotes ill health, soil erosion and desertification. Poor access to modern forms of energy and energy conversion technologies hamper economic growth and diminishes the quality of life and the effectiveness of essential social and community services, such as water supply, education health and commission. National grid extension alone will not meet the country's rural electrification objectives, either quickly or in an affordable and sustainable manner. It needs to be supplemented with off-grid renewable energy based options such as solar-PV, wind and small-scale hydropower. Renewable energy based alternatives to the current fuelwood technologies need to be utilised. The challenge of increasing access to electricity, implementing alternatives to fuelwood and meeting other energy needs, through renewable energy, creates the motivation for this workshop. Workshop Objectives The overall objective of the workshop is to examine the approach to expanding the market for renewable energy technologies in Nigeria. Workshop participants will also identify barriers to market development and strategies for removing them. The workshop seeks to achieve the following specific objectives: · Assist in developing renewable energy strategies in Nigeria; · Examine existing barriers to demand growth and commercial deployment of renewable energy technologies in Nigeria; · Develop policy initiatives and programmes for increasing renewable energy based power supplies to rural sectors such as household, health, education, water supply, agriculture and micro enterprises. · Examine opportunities for building financial mechanisms to support the growth of renewable energy industry; · Examine the potential role of public/private partnerships in creating a viable renewable energy market; and · Design renewable energy based power supply projects for support by the Global Environment Facility and other funding sources. Participants Participants will include stakeholders such as key Federal, State, and local Government officials and community leaders, the private sector, donor agencies and financial institutions. 63 64 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria OPENING CEREMONY DAY 1: November 13, 2001 08:30 ­ 09:30 Registration and Arrival of Participants Session 1 Opening Session and Exhibition 09:30 ­ 12.00 09:30 Introductions - by the MC, Dr. M.A.C. Chendo National Anthem Opening Prayers - as directed by the Chairman 09:40 Chairman's Opening Remarks - Chief Olusegun Agagu Honourable Minister for Power & Steel 09:50 Welcome Address - The Chief Host, Prof. I.H. Umar Director-General, Energy Commission of Nigeria 10:00 Brief Goodwill Address: Hon. Minister for Environment, Alh. Mohammed Kabir Said Hon. Minister of State for Sc. & Tech., Mrs Pauline Tallen HE, Executive Governors Present HE, Norwegian Ambassador to Nigeria, Mr. Dag Nissen Mission Director, USAID/Nigeria, Mr. Thomas Hobgood Country Representative, the World Bank, Mr. Mark Tomlinson Part II Annex 1 65 Resident Representative, UNDP, Prof. Mbaya Kankwenda 10:30 Declaration of Workshop Open - the Chairman 10:32 Keynote Address - Prof. A.T. Suleiman, Former Vice Chancellor Federal University of Technology, Yola 10:52 Vote of Thanks - Prof. O.C. Iloeje, Director, Energy Planning and Analysis, Energy Commission of Nigeria 10:55 Closing Prayers - as directed by the Chairman National Anthem 11:00 TOUR OF EXHIBITION - Led by the Chairman 11:30 PRESS CONFERENCE - by Director General, Energy Commission of Nigeria, Prof. I. H. Umar 11:30 Coffee Break Rapporteurs - Mr. A.O. Yusuf and Mr. A. D. El-Ladan Energy Commission of Nigeria TECHNICAL SESSIONS Session 2 Current Status of Renewable Energy Technologies around the World 12.30 - 14.00 Chairman Professor A.S. Sambo Vice Chancellor, ATBU, Bauchi Rapporteur Dr. B. G. Danshehu and Mr. J.S. Olayande Sokoto Energy Research Centre/Energy Commission of Nigeria Paper 1: International Developments in Key Renewable Energy 66 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Technologies (PV, Wind, Biogas, Small Scale Hydro, etc) Speaker Mr. John Brodman, United States Department of Energy/USAID Mission, Nigeria Paper 2: Renewable Energy Technology Developments in Nigeria Speaker Professor C. E. Okeke Director, National Centre for Energy Research and Development, Nsukka. Discussion 14:00 ­ 15:00 Lunch Session 3 Renewable Energy in Nigeria: Economic Challenges and Opportunities 15:00-17:00 Chairman Hon. Idris Abdullahi Umar Chairman, House Committee on Power and Steel Rapporteurs Dr. B. Garba and Mr. A.O. Yusuf Ag. Director, Sokoto Energy Research Centre/Energy Commission of Nigeria Paper 3: Economic Comparison of Solar-PV, Grid and Diesel: Speaker Dr. E. J. Bala Energy Commission of Nigeria, Abuja Paper 4: Opportunities for Renewable Energy Deployment in Nigeria Speaker Dr. M. A. C. Chendo Dept. of Physics University of Lagos Paper 5: Barriers to Deployment of Renewable Energy in Nigeria Speaker Mr. Muyi Lawal Managing Director, Solar Electric, Jos Part II Annex 1 67 Paper 6: Telecommunication Energy Systems: Application of Renewable Energy in NITEL Speaker By NITEL 17:00-18:00 Meeting of Solar Energy Companies Meeting of Non-Governmental Organizations 18:30 Dinner, Courtesy of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, Ltd DAY 2: WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 14, 2001 Session 4 Renewable Energy Financing and Industry. 