''s:' ^ b,,4,,':, ' , ,,. |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P;! I 4. ; 4 . jX !', . .. ,. ' ' ,, . . , , , - . .i i , .,; , C'~ g7: .XXt-w .: 4!fz Z 4}i! N w s 4 r¢ Uf t J ....... ll.i:17 IM b.' a7 t e. o \ ' ' ' - '' ' ' X ! N : ' ' '~~7-717777'7~ The UNDP-World Bank Program is a collaborative initiative emerging from the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade of the 1980s. Concen- trating work on a dozen focus countries and operational in more than 30 other developing countries. the Prograrn serves to strengthen national and local efforts for improving the access of poor people to safe water and sanitation. BRUCE GROSS. Acting Program Manager Water and Sanitation Division Transport Water & Urban Development Department The World Bank 181 H Street. NW Washington. DC 20433 USA UNDP-WORW SANK WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM ANNUAL REPORT JULY 1993 -JUNE 1994 01995 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street. NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Irformation Coordinator David H. Kinrley III Editor. Laura A. Edwards Photographs by Curt Carnemark: pages 4, 5. 8 (top), 9, 10, 13, 15 (lower right), 19-22, 24. 26, 27, 30-33. 36-41, 43. 44. 47 (middle), 54-56, 58; phorograph by Piers Cross: page 50; photographs by David Kinley: pages 2-3, 7 8 (bottom). 14-17. 23. 25. 28. 42. 47, 51 (top), 57; photographs by Laura Edwards: pages 6. 13, 48, 49, 51 (bottom), 53 Design: Kenneth Iseman & Associates All rights reserved Manufactured in the Urnited Stares of America This document has been prepared and published by the UtNDP-World Barkk Water and Sanitation Program of the Transportation, Water, arnd Urban Development Deparutent of the World Barnk- Copies may be obtained from the Program's Publications Unit in Washington- Material may be quoted with proper attribution. CL PREFACE 41~~~~~~~~~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j .. ..- -, - his report reviews, the activites operations and achievemeats of the developing countries must be direcued of rhie UNDP-World Bank Program's field netwrk coordirkared by pruderntly toward those investments Water and Sanitation Program rhe Regional Water and Sanitation with the hWigest payoff, and experience during fiscal year 1994 Ouly Groups (RWSGs). Further demils on in country after country demonstrates * 19°,3 throughJune 1994). It the present activities of the RWSGs can that water and sanitation impwve- opens with an overview of the wrater be found in the Poglarres armual rnents are vital to economic pwgress and sanitation sector in developing "Country Work Plans, FY95 ." The and, more broadly, provtde the very countries, and a reviewv of the report concludes with a listing of pub- foundations for sustainable human Program's tnajor achievements in the lished outputs fiom headquarters. development. past several years. It also outlines some In attempting to improve water Thtrough its parmlership arrangr- new directions and initiatives being and sanitation services, developing ments with governmnents, United launched by the Progranm in FY95. countries will Pace enorrnous new politi- Nation agencies, the World Banles The second section of the report cal, economic, and social challenges as oBperational divisions, bilateral aid provides an ovwerview of the Program'es they move into the next centur. But organizations, non-govemment groups, organizational strucure mid finances, one age-old problem -an unhealthy and the private sector, and through along with. descriptions of United envirormient caused by unsafe drinking continuing irmovation and learning, Nations Development Programme water and inadequate sanitation -wiU the UNDP-Wc :Id Banlc Program is (UJNDP) and bilateral contributions. continue to plague efforts aimed at rnaking a major contriburion to effec- The thiTd section presents accounts of nlation building, acrcelerated economic tively directing resources into poor Program activities in the field during growth, and poverty alleviation. communities where help is needed the 1993-94, grouped according to regions- In an era of financial stringency, most. These sumnmanies portray the rnajor the limited resources available to assist WS~~ r,2 - - BRUCE GROSS JOHN BRISCOE ITIM ROTHERMEL Acting Program Manager Division Chief, Water and Sanitation DiTector, Science, Technology and Division, The World Bank Private Sector DivisioniJmNDP opn ih noeviwo hewtr b fudi tePora' nua et revtltoeooicpors U Introduction: Refining die Straegy; Broadening dhe Agenda 6 Program Structure and Support to Bilateral Sponsor 16 Regional Reports 22 East Asia and the Pacific 22 South Asia 32 West Africa 38 Eastern and Southern Africa de Activities in Lacin America and the Caribbean 54 Technical Assistance Projects 60 Publications 61 Acronyms 63 - -S INTRODUCTICN W A | ater and sanitation problems a grand scale: unsafe and poor sanita- are becoming increasingly tion are two of the most powerful; central to global debates about and the children of the poor pay the environmental sustainability, poverty highest price. Two to three million alleviation, and popular participation children die every year from water- in development. There is little won- related diseases. der: these growing concerns affect the This is not to say that tremendous a ~~~~~~~~~~well-being of billions of poor people progress hasn't been made. Because of who are today more visible and vocaL the intensification of efforts since the ThE Despite the tremendous efforts beginning of the Water and Sanitation and resources committed to the sector Decade, both knowledge and practice since the launch of the Water and have improved in many areas: appro- STRATEGY | Sanitation Decade in 1981, the devel- priate technologies are more frequently oping world appears to be running and effectively employed; institution ihard just to stay in place. UrbaniZa- building and reforn have become tion and population growth are central issues on the agenda; and the BROADEN I NG ths A oustripping die pace of service ex- contribution of people's participation | Pz E n E .z v1 1 Z 1t pansion. And the lack of services is to operation and maintenance, cost THE AGEND nv Ll VA particularly acute in the burgeoning recovery. sustainability, and replica- shantytowns surrounding almost all of bility is now well understood. Program the developing world's major cities. efforts have contributed significantly to The latest official statistics show that the progress in each of these areas. some 1.3 billion people now live Many of the Program's longer-term without access to safe water, and initiatives have recently come to frui- almost 2 billion lack decent sanitation tion and are being spun-off to other services. In Delhi, Dhaka, Karachi, partner agencies in order to achieve and other megacities in Asia, the poor wider dissemination. Long in a leader- already constitute 40 percent of the ship position in the area of handpump population, and these cities are grow- development and promotion, the Pro- day ing by 4 to 5 percent annually1. Today, gram is in the process of handing over 23 of 35 cities of over 5 million people its legacy of knowledge and achieve- are in the developing world, and that ments to the Swiss Center for Appro- share will increase to 47 of 59 cities by priate Technology (SKAT). Work in the year 2010. the field of capacity building and insti- '9 ' ;,,s,4 .- ~ -The "Profile of Human Depriva- tutional development focussed through tion" contained in UNDP's 1994 the International Training Network Human Development Report presents a tITN) has resulted in the establish- grim set of statistics: people in abso- ment of six free-standing training lure poverty; refugees; people without institutions or national networks. access to health services, safe water, These centers are pursuing self-reliant and sanitation; children malnour- paths, and, as key issues of focus at the ished, not in primary school, dying country level, they are in less need of before the age of five, etc It is a stark centralized funding, supervision, and portrait of the harsh realities that coordination- ...'..iaa -create and perpetuate deprivation on The participatory development '1 UNDP - WOR5LD BIANK 171 efforts under the PROWWESS program have paid major dividends recently , with the publication of three Important i _ new documents through the World , Bank, and the production of a unique -tO Panicipawory Development Tool Kit, I . which was mass manufactured in India. With widespread dissemination through -- -- the Bank, these products are taking on a life of their own, while continuing - Program work on participation and gender issues has been incorporated into the Water and Sanitation Division's work on informal institu- tions. Finally, the Program is now heavily immersed in the process of 'scaling up" -from pilot projects to large-scale Bank-funded investments. Through its involvement in 10 large projects in seven developing countries, the Pro- - gram is having a major influence over -Zt)., US $1.2 billion in sector investments in environment. Such degradation poses The key to achieving the former seven Asian countries alone. a particularly serious threat to the is the development of sound, inte- The water and sanitation sector, health and well-being of urban resi- grated institutional and financial and together with it the Program, today dents in many developing countries. arrangements at various levels, ranging stand at a critical crossroads. New The emerging agenda necessitates from the neighborhood to the river approaches and a new agenda are moving beyond a narrow focus on basin to the nation. Effective manage- clearly required to more fully address household level services to the much ment will be best achieved when the needs of the unserved poor through broader issue of improving the quality stakeholders decide how much they accelerated action. This agenda for of the aquatic environment. Fortu- wish to spend on improving environ- action must be broadened to contend nately, a strong international consensus mental quality at that level, and when with growing water resources scarcity has emerged in recent years on the key available resources are allocated to and environmental quality concerns. water resources management principles investments which yield the greatest Finally, all this must be achieved within that are proving to be effective in both environmental benefit. serious financial constraints. industrialized and developing coun- These challenges in the sector are Experience has shown that people tries. These principles were most translating into some changes in the will get more and better services only dearly arriculated in the Dublin State- orientation of the Program. Consis- when water supply and sanitation orga- menr, which was issued from the pre- tent widh the new directions oudined nizations become more directly respon- UNCED International Conference on in the Program Srrategy Paper issued in sive to consumer demands, and are Environment and Development. In 1992, both headquarters and the structured in a way that they are finan- particular, most stress has been placed RWSGs are striving to implement cially sound and accountable to users. on the concepts of 'treating water as "structured learning" in large-scale But progress in service provision is a an economic good" and 'managing at sector projects. This mandate is re- double-edged sword: more water and the lowest appropriate level, with sulting in closer collaboration with the sanitation services can mean more involvement of stakeholders in all World Bank's operational divisions in wastewater pollution of the aquatic levels of management.' the design, implementation, and in- WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM hetent supervision of carefully selected the Program since the beginning will Management Policy Paper is the realiza' projects. It is also adjusting the staff be vigorously maintained: a fundamen. tion tliut a new, much bmader profile: the Program Is strengthening tal commitment to improving the lives "Water Partnership" Is needed. Such a its analytical methods by attracting of the poor and the active cultivation new Partnershlip will have to work people who know how to conduct a of partnerships In the sector - both across agencies - UNDP, the World flexible, leaming.process approach to with extemal support agencies (ESAs) Bank, and the bilaterals -2nd across project design and execution. Over and with countries and their institu. sectors including water, environment, the longer term, Program regional staff tdons. The main challenge for the and agriculture. The details of this will become more multidisciplinary - Program in the later half of the 1990s broad outline are only nowv being with skills In the broader water con. will be to both sharpen its focus and sketched, but the prospects of a more text: resources management; irrigation broaden its mandate. This means iktegrated and holistic water initiative and drainage, public utilities; and water being more selectively involved in br:ween cxtenal support agencies, qualiq. projects and activities that contribute participating governments, and the Working under the umbrella of to the "leaming agenda." And it Program's many other partners are good. the Division allows the Program to means working more closely not only The reintegration of the Program become part of the wider Bank agenda with the Water and Sanitation and into the Water and Samitation DivLion that includes work to improve urban operational divisions of the Bank, but is creating new synergies through the sector institutions and services, and the with the Agriculture and Environment cross fertilization of experiences and overall management of water resources, Divisions of the new Environmentally ideas. With the creation of a new including pollutiun control. The vi. Sustainable Development (ESD) vices Water Partnership and though new sion is to make the Program an integral presidency, and the Urban Manage. efforts aimed at focussed learning, the part of Agenda 21 which emerged out ment Program. Program expects to be an important of the debates of the Rio Environment What has evolved out of years of contibutor to both better development Summit Program work and the debates emanat. implementatiol in the field and the In pursuing these new directions, ing from Rio, and in response to the widespread diseminadon of best the two central ideas that have united Banks recently issued Water Resources practices. I UNDP - WVuRLi DANKI T he Program is managed by the the Progmm made strides to meet this Water and Sanitation Division of intellecttnl and pmctical challenge. the Transportation, Water, ind Because theory and annlysls must Urban Development Department die be closely linked with development World Bank. Activities at Program practices in the field, the Program learn headquarters in Washington, D.C. ing agenda Is being Interwoven with include monitoring of projects, coordi- In-country project implementation. As j w s a b n * | s p ~nation of field act iv ities, conducting an I nitial step, the Program staff moved applied research, dissemination of forward decisively in recent years to SJRV ( V RE Uinformation, donor relations, and influence the design of projects - administration. already some US $1.2 billion of World Four Regional Water and Sanita- Bank investments in rural water and AND tion groups (RWSGs) directly mnanage sanitation In Asia alone, and growing all rield activities and serve as a source rapidly. SUPPORT 1 .of technical assistance for governments, The leaming process, in addition, nongovemmental organizations requires the integradon of lessons from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NOOs), and other extemal support the local project context with global agencies. Lorated in Abidjan, Nairobi, lessons leamed from within the Bank New Delhi, and Jakarta, the RWSGs and other implementing agencies. E are headed by regional managers and Moreover, it draws heavily from the staffed by interdisciplin ary teams of meticulous fine-tuning demanded by experts draw-n from the World Bank, adaptive project desigr. Program head- _UNDP, and other donor agencies. In quarters takes the lead in these activi- _s countries of Program concentration, ties; integrating the knowledge that is national teams have been recruited and being gained globally and in field - --=______ - country coordinators posted. Over the activities; and sharing and exchanging past two years, the Program has worked insights into "best practices" with part- with several partner agencies to estab- ner organizations through an extensive _= _____________ lish a regional network in Central range of dissemination activities - =- - = - America, which is now coordinated by from books and technical reports to UNICEF in Honduras. The Program's displays, videos, brochures, and news -- ---! longstanding presence in Bolivia will stories. -______________ ______ - expand into a regional Andean Net- --___________ -work in January 1995. Program Funding The Program has a diversified base of Role of Program Headquarters: financial support well suited to its Global Learning Agenda global structure and its range of central ___ __________________________ The 1992 Program strategy can beb L'e and field activities. Together with the =_________________________________ envisioned as a triangle, with the three World Bank, UNDP is one of the key elements - capacity building, Program's two managing partners and is support of sustainable investments, and the largest single source of funds. _ S systematic leaming - at the comers. UNDP funds have come principally Successful integration of these compo- from UNDP's Division for Global and nents necessitates strong and visionary Inter-regional Programmes (DGIP), the leadership at headquarters. In 1993-94, Regional Bureaux for Africa and Asia /I WVATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM (and to a lesser extent from Latin away from direct execution of country about US $0.4 million, bringing its Arnerica and the Caribbean), and from projects in response to the 1991 Pro- share of the total to about 11 percent country programs (presently from 14 gram evaluation. Only the Regional in 1994. countries). Bureau for Asia and the Paciftc has Most of the countries where the Following a 25 percent reduction maintained current levels of funding. Program is active make substantial in UNDP program resources in 1992, Not surprisingly, cutbacks in contributions, usually as in-kind inputs the Program's disbursements for inter- UNDP funds led to an overall decline of national staff, office space, and other regional and regional Africa programs in Program resources. Program expen- support. Host governments occasion- have declined substantially over the dirures peaked in 1991 at nearly US ally make direct cash contributions. past two years. At the same time, $16.5 million, after which they have Increasingly, funds for water supply and Program expenditures for UNDP coun- declined, on average, by about 10 sanitation projects are being generated try projects also declined. The decline percent a year. Fortunately, contribu- locally from project beneficiaries. reflects three trends: the overall reduc- tions from the Program's bilateral sup- tion in UNDP funds, UNDP's objec- porters have increased during this Allocation of Program Funds tive of increased govemment (rather period, though not by nearly enough Activities at country level, in the than agency) execution of country to make up the shortfall. The World RWSGs, and in Washington, DC are projects, and the Program's moving Bank's contribution also increased by supported by Program funds of three SOURCES OF PROGRAM FUNDS (US $000) Donor Cumulotie Disbursements 1988-1994 $000 Percentage Share UNDP Infeaegional 20,039 24 - Regional Africa 10,317 13 Regional Asia 2,069 3 Country Projecis 14,647 18 Olher Regional 1,660 2 UNDP Total 48,732 59 1 n BilateralAgencies Australia 43 1 Canada 1,116 1 Denmark 2,085 3 Finland 371 1 France 850 -1 Germany 850 1 - Itly 150 1 Japan 1,473 2 Luxembourg 347 1 The Netherlnds 7,114 9 Norway 7,680 9 Sweden 477 1 Switeland 4,216 5 Unied IGngdom 606 1 Bilateral Total 26,845- 33 Word Bank 6,711 8 Combined Total 82.288 100 .