Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project E NVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Prepared by: Integral Consult© A Member of Environmental Alliance ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Integral Consult Cairo Office 2075 El Mearaj City, Ring Road, Maadi – Cairo - Egypt Phone +202 25204515 • Fax +202 25204514 Email : info@integral-egypt.com Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) ii Contributors to the Study  Dr. Amr Osama, Integral Consult President  Dr. Yasmine Kamal, Technical and Operations Manager  Dr. Nermin Eltouny, Technical Team Lead  Eng. Mai Ibrahim, Technical Team Lead  Dr. Anan Mohamed, Social Development Consultant  Eng. Fatma Adel, Senior Environmental Specialist  Eng. Basma Sobhi, Senior Environmental Specialist  Eng. Mustafa Adel, Environmental Specialist  Eng. Lana Mahmoud, Environmental Specialist Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xiii List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................ xiv 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Project Development Objectives ................................................................ 2 1.2 ESMF Objectives ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 ESMF Scope ........................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Rationale For ESMF ............................................................................................ 3 1.5 Methodology For Preparation of ESMF ............................................................... 3 1.5.1 Legal and Institutional Framework ............................................................. 3 1.5.2 Environmental and Social Settings-Baseline ............................................... 3 1.5.3 Analysis of Alternatives .............................................................................. 4 1.5.4 Environmental and Social Impact Mitigations Framework .......................... 4 1.5.5 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) 5 1.5.6 Public Consultation and Engagement ......................................................... 5 2 Project Description ................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Project Components ........................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Component 1: Enhancing the Air Quality Decision Support System ............ 7 2.2.2 Component 2: Support the Operationalization of SWM Master Plans in GC 8 2.2.3 Component 3: Vehicle Emissions Reduction ............................................. 14 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) iv 2.2.4 Component 4: Stakeholders Engagement, Awareness Raising and Communication ...................................................................................................... 16 2.2.5 Component 5: Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation ....... 17 3 Legal and Institutional Framework .......................................................................... 19 3.1 National Legal Framework ................................................................................ 19 3.1.1 The Egyptian Environmental Law No.4 of Year 1994 ................................. 20 3.1.2 Regulations Pertinent to Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Management 24 3.1.3 Regulations Pertinent to Water and Wastewater Management ............... 27 3.1.4 Laws Related to Traffic ............................................................................. 28 3.1.5 Egypt’s Commitments Towards Combating Climate Change ..................... 28 3.1.6 Social Legislations .................................................................................... 29 3.1.7 The Relevant International Treaties Signed by Egypt ................................ 37 3.2 World Bank Requirements ................................................................................ 38 3.2.1 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards (ESSs) .......................... 38 3.2.2 World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines .... 40 3.3 Gap Analysis ..................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1 Gap Analysis for ESSs and National Laws .................................................. 41 3.3.2 Gap Analysis For Key Egyptian and WB Environmental Issues ................... 44 3.3.3 Gaps Regarding E-mobility ....................................................................... 49 3.3.4 Gaps Regarding Waste Legislations .......................................................... 49 3.3.5 Gap Analysis of National and WB Requirements for Key Social Issues ...... 49 3.4 Institutional Framework ................................................................................... 50 3.4.1 Solid Waste Management (SWM) Related Affairs ..................................... 50 3.4.2 Transport Related Affairs ......................................................................... 53 3.4.3 Climate Change Institutional Setup .......................................................... 54 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) v 4 Environmental and Social Settings-Baseline ............................................................ 56 4.1 Natural Environment ........................................................................................ 56 4.1.1 Climate..................................................................................................... 56 4.1.2 Ambient Air Quality .................................................................................. 56 4.1.3 Ambient Noise Levels and Vibrations ....................................................... 57 4.1.4 Soil and Subsoil ........................................................................................ 57 4.1.5 Water Resources and Flood Risk .............................................................. 60 4.1.6 Biodiversity .............................................................................................. 64 4.2 Built Environment and Infrastructure ............................................................... 64 4.2.1 Solid Waste Management (SWM) Current Conditions .............................. 65 4.2.2 Roads and Mobility Infrastructure ............................................................ 71 4.2.3 Utilities Sources ....................................................................................... 73 4.2.4 Air and GHG Emissions ............................................................................. 73 4.3 Socio-Economic Environment ........................................................................... 74 4.3.1 The Administrative Divisions ........................................................................ 75 4.3.2 Demographics Characteristics .................................................................. 75 4.3.3 Economic Characteristics.......................................................................... 77 4.3.4 The informal sector for solid waste collection in Greater Cairo................. 79 4.3.5 Infrastructure ........................................................................................... 82 4.3.6 Public Transport ....................................................................................... 82 4.3.7 Gender Based Violence ................................................................................ 83 5 Analysis of Alternatives ........................................................................................... 85 5.1 Alternatives for Waste Sector Interventions ..................................................... 85 5.1.1 No Project Alternative .............................................................................. 85 5.1.2 Location Alternatives................................................................................ 86 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) vi 5.1.3 Technology Alternatives ........................................................................... 90 5.1.4 Alternatives for Dumpsites Rehabilitation ................................................ 92 5.1.5 Summary Table ........................................................................................ 99 5.2 Public Transport Interventions (E-buses) ........................................................ 100 5.2.1 No Project Alternative ............................................................................ 100 5.2.2 Batteries Alternatives ............................................................................. 100 5.2.3 Batteries Disposal................................................................................... 104 5.2.4 Charging Infrastructure .......................................................................... 105 5.2.5 Charging Station Location....................................................................... 108 6 Environmental And Social Impact Framework ....................................................... 110 6.1 Description of Risks and Impacts and/or Benefits Significance ........................ 110 6.2 Risks and Impacts Assessment Methodology ........................................ 110 6.3 Risk and Impact Assessment ..................................................................... 112 6.3.1 Component 1: Enhancing the Air Quality Decision Support System 112 6.3.2 Component 2: Support the Operationalization of SWM Mas ter Plans in Greater Cairo ...................................................................................... 114 6.3.3 Component 3: Electric Buses .................................................................. 132 6.3.4 Risks related to COVID-19 Pandemic and Proposed Mitigation Measures 135 7 Environmental And Social Management And Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) .... 141 7.1 Environmental and Social Management: Mitigation Hierarchy ....................... 141 7.1.1 Component 2 ......................................................................................... 141 7.1.2 Component 3 ......................................................................................... 165 7.2 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework ............. 170 8 Public Consultation and Engagement .................................................................... 180 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) vii 8.1 Stakeholder Consultation ............................................................................... 180 8.1.1 Methodology ......................................................................................... 181 8.1.2 ES Impact Rating by Public Consultations ............................................... 181 8.2 Stakeholders’ Participation ............................................................................. 181 8.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders ................................................................ 181 8.2.2 Stakeholder Analysis .................................................................................. 184 8.3 Stakeholder Engagement Plan .................................................................. 185 8.3.1 Engagement during Project Preparation: Scoping Consultation Session . 185 8.3.2 Future Engagement Activities .......................................................... 197 8.4 Grievance Mechanism................................................................................ 197 8.4.1 Grievance Mechanism Objectives........................................................... 197 8.4.2 Institutional Responsibility for Grievances .............................................. 198 8.4.3 Registration of GRM ............................................................................... 199 8.4.4 Grievance Channels ................................................................................ 199 8.4.5 Monitoring of Grievances ....................................................................... 200 9 ESF Implementation and Monitoring ..................................................................... 201 9.1 Overall Project Implementation ...................................................................... 201 9.2 Implementation Arrangements for compliance With WB ESSs ........................ 204 9.2.1 Component 1 ......................................................................................... 205 9.2.2 Component 2 ......................................................................................... 208 9.2.3 Component 3 ......................................................................................... 212 9.3 Implementation Arrangements for Environmental and Social Monitoring ...... 216 9.3.1 Component 1 ......................................................................................... 216 9.3.2 Component 2 ......................................................................................... 216 9.3.3 Component 3 ......................................................................................... 216 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) viii 9.4 Reporting ....................................................................................................... 216 9.5 Training and Capacity Building Needs for Compliance with WB ESSs, National Requirements, and Environmental and Social Standards Implementation, Supervision and Reporting .......................................................................................................... 217 10 Environmental And Social Instruments REQUIRED BY THE ESF ........................... 218 11 References ......................................................................................................... 229 12 Annexes ............................................................................................................. 231 12.1 Annex 1: Egyptian Code of Design and Implementation Requirements of Sanitary Landfill Systems .......................................................................................... 231 12.2 Annex 2: ESIA Outline ................................................................................ 238 12.3 Annex 3: Site-Specific ESMP Outline .......................................................... 240 12.4 Annex 4: Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Plan ................................. 242 12.5 Annex 5: Brief Description of the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) ........................................................................................................ 245 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) ix LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1: Labor national requirements including the labor law12/2003 ....................... 30 Table 3-2: Summary of national regulations related to socio-economic environment .... 34 Table 3-3: Land ownership type in Egypt ....................................................................... 36 Table 3-4: Themes of the WBG EHS guidelines .............................................................. 40 Table 3-5: Gap analysis between ESS and national laws ................................................. 41 Table 3-6: Ambient Air Quality limits in the Egyptian legislations and WB standards ..... 45 Table 3-7: Egyptian legislations and WB standards concerning Water Quality ............... 47 Table 3-8: Limits for discharge of liquid effluent into sewer system ............................... 47 Table 3-9: Egyptian legislations and WB standards concerning Ambient Noise .............. 48 Table 3-10: Limits for ambient noise as per Egyptian and WB requirements .................. 48 Table 3-11: Limits noise exposure in Work environments as per Egyptian and WB requirements ................................................................................................................ 49 Table 3-12: Institutional setup for SWM related affairs ................................................. 50 Table 3-13: Institutional setup for electric vehicles (transport) related affairs ............... 53 Table 4-1: Flood risk in the project areas and candidate sites ........................................ 64 Table 4-2: The general environmental context of the project areas and candidate sites 65 Table 4-3: Generated solid waste in Egypt in 2016 (Source: EEAA’s SoE 2016) ............... 66 Table 4-4: Current SWM situation in the project areas and candidate sites ................... 67 Table 4-5: Access roads for the project’s candidate areas .............................................. 72 Table 4-6: Potential sources for energy and water in the project candidate areas ......... 73 Table 4-7: The Number of Population and Households in the Project Candidate Areas .. 75 Table 4-8: Population Estimates by Urban /Rural in the Project Candidate Areas .......... 76 Table 4-9: Age distribution of the population in the project candidate areas ................. 77 Table 4-10: Work Status in the Project Candidate Areas ................................................ 77 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) x Table 4-11: Number of families in each solid waste collection area in Greater Cairo ..... 80 Table 4-12: The number of Waste pickers in Qalyoubia Governorate, and their distribution according to gender and area (Qalyoubia Governorate, 2019) ................... 81 Table 4-13: Percentage Distribution of Households Connected to The Public Network (electricity / water / health) .......................................................................................... 82 Table 5-1: Criteria for selection of an appropriate site for the transfer station .............. 86 Table 5-2: Criteria for evaluation of landfill sites............................................................ 88 Table 5-3: A list of necessary studies before starting the design of the landfill .............. 89 Table 5-4: Criteria for risk assessment of dumpsites ...................................................... 95 Table 5-5: Criteria for dumpsite hazard evaluation based on the risk index ................... 96 Table 5-6: Summary Table for Waste Sector Interventions ............................................ 99 Table 5-7: General parameters of the Electric Battery component [26] ....................... 100 Table 5-8: An overall assessment of the essential features of the most commonly used batteries ...................................................................................................................... 102 Table 5-9: Battery Selection criteria and their risk level identification and mitigation .. 103 Table 5-10: Criteria for selecting charging infrastructure ............................................. 106 Table 5-11: Criteria for selection of charging station locations .................................... 108 Table 6-1: Scale for ranking of severity level of impacts ............................................... 111 Table 6-2: Scale for Ranking of Probability of Impacts.................................................. 111 Table 6-3: Definition of Significance according to Overall Severity Ranking of Impacts 112 Table 6-4: Definition of Significance according Risk Level ............................................ 112 Table 6-5: Component 2- Construction of 2 transfer stations....................................... 115 Table 6-6 Component 2 Construction of 2 integrated waste facilities – landfills .......... 121 Table 6-7 Component 2-Closure of dumpsite – Abu Zaabal ......................................... 127 Table 6-8 Component 2- Upgrading of Akrasha ........................................................... 130 Table 6-9 Component 3: Subcomponent: e-buses ....................................................... 133 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) xi Table 6-10: Risks and Mitigation measures related to Covid-19 Pandemic ................... 135 Table 7-1 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Construction of 2 Transfer Stations 142 Table 7-2 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Construction of 2 Integrated Waste Facilities ...................................................................................................................... 151 Table 7-3 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Closure and Rehabilitation of Abu Zaabal Dumpsite.......................................................................................................... 157 Table 7-4 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Upgrading of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone ............................................................................................................ 162 Table 7-5 Mitigation measures for Component 3-Electric Buses .................................. 165 Table 7-6 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan ...................... 171 Table 8-1: Detailed list of stakeholders ........................................................................ 182 Table 8-2: Distribution of attendees according to their affiliation ................................ 187 Table 8-3: Key comments and concerns raised during the scoping session .................. 190 Table 9-1 Responsibilities of the PMU ......................................................................... 201 Table 9-2 Responsibilities of TIU for Air Quality ........................................................... 206 Table 9-3 Responsibilities of TIU for SWM ................................................................... 209 Table 9-4 Responsibilities of the private contractors ................................................... 211 Table 9-5 Responsibilities of TIU for E-buses ................................................................ 213 Table 9-6 Responsibilities of the private contractor for operation and maintenance of new electric bus fleet .................................................................................................. 214 Table 9-7 Training and Capacity Needs for compliance with ESF .................................. 217 Table 10-1: Description of scope and applicability of environmental and social instruments, sub-management plans, and studies for project components ................. 218 Table 10-2: Environmental and social instruments and other required studies per project component .................................................................................................................. 223 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4-1: AQI map of GCA region, 2018 (source: Airvisual.com) .................................. 57 Figure 4-2: satellite images of Abu Zaabal and Al Khankah showing their proximity to agricultural lands ........................................................................................................... 58 Figure 4-3: 10th of Ramadan City (East of Cairo) (source: Google Earth) ......................... 59 Figure 4-4: Kuraymat in Giza ......................................................................................... 60 Figure 4-5: Distance between nearest water body and candidate site in Banha in Qalyoubia ...................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 4-6 Distance between nearest water body and candidate sites in Abu Zaabal and Al Khankah .................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 4-7: Kuraymat in Giza .......................................................................................... 63 Figure 4-8 map showing no significant watercourses near the 10th of Ramadan City location ......................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 4-9: Flow diagram highlighting key elements of the SWM baseline in GCA ......... 67 Figure 4-10: GHG emissions from waste sub-categories ................................................ 74 Figure 4-11: Abu Zaabal drainage, one of the main places for dumping waste ............... 79 Figure 5-1: Basic types of transfer stations for mixed wastes ......................................... 91 Figure 8-1: Stakeholder Mapping Tool ......................................................................... 185 Figure 8-2: The consultants presenting the project ...................................................... 188 Figure 8-3: Attendees of the scoping session ............................................................... 188 Figure 8-5: Discussions during the scoping session ...................................................... 189 Figure 9-1 Organizational chart for PMU ..................................................................... 203 Figure 9-2: Organizational arrangement for implementation of the Project ................. 204 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) xiii LIST OF ACRONYMS AQI Air Quality Index AQM Air Quality Management/Monitoring APCC Air Pollution and Climate Change BUR Biennial Update Report BSA Baseline Site Assessment CAIP Cairo air improvement project CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics CBA Cost-Benefit analysis CBSM Community-based Social Marketing CCCD Climate Change Central Department CCU Climate Change Unit CHS Community, Health and Safety CTA Cairo Transport Authority CPTC Cleaner Production Technology Center DBO Design, Build and Operate (DBO) modality ECGBVS The Egypt Economic Cost of Gender-Based Violence Survey EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EOS Egyptian Organization for Standardization ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMMF Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework ESMP Environmental and Social management plan Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) xiv ESS World Bank Group Environmental and Social Safeguards EV Electric Vehicles GBV Gender Based Violence GC Greater Cairo GCAPCCP Egypt Air Pollution and Climate Change Project GCA Greater Cairo Agglomeration GCF Green Climate Fund GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GOEIC General Authority for Export and Import Control GRM Grievance Mechanism HSE Health, Safety and Environment IC-AQMP Integrated Climate and Air Quality Management Plan INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IWMF-10R Integrated Waste Management Facility at the 10th of Ramadan JTF Joint Task Force LMP Labor management procedures LTRA Land Transport Regulatory Authority MoE Ministry of Environment MoLD Ministry of Local Development MoHP Ministry of Health and Population MoTI Ministry of Trade and Industry MoT Ministry of Transport MoH Ministry of Housing MRV Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification MSW Municipal Solid Waste Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) xv NUCA New Urban Communities Authority NCC National Council for Climate Change NCHR National Council for Human Rights OSH Occupational Safety and Health PM Particulate Matter PMEH Pollution Management and Environmental Health PMU Project Management Unit PPP Public Private Partnership PPE Personal Protective Equipment QRA Qualitative Risk Assessment RF Resettlement Framework SC Steering Committee SEA/SH Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/ Sexual Harassment SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan SWM Solid Waste Management SLCP Short-Lived Climate Pollutants SQI Soil Quality Indicators TIA Traffic impact assessment studies TIU Technical Implementation Unit TSP Total Suspended Particles UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WB Working Group WMP Waste management plan WQI Water Quality Index WMRA Waste Management Regulatory Authority Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) xvi 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Background One of the most critical environmental problems in Greater Cairo (GC) is air pollution. The air quality in GC has deteriorated throughout the years due to intense human activities in the city such as industries, traffic, poor waste management and uncontrolled burning of waste in open dump sites. According to World Health Organization (WHO) Global Ambient Air Quality Database, Greater Cairo was ranked as the world’s third most air polluted mega city in 2015 in terms of fine particulate matter (PM). Two of the most significant contributors to PM concentrations in GC are the transport sector and open burning of waste. Each of these two sources represents about one third of pollution concentrations. However, air pollution in GC has decreased by 3% in the recent years due to the operation of the 3rd metro line in 2012 and its extension in 2014. Moreover, the reduction of fuel subsidies that took place under the 2016-2019 WB/IMF reform program resulted in 4% reduction in PM by 2017. Regarding industrial pollution, it has been controlled and managed by a multi-donor project initiated by the WB in 1998. This project, which is still ongoing, is the Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAP) I, II & III. It is noteworthy that the transport sector in Egypt mostly depends on public transport, with about 63% of 22 million motorized trips a day in GC. Public transportation in GC includes metro, public buses, mini-buses and microbuses that mainly run on diesel fuel. This justifies why public transportation represents the largest portion of GC air pollution from the sector. Furthermore, vehicle emissions and open burning of solid waste are significant emitters of greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) such as CO2 and methane. In this context, this project “Egypt: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change” has emerged in response to Egypt’s commitments to reduce GHG emissions and achieve its sustainable development goals including reduction of air pollution and combating climate change. The Egypt Air Pollution and Climate Change Project (GCAPCCP) project builds on the analytical work and the various initiatives on air pollution management implemented by the MoE and other concerned authorities in the GoE. The most recent studies were conducted over four years, from 2016 to 2019, by the World Bank in close collaboration with the MoE and with participation of the MoHP. The GCAPCCP is focusing on the two main sources of air pollution: open burning of solid waste and vehicle emissions, which are two major contributors to air pollution in Greater Cairo (GC). GCAPCCP will geographically cover Greater Cairo (i.e., Cairo, Giza and Qayoumi Governorates) and will include five components (1) enhancing the air quality decision support system; (2) support the operationalization of SWM master plan in GC; (3) vehicle emissions Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 1 reduction; (4) Stakeholders engagement and communication; and (5) Project management and monitoring and evaluation 1.1.2 Project Development Objectiv es The main objective of this project are as follows:  Reduction of air emissions from critical sectors to improve air quality in Greater Cairo, including air pollutants such as PM10 and PM2.5  Reduction of climate pollutants known as short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP): CO2 or “black carbon” from vehicle emissions The project development objectives level indicators are:  Emission reduction from public buses  Emission reduction from municipal SWM  Increased resilience to air pollution  Greenhouses gasses (CO2 equiv) emissions from public buses on selected routes (percent reduction in g/km)  Short Lived Climate Pollutants (Black Carbon) emissions from public buses on selected route (percent reduction in µg/m3)  Greenhouse gasses (CO2 equiv) emission from municipal solid waste (Tons/year)  People provided with improved living conditions  People provided with improved living conditions – Female  Greater Cairo Climate and Air Quality Action Plan developed and submitted to the Council of Ministers 1.2 ESMF Objectives According to the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) , an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is required since the project consists of series of subprojects, where exact locations, scope and nature of some interventions are not yet known. Therefore, the ESMF sets out the principal, guidelines and procedures to identify, assess and manage the environmental and / or social impacts that may accompany the subprojects. 1.3 ESMF Scope The scope of this ESMF incorporates all activities and subprojects under the five project components that are described in details in Chapter 2. In addition, it provides guidance for assessing, managing and monitoring the environmental and social aspects related to the proposed subprojects throughout their lifecycle, i.e. requirements before the construction phase (e.g. ESIA studies), construction phase, and operation phase. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 2 1.4 Rationale For ESMF This ESMF was developed in compliance with the World Bank requirements to set rigorous environmental and social requirements and road map for the implementation of the sub-projects, including:  Legal, regulatory and institutional framework  Methodology for evaluating the different alternatives  Assessment of the environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects  Identification of mitigation measures for the environmental and social impacts of the project  Implementation arrangements and capacity to manager E&S risks  Public consultation and disclosure 1.5 Methodology For Preparation of ESMF The following subsections will explain the methodology followed to prepare the ESMF: 1.5.1 Legal and Institutional Framework  Identify national legislations that are / may be applicable to the project  Identify the pertinent standards and policies of the World Bank  Evaluation of the ESSs relevant to the project and the ESF  Conduct a gap analysis between the WBG requirements and national legislations  Determine the standards / criteria that the project should follow throughout the different phases of its life cycle  Identify the international conventions relevant to the project that Egypt is committed to implement  Define the institutional framework related to each of the subprojects 1.5.2 Environmental and Social Settings-Baseline  Collect data on the characteristics of the project intervention areas in terms of their vulnerability and sensitivity to positive and negative environmental and social impacts and risks, such as: air quality, water bodies, infrastructure, climate, land and social and environmental conditions  Determine the general baseline conditions in the subproject’s areas  Determine the environmental and social context that may require detailed investigations in subsequent studies, after clearly identifying the project intervention locations  Analyze the elements of the natural environment, built environment, and infrastructure in addition to the economic and social environment conditions to Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 3 determine the scope of the monitoring system and develop such system accordingly  Determine the level of details needed for describing the environmental and social settings, methods to be followed, types of measurements and surveys to be conducted 1.5.3 Analysis of Alternatives  The alternatives will be evaluated for each subproject based on social and environmental advantages and disadvantages of each proposed alternative. The evaluation includes: o "No Action" alternative o Technical alternatives o Economic alternatives o Project site alternatives  The chosen alternative will be evaluated in detail in subsequent detailed studies 1.5.4 Environmental and Social Impact Mitigations Framework A preliminary assessment of the potential positive and adverse impacts during the construction and operation phases for different project components was performed and significance of impacts determined. Significance was determined on the basis of severity of the impact and/or risk level determined from severity and probability of the impact. A rating method was applied to determine the significance of the impacts. The scope of the impact and risk assessment of project components on: o Natural physical environment (air quality, ambient noise levels, water bodies, soil and landscape o Biological environment (fauna and flora) o Socio-economic aspects such as livelihood o Built environment such as infrastructure and underground utilities o Labor and working conditions o Resources and pollution o Community health and safety o Land-related aspects o Cultural resources An Environmental and Social Impacts Mitigation Framework was developed on the basis of mitigation hierarchy approach for identified impacts and risks associated with the project. The mitigation framework consists of relevant plans required to mitigate potential impacts identified from the preliminary assessment of impacts. The methodology to select specific mitigation measures constituting the plans outlined in Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 4 the mitigation framework should be based on consideration of costs, manpower, local availability of equipment and technology needs and timing to ensure implementation. The specific plans are components of ESS instruments, i.e., ESIAs, which are prepared prior to construction and are part of the PMU’s responsibility. 1.5.5 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) An Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) was developed to provide guidance and principles on measures and plans including the need for additional instruments (ESIA, feasibility studies, environmental audits, etc.) to safeguard ESS for the project using the Mitigation Hierarchy approach to avoid, minimize, mitigate and/or offset adverse risks and impacts. The ESMMF defines responsibilities, requirements (measure and plans), and associated estimated costs for implementation and supervision. On the basis of ESMMF, staffing requirements for implementing entities including types of skills and associated training needs to properly manage and implement environmental and social duties throughout the project life cycle and in accordance with ESMF and RF requirements were determined. 1.5.6 Public Consultation and Engagement  Consultation activities will be conducted in a public consultation session and interviews with concerned parties  These activities will be carried out in accordance with all national regulations related to public consultation as well as the World Bank Group Environmental and Social Safeguards (ESSs) related to public disclosure and consultation: o ESS 10 and the World Bank Policy on Information Disclosure  Results of the consultations should be included in the ESMF  ESMF must be developed in conjunction with the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP)  Comprehensive guidelines must be provided to follow during project implementation once the physical footprint of the site's activities is better known  Provide guidelines for meaningful consultations and, to the extent possible, specify methods, locations and timing of consultations to be conducted at different stages of the project life cycle  The ESMF and RF must be publicly disclosed within the country and on the World Bank website before the project is evaluated  Key principles for effective participation that guide stakeholder consultations including: o Ensure that all sessions are free from intimidation or coercion Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 5 o Provide useful information in an understandable and culturally appropriate form and language tailored to the needs of the targeted stakeholder group (s) o Be inclusive in representing perspectives, including different ages and genders, and integrate vulnerable groups and / or minorities who may be ignored or marginalized due to their own circumstances o Respecting local traditions in decision-making processes Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 6 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Overview The project comprises five components with the objective of reducing air pollutants and GHGs from open burning of solid waste and vehicle emissions, which are two major contributors to air pollution in GC. The project will be implemented in the geographical zone of GC, which covers Cairo Governorate, the urban areas of Giza Governorate and Qalyoubia Governorate. 