09:00-11:00 Chairman Mr. H.R. Heeroo, African Development Bank Rapporteurs Dr. O. Okparaku and Mr. J.S. Olayande National Center for Energy R & D/ECN Paper 7: Market Driven Funding for Renewable Energy Projects Speaker Mr. Alex Otti, First Bank Nigeria, Plc. Paper 8: International Development Funding Programmes for Renewable Energy Speaker Mr. H.R. Heroo African Development Bank Paper 9: Micro Financing and Low Interest Funding Schemes Speaker Mr. G. Ehigianusoe Director, Lift Above Poverty Organisation Paper 10: Financing Alternative Energy Projects in Africa: Issue and Options Speaker Robert A. Chronowski Alternative Energy Dev./ Consultant: US Dept. of Energy 68 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 11:00 ­ 11:30 Tea/Coffee Break Session 5 Policies and Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Renewable Energy Markets 1130 ­ 13:30 Chairman John Brodman United States Development of Energy/USAID Mission, Nigeria Rapporteurs Dr. (Mrs) R. Osuji and Dr. B.G. Danshehu Department of Physics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka/Sokoto Energy Research Center Paper 11: Renewable Energy Development Policies and Strategies: Key Ingredients and International Experiences Speaker Robert A. Chronowski Alternative Energy Dev./ Consultant: US Dept. of Energy Paper 12: Current Policies and Policy Proposals for Development of Renewable Energy in Nigeria Speaker Prof. O. C. Iloeje Energy Commission of Nigeria Paper 13: International Experience in the Application of Renewable Energy in Rural Development: The case of Sri Lanka Speaker Dr. Priyantha Wijesooriya President, Solar Energy Industry Association of Sri Lanka Paper 14: Market Driven Renewable Energy Development Strategy Speaker Wendy Hughes World Bank 13:30 ­14:30 Lunch Session 6 Discussion Group Meetings (Breakout Sessions) Part II Annex 1 69 14:30 ­16:30 Group I: Technology and Manpower Development Chairman: Professor O.A Odukwe Rapporteurs: Dr. B. Garba and Mr. A.O. Yusuf Group II: Identification and Removal of Barriers Chairman: Professor Sambo Rapporteurs: Dr. B. G. Danshehu and Mr. A.D. El-Ladan Group III: Financing Strategies for Promoting Renewable Energy Projects in Nigeria Chairman: Robert Chronowski Rapporteurs: Dr (Mrs) R. Osuji and Mr. J.S. Olayande Group IV: Solar Energy for Rural Development: Project Design Chairman: Professor Emmanuel Oladipo, UNDP Rapporteur: Dr. O. Okparaku Session 7 Closing Session: Policy Lessons & Next Steps for Nigeria 16.30 Chairman's Opening Comments - Prof. I.H. Umar, Director-General, Energy Commission O Nigeria 16:35 Presentation of Group reports - Group Chairmen 17:20 Discussion of Group reports - Participants 17:50 Closing Remarks and Policy Directions for the Future - Chairman 18:00 Closing Prayers - as directed by - Chairman Rapporteur - MacLewis Engineering Ltd. 18:30 Cocktail: Courtesy of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, Ltd. DAY THREE: THURSDAY NOVEMBER 15TH 2001 70 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 9:00 MEETING OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS AT THE SHERATON HOTEL AND TOWERS (BY INVITATION) - Do's and Don't for Successful RE Market Development - Policy Recommendations for Nigeria - Next Steps in the Strategy. DAYS FOUR & FIVE: FRIDAY & SATURDAY NOVEMBER 16TH & 17TH, 2001 9:00 RURAL SOLAR PROJECTS FOR NIGERIA: PROJECT DESIGN MEETING AT THE SHERATON HOTEL AND TOWERS (BY INVITATION) Part II Annex 1 71 Pre-registration Form Name of Delegate: Name of Organisation: Position: Address: Tel: Fax: E-mail: Exhibition Request Form Name of Organisation: Address: Tel: Fax: E-Mail: Exhibition fee is N10,000 per exhibition space Space Requirement (tick ) Outdoor ( ) Indoor ( ) Send pre- registrations, requests and enquiries to: International Centre for Energy Environment & Development (ICEED) Tel 09 234 3836 Fax 09 234 7181 Email:iceed2@hotmail.com Annex 2 LIST OF COMPANIES THAT ATTENDED THE SOLAR ENERGY COMPANIES MEETING OF 14TH NOVEMBER, 2001 1. Solar Electric Systems P.O. Box 667 Jos Tel: 073-450102 MD: Mr. Muyi Lawal 2. AP Sunlite Ltd AP Apapa Complex PMB 1036, Abuja Tel: 5872512 Fax 587 0426 GM: Ike O Nwana e-mail: ionwana@ap-sunlite.com ionwana@yahoo.com support@ap-sunlite.com 3. Sunrays Electric Company Ltd P. O. Box 2718, Kaduna Tel: 062-216645 Fax 062-216645 Manager: Etta Leko 4. Maclewis Engineering Services Ltd Suit 19 Kigoma Street Wuse Zone 7, Abuja FCT Officer: Emecheta Emeka 73 74 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria E-mail: emechetaemelean@usa.net 5. Philip Project Center 8 Kofo Abayomi Street Victoria Island Lagos Staff: Obalolu Adekanmi e-mail: obalolu@usa.net 6. Guisiano Nig. Ltd 1 Ani-Ahbia Street Asaba Delta Tel: 056-280223 7. ICEED Plot 523 Misau Street Garki Abuja Tel: 09-234 3836 Fax: 09-2347181 CEO: Ewa Otu Eleri e-mail: iceed@hotmail.com Annex 3 LIST OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT NGOs THAT ATTENDED THE MEETING OF THE NGOs OF 14TH NOVEMBER, 2001 1. Drought and Desertification Control Action Team (DD-CAT) A Close, House 7 Asokoro (Off Jimmy Carter Street) Abuja Head of Organization: Engr G. O. Akubuiro 2. National Association of Science and Technologies (NASTES) Oyewo's Residence Community High School Junction P. O. Box 20 Igbaye Osun State HoO: Mr. Omotoso Gbemiga Olatunde 3. Ossai Chuks A. 1 Dada Bello Close (Off Iju Itako Road) Agege, LAGOS E-mail: povalcrus@yahoo.com 4. Community Level Environmental Action Network 65 Zik Avenue 75 76 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria Uwani Enugu HoO: Mr. Eche A. J. Igwe E-mail: youth advocates@aleto.com 5. Resources and Food Security Foundation (REFSEF) 15 Ibikunle Avenue (Off Bodija Avenue) P. O. Box 9984 University P.O. Ibadan HoO: Dr. Ike E. Ezeagu e-mail: refsef@hotmail.com ikezeagu@yahoo.com.uk 6. Basiri Multipurpose Co-operative Union 8 Otutubiosun Street Akure, Ondo State HoO: Chief J.K. Ajomola Officer: Ayodele Osewa E-mail evefuta@engineer.com 7. Western Sahara Environmental Society 5 ATC Road Katsina Also AP 32 Fatika Road Kaduna HoO: Abubakar Garba E-mail: westernsaharaenviron@yahoo.com 8. NESDEN 1 Evergreen Close Ogbonda Estate (Off Artillery) Part II Annex 3 77 Rumuogba P. O. Box 14244 Port-Harcourt Contact Person: Patrick Ijeagwa E-mail: oipatrick@yahoo.com 9. ICEED Plot 523 Misau Street Garki II Abuja Tel: 09-234 3836 Fax: 09-2347181 HoO: Ewah Otu Eleri E-mail: eeleri@hotmail.com 10. Solar Energy Society of Nigeria C/o Energy Commission of Nigeria Plot 701 C Central Area PMB 358, Area 10 Garki Abuja President: Prof. O. C. Iloeje E-mail: ecn@hyperia.com 11. Soltec Energy and Environmental Network 2 Wogu Street D/Line Port-Harcourt HoO: Dr. Mrs C. U Okujagu 12. Itado Women Multipurpose Co-op. Society 8 Otutubiosun Street (Off Arakade Road) Akure Ondo State Exec. Secretary: Mrs. V. A. Osewa E-mail: evefuta@engineer.com 78 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria 13. Grass-roots Resource Development Initiative 124A Okigwe Road Owerri HoO: Mr Agugua Azubuike St. Ernest. 14. Rural Development Research Organization 99 Ogurugu Road Odenigbo Nsukka Enugu State HoO: c/o Dr. Rose Osuji Physics & Astronomy Dept. U.N.N. Nsukka. 15. Friends of the Environment 106/110 Lewis Street P.O.Box 10627 Lagos HoO: Engr. (Mrs) J. O. Maduka 16. Stop Erosion Now (SEN) Suite 3 Fahana Business Complex (Behind AP Plaza) Wuse II Abuja Tel: 09-314 3133 17 Umuodu Community Association C/o SEDI Box 3205 Enugu Secretary: Mr. Osita Agu Part II Annex 3 79 18. Cornfield Africa Agbor P.O.Box 1907 Agbor Delta State HoO: Rev. Amos Idjesa E-mail: htoamosidjesa@hotmail..com 19. Accord for Community Development 1 Evergreen Close Ogbonda Estate (Off Artillery) Rumuogba P.O.Box 14244 Port-Harcourt Tel: 084-571503 HoO: Andy Ogbuigwe E-mail: accorddev@yahoo.com 20. Ojokoro Ifelodun CAMS Ltd Gengeto Bus Stop Oko-Oba Agege Lagos HoO: Mr. T.K. Akinwumi 21. Dr. T. A. Abiribo e-mail: bayelses@yahoo.com tapiribo@yahoo.com HoO: Mr. Ekpo G. Annex 4 List of Media Representatives S/No Name News Media Represented 1 Dupe Aduloju FRCN (Network) 2 Sunday Okoh The Comet 3 Austine Malu Daily Times 4 Emmanuel Aziken Vanguard 5 Ewache Ajefu National Interest 6 Timothy Golu Standard News Papers 7 Uche Anunne New Nigerian 8 Tunde Bakare News Express 9 Oota Andrew Liberty 10 Alifa Daniel The Guardian 11 Tayo Thisday 12 Badejo Ademuyiwa BusinessDay 13 Nuhu Abdullah Radio Nigeria 14 Christiana Oguguo Aso Radio 15 Wale Igbintade The Anchor 16 Kalu N. Emetu Abuja Today 17 Mike Odiakose Nigerian Observer 18 Sheyin Ife NAN 19 Ibrahim Amoka The Agenda 20 Mark Mayah The Source Magazine 21 Mba Agbai National Ambassador Newspapers 22 Soji Eze Nigerian Tribune 23 Suleiman Abdullah NTA Network News (Camreaman) 24 Saudra Aende Ighur NTA Network News (Reporter) 25 Richard Ihediwa The Monitor 26 David Paul Odey Cross River Radio & TV Services 27 Ofem Uket Nigerian Chronicles 28 Tony, Ejiofor Policy Magazine 81 Annex 5 83 84 List of Participants Initiating ORGANISATI S\ FIRSTN ONAL TY REQ NO SURNAME AME TITLE AFFLIATION ADDRESS PHONE FAX E- MAIL PE EXHI Rural the Electrification 1 Abdulmumuni Y (Engr.) General Manager Board G Bank's Fed. Min of Federal Sec. 2 Abubakar K. Engr. Deputy Director Power & steel Complex 09-5239460 G Peri-U Western 5 ATC Road sahara Kastina,AP Environmental 32 Fahi Rd rban/Rural 3 Abubakar Garba President society Kaduna. a_garba2002@yahoo.com G Jigawa State Electricity 4 Abubakar A. N Managing Director Board Jigawa State 064-721017 and 5 Abubakar Ado Science & Tech Jigawa State Renewable 6 Adebanjo Femi OAU 09-5236390 SAA innovative 7 Adebiyi Oke Mr. Tech Abuja 09-5232587 8 Adegbulugbe A. O Professor CERD OAU Ile Ife 01-4977845 