- *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ // UNDP - WORLD BANK Regiunal Core Operations TOTAL PROGRAM EXPENDITURES: 1989-1994 Regional core funds support the RWSGs and the Program's decentral- ized approach to operations. They (US $000) Annual Change allow the Program to develop and 1989 9,124 support incountry operations, most of 1990 11,529 26 which are financed solely from in- 1991 16,480 43 country sources. The regional core 1992 15,161 - 8 finds tum the country operations and 1993 13,042 - 14 projects into an integrated program 1994 12,194 7 with a regional stregy and outlook, TOTAL 77,530 and support intercounuy exchange of information and learning. In addition, the Program can operate more effi- .20,000 ciently from a regional base; an $ 520,000 z in-country presence can be justified only in a few countries. 16,000 .UNDPs Regional Bureau for Africa funds a regional umbrella 12,000 project (RAF/92007 - Water and Sanitation for the Poor in Sub-Saharan 8,000 | | Africa) that supports a number of international and national posts and 4,000 consultants in both East and West X | _ i L 1 - Africa. The bilateral agencies of 0 ^ . . Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, 1999 1990 19i 192 19M 1N94 and Switzerland have been providing funds for regional core operations. For the first time, Luxembourg joined the donors' group by fimding an interna- types: in-country funds for specific UNDP (Madagascar). During the past tional specialist in West Africa, and projects; regional core funds; and year country operations were completed France (through parallel financing) is interregional core funds for activities in Ghana (UNDP), Guinea (Japan), covering half the costs of another that cut across country and regional Indonesia (UNDP and Netherlands), international specialist, also in West boundaries. China (UNDP), Zimbabwe (UNDP Africa. Since 1988, the Africa and Norway), and Nigeria (UNDP and Bureau's support has averaged more Country-level Operations Netherlands). New country programs than US $1.5 million annually. Except for short-term or initial activi- began in China with assistance from The regional umbrella in Asia ties, in-country operations are fi- the Swiss government and in Laos with comes from RAS/92/001 - Water and nanced by national project funds, the support from Sweden. Country projects Sanitation for the Poor in Asia and the external funding of which derives from continued in Bangladesh (Denmark), Pacific, funded by UNDP's Regional both UNDP ardl bilateral sources. Bolivia (Netherlands and UNDP), Bureau for Asia and the Pacific. Bilat- During 1994, the Program was respon- Ecuador (UNDP), India (Norway), eral support for regional operations is sible for UNDP-financed projects in Madagascar (UNDP), Mongolia provided by Denmark, Norway, eight countries and components of (UNDP, BITS, and AIDAB), Nepal Sweden, Switzerland, and the United UNDP projects executed by govern- (Japan), Pakistan (UNDP and Kingdom. As in Africa, the Asia core ment (Bolivia and Philippines) and by UNICEF), and Uganda (UNDP). project supports RWSG international, /L WATER AND SAMITATION PROGRAM *filif_=~~~~~~~~~~~~ UNDP - WORLD BANK regional, and national staff and con- The Interregional Core Program's support: more than US $20.0 sultants, and their operations. The The interregional core unifies the million. Currently, howevei, because RAS/92/001 budget (which has not Program's regional and country opera- of the reductions, the Program is been reduced) totals US $3.5 million tions. It provides the financial and spending only about US $1.5 million a in UNDP furds for the period 1992-96. human resources for activities originat- year in interregional core funds mainly In Latin America, UNDPs Re- ing mainly at World Bank headquar- through 1NT]921001 (UNDP-World gional Bureau for Latin America and ters. This includes the Program's Bank Water and Sanitation Program). the Caribbean has helped to finance management, work on non-formal In 1994, che World Bank contributed (along with Switzerland and the institutions, backstopping of field about US $1.4 million in the form of United States) the Regional Water and operations, publications and dissemina- Bank-funded positions and overhead Sanitation Network (RWSN). The don of information, and budget and support costs. Norway and Switzerland Regional Bureau had also made avail- personnel fiunctions. It is funded pri- have both supported the Program's able preparatory fnmds for an Andean madly by UNDP and the World Bank, interregional functions: Norway for Network but was forced to withdraw with some bilateral supplementation. PROWWESS and partidpatory devel- most of the money; SIDA has agreed to During the period 1988-94, DGIP opment, and Switzerland for the ITN fund the Nenvork instead. provided nearly one fourth of the and Program coordination. 7- ~~~~~~~~~Bilateral Suppon Bilateral contributions are growing in importance, especially at the country and regional levels. At the country level, bilateral agencies fund small- scale projects, national and intema- - i :'Jla donal experts, and rN centers- At t the regional level, they support RWSG - g Xz;< - - <^;;,--,, _ staff, consultants, and operational and _ ^,/ ]}\},1 _ , - associated costs. During FY94, the Program dis- bursed contributions from 12 of its 14 bilateral donors: Australia, Canada, D--~ g Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lux- - < =- .¢ ^ , embourg. Netherlands, Norway, Af o / Sweden, Switzerland, and the United = . -/ Kingdom. This group of bilateral do- nors, as well as France and the United States, has also provided millions of dollars in additional support to Pro, gram activitie9N ' :,ma½< W-- ,, - L -2 F 4>v ....... ~r> ''rj0N t'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _^~~~~C I _ WA^TER AND SANITATION PROORAM __VS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _aF~~~~~~~~¸ UNDP - WORLD BANK B ilateral donor contributions com- prise a vira element of Program Canada support to activities at all levels of Your 1992 1993 1994 l 3operation. At the country level, bilat- Contribuon (US SC0Ds) 92 100 30 eral funds may support demonstration and pilot activities, national teams,T'hrough the Canadian Intemnational and ITN centers. At the regional Development Agency (CIDA), A t v , 1 - l~~~~~~evel, bilateral sponsors fund regional Canada contributed about US $ 1.1 posts and their opertional cost. And million to support the Program be- SPONSORS at headquarters, bilateral funds help tween 1988 and 1994. During FY94, provide support to the ITN, participa- CIDA financed one Program activity: tory development, and interregional a project officer (social scientist) programs. working with the RWSG in Nairobi, Since 1989, funds fiom 15 bilat- primarily on Uganda and Madagascar eral donors have supported Program country operations. She left her post activities, either through direct cash in June 1994 to accept a position with grants or indirectly. These are Austra- the World Bank in Washington. A lia, Canada, Denmark, France, Finland, follow-up proposal that would finance Germany, Japan, Luxembourg, Italy, institutional 'leamringe posts in both ,,tV%: S_ o. Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzer- East and West Africa is under consider- land, the United Kingdom, and the ation with CIDA. United States. Overall, 14 donor countries were actively engaged with Denmark * z _ the Programnduring thepast year. Yeu 1"2 1993 1994 (mAnininti (US SWODs) 326 583 350 Australia Year 1992 1993 1994 Collaboration between the Program CCatrlrution (U5 SOOs) 13 30 and Demnark started in East Africa, expanded into South Asia, and now In 1993 the Australian Intemational has also been extended into West Development Assistance Bureau Africa. Denmarks direct contributions (AIDAB) approved about US $50,000 for the period 1988-1994 totaled ap- to strengien women's education in proximately US $2.0 million. health and hygiene for community- Denmark finances two sector based water and sanitation services in planning engineer posts In East Mongolia. Channeled through cost Africa, the engineer has focused on sharing with UNDP, the AIDAB con- setting up handpurnp maintenance and criburion has helped to fund one of monitoring systems and on sector : - ~ ; three comnponents of a technical assis- policy development in several coun- * , K , ._r_, , rance project - Water and Sanitation tries. In South Asia, the sector plan- Technical Assistance and Capacity ning engineer, who was based in New Building (MON/93/005) - also Delhi, handling Bangladesh and financed by UNDP and BITS. Bhuman, left his post in early 1994 to join DANIDA in New Delhi. Recruit- ment of a replacement under broad- ' - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T ened terms of refence is under way. Unfortunately, FINNIDA was not In 1993 DANIDA approved US able to renew its support of RWSG Germany $860,000 for a handpump training and posts in East Africa and in Asia begin- YTr 1992 1993 1994 monitoring program in Bangladesh, the ning in 1992, because of substantial (anrbutlien (US SOOOs) 66 65 40 project is now under full implementa- cutbacks in Finland's development aid ron. Approval of the UN center at budget The Program has now pro- The German Ministr for Economic the Bangladesh University of Engineer- posed that F[NNIDA rejoin the Pro- Cooperation (BMZ) has supported a ing and Technology, proposed for gram by financing a post in Vietnam, a variety of Program activities through Danish support, is still pending, but is country in which FINNIDA is active the Deutsche Gesetlschaft for expected to be funded once all govern- in the water sector and one in which Technische Zusammenarbeit (017). ment clearances have been obtained. the Program has a growing stake. Through 1994, BMZ's direct financial In West Africa, the Program is contributions totaled about US $2.3 working actively with DANIDA on France million. Most of this was in the early preparation of a rural water supply and Year 1992 1993 1994 1980s when the Program was actively sanitation project in Benin (to be Conriuliin (US S000s) 35 involved in technology development. financed by Denmark and IDA), and - At present, the Program is work- DANIDA has indirectly supported a Since 1988, France, through the Min- ing with GTZ in Tanzania on low-cost specialist to assist the RWSG. The istry of Cooperation and Development, sanitation, and in Central America as Program is also collaborating with made available about US $338,000. one of the partners in the RWSN. DANIDA in Ghana on rural water An FY93 mission to Guinea resulted in supply and sanitation. a proposal to the French Ministry of Italy Cooperation and Development to TYar 1992 1993 1994 Finland improve environmental sanitation in Ctntrlbkdion (US SOOs) 50 The Fmnish Interational Develop- secondary cities as part of an overall ment Agency (FINNIDA) was one of national strategy. A related mission to After several years of absence, Italy the Program's first bilateral supporters Togo was canceled because of the rejoined the Program in 1994, when, as and has contributed nearly US $1 political situatiorL The French Minis- part of its contribution to Capacity 21, million to support Program activities try of Equipment is presently financing the Italian government earmarked over the past ten years, primarily in the salary costs of a post in the West about US $300,000 for the Program. East Africa. Africa RWSG. A small portion of these funds helped "7 UNDP - WVRLD BANK stage the first meeting of the Water on several West African studies. This govemment is supporting a training Supply and Sanitation Collahnrative work will be completed in carly 1995, netwvork center hosted bhy the local Council's working group on institurional and the Program has made a proptosal water utilities administation. In op- management options, held in June. to Luxembourg for a follow-up contri- eration since 1990, the training net- The remainder of the funds will be bution to its work in West Africa. work has grown to include a variety of directed to a program to expand cover- participating institutions active in the age and develop an urban sanitation Netherlands water and sanitation sector. The Inter- stmtegy in Ethiopia. Year 1992 1993 1994 national Institute for Infrastructure, -__n (aflribulian (USSIs) 2062 1810 656 Hydraulic and Environmental Engi- Japan neering (IHE) in Delft is providing Year 1992 1993 1994 Program collaboration with the Neth- managerial and technical advice to the Calilbulian (US ScOOs) 343 1130 erlands expanded rapidly in the late Network. An evaluation of the ITN 198Os and early 1990s. The US $4.5 center is planned for early 1995. The Govemment of Japan has made million in disbursements during the The Program has several proposals available large amounts of grant funds past three years has made the Nether- pending with DGIS' Women in Devel- to the World Bank for a Population and lands the single largest bilateral donor opment (WID) spearhead. Human Resources Development to the Program. Dutch support has (PHRD) fund. Although the Program focused on large-scale programs in Norway cannot access these funds directly, in Nigeria, Indonesia, Bolivia, and the Year 1992 1993 1994 March 1993 the Program reached an Philippines. tontibulim (U5 SOes) 1348 1061 860 agreement with the Bank's sector oper- The Community Water Supply ating division for Nepal to take respon- and Sanitation Project in Indonesia Norway is one of the Program's most sibility for a US $1.5 million grant to (INS188/005), which was jointly supportive long-term partners. Nepal. Since March 1993 the project financed by the Dutch (US $2.6 mil- Norwegian-financed activities dis- (called "JAKPAS') has been testing lion) and UNDP (US $1.5 million) bursed nearly US $7.7 million between alternative (to central govemment) came to a close in early 1994. The 1988-1992. These funds, from the approaches to planning and delivery of project had developed and demon- Department of Multilateral Develop- demand-based rural water supply and strated institution building and social ment Cooperation, support a variety of sanitation services. A large-scale marketing strategies along with the regional and global activit es as well as project based on the lessons is being introduction of new physical facilities. several in-country projects. prepared for IDA financing and is likely In Bolivia, the Netherlands is Part of Nonvay's support has gone to be appraised in early 1995. The supporting a US $2.8 million project to demonstration projects that will lead JAKPAS project will be extended, both to improve access of rural inhabitants to larger investments as well as produce to bridge it to the IDA project and to in the province of Potosi to safe wvater lessons of wider utility. In West provide it the opportunity to broaden and sanitation. Backstopped by a Bengal, India, the Program is helping its testing of various approaches. country coordination unit located in to carry out an integrated water supply La Paz (also financed by the Dutch and environmental sanitation program Luxembourg government), the Potosi project will covering 24 villages. In Goa, Norwe- 'ear 1992 1993 1994 undergo a final evaluation in late 1994 gian aid has financed preparatory Ganritian (US SOO5s) 122 225 and be operationally completed by the studies for a solid waste management end of the calendar year. The Program demonstration for Panaji Town, in The newest of the Program's bilateral is directly involved in preparing a cooperation with local authorities. donors, Luxembourg, is funding an national rural water supply and sanita- Studies have shown that it will be urban sanitation planner and local tion project, scheduled for appraisal in feasible both to improve the service consultants to implement pilot sanita- early 1995 for IDA financing, that will and to reduce costs with a suitable tion projects in Guinea to prepare an use the lessons from Potosi. community-based collection system. urban sanitation planning manual based In the Philippines, the Dutch A follow-up project is