2.2 Project Components The five components of the project are described briefly in the following subsections: 2.2.1 Component 1: Enhancing the Air Quality Decision Support System The main purpose of this component is to bolster the decision support system of Air Quality Management (AQM) in GC. This will be achieved through strengthening the existing infrastructure of AQM, capacity building, emergency response plans and raising public awareness. Component 1 will build on the achievements of the ongoing World Bank project Pollution Management and Environmental Health (PMEH) that is supporting EEAA to enhance air quality monitoring. These activities include procuring monitoring equipment, training on the equipment, and the analysis. In addition, component 1 will offer evidence-based solutions to mitigate pollution and create a rapid response system to enable the government to act in emergency situations and allow the public to take self-protective actions in case of extreme pollution days There are two sub-components that fall under this component, which are: 2.2.1.1 Sub-component 1.1: Reduction of air pollution and GHGs A better comprehension of key sources and determining effective control and prevention actions will be achieved through the following activities under this sub- component:  Prepare an Integrated Climate and Air Quality Management Plan (IC-AQMP) for reducing air and climate emissions in GC to identify sector specific policies and interventions to reduce air pollution;  strengthening Air quality Monitoring (AQM) information system to include mobile source emissions, SLCPs and GHGs; and Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 7  assessing the environmental health, and economic benefits of priority climate and air quality interventions and evaluating the priority measures based on financial cost estimation and cost-effectiveness analyses 2.2.1.2 Sub-component 1.2: Strengthening Resilience to Air Pollution This sub-component aims at reinforcing the resilience capacity of GC’s population to help adapting to extreme pollutions days including:  Improving Air Quality Forecasting through improving the quality of the current air quality forecasting tools, and the integration of these tools with local air quality monitoring data. Establishing institutional response mechanisms to extreme pollution days 2.2.2 Component 2: Support the Operationalization of SWM Master Plans in GC The objective of this component is to enhance operationalization of the governorate solid waste management master plans that set out the required actions and investments in each governorate. Component 2 includes a combination of enabling institutional and capacity building activities for the operationalization of the SWM master plans of the governorates, as well as development and upgrading of strategically important waste management infrastructure. Due to the complex characteristics of GC, a gradual approach is suggested to obtain tangible results. GCAPCCP is aiming also at creating the enabling environment for enhancing the role of the private sector in financing the capital investments and the operations and maintenance costs of same elements of the value chain such as treatment and recycling facilities or controlled landfills. 2.2.2.1 Waste Management Infrastructure The GCAPCCP will finance partially or fully some strategically important waste management infrastructure including: 1- Integrated Waste Management Facility at the 10th of Ramadan (IWMF-10R): The Integrated Waste Management Facility at the 10th of Ramadan (IWMF-10R) is planned to cater treatment and disposal of different types of wastes generated in Cairo and Qalyoubia governorates for 50 years. The private sector will play a significant role, through different PPP modalities, in developing and operating the different components of the IWMF-10R after developing the needed the infrastructure by the government. GCAPCCP is aiming at creating the enabling environment for enhancing the role of the private sector in financing the capital investments and the operations and maintenance costs of same elements of the Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 8 value chain. The following table provides an overview of IWMF-10R main components and highlights the components which will be financed by GCAPCCP: Item # Component Developed by Phasing Source of Fund Infrastructure in the facility and the main axes, serving both Cairo Governorate and Qalyoubia The infrastructure Governorate. This needed for the includes (main road Government operation of the 1.1 around the facility, considering private GCAPCCP IWMF-10R will be main internal axis sector requirements. developed in the first roads, fences, water year of the project and wastewater connections and electricity connections from the utilities to the facility Private sector through First year- Estimated Municipal Waste a Design, Build and capacity for the first 5 1.2 Treatment facilities for Government fund Operate (DBO) years is around 2000 Qalyoubia governorate modality ton/day Private sector through First or second year Municipal Waste a Design, Build and Estimated capacity for 1.3 Treatment facilities for Government fund Operate (DBO) the first 5 years is Cairo governorate modality around 3000 ton/day Private sector through First year- Estimated Sanitary Landfill for a Design, Build and capacity for the first 5 1.4 GCAPCCP Qalyoubia governorate Operate (DBO) years (first cell) is modality around 7 million tons Private sector through First or second year Sanitary Landfill for a Design, Build and Estimated capacity for 1.5 Government fund Cairo governorate Operate (DBO) the first 5 years is modality around 14 million tons Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 9 Item # Component Developed by Phasing Source of Fund Medical waste This will be developed Private sector through treatment and disposal by year 2 or 3 subject a Design, Build and 1.6 facility for Cairo and to feasibility study to GCAPCCP Operate (DBO) Qalyoubia determine the capacity modality governorates and technology Construction and Private sector through Demolition Waste Estimated capacity of a Design, Build and 1.7 treatment facility for the facility is 100 GCAPCCP Operate (DBO) Cairo and Qalyoubia ton/day modality governorates The following Item is subject to feasibility study that will determine if the facility will be established in the 10th of Ramadan or other location (Kuraymat). The feasibility study will be financed by GCAPCCP Second or Third year- Potential Industrial subject to feasibility Hazardous treatment Private sector through study to determine and disposal Facility for a Design, Build and the location, 1.8 GCAPCCP Cairo, Qalyoubia and Operate (DBO) technology and might serve also other modality capacity. Noting that governorates the item #8 may be excluded 2- Closing and Rehabilitation/Containment of Priority Dumpsites: o GCAPCCP will Support the preparation of an environmental audit of the site, a feasibility study and detailed engineering studies for the closure of the dump site. o GCAPCCP will finance the closure and containment of Abu Zaabal’s dumpsite, which will contribute to the improvement in the ambient air and environmental quality of the region. Noting that the closure will start after the development of the sanitary landfill for Qalyoubia governorate in IWMF-10R. 3- Hazardous Waste Treatment and Final Disposal Facility: The MoE and WMRA are planning to establish an industrial hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility with a preliminary capacity of 1000 ton/day to serve GC and other governorates. The two available sites for establishing this Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 10 facility are located either in IWMF-10R or Kuraymat, the two sites are further described in the following sections. GCAPCCP will finance: o preparing a feasibility study to compare between the two sites to determine the suitability of both location, technology and capacity. o Preparing the environmental and social assessments studies needed for the development of the facility o Financing the establishment of the hazardous waste facility in year two or three of the project. 4- Construction of Environmentally Controlled Transfer Stations: GCAPCCP will support: o Establishment of two environmentally controlled transfer stations (Site not determined-possibly in Giza Governorate) o Developing a technical and financial operation manual for the sustainable and sound operation and maintenance of transfer stations. 5- Solid Waste Educational Center: o GCAPCCP will Finance, depending on budget availability Establishment of a solid waste educational center for the general public at the IWMF-10R to promote improved waste handling, segregation at source, re-use and recycling, with special recreational and educational material and activities for children and adults (to be implemented through Component 4). 2.2.2.2 Technical Assistance for the Environmental Upgrade of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone in Qalyoubia: o GCAPCCP will finance preparing a detailed assessment of Akrasha area (institutional, technical and financial) to formulate recommendations to address various issues of the site and identify project’s intervention. 2.2.2.3 Response to COVID-19 and Healthcare Waste Management This component will support the GoE in responding to issues related to COVID-19 (and other possible epidemics), particularly as related to the objectives of the project in the area of healthcare waste management. The component will support technical assistance, training, communications and public awareness activities, as well as investments in sterilization equipment, personal protective equipment and other supplies for hospitals, sanitation workers and workers responsible for cleaning and maintaining public transport and waste transport vehicles. The component will also finance activities aiming at enhancing air pollution public awareness in conjunction with lung health and epidemics. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 11 2.2.2.3.1: Strengthening capacity in the healthcare and waste management sectors to appropriately manage potentially contaminated materials and waste i. Technical and technology support (autoclaves) for university hospitals –The sub- component will focus on underserved university hospitals to strengthen their capacity to effectively manage waste. Essential support for these hospitals to respond effectively, safely and efficiently to the increased load of contaminated waste and materials will include: • technical assistance for establishing and/or improving waste management systems within hospitals, including training in proper waste segregation, collection, sterilization and disposal; and • provision of steam sterilization equipment (autoclaves) to improve capacity for decontamination of waste and materials at select hospitals. ii. Support to solid waste management staff, including waste picker community for enhanced safety and security – Increased contaminated waste presents additional health and environmental threats to those working in waste management and surrounding communities. iii. Strengthening cleaning and disinfecting systems for waste collection points, vehicles and public transportation – Systems for disinfecting of waste vehicles, collection centers and for public transport, e.g., buses have been established on an ad hoc basis at the onset of the COVID-19. This activity will undertake necessary steps for systematizing the disinfection process, including assessment of processes and timing, training in safety and effective methodologies, and provision of PPEs and other disinfecting equipment, as needed. 2.2.2.3.2: Enhancing public awareness of air pollution, lung health and epidemics which target the respiratory system (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19) • This sub-component aims also to ensure that important new information on the linkages between air pollution, lung health and COVID-19 and other respiratory illness are well understood by the public at large, as well as specific targeted stakeholder groups. Activities will be centered on the: (i) assessment of heavily impacted communities and stakeholder groups; (ii) design of public awareness campaigns for the general public as well as particular stakeholder groups (as identified through activities conducted under Component 4), including women, youth, children and the Zabaleen; (iii) TA for the identification and design of appropriate communication modalities, e.g., social media, print campaigns, including posters, comics, etc., and television/radio; and (iv) support for dissemination of campaigns, including ensuring alignment with activities under sub- component 1.1 on strengthening resilience to air pollution such that appropriate response measures can be taken by those at highest risk. 2.2.2.4 Enabling Activities, Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening Activities This sub-component of the project focuses on the establishment and reinforcement of institutional and regulatory frameworks, financial sustainability and cost recovery mechanisms that are crucial for the SWM value chain. This will entail design and planning, monitoring and evaluation instruments, capacity building, advisory services for waste operators and relevant studies and assessments needed for the identification, design and implementation of proposed investments. These activities will be Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 12 implemented by the Waste Management Regulatory Authority and the Executive SWM Unit at the MoLD. 2.2.2.4.1 Waste Management Regulatory Authority (WMRA) The following activities will be performed to support GCAPCCP-related activities within WMRA:  Development and adoption of model bidding documents and performance-based contracts for the different stages of waste management (collection, transportation and disposal)  Establishment and implementation of a management information system to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of various programs, initiatives and contracts being implemented across governorates, including cost-recovery mechanisms  Assessment and formulation of recommendations for channeling collected fees and other earmarked funds to the relevant authorities and developing a proper financial management system and modus operandi of these funds (including internal by-laws/ guidelines, regulations, planning procedures, etc.);  Creating and supporting initiatives that reduce the volume of wastes to be disposed of in landfills/dumpsites, including encouraging solid waste recycling, recovery of raw materials and introduction of financial incentives for avoiding plastic use and regulatory controls for single use plastics, etc.  Development of financially viable business models, model bidding documents, model performance-based contracts, etc.  Support Egypt in developing structuring and procurement strategies for the establishment of treatment and disposal facilities such as waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities.  Technical studies (feasibility studies, engineering designs, etc.) to support new interventions such as development of national strategy for private sector participation in solid waste management, Waste-to-Energy, waste volume minimization waste reuse/ recycling, etc.  Assessment of institutional mandates, roles and responsibilities at the center level and in governorates including restructuring the Cleanliness and Beautification Authorities, the enhancement of the role of the SWM Units in the Governorates, etc. to improve service delivery, monitoring and oversight on the long-term and ensure the sustainability of the SWM system in place 2.2.2.4.2 Executive SWM Unit at the MoLD The following activities will be performed to support GCAPCCP-related activities within the SWM Unit at MOLD: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 13  Establishment and operation of the newly established SWM Unit at the Ministry of Local Development and the regional units to be created in the three governorates through equipment, information systems, a vehicle, training, part- time and full-time expertise  Support the establishment of the Regional SWM units to be created in the three governorates.  Training and capacity building programs for the central and regional staff of SWM unit, officials of the governorates, regulators (EEAA/WMRA) and all other stakeholders  Other TA activities 2.2.3 Component 3: Vehicle Emissions Reduction This component of the project is mainly concerned with reducing air emissions from public transport sector through a pilot project to introduce around 100 electric buses (e- buses) in GC. The main objective of this component is to collect pertinent data that will help in scaling up this project and replicate it on a larger scale. Cairo Transport Authority (CTA) is the formal entity that will be responsible for the operation of these buses. Therefore, the project will assist in upgrading CTA facilities such as retrofitting the depositories of the existing buses to have electric charging stations, power supply and appropriate safety equipment. In addition, capacity building activities for CTA staff such as bus drivers and mechanics will be conducted. In order to ensure the sustainability of the service through the procured buses, the project will be designed in a way that enhance the new buses competitiveness with other modes of transport like the informal microbuses that can manoeuvre easier in high traffic. Hence, this can be achieved through service quality improvements such as air conditioning, on-board USB charging, higher service frequency, and stopping at designated stops. However, the bus routes should be short, up to 10 km to be able to achieve the service frequency with the low number of e-buses in the pilot project phase. The project will be divided into two consecutive phases to leverage the lessons learned in the first phase. Two routes will be selected in each phase of the project to cater a specific market in high demands zones in Cairo to be competitive with other transport modes. The nominated routes include:  El Tahrir Square and Cairo University (5.0km)  Al Azhar University and Stadium Station (3.0km)  Citystars Mall and Subway Line 3 Stadium Station (6.0km)  Subway Line 1 El Ahram Metro Station and Line 1 Saray El-Kobba Station (3.0km) serving Line 3 commuters heading to north-eastern areas of the region that Line 1 serves Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 14 2.2.3.1 Low/no Emission Public Transport Fleet and Related Infrastructure The project will finance the following:  Study to select the final set of routes where the e-buses will be deployed considering topography, demand, and that optimizes charging of the batteries, i.e. centralized charging and bus depots and decentralized charging along the route. The study will also determine what type of battery is better suited i.e. fast or slow charging. The study will also analyze implications on the power supply and determine if there is a need for installing new transformers.  The design of the bus, the design of the retrofit needed in a selected bus depot to accommodate charging stations, maintenance facilities, and power supply.  Design of the retrofit in chosen buses depositories to accommodate charging stations, including: o installation of fast charging stations and slow charging stations, depending on the fleet size and operational plan o maintenance and cleaning facilities, o improvements to local distribution grid to provide power supply adequate for the number of fast charger and e-buses, o safety equipment and facilities for the proper handling of chargers and e- buses  Procurement of e-buses will take place through international competitive bidding. Also, private operators may be contracted by CTA to operate and maintain e-buses, as it currently does with different services that are contracted to 17 private operators. 2.2.3.2 Subcomponent 3.2: Enabling Activities The enabling activities include transport infrastructure planning. In light of the World Bank support to the Ministry of Transport or the establishment of the Land Transport Regulatory Authority that is responsible for regulating the urban public transport sector, among other mandates, and developing Master Mobility Plan for GC Region, the following activities will be undertaken:  A module/chapter in the Master Mobility Plan to address environmental economic (i.e. environmental, health and economic) perspective  Capacity development for LTRA staff to appraise policy and investment proposals with respect to environmental economic impacts as part of their planning tasks  Establishment of dynamic and continuing air quality monitoring system  Awareness raising / capacity development - Recognizing the need for significant capacity development of CTA employees and broader audience to properly handle new technologies Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 15 2.2.4 Component 4: Stakeholders Engagement, Awareness Raising and Communication The main objective of this component is to ascertain the engagement of all stakeholders in all phases of the project, i.e. design, implementation and monitoring. Such active involvement and the full consultative participatory approach will result in a constructive relationship between the different stakeholders and the government. This component represents an integral part to the stakeholders’ engagement comprehensive plan, which is part of the environmental and social risk management and the Stakeholders Engagement Plan (SEP). The identification of the project’s stakeholders will take place at an early stage depending on the possible impacts of the project on them, their interest, and their support for the project. In order to ensure the successful implementation of this component, stakeholders have to be fully aware of the project, which subsequently requires sharing information in a timely, transparent, understandable, accessible and appropriate manner and format, in addition, the opinions of stakeholders about the different phases of the project have to be considered in the design, implementation and monitoring of the project. Moreover, this component will help in the implementation of the MoE’s Communication and Visibility Plan of 2019 through provision of support to the sector related programs, such as the Waste Management Program. The targeted groups entail:  Senior policy and decision makers  Managers, technical staff and clean transport stakeholders  General public  Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)  Women, youth and children  The informal service providers sector (e.g., traditional waste collector’s community, the Zaabaleen) The proposed activities to be carried out under this component are:  Development and delivery of communication plans under the different themes (general air pollution, SWM and reduction of vehicle emissions) to: o Create a basic understanding of the SWM master plans and of the vehicle emissions reduction plan o Reach consensus and receive the endorsement of targeted beneficiary groups o Inducing positive behavioral changes.  Development of differentiated knowledge and general awareness products for each targeted group. Different related topics to be included are: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 16 o Clean transport o Air pollution and the associated measures o Solid waste management (including topics related to the SWM cycle, the cost of the service, stakeholders’ roles and responsibility, etc.)  Adoption and rolling out a Community-based Social Marketing (CBSM) approach to stress on personal contact between community members aiming to boost behavioral change, how to overcome barriers, and development of a pilot program. Behavioral change that are sought by the project include: o Increase the recycling at the source by the population o Increase payment for garbage collection o New attitudes for garbage pickers  A continued consultation process with the relevant stakeholders’ groups.  Implementation of pilot projects to demonstrate the role that CSOs and NGOs can play in: o Monitoring the performance of the solid waste service providers o Engaging with the population at the street and district level and implementing awareness campaigns  Implementation of beneficiaries’ feedback activities that would inform the performance of the project. It would also allow systematic opportunity for different stakeholders to spell out their feedback and views and allow taking corrective actions during the life cycle of the project  Implementation of specific actions included in the SEP  Media campaigns for stakeholders, media, advanced and sophisticated websites; mobile applications that are targeting the larger public (beyond CBSM targeted communities). 2.2.5 Component 5: Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation This component will cover project management functions that includes fiduciary management, monitoring and evaluation, technical reporting and audits. A project management unit (PMU) will be established at the Ministry of Environment, which is a project partner along with the Ministry of the Local Development (MoLD) and will be responsible for the implementation of components 1, 3 and 4. However, the project will also work with other ministries such as the Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Electricity and Ministry of Health and Population, while the executing entities of the project will be EEAA, WMRA, the Central and Regional SWM Units of the MoLD, Qalyoubia Governorate, Giza Governorate and CTA. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 17 The project will contribute to the operational costs of the PMUs to be established but will not pay salaries or topping-up of salaries of government officials. The PMU will be in charge of the overall management and coordination of the project through:  Preparation of annual work plans and budgets  Coordination of monitoring and evaluation activities with the other executing agencies  Having the fiduciary responsibility for the entire project, including financial management procurement and environmental and social risk management The project will also consider setting up an efficient monitoring and evaluation system to help in the decision making given the demonstration nature of some of the planned interventions and given the intended contribution of some of the activities to broader national level targets of indicators set in national programs and plans. Moreover, Technical Implementation Units (TIUs) or working groups will be established in the key institutions of the first three components to guarantee the involvement of these institutions: each in their respective sector. These units will be chaired by the respective institutions with official mandate for that component and it may also be co- chaired based on the situation. In addition, a Joint Task Force (JTF) will be established to coordinate with the PMU. The JTF meets every quarter to share information and knowledge, as well as planning and taking corrective actions. It is composed of two coordinators and technical specialists who attend as required. This component will also entail formation of a national steering committee which consists of the key partners, the civil society, representatives of the private sector, media and other resource persons. This committee will be responsible for:  Provision of strategic guidance to the project  Facilitating the coordination between all concerned parties  Approval of the annual work plans and budgets  Monitoring progress towards achievement of the national and project specific target indicators Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 18 3 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK The project has to comply with both Egyptian laws and the World Bank ESF. This section will review the national legislations as well as the World Bank standards applicable for this project. It will also provide a gap analysis, and the institutional framework for the project. 3.1 National Legal Framework The governing laws applicable to the scope of this project are: 1. Law No. 4 of 1994 Amended by Law No. 9 of 2009 (Environment Law) and its amended Articles by Resolution 1095 of 2011, Decree No. 710 of 2012, Decision of the Prime Minister No. 964 of 2015 and Decree No. 618 and 1963 of 2017. The aforementioned amendments entailed articles related to hazardous and solid waste management (collection, handling, transport and disposal). This law controls the potential environmental impacts of the proposed subprojects. 2. Law No. 38 of 1967 (the Public Cleanliness Law) and its executive regulations issued by the Ministry of Housing dealing with solid waste to regulate the collect and disposal of construction and operation waste generated from subprojects under the first three components and maintaining the cleanliness of roads and public properties 3. Law No. 48 of year 1982 concerning protection of the Nile River, and waterways and its executive amendment 4. Law No. 63 of year 1974 for Electricity Sector facilities, which is relevant to component 3 of the project, which requires refurbishment in buses depositories to add charging stations 5. Law No. 93 of 1962 concerning sewage disposal on domestic wastewater network and its implementing regulations 6. Law No. 102 of 1983 regarding the nature reserves, and its complementary decrees in preservation of rare and endangered wild animals to protect flora and fauna in subprojects locations, where relevant. 7. The new Local Administration Law, which stipulates the responsibilities of waste management in neighborhood, districts and cities 8. Decree No. 3005 of 2015 on establishing the Waste Management Regulatory Authority (WMRA) and its mandates, which is a key stakeholder in the execution of this project 9. Traffic Law No. 66 of 1973 amended by Law 121 of 2008 and decree No. 143 of 2014 to regulate the movement of vehicles due to activities resulting from the Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 19 project components such as transporting construction materials and waste and the movement of e-buses. 3.1.1 The Egyptian Environmental Law No.4 of Year 1994 The main legal framework for environmental issues is Law No. 4 of 1994 amended by Law No. 9 of 2009 and Law 105 of 2015 and its implementing regulations amended by Resolution 1095 of 2011, then Resolution 710 of 2012, Resolution 964 of 2015, and Resolution 618 and 1963 of 2017 known as the Environmental Protection Law. This law mainly regulates the anticipated environmental impacts resulting from physical subprojects such as landfills, transfer stations and e-buses depositories and charging stations. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) was established by Prime Minister Decree No. 631 of 1982 to be the administrative body responsible for environmental affairs in Egypt. Law 4/1994 states that EEAA is the body responsible for environmental affairs. Law no. 4 applies to project components with activities having potential impacts on the environment, i.e., components containing physical interventions. Project activities for Component 2 involve construction activities as well as operation activities which will affect environmental receptors. Component 3 involves construction activities and generation of hazardous waste during operation phase, which can affect environmental receptors. 3.1.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) In accordance with Article 19 of Law 4 of 1994, the entity responsible for a particular project must undertake an environmental impact assessment study for any new project and for extensions and renovations of existing projects to assess the impacts of the project on the natural environment prior to project implementation. In this context, it is required to prepare EIA studies for the physical subprojects of this project such as landfills and transfer stations. The law considers the EIA as a main condition for licensing and thus the project that does not prepare an EIA or does not abide by the EIA conditions could be subjected to its license revoke (Articles 10, 12 and 19 of the executive regulations of Law 4/1994, modified by the decree 1741/2005. The articles (19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 70, 71, and 73) of Law no. 4 of 1994 stipulate measures and procedures related to the preparation of the EIA. These are further clarified by the provisions of articles no. (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 34, 57, 59, and 60) of the Executive Regulations issued by the Prime Minister's Decree No. 338 of 1995, modified by decree no 1741/2005. In 2009, EEAA issued specific Guidelines for EIA preparation. The objectives of the guidelines are to: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 20  Describe the objective of the EIA process and its legal requirements  Identify the projects for which EIAs are required  Indicate the criteria for classification and the different levels of assessment  Describe the requirements for EIA of different categories  Describe the requirements for public consultation In addition, these guidelines incorporate specifications for legal framework, EIA system, project categorization (A, B or C) and the requirements of each as well as requirements and scope of the disclosure of EIA outcomes. The Guidelines also entail requirements for public consultations, where key stakeholders have to be engaged in the consultation process during both the planning and implementation phases. Concerned parties should include at minimum:  EEAA and its regional offices  Competent administration authorities based on the project location and nature  Governorate, where the project is located  Local city councils  Representatives of the affected groups such as residents or nearby buildings based on project location and nature and the associated impacts  It can also include: o Local NGOs o Universities and research institutions o Others  Consultations should be conducted twice; once during the EIA scoping phase and another one other after preparation of the EIA draft  Continuous consultation with community and concerned parties throughout project operation to achieve social compatibility, which is a main requirement by international funding agencies and the World Bank It is required to develop a plan showing public consultation methodology that will be followed. The plan should also identify concerned parties, consultation mechanism and other points. This plan needs to be discussed with EEAA to make sure that all key parties are involved. Scoping Consultation The following should be entailed in the consultation plan:  Objectives of consultation: scoping phase aims to evaluate environmental and social impacts based on project nature and the affected environment Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 21  Consultation mechanism: either individual meetings (focus groups) with representatives from each concerned party, or a plenary session (collective meeting) that gathers concerned parties altogether. In either case, whoever responsible for preparing and submitting the EIA study, is responsible for providing a summary on project description, environmental aspects and consultation methodology. The following will be presented in the meeting: o Project components and activities associated with each component o A brief on characteristics of project location o List of key parties identified based on the project location and nature o Vision of the submitter of the study on environmental and social aspects and potential impacts of the project o Commitment of project owners towards improving the environmental situation in the surrounding area and supporting the surrounding community o Aspects discussed in the EIA study In case of individual meetings with concerned parties, a report on consultation outcomes should be presented to EEAA to reach final agreement on EIA components, while in case of plenary sessions, agreements should be reached during the session. EEAA is responsible for making decisions on whether to announce the public consultation in local newspapers or inviting each concerned party individually based on project nature and affected environment. Public Consultation about the EIA Draft  Objective of consultation: to announce the outcomes of the EIA study and allowing the concerned parties to make sure that all concerns raised during the previous consultations have been addressed and integrated in the study.  Consultation mechanism: holding a plenary session where all concerned parties, who attended previous consultations, should contribute. The following is presented in the consultation: o Outcomes of the study indicating the discussed points in the scoping session o Presenting mitigation measures to alleviate the potential negative impacts from the project Enough time, not less than a third of the total time of the session, should be allocated for discussions In case of any objections, EEAA has the right to invite the EIA submitter and parties who have concerns, to discuss these concerns. EEAA can ask for further clarifications and scientific responses from the EIA submitter to make sure that all concerns have been addressed. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 22 The public consultation outcomes should be incorporated in the EIA study as a main section including:  Methodology to inform and engage concerned parties in EIA process  Analysis of collected data  A table with all points discussed in the public consultations and how they are addressed or mitigated  Followed methodologies by project owners to ensure continuity of public consultation and community acceptance  Commitment of the project owner to improve the surrounding environment and support community  Documenting public consultations and meetings in the annex including dates, names of attendees, meetings agendas and subjects of discussions 3.1.1.2 Environmental Register In accordance with Articles 22 and 23 of Law 4/1994, the owner of the project, will keep a written record of the impact of the project activity on the environment (environmental register) according to the model set forth in Annex 3 of the executive regulations of the law. Articles 17 and 18 of the Implementing Regulations define the rules for the preparation of the environmental register as well as the time frame of the obligation of the entity to maintain it and the data to be entered therein. 