Energy Min. of 9 Adejiowon S. A Dr. Environment Abuja 09-4138331 Inter Africa Activities 10 Adejuyigba Niran Managing Director Consulting inafrica@amebo.com P 8 Kofo Philips Project Abayomi, V.I 01- John_adekoje@philips.com 11 Adekoje John Regional Manager Centre Lagos Lagos 01- 2620632 2620631 .ng P in 12 Adesanya E. A Nigeria Ministry of Power and Federal Sec. 13 Agagu Olusegun Minister P & S Steel Complex G Y Umuodu comm Sed 1 Enugu 042 - 14 Agu Osita Secretary Asso. Enugu State 042 - 459495 455040 N Grass Root Stephen. Resource Devt. GRREDIN 15 Agugua E Envi\ Liason officer Initiative Owerri Owerri agiugua@yahoo.com N 16 Ahmed Uba SERC Udu Sokoto State Min. of 17 Ajakaiye B. A Dr. Environment Abuja 090-6014710 565 Ikorodu ASSEFAD- Road Kosofe- 01- assefadcouncil@acdf- 18 Ajayi-Smith Dele President COUNCIL Ketu Lagos 01-4976225 4976225 assefad.org N Plot 10 Oshodi solar Energy Apapa xway Johnson. Advanced Tincan Island 19 Ajede A Managing Director Power Syst Ltd Apapa Lagos P Solomon. Ojokoro (Ikeja) 20 Akinbule O Ifelodun Agege Lagos N Obafemi Tech. Planning Awolowo 21 Akinwumi I. O Dr & Devt Unit University ioakin@yahoo.com G University of Dept. of Ilorin, Kwara 22 Akoshile C. O DR. Physics State U Drought & Desertification control Action 23 Akubuiro G Team African Part Development 24 Akue E Bank Abuja Office 09-2342381 II AP Sunlite 01- Annex 25 Alabi Dejo E General Manager Limited 01-2693823 2693832 eoalabi@yahoo.com P Samuel. Ojokoro (Ikeja) 5 26 Alapa O Ifelodun Agege Lagos N 9 Aba\PH Expressway Technical Shelter Rumuogba 27 Alio Isaac. C Supervisor Consortium Ltd PH 084-571201 shelcon@infoweb.abs.net P 85 86 Energy Commission of 28 Aliyu A. O Mr. Nigeria Abuja 09-5234920 Solar Electric 29 Amaga Caroline System Ltd solect@infoweb.abs.net P Initiating Barikisu Nig. Academy Iyede Street 30 Animalu Alex O. E Professor of Science Yaba 09-5231491 the Poverty edradication 627 sekonde Programme Initiative in crescent 09- Bank's 31 Apriibo Tonipre Director Africa zone 5 Abuja 09-2346490 2349564 bayelses@yahoo.com N Peri-U Dauda University of 076-231900- 32 Apuagu Abba Maiduguri 3024 rban/Rural Ministry of Fed. Sec J. K Power and complex 33 Babatunde Engr. Director Steel Abuja G Attahiru. and 34 Bafarawa D Governor Sokoto State Sokoto State G Renewable Energy Commission of Central Area 09-5234920- 35 Bala E. J DR. Nigeria Abuja 6 ecn@hyperia.com G 01-2601600- 36 Bamsa Henry O. Shell PB Lagos State 65626 Energy 1Ani-Ahaba Chief Executive Gusiano street, Asaba 37 Bardi Franklin officer Nigeria Limited Delta State 056-280223 gusiano-ltd@onebox.com P Activities 45 Herbert Macaulay Solarmate Road Yaba 01- 38 Bolaji Olufemi Engr. Ltd Lagos 01-7740887 2880165 in USDOE Nigeria US Dept of USAID office 39 Broadman John Energy Abuja D Blessing Winrock 40 Chammang E International Abuja 09-4138205 University of 41 Chendo M. A. C DR. Lagos C US Dept of USAID Office 42 Chronowski Robert Energy Abuja D 43 Dan Shehu B. G DR. SERC Sokoto State G 44 Dansomo L. Y Science & Tech Jigawa State 064-721447 Rural Community 45 Dauda Abubakar Development Kwara State 062-231970 46 Dipo Sofowora Agric Economist dipshoffy@onebox.com S US Dept of 47 Dixon Bob Energy D 48 Duru Chukwu Lambert EDU Abuja Youth Development Vincent Project Co- htnoamosidjesa@hotmail.c 49 Edafejirhaye REV Ordinator Cornfield Africa Warri Area om N Winrock 50 Edirik Iruaka Mr. International Abuja 09-4138205 Lift Above Poverty Benin City, 51 Ehigianusoe G. Director organisation Edo State N Energy Commission of Central Area 52 El Laden A. D MR. Nigeria Abuja 09-5234920 Energy Commission of 53 Elegba S. B Professor Nigeria Abuja Office 09-5234924 Part Plot 523 Misau St 09- II 54 Eleri Ewah O Executive Director ICEED Garki Abuja 09-2343836 2347181 iceed2@hotmail.com C Annex River state advisory 5 committee on 88 Dr. Obi Natural gas Wali Road, 084- 55 Emenike Ashley Chairman utilization Port Harcourt 084-238238, 234460 gascomrv@yahoo.com N 56 Eneh Charlas EDU 09-2345739 87 88 Head, Dept of University of Mechanical Nigeria, 57 Enibe O. DR. Engr. Nsukka. U Chairman National Initiating Senate Assembly committee on P complex 58 Eriobuna Nnamdi Senator & S Abuja G Energy the Commission of 09-5234920- 59 Esan A. A Engr. Dr Nigeria Abuja Office 1 Bank's 18/19 Sunrays Ahmadu Peri-U Electricial co Bello way 062- 60 Etta Leko Manager Ltd Kaduna 062-216645 216645 P National rban/Rural Contractors Association of 61 Etuk Kennedy Nigeria Abuja 09-2342658 Physics University of and 62 Ewiwile Edison PG Student Department Lagos S Renewable Rural Electrification 63 Eze J. O General Manager Board Enugu State G Energy Center 64 Eze J. I Nsukka Energy 15 Ibikunle Avenue, Bodija Estate 02- Activities 65 Ezeagu Ikenna Executive Director RESFEF Ibadan 02-8106833 2412221 refesf@hotmail.com N Federal Ministry of Water in 66 Ezie J. A Engr. Resources Abuja Office 09-3145207 Nigeria 158 Aba A.O Demarg Road Port 67 Fadunsin Fummi MD Nig. Ltd Harcourt 084-231944 8.033E+09 aodemarg@hotmail.com P Mechanical University of 68 Fagbenle