planned. Is? WVATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM In Pakistan, Norwegian assistance than US $500,0W0 for participatory participatory development grant are helps finance the country team leader development grants to local organiza- underway, led by a regional specialist and part of the three-persom country tins. paid for by the grant. The sector team. The country team is working adviser in Laos took up his post in mid- with govemment and several bilateral Sweden 1994; a coordinator for the Andean (Netherlands in particular) and multi- Year 1992 1993 1994 Network was recruited and moved to lateral agencies (UNDP, UNICEF, the Coniiutimb ({US SlOOs) 202 275 Bolivia, where the Network will be World Bank) on an active program of based, in January 1995. participatory rural water supply and Until FY93, funds from the Swedish BITS (the Swedish Agency for sanitation development. International Development Authority International Technical and Economic In 1989 Norway helped establish (StDA) had been limited primarily to Assistance) is one of three external the Training Center for Water and financing directly an assistant expert financiers (along with UNDP and Sanitation (TCWS) at the University position in the East Africa RWSG. AIDAB) of a new project-Water and of Zimbabwe, to develop human re- Since then, SIDAls support of the Sanitation Technical Assistance and sources for the sector. In 1994 TCWS Program has expanded rapidly. Capacity Building (MON/93/005) in transformed itself into a non-profit In FY93, SIDA approved funding Mongolia. BITS' support (estimated at agency under Zimbabwean law and for the East Africa RWSG manager about US $350,000) is direct to gov- changed its name to the Institute of post through a World Bank trust fund. emment and comprises a package of Water and Sanitation Development In late 1993, SIDA approved a nev technical consultants and well-drilling (IWSD). IWSD intends to become a trust fund totalling US $1.55 million and hydrogeological equipment. self-supporting agency over the next few for about 30 months, with three corn- years, with fee-for-service income ponents: US $765,000 for participa- Switzerland gradually replacing core support from tory development in South Asia, US Yeor 1992 1993 1994 Norway through the Program. $245,000 for a water supply and sani- matniulicn (US S000s) 953 1174 973 Norway is also providing finds for tation sector adviser in Laos, and US several core staff members in the $545,000 to launch a learning net- Switzerland is another long-term Pro- RWSCs. In South Asia, Nonvay fi- work among Andean countries. gram partner, having provided more nances the RWSG manager, who is a Activities on the South Asia regional than US $4.2 million through the water supply and sanitation specialist. In West Africa, Nonvay supported the RWS(i manager post for a year, through December 1993. In East Africa, Nor- way is funding one RWSG staff member (presently a vacant post). In 1993 Norway began to support the Program's participatory develop- ment work, including the PROWWESS coordinator and several country-level activities (participatory training and an NGO workshop). A new three-year (1994-96) frame- work agreement that provides about US _ R ' $4.2 million was signed in November 1993. This framework agreement con- tinues most of the activities described above (other than the country projects in India, that will end), and adds rare i9 UNDI'- WufRLt) hANK 7' . '.- 7 ~apu=wr , r _; bx >.w ,. - -%rA"' X - A e . s- ,t S ~ a a r _ ______________L__ - J~~~~~~~~~~> ' - s- - - -ete= 'I--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 Swiss Development Cooperation creased, particularly in Africa, when collection of solid waste in Indonesia, (SDC) sin-ce 1988. In 1993 a new two- the Program's mechanical engineer where SDC is funding a national hy- ear firamework agreement was signed departed in December 1994. giene education specialist. In 1994 with SDC, providing about US $1.8 Promoting humnan resource devel. SDC added funds for a country coordi- million for a variety of activities. The opment through the ITN has been nator in China and for studies of agreement continued SDCs long- another Swiss priority- SDC directly nightsoil management in Hubci, standing commitment to African de- supports two ITN centers, NETWA4S, China. The Program's woTk in solid velopment and the ITN while adding the regional center based in AMREF waste management is being done in full to support of Program activities in Fast in Nairobi; and CREPA, the regional collaboration with the lnternational Asia. center for 15 francophone countries. Reference Center for Water Disposal During the past few years, SKAT, SDC funded the ITN coordinator (IRC:WD), and the Hubei studies are through a contract with SDC, has been position in Washington until he left in feeding directly into a project to be taking on increasing responsibility for mid-1993, after which the post was left financed by the World Bank. the assistance to h-andpump design and vacant. A desk review of the ITN, SDC is ftnancing a senior econio- manufacture. SKAT has been working reqluested and funded by SDC, was mkist in Washington who has been closely with two SDCGsupported Pro- conducted in mid- 1994. It recom- backstopping Program activities in gram staff memnbers: a mechanical mended, among other things, that a South and Central America and West engineer in Nairobi, who is promoting new ITN strategy be developedl. Africa, and who has also been involved local handpump pToduction in Africa; In East Asia. SDC is financing (50 with urban sanitation and waste man- and a te-chnology specialist based in percent, along with UNDP) a commu- agement work. In Lesotho, SDC con- New Delhi, who handles a range of nity development specialist in the tinues tO support sector coordination technology issues in Asia as ivell as RWSG, who has worked in Mongolia activities through the Program, and in globally- SKAr's involvtement in- and China as well as on community Bangladesh, an engineer on the '0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I WATER AND SANITATION PROaRAM Program's national country team. In June 1990, ODA began financ. Poimotion Unit until early 1993, after Also in 1994, SDC added fnds ing a human rsource development which the funding ran out. (US $100,000 total) for software inputs (HRD) specialist in the New Delhi into an urban environmental project in RWSOG The HRD specialist moved to United States Yopougon, Cbte d'lvoire, and for the the East Asia RWSG in May 1993. Through the WASH Project, USAID Program's demonstration project in Some of the remaining ODA funds has been an active partner in the cre. Mongolia A new fiamework for 1995. were used to recruit a national A1D ation and operation of the RWSN in 96 is nearing final agreement; among specialist in India; the rest will support Central America. In 1993, USAJDI other activities it would reallocate an intemational sanitation specialist WASH made available the services of funds for positions in Washington and post in the South Asia RWSG for a an HRD specialist for five months to in West Africa. year, beginning in early 1995. work on various HRD tasks, including Through an arrangement with the All an HRD assssment in Guatemala. I United Kingdom India Institute of Hygiene and Public yeor 1992 1 1994 Health, ODA is also financing the (ntriUonUS 00k) 193 100 156 activities of the [TN center, with sup- port totalling US $1.5 million through Through the Overs Development 1994. Administration (ODA), the United ODA had been providing suppon Kingdom is presently wvorking with the for an engineering consultant working Program only on human resources on handpump development in collabo- development in South Asia. ration with the Program's Technology -' .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. REGIONAL REPORTS Regional Overview ing daunting challenges In N)th rural and urban areas. tire than half Lf the world's The Prograi's Regional Water M§| people live in List Asia and the and Sanitation GOrup for Est Asia Pacific, where hundreds of mil- and the Pacific (RWSO EAP) Is com- lions of the poor lack even the most posed of a regional manager and ex. rudimentary water and sanitation perts in human resources development, ACT AC A facilities. lTe region is diverse and community development, and environ- EA i ASIA ranges from the larger, heavily popu. mental sanitation. The RWSG.EAP, lated countries such as Indonesia and based in Jakarta, has been active in China, which are rapidly transforming Indonesia and China for a number of §^1 S | fm~~~~~km rural agricultum,I sixcities to years and more recentty, it has under. AND l %^ $1 " urbanized, industry-based economies, taken initiatives in Laos, Mongolia, the to the smaller agriculture-based coun- Philippines, the South Pacific Island flE PACIFIC tries of Indochina such as Laos, Nations, and Vietnam, Project offices Myanmar, and Cambodia. The Pacific have been established in China, Indo- Islands, moreover, pose special devel, nesia, Laos, the Philippines, and opment problems because of their Vietnam staffed by local experts with isolation, wvhile Vietnam provides new expatriate support. opportunities and challenges amid The RWSG-EAP actively cooper- dramatic sociopolitical changes. Rapid ates with many other extemal and population growth, massive urban local development agencies. For ex, migration, and uneven economic de- ample, RWSG-EAP is working with velopment are severely straining the the World Health Organization social and environmental infrastructure (WHO) to develop a new approach to in many of these countries and present- hygiene education and sanitation pro- WATOR AND SANITATION PROORAM Mongolia. The RWSG-EAP also The Bank's work in China will have project and a formnulatio~n was under- maintains its relationship with the significant consequences not only for taken in Fall 1994. The goal of the United Nations Volunteers Program the country itself but for all the former project is to enhance the capacity of and has helped to establish UNV posts communist countries in Eastern Europe the All-China Women's Federation to in Indonesia, the Philippines, and and in Southedst Asia. These coun- improve the physical and economic Mongolia. tries are undergoing similar economic well-being of low income households One of the high spots of the corn- and sociopolitical transitions and will through the provision of improved ing year %% ill be a workshop on the look to China as a model of develop- water and sanitation facilities, hygiene design and implementation of large- ment. The RWSG-EAP's work plan in education, and related income generat- scale rural water and sanitation China is focused on collaboration with ing activities. projects. jointly hosted by the two infonrmal institutions, assisting utilities, The RWSG-EAP also supports the Asia RWSGs, the workshop will bring and on improving water resources Second Rural Water Supply and Sani- together the national project managers management and planning, with the tation Project which aims to serve 9 of nine large projects keing undertaken overall goal being poverty alleviation, million rural inhabitants in 75 counties in Asia to discuss issues they face and With regard to informal institu- located within the six provinces of the solutions keing developed. tions, the RWSO-EAP has developed a Ouangxi, Yunnarn, Hunan, Gansu, Nei project proposal with the All-China Mongol, and Xinj iang. The RWSG- China Women's Federation (ACWF), a quasi EAP has been providing technical With a population of 1.25 billion non-governmental organization, for assistance to th is project, previously people, China is the most populous water and sanitation improvements in through the UJNDP-funded CPRI9LI/ country in the world. It is also the rural areas. It also helped in seeking 141 project and now thrugh supervi- World Bank's largest borrower and funding for the project. BITS has sion missions with Bank staff. An therefore its most important client, indicated interest in funding the anticipated follow-up of the RWSG- _ _ | |~~~~~~~~Z UNIP - WRh IIA ANK ," ; , ^$- - that would diseminate lnformation - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fomi the assessment and develop plansi for expanding the methods and lemons Ettained. / ~~~~~~~~~Indonesia The Program has been active in Indo- nesia since 1983. The focus has shifted ALf X \ > over the years from demonstrating end promoting urban low-cost technology i e a tt; ~\< | options to Institutional strenigthening, It Q 1l} > - tt -\ ,xX - systematic learning, and disseminating - 7' r lessons. In FY94 the UNDP and Dutch 1 \ g6govemment-financed Community Water and Sanitation Project was completed. This prject developed K I 1 and tested a strategy for community planning, financing, and management ________ - of environmental sanitation Improve- EAP's involvement is the dcvelopmenc FY96, will contentrate in the capital ments that can be incorporated into and execution of a strategic sector city of Wuhan and three large second- urban development projects as a part of study which would feed into the ary cities of Huangshi, Xiangfan and the Indonesian government's inte- project preparation for the third RWSS Yichang. The four cities have a com- grated urban infrastructure program. project. bined urban population of 5 million The strategy is now being used in the A UNDP-funded poverty allevia- people, ranging from 3.5 million in World Bank-funded East Java-Bali tion project which will develop a com- Wuhan to about 400,000 in Yichang. Urban Development Project and the prehensive, low-cost and participatory The RWSG-EAP is working closely USAID-funded Municipal Finance approach to poverty alleviation in with IRCWD on the above project. Project. The approach is based on China's remote upland areas (provinces A water sector assessment which capacity building at the community of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan) is would provide the basis for an institu- level and centers around the prepara- also Laported by the RWSG-EAP. tional development strategy was imple- tion and execution of sanitation action The project aims to raise the produc- mented by Ministry of Water Re- plans, which are "owned" by the com- tive capacity of the poor households sources with funding from UNDP munities and which drive project and through improved crop and animal (DDSMS) and technical assistance government inputs. Local govemment production, family literacy, health from DDSMS and the RWSO-EAP. staff are also trained in strategic plan- services, water supply, and credit; and The assessment, undertaken in ning, implementation approaches, and to assist in the poverty alleviation Guizhou County, was to identify the applied research methods to allow programs of county, township, and principal development issues in water them to respond to community needs village levels through planning and resources management, to outline and monitor progress more effectively. other activities. feasible solutions, and to analyze the With UNDP support, the RWSG- With regard to utilities, the constraints to implementing those EAP assisted the Government of RWSG-EAP is assisting the Bank and solutions. This should lead to a diag- Indonesia (GOI) and the World Bank H-ubei Province to prepare the invest- nosis of problems and the fonnulation in preparing the Water Supply and ment program for the nightsoil man- and implementation of a comprehen- Sanitation Project for Low Income agement improvement component of sive, integrated approach to water Communities in 1992. The project the Hubei Urban Environmental sector management. As a follow up, a will improve the access of approxi- Project. The Project, proposed for national workshop is being planned mately 2 million rural inhabitants in A51 six provinces to safe and adequate water and sanitation. An Innovative project for both the Bank and GOI, it _ incorporates a community-based, demand-driven strategy into an adap- tive project design that allows for relatively quick modifications. A key element of the adaptive design is stmtegic supervision to quickly iden- tify project constraints and solutions to then, and the RWSG-EAP contin- ues to play a lead role in this. The 001 recently launched its sixth five-year development plan. To support the plan the RWSG.EAP is helping to prepare a water and sanita- tion sector review, development strat- Center for Waste Disposal (IRCWD) coverage is in the range uf 1 to 2 egy, and action plan with UNDP/ and with WHO. In the field of envi- percent. Institutions are poorly DANIDA financing. The strategy ronmental sanitation RWSG-EAP is coordinated and sector personnel are and plan are dynamic in design and working with IRCWD on a series of inadequately trained. A comprehen- will be regularly updated to ensure case studies aimed at designing more sive rector development strategy which their relevance in the rapidly chang- sustainable, community-managed envi- would to provide a framework for ing economic, environmental, and ronrnental sanitation projects around channeling both domestic and external sociocultural milieu of Indonesia in the world. In Indonesia, a study of resources to the sector is sorely needed. the coming years. These planning community-based solid waste manage- RWSG-EAP's primary objective in tools will provide direction for both ment has been completed. RWSG- Laos is to strengthen the govemment's GOI and extemally supported invest- EAP is also working with WHO to sector planning and coordination. A ments in the sector. develop a new incremental approach to rural water and sanitation sector review The RWSG-EAP is providing sanitation promotion and hygiene commissioned by UNICEF initially technical assistance to a United Na- education which emphasizes improve- identified these needs. The RWSG- tions Volunteer (UNV)-execured ment of hygiene behavior and correct EAP, with funding from SIDA, has kampong improvement project, and to use of a wide range of sanitation tech- recently employed a chief technical the water sector components of sev- nologies to reach even the poorest adviser who is based in the Clean eral World Bank projects. The