3.1.1.3 Environmental Protection Regulations against Air Pollution Outdoor Air Pollutants The provisions of Articles 34 to 40, 42, 43 and 47 bis in Law 4/1994, amended by Law 9/2009, Article 42 and Annex 5 and 6 of the Implementing Regulations set out maximum permissible limits for outdoor air pollutants. Indoor Workplace Air Pollutants According to Article 43 of the Law, the owner of an establishment is held to take all precautions and procedures necessary to prevent the leakage or emission of air pollutants inside the work premises except within the permissible limits as defined by the executive regulations of this Law, whether they result from the nature of the establishment activities or from malfunctioning equipment. Regarding the monitoring of carbon black, it is not mentioned in the environmental law. However, the threshold limits of carbon black inside the workplace is given. Component 2 involves waste facilities development/construction as well as operation releasing dust and gaseous emissions, which can affect air quality. Component 3 involves hazardous waste generation and gaseous emissions during operation, which can affect air quality. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 23 3.1.1.4 Noise Article 42 of the environmental law sets maximum permissible limits for noise levels during the construction and operation phases of the project according to types of areas. Noise levels must not exceed the sound intensity levels given in Annex 7 of the Executive Regulations. Component 2 involves waste facilities construction and operation leading to increase in noise and vibration levels. Component 3 involves construction activities that can affect noise levels in surrounding areas. 3.1.2 Regulations Pertinent to Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Management Since the project incorporates subprojects that deal with waste during construction and operation phases, this section states the pertinent regulations. The collection, transportation and safe disposal of solid wastes from houses, public places, commercial and industrial establishments is regulated through the public cleanliness law 38/1967 amended by law 31/1976 and its executive regulations issued by Minister of Housing Decree Number 134 of 1968, the environmental law 4/1994, its executive regulations and amendments, as well as the prime minister decree no. 338 of 1995 and the national waste management strategy issued in 2018. Additionally, law no. 159 for the year 1953 regulates the cleanliness of fields, roads and streets as well as organization of collection and transport of waste. There is also a decree that endorses “the Egyptian Code of Design Principal and Implementation Conditions for Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems”, which is the Ministerial Decree No. 717 of the year 2019. Other laws that might be pertinent to waste management in Egypt are:  Law 10/2005 establishing a solid waste collection fee system with the electricity bill  Laws 106/1976 and 101/1996 allow local governments to include the management of construction and demolition waste in the permits required for construction activities  Law 140/ 1956 regarding occupation of public roads  Law 84/ 1968 regarding public roads Component 2 relates to construction and operation of waste management infrastructure including waste transfer and disposal systems, which will involve collection, handling and disposal of waste and are regulated by this set of laws. Component 3 involves construction activities generating waste requiring handling and disposal. 3.1.2.1 Egyptian Code of Design Principal and Implementation Conditions for Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems Number 717/2019 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 24 The Housing and Building National Research Center has prepared this Solid Waste Management Code, hereinafter referred to as the “Code”, to provide an authoritative reference to the design requirements and specifications of the implementation of solid waste management systems. Annex 1: Egyptian Code of Design and Implementation Requirements of Sanitary Landfill Systems provides all the detailed technical and non- technical specifications of the code. The Code aims to support the design and implementation of a modern, economical system that is effective and efficient in dealing with municipal solid waste, thus preserving and enhancing the public health and environment of the different population groups. The Code incorporates requirements and guidelines for the effective procedures for sequencing SWM that include:  Reduction of solid waste generation  Solid waste reuse  Solid waste recycling  Solid waste recovery  Solid waste treatment  Safe disposal of solid waste In addition, it provides guidance on the requirements for waste segregation, collection and transportation systems. Regarding landfills, there are also guidelines to be followed on the design, construction and operation of landfills and closure of landfills and dumpsites that include:  Selection of landfill location  Selection of landfill lining system  Preparation of feasibility studies and environmental impact assessment  Criteria for landfill designs  Conditions for the construction of landfill  Conditions for the operation of controlled or sanitary landfill  Converting an open dump into a controlled landfill  Requirements for the design of the final cover layer for sanitary and controlled landfills  Closure of open dumps Project Component 2 involves site selection, design, construction and operation, for municipal and sanitary waste, which are regulated under this law. 3.1.2.2 Public Cleanliness Law Number 38/1967 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 25 Law 38 for the year 1967 amended by law 31/1976 and its Executive Regulations issued by decree 134/1968 prohibit the dumping of solid wastes in any location other than those designated by the municipal authorities. This includes solid waste treatment and disposal, in addition to the temporary storage in undesignated containers. The Public Cleanliness Law and its Executive Regulations requires the municipal authority responsible for public cleanliness or the contracted entity assigned by it for the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid wastes, to carry out these processes in accordance with the specifications stipulated in the Executive Regulations and any other regulations by the municipal authority including necessary licenses, health and safety guidelines, specifications of waste transfer trucks, disclosure of trucks garage parking locations and associated licensing, maintenance of waste transfer equipment. Project component 2 consists of construction and operation of municipal waste cells, landfill as well as transfer stations, which involve handling of waste regulated by this law. 3.1.2.3 Environmental Law 4/1994 In general, Law No. 4 of 1994 Amended by Law No. 9 of 2009 (Environment Law) and its amended Articles by Resolution 1095 of 2011, Decree No. 710 of 2012, Decision of the Prime Minister No. 964 of 2015 and Decree No. 1963 of 2017 prohibits the disposal of any solid wastes except in areas designated for this purpose through articles 38, 39 and 41 of the executive regulations. These articles require that during excavation, construction or demolition activities, the entity undertaking the work must take the necessary precautions to safely store and transport the resulting wastes in accordance with the set procedure. Prime minister Decree no. 964/2015 amending the Executive Regulations of law 4/1994 sets out regulations for SWM and responsibility of the competent authority to assess landfill sites in coordination with EEAA in accordance with Annex 11 of the amended Executive Regulations 964 /2015 of Law No. 4 of 1994. Some locations are not defined yet; therefore, selection criteria under this law apply. Regarding the hazardous wastes, and in accordance with the provisions of articles 25 to 33 of the executive regulations of law 4/1994, which is equivalent to law 9/2009 and latest amendments on articles 26, 28 and 38 in Decree No. 1963 of 2017, the entity producing hazardous wastes in gaseous, liquid or solid form is committed to collect and transport the generated waste to designated disposal sites, which are predetermined by the local authorities, the competent administrative authorities and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 26 The law sets out guidelines for hazardous waste management facilities including licensing requirements for transport vehicles and specifications of the facilities. The facilities for hazardous waste treatment and disposal are to be located in an area that is no less than three kilometers from residential and urban communities. When necessary, the facility's location may be in an area that is less than three kilometers away from residential and urban gatherings, and the height of the surrounding wall is less than 2.5 meters whenever the granting authority considers it after taking the opinion of the authorities referred to in Article 29 of these regulations, and provided that it does not violate safety conditions that prevent any public damage or from being exposed to people and in a manner that guarantees the safety of the environment. The EEAA is responsible for reviewing the tables of hazardous wastes that are subjected to the provisions of the law, in coordination with the relevant ministries, regarding the tables issued by them in this regard. One of the subcomponents of component 2 includes developing a hazardous waste management facility, to which this law applies. This law also applies to Component 3 which will result in hazardous waste generation (e-batteries). 3.1.2.4 Basel Convention Controlling Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal The component relating to e-buses will involve generation of hazardous waste, which may be subject to transboundary movement of hazardous waste. If transboundary movement of hazardous waste is applicable in this project, specifically the consumed electric buses batteries, requirements of Basel Convention will have to be fulfilled. 3.1.3 Regulations Pertinent to Water and Wastewater Management 3.1.3.1 Discharge of Wastewaters Law 93/1962 The wastewater disposal into the drainage systems is regulated by law 93/1962 and its executive regulations amended by decree 44/2000. The law prohibits the disposal of domestic, industrial and commercial wastewater, treated or untreated, in public drainage system without obtaining a prior approval. Article 14 of the executive regulations set the parameters required regarding the quality of the wastewater discharged to the public sewage network. 3.1.3.2 Protection of Nile River Water and Egypt waterways from pollution Law 48/1982 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 27 Law number 48 for the year 1982 defines the water ways to which this law is applicable. The fresh water sources are: the Nile River and its branches and bays, as well as the branches and canals of all sizes; non-fresh water sources consist of all types of open type drainages, lakes, ponds and enclosed water bodies and underground water reservoirs. The law states that for all the stated water ways, it is prohibited to dispose or dump any solid, liquid or gaseous waste from all residential, commercial and industrial activities as well as waste water unless an approval is obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation according to the regulations issued in this regard. These laws apply to Component 2 and 3 involving construction and operation resulting in waste generation posing risk on waterbodies in case of improper waste disposal. 3.1.4 Laws Related to Traffic Laws related to traffic are relevant to this project, where some subprojects will lead to increase in the traffic movement during construction and operation phases, such as transport of construction materials, e-buses movement, and waste transport. The laws applicable to traffic and road work are governed by Traffic Law No. 66 of 1973, as amended by Law No. 121 of 2008. Law No. 121 of 2008 stipulated that all passenger transport vehicles (referring to taxis, buses and microbuses) exceeding 20 years of age cannot renew their license to operate. The law is also concerned with traffic planning during the construction of projects. Law No. 140 of 1956 concerning the use and occupation of public roads, and Law No. 84 of 1968 concerning public roads, including highways, main roads and regional road. The laws require that no actions affect the flow of traffic without prior authorization, and the laws specify that the competent administrative authority can use public roads for a fee. The executive regulations of Law No. 140 of 1956 specify the requirements for the management of construction and demolition. In general, vehicle drivers are prohibited from causing any pollution by dumping waste on the road, construction waste or any other materials. Component 2 and 3 involve construction and operation activities involving traffic movement. 3.1.5 Egypt’s Commitments Towards Combating Climate Change Egypt has adopted various climate change initiatives and agreements including ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994. Egypt also signed the Paris Convention in 2015, which was ratified by the Egyptian Parliament in June 2017. Moreover, Egypt has submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015, which was automatically converted to Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 28 Nationally Determined Contribution in 2017 with the submission of its instruments of ratification to the UNFCCC. Other national policies and strategies related to combating climate change and reducing air pollution include the Sustainable Development Strategy (Egypt Vision 2030.) Egypt’s SDS addresses economic, social and environmental dimensions of development, and included indicators to reduce energy consumption, which is a state-driven approach to reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate change. Furthermore, Egypt developed the framework of the low-emission development strategy (LEDS), which is an important tool for decision-makers to define Egypt's voluntary commitments in light of the Paris Agreement 2015. In this context, this project will result in GHG emissions reduction due to use of e- buses, proper solid waste management, methane capturing in landfills, and composting. 3.1.6 Social Legislations The applicable social legislations in Egypt are explained in the following sections: 3.1.6.1 Work Environment and Occupational Health and Safety Articles 43 - 45 of Law No. 4/1994 and articles 44 - 47 of its modified Executive Regulations by Decrees No. 1095/2011 and 710/2012 stipulate the provision of protective equipment and all necessary safety measures to work crew involved in construction activities. Labor Law No. 12/2003 addresses requirements for workforce safety and assurance of the adequacy of the working environment. The law also deals with the provision of protective equipment to workers and firefighting/emergency response plans. Ministerial Decree No. 211/2003 of the Ministry of Manpower defines requirements to prevent adverse physical, chemical, biological and mechanical hazards in the workplace. Other laws and decrees relevant to occupational health and safety provisions consist of:  Decree No. 126/2003 replacing Decree No. 75/1993 defining procedures and forms for the notification of work-related accidents, injuries, fatalities and diseases,  Decree No. 211/2003 replacing Decree No.55/1983 specifying conditions and precautions essential for the provision of OSH measures at the workplace,  Decree No. 134/2003 replacing Decree No. 116/1991 defining the types of establishments covered, OSH services and committees, and related OSH training institutions. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 29  Decree No. 155/2003 identifies works, occupations and industries prohibited for women workers,  Law 137/1981: Labor and Workforce Safety,  Minister of industry Decree 91/1985 for implementing Law 2/1985,  Law No. 79/1975 as amended by Law No. 25/1977 defining the Social (and Health) Insurance  Law No. 12/1996 enacts the Child Law according to Law No. 12/2003,  Minister of Manpower Decree No. 48/1967 for implementing Law No. 79/1975, requires employers to inform their employees that they are dealing with hazardous waste, accordingly every worker is required to follow protective measures and observe safety precautions set by the employer. The establishment is authorized to take disciplinary action against a worker who does not follow the safety precautions as prescribed (article 218 of the law, article 57 of Law No. 79/1975, and Decree No. 48/1967). Table 3-1: Labor national requirements including the labor law12/2003 Legislation Relevant Article Requirements  Regulates working hours and rest times for workers  The working hours shall include a period of one or more meals and rest not less than one hour in total and the period shall not exceed five consecutive hours. The competent minister may, by a decision, determine the cases or works which are imperative for technical reasons or operating conditions.  Work hours and rest periods should be organized so that the period between the beginning and the Articles 80-87 end of working hours does not exceed ten hours per day. Law 12/2003 on  Work shall be organized at the facility so that each Labor and worker shall receive a weekly rest of not less than Workforce Safety 24 hours after six working days at most. In all cases, weekly rest shall be paid.  The employer shall put on the main doors used by the workers for entry, as well as in a visible place in the establishment a schedule showing the weekly rest day, working hours and rest periods for each worker and the amendment to this schedule. The employer shall be obliged to issue the contract in writing in Arabic in three copies. The employer shall keep Book 3 - Single one and deliver a copy to the worker. In particular, the worker contract: contract shall include the following data: Article 32  Name of employer and place of work.  The name of the worker, Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 30  his qualification,  his profession or craft,  his insurance number,  his place of residence and what is necessary to prove his identity. The nature and type of work being contracted.  If there is no written contract for the worker, the unit to prove his rights, all methods of proof. The employer shall be given a receipt for the papers and certificates he has deposited with him. Minister of Labor Decree 48/1967.  The owner of the project is bound with the Law 12/2003 on Minister of Labor provision of protective equipment to workers and Labor and Decree 55/1983. fire-fighting/emergency response plans. Moreover, Workforce Safety Minister of the following laws and decrees should be and Book V on Industry Decree considered: Occupational 91/1985  The contractor should have appropriate number of Safety and Health Minister of Labor first kits in relation to the size of the site and the (OSH) and Decree 116/1991. number of workers on site assurance of the Article 211 and adequacy of the article 34 of the working Decree of the  The establishment should prepare, records / environment Minister of Labor reports/register for chemical safety and Manpower no. 211/2003  The employer should inform his workers of the Law 137/1981 Article 117 hazards associated with non-compliance with safety measures  Egyptian Drinking Water Quality Standards should Decree 458/2007 be met for all water bought and stored on site for the workers’ use. The environmental aspects that have to be taken in consideration for the workplace are noise, ventilation, temperature, and health and safety, which are as follows: Noise Annex 7 of the Executive Regulations amended in 2012 of Law no.4/1994 stipulates the permissible limits for sound intensity and safe exposure times in workplaces. Ambient Air Quality Annex 8 of the Regulations of Law no.4/1994 lists the maximum allowable limits for air contaminants within the working environment. Temperature and Humidity Article 44 of Law 4/1994 and Article 46 of its amended regulation 710/2012 stipulate conditions and requirements for temperature and humidity in the workplace. Annex 9 to Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 31 the Regulations sets out the major and minor limits for temperature and humidity, exposure periods and safety precautions. Component 2 and 3 will involve workers. Aforementioned laws govern the national occupational health and safety standards applicable to permanent or temporary workers. 3.1.6.2 EEAA EIA Guidelines Related to the Public Consultation  Conduct a public consultation as part of the ESIA study according to the EEAA guidelines methodology. The involvement of the public and concerned entities in the EIA planning and implementation phases is mandatory for Category C projects through the public consultation process with concerned parties.  Preparation of the Public Consultation Plan before starting the consultation activities in the EIA scoping phase, the project proponent prepares a plan indicating the methodology of the public consultation to be adopted in the two public consultation phases (EIA scoping phase and consultation on the draft EIA). The plan should indicate the concerned parties that will be consulted, method of consultation and other points.  An individual chapter in the EIA will be prepared for public consultation  Disclosure of relevant material is an important process and should be undertaken in a timely manner for all Category C projects. This process permits meaningful consultations between the project proponent and project-affected groups and local NGOs is required to take place. Before the public consultation on the draft EIA, the draft technical summary in Arabic should be disclosed to all concerned parties.  Paragraph 6.4.3.1: Scope of Public Consultation  Paragraph 6.4.3.2: Methodology of Public Consultation  Paragraph 6.4.3.3: Documentation of the Consultation Results  Paragraph 7: Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure These guidelines outline requirements for the public consultation session to be held prior to publishing of the ESMF study and disclosure of its results therein. 3.1.6.3 Cultural Heritage Archaeological and cultural heritage is protected by the following laws:  Law 117 of 1983 on the protection of monuments and cultural heritage, amended by Law 12 of 1991.  Consolidated Building Law No. 119 of 2008, which aims to regulate the planning and construction of residential areas in addition to preserving the current real estate wealth Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 32 These laws apply to project component 2, which may involve deep excavation activities and possible unearthing of artifacts. 3.1.6.4 Land Acquisition Laws The Egyptian Constitution has preserved the right of private property, Egyptian Constitution (1971, amended in year 1980) and Egyptian Constitution (2014, articles 33 and 35). The Egyptian Civil code 131/1948, articles 802-805 recognize private ownership right and stipulates that the owner of a certain property has the sole right of using and/or disposing his property. Property expropriation for public benefit is indicated by Law No. 10 of year 1990 and its amendments by Law No. 24 for the year 2018, and law No. 1 for the year 2015. The law describes the cases of property expropriation for public benefit, considering waste management facilities projects as public benefit activities. Land acquisition procedures according to this law are as follows: The land acquisition procedures start with declaring the project for public interest. Afterwards a presidential decree is issued accompanied with a memorandum specifying the plots required for the project as well as a complete plan for the project and its structures (Law 59/1979 & Law 3/1982 stipulated that the Prime Minister may issue the Expropriation decree). The decree and the accompanying memorandum must be published in the official newspapers; a copy for the affected communities must be placed at the main offices of the concerned Local Government unit. This law has specified, through Article 6, the formation of the “Compensation Valuation Commission”. This Article states that the commission is established at the Governorate level and consists of a delegate from the relevant Ministry’s Surveying Body (as President), a representative of the Agricultural Directorate, a representative of the Housing and Utilities Directorate, and a representative of the Real Estate Taxes Directorate in the Governorate. The compensation shall be estimated according to the prevailing market prices at the time of the issuance of the Decree for Expropriation. Amendments of the law in 2015 has specified the period allowed for submitting a grievance to be 15 days and allowed additional 30 days to submit all relevant documents. This law applies to project component 2 which involves establishing the IWMF-10R and hazardous waste management facilities, in which multiple land plots might be acquired for the landfill sites, hence the land acquisition laws may apply. 3.1.6.5 Law No. 94/2003, Protection of Communities’ Human Rights Laws Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 33 The Law on Establishing the National Council for Human Rights (NCHR) aims to promote, ensure respect, set values, raise awareness and ensure observance of human rights. At the forefront of these rights and freedoms are the right to life and security of individuals, freedom of belief and expression, the right to private property, the right to resort to courts of law, and the right to fair investigation and trial when charged with an offence. A summary of the national regulations related to socio-economic environment is shown in Table 3-2. Table 3-2: Summary of national regulations related to socio-economic environment Title of Summary and how this legislation apply to this project Year legislation EEAA guidelines related to the Public Consultation Consultation of the community people and concerned parties with the needed information about the project. All stakeholders should be invited. Paragraph 6.4.3 from Law 4/1994 on Environmental Protection provides detailed information on the scope of public consultation, methodology and documentation. Law 4/1994 Paragraph 6.4.3 Requirements for Public Consultation: on 1994 Environmental  Paragraph 6.4.3.1 Scope of Public Consultation Protection  Paragraph 6.4.3.2 Methodology of Public Consultation  Paragraph 6.4.3.3 Documentation of the Consultation Results  Paragraph 7 Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure Land acquisition due to public interest and involuntary resettlement Replace the provisions of Articles 2 (fourth paragraph), 3, 5 (second paragraph), 6 (second paragraph), 7 (first paragraph), 13, 15 (first paragraph) of Law No. 10 of 1990 regarding expropriation of real estate for the public benefit, texts the following: The public benefit report shall be attached to the decision of the President of the Republic or his authorized representative, accompanied by  A note stating the project to be executed.  A drawing of the overall planning of the project and the Law 24/2018 2018 real estate necessary for it. The compensation is estimated according to the prevailing prices at the time of the expropriation decision, plus (20%) twenty percent of the value of the estimate. Existing expropriation procedures. The decision for the public benefit shall be published with a copy of the memo referred to in Article (2) of this law in the Official Gazette. In addition, affixed in the place prepared for advertisements at the headquarters of the local administration units, in the mayor or police headquarters, and in the primary court Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 34 located in the property department, and on the front The property is subject to expropriation in a visible manner. On the amendment of some provisions of Law No. 10 of 1990 on the land acquisition due to public interest. The amendments provided: The first section of article 7 of the law states that: After depositing the compensation, the entity in acquisition charge shall prepare lists with the real estate subject to acquisition, areas, locations, Law 1/2015 names of owners and property holders, their addresses, and the 2015 value of compensations stipulated. These lists and respective maps showing the location of all properties, shall be sited in the head office of the entity in charge, - while article 8 after amendment stated that: “The concerned owners and holders of rights have the right to object to the information contained in such lists within 15 days from the date of posting and publishing the lists and information of the expropriated properties. On Property Expropriation for Public Benefit identifies transportation projects as public benefit activities. It describes acquisition procedures as follows: 1. The procedures start with the declaration of public interest pursuant to the presidential decree accompanied with memorandum on the required project and the complete plan for the project and its structures (Law 59/1979 and Law 3/1982 provided that the Prime Minister issues the decree); 2. The decree and the accompanying memorandum must be published in the official newspapers; a copy for the public is Law 10/1990 placed in the main offices of the concerned local Government 1990 unit. This law has specified, through Article 6, the members of the Compensation Assessment Commission. The commission is made at the Governorate level and consisting of a delegate from the concerned Ministry’s Surveying Body (as President), a delegate from the Agricultural Directorate, a delegate from the Housing and Utilities Directorate, and a delegate from the Real Estate Taxes Directorate in the Governorate. The compensation shall be estimated according to the prevailing market prices at the time of the issuance of the Decree for Expropriation. Law 577/54, which was later amended by Law 252/60 and Law 13/162, and establishes the provisions pertaining to the Law 577/1954 1954 expropriation of real estate property for public benefit and improvement. Law No. 27 of 1956, which stipulates the provisions for expropriation of districts for re-planning, upgrading, and improvement, and the amended and comprehensive Law No.10 of Law 27/ 1956 1990 on the expropriation of real estate for public interest. 1956 The first article of Law No. 27 of 1956 allows for the expropriation of districts for their improvement, upgrading, re-planning, and reconstruction. Article 24 of Law 577/54 also stipulates that in case Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 35 only partial expropriation of real estate property is required, and the remaining un-expropriated part will not be of benefit to the owner; the owner shall be given the right to submit a request within 30 days (beginning from the date of final disclosure of the list of the expropriated property) for the purchase of the entire area. It should be noted that the new law has not restricted the right to request the purchase of the remaining un-expropriated portion of real estate whether it is a building or land. The Constitution Chapter Two Part One: Social and Moral Egyptian components Constitution (That was The State shall guarantee equality of opportunity to all Egyptians cancelled and coordination between woman’s duties towards her family and after the 25th her work in the society, considering her equal to man in the of January political, social, cultural and economic spheres without detriment Revolution, to the rules of Islamic jurisprudence but main issues related to private The Constitution Chapter Two: Economical components ownership Article 29 was included 1971 in the new States that ownership subject to the control of people is protected constitution by the State, and is divided into three types: public, co-operative declaration and private property. 2011 3.1.6.6 Land Tenure and Related Laws to Land and Structures Expropriation There are three main forms of land ownership in Egypt (as shown in Table 3-3). Table 3-3: Land ownership type in Egypt Land ownership type This is divided into the State’s public domain that cannot be alienated and the State’s private domain, which can be alienated generally through sale, lease, Public or “Takhssiss” (i.e. transfer of ownership conditional on meeting certain criteria, State land1 such as keeping the land use unchanged and paying the remaining installments of the land price) or through Haq Intifaa, (In Arabic Mulk horr), which may be alienated/transferred freely. The constitution is in Article 24, which states that "private property is protected; Private land and it shall not be expropriated except for the public benefit, and in return for fair compensation, to be paid in advance. All of this is in accordance with the law. 1 The Ministry of Local Administration estimates that 15.7 million Egyptians (22.3% of the population) live in 1,105 informal or squatter settlements, including unlawful urbanization of agricultural lands, unplanned/ unauthorized land subdivisions, and squatting on public or privately owned lands Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 36 This may be alienated/transferred freely Land held as a trust/endowment for religious or charitable purposes, which is Endowment often subject to covenants on transfer or use, and which is typically transferred land through leasehold or usufruct. There are some areas in Sinai and in the northern coast with implicitly recognized to land to the benefit of Bedouins. In these areas, someone wishing Customary to acquire land often has to make two payments, first to the Bedouin claimant Rights (s) for the right of use and then to the State to regularize and register their land tenure/ownership and be able to obtain services. It is important to note that the Civil Code (No. 131 of 1948) recognizes possession of immovable/movable property without ownership as a legitimate channel to acquire ownership of the property in question through adverse possession, provided that this has been “peaceful, unchallenged and uninterrupted” for a period of 15 years 2. By Law, ownership through adverse possession does not, however, apply to State lands. This law would apply to project component 2 which might involve acquiring land plots. 3.1.7 The Relevant International Treaties Signed by Egypt Egypt has signed and ratified a number of international conventions that oblige the country to preserve environmental resources:  UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 16 November 1972)  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Washington, 1973)  Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989)  United Nations Convention on Climate Change (New York 1992). The Convention covers measures to control greenhouse gas emissions from various sources, including transportation.  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto, 1997)  Convention on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Hazards caused by Carcinogenic Substances (Geneva, 1974)  Convention on the Protection of Workers from Occupational Hazards in the Work Environment due to Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration (Geneva 1977)  ILO: Basic labor standards to be followed during project implementation. Egypt has been a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO) since 1936 and 2 The large majority of land in Egypt is public or State-owned desert land that is for the most part undeveloped (estimated to be 90-95% of the national territory). Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 37 has signed 64 conventions that regulate labor standards and working conditions. In 1988 Egypt ratified the Occupational Safety and Health Convention of 1979 (No. 152). 3.2 World Bank Requirements The World Bank requires that the projects it finances to be in compliance with both the country’s national standards as well as their own environmental and social policies. Therefore, in addition to the national regulations, the project components aim at complying with the WB Environmental and Social Standards described in Annex 5: Brief Description of the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) . The standards help to ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects. They also support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision-making process. In addition, the standards promote sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and the environment. 3.2.1 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards (ESSs) The World Bank (WB) has identified 10 environmental and social standards that should be complied with in its financed projects. The following ESSs are relevant to the Project (ESS1, ESS2, ESS3, ESS4, ESS5, ESS8 and ESS10): 3.2.1.1 ESS 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Project activities for components 2 and 3 will involve large scale physical interventions, which will impact environmental receptors including air quality, noise levels, water bodies, and soil. A significant segment of project activities will include generation and handling of hazardous types of waste. If not managed properly, activities will negatively impact environmental receptors. Project activities involve a significant social component due to planned locations of activities in urban areas or in close proximity to communities, and implications of the projects on livelihood of communities (informal waste collectors) ESS1 is relevant to this project due to the environmental and social risks and impacts associated with the activities. 3.2.1.2 ESS 2: Labor and Working Conditions Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 38 Project activities for components 2 and 3 will involve large scale physical interventions, which will involve employment of labor. The nature of activities will involve general construction and associated health and safety risks and hazards. The project will involve specialized activities involving generation and handling of hazardous wastes and associated safety hazards and risks including fire hazards and explosions due to methane pockets. The scale of the project is expected to require employment of various types of workers including direct, contracted, and primary suppliers. ESS2 is relevant to this project due to the need for workers and health and safety impacts associated with the nature of project activities. 3.2.1.3 ESS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management Project activities will involve generation of pollution in the form of waste, emissions of gases and dust, etc. Project activities will also involve resource consumption in the form of water, electricity etc. ESS3 is relevant to this project due to activities involving consumption of resources and generation of pollution. 