Layi. R Professor Engineering Ibadan layifagbenle@hotmail.com U Solar Electric Washington 69 Freling Robert Executive Director light fund D. C Sokoto Energy Research 70 Garba B. DR. Ag. Director Centre G USDOE US Dept of USAID office 71 Gay Carolyn Energy Abuja D Abdullahi Alternative 72 Haruna S Energy Fund Jigawa State 064-721447 African B.P. V 316 Senior Power Development Abidjan Cote 73 Heeroo H Engineer Bank D`Ivoire H.heeroo@afdb.org D Nature's World 74 Hezekiah Luck MR. Secretary Society nwsociety@yahoo.com N World Bank 75 Hughes Wendy Nigeria Abuja Office D PATASD University of 76 Ibhadode Akii Executive Dire PATASD Benin ibhadode@uniben.edu G Plot 523 Administrative Misau St 09- 77 Ibiam Obinna A officer ICEED Garki Abuja 09-2343836 2347181 iceed2@hotmail.com C Amos Cornfield htnoamosidjesa@hotmail.c 78 Idjesa Rev. Co-ord. Officer Cornfield Africa Africa. om N Part Nig. Youth 65 Zik Envi. Network Avenue II 79 Igwe Uche Enugu Uwani Enugu youthadvocates@atelo.com N Annex Fed. Min. Of 466 Lobito science and Crescent 09- 80 Igwilo S. C Technology Wuse 2 09-5233902 5233903 G 5 Accord for community 81 Ijegwa Patrick Development Port Harcourt N 89 Accord for 90 community Devt. 1 Evergreen close Initiating Infor. & Ogbonda globallogistics@phca.linkse 82 Ijeqwa Patrick Manager External R Estate PH rve.com N Energy the Commission of Central Area 09-5234920- 83 Iloeje O. C Director Nigeria Abuja 6 ecn@hyperia.com G Y 84 Iyede Austin Bank's Osun\Ogun Peri-U River basin 85 Iyiola R. A Engr. devt. Authority Abeokuta 039-241289 Winrock rban/Rural International 86 Jamal Gore Winrork USA C Primary Health Care and 87 Jatau Rifatu T NPI Dept Kagarko G Y United States Renewable 88 Jetter Howard Ambassador of America 435-437 Herbert Solar Mate Macaulay St 01-7740887, solarmat@alpha.linkserve.c Energy 89 Jibola Engineer Ltd Lagos 2880165 om P FMW&H Electrical Headquarters Division imakagho@nipost.nigpost.c Activities 90 Kagho O.I Engr. Deputy Director Abuja. Abuja. om G Solarm Engineering 91 Kotun Dotun Managing Director lagos P in Solar Electric Nigeria 92 Lawal M.O MD System Ltd solect@infoweb.abs.net P Solar Electric 93 Lawal Muyi Managing Director System Ltd P Min. of 94 Maduabuchi Chris Mr. Environment Abuja 09-2342520 Friends of the Environment 01- 95 Maduka Joanna Chairperson Lagos 106/110 01-2647436 2647436 fote@gacom.net N 96 Menzel MR. Lahmeyer Int Abuja Office Fed. Min. of Rural Agric. & rural 97 Mokwunye A. O Senior Engineer Development devt zone 5 G 98 Mu'azu M MR. SERC Sokoto State G 99 Muhammed M. S State House Abuja 09-5234261 Ministry of 10 Hajia Rural 0 Musa Rakiya Development 062-235231 Standard African chartered 10 country Development Building 1 Mwaikinda J. R Representative Bank Central Area 10 Mohamm Solarec 062- 2 Nasiru ed. B Engineer Engineering Ltd 062-241437 410983 nasirumb@hotmail.com P suit T83 UTC 10 Ndudim Micron Energy shopping 080- 3 Nduka Sanda Resources complex 23019072 emekasilencer@yahoo.com P Y Federal 10 Director, Ministry of Federal Sec. 4 Nggada H. Engr. Inspectorate Power & Steel Complex P 10 5 Nissen Dag Ambassador Norwegian Part Energy 10 Callistus Commission of II 6 Njoku O. V Nigeria Abuja 09-5234920 Annex 10 Chimarok 7 Nnamani e Governor Enugu State Enugu State G Y Federal Metrological 5 10 Ministry of Department 8 Nnodu I.D Metrologist Aviation Lagos 01-2633371 G 10 9 Nnudim Nduka Mr. Science & Tech Abuja 09-5235769 91 92 Fed. Min. of 11 Rural Agric. & rural 0 Nwaezike L. C Ass. Director Development devt zone 5 G 11 1 Nwane I NBM Bank Abuja Office 09-2346888 Initiating 11 AP Sunlite 01-5453676- 2 Nwanna I. O Relief Manager Limited 7 P 17 Tafawa the 11 Stop Aids Balewa st 073- 3 Nzekwe Amechi Editor-in-chief International Jos Plateau 073-452346 460006 transafricalt@yahoo.com N 8 Kofo Bank's 11 Adekanm Philips Project Abayomi, V.I 01- Peri-U 4 Obaloki i Centre Lagos Lagos 01-2620811 2620631 philips@infoweb.abs.net P 11 Adekanm Philips project 5 Obalolu i Centre Lagos rban/Rural Interven Interven 11 Foundation Foundation 6 Obiefuna G.C Chairman CEO Ajaokuta Kogi Ajaokuta intaven97@hotmail.com N 11 and 7 Obioh Imoh B Mr CERD Ife 036-233638 Renewable Cent. For household 11 energy and the CEHEEN 8 Obueh Joe Project Director envir. Benin City ceheen@eudoramail.com N Osun\Ogun Energy 11 River basin 9 Odesanya M. O Engr. devt. Authority Abeokuta 039-24128-9 Activities University of 12 Dept of Mech. Nigeria, 042-771911 042- 0 Odukwe A:O Prof Engr. Nsukka. UNN ex38 770644 MISUNN@AOL.COM U 435 Herbert in Maculay Nigeria 12 Solarmate Road Yaba 01- 1 Odusina Wale Engr. Ltd Lagos 01-7740887 2880165 Britosin 12 Ese International 4133039ext1 2 Ogaga Bright President Ltd Abuja Office 22 4134655 P 12 Winrock 09-2349413- 3 Ogazi J. N International Abuja 8204 Ministry of 12 Power & 4 Ogloro Dafe MR. Energy Delta State 056-281869 12 5 Ogonya Okoro Dr. UNDP Abuja 09-4132088 Federal 12 Ministry of 6 Oguejiofor I. I Environment Energy 12 Commission of 7 Ojosu J. O Engr. Nigeria Abuja Office 09-5234920 12 Stop Erosion 8 Okechukwu O Now