Third population groups. The new approach Water Institute (CWI) of the Ministry Health Project, in particular, is a US will be incorporated in Indonesia and of Health, and the govemment has $5 million effort that taps into tradi- other projects in the East Asia region. begun to develop a comprehensive tional social organizations with assis- sector strategy. SIDA will also provide tance from a national NGO to reach Laos funding channeled through UNDP thousands of families in East Laos remains one of the most isolated for an associate expert to work with the Kalimantan with a low-cost water, of East Asian nations, but has recently advisor and focus on training, commu- sanitation, and health education pro- begun to shift from a planned to a nity management, and health educa- gram that rural communities can market economy. Relatively sparsely tion. manage on a sustained basis. populated and rural, the country has The Regional Water imd Sanita- possibly the lowest water supply and Mongolia tion Group, East Asia and the Pacific sanitation service levels in the region. The Mongolia People's Republic in (RWSG-EAP) continues to collabo- Water supply coverage is estimated at north-central Asia covers more than rate with the International Reference 10 to 15 percent, and sanitation 1.5 million kmn'. Must of the country WATER AND SANI'ATION PROGRAM is between 1,000 and 3,000 meters towns are served. Sanitation is an ment and production of hygiene eduA above sea level. An estimated 65 even more serious problem. Househild cation training material. Additional percent of the population remain in latrines exist only in urban areas and funding has been secured for improv- rural areas, and most people live in these are mainly in apartments; and ing the sanitation and solid waste tent-like yurts including about half there are only a few single detached management efforts in pen-urban the residents of the capital city Ulaan- houses with individual latrines. Like, Ulaanhaatar. Activities will begin bautar. This settlement pattern, wise, there are only a limited number later in 1994 with the assistance of an together with the nomadic lifestyle, of public latrines, each serving 15 to 40 NGO. has implications kr any water and persons. sanitation development program. The RWSG.EAP began its in- Pacific Island Nafions Mongolia's shift from a communist volvement in July 1993 with the The RWSG-EAP is actively collabo- economy to a more market-oriented "Water Supply and Sanitation Techni- rating with UNDP Regional Project economy has had a major impact on cal Assistance and Capacity Building RAS/921304 - Water and Sanitation the coLIntry's ability to provide basic Project." The project focuses on im, Development for the Pacific Islands. services. In addition, radical institu- proving sanittion, hygiene, and water The manager of the executing agency tional restructuring is taking place supplies in provincial towns and the (UNDDSMS) joined the RWSGCEAP within govemment, and this too is periurban area of Ulaanbaatar. Swed- Annual Conference in Singapore in having an impact on services. ish BITS is a co-financing partner and December 1993, and in early 1994 a About half of the total population pays for equipment and technical assis- joint mission was carried out by is unserved or under-served with saf tance. In addition, AIDAB has pro- RWSQ-EAP, UNDP, and WHO to and adequate water. Water service vided a small contribution for the investigate water and sanitaion train- coverage in urban areas is estimated to support of hygiene education and train- ing in the South Pacific and explore be 81 percent, whereas only 40 per- ing activities. Discussions have begun the potential for creating a water cent of the state farm population and with UNICEF regarding collaboration sector training network in the region. 3 percent of people in provincial in sanitation activities and on develop- The mission studied training initia- UNDP - WORLD HANK tives ranging from long-term twinning, agencies to 6nd water sector training allocated are disbursed. as between the University of Western using networking principles and com, The government is aware of these Sydney and the Fij i School of Medi. piling a database of experts and institu- worsening trends and has declared its cine, to short-term project-related dons willing and able to contribute to commitment to improving water and training supported by ESAs. The mis these efforts. Finally, the RWSG-EAP snitation services. An accelerated sion concluded that training bad been is also working with UNDDSMS to water supply progrm alone will entail undervalued in many water supply develop model sector strategies for an investment of 27 billion pesos to projects, and that because ESA-sup- island nations based on the experiences increase service coverage to 87 percent ported projects tended to be short-term of the Marshall Islands and Westem of the country's population by 1998. support measures, knowledge trner Samoa. Decentralization is serving to shift to ensure sustainability was neglected. responsibility for the sector from tradi' The mission also concluded that net- Philippines tional line agencies to local govemment working had significant advantages The Philippines is fcing a water crsis. units. The government has also issued over other approaches in a region A 1993 report of the Philippines gov- directives to ensure the involvement of where case-by-case support for deliver- eminment co-sponsored by the World NOOs in rural initiatives. ing training was often not economically Bank described the absence or gross The RWSG-EAP has been aiding viable. inadequacy of water facilities both in the government and extemal support The findings of the mission were urban and ral contexts: just over half agencies in meeting these challenges. presented at a UNESCO/SOPAC Manila's population has access to safe The focus in 1994 expanded fom op- workshop in Honiara, Solomon water supplies, and fewer people have erational support to work on capacity Islands, in une 1994. Country del. access to sewerage bcilities. Nearly 60 building, systematic leaing, and dis' egates were invited to comment and percent of Mnia's water production is semninadon of information. The impe- advise on a series of issues idendfied by unaccounted for due to leakages and tus was the RWSG-EAP's new responsi- the mission. This resulted in several ilegal connecdons At the same time, bility for the UNDP-finded project recommendations including collabora' investment in the sector has been "Institution Building for Community' tion with SOPAC in nurturing a train- declining in real terms for the last ten based Water Supply and Sanitation," ing network, identifying support years and even most of those fluds which has a budget of US $1.5 million I. . f - . I WATFR AND SANITATION PROCRAM .~~~~~~~~W 'P.~~~~~~ u.5.aah s2i > '', r. . ,,. :;.6-, .;aI, , II;.,.s l - , II. j-t. 1 1n..Y.v,tAtt ir,iiii"W ;,et= Ballevi~'APe V1eytruhonw,0ae upyad. :^cmuie"16ee,iln ttthmlt$ .L>. RWSG.- ~ii64i;=z +s-< --s jJ-: --- ---.-@t -Zfi w.,E .-* 7-..Tepoetslglfuddba:NPrfrs'v 7IofoipoeiJoiiscod1iaeis^v?t:N !S~ i 11's"v:'-t-'e"-'p'ove"I3Ml'y" zX 7 e-th-; ,n. + s ro"u" Et 4{WieoQ60 in 't<>f',-t sw t R.Pol ..J iPi g-ri < s -{l wi>qt - M;+rwsv16s~; t1Z4t>f, 8 F t4{ r r ' 4' :E. - W.'-A ! C'. 'A, ., ;-'ffos tvtollig-US$t1z 'miliownf^Th, impemenings. -- ^vot',¢fing une,g t@, ,c d*o th.rv ncilht-^t> itofctvtesrn ztlyutl onrPogoL:M4 ,t-,-46giqndPqna ,;prj6cF x enece'-Acin --,se4rofi .p;; 9<, i,,Cisborongay(villoge/ward}"levelsaMW _piiie'wi ce-i4 nelyhlpie:wihisointaieoihs *, ,> , k- W1lr o*St va' S wG r; }q ."--- ' ,-'~ir UNDP - WORLI) BANK 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , - X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J WATER AND SANrrATION PROGRAM municipal levels as well as in the gov- Philippines will move toward center Vietnam ernmentrinspired barangay (village/ stage where activities will relate more RWSG-EAP began to provide limited ward) water and sanitation associa- clearly to the Program's strategy, learn- support to Vietnam during the late tions and other key sector agencies ing agenda, and work on capacity 1980s through the regional UNDP- such as water districts (smaller urban building. financed project RAS/861160 - utilities) to enable effective manage- Major outputs from the UNDP Water Supply and Sanitation Sector ment and decision-making. The project will include the reports men- Development Team for Asia. A part- project will study past and ongoing tioned above. The first in the pipeline time national country officer was efforts, develop and test different insti- is a comparative review of experiences employed, and technical assistance tutional options, and produce a series drawn fiom five ongoing/recently initially focused on urban water supply of reports, thus contributing to better completed externally assisted rural and sanitation improvement. Com- understanding and action in sector water supply projects. This will be puterized billing systems were installed reform. The work will also feed into followed by a case study of three water and demonstrated in Hanoi, and an future World Bank activities, including districts and assessment methods of urban water supply and sanitation a possible new rural water supply serving poor rural and peri-urban sector review was completed. project. communities within the service area. Since late 1993, RWSG-EAP Concentrating primarily on insti- A final evaluation of the ITN Philip- activities in Vietnam have increased tutional capacity building does not pines will be made by the Dutch gov- subsrantially with the dramatic mean that technical and social issues emment, supported by the Program in changes in economic and social poli- will be ignored. The critical decision early 1995. This evaluation will re- cies, and an influx of foreign assistance points in providing consumers with flect on the experience of ITN Philip- for which clear development strategies technological and economic options, pines, which has been one of the most are required to ensure that resources site selection, and cost sharing ar- successful ITNs at the country level. are used efficiently and effectively. rangements necessarily involve leam- It will attempt to draw general conclu- The RWSG-EAP appointed a new ing about technical and social issues. sions to guide training and networking national country officer whose imme- The UNDP project also provides efforts elsewhere. diate tasks were to plan the develop- an opportunity for the International The coming year will bring a ment of an urban sanitation sector Training Network for Water and number of significant events for the strategy to complement the existing Waste Management (ITN) Philippines RWSG-EAP in the Philippines. In urban water strategy, and to draft an to develop its capacity in documenta- June 1995 a UNDP project workshop integrated rural water and sanitation tion and dissemination. As a subcon- will be held to assess progress and strategy. The govemment has re- tractor for part of the project, the LTN directions. quested that the RWSG-EAP continue r ff < . ; .. - - - ~ to give guidance and technical support -~. !~- A--- . tS 3t~ >as these two strategies evolve in the coming year. One priority in Vietnam is to 7 -=-- develop the institutional capacity for -f,>__ -"- operations and maintenance. Most urban water supply systems are in poor condition, and unaccounted for water loss are tyically more than 40 *n percent. As an initial step to help -~. i alleviate this problem the RWSG-EAP --Ft _ ^ 9 has supported aworkshop for urban * ' 7 4 d i li -s water utility operators to focus on 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~better managment of operations and ft A~~~wS maintenaonce.U I INPl' - WC IIlIJ 1IANF; Regional Overview contribute to oitlh parallel and future efforts throughi four complementary n some countries of the region, activities: structtired learming from significant policy changes have operational support to investments; otccurred in the water and sanitation studies on critical issues in rural and sector over the past few years. The peri-urban water supply and sanitation; changes are a direct result of the design and execution of pilot projects recognition that service delivery has that support subsequent large-scale SOU TH ASIA ^been grnssly inefficient and that investments; and capacity building resources are increasingly scarce. through exchanges such as workshops . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . Improvements in the economic and study tours. environment and the devolution of To help support the systematic responsibilities to local institutions learning agenda, SIDA allocated a have also had a positive influence on grant amounting to 15 percent of the the emerging scenario in the sector. RWSGs total budget. This led to Today, for example, there is a recruitment of a regional program greater appreciation of the useful role advisor to support country and project that the private sector, informal insti- teams in developing strategies and tutions, and the community can play in tools for learning. The grant is also optimizing investments and delivering being used fir sharing of experiences services. Altogether, these changes and lessons: a workshop was con- have created opportunities for the ducted in Goa, India that brought Program to address the key issues of together trainers and artists from demand revelation and management at Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and the klvest appropriate level. India. It resulted in a collaborative In line with the Program strategy, framework for production of training RWSG-SA designs its acrivities to materials and an informal network among the trainers to exchange knowl- edge. RWSG-SA also strengthened its links with donor agencies through frequent joint reviews, and greater interchange with their country offices. By the close of the year, the RWSG-SA had new team leaders in India and _~ ___Bangladesh, a new engineer in Paki- stan, a new HRD adviser in lndia, and a new team to execute a pilot project in Bangladesh. Activities initiated during the year have met with encouraging responses _ from govemrnments and other agencies. In keeping with the more focused 7.. _ BProgram strategy, RWSSG-SA addressed _a. _ _ _eM a few select issues to enable a greater IVATER AND SANITArION PROG3RAM Impact. The planning process of these activities was based on the work of the ; '. Informal Institutions Group (110) of the TWUWS Division of the World - Bank. Particular attention was paid to , the critical elements of demand aggrega- .> tion for decisions on service level and i A i choice of technologies, cost recovery, 2 4 l '- and problems relating to agencies re- sponsible for delivery of services. In all - K these areas, the interests of women asa At , core group are being highlighted. -L - Leaming exercises were promoted .r 2 c in the region and individual projects. _ Analysis of the Group's activities re- - , : sulted in creation of a uthink tank" in r, - India. The objectives are to ensure that the Program becomes a catalyst for UNICEF, a national program document from the experience of previous improving services and to develop a was drafted and circulated for review. projects, the planned services will be consensus on sector issues and reforms The document highlights the need for demand oriented, ie., based on what where the Program's agenda converges coordinating sector policies, strategies, users want and are prepared to pay for. with govemment priorities. Short case and activities, particularly in the areas studies were drafted, the result of diag- of institutional reform, involvement India nostic studies of successful alternate of informal institutions and the private The India team refined its strategy of delivery models. Experiences in the sector, and mobilization of local re- providing catalytic support to initia- JAICPAS pilot project in Nepal (see sources. tives in the sector. There are two new page 34) show that community-based Implementation of the three-year components in this strategy: the prepa- support organizations are capable of DANIDA-finded pilot project on ration of short case studies on success- implementing Water Supply and Sanita- sustainable operation and maintenance ful examples of service delivery and tion (WSS) schemes, if given adequate of the Tara Handpump has reached the the formation of a program advisory flexibility and support. Community critical stage in which the effectiveness panel of "movers and shakerse from action planning with greater involve- of the project strategies are being both the format and informal sectors ment of women results in better quality tested. Initial results suggest that the whn have made significant contribu- interventions and more sustainable revised govemment role, the training of tions to innovative, cost effective, and mechanisms. In Pakistan, the Program's caretakers, and the promotion of spare accountable services for the poor. The support to IDA-SAPP provided addi- arts distribution through the private lessons emerging from the first activity tional leverage in moving the provin- sector will overcome the dependence and the consensus built through the cial govemments toward universal on govemment maintenance. Project latter should provide powerful argu- adoption of the uniform policy. monitoring focuses on drawing lessons ments in national policy making. from managerial processes and reforms The team is also working with Bangladesh necessary to introduce community IDA on the supervision of the The Program has been working with the management and spare parts distribu- Kamataka Rural Water Supply and government, UNDP, and UNICEF to don under market conditions. Environmental Sanitation Project to develop a framework for sector plan- The Program is also working with incorporate systematic learning ning. Based on the situation analysis IDA in formulating a sanitation compo- through strategic monitoring. The prepared by the Program and a subse- nent for Dhaka Water and Sewerage degree of flexibility displayed by quent national workshop facilitated by Authority's fourth project. Building project management is already show- 33 UNVP - WORLID BANK Nepal JAIPAS Project: Worlkng through NGOs An old woman in the hills of rural Nepal and others and maintenance costs. They also provided their in her community had been determined to getim- l.abor and mcaterials. A water user committee proved water supplies. On various occasions they- (Uq hasbeien formed, along-with topstand had gone to their local elected official, the villige committees. The old woman is treasurer of the development committee (VDC) chairman, and WUC.. The community recently inaugurated its asked him for help. The men and women would new system ahnd is very happy to have clean a- I visit him most ofign at election lime, to emphasize ter so close to-home. the connection between .their votes and his resp - ;.'I -The JAKPAS project is t sting institional ar- sibility. When an engineer with a consulting4firi- .rangements and software ipproaches for deman- working with theJAKPAS,project cameithr'&gh,;the nedrivncornintjties;. It proesr VDC chairman conveyed te Whlkgers ,-htgrest.e The .is..fErsa hrger- a ae uJ .. old woman,.,who is secretary ofthe' crea women s-: . ' the Badnkohnd hers JAPASnhas cre- W iF.JAKPASEI if E had not arr d,.sh would ate.