3.2.1.4 ESS4: Community Health and Safety Project activities involving infrastructural physical interventions are not planned in close proximity to communities. The operation of the project will involve management of hazardous wastes, handling of electricity with possible risks on the community health and safety if not managed properly. ESS4 is relevant to the project due to possible risks and impacts on the community health and safety from project activities. 3.2.1.5 ESS 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement Project activities involve infrastructural works that will require land. Land has been allocated in the 10th of Ramadan City and in Al Kuraymat. Land has not yet been allocated to the transfer stations. ESS5 is relevant to this project due to the possible need for land acquisition. 3.2.1.6 ESS 8: Cultural Heritage Project activities will involve excavation works in the GCA. Egypt is known to contain archeological sites, therefore, there are risks of finding tangible physical cultural heritage. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 39 ESS8 is relevant to the project due to possible chance of finding physical cultural heritage as a result of excavation works. 3.2.1.7 ESS 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure Project activities involve the SWM, which is a complex sector in Egypt involving various stakeholders both formal and informal. Project activities especially operation will impact livelihoods of several types of stakeholders. ESS10 is relevant to the project due to the involvement of various stakeholders and complex implications of the project. There is a whole component in the project, which is component 4 (refer to Section 2.2.4), dedicated to communication and stakeholders engagement as explained in more details under the project description above. 3.2.2 World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines The general World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines will be followed to ensure that all the project components and subcomponents comply with the Environmental Health and Safety standards and requirements of the WB during the different phases of the project. Environmental health and safety guidelines are organized to identify common themes applied to any industrial sector or project (Table 3-4). These guidelines are based on good international industrial practices and the achievable levels of performance in new facilities at reasonable costs through existing technology. It is important to note that if national regulations differ from the levels and measures contained in the environmental health and safety guidance, the project developer is expected to achieve the most stringent. Table 3-4: Themes of the WBG EHS guidelines a. Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality b. Energy Conservation c. Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality 1.1.1.1.1.1.1 Environmental d. Water Conservation e. Hazardous Materials Management f. Waste Management g. Noise h. Contaminated Land a. General Facility Design and Operation b. Communication and Training c. Physical Hazards 1.1.1.1.1.1.2 Occupational Health d. Chemical Hazards and Safety e. Biological Hazards f. Radiological Hazards g. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) h. Special Hazard Environments i. Monitoring Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 40 a. Water Quality and Availability b. Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure 1.1.1.1.1.1.3 Community Health c. Life and Fire Safety (L&FS) and Safety d. Traffic Safety e. Transport of Hazardous Materials f. Disease Prevention g. Emergency Preparedness and Response 1.1.1.1.1.1.4 Construction and a. Environment Decommissioning b. Occupational Health and Safety c. Community Health and Safety 3.3 Gap Analysis In case of any discrepancy between the requirements of Egyptian legislations and the requirements of the World Bank, the more stringent requirements will be applied. In cases where the WB standards or Egyptian standards do not exist, the existing standard will be complied with. For discrepancies in permissible levels, the standard with more stringent levels will apply. 3.3.1 Gap Analysis for ESSs and National Laws Results of the gap analysis between the national laws and WB ESS standards are shown in Table 3-5 Table 3-5: Gap analysis between ESS and national laws ESS National Laws Gap  Law No. 4 of 1994 Amended by Law No. 9 of 2009 (Environment Law) and its amended Articles of Association amended by Resolution 1095 of 2011, Decree No. 710 of 2012, Decision of the Prime  Discrepancies in air quality, water quality Minister No. 964 of 2015 and and noise limits between the national ESS 1: Decree No. 618 and 1963 of 2017 laws and WB standards Assessment and  Public cleanliness law 38/1967  Egyptian legislations do not entail any Management of amended by law 31/1976 and its regulations regarding the monitoring of Environmental executive regulations carbon black And Social Risks  Law no. 159 for the year 1953  No national e-waste management And Impacts regulates the cleanliness of fields, system developed for the disposal or roads and streets as well as recycling of batteries organization of collection and transport of waste.  Law 10/2005 establishing a solid waste collection fee system on the electricity bill  Laws 106/1976 and 101/1996 allow Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 41 local governments to include the management of construction and demolition waste in the permits required for construction activities  Law 140/ 1956 regarding occupation of public roads  Law 84/ 1968 regarding public roads  Law 93/1962 on Wastewater disposal into the drainage systems  Law 48/1982 on protection of Nile River Water and Egypt waterways from pollution  The Egyptian labor law does not include clear articles that guarantee application to all project workers including fulltime, part-time, contracted workers, primary supply workers, community workers, temporary, seasonal and migrant  Articles 43 - 45 of Law No. 4/1994 workers, ESS 2: Labor and and articles 44 - 47 of its modified  The WB ESS2 ensure a clear GM for all Working Executive Regulations by Decrees workers without any discrimination. Conditions No. 1095/2011 and 710/2012  Egyptian Labor Law does not include an  Labor Law No. 12/2003 obligation to provide workers with facilities appropriate to the circumstances of their work, including access to canteens, hygiene facilities, and appropriate areas for rest. In addition to quality of accommodation, if needed.  Law No. 4 of 1994 Amended by Law No. 9 of 2009 (Environment Law) and its amended Articles of Association amended by Resolution 1095 of 2011, Decree No. 710 of 2012, Decision of the Prime Minister No. 964 of 2015 and ESS 3: Resource Decree No. 618 and 1963 of 2017 Efficiency and  Public cleanliness law 38/1967 Pollution amended by law 31/1976 and its Prevention and executive regulations Management  Law no. 159 for the year 1953 regulates the cleanliness of fields, roads and streets as well as organization of collection and transport of waste.  Law 10/2005 establishing a solid waste collection fee system on the electricity bill Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 42  Laws 106/1976 and 101/1996 allow local governments to include the management of construction and demolition waste in the permits required for construction activities  Law 140/ 1956 regarding occupation of public roads  Law 84/ 1968 regarding public roads  Law 93/1962 on Wastewater disposal into the drainage systems  Law 48/1982 on protection of Nile River Water and Egypt waterways from pollution ESS4: Community Health and  Law no. 94/2003, Protection of Safety communities Human Rights Laws  The cut-off date: The WB identifies a cut- off date in order to prevent people influx to the project area. The Egyptian laws does not set a cut-off date, particularly if the impacts are related to agricultural lands that might experience changes in crops and tenancy.  Egyptian Constitution has preserved  Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitoring the right of private property, or evaluation measures are not Egyptian Constitution (1971, stipulated in Egyptian regulation. amended in year 1980) and  Valuation of compensation: Egyptian ESS 5: Land Egyptian Constitution (2014, articles regulations use prevailing price in the Acquisition, 33 and 35) affected areas to calculate and Restrictions on  Egyptian Civil code 131/1948, compensate project affected people for Land Use and Articles 802-805 for private their expropriated property. The Involuntary ownership right prevailing price is assessed by a Resettlement  Law No. 10 of year 1990 and its specialized committee created by the amendments by law No. 24 for the government. For crops, they are year of 2018, and law No. 1 for the valuated according to the price lists year 2015 for property developed by the agriculture directorate. expropriation for public benefit Previous Egyptian experiences show that the full replacement principle as stated by ESS5 has not been realized by the affected group.  Income restoration (livelihoods): Egyptian law does not discuss compensation for loss of income, only land and assets.  Law 117 of 1983 on the protection ESS 8: Cultural of monuments and cultural Heritage heritage, amended by Law 12 of 1991 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 43  Consolidated Building Law No. 119 of 2008, which aims to regulate the planning and construction of residential areas in addition to preserving the current real estate wealth  The Egyptian guidelines focus on the consultation phase during the preparation of the project's ESIA ESS 10: through holding public consultation Stakeholder  EEAA EIA guidelines related to the sessions before starting the project to Engagement and Public Consultation obtain the environmental approval. Information  World Bank standards indicate that the Disclosure stakeholder engagement is an inclusive and ongoing process conducted throughout the project life cycle. 3.3.2 Gap Analysis For Key Egyptian and WB Environmental Issues This section outlines the key environmental requirements of both the Egyptian Legislations and the World Bank policies and the gaps between both. The limits in bold and italic in the tables below will apply (the more stringent). 3.3.2.1 Air Quality Table 3-6 shows ambient air quality limits in the Egyptian legislations and WB standards. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 44 Table 3-6: Ambient Air Quality limits in the Egyptian legislations and WB standards Requirements of Egyptian Legislation Requirements of World Bank Outdoor Air Pollutants (in urban and industrial areas) as per Article 34 of law 4/1994 amended Ambient Air Quality as per OP 4.01 WBG General EHS by law 9/2009 and Annex 5 of the Executive Guidelines (Table 1.1.1 3 4) Regulations amended by Decree 710/2012. Exposure 1 hr 8 hr 24 hr 1 year 1 hr 8 hr 24 hr 1 year Period 10 Carbon 30 (urban (urban monoxide CO N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A and indus.) and (µg/m3) indus.) 125 50 125 (IT-1) Sulphur dioxide 300 (urban) (urban) (urban) N/A N/A N/A 50 (IT-2) N/A SO2 (µg/m3) 350 (indus.) 150 60 20 (guideline) (indus.) (indus.) 150 60 Nitrogen 200 300 (urban) (urban) (urban) Oxides NOx N/A (guidel N/A N/A 40 (guideline) 300 (indus.) 150 80 (µg/m3) ine) (indus.) (indus.) 3 World Health Organization (WHO). Air Quality Guidelines Global Update, 2005. 4 IT stands for Interim Target, which are the increment values that should be targeted by an organization during the implementation of a project leading to the recommended guideline values. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 45 Requirements of Egyptian Legislation Requirements of World Bank Outdoor Air Pollutants (in urban and industrial areas) as per Article 34 of law 4/1994 amended Ambient Air Quality as per OP 4.01 WBG General EHS by law 9/2009 and Annex 5 of the Executive Guidelines (Table 1.1.1 3 4) Regulations amended by Decree 710/2012. Exposure 1 hr 8 hr 24 hr 1 year 1 hr 8 hr 24 hr 1 year Period 150 150 (IT-1) 70 (IT-1) 70 (urban) Particulates (urban) 100 (IT-2) 50 (IT-2) N/A N/A 70 N/A N/A PM10 (µg/m3) 150 75 (IT-3) 30 (IT-3) (indus.) (indus.) 50 (guideline) 20 (guideline) 80 75 (IT-1) 35 (IT-1) 50 (urban) Particulates (urban) 50 (IT-2) 25 (IT-2) N/A N/A 50 N/A N/A PM2.5 (µg/m3) 80 37.5 (IT-3) 15 (IT-3) (indus.) (indus.) 25 (guideline) 10 (guideline) Total 230 125 suspended (urban) (urban) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A particles TSP 230 125 (µg/m3) (indus.) (indus.) 120 Ozone O3 180 (urban) (urban) 160 (IT-1) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A (µg/m3) 180 (indus.) 120 100 (guideline) (indus.) Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 46 3.3.2.2 Water Quality Table 3-7 shows Water Quality limits in the Egyptian legislations and WB standards. Whereas, Table 3-8 shows limits for discharge of liquid effluent into sewer system. Table 3-7: Egyptian legislations and WB standards concerning Water Quality Requirements of Egyptian Legislations Requirements of World Bank Reference Requirements Reference Requirements Executive Projects with the potential to generate Regulations States the standards process wastewater, sanitary (domestic) issued by WBG General specifications of fresh sewage, or storm water should decree EHS waterways quality to incorporate the necessary precautions to 92/2013 of Guidelines: which industrial water avoid, minimize, and control adverse Law Environmental can be discharged impacts to human health, safety, or the 48/1982 environment. (Article 49) Includes the quality of industrial wastewater discharged to the sewage network. Ministerial The decree also states WBG General Decree No. Includes in Table 1.3.1 the indicative the entity should EHS 44/2000 of values for treated sanitary sewage acquire the wastewater Guidelines: law discharges discharge licenses from Environmental 93/1962 the concerned authorities during the construction and operation phase Table 3-8: Limits for discharge of liquid effluent into sewer system Effluent threshold (ER Effluent threshold (WB Parameter/Pollutant 44/2000 of law 93/1962 requirements) pH 6-9.5 6-9 BOD (mg/l) 600 30 COD (mg/l) 1100 125 Total nitrogen (mg/l) 100 10 Total Phosphorous (mg/l) 25 2 Oil and grease (mg/l) 100 10 Total suspended solids (mg/l) 800 50 Total Coliform Bacteria (Most N/A 400 Probable Number/100 ml) 3.3.2.3 Noise Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 47 Table 3-9 and Table 3-10 show Ambient Noise limits in the Egyptian legislations and WBG standards. Whereas, Table 3-11 shows limits noise exposure in Work environments as per Egyptian and WB requirements. Table 3-9: Egyptian legislations and WB standards concerning Ambient Noise Requirements of Egyptian Legislations Requirements of World Bank Reference Requirements Reference Requirements Law 4/1994 amended WBG General Limit of noise beyond by law 9/2009 and its Maximum allowable Guidelines: the property ERs amended by limit for ambient Environmental boundary of the decree 1095/2011 and noise intensity Table 1.7.1 facilities. 710/2012 Law 4/1994 amended WBG General by law 9/2009 and its Maximum noise Guidelines: Limit of noise ERs amended by limits in work Occupational Health exposure inside the decree 1095/2011 and environment and Safety work environment 710/2012 Table 2.3.1 Table 3-10: Limits for ambient noise as per Egyptian and WB requirements Egyptian Law Permissible noise level WB Permissible noise levels Maximum permissible equivalent noise level One-hour LAeq (dBA) [dB(Aeq)] Area type Receptor Day Night Daytime Night 7 AM – 10 10 PM – 7 7:00 – 22:00 – PM AM 22:00 7:00 Sensitive areas to 50 40 noise exposure Residential suburbs 55 45 with low traffic flow Residential areas with some workshops, administrative activities, or Residential recreational and 65 55 Residential 55 45 entertainment activities overlooking public roads less than 12 meters Areas overlooking public roads more 70 60 than or equal 12 meters Industrial areas with 70 60 light industries Industrial Industrial 70 70 Industrial Zone with 70 70 heavy industries Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 48 Table 3-11: Limits noise exposure in Work environments as per Egyptian and WB requirements Egyptian Law Permissible noise level WB Permissible noise levels Maximum permissible Equivalent Type of place and Maximum equivalent noise level Location/activity Level, LAeq activity LAmax, fast [dB(A)] 8 hrs 8 hrs a) Workplaces (workshops and Heavy Industry (no 90 industries) with up to demand for oral 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A) 8-hour shifts (licensed communication) before 2014) b) Workplaces Light industry (workshops and 85 (decreasing industries) with up to 50-65 dB(A) 110 db(A) demand for oral 8-hour shifts (licensed communication) since 2014) 3.3.3 Gaps Regarding E-mobility Regarding electric vehicles, the regulatory framework in Egypt is not yet developed. 3.3.4 Gaps Regarding Waste Legislations There is no national e-waste management system developed for the disposal or recycling of batteries. However, until such specific legislation is developed, e-waste shall be managed as a typical hazardous waste, and management systems developed shall comply with the requirements of the Egyptian legislations or the requirements of the WB (whichever is more stringent) as presented in the previous sections. 3.3.5 Gap Analysis of National and WB Requirements for Key Social Issues  The cut-off date: The WB identifies a cut-off date in order to prevent people influx to the project area. The Egyptian laws does not set a cut-off date, particularly if the impacts are related to agricultural lands that might experience changes in crops and tenancy.  Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitoring or evaluation measures are not stipulated in Egyptian regulation. Lack of the necessary legal provision needed to put in place monitoring and evaluation measures can negatively impact the accountability and transparency programs and plans may not be able to benefit from corrective action in cases of mistakes nor receive rewards in cases of good performance.  Valuation of compensation: Egyptian regulations use prevailing market price in the affected areas to calculate and compensate project affected people for their Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 49 expropriated property. The prevailing price is assessed by a specialized committee created by the government. The compensation is estimated according to the prevailing prices at the time of the expropriation decision, plus (20%) twenty percent of the value of the estimate. For crops, they are valuated according to the price lists developed by the agriculture directorate. Previous Egyptian experiences show that the full replacement principle as stated by ESS5 has not been fully realized by the affected group.  Income restoration (livelihoods): Egyptian law does not discuss compensation for loss of income, only land and assets. The well operators and tenants of lands will be unable to restore their income due to having no mechanism for income restoration. Hence, ESS5 principle regarding income restoration will be considered. Therefore, those whose income is going to be affected will be compensated for the loss of profit and income.  Stakeholders engagement: The Egyptian guidelines focus on the consultation phase during the preparation of the project's ESIA through holding public consultation sessions before starting the project to obtain the environmental approval. World Bank standards indicate that the stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle. Where properly designed and implemented, it supports the development of strong, constructive and responsive relationships that are important for successful management of a project’s environmental and social risks. ESS10 principle regarding stakeholder engagement and Information Disclosure will be considered.  ESS2 stipulates number of requirements related to labor safety, welfare and working conditions. The most common gap between the Egyptian labor law and those requirements are that the latter did not set clear provisions for GRM of labor nor the work-related facilities to be offered for labor. The law assumed equitable treatment for labor without classifying the various types of labor. 3.4 Institutional Framework In this section, the institutional set up for solid waste management, transport and climate change related affairs will be discussed. 3.4.1 Solid Waste Management (SWM) Related Affairs Solid waste management responsibilities in Egypt are distributed among different entities as shown in Table 3-12. Table 3-12: Institutional setup for SWM related affairs Entities Roles Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 50  Policy directives and acts as a general facilitator. Ministry of Environment  Responsible for the implementation of the provisions of /EEAA environmental legislation and associated regulations and decrees, and assists governorates in identifying sites for waste facilities [2] Key roles and responsibilities of WMRA include:  Responsible for regulating, following up and monitoring all operations related to waste management  Provide technical support and propose economic solutions for integrated waste management  Develop standards and guiding forms for all contracting phases  Capacity building to reform the waste management system in Egypt  Distribution of roles and responsibilities among the different stakeholders according to the provisions of the law  Providing technical consultancy services and recommendations Waste Management to the competent authorities and other actors in the waste Regulatory Authority management system (WMRA)  Preparation of main performance indicators for monitoring and evaluating waste management activities  Providing technical support for public awareness raising programs and community commitment  Preparing technical studies and proposing mechanisms for determining the tariffs of the integrated waste management services  Encouraging research that contributes in improving and developing the performance of waste management  Preparing studies for pilot projects and initiatives to develop integrated waste management system  Proposing laws and decrees necessary for joining international conventions concerned with waste Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics  Responsible for the compilation of waste data per governorate (CAPMAS) - Department of from representative CAPMAS offices in individual governorates Trading and Public Utilities and for the reporting of national waste data CAPMAS representative  Responsible for the compilation of data from district councils and offices on governorate level local village units across a given governorate.  Administered by the governorate and overseen by CAPMAS Central statistics (technical oversight) department  Responsible for the distribution and recollection of empty and completed data collection forms issued from the governorate representing office of CAPMAS. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 51  Responsible for the management of waste service provision via solid waste management units consisting of vehicle service Cleaning Department at centers and landfill disposal sites. The Cleaning department Governorates issues permits for NGOs and independent collectors to carry out waste management activities. The Cleaning department supervises solid waste management units.  Manage the implementation and operation of SWM directly or through contracted private companies, NGOs and informal sector District councils Cleaning “zaabaleen” and Beautification  Set regional strategies Authority- Cairo and Giza  Manage private sector, which includes planning contracting, supervising and monitoring operation  Enforce laws and regulations  Train and raise public awareness [2] Cairo and Giza General Cleanness and Beautification Authorities  Manage the implementation and operation of waste and General Administration management directly (Agency’s vehicles) or through independent for Cleaning and collectors Beautification in Qalyoubia Ministry of Local  Responsible for the management and financing of district Development councils and local villager units [3]  Contract private companies [4] Ministry of Health and  Provides data pertinent to incineration of waste in all population governorates through Health departments Ministry of Finance [2]  Approve the budget for solid waste management [5] Climate Change Central  Coordinating entity for MRV activities of GHGs in the current Department CCCD (unit national institutional setup. CCCD files official requests for data under the EEAA) exchange between subordinate entities (e.g. CAPMAS and Units responsible for GHG inventory calculation) Solid Waste Management  Responsible for the provision of waste collection and disposal Units services in districts and villages including landfill disposal sites and vehicle service centers. Supervised by Cleaning Department  Responsible for the provision of waste collection services in NGOs districts and villages. No supervision but require an invoice ‘essal’ from the Governor/City Council (Qalyoubia) to dispose in landfill Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 52  Responsible for the provision of waste collection services in districts and villages. No supervision, but an invoice/permit Independent Collectors ‘essal’ is issued from the mohafez/madina (Qalyoubia) to dispose in landfill. Independent collectors are hired by the mohafez on a case by case basis. 3.4.2 Transport Related Affairs The introduction of electric vehicles in Egypt will need coordination between several entities (as shown in Table 3-13) [1]: Table 3-13: Institutional setup for electric vehicles (transport) related affairs Entity Role Cairo Transit Authority (CTA  Responsible for procurement, operation and maintenance of Cairo bus fleet.  Responsible for introducing the electric vehicles The Ministry of Environment and as a climate action. Moreover, the MoE will be its executive arm EEAA responsible for the Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification of the action and quantifying the GHG reductions from the activity.  Provide the required electricity and The Ministry of Electricity infrastructure for charging stations of the e- buses The Ministry of Interior  Vehicle licensing and registration The Ministry of Finance and Customs Authority  Regulate custom duties for imported vehicles The Ministry of Trade and Industry, its subsidiary General  Set standards and oversee specifications and Authority for Export and Import permits for electric vehicles and electric vehicles Control (GOEIC) and the Egyptian charging equipment and if manufacturing is Organization for Standardization potential (EOS)  Responsible for sustainable urban planning. All The Ministry of Housing and the state lands need to be mapped and approved by New Urban Communities General Authority for Urban Planning Authority (previously, General Organization for Physical Planning GOPP) The Ministry of Transport and the  Responsible for regulation and planning and Land Transport Regulatory operating bodies will be responsible for Authority (LTRA) operating public transport (e-buses) in governorates Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 53  Provides approvals and permits to operate Cairo Governorate public and group transportation in Cairo Governorate. 3.4.3 Climate Change Institutional Setup The government of Egypt issued some decisions related to the institutional set up of climate change issues in Egypt such as the Ministerial Decree No. 272 to have a National Climate Change Committee comprising representatives from different ministries and the responsibilities of this committee. However, this committee was restructured, and the National Council for Climate Change was established after a decision by the Prime Minister in 2015. Another decree, which is the prime ministerial decree No. 1129/2019, required the concerned key ministries and entities to assign one of their relevant units to work on climate change issues. The entities involved in climate change affairs in Egypt related to this project are as follows:  Ministry of Environment (MoE): MoE is the legal entity responsible for the environmental issues in Egypt, including climate change.  Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA): is the executive arm of the MoE. There was a dedicated Climate Change Unit (CCU) at EEAA, covering mitigation, adaptation, technology and financial aspects. This unit was restructured to be the climate change central department (CCCD).  National Council for Climate Change (NCCC): is the national focal point of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Established in 2015 and previously chaired by the Minister of Environment and representing all Ministries, the NCCC is now chaired by the Prime Minister following the prime ministerial decree No. 1129/2019 issued in May 2019. Also, the council consists of supreme committee, executive office and technical workgroups. The members of the supreme committee are: o Minister of Foreign Affairs o Minister of Investment and International Cooperation o Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation o Minister of Planning o Minister of Finance o Minister of Environment o Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation o Representative from the Ministry of Defense o Representative from the Ministerial Group for Services The executive office comprises: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 54 o Representative from the Ministry of Defense o Representative from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs o Representative from the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation o Representative from the Ministry of Planning o Representative from the Ministry of Finance o Representative from the Ministry of Interior o Representative from the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation o Representative from National Security Authority o Representative from CAPMAS o Representative from Information and Decision Support Center o Representative from the Ministry of Finance o National Focal Point of Green Climate Fund (GCF) or a representative o National Focal Point of UNFCCC  Climate Change Central Department (CCCD): is the technical secretariat of the NCCC and the focal point for the UNFCCC. It is responsible for overseeing the preparation of climate change reports and promoting new policies related to climate change. CCCD is the coordinating entity in the national MRV institutional setup.  Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS): is the only entity that has legal authority to collect data from the relevant ministries. It has a dedicated environmental affairs unit.  Other ministries: o Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy o Ministry of Transport o Ministry of Trade and Industry o Ministry of Housing o Ministry of Local Development Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 55 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SETTINGS-BASELINE Project components and sub-components are planned in the urban areas of Greater Cairo Agglomeration (GCA) consisting of Cairo Governorate, Giza Governorate and Qalyoubia Governorate. This section describes all relevant components of the physical, biological, and socio-economic environment, as well as health and safety baseline within the candidate areas for the project in GCA. The baseline information shall inform the identification of potential sensitive receptors that may be impacted by the project components 4.1 Natural Environment 4.1.1 Climate In the candidate areas for the project, the highest and lowest average temperatures are 38 oC during July, and 8o C during January, respectively; the GCA is characterized by seasonally high humidity levels in the summer. Prevailing wind directions over the year come from the North-North-East (NNW) where highest speed reaches around 25 knots (12 m/s). 4.1.2 Ambient Air Quality AQI levels in all GCA regions fall within “unhealthy for sensitive groups” and “unhealthy”, including the project’s candidate sites in Qalyoubia Governorate, 10 th of Ramadan City in Sharqiyah Governorate and Giza Governorate as shown in Figure 4-1 The air pollution levels in GCA exceeds the WHO allowable limits (20 µg/m 3) and national permissible limits (70 µg/m3) according to the EEAA’s State of the Environme nt Report in 2016. Air quality of candidate areas may be subject to cumulative impacts from emissions associated with project activities. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 56 X Qalyoubia, and 10th of Ramadan, Giza Figure 4-1: AQI map of GCA region, 2018 (source: Airvisual.com) 4.1.3 Ambient Noise Levels and Vibrations Noise level measurements reported for industrial, commercial, main roads, residential areas in GCA average at around 74-75 dB exceeding the national permissible limits for the day and night periods in almost all locations according to State of the Environment Report in 2016. As for vibration levels, most locations in Cairo fall below the German Institute for standardization (DIN) allowable limits for different types of areas including project candidate areas. . 4.1.4 Soil and Subsoil The governorates of Cairo, Giza and Qalyoubia are dominated by an urban environment. Desert natural environment and oases surround the GCA from the north and west, especially in Giza Governorate. 4.1.4.1 Qalyoubia Governorate Qalyoubia is characterized by urban areas and agricultural lands. The soil primarily consists of muddy clay, while, silt constitutes most of the cultivated lands in the delta and the Nile valley. The main aquifer in the area is a Quaternary aquifer composed of unconsolidated sand and gravel with clay lenses and having a thickness varying from 200 m to 250 m. The Quaternary aquifer is capped by Holocene aquitard considered the main source of groundwater in the area. The sand, gravel, silt, and clay capping of these aquifers allow for higher permeability, making them potential receptors to the project activities. Agricultural lands are located in proximity to the project candidate areas of Alkhankah and Abu Zaabal as shown in Figure 4-2. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 57 Abu Zabal Al Khankah Figure 4-2: satellite images of Abu Zaabal and Al Khankah showing their proximity to agricultural lands Soil contamination of agricultural areas in Qalyoubia has been reported; showed that agricultural management practices, urban, and industrial activities (e.g., open waste dumping and storage) are responsible for low-quality ground and surface water with high levels of heavy metals and salinity. [1]. Soil quality may constitute a sensitive receptor to potential pollution associated with project activities. 4.1.4.2 10th of Ramadan City in Sharqiyah Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 58 The surface soil consists mainly of sands, fluvial deposits, gravel and clay intercalations. Subsoil layers consist of impermeable clay or a cemented layer that slow water movement through soil, which limits infiltration. There is an open drainage system existing in the area serving the nearby cultivated lands located to the South and South-west of 10th Ramadan City. The location of the project candidate areas is shown in Figure 4-3; cultivated lands and the wastewater open drainage system may be potential receptors of project activities. 10th of Ramadan Figure 4-3: 10th of Ramadan City (East of Cairo) (source: Google Earth) 4.1.4.3 Kuraymat in Giza The project’s candidate site of Kuraymat is located at the northern extremity of the Eastern Desert, on the eastern side of the Nile Valley, about 2 km distant from the Nile bank, and 90 km South of Cairo in Giza Governorate. The surface soil of the area and surroundings consists mainly of a desert natural environment. Cultivated lands and agricultural activities are located on the western part of the Nile Valley and some residential communities exist near the northern and southern extremities of the area, which may be potential receptors to the project activities as shown in Figure 4-4. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 59 Kuraymat Figure 4-4: Kuraymat in Giza 4.1.5 Water Resources and Flood Risk 4.1.5.1 Water Resources and Quality 4.1.5.1.1 Qalyoubia The main watercourse surrounding Qalyoubia is the Nile River as shown in Figure 4-5. Banha Figure 4-5: Distance between nearest water body and candidate site in Banha in Qalyoubia The Ismailia Canal is the nearest watercourse and surface water system to the candidate areas of Al Khankah (2.5 km away) and Abu Zaabal (1 km away) as shown in Figure 4-6. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 60 The Ismailia canal supplies water for about 12 million people and stretches over 128 km with 2.1 m depth and 18 m length. High pollution loads have been identified in areas located 1 km away from the canal streams such as the Abu Zaabal and Al Khankah industrial areas due to the seepage of local pollutants into the aquifer resulting from the infiltration of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes resulting in low water quality [3]. Therefore, these areas may constitute sensitive receptors to project activities. . Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 61 Abu Zaabal Al Khankah Figure 4-6 Distance between nearest water body and candidate sites in Abu Zaabal and Al Khankah 4.1.5.1.2 Kuraymat in Giza The only surface watercourse surrounding Kuraymat is the Nile River, at approximately at 1.2 km Figure 4-7. The red dot intends to highlight the location of the Kuraymat area in general, and not the exact location of project activities, still undefined at this stage. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 62 Kuraymat Figure 4-7: Kuraymat in Giza 4.1.5.1.3 10th of Ramadan City in Sharqiyah The nearest watercourse is the Nile River, approximately 30 kilometers away as shown in Figure 4-8. 10th of Ramadan Figure 4-8 map showing no significant watercourses near the 10th of Ramadan City location 4.1.5.2 Flood Risk Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 63 Preliminary flood risk identification in the project candidate areas were conducted using ThinkHazard5 flood maps. The flood risks in the project candidate areas are presented in Table 4-1:. Table 4-1: Flood risk in the project areas and candidate sites Flood Project area Comments/Justification risk level Due to desert climate classification, there is very little rainfall during the year (<25 mm precipitation per year). This location Very low is classified as BWh (Hot desert climate) by Köppen-Geiger 10th of Ramadan City flood climate classification system. in Sharqiyah risk The present hazard level may increase in the future due to the effects of climate change (extreme weather events). Sealing of the fault planes by basalt increases surface flooding risks (from Ismailia Canal). Abu Zaabal and Al Medium Another contributor to floods is localized water nuisance Khankah (candidate flood problems including flaws in local water management systems, site) in Qalyoubia risk e.g. poorly dimensioned or maintained sewerage or drainage channels. The present hazard level may increase in the future due to the effects of climate change. Kuraymat in Giza (candidate site for Low The area is characterized by low mean annual precipitation industrial hazardous flood (<10mm). However, heavy stormy rainfall may occur seasonally waste treatment and risk in winter and may be susceptible to flash flooding. disposal) Greater Cairo Very low Although the hazard is considered to be very low based on the (particularly Nasr City flood information available in ThinkHazard, hazard level may in East Cairo) risk increase in the future due to the effects of climate change. 