Abuja Office 09-3145970 Fed. Min. of 12 Rural Agric. & rural 9 Okeke E. O Director Development devt zone 5 G Nat. cent. For Energy University of 13 research & Nigeria 0 Okeke C. E Prof Director devt. Nsukka. G Bida 13 Shuaibu. Dept of Mech. Polytechnic, 1 Okene U MR. Engr. Niger State U University of Dept. of 13 Nigeria, Mechanical Part 2 Okoroigwe Edumund PG Student Nsukka. Engineering cyberorigins@hotmail.com S Maclewis II 13 Engineering Annex 3 Okoye Uju Abuja C University of 13 Nigeria 5 4 Okparaku O. DR. Nsukka Nsukka G 13 Dept. of University of 5 Okujiagu C. U DR. Physics Port Harcourt U 93 11Oyinkan 94 United Nations Abayomi 13 Emmanu Development Drive Ikoyi 6 Oladipo el Professor Programme Lagos G Initiating Energy 13 Commission of 7 Olayande J. S Mr. Nigeria Abuja Office 09-5234920 the Federal 13 Ministry of Federal Sec. Bank's 8 Olojede A. A Assistant director environment Complex G Y Peri-U 124 Ademola Adetokunbo 13 Managing APAP Wuse 2 09- rban/Rural 9 Ololade Dele Dr. Consultant Associates Abuja 09-4139650, 5236820-1 P Energy 14 Commission of 0 Olu F. O Mr. Nigeria 09-5234920 and 77 Costal Eco- Orhuwhorun Renewable 14 Conserve road warri 1 Omafuwe Isaac President Project Delta Delta cepgeo@excite.com N Federal 14 Ministry of Energy 2 Omotosho S. O Enviroment 14 3 Omotosho Gbenga NASTES Offa Kwara State Activities solar Energy 10 Oshodi 14 Advanced Expre way 01- 4 Omozee Enuice Sales manager Power Syst Ltd Tin Can Ap 01-5875200 5450046 solar@micro.com.ng P 14 in 5 Onugha Ikenna B. SC FUTO ikonugha@yahoo.co.in S Nigeria Federal 14 Ministry of aonyegbutulem@hotmail.co 6 Onyegbutulem A.U Commerce m G University of 14 Nigeria, 7 Oparaku O Nsukka. U Mamolo 14 Nitel, Mambolo Street Wuse 09- 8 Orokunle S.B Senior Manager wuse 2 2 Abuja 09-5237656 5230140 yekhiel_0@hotmail.com G Empowering 16 Ernest 14 women in ikoli street old 9 Orupabo Grace Programme officer Nigeria GRA PH 084-233578 ewin@yahoo.com N 15 0 Osewa Ayodele Engineer cvefuta@engineer.com Ilado women 15 cooperative 1 Osewa V. A project co-ordinator society (CBO) 034-241616 multimiracle@mail.com N Rural 15 Executive development 2 Osiegbu C. L Chairman Agency Delta State G 15 3 Ossai Chuks senior Fellow PAC povalcrus@yahoo.com N University of 15 Dept. of Nigeria 4 Osuji Rose DR. Physics UNN Nsukka G Temp. Staff, 15 Sharp Electro 5 Otekalu Tolu Student hall FUT Minna oteksmann@hotmail.com S 15 First Bank of 6 Otti Alex Banker Nigeria Plc B 15 RUFARM Edo RUFARM Part 7 Owa J.J Co-Ordinator State Edo State nogiede@yahoo.com N 15 Min. of II 8 Owolabi C. A Environment Abuja Annex Fed. Min. Of 466 Lobito 15 science and Crescent 09- 5 9 Oyefeso A. O Technology Wuse 2 09-5233902 5233903 G 16 Wijesoori 0 Priyantha ya Sri Lanka Norway Fed. Min. Of 466 Lobito 16 science and Crescent 09- 95 1 Rugbere D. K Technology Wuse 2 09-5233902 5233903 G 96 16 Mohamm Minister for Ministry of Airport Road 2 Said Kabir ed Environment Environment Abuja G Alh 16 Alesshinl Baba Isele of 3 Saka oye Ilorin Ilorin 031-22186 Initiating Dept. of Elect.\ 16 Electronic University of 4 Salawu R. I Professor Engr. Lagos U the 16 5 sambo A. S Prof Vice Chancellor ATBU Bauchi G Y Block 5, Bank's Kano State Audu Bako 16 M. Senior Scientific Min. Secretariat Peri-U 6 Saminu Yakassi Officer Environment Kano saminum@yahoo.co.uk G 16 rban/Rural 7 Sanghvi Arun DR. World Bank B 16 Mohamm 8 Sani ed Science & Tech Jigawa State 064-721447 565 Ikorodu and 16 ASSEFAD- Road Kosofe- 01- assefadcouncil@acdf- 9 Soobanjo Tayo Chairman CEO COUNCIL Ketu Lagos 01-4976225 4976225 assefad.org N Renewable 17 0 Sulieman A. T Former Director SERC G Ministry of 17 Minister of State for Science and Energy 1 Tallen Pauline sc & Tech Technology G 17 Min. of 09- 2 Tarfa Y Mr. Environment Abuja 09-4131731 5231419 Activities 17 US Dept of USAID Office 3 Taylor Roger Energy Abuja D 17 Bola in 4 Tinubu Ahmed Governor Lagos State Lagos State G Nigeria 17 World Bank 5 Tohomodf O Mr. Nigeria Abuja Office 17 Ambassa 6 Toluhi dor ABA Data Ltd Abuja Office 09-2347769 17 World Bank Asokoro 7 Tomlinson Mark Country Director Nigeria Abuja B 17 Ibrahim. 8 Turaki S Governor Jigawa State Jigawa State G Usman Danfodiyo 17 Dept. of University 9 Ubah Ahmed PG Student Chemistry Sokoto S 18 0 18 Min. of 1 Ufono U. J Mr. Environment Abuja 18 Ministry of 2 Ukeje O Education G 18 Decision Nig. 3 Ukoh Helen PA to MD Ltd desicon@infoweb.abs.net P Y Energy 18 Commission of Central Area 4 Umar I. H Director General Nigeria Abuja G National chairman Sen. Assembly 18 Abdullahi Comm. On complex 5 Umar Idris Senator Power & Steel Abuja G Orion Energy 18 Research 6 Umezi Henry Service Lagos State 8023019072 18 Winrock 7 Williams P. K International Abuja 09-2349413 18 Part 8 Yahaya N SERC UDU Energy II 18 Commission of Central Area 09-5234920- Annex 9 Yusuf MR. Nigeria Abuja 6 ecn@hyperia.com G D = Donor Agencies G = Government 5 N = NGO P = Private S = Students 97 Annex 6 LIST OF PRESENTERS Prof. A.T. Suleiman Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Sokoto Mr. John Brodman