-d a iatI e, alppi,-y group, .said and sanitahrn. 'e f; -'- .9,Ma-i.r ; I ic'n have persisted arid-goneto the governments . fund-r Support agencies- canapy t4;it for money women in the development office f.-r,assistance. > -. ;o'd f-cilitate parhcipatory work witnvlaoges In Herdeterminaeiosoan&han t -.hrvfag:h;sotpeido1;thfnda l ate system..< tuniy members con- = nihes ard 14 ufport agenciese.Fortr schemes. improveaveater system'.~- Co tributed cash iowardcapihta.os well soperation.;.r haveI beencompIle,andmoreare under way M646d' h _.1'i- . .b ing excellent results and goes well govemment, the bilateral donors funded by the govemment of Japan, beyond the project design. active in the subsector, and the con- implemented by the Program, and The community-based solid waste sultants responsible for the study. designed to test institutional arrange- management project in Panjim, Goa, Support to the Central Govem- ments and software approaches for a prepared by a multi-disciplinary team ment Integrated Low Cost Sanitation proposed IDA-financed RWSS fund to of national consultants managed by Scheme was completed, with the be established by the government of RWSG-SA, is being irnplemented monitoring and evaluation system Nepal. with institutional financing from the developed by the Program being ex- In the first phase, 14 support orga- Housing and Urban Development tensively tested in the state of Tamil nizations, including NGOs, CBOs, Corporation (HUDCO). RWSG-SXs Nadu. At the request of the Ministry private firms, and consorria arrange- involvement continues in the form of of Urban Development, a user's ments with local governments, were technical assistance, support to the manual is being prepared to enable engaged to work in 81 communities intermediary used for awareness cre- dissemination and adoption by other using a process that allowed the com- ation and community involvement, states. munity to play a leading role in the and documentation of lessons. pre-feasibility, development, imple- Field work in the DAN IDA- Nepal mentation, and post-implementation funded study of participation in five Project activities under the first phases. Implementation has been bilaterally assisted rural water supply tranche of funding for JAKPAS (a completed in 50 communities, aMiJ the and environmental sanitation projects Nepalese acronym for the People's support organizations (M(s) have dem- is nearing completion. Finalization of Water and Sanitation Project) are onstrated their abilities to complete all the approach and methodology of the nearly complete, and activities under but the post-implementation phase study was used as an opportunity for a the second tranche are now being within the 18 months assumed, given workshop which brought together planned. JAKPAS is a pilot project appropriate flexibility and support. 44( 1VATER AND SANITATION PiNJORAM Based on the lessons frtni JAKPAS, FSU on plannilng, monitoring, commu- community organilzitions are nfit in preparation of the I DA-financed Rural niry invilvement, fnd hygiene educa- place should reduce the numehr of Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) tion identified a strong bias of sector nonviable schemes. fund is nearing completion. The qual- allocations in favor of water supply and The Pro4gram has been In the ity and speed of implementation has a large backlog of inw.si plete schemes. forefromnt oif develloping an inrerfice attracted attention throughout the At the community level, the process of between government agencies and region and beyond. conflict resolution has been a key area nonformal institutions under the Sto- In addition to JAKPAS, RWSG- of FSU's learning agenda. cial Action Pragramil, Pakistan (SAPP). SA has been collaborating with the Notable was the case of Khal- For example, in Sindh the Public government, FINNIDA, and UNICEF iqabad, AJK where the recovery of Health Engineering Department and in a review of the operation and main- expenditures and the physical status of the Orangi Pilot Project will jointly tenance of shallow tube wells in the the scheme deteriorated when govern- implement three pilot projects in rural Terai region. The review has revealed ment took over responsibility for O&M water supply and sanitation. a heavy dependence on household after a conflict among the users. Cost The CIP Project in NWFP empha- handpumps and, for community recovery and maintenance gradually sizes community participation, and the handpumps, a better overall perfor- improved when the community again project framework developed with the mance of locally produced than im- took over the scheme after resolving assistance of the Program incorporates ported handpumps due to differences in their conflict. adaptive project design and systematic availability of spare parts. Further In the IDA RWSS Project, the monitoring of implementation to re- work will be done next year to track Program contributed to bringing about fine delivery mechanisms, technology the results of a gradual withdrawal of attitudinal changes in the line agen- and institutional arrangements. govemment and donors from provision cies: shifting pipe procurement from Two major reports have been of spare parts. international competitive bidding to completed by the Program in collabo- commnunity procurement through local ration with the federal govemment; a Pakistan shopping has cut pipe costs by 25 per- study on people's participation in rural During the year, the Program contin- cent in AIK; and the decision by the water and sanitation projects in Punjab ued its support to the execution of the provincial governments in Sindh and and AJK, and a trainer's manual on UNDP and UNICEF-funded Federal Baluchistan to stop the implementa- community participation, strategy, and Support Unit (FSU); to strategic super- dion of schemes where representative tools. vision of the IDA-assisted RWSS Project in Sindh, Baluchistan and AJK; Cast of Recovery of Khaliqabad RWS Scheme to appraisal and supervision of the multi-donor-assisted Social Action Pl00 Program including the IDA-SAP Project; and to appraisal of the pro- posed IDA-assisted Community Infra- 1 9 structure Project (CIP) in North West Frontier Province (NWFP). 6 New uniform policies for RWSS incorporating community participation 40 were formulated for Punjab, NWFP and the northern areas through the 2 Policy Implementation and Review Committee meetings chaired by dthe federal government, supported by the 0 FSU. A series of workcshops, study 1153 1954 1955 1956 1 957 1985 1989 1990 1991 192 1993 tours and courses facilitated by the I 1 'NVI 111 l; *i ii IIANP Sri Lanka l1r chiiUce 11l service levels an1d cost Ing a community-hased slim onJ 11e IPDA-financed Community W;itcr il;mring. shianty upgiding proiject (rlue clein Supply and Sanitation Project, whIichI The Progranm bus continued to settlement pnrgriaii coilmlponclt under has a novel partnership arringement assist the gLvernment and UNDP in the Coloimlbo Environmentil Improve. between formal and nmnfrinnal institu, refining the propoLsd co)mmunity water ment Project), whiclh will pr(lvide tions foir sustain;ible ledeelopment oif supply and sanitation sector caordina' coimmunity capncity building and water and sinitation hicilities, has heen tin project. This project will scream infraistructure improvements in 185 the center oif the Prograni's initiatives. line the introduction of the unifann pr uLrban settlements. Formal and The Prograni's main outputs include policy in the rumrl water sector and nonformal institutions participate in amsistance toi tile gtverninent and the initiate a similar partnership apprnach this project as support organizations to Bank in refining theI new unifoirnm firr fostering community ownership of build community capacity in planning, policy, participation in supervisionti water and environmental sanitation implementation and management of miissions to identi6' succeses and cone facilities in the urban slums and services. Tle Progm concentrated striints in the institutional partnership shanties. The project envisages estab. on making the project adaptive arrangements, the widening of techni' lishment of a coordination unit which through a process of systematic learnm catl options, the tracking of pilot will accommodate a leaming, docu. ing, adjustment and implementation in projLects, and participation in joint mentation and dissemination cell for phases. A detailed pilot phase has review meetings feeding hack the the rural and poor urban water and been prepared, and a clean settlements lessons. These include the need to sanitation subsectors. program unit has been established to improve the critena for schieme identi. In the urban sector, the Proam facilitate implementation. fication based on cleat arrangements participated withi the Bank in prepar' IVATJ5II ANI' S^ANJTATI'N PRIfXJAM A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ac- r~~~~~~~~~i UnitTP continued toprstetert ' - . . X / ¾ -4' :,_'A .'! ~~~~~~~~~~~~- ' > - t P -; 2- D Vh \ Technology Promotion Unit focus, TPU supported the preparation ary 1995, while the annusal retreat of While the Technological Promotion of the feasibility report on a duckweed- RlWSG-SA is proposed for early Febru- Unit (TPU) continued to provide based wastewvater treatment plant at ary 1995. In Bangladesh, a1 midterm advice and technical support to the Pondicherry, India with potential for review of the handpump training and RWSGs and other partners, the focus resource generation among poverty monitoring program in November was shifted from technology develop- groups. The TPU collaborated with 1994 provided an opportunity for mid- ment to assessment of sustainable low- SKAT in the formation of the Hand. course corrections in the strategies cost technologies and the associated pump Technology Network (HTN), developed. RWSG-SA staff partipated institutional mechanisms from a user which is now taking final shape. in the appraisal of IDA assistance to perspective. the RWSS fund in Nepal in December This is to complement the Pro- Forthcoming events 1994, and in in Pakistan, RWSG-SA gram's initiatives on learning. The A regional workshop on preparing and will join the midterrn review of the study on shallow well handpumps and implementing large rural water supply IDA RWSS project in Sindh, distribution of spare parts, completed and sanitation projects in Asia was Baluchistan and AJK, scheduled for in Nepal is an appropriate example. held in September 1994 in Colombo in January 1995.E Operational suppOrt to projects in- collaboration with RWSG-EAP. The cluded technical inputs to the IDA- workshop brought together project assisted RWSS project in the Philip- managers of IDA-assisted projects to pines on borehole drilling and on-site share experiences, ideas, problems, and sanitation involving over 600,000 pour solutions. A similar national work- flush latrines. In response to the shop for project managers of RWSS emerging environmental sanitation projects in India will be held in Janu- tAt I NIl Wl' 111 IIANIs Regional Overview piirticiptition frnom ClIDA, DANIDA, CCCE, aind IDA, In B1ei In, a first i he World tJwlilpment Rupfirc pliuw comiimitment oif US $25 millIon 1994: Infrastrcture foir Dewlcrp- by IDA and DANIDA tu the sectoir is mLill (World Bank) documcnts liso leing impleimented. In the urban k'll thlt SulwSaihomn Africi remiilns one sinitition urea, there Is 1 new begin. of the lealst adlvniced regions in terms ning with the preparatrion of the ni. oif Infrastructure devvlopenrci. In dionutl sanitation pa1l icy docuiment and the watcr and sinitation sector, mare action plan. thiin 54 percent tif thc people htive The Rogional Wntcr and Sanita. i ' § z | ntlo n1ccess tu s111c drinkiing watter and tion Grotup-West Africs (RWSG WA) 64 percent lack adequate sanitatlon 1" also gearing up for project prepara- facilities. tlon in Ghana and supervision of To cope with this challenge, new components of two other new IDA. approaches are being developed based financed urban environmentmi sanita. upon demonstration projects In several tion projects Burkina Faso end Guinea. countries that offer lessons for dissemi- The total investment Is estimated at nation and replication across the re- over US $115 million. All the above gion. Some countries have moved from projects involve scail Ing up pilot demonstration projects to larger in. projects initiated with the collabora- vestment programs, particularly in the tion of RWSG-WA.. community rater and sanitation The RWSG-WA has been a key (CWS) sector. For example, Ghana is part of this process in the sub-region, currently implementing a national passing on lessons from pilot projects CWS program involving an invest- over the last five to seven years, and ment of over US $80 million with incorporating these lessons into new national sector strategies and ap- proaches. The new sector vision foxuses on addressing effective demand for improved services instead of the . traditional 'need" criteria, as well as 9+ ~tv%j ' Iencompassing broad environmental concerns. RWSG-WA is helping to disseminate these new concepts and ideas among governments, develop- ment institutions, and the donor community. The uncontrolled growth of urban population and its attendant stress on WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM * - . ,A g !~~~~~~~~~~~O Rr, ,tlj Mi', - I: ',. represent a promising enabling envi- of lessons through workshops and with special emphasis on nighrsoil and ronment in which this new approach informadion materials. Related to this septage. to service provision of urban services integration process, the BdWSG is This is anticipated as the starting can be implemented. In several peni- currently undergoing a strategic shift point of the Group's capacity building urban demonstration projects (Burkina from execution of projects to system- and dissemination effort. The objec- Faso, C&ce d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, atdc monitoring and evaluation, tives will be to analyze experiences and Mali) the RWSG-SA has pro- learning, and documentation and drawn from projects supported by the moted the concept of partnership be- dissemination. RWSG, the World Bank, and other tween the community, the local and Human Resources Development donor agencies; to document innova- central governments, and the private (1-RD) and the definition of more tive approaches dealing with institu- sector in project preparation, execu- efficient institutional arrangements tional options, technologies, and tion, and management. Such partner- and sustainable cost recovery mecha- lessons; and to disseminate t-his infor- ships serve to promote ownership of nisms are essential to local and na- mnation to professionals in the sector, new facilities and increase the tional strategies. In Benin, Burkina development agencies, and decision sustainability of services. Faso, Ghana, G;uinea, Guinea Bissau, makcers. Emerging from these numerous and Mali several arrangements and In 1993-94 the RWVSG-WA par- implementation experienlces is a new mechanisms are being tested or are ticipated actively in the preparation of concept that integrates all aspects of being proposed for examination in strategies and projects in Benin, environmental sanitation (water supply demonstration projects. Based on an Ghana, Guinea Bissau, and Mali with and sanitation, solid and industrial analysis of the existing training needs, specific partnership arrangements and waste, storm water and overall envi- the RWSG-WA has prepared a re- management options being tested. ronment managemnent). At the same gional strategy and action plan for The Group's attention is focused on time, it integrates the intervention HRD and fior dissemination of Iessons. developing a strong complementar r process: systematic execution of sector The Group is building its partnership partnership between comnmunities and work; ftbmuladion of local and national with the tWO ITN centers in WVest the private sector, on improving the policies and strategies; implemnentation Africa and will be organizing three distribution of spare parts and mainte- of demonstration projects; monitoring regional separate workshops on solid nance support of handpumps through and analysis of ongoing projects; prepa- waste management, drainlage and flood the private sector, and on promoting ration of case studies and dissemination control, and treatment of wastewater, the role of NGOs. Because a large 55' I IN DIP - %XiL *111 I IIANK numiler of West African countries are Benin tation Project. The project is based on located in arid and se-mi-arid zones, The I DA/DANIDA co-financed Rural community management principles and broader water resources management is Water Supply and Sanitation Project is the sector strategy prepared with the becoming an imp.rtant activity espe- currently being implemented. It is assistance of the Program. The Group's cially