4.1.6 Biodiversity All project candidate areas are all classified as urban or suburban. Therefore, pristine natural habitats are not likely to exist within these areas. None of the project areas or candidate sites lie within boundaries of Egypt’s listed protected areas 4.2 Built Environment and Infrastructure This section addresses the project’s relevant human-made environmental elements involved with the identified project areas and candidate sites. Table 4-2 highlights the general environmental context of these areas. 5 www.thinkhazard.org Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 64 Table 4-2: The general environmental context of the project areas and candidate sites Area General environmental context GC is generally characterized by high air and water pollution levels, and waste management system deficiencies. With respect to planned developments, the Greater Cairo Urban Development Strategy published by the Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Communities in 2012 includes planning of new urban communities in GC for about 15 million people within Greater Cairo (GC) the next forty years in the Eastern and Western parts of GC (6th of October and New Cairo). None of the planned development for communities are within the candidate areas. With respect to industrial development, the strategy includes moving highly polluting industries outside the main urban mass. Located on Cairo-Ismailia desert road 55 km away from Cairo. It is one of GC’s main Industrial areas including both light and heavy industries. It also contains few residential zones nearby. 10th of Ramadan City It is bound by El Shabab canal from the East, El Asher-Belbes road from the west, in Sharqiyah Ismailia Canal from the North and Cairo-Ismailia desert road from the South. Governorate Ambient air pollution levels are considered much higher than the national limits (70 µg/m3 PM concentrations on annual basis). Sources of groundwater pollution include industrial, agricultural, domestic activities, and oxidation ponds (wastewater treatment ponds). One of the main industrialized areas of Qalyoubia Governorate, housing chemicals and fertilizers industries. The area has overall high air and water pollution levels due to toxic material seepage into the nearby Ismailia Canal, which is 1 km away, and overloading the illegal dumpsite existing in the area. The dumpsite is the largest in the area. Ground water around the dumpsite is rising up, Abu Zaabal and Al and acidic leachate forms and seeps into groundwater and the nearby Ismailia Canal, Khankah (candidate which is a primary source of potable water in the area. site) in Qalyoubia Ambient air pollution results from open burning of waste and release/seepage of Governorate toxins from industrial activities into the air. The area has one of the highest PM concentrations in GCA, with AQI categorized as “unhealthy for sensitive groups” The area lacks adequate roads and infrastructure. Most roads to and from Abu Zaabal are unpaved, with no direct main road/expressway access to the area Large amounts of waste accumulate on both sides of the road leading to the dumpsite, adding up to local pollution in the area. Located about 87 km South of Cairo, and 2 km to the Eastern side of the Nile. Ambient air quality is moderate in the area. surface and groundwater quality is generally good, with the exception of areas where Kuraymat in Giza there are concentrated sources of contaminants, such as irrigation drainage return (candidate site) waters, There are no significant habitats within the area. Main access road is Cairo/Beni-sueif road. This main road passes through Tebbin and El-Saff leading to Kuraymat. 4.2.1 Solid Waste Management (SWM) Current Conditions Solid waste management represents one of the main environmental problems facing Egypt over the past decades. The increasing amount of waste generated, and the poor Solid Waste Management (SWM) is responsible for human-made or self-igniting waste Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 65 burning in dumps, which contribute to about a third of GCA’s air pollution in terms of PM. Waste generation rates are increasing with the growing population and the changes in the production and consumption patterns in Egypt. According to the latest State of the Environment Report in 2016 published by the EEAA, total amount of waste generated in Egypt reached 90.76 million tons in 2016. Table 4-3 shows the waste generation breakdown per type of waste [11]. Table 4-3: Generated solid waste in Egypt in 2016 (Source: EEAA’s SoE 2016) Generated quantity (in Waste type million tons) 2016 Municipal solid waste 21 Construction and demolition 5.8 waste Agricultural waste 31 Industrial waste 4.9 Hazardous waste 0.54 Medical waste 0.52 Waterway cleansing waste 29 Sludge 2 Total 90.76 4.2.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste (Domestic) In Greater Cairo, municipal solid waste is currently generated at a rate exceeding 1.2 kg/person/day (approx. 60% organic waste and 40% recyclable waste). Collection systems in Greater Cairo only cover about 70% of the total generated waste, and of this about half is collected by informal garbage collectors through door-to-door services. According to findings from the conducted consultation and stakeholder engagement for this project, the informal collection system was reported to currently handle a total of 17,000 tons of waste out of total of 28,000 tons produced in Cairo and Giza. They collect about 6,000 tons from Cairo, and 4,000 tons from Giza and then transport them to open dumps in various locations including Manshiyet Naser, Ard El Lewa, Alkhosous, Abu Zaabal, Ain Shams, Almatareya, Toura, and 15th May. These locations involve sorting and segregation of waste for recycling or trading through small SMEs or by supplying to the private sector. Waste pickers typically work in these locations in sorting and segregating waste as a step of the wider trading and recycling activity. Different groups of informal waste collectors are involved in the process at different scales. Pig breeding is among the main activities associated with the waste sorting (particularly the organic matter) and also a main source of livelihoods for the garbage collectors’ families. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 66 The rest of the uncollected and poorly handled waste (30% of total produced waste) are placed in streets, rivers, lakes, drainage channels, or disposed of in open and uncontrolled dumpsites where they are either openly burned illegally, left until they self-ignite, or collected and sorted for recycling by informal garbage scavengers. Besides their environmental risks, the majority of illegal dumping sites are unsafe and unhygienic, subjecting workers who participate in the scavenging processes to many risks. Additionally, there are no preventive measures at these sites to prevent the self- ignition of waste. Figure 4-9 shows a flow diagram summarizing the key elements of the SWM current baseline in GCA. Figure 4-9: Flow diagram highlighting key elements of the SWM baseline in GCA Regarding the identified project areas and candidate sites, Table 4-4 summarizes the common SWM practice currently taking place. Table 4-4: Current SWM situation in the project areas and candidate sites Area Current situation Comments/Notes The formal sector handles 50% of SW produced. Semi-private with different international/national private companies involved such as the AMA Arab Environment Co, and FCC Spanish Company, and the General Administration of cleanliness and beautification of the cities. Amongst the other private sector companies There are currently 4 operating landfills [3]: operating in Cairo was Europe 2000, whose Cairo contract was terminated by the Cairo  Al Wafaa wa Al Amal (sanitary and Governorate in 2012 and was replaced with the open dump) Suez Cleanliness and Beautification Unit.  15th May (sanitary landfill)  Helwan (sanitary)  New Obour (sanitary) The informal sector handles 50% of total waste produced by door-to-door collection system, SMEs for sorting and trading of Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 67 Area Current situation Comments/Notes waste to supply recycling facilities. SWM handled by General City Council. In 2015, The Cleaner Production Technology Center (CPTC), in collaboration with the African Development Bank and the Deauville Partnership Fund, launched a pilot 10th of Ramadan recycling plant, which aims to turn waste Highly industrialized area for FMCG, textiles, City in Sharqiyah into raw material for different industries. Leather, and heavy industries, with few adjacent Governorate residential areas. There are currently 3 landfills operating in Sharqiyah Governorate: • Al Khatara • Belis • Mashtool Scavengers collect the recyclable items from The formal SWM activities is implemented waste dumped in the streets and in Abu Zaabal by the Governorate, except Shubra El- uncontrolled dumpsite. The road to the main Kheima which uses private contractors. dumpsite is unpaved. Large amounts of waste accumulate on both sides of the road. The The informal collection system relies on dumpsite is rented to a private contractor for donkey cart operators that work manual sorting of waste and collection of dry independently on waste collection, recyclables by informal scavengers. The sources handling, and disposal. Waste is mostly of transported waste to this dumpsite include transported to open dumpsites, the biggest Qalyoubia municipalities, private companies and of which is in Abu Zaabal. contractors, and waste collectors. The dumpsite accepts almost all types of waste; municipal, The open burning in the Abu Zaabal industrial and Construction and Demolition dumpsite also contributes to air pollution waste. This increases health and safety and along with the existing chemicals and environmental risks drastically. fertilizers production activities in the area. Qalyoubia The area has one of the highest PM The Abu-Zaabal dumpsite is the largest in the Governorate concentrations in Greater Cairo, and its AQI surrounding area. It is developed over an old is considered “unhealthy for sensitive quarry and ground water nearby is rising up. groups”. Acidic leachate seeps into groundwater and the nearby Ismailia Canal, which is a primary source Illegal dumping in open and abandoned of potable water in Qalyoubia Governorate. areas is a common scene. Waste is Thus, water pollution levels and safety hazards accumulated in the secondary streets’ are increasing in the area in parallel to the corners. The residents openly dump their increasing air pollution level due to open waste in the streets and waste is not burning of waste. collected on a regular base, causing health and environmental hazards to residents. Abu Zaabal landfill/dumpsite is the main swm Accumulation of waste leads to self-ignition, facility currently serving Qalyoubia Governorate or it is illegally openly burned seasonally in [4] and has reached its ultimate capacity and dumpsites. represent a major source for air pollution due to open buring and self-ignition. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 68 Area Current situation Comments/Notes Waste collection equipment are insufficient and technically poor. The waste collection trucks are not covered during the service, which facilitates redistribution of waste in streets again during transportation. SWM is handled by General councils in the cities of the Governorate. There are currently 3 landfills in Giza Industrialized area, primarily hosting medium to Giza Governorate handling SWM: large power plants serving the surrounding  El Wasta region.  Somesta  Sanour 4.2.1.2 Industrial Hazardous Wastes and Medical Waste The industrial sector is considered the largest producer of hazardous waste in Egypt. According to EEAA (2016), the industrial sector generates between 200,000 and 500,000 tons of hazardous waste per year [7]. In Greater Cairo alone, an estimated amount of 77,000 tons of hazardous waste is generated per year due to industrial activities. The current common practice for industrial hazardous waste includes selling it through auctions or to specific contractors without consideration for the final disposal of the waste, and illegal dumping in vacant lots and public spaces (under bridges, around facilities, or in remote areas). Other common practices include mixing hazardous waste with MSW streams and disposing of them in public dumps, discharging into the sewer network, or openly burning it into the air. Another current hazardous waste handling practice involves use of waste as an alternative source of fuel through incineration in the cement industry. In 2005, Nasiriya Hazardous Waste Treatment Centre (NHWTC) was established in Alexandria’s Borg El Arab area with capacity of 40,000 tons in order to collect, recycle, treat and dispose of significant inorganic hazardous industrial waste, and provide temporary storage for organic hazardous waste (transfer station). The Centre includes a physical-chemical treatment plant for inorganic liquid hazardous waste, a solidification and stabilization treatment unit, storage units for organic and inorganic wastes, a 14,000 m2 landfill, 5,000 m2 area for leachate collection, an organic hazardous waste transfer station, as well as a laboratory. The EEAA authorizes three local private companies for transporting hazardous liquid and solid waste to the facility. The Centre recently expanded to include a newly added treatment unit for mercury in discarded fluorescent lamps which includes a separation unit for lamp components (metal, glass, mercury, etc.), as well as two small incinerators used for disposal of solid organic hazardous wastes (primarily pharmaceutical waste). Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 69 According to the EEAA’s Guidance Note on Medical waste in Egypt [3] [16], it is estimated that 104 tons are generated daily in Egypt from all healthcare facilities, amounting to 38,000 tons annually, and that Greater Cairo produces more than 20 tons of the daily total, which amounts to 7,300 tons per year. Collection, treatment and disposal of hazardous medical waste are the responsibility of the Governorates, either directly or by contracting private companies, contractors, or NGOs. Hazardous medical waste is mandatorily treated by controlled thermal incineration. Yet, the number of adequate hazardous medical waste disposal facilities available in Egypt is extremely limited. As of 2015 [3], there are a total of 154 operational incinerators and 38 shredding units distributed around Egypt. In addition, there are an estimated 92 incinerators and 5 shredding units that are non-operational. As a result, most medical waste still ends up disposed with municipal waste. 4.2.1.3 Electronic Waste (E-waste) Due to the absence of governmental records for e-waste generation, there are no reliable quantitative data and studies regarding the numbers of computers, mobile phones, and batteries in Egypt. . However, in 2014, UN reported generation rates for Egypt of approximately 37,000 tons annually half of which consist of plastics, and the other half toxic materials. A study conducted by Chemonics predicts that the amount could increase to 370,000 by 2024 [15]. According to the American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt (AmCham), only 20% of the total generated amount gets recycled. 80% of such amount is the household e-waste collected by informal traders located primarily in Wekalet el Balah in Cairo that scavenge for e-waste, sell, and export it without government supervision. The common formal e-waste management practice for discarded hardware from government agencies is periodic auctions managed by the General Authority for Governmental Services (GAGS), which auctions the collected e-waste and sells it unseparated to recyclers. AmCham estimates that only 5% of recyclers are certified companies. In regard to the e-waste produced from corporates, they are also sold in auctions approved by the Ministry of Environment. Government and corporate e-waste that goes unsold at auctions are buried in one of the state-run dumpsites scattered around the country. No detailed information regarding the number or locations of these sites were identified or how much e-waste is buried; the largest known dumpsites is in Alexandria charging EGP 500/ton. With respect to NHWTC facility, it was reported during the first stakeholder engagement session conducted for this project that the faciltiy stopped accepting E-waste for treatment or disposal. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 70 The private sector has been involved in e-waste management in Egypt in the last few years through small/medium start-ups that collect and treat e-waste and export it, and a few telecommunication and computer companies’ CSR plans. In regards to waste batteries resulting from electric-vehicle deployment which are classified as toxic e-waste, Egypt has no legal framework for e-vehicle batteries disposal (as stated in section 4.2.2). However, one of the current options under consideration by the government is batteries disposal by returning it to the suppliers or manufacturers based on Extended Producer Responsibility Agreements (EPR). 4.2.1.4 Slaughterhouse Waste According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture published in a FAO report in 2017 on the broiler poultry industry in Egypt [11], the total number of poultry slaughterhouses was reported to be 309 units in 2015. Manual slaughterhouses are the most common throughout the country, totaling 200 units (65% of the total number). There are 62 semi-automated slaughterhouses (20%) and about 47 modern automated slaughterhouses (15%). According to the Poultry Wealth Division of the Cairo Chamber of Commerce, the average amount of waste is estimated at about 204,000 tons annually, produced primarily from bird slaughterhouses serving recycling factories that utilize the waste by treating it into animal protein products. By law, waste is directly transported from farms to recycling facilities to eliminate the impacts of emissions or odors of waste. Another type of poultry waste is the “glaucoma”, which is poultry manure that can be used to produce biogas and organic fertilizer. Since 2016, the Ministry of Environment now has ongoing agreements with different farms for safe disposal and handling of most of its “glaucoma” waste to produce biogas. In regards to other slaughterhouse wastes, according to the CAPMAS animal bulletin of 2016 [19], the estimated amount of waste generated from livestock (cows, buffalos, sheep, cattle, pigs and camels) in GCA is approximately 16,320 tons per year. The main treatment and handling methods include collection and transfer of waste to chopping and sterilization stations, and then fed into dedicated incinerators (crematoria). According to the same report, the number of operating chopping and sterilization stations and incinerators in GCA as of 2016 is 4 and 35 respectively. 4.2.2 Roads and Mobility Infrastructure The transport activity in Egypt predominantly relies on road transport for both passenger and freight transport. Currently, the main modes of transport are public transit and buses. The modal share for 22 million daily motorized trips in Cairo is around 63% public transport (metro, buses, minibuses, and microbuses) and 37% cars, taxis, and motorbikes. Of the 22 million trips, 14 million trips (63%) are done via informal Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 71 microbuses that run-on low-quality fuels. The main access roads within the identified project areas and candidate sites are summarized in Table 4-5. Table 4-5: Access roads for the project’s candidate areas Area Access roads and traffic Component 3: Vehicle Emissions Reduction This route in urban Central Cairo passes through Zamalek and Dokki to Cairo University. These highly urbanized areas characterized by high- El Tahrir Square and traffic congestion in peak-hours due to high population density, Cairo University (5.0km) numerous government agencies and office buildings, as well as high- volume commercial activities. The main access road on this route is the Nasr road (Autostrad) which is one of Cairo’s main road in its network. It is characterized by its high Al Azhar University and congestion levels in peak hours. Other main roads on this route is Stadium Station (3.0km) Youssef Abbas road, one of the main high streets of Nasr City. It has high commercial activity volume, as well as high population density. The main access road on this route is Salah Salem, one of Cairo’s Arterial Citystars Mall and roads that suffers high levels of congestion. The linking road towards Subway Line 3 Stadium City stars Mall from Salah Salem is Nozha street, another main high Station (6.0km) street in Nasr city that contains high population density and commercial activities This route connects two highly urban areas of Heliopolis in Cairo. The Subway Line 1 El Ahram main access road includes Orouba rd (Salah Salem) and Terrat Al Gabal. Metro Station and Line 1 It passes through Merryland, Manshyet El Bakry, Gesr El Suez, and onto Saray El-Kobba Station Saray Al Kobba. These residential areas are characterized by high (3.0km) population density. Component 2: Waste Management Infrastructure Main access road is the Ismailia Agricultural road. Regarding secondary roads, the area lacks adequate roads and infrastructure. Most roads to Abu Zaabal and Al and from Abu Zaabal are unpaved, with no direct main road/expressway Khankah in Qalyoubia access to the area, Large amounts of waste accumulate on both sides of the road leading to the dumpsite. 10th of Ramadan City in Main access road is the Cairo-Ismailia desert road at 55 km away from Sharqiyah Central Cairo. Roads inside 10th of Ramadan city are adequately paved Main access roads include the Helwan-Kuraymat road, and the Asyut- Kuraymat in Giza Cairo Desert road. 4.2.2.1 E-mobility Infrastructure More recently, in 2018, Alexandria governorate pioneered the introduction of electric public buses into its transport network. Alexandria Passenger Transport Authority (APTA) purchased 15 fully electric buses from Chinese manufacturer BYD (model K9 12- meter) and 18 charging stations as a pilot project that was launched in June 2018. Following a similar pilot project in 2019, Cairo Transit Authority (CTA) also introduced the first fully electric bus line running on a three-month trial operation from Maadi District to the 5th Settlement District in New Cairo covering a distance of a journey of 25 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 72 km. Further, in February 2020, a new route started from Central Cairo’s Main Abdel - Moneim Riyad square, passing through Abbasiya, and terminating in Eastern Cairo at the American University in Cairo in Fifth Settlement, New Cairo. The bus covers a total distance of 200 km on a 30-minute charge. The bus model used is intended to save around 70% of the total cost of diesel used in conventional buses [18]. If the trial period succeeds, GCA plans to deploy more e-buses and integrate it into its transport network. 4.2.3 Utilities Sources The project’s physical interventions will require utility sources during their construction and operation. Table 4-6 addresses the potential sources for energy and water in the candidate areas. Table 4-6: Potential sources for energy and water in the project candidate areas Area Water sources Fuel sources Electricity sources Connected with two water Natural gas purification plants with Grid-supplied by the Canal 10th of Ramadan supplied from capacity of 621,000 m3/day Company for Distribution of City in Sharqiyah the public and station wells with Electricity network capacity of 20,000 m3/day  Grid-supplied by the North Cairo Electricity Distribution Most of industrial and non- Co. distribution station located Abu Zaabal and Al Natural gas in Abu Zaabal, Al Khankah, industrial activities in Abu Khankah supplied from Qalyoubia Zaabal rely on Ismailia Canal (candidate site) in the public  Self-generated electricity in (approx. 1 km away) as a Qalyoubia network some of the industrial plants in primary water source. the area (Abu-Zaabal Company for Fertilizers and Chemical Industries) The main water source is the Natural gas Grid supplied. The area also hosts Kuraymat in Giza River Nile, 2 km away from supplied from the first solar-thermal power (CSP) (candidate site) the Kuraymat area the public plant in Egypt network 4.2.4 Air and GHG Emissions 4.2.4.1 Vehicle Emissions According to Egypt’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) , the road transport sectorcontributes to 15% of the total GHG emissions from Egypt. About 40 % of national transport emissions (45 million-ton CO2-equivalent according to BUR) are attributed to the GCA region alone (World Bank 2010), which represents about 50 % of all motorized Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 73 vehicles in Egypt. MoE has estimated that vehicle emissions represent about 90 % for carbon monoxide (CO) and 50 % for nitrogen oxides (NOx) coming out of the transport sector. Since the modal share of public transport is the largest in GCA, with 63% of the 22 million daily motorized trips being done on public transit and buses, they currently make up a third of the total air pollution load (PM 10) from the transport sector in Greater Cairo. Transit buses in GCA have been estimated to release estimated emissions of CO, NOx, and PM of 457, 614, and 57.4 tons/day, respectively [2]. These high emissions are mainly due to the incomplete combustion of low-quality fuel in vehicles, as well as the emissions from old cars and buses moving around Greater Cairo roads. 4.2.4.2 Emissions from SWM Sector While sanitary and managed landfilling has been evolving in Egypt in the last few years (yet without regulations that provide basis for compliance or monitoring), open dumping is still the most common practice, hence contributing to air and greenhouse gas emissions. Egypt’s BUR (2019) indicates that the waste sector contributes about 8.1% of total GHG emissions in Egypt, half of which is attributed to solid waste disposal activities as shown in Figure 4-10. Figure 4-10: GHG emissions from waste sub-categories In addition to GHG emissions, other local air pollutants exist in the project areas and candidate sites. Significant amounts of waste are transported to dumpsites existing within the project areas such as Abu Zaabal, which are either openly burned or left to self-ignite due to hot temperatures. 4.3 Socio-Economic Environment This section contains a description of the baseline socio-cultural characteristics of the social environment at the proposed project areas and candidate sites. Description of the Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 74 existing baseline socioeconomic conditions was assessed through a desk-based study based on a combination of both primary resources reviewed including statistical data and secondary data. This section will highlight the following: basic information about the candidate project areas; administrative areas; demographic characteristics, economic characteristics, and human settlements. 4.3.1 The Administrative Divisions The proposed project candidate areas are located across three governorates, namely Cairo, Giza, and Qalyoubia, which represent the governorates of Greater Cairo Agglomeration (GCA). The GCA is characterized by high population density and wide urban scope. GCA is the largest metropolitan area in Egypt, with a total area of (17,393 km2) (38.9 million acres), representing about 1.7% of the total area of Egypt. The GCA is inhabited by about 24,495.969 million people, representing 27% of the total population of Egypt, according to the (CAPMAS 2019) census. Cairo Governorate is located on the eastern bank of the River Nile stretching over 41,542 Km, Cairo is the capital of Egypt. It is bordered to the north by Qalyoubia, and Sharqiyah Governorates, to the south and west by Giza Governorate and to the east by Suez Governorate. The governorate's total area is 3,085 km2, forming 0.3% of the country's total area. Qalyoubia Governorate is located east of the Nile at the beginning of the delta. Qalyoubia is the link between the governorates of Lower Egypt and the governorates of Upper Egypt, as the city of Shubra El-Kheima is the beginning of the agricultural highway to the governorates of Lower Egypt. The governorate's total area is 1,124 km2, forming 0.1% of the country's total area. Giza governorate is located on the west side of the Nile River. It is bordered by Qalyoubia, Menoufiya and Behera Governorates in the north, Fayoum and Giza in the south, in addition to 2 localities el Saff and Atfeeh which are located on the eastern side of the River Nile. Giza total area is 13.184 km2, forming 1.3% of the country’s total area. 4.3.2 Demographics Characteristics 4.3.2.1 Population Based on the Statistical data from (CAPMAS, 2019), Table 4-7 shows the population in the governorates of the Greater Cairo Area, as well as the distribution of population according to gender. Table 4-7: The Number of Population and Households in the Project Candidate Areas Area Households Population Total Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 75 Male Female Population Cairo Governorate 2,447,185 5,077,849 4,710,890 9,788,739 Qalyoubia Governorate 1,448,017 2,990,630 2,801,436 5,792,066 Giza Governorate 2,228,791 4,627,669 4,287,495 8,915,164 Source: CAPMAS, Census of population activities of the governorates, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2019 The data from the previous table shows the high population density in the project candidate areas. The numbers of males and females is approximate, and the number of males increases by a small percentage. Table 4-8 shows the distribution of the population in the project candidate areas according to urban and rural areas. Table 4-8: Population Estimates by Urban /Rural in the Project Candidate Areas Population Area Urbanization rate Urban Rural Cairo Governorate 9,788,739 0 100.0 Qalyoubia Governorate 2,479,382 3,312,684 42.8 Giza Governorate 5,410,061 3,505,103 60.7 Source: CAPMAS, Census of population activities of the governorates, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2019 It is clear from the data of the previous table that the urban percentage increase over rural areas in the project candidate areas, and it is at the highest rate in Cairo Governorate, which represents the largest urban cluster. The highest rural rates are concentrated in Qalyoubia Governorate, where the rural percentage represents more than 55%. 4.3.2.2 Age and Gender Distribution The age and gender structure are of great importance in the study of the population, because it shows the demographic features of the society according to gender (males / females). It also determines the category produced in the age structure, or what is known as the percentage of society that has the burden of supporting the rest of its members. It also helps in determining the social characteristics of the population, such as the gender ratio and the extent of its impact on immigration from and to it influencing factors. The age and gender structure are also a product of population growth, including births, deaths, and immigration, one of which cannot be considered entirely independent from the other, but any change in one of these factors leads to influence the other factors. The age distribution for the whole governorates is shown in Table 4-9 for the year 2017. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 76 Table 4-9: Age distribution of the population in the project candidate areas Gender 0-4 5-14 15-44 45-59 60+ Cairo Governorate Males 9.5 17.0 49.4 15.2 8.9 Females 10.2 17.0 49.6 15.1 8.1 Total 9.8 17.0 49.5 15.2 8.5 Qalyoubia Governorate Males 12.5 21.8 47.4 12.5 5.8 Females 12.8 21.5 48.6 11.7 5.3 Total 12.7 21.7 48.0 12.1 5.6 Giza Governorate Males 13.8 21.1 47.5 11.8 5.8 Females 14.6 20.7 48.5 11.2 5.0 Total 14.2 20.9 48.0 11.5 5.4 Source: CAPMAS Statistical Yearbook, Population, 2017 The data of the previous table show the convergence of the age distribution between males and females in the three governorates, where there are moderate differences between them. It is also noted that the percentage of the age group 15-44 is higher among the population in the three governorates; this gives an indication of the rise in youth and the labor force. 4.3.3 Economic Characteristics Economic characteristics contribute to determining the features of economic activities and the importance of their elements and their relation to the conditions of the geographical environment. It is also possible to determine the percentage of employment, its size, its importance and its multiple characteristics, knowing the unemployment rates and distributing them according to age, gender and profession. Table 4-10 illustrates the labor sector according to the economic characteristics in the project candidate areas. Table 4-10: Work Status in the Project Candidate Areas Project area Indicator Gender Cairo Qalyoubia Giza Governorate Governorate Governorate Male 24,383 13,865 19,468 Estimates of Labor Force by Sex (15 years Female 8,230 4,321 4,686 +) % Female 25.2 23.8 19.4 to Total Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 77 Estimates of Employed Male 21,597 12,601 17,601 Persons by Sex (15 Female 6,078 3,297 3,526 years +) Male 11.4 9.1 9.6 Unemployment Rate Female 26.1 23.7 24.8 by Sex (15- 64 years) % Total 15.1 12.6 12.5 Labor force increase rate % 2.2 10.2 12.3 Source: CAPMAS Statistical Yearbook, Labor, 2017 Data from the previous table show a decrease in the total workforce compared to the total population; this is due to the absence of the total labor force in official data, especially in rural areas where a large percentage of the population is employed in agricultural work. The employment in the agricultural land is a seasonal employment that varies according to the type of crop and therefore it is a variable employment that is difficult to record and limit in official statistics. In addition, women work in unpaid work, such as raising birds and dairy products, and working on agricultural land. It is worth noting that the informal sector represents a large percentage of the unregistered workforce. Previous data indicate a higher unemployment rate for females than for males, especially in rural areas than in urban areas. 4.3.3.1 Industrial Economic Activity in Qalyoubia Governorate Industry represents one of the main economic activities in Qalyoubia Governorate, due to the presence of many industrial activities that spread throughout the whole Governorate, and a large percentage of such activities are concentrated in the Khankah Markez. Abu Zaabal is one of the villages where many factories are concentrated, which makes it one of the largest industrial areas in the Markez. Moreover, it represents the largest percentage of the Khankah Markez. Among the industrial zones that were established in recent years, the Al-Safa Industrial Area is located on an area of (142 acres) in the area of Arab Al-Olayakat in the Khankah Markez. This area was designated for Cairo air improvement project, taking into consideration that the projects in this region are designed according to the latest technological development for the foundry industry and have no polluting emissions. In addition to the major industrial areas scattered in Qalyoubia Governorate, there are some random industrial areas that suffer from many informal industrial practices and the effects of pollution that spreads in those areas. Among the most famous of these regions: Akrasha: "Akrasha" in Al Khankah is considered one of the most important and largest industrial slums, which includes about (500) factories, employing approximately (15 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 78 thousand( workers in multiple industries. The most important are chemicals, plastics, cartons and glass. Akrashah represents the largest random industrial and housing area in Al Khankah, which includes hundreds of workshops and thousands of workers. Among the most important problems in the Akrasha area is the lack of sanitation for these factories, which results in the disposal of their waste in the agricultural drainages. This impacts the surrounding environment, especially the Abu Zaabal drainage that crosses the area (shown in Figure 4-11). The groundwater in the area is likely to be contaminated. Figure 4-11: Abu Zaabal drainage, one of the main places for dumping waste Bassus: Bassous area in Al-Qanatir Al-Khayriyah, where factories spread in houses. These factories manufacture electrical and household tools, pipes, etc., and they employ daily labor that exceeds 50% of the population of the Governorate. The region suffers from many environmental problems due to dumping of waste in drainage, in addition to the problem of spreading garbage in the streets. 