United States Department of Energy/USAID Mission, Nigeria. Prof. C.E. Okeke Director, National Centre for Energy Research and Development, Nsukka. Dr. E.J. Bala Energy Commission of Nigeria, Abuja. Dr. M.A.C. Chendo Dept. of Physics, University of Lagos. Mr. Muyi Lawal Managing Director, Solar Electric, Jos. Mr. Alex Otti First Bank of Nigeria, PLC. Lagos. Mr. H.R. Heroo African Development Bank. Robert A. Chronowski Alternative Energy Development./Consultant: US Dept of Energy Prof. O.C. Iloeje Energy Commission of Nigeria, Abuja. Dr. Priyantha Wijesooriya President, Solar Energy Industry Association of Sri Lanka Wendy Hughes World Bank, Abuja 99 100 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy Activities in Nigeria______ WORKSHOP ORGANISATION The workshop organising committee consisted of: Prof. O.C. Iloeje Director, EPA/ECN - Chairman Dr. E.J. Bala, Deputy Director,EPA/ECN - Member Mr. John Brodman, USAID/DOE - ,, Mr. A.O. Yusuf, ACSO/ECN - ,, CONSULTANTS ICEED (MR.EWAH ELERI) WINROCK (MR. PETER WILLIAMS) MACLEWIS ENGINEERING (DR. MAC CHENDO) Joint UNDP/World Bank ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP) LIST OF TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR) Africa Power Trade in Nile Basin Initiative Phase II (CD Only): 04/05 067/05 Part I: Minutes of the High-level Power Experts Meeting; and Part II: Minutes of the First Meeting of the Nile Basin Ministers Responsible for Electricity Côte d'Ivoire Workshop on Rural Energy and Sustainable Development, 04/05 068/05 January 30-31, 2002. (French Only) Ethiopia Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 038/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Ethiopia - Action Plan. Sub-Saharan Petroleum Products Transportation Corridor: Analysis 03/03 033/03 And Case Studies Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa 04/02 028/02 Energy and Poverty: How can Modern Energy Services Contribute to Poverty Reduction 03/03 032/03 East Africa Sub-Regional Conference on the Phase-out Leaded Gasoline in 11/03 044/03 East Africa. June 5-7, 2002. Kenya Field Performance Evaluation of Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Photovoltaic Systems in Kenya: Methods and Measurement in Support of a Sustainable Commercial Solar Energy Industry 08/00 005/00 The Kenya Portable Battery Pack Experience: Test Marketing an Alternative for Low-Income Rural Household Electrification 12/01 05/01 Malawi Rural Energy and Institutional Development 04/05 069/05 Mali Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 041/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Mali - Action Plan. (French) Mauritania Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 040/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Mauritania - Action Plan. (French) Nigeria Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Nigeria 11/02 029/02 Nigerian LP Gas Sector Improvement Study 03/04 056/04 Taxation and State Participation in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Sector 08/04 057/04 Initiating the Bank's Peri-Urban/Rural and Renewable Energy 06/05 073/05 Activities in Nigeria. Workshop Proceedings. Regional Second Steering Committee: The Road Ahead. Clean Air Initiative In Sub-Saharan African Cities. Paris, March 13-14, 2003. 12/03 045/03 Lead Elimination from Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-regional Conference of the West-Africa group. Dakar, Senegal March 26-27, 2002 (French only) 12/03 046/03 1998-2002 Progress Report. The World Bank Clean Air Initiative 02/02 048/04 in Sub-Saharan African Cities. Working Paper #10 (Clean Air Initiative/ESMAP) Senegal Regional Conference on the Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Sub-Saharan Africa 03/02 022/02 Elimination du Plomb dans I'Essence en Afrique Sub-Saharienne Conference Sous Regionales du Groupe Afrique de I'Quest. Dakar, Senegal. March 26-27, 2002. 12/03 046/03 South Africa South Africa Workshop: People's Power Workshop. 12/04 064/04 Swaziland Solar Electrification Program 20012010: Phase 1: 20012002 (Solar Energy in the Pilot Area) 12/01 019/01 - 2 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Tanzania Mini Hydropower Development Case Studies on the Malagarasi, Muhuwesi, and Kikuletwa Rivers Volumes I, II, and III 04/02 024/02 Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in Oil Importing Countries of 12/03 039/03 Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Tanzania - Action Plan. Uganda Report on the Uganda Power Sector Reform and Regulation Strategy Workshop 08/00 004/00 WEST AFRICA (AFR) Regional Market Development 12/01 017/01 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Cambodia Efficiency Improvement for Commercialization of the Power Sector 10/02 031/02 China Assessing Markets for Renewable Energy in Rural Areas of Northwestern China 08/00 003/00 Technology Assessment of Clean Coal Technologies for China Volume I--Electric Power Production 05/01 011/01 Technology Assessment of Clean Coal Technologies for China Volume