in the areas of urhan waste and based on a draft project document Ghana office supported a number of environmental management. prepared with the assistance of RWSG- startup activities, including district and RWSG-WA is based in Abidjan, WA in early 1993. nlie project (esti- regional level workshops, preparation of CGate d'lvoire, and activities are ex- mated cost of US $15 million) will tender documents for procurement of tended though local offices in Burkina become a full-scale demonstration of goods and services, assistance to the Faso and Ghana. Project teams work- the new sector strategy which aims to newly established Community Water ing under supervision of the RWSG are maximize the impact and use of safe and Sanitation Department of the also active in Benin. Guinea, Guinea water supply and sanitation facilities in Ghana Water and Sewerage Corpora- Bissau, and Mali. Nine professional rural areas, and ensure that new activi- rion (GWSC), and establishment of staff and five support staff are currently ties in the sector respond to the de- Regional Water and Sanitation Tears employed full time by the Program, and mand of rural popullations. The adop- (RWSTs) and District Water and Sani- a large proportion of them are from rhe tion of a decentralized approach will tation Teams (DWSTk) in the partici- West African region. RWSG-WA is help ensure that investments are de- pating district assemblies. The Program principally financed by UNDP through mand-driven. The government and the has been assigned a supervisory role in its regional bureau for Africa and has co-financiers have requested RWSG- the project focusing on the operations also benefited from the support of WA to provide supervisory support for of the private sector and NOOs in Norway, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. the project over the next four years. delivery of both hardware and software The Group continues to increase its In 1993-94 the RWSG-WA facili- components. use of in-country networks of cooperat- rated the definition of a national This project became the latest ing partners and local consultants in policy and strategy document for the addition to three other large projects order to build alliances for systematic sanitation sector. All relevant sector underway in the country. Altogether, leaming and dissemination. ministries and institutions participated these multi-donor investments (mainly A description of the activities in in the preparation work to ensure their from IDA, CfD, CIDA and DANIDA) each country during 1993-1994 follows. ownership of the policies. The result- represent a total of over US $80 million ing document has been widely dissemi- over the next five years and will consti- nated and will be finally discussed at a tute a rich environment for the RWSG- national workshop before the end of WA's learning agenda. 1994. It includes proposals for 16 'The Program completed all activi- innovative projects for improving the ties under the UNDP-financed Human sanitation sector. Donors are increas- Waste Management Project, which ingly inclined to link their contribu- incorporates the Kumasi Sanitation tions to clearly defined sector policies, Pilot project and the Training Network and the final version of the document Center. The Asafo simplified sewerage will assist the government in mobiliz- pilot scheme was successfully completed E. ~ ing investments. and a comprehensive promotional program for house connections was X _ Ghana initiated. A series of workshops and Xi _ S The RWSG-WA has actively sup- supervision visits served to strengthen 6Kl = 2 _ported the government and the World the Waste Management Department of Bank Sector Operations Division the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly in (AF4IN) in the preparation, appraisal, the continuation of the Strategic Sani- and implementation of an IDA- tation Plan (1991-2000). financed Community Water and Sani- The results of the demonstration '/0 -6 project continue to show merit, and, thus, the government is modeling the national urban waste management - - - - . - strategy along the lines of tested ap- proaches. Kumasi has been selected as one of five cities to benefit from a full scale integrated environmental sanita- _ tton project (comprising excreta and solid waste management, drainage, and institutional development) to be financed by IDA (estimated invest- ment cost of US $60 million) for which RWSG-WA has been requested to provide project preparation assis- tance. The Training Network Center continues to grow and get stronger. It currendy operates independently without UNDP financing and has secured training and human resources development consultancies from DANIDA and IDA projects for the next four years. The center also con- tinues to provide input into teaching and applied research work within the 4' Civil Engineering Department of the University of Science and Technology, tees through work with the Training very little government attention in the Kumasi. RWSG-WA continied its Network Center. past few years. post-project supervision support to the A turning point was reached in center with a focus on management Guinea 1993 with the preparation of a compre- improvements and increasing finan- During the past few years, the Guinean hensive strategic sanitation plan for cial support. government has undertaken, with the Conakry under the execution of In addition, the Program played a support of donors, ambitious programs RWSG-WA (financed through the leading role in research into treatment for reconstructing or improving priority IDA with US $750,000 by the Japa- technologies for human excreta in urban infrastructure and services. The nese and Luxembourg govemments). Ghana's urban communities in col- World Bank participated in this The plan will address collection, treat- laboration with the Water Resources program through two urban projects ment and disposal of excrera, wastewa- Research Institute (CSIR) and the and one water project with very ter, solid waste, industrial and toxic International Research Center for positive results. The projects involved wastes, storm water, as well as institu- Waste DisposaL Switzerland. Techni- the private sector, especially in water tiona and financial issues associated cal assistance support to the LNDP- supply, the development of local with them. Following the preparation funded Community Water and Sanita- institutions, a significant rehabilitation of the plan, a round table confsrence tion project in the Eastern Region also of urban roads and urban transport, on sanitation wvas convened and con- extended to the areas of procurement and solid waste collection. But while sensus was reached among ESAs to of handpump maintenance services, they should be priority activities in incorporate elements of the Strategic and training latrine artisans and com- managing the urban environment, Sanitation Plan (SSP) into their in- munity water and sanitation commit- sanitation improvements have received vestment programs. 41/ UNDP - WORLD BANK - fl7~~k~x. - _ . ..7,. ' ;' ' , social studies and civil works, but includes mechanisms for monitoring and documenting the lessons. Site locations have been carried out with being studied in partnership with EDM studies of the sanitation components the active participation of the commu- (public water company), municipali- in both cities which also included nities. Methods for financial partici- ties and communities. Water user storm water drainage and household pation by them are being addressed as associations are involved in the social and industrial solid wastes collection. parn of ongoing animation activities. management, and a private distributor The proposals have been incorporated is to be entrusted with the economic into a development strategy for the Mali management of the system. urban sanitarion sector and emphasize A water supply project for the urban A national seminar will be orga- implementation of new institutional fringes of Bamako is under way in four nized in Bamako during implementa- arrangements. PACVU takes into neighborhoods which have no access tion to present the institutional account the proposals of the Strategic to the public network. The immediate conclusions and recommendations Sanitation Plan of Ouagadougou, objectives are to test different water regarding the management and promo- designed by the National Water and supply options with different sources of tion of the systems. This meeting will Sanitation Utility (ONEA) with the energy, to propose an institurional also debate measures to be taken to assistance of RWSG-WA. IDA will framework to sustain the management promote the participation of the pri- finance the downtown sewage net- of such systems, and to promote a vate sector. Four percent of the total work and the CfD industrial area participatory management systern for cost of the project is to be directly network. the selection of water supply systems, financed by the beneficianes. The pilot project implemented in financing, implementation, mainte- Sector 7 of Ouagadougou, jointly nance, and renewal of such systems. Burkina Faso financed by UNICEF, IDA, and The long-term goal is to develop a RWSG-WA assisted with the design of RWSG-WA, proved that it is possible participatory process for environmen- the third IDA-financed Urban Devel- to achieve sustainable facilities on a mal improvements that can serve as a opment Project which is tageted at demand-driven basis with the partici- model for replication in other peri- the improvement of urban living con- pation of the inhabitants. The project urban areas in Mali. ditions in Ouagadougou and Bobo- helped to specify which actions are Currently, several altematives for Dioulasso (PACVU). RWSG-WA likely to facilitate a close involvement the management of water systems are supervised the preparation of technical of communities in the project. Some UNUP - TO''N PANK of the imlport.raim eleinents or lessons has substantially impmved community million project (PACVU), with a US include: assertiveness. $3 million community participation I defining which facilities afre com, * putting in place appropriate coors compo nent; 60 percent of which is munity priorities (eg., rhe rehabilita- dination mcchanisms, Several com. financed by IDA, Social work, train- tion of a loxal market, an emergency munication links have been set up: ing and communication account drain construction program, the con. woring groups, representing different jointly for 40 percent of the amount; struction of collective sanitation facili- interests of the neighborhood popula- the remainder is for other types of ties in schools and the health center). tion; a neigbborhood office where a small investments. The project is to be This means sometimes considering active team brings together communi. implemented over a five,year period investments in private facilities far the ties and other partners; and finally a and in seven sectors (four in Ouaga- improvement of the overall public steerng committee, composed of the dougou and three in Bobo-Dioulasso). sanitary situation. different institutional actors concemed It aims at realizing different types of * early assessment of the potential with the proam and which periodi. investments following the demand of contribution of the inhabitants and cally reviews the feasibility of chosen the population, with co-financing rules other partners (eg., local authorities, options or actions. adapted to every cae. The extension private sector, donor community). m being mindful of response time management is assigned to an operator Contributions wvere fully discussed, ie., the importance of executing timely called the social executing agency. employing various educational means civil works identified by the commu- The implementation of the civil works (audio tapes, theater plays, flash cards, nity in a timely manner. (studies, works evaluation, bidding etc.). There is the need to adapt the This pilot project has been run- documents, disbursements) is assigned form and the amount of people's par- ning for one year in Ouagadougou. to a technical executing agency under ticipation, according to the kind of The lessons drawvn have allowed the the direction of the social executing investment. The ability to carry out definition rf the community participa- agency. I negotiations with different partners tion component of a larger US $35 _! IL 1; @~~~~~~~~~~~~ UJNDP - W0xRD BANK The Pgresrm's work on parlicipotion and gender ' oo,mlnunitie s, the public water company, the priP issues has c'ontinued to .9aoxpadas fei.vatq.sactr, :ari'd municiipalltles -a w rk teh and Niaclqqprters~ havwe.bcoine rfo-re'--imvol'd'. i ;-' .>.Aloilqf!projq - P i, Borivia hoi.boin -and. as clfffes,ore malhs1remed.into'proj:i.'. -. ;a n- em ent in reaching the dis .AJsompe:of,.hese entivia's is descriN 61..''- .esd.ua-o6ulions.of thei. Alh'lplono. -Leis4ons n z p : L : ;~~~~~~' Iir aJid 1. , 6f p * be' iii tc ep., a.- -,,- -,; - .-. .ln.Pddtun o eris-.F writtop ha,le b.P fo .1\ .pfSpol!:re ing,u. prar-'. the' eeo not a- trciig.avlo h<: S i-mlin.ua w-oradsouto pont .6ountr# srhoejn-.4!n onunit -do" me*. .k upr6.a n si5:t iOa ,Ir "ild: -Comrnun"bPriiain-logetn't> C- ;a5nsin Aio`muniy:.dimand ror, ervtcsino :-r; Xook, --Trninrws h10w{ fdi.Ruro WahrSpDl- dil3cliuiisitmlmndo,-alenc..: *rese¢rc ~h-ka.benconducledi Azd'Jam-n e>uM WNESS aoriots.r olaorativW- -.--, : -hmr-W as 1-a OnMMIWi - " l ~ ' o - ;-rep'ru; a>^ -.b -p ;;1ilW |~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l .A !-%it 7 ^kisN _ ;- @6iec for I w d ncom .CommuifesC- ..SSUC} n-t, = i ol:h1ngmf C h onr tiftiWhon;nn, p-f -.z 'b; k ~- r . -I ..r ., ,. . ; - s >->q ; ,_,. 14 Fh;a `>.¢; t ;~*x- x. @.- ."r *&t - . d ^-e°;n!'s~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~; ..4;._wSt-.<4 kq. Hio4,f i b`,`- d1i- anm MR WWES .,^QE!;f: t';+.; !4 U ng&i a,tmn _Q' `, ;, ot, t i ,, . i , j.. . v- .. t W- 4 I i i'o s. ;,' 5 -i i. I c , A i 6 it t -6'J, Sk; .. ~~- ;et~~iiiWrF ................... _T-t>:s, 6it;4_i_vitiii)-tf h/N.>it_ one 'iS ' UNDP - WORLD BANK Participatory Development The Program's work on participation and gender communities, the public water company, the pri- issues has continued to expand as field -offic-es .vate.sector, -and municipalities can work together. and headquarters have. become more involved, .'.,. .A pilot project in Potosi, Bolivia has been -and as activities.are mainstreamed into prolecti.s -'-. Fdssisetin t' govenment in reaching the dis- A sample-of ,these activities is described below-. persed ,rural populations of the. Altiplano. Lessons aon series of wo 'pprojec InPakishs n,-aeniioF sho ledto ,from t o a t' ing.'us prtro a hekde lo..pment.ofa: gi manual onothe< ..; ,'- miionfu rl wa't roandsanitation p country-s experience in.community;development., supported tBank. Er phasis1placed hUled: Communi P. B5+-f0-r-i5.e,-articipation. Sdgcominuuiii;da e.- Tools, A rainer.s Ma rua-fo,ithe.Rura aler Sup- ig . mmunilesi.inrnpiemnatioh,aid enhaCnc - fcn~d Saniftaon cbrin'Pai.s iri role of en e. .research hasbeen-condudduin 'Ai dJmmnd coodila6tetive& $;- - -KshMir '(M .a .well atm s'- portici:- Council's MandatedActivi yon-Gende r Ises-a o pa'torjrtecknicue-s\. ThHishs rhsted in auki;r' GIeˇls6 Source.w.bool F r Wce,j bn art.-n pnltujo .nK';. : § :' idelrois6ributdE. >A-rcompanion piec&wi'ch1 9 -..in supervising the Water -Supply;4and S&itotion "iquortersfinclude: 'Parh&cpao,by.'E'idu5ton' T oolsS. Proept ort Lo C lncupiyM, Cd Rmiite Wsscil, p, le(.t>5.J't 0- 'O' __P iiiidFo1 Mistariiirhnei aea4adt k w - -'''''-'-'~~~~~~~" -j. operatinaliz a deadbse-atcpao sdesi`nu&id.help! prc ipieceii develh apprahAsstac a engven oase - atiiatrjranigaciite: .:p' 1 --t.aiing needs as well as to designIand Pill be"'s; '''' "' '" n menta- monitoring and. evaluation:sy.stemr ansfd ta. tionst aipr4l-atilessons reI&4anttodecision->"- -.l?RWSG-EAPVI&coo & CA. ,trctorc- --uc ac '. h' Vbe- ,Superatn wimvvirtuFewk44isse sshoi&k/cbmmitment& -~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Fnv - -i F9 &rid ^ bfionsumer.&and relothetdttak~holde&decentra -1 Thi . ! 6- <;e5_566 t&J:i-. iSd }'to' ' 't*4* -,T 'i Xik i7 h' In parnership6,i. ri wihovriet door and; .~a govetmenihertc1qdY vat etradnif6i' NGOs SARAR r~th6dmand~ maeil oebe ntth,s aticpto adgne oissues opilott iniatives indevera ster andsothrnpartcipation eilsswl erinolvd in heve r -alsp ctvl tinovd- "' KA t- ..tp c"p r .2r 7ninq----in4- rWSGc WAsaf ore', ass,istiniwih aate met.a ..V' -ni oring-ndwlCevaAu'aii 6I_n`.zUy.,-U-A "a-t mentotloiC and m~~~~~~intei~~ance~~ dnd to e4loieF h&w ~~~~~~ingy.. ;.cnceq. 4/6~~~~~~~" 7 V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Iz 149~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" 4'ˇ? U- E * I INEI' - VVI IN I' HANK Regional Overview been placed on support for nationally managed sector work, such as the D emocratization within the region UNDP-funded sector review in Tanza- contributed to a renewed focus nia; locally managed training with or on decentralization and cnmm-u through the [TN centers; and im- nity management in the sector. Ethii- proved sector coordination and coun- pin established a federal system of try-level collaboration along the lines government, and in Uganda, Kenya, suggested by the WSS Collaborative EASTERN and Tanzania policies and programs Council. prtomoting community-managed water Special attention is being given to and sanitation activities were intro- systematic learning through pilot AND duced. Rapid urbanization, moreover, projects and to disseminating lessons lhas brought water and sanitation to the through case studies and study tours. forefront of both the poverty allevia- For example, with UNICEF sponsor- SOUTHERN oti-n and environmental agendas. It is ship and Program support, community now estimated that by the year 2000 members and govemment staff in. over half of Africa's population will be volved in the re-organization of two AFRI CA living in urban areas, and a large por- large water schemes in Tanzania shared tion will be poor. experiences with members of Over the past year, RWSG-EXs community-managed schemes in efforrs have focused on building insti- Kenya. Lessons from the Kenyan tutional capacity thrhugh technical schemes were also documented in a assistance to sector institutions that are case study on community managed in the process of restructuring to meet water supplies. these new challenges. Emphasis has Key regional activities included th-e Participatory Hygiene and Sanita- &4- t2n4& tion Transformation (PHAST) project, which is being jointly implemented r ~~~~~~~with WHO. UNICEF, and several ,~,. ~ ~ bilateral dontors and NGOs. The project is developing and testing hy- giene promotion tools in four pilot countries - Zimbabwe, Kenya, U Uganda, and Botswana. An assessment of PROWWESS activities undertaken tin bhe egion over the past 10 years has C @ _^ just been completed, and recommenda- _I J d |tions for the future are being finalized. 