4.3.4 The informal sector for solid waste collection in Greater Cairo Sustainable waste management systems contribute to overall urban sustainability. In developing country cities such as Greater Cairo, the informal sector plays a vital role in these systems. The informal sector for solid waste collection in Greater Cairo consists of two main categories, namely: 1- The Traditional Garbage collectors: This is the classical “Zabbaleen” group that currently also includes contractors and workers in the field of garbage collection, sorting Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 79 and utilization. They depend on collecting solid waste from houses and shops, then selling recovered recyclables to factories and workshops after sorting and separating organic waste, which is predominantly used in feeding their livestock (Pigs). Garbage collectors’ work depends on the family business, and roles are distributed within the family according to age and gender. Women and girls are heavily engaged in this field through participation in the family business, particularly in the recyclables recovering and sorting. According to CAPMAS data, women work in the field of sorting and classification of solid waste for an average of 50 hours per week (CAPMAS, Statistical Yearbook, Labor, 2017). Although there are no available official statistics on the children involvement in waste related activities, they are important players in this family-run business particularly during school holidays. The following table shows the number of families in each solid waste collection area in Greater Cairo[1] Table 4-11: Number of families in each solid waste collection area in Greater Cairo Governorate District No. of families No. of people Maadi - Tora 8,000 44,000 Cairo Governorate Manshyet Nasser 6,000 33,000 Helwan – 15 May 1,200 6,600 Al Khosous and Ezbet El Qalyoubia 4,000 21,700 Nakhl Governorate Akrasha 2,000 6,000 Ared El Lwaa Giza Governorate 4,000 22,000 El Maatemdiah It is clear from the previous table that the garbage collectors’ communities are concentrated in specific areas in each Governorate and they are also distributing their collection service/ work in specific areas according to known and coordinated plan among the different actors. Most of the waste sorting, recyclables recovery and in many cases also processing take place in the garbage collectors ’ residential areas. The workforce in the informal sector in Al Khusous area, Qalyoubia Governorate, reaches around 1,200 Person, including 300 women and 250 children (Qalyoubia Governorate, 2019). This indicates an increase in women's employment in this sector, which could be classified as family unpaid labor. Traditional garbage collectors in Qalyoubia Governorate are offering collection services, predominantly in Cairo and Giza residential and commercial areas. They also serve some areas in Qalyoubia (Shobra El Khema). In terms of the business modal that the traditional garbage collectors are following, it is worth noting that in many places the work is closely coordinated with the Government and the large-scale private operators. [1] Source: El Zabalin communities Survey, Youth Spirit Association, Manshyet Nasser, 2014. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 80 This is done through contractual agreement with the Zabbaleen established companies or through the issuance of work permits by the Government. The main interest this group has, and beyond the collection fee that they sometimes get from residents, is actually the garbage itself with all the valuable recoverable and recyclable matter which is the core of their business. 2- Other Non-traditional Informal Groups: a) Street Containers Waste Pickers (Al Nabashin): Those are the groups of waste pickers who roam around predominantly in urban area and try to salvage reusable or recyclable materials thrown away by others to sell or to use for personal consumption. Although there is difficulty to have a clear inventory of this groups due to their part time on and off nature of business, observations are suggesting that they represent the lowest percentage in the informal sector for solid waste management. They work individually (less likely on family business mode) and waste picking in most of the cases is only a partial source of livelihoods for them. b) Donkey-carts and Tricycle Operators: Members of this group, likely, own donkey carts and/or tricycles that they are using to roam around the street waste piles to recover recyclable materials and/or to pass by households and collect their waste bags. The consultation conducted in Qalyoubia Governorate clearly revealed that this group role is not very much appreciated by the Governorate and they are predominantly seen as a group that is outlawed (unlicensed) and that does not care about the public’s health and interest by creating a mess in the street to pick the recyclable materials. They are still operating in Qalyoubia Governorate, and the table below presents their distribution according to gender and area of operation. Table 4-12: The number of Waste pickers in Qalyoubia Governorate, and their distribution according to gender and area (Qalyoubia Governorate, 2019) No. of Unpaid Area Waste Equipment Women Child labor pickers Gharb District 40 – 45 Donkey cart + Tricycle 10 5 No data Shark District 50 - 60 Donkey cart + Tricycle 20 15 available Al Khanka 25 Donkey cart + Tricycle 3 2 c) Disposal Sites Waste Pickers This groups operates in full time mode in final disposal locations. Waste pickers in Abu Zabaal location are the most relevant to this project. They are around 35 males of different age groups. They operate under the main dumpsite operator who has a contract with the Governorate. They recover recyclables from the dumpsite and have connections to existing businesses taking place at the street piles and containers. The Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 81 current working conditions of those individuals of the informal sector are highly threatening for their health and safety, with minimal protection measures followed in the process of recovering recyclables. In the meantime, children were observed to be engaged in some of the waste sorting activities in the dumpsite. Although it is not very clear at this stage how the phasing of work, technology and closure options…etc. will take place and accordingly the nature of the impacts on the livelihoods of this groups is very much unknown, it is still very likely that this group is among the most vulnerable to the planned closure activity. Relevant interventions as per the provision and the principles of ESS1 and ESS5 are essential to minimize the negative impacts of those individuals and their families. 4.3.5 Infrastructure Based on information from the CAPMAS 2018, a brief summary of the extent to which access of basic infrastructure services are available in the project areas and candidate sites is given in Table 4-13. Table 4-13: Percentage Distribution of Households Connected to The Public Network (electricity / water / health) % of households % of households % of households connected to the connected to the connected to the Governorate public sewage public water network public electricity network % % network % Cairo Governorate 98.8 99.5 99.9 Qalyoubia 67.3 96.0 99.4 Governorate Giza Governorate 71.3 95.0 99.7 Source: CAPMAS Statistical Yearbook, Censuses, 2017 The data of the previous table shows the availability of infrastructure services in the study areas at a high rate. The least of these is sanitation services in the rural areas in Qalyoubia and Giza Governorates. 4.3.6 Public Transport 6 The Cairo Public Transport Authority is considered one of the most vital facilities that millions of citizens depend on as a daily means of transportation within the Greater Cairo area, as three governorates "Cairo, Giza and Qalyoubia" connect with each other, and no less important than the subway lines. The Public Transport Authority has 3 thousand buses in Greater Cairo, which work to connect the governorates of Greater Cairo, and are stored in 26 garages. 6 Guide to Public and Private Transport in Cairo, Cairo Governorate Information Center, 2018. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 82 The price of the ticket for public transport buses traveling 30 km or less is 3 pounds (EGP), and 80% of the public transport authority buses that cover Greater Cairo travel 30 km over 273 lines. There are 44 lines for public transport buses that travel from 31 km to 40 km representing 12% of the authority's buses; the ticket costs 4 pounds (EGP). Public transport buses that serve new cities travel from 41 km to 60 km over 27 lines, and represent only 8% of the authority buses, the ticket price reaches 5 pounds (EGP). The furthest destination for public transport authority buses is 60 km, such as Banha, El Badrashin, and new cities. There are distinct bus lines that include internet service and air conditioning; tickets cost 14 pounds (EGP). In Greater Cairo, public buses are among the key means of transport for women, particularly working women. It is heavily used because of its affordability. However, buses are always over-crowded for women, making them uncomfortable means of transport. Sexual harassment in public transport is also among the common violations, particularly in Greater Cairo region. 4.3.7 Gender Based Violence In general, violence and sexual harassment against women is considered a serious social problem in Egypt. Violence not only has negative consequences for women but also their families, the community and the country at large. The 2015 survey “The Egypt Economic Cost of Gender-Based Violence Survey” (ECGBVS, 2015) 7 includes the most comprehensive data on violence against women in Egypt. The ECGBVS is the first nationally representative study in Egypt presenting findings related to the various types and forms of violence experienced by women and girls. The sample consisted of 21,448 households in urban and rural populations. Women aged 18- 64 who were residents or present in the household for a month or more before the survey were eligible for the survey. The key outcomes and results of the study demonstrate that: ▪ Around 2.5 million women suffered from the various forms of sexual harassment on streets, ▪ More than 1.7 million women suffer from the various forms of sexual harassment in public transport, 7 ▪ UNFPA, National Council for Women-Egypt, the Egypt Economic Cost of Gender-Based Violence Survey (ECGBVS) 2015. https://egypt.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub- pdf/Costs%20of%20the%20impact%20of%20Gender%20Based%20Violence%20%28GBV%29%20WEB.pdf Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 83 ▪ Around 30% of women age 18-64 have been exposed to at least one act of violence perpetrated by any of the three categories of perpetrators: spouse/fianc é, other close individuals or strangers in private and public spaces. ▪ 4% of women reported experiencing violence and sexual harassment at the workplace. Around 3% were subjected to physical or psychological violence and 1% experienced sexual harassment. ▪ Rural women were less vulnerable to harassment in public transport than urban women. 5% of women living in rural areas experienced harassment in public transport versus approximately 9% among urban women. The lowest incidence of harassment against women in public transport was observed in rural Upper Egypt; where only around 2% of women reported having been subjected to harassment in public transport. ▪ The number of women who report incidents to police yearly does not exceed 75 thousand women. Similarly, the number of women who sought local community services did not exceed 7 thousand women. The National Council for Women is one of the main channels for receiving complaints of GBV in all governorates of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The previous data indicates the importance of taking into account the impacts associated with GBV in public transportation projects, and the field of work for any project, especially during the construction phase. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 84 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES This chapter provides guidance and methods on how to assess different alternatives that should be considered while preparing documents such as feasibility studies, design studies, and ESIAs of any of the project components. The alternatives pertain to components involving physical interventions, namely, component 2 on waste sector interventions and component 3 on public transit interventions. The criteria to be considered in the analysis of alternatives may be required in feasibility studies and/or ESIA depending on the component status (e.g., site selection if location has not yet been defined) are presented. References to the specific studies required to include for each criterion are made. With respect to timeline, feasibility studies and ESIAs are performed during the project planning phase. 5.1 Alternatives for Waste Sector Interventions 5.1.1 No Project Alternative The first alternative that is usually studied in any ESIA is the “No Project” option. In respect to the proposed project, this implies that Greater Cairo will remain one of the most polluted megacities in the world with a poor ambient air quality and a PM 10 far exceeding the WHO limits mainly due to the waste and public transport sectors In order to assess the “No Project” option for physical interventions in the waste sector, these guidelines will be followed:  Conducting comparison between emissions of particulates that contain toxic substances and GHG emissions before and after the project  Analyzing the adverse impacts on communities and residents living near open dumpsites such as bad odors generated by decomposing waste, attraction of vectors like rodents and flies, and toxic emissions from wastes open burning and how the project will mitigate these impacts  Estimating the amount of mismanaged waste in Greater Cairo before and after the project  Studying the impact of the project on imposing control over illegal dumping in public roads and sites not assigned for waste disposal and their intentional open burning The ‘No Project Alternative’ should be part of FS and ESIAs identified for the project, specifically component 2 (all subprojects) and component 3. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 85 5.1.2 Location Alternatives This section demonstrates specific criteria for assessing location alternatives for the different subprojects. 5.1.2.1 Transfer Stations The specific locations for the proposed transfer stations are not yet determined. Initially, criteria for exclusion of totally restricted sites, without further studies, will be developed. The site exclusion criteria include:  Wetlands and floodplains  Habitats of endangered and protected flora and fauna  Areas of historical, archeological, and cultural significance  National, provincial, and public parks  Sites within a radius of 8 km from an airport (as per Alberta Transfer Station technical guidance manual) Other criteria for selection of an appropriate site for the transfer station include technical, environmental and community-specific factors [25], as shown in Table 5-1. Table 5-1: Criteria for selection of an appropriate site for the transfer station Aspect Criteria  Centrality of the location of the transfer station to the service area in which the wastes are generated.  Access to major transportation routes and road suitability to trailers load and size along planned transfer haul routes  Safe entrances or exits onto public roads  Sufficient land area for the transfer buildings, and other planned activities to meet current and future space requirements along Technical factors the project lifetime  Sufficient space for on-site roads to allow for efficient vehicle routing, queuing of collection vehicles, and parking for trailers and site staff  Access to existing utilities including electrical power, natural gas services, and water and sewer utilities  Gently sloping topography that is compatible for building necessary ramps  Allowance for site buffers and landscaping including fencing, berms, open spaces, and trees. Environmental  Site should be at a minimum distance of 300 m from residence, and community- hospitals, food establishment, and schools. specific factors  Proximity limits to religious places, recreation areas or businesses  Active areas (e.g. tip area, storage compounds) should not be within 5 m of the site property line  Considering community concerns regarding: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 86 o Safety and health impacts o Traffic volume and noise o Litter, odor and dust o Impact on air quality o Insects, birds, and other scavenging animals, visibility and aesthetics and property values Generally, a list with the potential sites for the landfill project will be prepared after the exclusion of the totally prohibited sites. The abovementioned points in Table 5-1 will be used as a checklist to assess the potential sites, where all points have to be met to shortlist the selected site before conducting further studies including a feasibility study. 5.1.2.2 Landfills During identification of suitable sites for construction of a landfill, the procedure follows a two-phase process, negative mapping and positive mapping. Negative mapping excludes sites that are not suitable for the construction of the landfill. As per the Egyptian Code of Design Principal and Implementation Conditions for Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems, if any of the exclusion criteria below available in a site, it has to be excluded, without further studies:  Sites located in high flood risks areas.  The site is a collection point for rainwater.  Located in areas with a groundwater level close to the subsurface (≤ 1m).  The surrounding areas are planned as residential areas.  The location is less than 500 m from the nearest residential area.  Located within an area where explosives are used or military activities.  Located in a landslide area.  Located in less than 1.5 km from the nearest airport. Negative mapping is followed by positive mapping, where sites that can be considered as a potential site for the construction of landfill are identified. A checklist to ensure that the site meet the following criteria will be prepared:  Limited use of groundwater for drinking or agriculture due to its high salinity  Site is away from populated areas more than 1.5 km, as per Article 38 of the Executive Regulations 1741/2005 amended in Executive Regulations 964/2015 of Law 4/1994. The landfill site in relation to the residential area should be down- wind the prevailing wind direction. Also, the selected site must not affect the future development plan according to the “Urban Development Plan” of this area.  Area availability compared to the quantity of waste that will be disposed over the lifetime of the landfill  Clear land ownership Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 87  Main roads leading to the site are facilitated and leveled, commensurable with the traffic movement, and size and number of vehicles arriving daily As per the Egyptian Code, the evaluation criteria below will be used to select the location. Evaluation criteria will be rated on a scale of 1 to 3, where 1 corresponds to least appropriate and 3 to the most appropriate site. The site with the highest total rank will be selected. Table 5-2: Criteria for evaluation of landfill sites S Evaluation Criteria Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Land ownership, where ownership papers and the 1. allocation decision are confirmed. Any obstacles in site, including the presence of private properties or houses or any other military or civilian entity Site distance to the waste generating area and the 2. impacts of the site on the collection and transport operations (need extra resources as transfer stations) 3. Site distance to the main roads Existing surface waters next to the site (rivers, 4. streams, lakes) 5. The ability of the site to hold rain water or flood 6. Groundwater level The existence of groundwater wells for drinking or 7. agriculture 8. Flood path crossing the site 9. Level of ground sealing materials required Availability of cover material from low permeability 10. soil Land use around the site. The boundaries of the site, 11. the uses of neighboring lands, residents in the vicinity of the site and main potential problems of project construction as the selected site must not affect the future development plan according to the “Urban Development Plan” of this area. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 88 The existence of power lines near the site, air hanged 12. or underground There is a prospect for nearby archaeology or an 13. archaeological area Traffic on roads leading to the site the main and sub 14. roads surrounding the site, the effect of constructing and operating the site on these roads, need of access road 15. Area available, capacity and lifetime Distance between the location and the nearest 16. agricultural or residential activity around the site 17. Cost of landfill construction (estimate) Total Site Rating Furthermore, as per the Egyptian Code of Design Principal and Implementation Conditions for Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems endorsed by the Ministerial Decree No. 717 for year 2019, the following studies have to be prepared for the preferred shortlisted landfill site Table 5-3Error! Reference source not found.: Table 5-3: A list of necessary studies before starting the design of the landfill Study/target Expected Results of the Study The main and sub roads surrounding the site are studied and the Traffic Study effect of constructing and operating the site on these roads and suggesting new access roads in case of problems in the current roads Site Topography Topographic survey of the site, contour spacing is 1 m and output drawings at scale of 1:500 At least 9 soil investigation boreholes, one with depth 30 m and 8 at depth 8 m. Necessary tests (sieve analysis test, standard penetration test, permeability tests, etc.) to determine the nature Site Geology of the soil at the surface and sub-surface area. The soil quality available at the site is explored and analyzed to determine its suitability for use as an intermediate or final cover and its quantities compared to daily cover needs. Study the climatic conditions of the region, determine the average Site Climate Conditions temperature throughout the year, and determine the intensity of wind and precipitation, evaporation and relative humidity. At least 3 groundwater monitoring wells are used to determine Site Hydrological seasonal groundwater surface level within 30 m from ground Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 89 Nature surface. Groundwater samples are taken and analyzed. Investigate for artesian confined water within 30 m from surface. Determine the geological and hydrogeological characteristics and piezometric level and identify water flow vertical level map showing water each 1 m. provide subsurface water characterization, its source and its depth. The sources of water available at or near the project shall be Available water identified for use or for action to be taken to protect them. This Sources should include surface water, irrigation wells, and drinking water wells. The seismic zone within which the project site is located is Earthquakes determined according to the map of the earthquake hazard zones determined by the building code and the assessment of the vulnerability of the landfill with earthquakes The flood cover maps of the area are examined and the landfill after Rainfall Drains the flooding is checked and the precautions to be taken to avoid the risks of floods are determined. An analysis is carried out to determine the stability of the soil, Soil Investigation determine the degree of safe orientation in the static and dynamic position, and what precautions should be taken to prevent landslides of the landfill, the stability of landfill body. A field survey and collection of samples are conducted to analyze as Site Capacity needed to determine the quantities and density of solid waste going to landfill. In addition to the abovementioned site investigation studies and after identifying one preferred location, a feasibility study is required comprising the characteristics of waste generated in the service area, costs of investment, operation and maintenance. 5.1.3 Technology Alternatives 5.1.3.1 Transfer Stations The type of service offered by the transfer station may include the following options:  Service to only organized collection vehicles  Service to residents only  Service to residents and organized collection vehicles  Service to commercial collection vehicles included There are numerous types of transfer stations. However, transfer stations in this project have to be closed, disregarding what their type is since they will be located in Qalyoubia governorate, which is a highly populated area. Open transfer stations are more suitable in remote locations. It is necessary to select the correct type based on the following:  Sources of wastes to be received  Types and quality of waste allowed to be received Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 90  Amount of waste  Additional functions: sorting – separation – storage  Maximum volume of waste received in peak seasons  Residential sites nearby  Transfer distance to the transfer station Other criteria that can be used to assess the different types of transfer stations are:  Capital cost  Maintenance and housekeeping requirements  Required area The following arrangements illustrated in Figure 5-1Error! Reference source not found. are commonly used for mixed waste, which is expected in this project: 1. Direct dump transfer stations, where the wastes are unloaded from the collection truck directly onto the open top of the transfer vehicle. This type is more suitable for low-volume wastes. 2. Push-pit transfer stations, where the wastes are unloaded from the collection truck onto a concrete tipping floor, a loader or bulldozer is used to compact the waste before loading into the transfer vehicle through its open top, increasing the payload. This can allow for materials recovery and waste inspection. 3. Compactor transfer stations, where the wastes are unloaded on the tipping floor, pushed by a loader or bulldozer onto the stationary compactors. The wastes are compacted by the hydraulic rams into the transfer vehicles. These rear-loading trailers are made of reinforced steel to resist the compaction force, equipped with onboard unloading ram, the trailer heavy weight reduces the available payload for wastes. 4. Inverting bin transfer stations, where the wastes are directly loaded in bins that are emptied in the transfer vehicles. Direct dump transfer station Push pit transfer station Compactor transfer station Inverter bin transfer station Figure 5-1: Basic types of transfer stations for mixed wastes The construction of transfer stations will require feasibility studies (FS). The content of the FS should at a minimum cover the following elements: analysis of technical and Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 91 technological alternatives for closed pit including Direct dump transfer stations, push-pit transfer stations, compactor transfer stations and Inverting bin transfer stations, associated environmental and social risks and impacts for each option, and economic considerations. 5.1.3.2 Landfill Lining System There are two types of landfill lining system, which are:  Sanitary Landfill includes composite lining of clay (mineral lining) and geomembrane, leachate collection system and landfill gas collection system in addition to leachate treatment and gas flaring units  Controlled Landfill includes a liner of compacted low permeability soil The type of landfill will be determined based on-site conditions and feasibility study. However, Selection of the lining system mainly depends on the following:  Sanitary Landfill is more suitable for: o Areas with precipitation higher than 8 mm per year  While, Controlled Landfill is for: o Arid areas with less than 8 mm precipitation per year o Non-hazardous rejected waste after organic extraction for compost A Feasibility Study (FS) is only required for subsequent cells in the first integrated waste complex at 10th Ramadan (healthcare waste and construction and demolition waste) and for the 2nd planned facility for hazardous waste (location not defined). The minimum content of the FS for subsequent cells is technological alternatives of lining systems, environmental and social risks and impacts (which include considerations of site selection), and economic considerations. For the hazardous waste facility, the FS should include technological options for storage, treatment and processing depending on types of waste (which are no defined at this stage) such as physical, chemical, biological, and thermal treatment, , environmental and social risks and impacts (which include considerations of site selection), and economic considerations. 5.1.4 Alternatives for Dumpsites Rehabilitation Dumpsite rehabilitation aims at reduction of the risks associated with the accumulated wastes, reduction of nuisance attributed to odor, wind scatter, birds, pests and rodents, and scavengers. The most usual technical problems and challenges of open dumpsites are:  Widely dispersed uncovered waste Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 92  No application of cover soil or minimal cover that forms access roads  Open fires and/or waste periodically on fire  No control of waste placement  No compaction of waste  No recording or inspection of incoming waste  Scavenging at site  No security fence or check points  Presence of vermin, dogs, birds and other vectors  No leachate management or treatment system in-place  No odor control or landfill gas management system In order to develop a plan for dumpsite rehabilitation, site assessment is required to identify the existing conditions, the extent of potential contamination and probable pathways of contaminants. In order to assess the adverse impacts and the risk associated with the dumpsite on public health and the environment, study of the following is required:  Characteristics of the site such as the depth of solid waste and degree of compaction.  Characteristics of the wastes accepted during the active lifetime of the dumpsite.  Size of the site as defined by the total amount of solid waste disposed of and the areal extent.  Rate of release of both waterborne and airborne pollutants.  A real extent of contamination, persistence and transformation of the pollutants and their transformation products.  Concentrations and gradients of those pollutants that adversely impact air, water and land resources.  Identification of community and especially sensitive populations that are influenced by the release of pollutants from the site and duration of exposure. After reviewing the data regarding the site geology, depth of ground water, maps showing existing and planned land use, site investigations that are needed for the site assessment will include:  Excavation of trenches/soil borings to retrieve waste samples for characterization. Although trenches exposing a larger continuous area of wastes can produce more information about the type and condition of wastes, evidence of soil/waste layering if any, soil borings can cover a larger area of the dumpsite producing less odors.  Identification of points of leachate seepage and ponding within and in the areas surrounding the dumpsite. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 93  Geotechnical investigation to determine depth of dumped wastes as well as stability of slopes.  Gas Surveys is carried to determine gas leakage within and on the areas surrounding the dumpsite.  Groundwater and surface water quality sampling However, it should be taken into consideration that there are a number of health and safety hazards might be encountered on carrying site investigations. These include unstable slopes, hidden voids of gases that can be associated with fires and/or explosions, hidden bodies of water, attack of rodents and vermin and insects’ bites, injury from sharp objects, exposure to hazardous chemicals and injury from falling wastes. Therefore, it is necessary to take precautions and comply with the occupational health and safety standards. As per the Egyptian Code of Design Principal and Implementation Conditions for Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems endorsed by the Ministerial Decree No. 717 for year 2019, the after care and monitoring of closed dumpsite should be performed for a period of 30 years after closure. During this period the following activities should be performed:  Maintaining and operating the gas monitoring system.  As long as the gas system is under operation, there should not be any kind of recreation area. Any after use is not allowed before at least 15 years after closure.  Maintaining the integrity, and effectiveness of any final cover, including making repairs to the cover as necessary to correct any settlement, erosion, or other events and preventing run-on and run-off from eroding or damaging of final cover.  Walkover inspection should be carried out 3 times per year during and after heavy rain season in arid areas. This will be done once a year after the season of sandstorms.  Maintaining and operating leachate collection system.  Monitoring the ground water through 3 sampling wells, one in the upstream of ground water and two in the downstream after the dumpsite. Comparison of water quality is performed once a year.  Conducting environmental measurements of air quality before and after closure. Measurement will be conducted every 10,000 m2 for methane.  Assessing potential contamination in the top soil prior to site reuse There are three alternatives for dumpsites rehabilitation, which are: 1. Closure by upgrading into a controlled sanitary landfill Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 94 2. In-place closure by covering the waste 3. Closure by removing waste from the dump 5.1.4.1 Closure by Upgrading into a Controlled Sanitary Landfill The following environmental and social criteria should be assessed before making a choice to close a dumpsite by upgrading into a controlled sanitary landfill:  There is sufficient open space adjacent to the existing dumpsite.  Existing waste mound is in stable condition.  It is not a hazardous waste commingled with MSW waste site  The site is not in close proximity to settlements/residential areas  The site is not close to surface water streams or shallow aquifers.  The landfill should be in an area that does not cause a serious problem in groundwater  The site is not next to a reservoir of water, rivers, lakes, earthquakes area or cracks or in a flood plain.  The site is distant from airports. The table below also shows some criteria for risk assessment of dumpsites according to a study by the Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University, India under The Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology. Table 5-4: Criteria for risk assessment of dumpsites Site characteristics Area of dumpsite Depth of filling waste (m) life of the site for future use (years) Groundwater depth (m) Groundwater quality Type of underlying soil (% clay) Permeability of soil (1ˣ10-6 cm/s) Location Distance from nearest water supply source (m) Distance from surface water body (m) Distance to critical habitats and reserved areas (km) Distance to nearest airport (km) Distance to nearest residential area in the predominant wind (m) Distance from the city (km) Public acceptance Flood proneness (years) Annual rain fall (cm/yr) Ambient air quality (CH4%) Waste characteristics Type of waste (MSW/HW) Total quantity of waste in site (ton) Quantity of disposed waste (ton/day) Hazardous content in waste (%) Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 95 Biodegradable fraction of waste at site (%) Moisture of waste at site (%) Age of filling (years) Leachate quality BOD of leachate (mg/L) COD of leachate (mg/L) TDS of leachate (mg/L) Based on the answers to the abovementioned parameters, the hazard potential of the site is then evaluated. Suggested recommended actions according to the site hazard potential classification as adopted from the Dumpsite Rehabilitation Manual is presented in Table 5-5. Table 5-5: Criteria for dumpsite hazard evaluation based on the risk index Hazard Potential Recommended Action Close the dump with no more landfilling. Remedial actions to mitigate the Very high negative impacts. High Close the dump with no more landfilling. Remediation is optional. Moderate Immediate rehabilitation the dumpsite into sustainable landfill. Low Rehabilitate the dumpsite into sustainable landfill in a phased manner. Very low Potential site for future landfill. In this case, closure by upgrading of an open dump into a controlled sanitary landfill includes:  Space adjacent to the existing dumpsite should be available, where new waste can be deposited in properly engineered and lined cells with leachate collection system and long-term environmental controls such as landfill gas management and groundwater monitoring wells.  Use of a low permeability cap and a topsoil layer over the existing waste mass, which can then be vegetated.  A basic landfill gas collection system is installed. Although, capping and re- grading the waste piles will reduce the leachate generation potential, leachate seeping on side-slopes should be collected using simple leachate collection points that can be installed to gather leachate and have it pumped onto septic trucks for off-site disposal and treatment.  Moving and reshaping existing waste in one side of the site and cover it with a layer of natural soil with a thickness of at least 30 cm.  Remove trees and plants and level the bottom of the remaining area to slope of 2 – 4%, the soil is properly compacted after leveling. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 96  Drainage channels should be set up around the site to prevent the access of surface water to the landfill, if there is rain.  A fence should be constructed around the landfill to prevent scavengers and animals.  A good road should be established to reach the landfill and provide gates, a weigh bridge, and a control and security room.  If natural soil has high permeability, a layer of mixed clay and natural soil will be placed. The layer will be 50 cm high.  Cracks in the compact clay layer is not allowed, water must be added during and after compaction to prevent any cracking. 5.1.4.2 In-place Closure by Covering the Waste In-place closure is the most commonly used method for dumpsites rehabilitation, especially when there is no more space for additional waste placement. In-place dumpsite closure is the easiest and the cheapest closure method, provided that new incoming wastes are diverted to an alternate waste handling facility and a new sanitary landfill. This option can be chosen, if the following can be implemented:  The existing waste is left in-place and covered with a layer of local soil and re- vegetated. The thickness of the soil layer will depend on the local site and climatic conditions.  A basic landfill gas collection system, can be installed, depending on the following: o Estimated gas generation volume o Waste composition o Waste age  Surface drainage systems are installed for collection of accumulated leachates. Leachate from collection points is pumped onto septic trucks for off-site disposal and treatment in order to reduce impact on groundwater.  Groundwater and landfill gas issues are addressed, and control and monitoring systems are installed. In-place dumpsite closure will:  Reduce waste exposure to wind and vectors.  Minimize the risk of fires.  Prevent people and animals from scavenging.  Control infiltration of rainwater/surface water and thus reducing leachate gener- ation.  Control odor and gas migration.  The in-place closure cap system will serve as a growth medium for vegetation. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 97 5.1.4.3 Closure by Removing Waste from The Dump This method involves the removal of the waste mass from the open dump and the disposal of it off-site, typically to a proper sanitary landfill, if:  The site is located in the vicinity of high-priced real estate district, where the land value can be significantly higher than the costs of waste removal and associated disposal costs  The removal of waste activities can be combined with sorting the waste for recyclable material recovery and separation of some hazardous waste. However, a feasibility study should take into consideration:  Cost of the site clean-up  Real estate end-use value. Waste removal and relocation is a costly remediation method. Waste removal will lead to odor problems to the neighborhood as well as transportation issues related to the transfer of the waste to the new landfill. The capacity of the new landfill to take the historical accumulated waste in addition to the current newly generated waste should be assessed. The closure and rehabilitation of the dumpsite will require a feasibility study (FS). The content of the FS should at a minimum cover the following elements: analysis of technical and technological alternatives including closure by upgrading into a controlled sanitary landfill, in-place closure by covering the waste, and closure by removing waste from the dump, associated environmental and social risks and impacts and economic considerations. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 98 5.1.5 Summary Table Table 5-6: Summary Table for Waste Sector Interventions Sub-component Required studies and assessments Project phase Transfer stations FS: analysis of technical and technological alternatives for closed pit including Direct dump transfer Planning stations, push-pit transfer stations, compactor transfer stations and Inverting bin transfer stations, associated environmental and social risks and impacts for each option, and economic considerations. Landfill FS for subsequent cells: technological alternatives of lining systems, environmental and social risks Planning subsequent cells and impacts (which include considerations of site selection), and economic considerations. (HCW and C&D) For the hazardous waste facility, the FS should include technological options for storage, treatment and processing depending on types of waste (which are no defined at this stage) such as physical, chemical, biological, and thermal treatment, , environmental and social risks and impacts (which include considerations of site selection), and economic considerations. Dumpsite FS should at a minimum cover the following elements: analysis of technical and technological Planning rehabilitation alternatives including closure by upgrading into a controlled sanitary landfill, in-place closure by covering the waste, and closure by removing waste from the dump, associated environmental and social risks and impacts and economic considerations. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 99 5.2 Public Transport Interventions ( E-buses) 5.2.1 No Project Alternative The project is also considering the introduction of e-buses and retrofitting a number of diesel buses. Large-vehicle emissions are considered the largest contributor to air pollution from the transport sector in Greater Cairo. The following factors will be assessed to evaluate the “No Project” option for this project:  Emissions from the replaced buses before and after the project  Social impacts of the project such as impacts on public transport users in the project areas and candidate sites, impacts on buses drivers, and impacts on communities and residents living near these routes 5.2.2 Batteries Alternatives Battery powered electric vehicles play a significant role in the current automotive industry to reduce the local pollution from diesel buses and cut down greenhouse-gas emissions. Many types of batteries are used in today's electric vehicles, making it difficult to decide which one performs best. Table 5-7: provides technical specifications of the most commonly used battery types for electric vehicle batteries including: Lithium Ion (Li-Ion), Molten Salt (Na-NiCl2), Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) and Lithium Sulphur (Li-S). All of these batteries have the same electric energy storage capacity [26] Table 5-7: General parameters of the Electric Battery component [26] Value for Battery Type Unit Name Li-Ion Na-NiCl2 Ni-MH Li-S Maximum Charge 75 84 85 80 Ah Nominal Voltage 323 289 288 305 V Stored Energy 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 kWh Maximum Voltage/Minimum 339/308 275/304 274/302 290/320 V Voltage Initial Charge 100 100 100 100 % Number of Cells per Cell- 12 12 20 26 - Row Number of Cell-Row 17 30 20 1 - Internal Resistance 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 Ω charge/discharge Operating Temperature 33 270 36 30 °C Specific Heat Transition 0.4 6 0.4 0.08 W/K Specific Heat Capacity 795 950 677 1650 J/kg*K Mass of Battery 318 457 534 173 Kg Battery Cost as of 2017 300 500 400 250 € in Europe Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 100 In general, Na-NiCl2 batteries had the best energy consumption (12.6 kWh/100 km). Also, they proved to have low price, increased lifecycle or great functioning parameters in harsh environments. Disadvantage of these batteries include rising of their temperature during bus operation. High temperatures during electricity discharge can shorten their overall useful life. In addition, charging Nickel-based batteries when hot decreases the charging efficiency as the heat may trick the charger into indicating that the battery is fully charged when it is not. include rising of the battery’s temperatures during electricity discharge (bus operation). Li-S batteries had the highest energy consumption (17.2 kWh/100 km). Also, they proved to have light weight, increased energy storage capacity and low price. Ni-MH batteries; although they have a reasonable energy consumption, (15.7 kWh/100 km) they proved to be inefficient due to: 1) having an increased energy density and power, and 2) having heavy weight as well as an outdated technology. Li-Ion batteries have the biggest market segment in equipping electric vehicles due to various issues including: 1) moderate energy consumption (14.7 kWh/100 km), 2) continuous decay of the cost, 3) advanced manufacturing technology, 4) increased cycle life, 5) low weight and 6) high energy storage potential. Yet, disadvantages include high operative temperatures. In order to select the most appropriate battery type, various factors ought to be considered such as energy storage efficiency, constructive characteristics, cost, safety and useful life [26]. All of which determine the overall performance of electric vehicles Table 5-8 provides an overall assessment of the essential features of the most commonly used batteries in the mainstream global e-vehicles market, followed by the proposed preliminary screening criteria for choosing the most appropriate battery type, their significance and risk level, as well as tentative risk mitigation measures. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 101 Table 5-8: An overall assessment of the essential features of the most commonly used batteries Constructive Efficient energy characteristi Charging Temperature Charging speed Cost Safety Useful life utilization cs (volume, frequency during operation weight) Li-ion Moderate/high Low Low/Moderate High Moderate/high High High High Li-S High Low Moderate Low Low Low Low/Moderate Low/moderate Na-NiCl2 High Moderate Moderate/high Moderate/High Low/moderate Low High Moderate/high Na-MH Low/Moderate High High Moderate/high High Moderate High Moderate Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 102 Table 5-9: Battery Selection criteria and their risk level identification and mitigation Significance/risk Selection criteria Recommendations for risk mitigation level Highly  Lower energy density battery Distance to be significant  Lower charging frequency covered by the High risk  Higher charging speed electric bus Highly Selecting battery with higher energy storage efficiency (low energy Distance covered significant density) to reduce charging frequency and the number of charging by the battery per stations needed along the bus route. This will also reduce costs single full charge High risk related to charging infrastructure Choosing an appropriate charging system/technology with charging speed that matches the available charging infrastructure and the operational needs of the bus route, and with preventative measures against overcharging as it is a source of health and safety hazard and can lead to explosion of the battery. Choosing battery with inherent overcharge prevention technology to Highly avoid over heating due to fast charging. Charging equipment should Battery charging significant be able to terminate the battery charge cycle before overcharging system and speed occurs (by monitoring the change of voltage with time). Moderate risk In case a slower charging system was deemed more viable, replacement of batteries in charging stations is an alternative; this reduces the time needed to fully charge the battery, yet increases the costs of buying spare batteries and their maintenance, while also increasing the risks associated with handling and disposal of batteries after their end of life. Due to high temperatures in Egypt, employing batteries with high operating temperatures can drastically reduce their useful life and Highly can cause health and safety hazards (e.g: explosion and toxic Battery operating significant material seepage). temperature High risk flexible power-to-energy ratio and can be cooled to ambient temperatures without component damage Overcharging causes hydrogen gas to form, potentially rupturing the cell. Therefore, battery cells must have a vent to release the gas in the event of serious overcharging Highly significant Choosing battery with the most effective cell management is the Safety most critical factor determining safety of the battery. Other essential High risk safety factors that need to be assessed for the selected battery type include:  Mechanical and thermal management Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 103 Significance/risk Selection criteria Recommendations for risk mitigation level  Cell packing and sealing  Fusing and ground fault detection  Battery management system Optimization of operation conditions significantly extends the battery lifetime. Moderately Using batteries with high useful life can have positive impacts on Useful life significant costs and environmental effects. By improving useful life, the And life cycle depreciation costs needed decreases, and the costs of battery Moderate risk replacement after end of life are reduced. Subsequently, this would reduce the number of waste batteries requiring safe handling and disposal (hazardous waste). Full cost-Benefit analysis needs to be conducted based on: Highly  Battery design and configuration significant  Battery life cycle assessment Cost  Battery replacement cost Low risk  Costs related to old batteries safe handling and disposal  Number of passengers transported per full charge  Charging infrastructure availability and cost 5.2.3 Batteries Disposal The use of electric vehicles is projected to increase over the coming years. For better vehicles performance, electric vehicles batteries should be replaced every 7 to 10 years for smaller vehicles and every 3 to 4 years for larger ones such as buses and vans. Otherwise, the performance of electric vehicle declines; evidenced by fewer miles of driving per charge and more plug-ins by users [27]. This frequent battery replacement will lead to increased batteries disposal. For this reason, appropriate disposal options should be well studied. Electric vehicles’ batteries disposal options include recycling through smelting, repurposing, return to e-bus manufacturer, and landfilling. 5.2.3.1 Recycling through Smelting Batteries can be recycled through smelting then direct recovery. Smelting is used to recover materials such as: lithium, cobalt, and nickel inside the battery. Yet, after a battery is smelted, the lithium ends up as a mixed byproduct and extracting it is expensive. For example, the cost of extracting lithium from old batteries is 5 times more expensive than mined lithium. Also, the recycling process is not an easy process due to the following: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 104  The complicated chemical procedures involved in the process. For example, the heavy metal contained in the battery, if not properly handled during the recycling process, will lead to soil and water contamination [27].  The batteries were not designed to be easily disassembled. The adhesives and materials used in the batteries are very strong, making it hard for disassembly.  A lot of the recycling work needs to be manually performed, risking people to hurt themselves [28]. 5.2.3.2 Repurposing One of the methods to decrease batteries disposal is to reuse them. Electric vehicle batteries can be used for things like home energy storage. In countries, such as Japan, Nissan repurposed batteries for powering streetlights. In Paris, Renault used the batteries for backing up elevators. In the United States, General Motors is backing up its data center with used Chevy Volt batteries [27]. Other use for old batteries includes storing solar energy and backing up traditional electrical grids [27]. Toyota started an initiative to use old electric vehicle batteries along with solar panels for powering 7- Eleven stores in Japan [28]. 5.2.3.3 Return To E-bus Manufacturer As a part of extended producer responsibility, the batteries can be returned to the e-bus manufacturer as per an agreement realized during the procurement and contracting phase. As per the conditions of the Basel convention on the transport of wastes, Basel notification procedures issued by EEAA should be followed for shipping used batteries outside the country. 5.2.3.4 Landfilling Batteries contain toxic chemicals; they should be disposed into landfills designed to dispose hazardous wastes [29]. Further, landfilling lithium-ion batteries, at the end of their lifecycle, lead to a process called thermal runaway. Thermal runway is defined as a chemical reaction in the battery that can lead it to heat up to the point of burning or exploding [28]. For this reason, countries such as China, are implementing regulations to keep the batteries out of landfills, at the end of their lifecycle [30]. 5.2.4 Charging Infrastructure When implementing charging infrastructure in public spaces, factors such as 1) Design of the charging equipment, and 2) Safety aspects of the charging infrastructure should be taken into consideration. There are two primary modes of electricity transfer from the charging station: conductive (using electric cables) and inductive (using variable electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic resonance and Faraday law) [31]: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 105  Conductive systems have the ability to transmit large amount of energy in small amount of time with minor radiation to the environment. Yet, there is a risk of electric arc.  Inductive systems work without physical contact between the charging stations and vehicles. Yet, there is a problem of strong electromagnetic radiation, which pose health risks for human lives. Accordingly, to properly select a charging equipment, numerous elements and analysis need to be considered as outlined in Table 5-10. Table 5-10: Criteria for selecting charging infrastructure Criteria Recommended analysis/measures Most charging stations require large land size (lengths can reach up to 12-15 m). Land-use study is required to determine land availability across the selected e-bus Land routes, noting that no land acquisition is supposed to happen as part of the charging requirements infrastructure since land for the station’s locations are normally selected to be in existing garages and bus terminals. Buses have strict operation tasks and their charging demand is much higher than Technology smaller vehicles. The charging demand must be fulfilled timely to maintain the bus and operation service reliability and efficiency, and avoid adding further unplanned traffic congestions into the city. Charging facilities need to be connected to the national power grid. Fast charging mode requires high current output, which makes the impacts on the power grid more intense. Impacts requiring assessment include:  Impacts on the transmission and distribution network: When the charging behavior is concentrated in the peak load period, the grid current demand Power grid will overload the power system and reduce the efficiency of power grid. capacity and  Harmonic pollution to the grid: Harmonics control studies are required. security: When electric buses charging station is connected to the grid, it produces Charging produce harmonics in the power grid due to non-linear operational load system and when on-loading and offloading the buses. If a large number of harmonic speed pollutions is not governed timely and effectively, it will affect the power quality, and may also increase the cost of construction and operation of the charging station. Inductive chargers are recommended for fast charging as they significantly reduce the time required to begin the charge compared to conductive chargers Due to the high infrastructure requirements of electric bus operations, the choice of the charging system can directly affect the total cost of the electrification of a bus system, as well as bring limitations regarding operation of electric buses. Therefore, Construction the charging system has to be carefully selected in order to avoid the costs attributed and operation to undesired lock-ins to inefficient or unsuccessful technologies. costs Cost-Benefit analysis must be conducted to determine:  Construction cost: Includes land cost, demolition cost, equipment acquisition Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 106 cost, and project investment cost  Annual operation and maintenance cost: Include electricity charge, staff wages, and battery maintenance and replacement cost Environmental, Social and health impact assessments must be conducted in order to quantify and mitigate the potential impacts of the chosen charging technology on the receiving environment, neighboring activities and residents including:  Potential exposure to electromagnetic fields  Potential impacts on pedestrians  Potential impacts of electromagnetic fields on local fauna and flora (trees, birds, animals, etc)  visual and aesthetic impacts  Potential exposure of the charging stations to the external environment since they are installed outdoors, which may cause damage or vandalism (Inductive chargers are advantageous since most of their infrastructure is located underground, reducing significantly the visual impact and protecting the charger against vandalism and weather-related effect)  Handling and disposal of waste batteries Depending on the employed battery type and charging technology, batteries will need replacement every 5-12 years. Upon the operation of the envisaged 100 e- Environment, buses in Cairo, around 100-120 waste batteries will be produced every 10 years, health, and requiring special handling and disposal since they contain toxic material (hazardous safety e-waste). Development of special waste management plans for the safe handling, (including treatment and disposal of the old batteries must be included as an elaborate community) element of the ESIA to be prepared prior to the project’s construction and operation. Waste management plans should include:  Choosing the appropriate handling and disposal method chosen based on life-cycle assessment along with CBA  Defining waste collection and transport plans and contracts (e.g., returning waste batteries to manufacturer through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) agreements)  Identifying the landfilling waste volume requirements for the projected produced waste, after deducting amounts going to other handling and treatment methods (e.g., recycling or repurposing)  Identifying capacity of dedicated landfills (including potential future expansions)  Traffic and routing plans from/to landfills Development of ESMP for construction and operation of the stations to comply with regulations regarding environment, workplace safety, signaling and all applicable technical and legal regulations. A feasibility study is required for electric bus intervention. The minimum content of the FS should cover technological options, which include type of batteries, disposal options for batteries, and associated environmental and social risks and impacts, which include location consideration, and economic considerations. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 107 5.2.5 Charging Station Location Choosing the appropriate location for charging stations can facilitate their construction, and also reduce their operation cost. Numerous elements and analysis need to be considered in order to determine the locations that meet the required E&S standards. Table 5-11 provides summary of the key elements and the proposed studies or measures needed during site selection Table 5-11: Criteria for selection of charging station locations Criteria Recommended analysis/measures Space and grid-capacity availability are some of the biggest issues when installing charging stations in urban environments, considering the land scarcity in cities, including crowded Cairo. Building large-scale charging hubs across long distances is more viable than small charging stations within shorter distances. This reduces land needs/restrictions and simultaneously reduces the environmental and social Land as well as health and safety hazards associated with the construction and requirements/ava operation of charging facilities. ilability Land-use and hydrological and flood risk analyses must be conducted to mitigate land-use change impacts and ensure chosen locations are not susceptible to flood risks or causing risks to soils or groundwater due to potential seepages from operation and maintenance of the station, the batteries, and the e-buses. Location must meet the charging demand. E-buses charging is time sensitive. Congestion in the station can affect the bus operation efficiency causing delays to passengers and traffic jams. Therefore, locations must be selected appropriately to cover the number of buses along the route, as well as the frequency of charging required. If locations are chosen in low demand areas or deviated from bus routes, this will cause the charging facilities to be idle, resulting in a great waste of resources and land, and congestion in other charging stations. Charging demand Charging demand is determined by:  Area attribute: to determine the scale of the station needed based on the covered area, and the type of energy supply system  future potential growth of the charging need (based on the area’s residents’ projected purchase power)  Number of vehicles to be employed along the route, including future additions. Charging equipment’s operation is greatly influenced by the temperature, humidity and other environmental factors that determine its potential failure rate. Climatic Depending on the technology adopted, identification, analysis and assessment of conditions the impacts of climate conditions in the potential locations is required to determine the operation efficiency, failure rate, as well as the appropriate measures to mitigate the identified impacts. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 108 Due to the high infrastructure requirements of the charging stations, including Soil and sub-soil extensive digging and excavation for underground cabling, soil and sub-soil analysis and impact assessment is required prior to construction. Social and health impact assessments must be conducted in order to quantify and mitigate the potential impacts of the chosen charging technology on the neighboring activities and residents such as:  Potential exposure to electromagnetic fields  Potential impacts on pedestrians Environment,  Potential impacts of electromagnetic fields on local fauna and flora (trees, health, and safety birds, animals, etc.) (including  Visual and aesthetic impacts community)  Potential exposure of the charging stations to the external environment since they are installed outdoors, which may cause damage or vandalism (Inductive chargers are advantageous since most of their infrastructure is located underground, reducing significantly the visual impact and protecting the charger against vandalism and weather-related effect).  Traffic studies and spatial analysis should be conducted to address the impacts of the locations of charging stations. Key elements to be studied include: Traffic  The number of street lanes and surrounding activities convenience  Traffic flow: impact on current congestion levels and bottlenecks  Pit stop rate: Pit stop rate is the ratio of the number of buses entering the charging station to charge and the total number of vehicles passing through the charging station. A feasibility study is required for electric bus intervention. The minimum content of the FS should cover technological options, which include type of batteries, disposal options for batteries, and associated environmental and social risks and impacts, which include location consideration, and economic considerations. The FS should be prepared during the planning phase of the project. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 109 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT FRAMEWORK 6.1 Description of Risks and Impacts and/or Benefits Significance Significance of an impact will be determined according to the severity and/or risk level of that impact. In this context, severity will address the impact component, while the combined result of severity with probability will address the risk component. This approach will be applicable to all general impacts, however, specific risk considerations related to Community Health Safety and OHS are to be addressed in separate Quantitative Risks Assessment studies. Those specific impacts/incidents are referenced in the preliminary impacts and risks assessment in section 6.3. • Severity assessment of the impact • Severity of potential impacts will be assessed according to 4 evaluation criteria: spatial scale, temporal scale/duration, difficulty to avoid, minimize, change and/or reverse the impact, and concerns of interested parties (stakeholders) • Probability of occurrence of impact • Probability of occurrence of impact represents the likelihood that the consequence (impact) will occur. • Risk level assessment of the impact • Risk level is determined by combining the magnitude of a potential consequence, herein referred to as severity, and the likelihood of the consequence occurring denoted by probability. Rating and Ranking Significance will be determined on the basis of severity of the impact and/or risk level determined from severity and probability of the impact. 6.2 Risks and Impacts Assessment Methodology A rating method is applied to determine the significance of the impacts. Step 1: Determination of Overall Severity and Probability of Impact The severity of each impact is determined according to evaluation criteria ranked on a scale of 1 to 5. Evaluation criteria for severity are presented in Table 6-1: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 110 Table 6-1: Scale for ranking of severity level of impacts Impact Rating evaluation 1 2 3 4 5 criteria Very low Low Medium High Very high Immediate Spatial Scale vicinity- Off-site National global On-site Long term Extremely Temporal Scale Less than 1 Less than 1 More than 1 short term 1-6 months Duration month year year or 1 day continuous Difficulty in Impact cannot changing and/ Minor level of Moderate Major effort Easy-reversible be changed or reversing effort required effort required required Only managed impact Moderate Major interest interest/manag Minor interest at national Concerns of eable at local/ at local level level interested governorate Extreme No concerns Limited More parties- level impact number of widespread > stakeholders Limited parties number of number of parties parties Overall severity for an impact is determined from the average of ratings of applicable evaluation criteria according to Equation 1. Equation 1- Severity of Impact Overall Rating () = ( , , ℎ , ) Probability of occurrence (P) level is ranked on a scale of 1 to 5. The definitions for evaluation criteria scale are presented in Table 6-2:. Table 6-2: Scale for Ranking of Probability of Impacts Rating Evaluation 1 2 3 4 5 criteria Probability of Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Certain occurrence Step 2: Determination of Risk Level of Impact The risk level of each impact is determined from the product of severity of the impact and the probability of its occurrence (determined in Step 1): Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 111 = × Step 3: Determination of Significance of Impact An impact is considered significant if overall severity (S) is > 2 and/or risk level (S * P) > or equal to 5. Measures for avoiding, minimizing, mitigating impacts commensurate with the significance level will have to be developed. The definitions of significance according to overall ranking of severity and risk level are presented in Table 6-3 and Table 6-4, respectively. Table 6-3: Definition of Significance according to Overall Severity Ranking of Impacts Severity of impact Significance 1 Low/minimal impact- no mitigations actions required 2 Low-Medium and localized, but readily containable 3 Medium impact over multiple locations 4 Medium-High and/or regional 5 High impact and/or potential for global impact Table 6-4: Definition of Significance according Risk Level Risk level of impact Significance (Probability * Severity) [1 -5] Low [5-10] Low-medium [10-15] Medium [15-20] Medium-high >20 High- catastrophic 6.3 Risk and Impact Assessment The following subsections discuss possible positive and negative impacts during construction and operation phases for different project components. 6.3.1 Component 1: Enhancing the Air Quality Decision Support System Under this component, installation of monitoring stations is planned. However, no physical interventions requiring construction or demolition are expected and no labor Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 112 influx will happen under this component. Therefore, no negative impacts from the installation of monitoring stations are anticipated on environmental receptors. There are also no negative impacts related to land acquisition of loss of livelihoods anticipated under this component of the project. When operationalized, the installation of air pollutant monitoring stations at new locations will result in increased covered areas. Improved knowledge and representation of pollution profile across the city is expected. A better representation will inform policy and decision-making on-air pollution matters thereby having positive impact on environment, health, and social development. This becomes effective and more beneficial by depending on information sharing and engagement with stakeholders (ESS10). Under this component improved air quality forecasting and associated institutional responses are anticipated to result in overall positive impacts on health and environment. Impacts of institutional response to air quality conditions on socio- economic indicators are anticipated to be complex. Further studies on environmental economics are required to assess the impacts. Negative impacts are presented below. ESS Impacts Significance Component 1: Installation of Monitoring stations Installation- ESS1 No physical interventions involving construction or infrastructural works ESS2 General impacts due to handling machinery and monitoring stations, Negative, risks of electrocution during installation, falls from height low-medium Operation ESS3 General impact due to electricity requirements for operation of Negative, monitoring stations low ESS10 AQI will allow informed policy decisions, which will influence socio- Negative, economic conditions. Policy decisions will require extensive low stakeholder engagements on national institutional levels. Communication modalities will need to be established with the local stakeholder on the type of information to be shared, and communities need to be trained on the appropriate associated actions to be taken in response to the information. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 113 6.3.2 Component 2: Support the Operationalization of SWM Master Plans in Greater Cairo During construction: The project will result during both construction and operation in the creation of number of job opportunities. The number of the jobs is unknown at this stage. The local community could benefit from the temporary labor force depending on skills set needed for each function. Job opportunities include direct job opportunities to skilled, semi-skilled labor as well as technical experts. Indirect job opportunities related to the different supply chains will be created too. The impact on job creation is expected to be positive and of medium significance. Improving the waste management process, through the provision of hygienic transfer and disposal facilities will contribute to a better organized solid waste management cycle. This will then contribute to a cleaner neighbourhood, less random dumping and consequently a higher level of satisfaction about the service from the citizens. Negative impacts are addressed in detail in the next tables for each sub-component. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 114 Table 6-5: Component 2- Construction of 2 transfer stations ESS Receptor/EHS Aspect Impacts Significance Component 2- : Construction of 2 transfer stations Construction Increased gaseous emissions from construction materials, machinery and vehicles and Air quality Negative, low dust emissions from land excavation, movement of construction vehicles Noise Increased noise and vibration levels due to site preparation, construction works etc. Negative, medium ESS1 Aquatic environment Degraded water quality and threats to aquatic organisms from improper waste disposal Negative, low  Compromised soil integrity due to potential soil erosion and contamination from Soil, geology and construction activities e.g., exposure during site excavation and possible oil leaks Negative, low hydrology  Contamination of groundwater due to leaching of hazardous materials  Health and safety hazards from exposure to dust, chemicals, and equipment handling and operation  Risks of falls from height and falling objects  Child labor is a common practice in Egypt at large. According to Egyptian Labor Law No.12/2003, child labor should be prohibited especially in dangerous works. Children below 18 are favorable labor as they receive low salaries and they are less Negative, high demanding. There is a risk that this common practice is used in the project. This risk should be carefully handled in the ESMP and monitoring should be applied in Labor and working ESS2 the contractor obligations. Child labor impact: conditions  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and inappropriate hiring procedures could be Negative, medium, relevant risks on specific groups of workers, such as women, people with disabilities, migrant workers and children (of working age in accordance with this ESS). Risk of harassment, intimidation and/or sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) could be also relevant among different categories of project labor unless if appropriate measures are in place to tackle those risks.  There is also risk that workers may have complaints that could escalate or be left unresolved. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 115 Negative, medium, Resource Efficiency  Increased resources consumption (energy and water) and emissions due to vehicles Infrastructure and ESS3 and pollution exhaust, construction activities and equipment, and workers’ use underground utilities prevention  Compromise of integrity of underground utilities (such as sewerage pipes) during impacts: excavations or wastewater accumulating in trench Negative, low  Exposure of road users to increased air pollutants and noise levels from Negative, medium construction equipment  Road safety risks to workers, affected communities and road users Road safery impact:  Exposure of community to improperly disposed waste Negative, medium  Temporary Labor Influx might result in unfavorable impacts on the project candidate areas in terms of: Waste impact: ▪ Influx of additional population, Increased pressure on accommodation and rents Negative, low ▪ Increased risk of communicable diseases and burden on local health services ▪ Increased risk of illicit behavior and crime GBV ▪ Potential Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA). As Negative, medium Community Health, ESS4 per the WB 2016 Labor Influx Guidance Note, the scale of labor influx and the Safety absorptive capacity of the local community indicate the significance of the anticipated risk of GBV. The project can lead to an increased risk of Gender Based Violence, as women are particularly vulnerable within the context of construction projects. Gender based violence can be manifested through multiple behaviors including: Sexual harassment of women and girls or Exploitative sexual relations and unpaid work, or low wages. It is likely that impacts related to labor influx will be relevant in the project candidate areas; in case the contractors do not comply with the different related measures including but not limited to Code of Conduct to all types of labors and sub-contractors. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 116 Potential temporary impact related to construction: The contractor may need storage area in order to store the equipment, materials, and temporary equipment for workers' services. The contractor may use the empty areas Negative, low within the project site depending on availability in the site or can obtain lease agreement to secure the needed land. Land selection for the transfer stations: ESS5 Land Use  The ownership and the uses of the land to be allocated to the two transfer station sites is not specified at the present time.  