II--Environmental and Energy Efficiency Improvements for Non-power Uses of Coal 05/01 011/01 Technology Assessment of Clean Coal Technologies for China Volume III--Environmental Compliance in the Energy Sector: Methodological Approach and Least-Cost Strategies 12/01 011/01 Thailand DSM in Thailand: A Case Study 10/00 008/00 Development of a Regional Power Market in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS) 12/01 015/01 Vietnam Options for Renewable Energy in Vietnam 07/00 001/00 Renewable Energy Action Plan 03/02 021/02 Vietnam's Petroleum Sector: Technical Assistance for the Revision 03/04 053/04 of the Existing Legal and Regulatory Framework SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh Workshop on Bangladesh Power Sector Reform 12/01 018/01 Integrating Gender in Energy Provision: The Case of Bangladesh 04/04 054/04 Opportunities for Women in Renewable Energy Technology Use 04/04 055/04 In Bangladesh, Phase I EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Russia Russia Pipeline Oil Spill Study 03/03 034/03 - 3 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number MIDDLE EASTERN AND NORTH AFRICA REGION (MENA) Regional Roundtable on Opportunities and Challenges in the Water, Sanitation 02/04 049/04 And Power Sectors in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Summary Proceedings. May 26-28, 2003. Beit Mary, Lebanon. (CD) LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION (LCR) Brazil Background Study for a National Rural Electrification Strategy: 03/05 066/05 Aiming for Universal Access Bolivia Country Program Phase II: Rural Energy and Energy Efficiency 05/05 072/05 Report on Operational Activities Ecuador Programa de Entrenamiento a Representantes de Nacionalidades Amazónicas en Temas Hidrocarburíferos 08/02 025/02 Guatemala Evaluation of Improved Stove Programs: Final Report of Project 12/04 060/04 Case Studies Mexico Energy Policies and the Mexican Economy 01/04 047/04 Nicaragua Aid-Memoir from the Rural Electrification Workshop (Spanish only) 03/03 030/04 Sustainable Charcoal Production in the Chinandega Region 04/05 071/05 Regional Regional Electricity Markets Interconnections -- Phase I Identification of Issues for the Development of Regional Power Markets in South America 12/01 016/01 Regional Electricity Markets Interconnections -- Phase II Proposals to Facilitate Increased Energy Exchanges in South America 04/02 016/01 Population, Energy and Environment Program (PEA) Comparative Analysis on the Distribution of Oil Rents (English and Spanish) 02/02 020/02 Estudio Comparativo sobre la Distribución de la Renta Petrolera Estudio de Casos: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú 03/02 023/02 Latin American and Caribbean Refinery Sector Development Report ­ Volumes I and II 08/02 026/02 The Population, Energy and Environmental Program (EAP) (English and Spanish) 08/02 027/02 Bank Experience in Non-energy Projects with Rural Electrification 02/04 052/04 Components: A Review of Integration Issues in LCR Supporting Gender and Sustainable Energy Initiatives in 12/04 061/04 Central America Energy from Landfill Gas for the LCR Region: Best Practice and 01/05 065/05 Social Issues (CD Only) GLOBAL Impact of Power Sector Reform on the Poor: A Review of Issues and the Literature 07/00 002/00 Best Practices for Sustainable Development of Micro Hydro Power in Developing Countries 08/00 006/00 Mini-Grid Design Manual 09/00 007/00 - 4 - Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Photovoltaic Applications in Rural Areas of the Developing World 11/00 009/00 Subsidies and Sustainable Rural Energy Services: Can we Create Incentives Without Distorting Markets? 12/00 010/00 Sustainable Woodfuel Supplies from the Dry Tropical Woodlands 06/01 013/01 Key Factors for Private Sector Investment in Power Distribution 08/01 014/01 Cross-Border Oil and Gas Pipelines: Problems and Prospects 06/03 035/03 Monitoring and Evaluation in Rural Electrification Projects: 07/03 037/03 A Demand-Oriented Approach Household Energy Use in Developing Countries: A Multicountry 10/03 042/03 Study Knowledge Exchange: Online Consultation and Project Profile 12/03 043/03 from South Asia Practitioners Workshop. Colombo, Sri Lanka, June 2-4, 2003 Energy & Environmental Health: A Literature Review and 03/04 050/04 Recommendations. Petroleum Revenue Management Workshop 03/04 051/04 Developing Financial Intermediation Mechanisms for Energy 08/04 058/04 Efficiency Projects ­ Focus on Banking Windows for Energy Efficiency Evaluation of ESMAP Regional Power Trade Portfolio 12/04 059/04 (TAG Report) Gender in Sustainable Energy Regional Workshop Series: 12/04 062/04 Mesoamerican Network on Gender in Sustainable Energy (GENES) Winrock and ESMAP Women in Mining Voices for a Change Conference (CD Only) 12/04 063/04 Renewable Energy Potential in Selected Countries: Volume I: 04/05 070/05 North Africa, Central Europe, and the Former Soviet Union, Volume II: Latin America Last report added to this list: ESMAP Technical Paper 073/05.