4. ~~~~Finally, a regional urban sanitation -~~~ *t~~~~~'-> ~~~~workshop was jointly organized by the ,World Bank, RWSO-EA, UNICEF, and - H HABITAT. This workshop formed the basis for RWSG-EX!s key peni-urban activities in 1994-95. A number of country-based WATrER ANI SANITAT4ION PItNXRAM projects, In which RWSCi-EA had bleen ;. . -livlved, e'jrnw to I clolse this fiscal year. '.LI several othler prLjeCtS were dti to close by rhe end if 1994. TheseI included the UNDP-funded institt- . 'I rional strengthening projects in Ethii- i pin and Tanzania (the latter was joinrly ; ftnded hy FINN IDA); the OrZ-funded r -- 7- Low Cist Sanitation pnrject in Tanma- - *f nia, and the UND)P/NORAD-funded Training Center for Water and Sanitaa - otin prject in Zimbabwe. FY94 closed - with six professional staff in the RWSG-EA, one of whori waas seconded to the NETWAS ITN center almost full time. This number was reduced 7 _ - I.1 even further by the end of 1994 when !f-X' tWo other professional staff left the _ Program..,-tt . RWSG-EA's role in a changing - . Program was analred during the an- - nual mneeting in Naivasha and the A. -- annual work planning meeting in April. reorganized into independent, sustain- Uganda As a result, RWSG-EA's future work able local institutions. The one in RWSG-EA is focusing on collaboration will focus more sharply on learning and Zimbabwe became a Zimbabwean between formal and non-formal insti- providing planning support for activi- NOC in December 1993. tutions and in keeping with its tradi- ties focused on peri-urhan sanitation tional technical support, RWSG-EA and community management of rural Ethiopia assisted in preparing a program to rest water supply. With the continued Despite the closing of UNDP ETH/90/ different direct-action handpumps. decline in donor funding, improved 010, RWSG-EA has continued to The Katwe Urban Pilot Project (see efficiency in managing limited re- contribute to the new policy frame- box, pages 52-53) is generating lessons sources has been essential. Emphasis work for water and sanitation in Ethio- that can be applied to other urban will continue to be placed on improved pia including work on the National projects in Uganda and elsewhere in coordination and collaboration wirhin Conservation Strategy, the World the region. RWSO-EA staff have been countries (and among donors) to ensure Bank Environmental Strategy Paper, assisting with several donor-funded more effective sector planning and and the pre-appraisal of the Ethiopia activities including rhe World Bank- development activities. Social Rehabilitation and Develop- funded Small Towns Water and Sanita- Over the coming year, RWSG-EA ment Fund. In the coming year, col- tion Project, the Second Water will complete several ongoing activities laboration between Program assisted Project, and the Northem Uganda and projects including the UNDP- World Bank, UNICEF, NORAD, and Reconstruction Project. Collaboration funded sector reviews in Lesotho and Italian government funded activities with other donors in related activities Madagascar. The process of transferring will be key. There are good prospects such as UNDP, DANIDA, and relevant tasks to the ITN centers has that RWSO-EA will be in a position UNICEF remains a priority. already been set in motion. Training to assist the Ethiopian sector authori- related to participatory development is ties in preparing an innovative sector Tanzania being conducted by the region's two development package for mutual RWSG-EA helped the govemment to ITN centers. Both centers are being learning. complete a water and sanitation sector UNP) - IV, )AM) AANI review. Related to the review, support, Over the post year resources management strategy will be RWSG-EA contributed to the World RWSG-EA has focused its support on a priority. Bank Environment Strategy Paper, and assisting the Institute to adopt itself to facilitated implementioin of a rapid this new institutional arrangement. Malawi water resources assessment (jointly RWSGOEA will continue to provide RWSG-EA has supported the IDA end funded by DANIDA and the World strategic support to the institute over a UNDP/UNCDF4funded Borehole Bank) and a water resource manage- period of years with funding support RehabilItation Project by focusing ment workshiop organized by the Eco. from NORAD. Other key activities Implementation activities on the Vil. nomic Development Institute. These undertaken during the year included lage Level Operation and Maintenance activities led to formulation of the the PHAST pilot project and supervi. (VLOM) concepts tested earlier in the proposed IDA-funded River Basin and sion of the IDA Emergency Drought DANIDA-funded Karonga Project. Irrigation project. RWSG-EA contin. Recovery and Mitigation Project. Data collection and analysis will con- ued to assist a GT7-funded Low-Cost tinue under the Karonga project, and Sanitation Project, and lessons from Lesotho this will form part of the regional the project will be applied in the pro- The SDC-funded Water and Sanita- handpump monitoring and data collec- posed IDA-funded Urban Infrastruc- tion Sector Coordination Project tion exercise initiated by RWSG-EA. ture Rehabilitation Project. Finally, continued to be the focus of A locally developed direct-action RWSCIG-EA continued to participate in RWSG-EA support. With the devel- pump has been developed with support supervision of the ongoing IDA-Urban opment and review of the sector plan from UNICEF and is being field tested. Sector Engineering Project. well under way, the responsible agen- RWSG-EA is assisting in setting up the cies are exploring how this planning testing and continues to support stan- Zimbabwe tool can help improve sector coordi- dardization, improved management, The UNDPJNORAD-funded Training nation and integration. The project and quality control. Center for Water and Sanitation De- will continue with additional targeted velopment has culminated with the training, agency specific technical Kenya establishment of the Institute for Wa- assistance and strengthening of the Activities in Kenya focused on low-key ter and Sanitation Development monitoring and evaluation system support to formal sector institutions (IWSD). The institute will continue with RWSG-EA back up. Coordina- adapting to more 'promotive' roles. to focus on training but will take on tion of these activities with the Systematic analysis of the country's additional tasks such as sector advisory ongoing World Bank-assisted water experiences in community manage- ment of water supplies is under way, and project sites have been visited by study tour groups from neighboring countries. RWSG-EA participated in the midterm evaluation of the World Bank-funded Drought Recovery WATMH ANl) SANITATION PNLXKJAM I W 7'qt r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'V~~~~~~~~~~6 ~~' r ' I rk: r. X .r - [. j .,~~~ - 1 - t , , 8 Lat, _s4 L.---- - t 0 0 , + . i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"'--l A-, tnta. Ai ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ S UNPIMIN-P Vtl. iANK S~~~~~~~~co- mpa ;-, glin>. aiu a .nww-way -of-m -ngcharcoal. The asfsociation - -.strmwabrr.al wesa ve os th rou69A) w44in neg- "vkd-1concern-ov4rtth9e.mony naturall'y Formed C.ttorhoous of.andless poor pepe iaigaoc;-. tart aryand -sko6d6ry dralns that carry raw- -e,--u-mn-:wst 1cog thsrmoto ool.-nf--.-.l wa3to;ln-: frcnt oF h6uies. Thyae hsworkin efstuctue,.-hic.]so.illr.iivil;stanont.wor tht-i.j.= -wi6-.aKliPP=oriegin6erto -uavelop anid constru'ct . !t6biiidins' mosu1toe6`r!andWQ4re6dshi th-ah.fFlc I-: fnxan o l.,i4ht W9ght cncra slw3absito llne; p:n--oyimern erstoft.coie;-munts--- ho-aore.nllmit- umon contact. It, 13s coped ffi tX iv. ! ~~|s ; -. , i . . - . . ., .= . .-! .. . ^.g t . - .- . . e . . A i - i - dad li a>-~~N-- Ros-Fhueaud`Ial'the bans.wmog'i-; .. ; glgs>(WS0:051st~.;Xstreteencir-frl:.0 itresF= li!i..S+com unityrrvity- hatec vrnment arn't prcid--'% R.te ' a n ie e y a d ii H o n ai ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~commi>_, if i 9.-.x raofrlint ide inti.>aados-. wwniyaec-:ffrsto dreste riag - i P 1a* _ S gb8r IUj*Wst 6> ,_ -.!. -; ;;: .-t ,r- .,-= ei ;t S and;a:lialffflear6;iot;projevi:e-e oied b. 'h-r--6lvl;fsldwsepaun~hi onouiy -.l ;;; R>>il.lN>f, rS i 5 d'z'CrAd-iE*v-n`k-"-' F>ii ag e;j.::.S>,.;jd :"e.-;t Ti9r i'ad'iptletti'j.tl' AApso§iS'-<; i1,d ", ;:; |i.;s.;~ tXe|f' ii s i n g 1 i w jeeiingsined -wihilli ~~~~~~~~~.lli mandsbuiyeaipgssi ob eZpmjrct-metilhSra;ol swuEn:wtr a:b made intY hr>i., $,5;1lEe;WSXst ;Cz 5'. bl gGt-4:X +-.:...;> J-;^>~iG 8; KComun ,v aRop,4sc;a;h;KamsoeRr 'stiaeebsabo;rees'aso ocrpc h m .,.j {a g f.>,¢8 gn- ;. ,+ }'l,.. -e t ,iis - ... -. . - ->h;, .- ., .pe - itte : l:- raina~ngisusnd ina e improvemapl kw wIpopr areDa- lrebqule, .sl.%r3.0.d,,hen-f.. {l><; f oX ;aPcff g zliZi t wo}'X.;v .E} @ or--LS -i ;Ir. X ta'iltie-hatreLnsaet.orno existet.f-WIhe-.l,oe.ued;o-irimbrseKUPP.io th' bonh'; he,' |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'.'o Hets- e; d$n''661, . . *>{-w-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V6 _'`'l efid b f.a;X S* - K1JP*P @ 0A ffi jS mgea ZproxmtelluupolinhKral>-Lh;cmulrXrlh 4iquanlr Si Z aoe elng coi h mu. eiflidro Reis-AScit* el nadomhensv-i;r";S;.v-olv'.,'aeinedza9helt=ia:-;1iiMasonoar .omtt 3niad h'6noll];ncome;' 5ff 35 Xw PYR 1biiP WN_ - e S0*@St.r4x 't, 7fdu .1 WIATVR AND SANITATION I'ROORAM BanCIadesh, KUPP p'ans placement of five presses could then sold at ssn : rhor rj in each of the seven villages within he designated more reas6na e- h rIoin - iocu'-l" pro ject areal v demonded Iystetedr2 } b ~' Unprotected gutters, an insufficient number of : KupP 4kA cot public tbs and poor water use habits re;nder ! ;I iI ~~otion ore m~~n ~fl __ many peopie sick rom gastronomiol poblems.t tl : ) servke- t9#e Masue5Us -to confront the waler supi sitin:e; -6hiill 1- -'-9~o a-'ums sf11 b6ing planned, but hygiens education'is beiig rep ic;td1 ; offered to community groups by th;KU mmUgovmin4dom-uni wh nity, mobilizer. Waer kios oe r h ann shibgic locbfions in we dpilw r 1cI I .4 . ..' 2 J j', 0s' ,''' * f IINVI' - IV''uu' 11IANK Bolivia sents over 35 percent of the total popu- lation of the country. The predica. B 0lIvil has otie of the lowest rates ment Orf law coverage rates is comr n of water and sanitation coverage pounded b y poor service quality and in Latin America. According to reliability. tde 1992 census, only 19 percent olf the In 1992 the Bolivian authorities population living in rural areas has initiated an institutional restructuring, access to.safe water and only 17 per- with the government divesting itself ACTIVITIES IN with coverage rates of 81 percent and ing the responsibility for heading the 63 percent, respectively, in urban areas. sector in a new National Directorate L I NDuring the past decade, coverage rates for Water and Sanitation (DINASBA) have shown a slight increase. How- under the Secretary of Urban Affairs. ever, these increases have nor been Locally, the Regional Development able to keep up with govemment tar- Corporations CRDCs) created Water gets and still lag behind the prevailing and Sanitation Units (UNASBAs), as rates of other Andean countries. departmental counterparts to AND THE nt ICoverage rates in rural areas are DINASBA, and large urban areas have noE only low but vary according to the autonomous or semi-autonomous utili- size of the concemed community. A ties. The current govemment has striking feature is that 84 percent of passed landmark legislation, decentral- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the rural population lives in dispersed izing its administrative and operational communities of less than 250 inhabit- functions, combining this with efforts ants, with water and sanitation cover- to improve popular participation age rates of 16 percent and 15 percent, through forming new municipalities in respectively. This population repre- rural areas. The government prepared a national water and sanitation plan for 1992-2000, marketed under the name IWater for All." This plan gives prior- ity to substantially raising the level of rural services and redressing the imbal- ance between water and sanitation. The plan also highlights the policy changes and capacity-building efforts _~ g . that are needed to improve institu- I ~~~~~~tional performance, sustainability of services, and the efficient use of resources. Development of the sector has been constrained by weak national institutions and limited implementa- tion capacity of agencies at central and ~~~** ~~~~~~~~ ~local levels, and in both urban and - rural areas. Decentralization and WArER AND SANITATION I'RORAM reform will be a taxing endeavor, given Bolivia's limited human arid financial resources and the complexity and diversity of its locnl political end socia. economic conditions. The dcvelopment of dhe sector still lacks a comprehensive policy framework, particularly with respect to the definition of investment priorities, per capita investment costs, standard- ized technical designs, govemment capital grants, and the responsibility for recurrent and replacement costs. - Investment priorities are often decided on an ad-hoc basis and, many times, in v , .- - response to criteria established by u; specific external donors or implement- - ing agencies rather dtan by the govern- ment. technology development; and effective and sustained use of facilities; Finally, resource mobilization for * assistance in the initiation of the * implementation and training man- the sector has been weak. This is the Andean Network, including support to uals, including a SARAR methodology result of past government fiscal con- Program activities in Ecuador. 'tool kit'; and straints and investment policies as well * a final external evaluation of the as the inability of capturing, fully and The Potosi Project project focusing on results achieved. systematically, the considerable re- As the Potosi Project drew to a close in Continued support to communi- sources that the people are ready to November 1994, the Program began ties and municipalities and long-term devote to the development, improve- undertaking detailed assessments of mechanisms for system sustainability, ment, and expansion of new systems. impacts in communities and imple- through the strengthening of water However, the recent establishment of menting agencies in order to refine the committees, associations, and the rural municipalities and their endow- implementation strategies of private sector are under discussion with ment with substantial financial means PROSABAR. The project has pro- UNDP. These activities will be strictly present a new opportunity for mobiliz- vided usefiul lessons, especially in the monitored and the results and strate- ing domestic resources in the sector. demonstration of the public-private gies fed into PROSABAR. During fiscal year, the Bolivia model of service delivery in which program focused on five activities: service-level options are presented to PROSABAR * the full-scale implementation and communities within a strict financial A particularly important area of sup- the gradual winding down of the Potosi policy whereby the community must port that the Program has provided has RWSS project; assume up to 50 percent of investment been in the design of the PROSABAR * assistance in preparing a large costs. project. It will adopt a programmatic RWSS project (the PROSABAR Several reports have been finalized and learning approach through a built- project) to be funded by IDA and and will be widely disseminated within in mechanism for operationalizing the based on the Potosi experience; the country and the Andean Regioar experiences obtained during project * completion of two peri-urban * a case study describing the lessons implementation. This process links sanitation pilot projects; from the pilot project and recommen- together institutional strengthening, * organization of workshops on dations for scaling-up; social and technical investments, gender issues, participatory methodolo- * an in-depth community-level monitoring, evaluation, leaming, and gies, financial aspects of the sector and impact evaluation focusing on the policy. 46 t NINI' - WORi.D BANK The government will ctontralct the ability, including the financial policies fled to reflect "best practices" of similar Associatiotn of Water Utilities of rhe project and the organizational efforts, and lessons are nis o being incor- (ANESAPA) to coLrdilrditn capacity systems of the communities. porated into the desigin and implemen- building aind monitOring and evalua- The bulk of the funding provided tation of new ones. Activities are rion activities, and thc Program will to the Boilivia program during the past already tinder way in Bolivia, Ecuador assist in launching initiatives. four years has been from the Nether- and Peru, blut could eventually expand The govemment has idenitified the lands. Additional support has been to cover other countries In the Andean initial themes in the learning prcess. provided by UN DP, especially for the Region. The Program assessed condi- * the effectiveness of the public- preparation of the new project, while tions in the three countries and con- private implementation model and of support for workshops and impact cluded that institutional and the project's organizational arrange- evaluations have come from the human resources issues would take ments, especially the role of NGOs and Program's Participatory Development priority. the municipalities; Fund. The international country coor- The network is designed to facili- * the nature and importance of dinator position will be terminated in tate closer collaboration among donors "6community participation" in a variety 1994 and an international Andean in the region and will concentrate of sociocultural contexts, including coordinator, responsible for expanding primarily on projects serving the rural methods for revealing and expressing Program activities in Peru and Ecuador, and urban poor. It will help institu- demand; funded by the Swedish government, tionalize, within governments and at * cost-efficiency and effectiveness of has recently been created. project level, an appreciation that different technologies and implementa- Program funding for Bolivia coun- adaptive project designs can better tion straregies; and try activities will be severely limited in respond to user demands and be sus- * the key determinants of sustaih.- 1995 and will mainly be provided by tainable over the long run. UNDP, covering the costs of a full-time The network will initially focus its national engineer stationed in the activities on developing monitoring Bank's resident mission and reporting and evaluation processes with govern to the Andean coordinator. During ments and national institutions linked this consolidation period, new strate- to World Bank-funded investments. gies and directions for the Program in It will, therefore, be working on the Bolivia will be developed within the social investment funds of all three context of the emerging Andean Net- countries, the rural water and sanita- work tion component of the Ecuador Health Project (FASBASE), and the Bolivia Andean Network Rural Water and Sanitation Project for Water and Sanitation (PROSABAR). All of these projects The Program has been seeking to ex- seek to implement community-based, pand activities beyond Bolivia into demand-responsive services. neighboring countries. A new Andean The Program is presently provid- Network will act as a catalyst over the ing technical assistance to the Bolivia _ T- ':_ t t t next two and a half years in an effort to and Ecuador projects and has a limited develop a learning approach to the number of national and international provision of services to the poor in the staff based in both countries who are sub-region. The lessons are to be dis, forming part of the Network. In Peru, seminated among donor agencies and where the Program has no presence, national public and private sector appropriate cooperation shalL be sought institutions, both in-country and at the with national and external agencies regional leveL active in the sector. Over the longer hI _U5 W5IU Ongoing projects are being modi- run, the Network may also support WAT7rE ANI) SANTATION PROGRAM peni-urban sector investments and ceived as a pilot project, to demon- finances an international technical identify additional projects that would strate different community-based advisor, two local long-term consult- be integrated into the learning struc- design and implementation methods. ants, and an international UN Volun- rure. A network cozordinator was re- The emphasis is, however, on low-cast teer (all for two years). Several short- cently recruited end is now stationed and appropriate technologies and on term consuirancies and training events, in La Paz, Bolivia. He took up his community participation. The compo- such as seminars and workshops are duties in January 1995. nent reaches aver six contiguous Prov- also jiunded. The International advisor inces, where some 220 commaunities has been in place since January 1994, Ecuador with berween 500 and 2,000 inhabit- but the UN Volunteer and the local The second Social Development ants will be beneficiaries. The project consultants came on board only in Project for Health and Nlutrition is testing four different implementa- Decemnber 1994. includes several health components tion models and will closely monitor, The work in Ecuador has been and activities for the development of evaluate, and document the results. delayed by several factors, including community-based rural water supply The learning experiences are expected reorganizations within the government and sanitation. The tow1l project cost to be fed into other ongoing or affecting the implementing agencies. is about US $106 million, of which the planned rural water and sanitation Among these changes was the shift of Bank is financing 70 percent. Bank projects, including those financed by responsibilities for rural water and funding of the water and sanitation the Social Investment Fund and, possi- sanitation from the Ministry of Public component is US $13 mnillion. UNDP bly, into a larger Bank project. Health (when the project was ap- is providing two technical assistance The project office, FASBASE, in praised) to the Ministry of Housing; grants, one for the health aspects of the Quito, has a water and sanitation unit and Urban Affuairs. Later the Ecuador- project, and another US $525,000, for which admninisters the UNDP techni- ian Institute for Environmental Sanita- water and sanitation. cal assistance grant- The grant foar the tion CIEOS), handling the water and This project component was con- water and sanitation component sanitation component, was formally ¸31 UNOP - WORLD BANK dissolved and its implementation re- ues to rise rapidly at over 3 percent per enhance collaboration and coordina- sponsibilities were largely decentralized year. Provision of basic water and tion among the government institu- to Regional Implementation Units of sanitation has barely kept pace with tions, extemal support agencies, and the Ministry which are still weak. population growth, and these services NGOs. A core group of sector special- However, as institutional strut- are wholly deficient in the majority of iss from the World Bank, UNDP, tures have been consolidated and the the region's rural and peri-urban areas, lJNICEF, USAID-WASH, PAHO- responsibilities of different agencies as the recent spread of cholera has WHO and IDB have played an impor- have been defined, the FASBASE demonstrated. Improving people's tant part in the formation of the Net- water and sanitation team is being access to safe water and adequate sani- work with financing provided by the renewed, and with a new intemational tation has become a priority issue in regional PEC Fund and the govern- technical advisor, it is expected that each of the countries of the region. ment of Switzerland. work will progress satisfactorily during New modalities are thus being sought The primary objectives of the the next two years. to rrnrganize the sector toward decen, R1WSN-CA are to: tralization, increased involvement of * establish a national network in Central America the private sector and municipalities, each RWSN-CA member country; Recession, civil unrest, and natural and greater responsibility on the part * develop mechanisms for irforma- disasters rocked Central America dur- of communities. tion exchange; ing the 1980s and their impacts are still To address this crisis, the Program * encourage the sustainable develop- profoundly felt. Economic and social launched the Regional Network for ment of sector institutions and human conditions deteriorated as public Water and Sanitation in Central resources; spending on infrastructure fell. Mean- America in 1992 initially focusing on * develop a framework of coordina- while the population, particularly in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and tion among the ESAs and countries; the urban and peri-urban areas, contin- Nicaragua. RWSN-CA is designed to and . v6:~ WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM promote national sector policies in funding from Sweden and Switzerland cullaboration witlh the ESAs. to expand the operation of the secre- During thie past two years, the turiat for two more years with pertna- RWSN-CA has undertaken a series of nent staff members. activities that have achieved signifi- RWSN-CA has assumed a key cant successes in the first three of these position of influence on the important areas. There is an active counterpart issues of the sector. The World Bank national network srructure in the four and the Inter-American Development member countries, each of which has Bank (IDB) are both keen to draw on developed its own set of priorities but the Network to enhance service deliv- shares their goals and experiences ery and to create projects which re- through the Regional Network. Excel- spond appropriately, efficiently, and lent progress has been made in improv- sustainably to demand. Reaching the ing access to sector information poor and underserved will depend through the development of a variety largely on governments' ability to plan of databases and frequent meetings and effectively and implement locally. workshops. The RWSN-CA compiled RWSN-CXs role will become increas- and disseminated several publications ingly important as decentralization of on topics ranging from human resource water utilities proceeds, requiring com- development and institutional analyses plex new arrangements between sector to low-cost technologies. Also, to institutions and communities.N ensure wider participation in the ac- tivities of the RWSN-CA, a series of technical sheets have been produced which provide summaries of important publications. The RWSN-CA has become an important mechanism for providing a forum for the interchange of ideas and experiences. Moreover, the RWSN- CA has been instrumental in providing technical assistance and critical re- views for the major sector projects - particularly the social investment funds. As such, the Network has estab- lished a clear basis for cooperation among key players at both the national and regional levels. During the second RWSN-CA planning meeting, the partner agencies agreed that the administration of the RWSN-CA!s secretariat should be rotated every two years. Accordingly, UNICEF assumed the role as the next lead agency and has relocated its offices to Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The RWSN-CA and UNICEF have secured UNDI' - WONLIJ BANK UNDP Technical A.ssistance Projects Implemented by the Program Global and Interregional Projects INT/92/001 UNDP-World Bank Watcr and Sanitation Program Regional Proiects RAF/92/007 Water and Sanitation for the Poor in Africa RAS/2I/001 Water and Sanitation for the Poor in Asia and the Pacific CAM/91/013 Regional Water and Sanitation in Central America Country Projects BKF/91/010 Sanitation Project in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) BOL/90/004 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation: Potosi (Bolivia) BOL192/101 Support to the Water and Sanitation Project, Executed by Govemment (Bolivia) ECU/92/008 Second Social Development Project - Health and Nutrition, Basic Sanitation and Safe Water Component (Ecuador) GHA1871016 Low-Cost Human Wastes Management - Pilot Project for Kumasi (Ghana) INS/88/005 Community Water and Sanitation Project (Indonesia) MAG/89/OD1 Strengthening of Planning Capacity and Economics Management (Madagascar), Executed by Govemment WATIER AND SANITATION PRORNAM MON/93/005 Watcr and Sanitation Technical Assistance and Capacity Building Project (Mongolia) PAK/90013 Establishment of Federal Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Support Unit (Pakistan) UGA/92/001 Urban Low-Cost Water, Sanitation and Waste Disposal Pilot Project (Uganda) Program and World Bunk Waler and Sanitifbon Division Publications Program Annual Report 1992-93 Program Capabilities Brochure TWU Departmental Abstracts 1992-93 Participawor; Evaluaton: Tools for Managing Change in Water and Sanitation Deepa Narayan. World Bank Technical Paper *207 (English and French) Water Conservation and Pollution Contrd in Indian Industries Ramesh Bhatia, Peter Rogers, John Briscoe, Basawan Sinha, and Rita Cestti. Program Currents Low-Cost Urbam Sanitaton in Lesotho Isabel Blackett. Program Discussion Paper #10 Country Work Plans 1994 Annual Review of Portfolio Performance 1993 Mike Gaam. TWU Report OR2 Reuse of Wastewater in Agtuitwe: A Guide for Planners Nadim Khouri, Richard Otis, and lose de Azavedo Netto. Water and Sanitation Report No. 7. 6/ UNDr - WORIJJ BANK Groundwaier Quality and Handpump Corrosion in West Africa Otto Langenegger. Water and Sanitation Report No. 8. Participatry Developmnt Tool Kit (with booklet) World Bank publication. The Intemiazional Handpumps Workshop! Kakanega, Kenya Program Report. A Gender Issues Sourcebook for Water and Sanitation Projec Wendy Wakeman. Program and Collaborative Council publication. Implemendng the Water Resources Munda of Agenda 21: The Promise and Challnges for OECD Countries Based in part on commissioned papers by Stanley Johnson, F. R. Rijsgerman, and H.H.G. Savenije. TWU OR4 Financing Agenda 2): Freshwater John Briscoe and Mike Gain. rWU OR5 Finding GToundwater: A Project Mager's Guide to Techniques and How to Use Them Pieter van Dongen and Melvin Woodhouse Water Supply, Sanitatim and Environmen±al Sustainabiicy: The FianTcing Chaenge Ismail Serageldin. World Bank Directions in Development Series. Reducing Regular Barriers w Pniva-Sectr Paricpation m Lain America's Water and Sanitation Services Policy Research Working Paper No. 1322, TWU. 4z WATKR AND SANITATION PROR^AM ACRONYMS ACWF All-IChina Women's Federation HABITAT United Nations Center for Human ADB Aslan Development Bnnk Settlements AfDB African Development Bank HRD human resource development AIDAB Australian Intemational Development HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Assistance Bureau Corporation AJK Azad, Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan JAKPAS People's Water and Sanitation Project, AMREF African Medical Research Foundation Nepal BITS Swedish Agency for International IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction Technical and Economic Assistance and Development BMZ German Ministry for Economic IDA International Development Association Cooperation IRCWD International Reference Center for CfD Caisse Frangaise de Ddveloppement Waste Disposal CIDA Canadian international Development ITN Intemational Training Network Agency KfW Reconstruction Loan Corporation for CIP Community Infrastructure Project, the Federal Republic of Germany Pakistan NET WAS Regional HRD center for West Africa, CREPA Centre Regional pour 1'eau Potable and based in AMREF, Nairobi l'assainissament a faible cout NGO nongovemmental organization CSIR Intemational Research Center for Waste NORAD Norwegian Agency for International Disposal, Switzerland Development DANIDA Danish International Development NWFP Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan Agency ODA Overseas Development Administration DGIP Division for Global and Interregional (United Kingdom) Programmes, UNDP O&M Operation and Maintenance DGIS Directorate General for International PAHO Pan American Health Organization Cooperation (the Netherlands) PHAST Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation DINASBA National Directorate for Water and Transformnation Project, EAP Sanitation in the Secretary of Urban PROSABAR Bolivia Rural Water and Sanitation Affairs, Bolivia Project DWST district water and sanitation team, Ghana PROWWESS Promotion of the Role of Women in ESA External Support Agency Water and Environmental Sanitation FASBASE Ecuador Health Project Services FINNIDA Finnish International Development RAF Regional Africa Bureau, UNDP Agency RAS Regional Bureau for Asia and the FSU Federal Support Unit, Pakistan Pacific, UNDP GTZ Deutsche GeselUschaft fur Technische RDCs Rural Development Units, Bolivia Zusammernarbeit RWSG-EA Regional Water and Sanitation Group, GWSC Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation Eastern and Southem Africa INIhI' .- WI)RIJ) IIANI RWSG-EAP Regi:nail Waiter Srl niniitaltcn Group, Elst Asia Inl the Paicific R'WSG-SA RegionAl Waiter and SanitiltlOn GrOup, South Asia RWSO-WA Regional Water and S;nnlmtilon Group, West Africa RWSN Rural Water and Sanitation Network RWSN-CA Regihinal Water andl Sanitation Network for Central Americn1 RWSS rural water supply and sanitation RWSTs regional waiter aind sanitation team, Ghana SAPP Social Action Program Project, Pakistan SDC Swiss Developmenr Cooperation SIDA Swedish International Development Authority SKAT Swiss Center for Appropriate Technology SOS support organizations TCWS Technical Centre for Water and Sanitation, Harare, Zimbabwe UNASBAs water and sanitation units, Bolivia UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDTCD United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund USAID United States Agency for Intemational Development UNV United Nations Volunteer VIP ventilated, improved pit latrine VLOM village-level operation and maintenance WASH Water and Sanitation for Health Project WHO World Health Organization WID Women in Development WSS Water Supply and Sanitation 6$ FOR PURTHIR INFORMATION PLIASE CONTACTs UNDP-World Bank Waler and United Natlions Development SanitatIon Prognrm Programme The World Bunk One United Nutions PlaU 1818 IH Street. NW New York, NY 10017 Washington, DC 20433 USA USA Phone 212-906-5300 Plhone 202473.0693 Fux 212.906-6350 Fax 202-477-0164 OR ONE OF THI REGIONAL WATER AND SANITATION GROUPS. RWSG-EA (Eastern and Southeni Africa) Tihc World Bank P. 0. Box 30577 Nairobi, Kenya Phone 254-2-228477 Fax 254-2-213925 RWSG-WA (West Africa) The World Bank 01 B. P. 1850 Abidjan, CMe d'lvoire Phone 225-442227 Fax 225441687 RWSG-EAP (East Asia and the Pacific) The World Bank P. O. Box 13241JTK Jakarta, Indonesia Phone 62-21-252-0606 Fax 62-21-252-0432 RSWG-SA (South Asia) The World Bank P.O. Box 416 New Delhi, 110003 India Phone 91-11-4690488 Fax 91-114628250 Bolivia (Andean Network) The World Bank Casilla 8692 La Paz, Bolivia Phone 591-2-391939 Fax 591-2-392769 For country resident staff in Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burkina Fnso, Ecuador, Ghana, Nepal, Pakistan, and Uganda. please contact the local World Bank office.