In case of the land is a vacant State property that is free from any occupations and Negative, high uses, there will be no impacts related to land acquisition, physical displacement, nor loss oflivelihoods out of the land. If the site selection will entail land expropriation for privately owned land or public land that is used by individuals or groups, there will be impacts that will need to be tackled in light of ESS5. ESS8 Culture heritage Excavation works can unearth undiscovered archeological sites Negative, high Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle; Lack of commitment to good application of this standard can entail many risks, and result in unfavourable impacts on the project candidate areas in terms of: • The risk of poor communication with the public, can affect constructive and responsive relationships that are important for successful management of a Stakeholder project’s environmental and social risks. engagement • Failure to disclose the project and publish clear information may lead to Negative, high ESS10 and Information stakeholders dissatisfaction and losing trust in the project. Disclosure • The weakness of the grievance mechanism GRM used in the project or the lack of clarity in the mechanism of application and solution, w can lead to escalated unresolved complaints that may threaten the project. It is important to underline that the early preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Operation Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 117 Air quality GHGs and odor emissions from improper waste handling (e.g. waste burning) Negative, high ESS1 Noise Increased noise levels due to trucks and other machinery Negative, high  Health and Safety risks due to operation of heavy machinery, and improper waste handling  Child labor risk does not apply to the operation phase. Negative, medium, Labor and working  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and inappropriate hiring procedures could be ESS2 conditions relevant risks on specific groups of workers, such as women, people with Child labor impact: disabilities and migrant workers. Risk of harassment, intimidation and/or sexual Insignificant exploitation and abuse (SEA) could be also relevant among different categories of project labor unless if appropriate measures are in place to tackle those risks.  There is also risk that workers may have complaints that could escalate or left unresolved. Negative, medium,  Improper waste handling and disposal leading to odor emissions, disease spread, Waste impact: and creating a source of waste to the surrounding areas Negative, medium,  Increased traffic flow due to trucks can cause road congestion, accidents Community health and ESS4  Possible damage to utilities during Operation Traffic impact: safety  Risk of communities’ unacceptability for the SWM infrastructure during operation Negative, high and the potential associated health impacts if the operation of the facilities is not done in a very hygienic way communities’ unacceptability: Negative, high ESS5 Land Use Possible impact Related land Insignificant ESS8 Culture heritage Possible impacts on culture heritage Insignificant Stakeholder Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life engagement cycle; Lack of commitment to good application of this standard can entail many risks, and ESS10 result in unfavourable impacts on the project candidate areas in terms of: Negative, high and Information Disclosure • The risk of poor communication with the public, can affect constructive and Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 118 responsive relationships that are important for successful management of a project’s environmental and social risks. • Failure to disclose the project and publish clear information may lead to stakeholders’ dissatisfaction and losing trust in the project. • The weakness of the grievance mechanism GRM used in the project or the lack of clarity in the mechanism of application and solution, can lead to escalated unresolved complaints that may threaten the project. It is important to underline that the early preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 119 6.3.2.1 Component 2 Construction of Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) During construction: The project will result during both construction and operation in the creation of number of job opportunities. The number of the jobs is unknown at this stage. The local community could benefit from the temporary labor force depending on skills set needed for each function. Job opportunities include direct job opportunities to skilled, semi-skilled labor as well as technical experts. Indirect job opportunities related to the different supply chains will be created too. The impact on job creation is expected to be positive and of medium significance. Improving the waste management process, through the provision of hygienic transfer and disposal facilities will contribute to a better organized solid waste management cycle. This will then contribute to a cleaner neighbourhood, less random dumping and consequently a higher level of satisfaction about the service from the citizens. Negative impacts are addressed in detail in the next tables for each sub-component. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 120 Table 6-6 Component 2 Construction of 2 integrated waste facilities – landfills Receptor/EHS ESS Impacts Significance Aspect Component 2: Integrated Waste Management Facility and Industrial Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Site Construction Phase Construction Negative, low Air quality  Increased GHG emissions: exhausts of vehicles and operation of equipment Negative, high,  Dust emissions: land excavation, movement of construction vehicles, stockpiled soil Negative, low  Odor Emissions: from chemicals, oils and paints ESS1 Noise Increased noise and vibration levels due to site preparation, construction works etc. Negative, medium,  Compromised soil integrity due to potential soil erosion and contamination from construction Negative, medium, Soil, geology and activities e.g. movement of heavy trucks and oil spills hydrology  Deep excavation can affect topographical features with implications on water drainage Flood risk:  Flood risks in the ‘candidate site’ of Kuraymat Negative, high,  Health and safety risks from exposure to dust, chemicals, machinery and equipment operation  Risks of falls from height and falling objects  Child labor is a common practice in Egypt at large. According to Egyptian Labor Law Negative, high, No.12/2003, child labor should be prohibited especially in dangerous works. Children below 18 Labor and are favorable labor as they receive low salaries and they are less demanding. There is a risk that this common practice is used in the project. This risk should be carefully handled in the ESMP Child labor impact: working ESS2 conditions and monitoring should be applied in the contractor obligations. Negative, medium  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and inappropriate hiring procedures could be relevant risks on specific groups of workers, such as women, people with disabilities, migrant workers and children (of working age in accordance with this ESS). Risk of harassment, intimidation and/or sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) could be also relevant among different categories of project labor unless if appropriate measures are in place to tackle those risks.  There is also risk that workers may have complaints that could escalate or left unresolved. Resource Negative, medium ESS3 Efficiency and  Increased resources consumption (energy and water) and emissions due to vehicles exhaust, Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 121 pollution construction activities and operation of equipment, and workers’ use Infrastructure and prevention  Compromised integrity of underground utilities utilities impacts: Negative, low  Improper disposal of solid waste impacting surroundings.  Increased traffic flow on roads leading to road congestions, increased air and noise pollution, and waste  Compromised integrity of underground utilities Mobilization of heavy machinery, construction Negative, medium waste disposal, and backfill activities are bound to limit traffic and accessibility. The impact of works on traffic flow and local access will be dependent on the type of road accessed during Waste impact: project activity. Main roads (highways) only Negative, low  Temporary Labor Influx might result in unfavorable impacts on the project candidate areas in Traffic impact: terms of: Negative, low, ▪ Influx of additional population, Increased pressure on accommodation and rents Infrastructure and Community ▪ Increased risk of communicable diseases and burden on local health services ESS4 utility impact: Health, Safety ▪ Increased risk of illicit behavior and crime Negative, low ▪ Potential Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA). As per the WB 2016 Labor Influx Guidance Note, the scale of labor influx and the absorptive capacity of the local Temporary labor community indicate the significance of the anticipated risk of GBV. The project can lead to an impacts: increased risk of Gender Based Violence, as women are particularly vulnerable within the context Negative, medium of construction projects. Gender based violence can be manifested through multiple behaviors GBV including: Sexual harassment of women and girls or Exploitative sexual relations and unpaid work, Negative, medium or low wages.  It is likely that impacts related to labor influx will be relevant in the project candidate areas; in case the contractors do not comply with the different related measures including but not limited to Code of Conduct to all types of labors and sub-contractors. The impact is of medium significance because the labor will be relatively in areas that are far from local communities. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 122 The ownership and the uses of the land to be allocated sites is not specified at the present time. In case of the land is a vacant State property that is free from any occupations and uses, there will be ESS5 Land Use no impacts related to land acquisition, physical displacement, nor loss oflivelihoods out of the land. If Negative, low the site selection will entail land expropriation for privately owned land or public land that is used by individuals or groups, there will be impacts that will need to be tackled in light of ESS5. ESS8 Culture heritage Deep excavation works can destroy undiscovered archeological sites Negative, high Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle; lack of commitment to good application of this standard can entail many risks, and result in unfavourable impacts on the project candidate areas in terms of: • The risk of poor communication with the public, can affect constructive and responsive relationships that are important for successful management of a project’s environmental and Stakeholder social risks. engagement • Failure to disclose the project and publish clear information may lead to stakeholders’ Negative, high ESS10 and Information dissatisfaction and losing trust in the project. Disclosure • The weakness of the grievance mechanism GRM used in the project or the lack of clarity in the mechanism of application and solution, can lead to escalated unresolved complaints that may threaten the project. It is important to underline that the early preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Operation Phase Increased GHGs emissions from vehicle exhaust, landfill gas uncontrolled release Negative, high, Air quality Gaseous and odor emissions from improper waste handling (e.g., waste burning) and/or spontaneous Negative, medium combustion, landfill over capacity, landfill gas mixing (ammonia and H 2S) ESS1 Noise Increased noise and vibrations levels due to construction activities, equipment operation Negative, medium Soil, geology and  Contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water due to leachate, rainwater, natural Negative, low, hydrology- decomposition of organic material in waste  Groundwater acidification from Carbon dioxide accumulation in subsurface area Flood risk impact: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 123  Flood risks in candidate site of Kuraymat Negative, high,  Health hazards due to rodents, pests attracted to the site  Risk of fires, explosions, subsidence, spills and accident  Safety hazards due to operation of machinery (increased noise and vibration levels), handling of Negative, high, Labor and hazardous waste (exposure to toxic chemicals) working  Child labor risk does not apply to the operation phase. ESS2 Child labor and labor conditions  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and inappropriate hiring procedures could be relevant risks on specific groups of workers, such as women, people with disabilities and migrant influx impacts: workers. Risk of harassment, intimidation and/or sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) could be insignificant also relevant among different categories of project labor unless if appropriate measures are in place to tackle those risks.  There is also risk that workers may have complaints that could escalate or left unresolved. Resource Efficiency and ESS3  Increased resources consumption (energy and water) and emissions due to vehicles and trucks Negative, medium pollution exhaust, construction activities and operation of equipment, and workers use prevention  Health and safety hazards due to possible odor emissions, rodents, pests  Informal access to the landfill site can pose health and safety risks to community: Waste sorters Negative, high at the recycling and plant could get injured by infectious sharps mixed with municipal and Community possibly infected by blood transmitted diseases  Negative visual impacts due to litter dispersion by wind associated with composting/recycling Traffic impacts: Health, Safety, ESS4 and Security plants Negative, high  Safety hazards associated with the nature of waste at the landfill: Co-mixing hazardous waste with MSW and/or disposing of hazardous waste at the landfill site and end product of the composting plant may have some hazardous components, such as broken glass, can cause risks to workers on the site, or anyone coming into contact with the waste  Increased traffic flow due to trucks transferring waste can cause road congestion, accidents ESS5 Land Use No land related impacts are anticipated in the operation phase Insignificant ESS10 Stakeholder Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle; Lack of Negative, very high Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 124 engagement commitment to good application of this standard can entail many risks, and result in unfavourable and Information impacts on the project candidate areas in terms of: Disclosure • The risk of poor communication with the public, can affect constructive and responsive relationships that are important for successful management of a project’s environmental and social risks. • Failure to disclose the project and publish clear information may lead to stakeholders ’ dissatisfaction and losing trust in the project. • The weakness of the grievance mechanism GRM used in the project or the lack of clarity in the mechanism of application and solution, can lead to escalated unresolved complaints that may threaten the project. It is important to underline that the early preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Component 2: Decommissioning of the landfill Assessment and Management of Impacts due landfill gas generation and possible leakage ESS1 Environmental Negative, medium, Soil, groundwater contamination due to leachate and Social Risks and Impacts Resource Efficiency and ESS3 Pollution Pollution due to potential soil instability resulting in waste Negative, medium, Prevention and Management Community Visual impact of landfill to nearby community ESS4 health and Negative, low Health and safety risks due to odor emissions, rodents, pests safety Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 125 6.3.2.2 Closure of Dumpsite(s) Positive impacts The closure of the dumpsite is expected to reduce impacts from uncontrolled waste accumulation and improve environmental quality in the surrounding area. The improved environmental conditions are expected to increase value of lands and houses in the surrounding area benefitting surrounding community. Overall impacts due to the closure of the dumpsite is expected to be positive and of high significance. Negative impacts are addressed in detail in the next tables. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 126 Table 6-7 Component 2-Closure of dumpsite – Abu Zaabal Receptor/EHS Aspect and ESS Impacts Significance relevant ESS Component 2-Subcomponent 2.3: Closure of dumpsite(s) Pollution and GHG emissions: exhausts of vehicles, construction materials and Air Quality Negative, high operation of equipment, release of landfill gas Noise Increased noise and vibration due to earthworks, transportation, wastes sieving Negative, high Soil Contamination due to leakage of lubricants and leachate, fuels of machinery Negative, high Soil, geology and hydrology Soil instability if closure method involves covering and site reuse Negative, medium ESS1 It is not very clear at this stage how the closure of the dumpsite will take place in terms of phasing of work, technology and closure options…etc. and accordingly the nature of the impacts on the livelihoods of the informal sector groups engaged in Risk of informal sector the dumpsite is very much unknown, In case of any loss of livelihoods will be Negative, medium loss of livelihoods encountered, this will be tackled either under the social impacts of the site specific ESIA that will be prepared when the design is ready or through a livelihoods restoration plan that will prepared as per the requirements of Resettlement Framework (RF) that has been prepared for the entire project.  Risk of ignitions and fire during handling of waste (e.g., during excavation and dozing of waste)  Injury and contamination due to exposure to sharp objects and Labor and working biohazards, leachate during profiling and excavation of trenches for Negative, high, long-term ESS2 conditions drainpipes  Health and safety risks due to noise and dust from heavy equipment  Child labor is a common practice in Egypt at large. According to Egyptian Labor Law No.12/2003, child labor should be prohibited especially in dangerous works. Children below 18 are favorable labor as they receive Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 127 low salaries and they are less demanding. There is a risk that this common practice is used in the project. This risk should be carefully handled in the ESMP and monitoring should be applied in the contractor obligations.  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and inappropriate hiring procedures could be relevant risks on specific groups of workers, such as women, people with disabilities, migrant workers and children (of working age in accordance with this ESS). Risk of harassment, intimidation and/or sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) could be also relevant among different categories of project labor unless if appropriate measures are in place to tackle those risks.  There is also risk that workers may have complaints that could escalate or left unresolved.  Health risks due to exposure to leachate uncovered during rehabilitation, uncontrolled dumping of waste  Increased noise levels, and air emissions  Health and safety risks from workers in contact with local community, and Negative, high Community Health, ESS4 access to work site Traffic impact: negative, Safety, and Security  Explosion risks due to pockets of CH4 medium  Improper disposal of mixed wastes removed from the dumpsite  Increased traffic flow from waste trucks can cause road congestion, accidents, and road safety risks Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 128 6.3.2.3 Upgrading of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone (Technical Assistance) Positive impacts The upgrading of the Akrasha recycling and industrial zone is expected to reduce impacts from uncontrolled waste accumulation and improve environmental quality in the surrounding area. The improved environmental conditions are expected to increase value of lands and houses in the surrounding area benefitting surrounding community. Overall impacts due to upgrading of the Akrasha recycling zone are expected to be positive and of high significance. The offered advice under the TA will follow the ESF and the different relevant ESSs. In case there will be physical interventions within the scope of the GCAPCCP that requires civil works and construction activities, the potential negative impacts are linked to the construction phase which are addressed in detail in the next tables. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 129 Table 6-8 Component 2- Upgrading of Akrasha Receptor/EHS ESS Aspect and Impacts Significance relevant ESS Component 2- Upgrading of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Area Pollution and GHG emissions: exhausts of vehicles, construction materials and operation Air Quality of equipment, release of odors, release of methane from municipal waste, emissions Negative, high from burning of waste Noise and Increased noise and vibration due to earthworks, transportation, sieving of wastes Negative, high vibrations ESS1 Soil, geology and Soil contamination due to leakage of lubricants, landfill leachate, fuels of machinery Negative, high hydrology Potential impact It is not known at this stage if any negative impacts on livelihoods could be encountered on the livelihoods as a result of the upgrade process. Principles of ESS1 and ESS5 will be shared as part of of workers in the the offered TA. Negative, medium, industrial area  Risk of ignitions and fire during handling of waste, or explosion from CH4 pockets Labor and  Injury and contamination due to exposure to waste including sharp objects and ESS2 working biohazards Negative, medium to high conditions  Health risks due to noise and dust from heavy equipment, diseases and pests  Safety hazards from working at height, falling objects, electrocution, etc. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 130  Increased noise levels, and air emissions  Health risks to community due to uncontrolled dumping of waste  Health and safety risks from workers in contact with local community, and access to work site Community  Explosion risks due to pockets of CH4 ESS4 Health, Safety, Negative, high, long-term  Possible damage to utilities during construction and Security  Improper disposal of large amounts of mixed wastes removed from unofficial accumulated waste sites  Increased traffic flow from waste trucks can cause road congestion, accidents, and road safety risks ESS5 Land Use There will be no need for land Insignificant ESS8 Culture heritage Possible impacts on culture heritage Insignificant Stakeholder Unless if the upgrade process is done following an engaging process with stakeholders, engagement there is a high risk that the local stakeholders in the area will be rejecting the change and ESS10 will not be accepting the upgrade process. The principles of the ESS10 and the SEP will Negative, high and Information Disclosure need to apply to this component. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 131 6.3.3 Component 3: Electric Buses Positive impacts Deployment of e-buses is expected to result in reduced in vehicle emissions (CO 2 and NOx) due to diesel buses replacement. Indirect emissions reductions are dependent on electricity source:  For electricity sourced from solar sources, reductions in emissions from e-buses could reach 80 to 90% [23] [24],  For fossil-fueled electricity sourced from natural gas, reduction in emissions from e-buses could reach 25 to 50% [23] [24]. Deployment of e-buses is expected to reduce in noise levels to 5 dB along the e-buses routes compared to diesel-run buses (9 dB). Overall impacts on emissions of (CO2 and NOx) and noise levels due to deployment of e- buses having electrical source (solar or natural gas) is to be positive and of medium to high significance. The operation of this component is also anticipated to result in positive impact on the passengers of women through availing a less crowded, modern and clean means of transport. The e-buses component is planned to promote for harassment-free means of transport through number of introduced measures (CCTV, awareness messages, feedback survey…etc.) and this will in turn help in tackling one of the most serious challenges that women in Egypt encounter in public transport. Negative impacts are addressed in detail in the next tables. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 132 Table 6-9 Component 3: Subcomponent: e-buses Receptor/EHS ESS Aspect and Impacts Significance relevant ESS Component 3: Subcomponent: e-buses Construction: General construction works will involve installation of charging stations, excavation for cabling, equipment installation and sealing leading to dust and GHG emissions Negative, high, Air Quality Pollution, GHG emissions, dust emissions: exhausts of vehicles, open excavation and digging for short-term ESS1 underground cabling and charging equipment installation and sealing Negative, high, Noise Increased noise and vibration due to earthworks, transportation short-term  Risk of electrocution associated with charging station establishing etc.  Health and safety risks due to noise and dust from use of heavy equipment  Child labor is a common practice in Egypt at large. According to Egyptian Labor Law No.12/2003, child labor should be prohibited especially in dangerous works. Children below 18 are favorable labor as they receive low salaries and they are less demanding. There is a risk Labor and Negative, high, that this common practice is used in the project. This risk should be carefully handled in the ESS2 working short-term ESMP and monitoring should be applied in the contractor obligations. conditions  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and inappropriate hiring procedures could be relevant risks on specific groups of workers, such as women, people with disabilities, migrant workers and children (of working age in accordance with this ESS). Risk of harassment, intimidation and/or sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) could be also relevant among different categories of project labor unless if appropriate measures are in place to tackle those risks.  There is also risk that workers may have complaints that could escalate or left unresolved. Resource Infrastructure and utilities: Negative, low to ESS3 efficiency and Risk of damage to such utilities during excavations is possible, but minimal. medium pollution  Compromise of integrity of sewerage pipes due to possible wastewater accumulating in trench Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 133 prevention Community  Safety risks due to electrical works Negative, low, ESS4 Health, Safety,  Increased traffic flow due to trucks can cause road congestion or accidents short-term and Security Operation Charging Stations: Increased emissions of NOx, SOx, and PM from using fossil-fueled source of electricity for charging the Negative, low, Air Quality batteries at the charging stations long-term Possible increased emissions in CO2 if electricity source is coal-based ESS1 Leakage of toxic chemicals from batteries such as lithium and Cobalt into the environment and Negative, low, long Soil, geology groundwater. term and hydrology Negative, low, short Waste generation due to retrofitting and scrapping of old buses fleet with the new e-busses term Labor and  Risk of electrocution associated with charging station Negative, high, long ESS2 working  Improper disposal of used batteries leading to health hazards term conditions Resource Efficiency and Negative, medium, ESS3 Increased energy consumption due to charging station infrastructure pollution long-term prevention Waste generation and handling:  Road safety risks to drivers, passengers and road users  Impeded access for people with physical disabilities to the project-procured e-busses Negative, high, Community  Improper disposal of used batteries causing hazardous waste generation, and health hazards long-term ESS4 health and  Safety hazards due to improper operation of charging stations Safety Storage and disposal of old batteries in landfills due to lack of adequate recycling policies/facilities for battery materials, causing toxic contamination of other waste streams Stakeholder ESS10 The principles of the ESS10 and the SEP will need to apply to this component. Negative, high engagement Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 134 and Information Disclosure 6.3.4 Risks related to COVID-19 Pandemic and Proposed Mitigation Measures In case the COVID-19 pandemic situation is still a concern during the project implementation activities, the following mitigation measures and monitoring activities are proposed. Table 6-10: Risks and Mitigation measures related to Covid-19 Pandemic Risks/Impacts Mitigation measures Methods of Frequency of Performance Monitoring Responsibility Estimated cost monitoring monitoring Indicators location (EGP) (Who) (How) (When) (What) (Where) COVID-19 • Identify a senior Site Daily Number of Construction Contractor and To be estimated pandemic person acting as inspection trained workers Site proponent’s based on the a focal point to number of deal with COVID- HSE manager workers and 19 issues, and to (and officers) Review of Number on general context designate at least one back- documents infected up person, in and records persons case the focal point becomes ill • Develop and implement Medical and Number of procedures to routine isolated avoid or checkup of persons minimize the Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 135 transmission and staff and spread of COVID- workers 19 that may be associated with the influx of temporary or permanent contract-related labor. • Develop COVID- 19 risk-based procedures tailored to site conditions and workers characteristics, and based on guidance issued by relevant authorities, both national and international (e.g. WHO). These shall include but not limited to the following measures: - Control the entry/exit to the Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 136 work site; - Identify any workers with underlying health issues - Conduct temperature checks for all workers and record details of any worker that is denied entry; - Ensuring general hygiene (hand washing facilities, soap, disposable paper towels and closed waste bins) are present in all key areas on site; - Take all necessary measures for proper isolation of affected areas and workers who Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 137 have been in contact with infected persons (and infected persons) for 14 days - Review worker accommodation and assess suitability in light of the above; - Conduct regular and thorough cleaning of all site facilities, including offices, accommodation , canteens, common spaces and review cleaning protocols for key construction equipment; - Safely dispose of any medical waste produced during the care of ill workers in Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 138 designated containers or bags and treated and disposed according to relevant requirements. • The Contractor is required to convene regular meetings with the project health and safety specialists and medical staff (and where appropriate the local health authorities), and to take their advice in designing and implementing the agreed measures • Clearly communicate the measures taken to the Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 139 workers, those entering the site and the local community and provide daily (or weekly) briefings focusing on COVI-19 specific considerations including cough etiquette, hand hygiene and distancing measures, using demonstrations and participatory methods. • Encourage workers should to use the project grievance mechanism to report concerns relating to COVID-19 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 140 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK (ESMMF) The following subsections discuss the framework for the environmental and social mitigation measures. 7.1 Environmental and Social Management: Mitigation Hierarchy The ESMF presents a mitigation framework consisting of relevant plans required to mitigate potential impacts identified from the preliminary assessment. The methodology to select mitigation measures constituting the plans outlined herein should be based on consideration of costs, manpower, local availability of equipment and technology needs and timing to ensure implementation. The plans outlined, herein, including EMP will be part of the required ESS instruments (studies and assessment), specifically ESIA and scoped ESIAs, identified to comply with ESF. The PMU at the MoE is responsible for the preparation of ESS instruments including the aforementioned plans. The list of studies and assessment is presented in Chapter 10Environmental And Social Instruments REQUIRED BY THE ESF. 7.1.1 Component 2 7.1.1.1 Construction of Transfer Stations Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 141 Table 7-1 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Construction of 2 Transfer Stations Receptor/ EHS ESS Impacts Mitigation Hierarchy Framework Aspect Component 2- Construction of transfer stations Construction - Gaseous emissions-pollutants and GHGs: machinery used for construction, exhausts of vehicles used to Air quality transport workers, construction materials and basic GHG emissions Develop and implement Environmental Management Plan equipment Dust emissions: land preparation and excavation, to minimize emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs and dust movement of construction vehicles and noise; plan should include procedures for: ▪ Emissions control onsite and offsite for dust, air pollutants and GHGs Increased noise and vibration levels due to site ▪ Efficient use of machinery/equipment, Noise preparation, construction works etc. ▪ Site housekeeping and maintenance, Aquatic Degraded water quality and threats to aquatic ESS1 environment organisms from improper disposal of waste Developing waste management plan to prevent pollution from mishandled waste including procedure for storage,  Soil contamination due to oil leaks from collection, segregation, recycling and/or proper disposal, machinery quality testing of generated waste water, hazardous waste,  Soil erosion due to exposure of surfaces to construction and demolition waste, used oil etc. Soil, geology and hydrology rain or wind during site clearing, excavation etc.  Groundwater contamination from Leaching of hazardous materials  Project operation may affect informal sector Carry out full related assessment once the details of the Socio-economic that operates in waste management Influx project location become clearer and examine different impacts of additional population, increased pressure option to minimize and mitigate the impacts through the on accommodation and rents application of Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 142 Raising awareness of the local populations about the project commitment towards communities’ and the measures taken for that through consultations and focus group discussions Apply the full requirements related to operating the grievance mechanism including anonymous channels All previous mitigation hierarchy measures in addition to: Labor and Working conditions plan including a Code of Conduct to minimize health and safety hazards and injuries  Health risks from construction activities and accidents and conflicts due to incompliance with Good exposure to dust, chemicals etc. Practice Guidelines and OHS standards  Safety hazards and accidents due to machinery and equipment operation  Develop and implement a well communicated  Risks of falls from height and falling objects and accessible grievance mechanism for workers  Child labor is a common practice in Egypt at  Establish accidents reporting and large and can be a risk in this project. Children documentation system below 18 are favorable labor as they receive low  Develop and implement a Contingency salaries and they are less demanding. Preparedness and Response Plan.  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and  Developing and implementing onsite HSE Labor and Working inappropriate hiring procedures could be procedures for safety onsite (proper traffic ESS2 Conditions relevant risks on specific groups of workers, such signage, use of PPE etc.) as women, people with disabilities and migrant  The Government (MoE) will prepare Labor workers. Risk of harassment, intimidation and/or management procedures (LMP) that should be sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) could be complied and should include mandatory also relevant among different categories of insurance for all types of labor involved in the project labor unless if appropriate measures are construction and operation. In addition, the in place to tackle those risks. Insurance should be covering work related  There is also risk that workers may have accidents (injuries and fatalities), as well as complaints that could escalate or left insurance for third party. The LMP include all the unresolved. other requirements as per the principles of ESS2 (prohibiting child and forced labor, dedicated GRM for labor …etc)  Develop ToR, contracts, and terms of Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 143 employment for contractor and subcontractors prohibiting hiring minors  Develop a monitoring plan including record keeping system for copies of IDs of laborers, daily attendance sheets in order to verify the attendance of workers not include staff below 18  Develop HSE training plan for all workers regarding work at heights, electrical and vehicular safety, handling of hazardous materials, use of PPE, hazard avoidance and reduction measures, use of first aid and rescue techniques, emergency response, and firefighting  In the contractual agreement, clear definition of child should be inserted. The child should be defined as all persons less than 18 years old.  Rigid terms should be written in the contractor agreement to prohibit recruitment of children below 18  The contractor should maintain labor registry log that contains the age of recruited person and his/her ID. Increased energy consumption due to Mitigation hierarchy measures pertinent to air quality and transportation and use of materials and equipment GHG emissions, Increased consumption of water (for construction  Developing Waste management plan to prevent Resource Efficiency activities, and due to temporary influx of workers’ pollution from mishandled waste and pollution ESS3 consumption),  Perform assessment of available resources and prevention Pollution due to: utilities (water and energy) consumption to avoid pressure and stress on local community access  Increased emissions due to fuel combustion  Obtaining maps and routes for infrastructural works and exhaust emissions from vehicles and relevant to potable water, wastewater, electricity, Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 144 construction equipment and telecom  Improper disposal of solid waste impacting  Implement good practice procedures to avoid surroundings (soils, water bodies, air). incurring damages to underground utilities and Anticipated waste types include used oils, infrastructure empty containers, construction debris  Developing response strategy for accidental (concrete, bricks, sand and gravel), compromise of underground utility and packaging materials, metal scrap, wood, infrastructure and maintain records of any accident municipal waste from workers on site  Compromised utilities infrastructure such as sewerage pipes resulting in pollution by waste water potentially accumulating in trenches All mitigation hierarchy measures relevant ESS1 and ESS3,  Exposure of community to increased air in addition to: pollutants and noise levels and waste, Developing and implementing CHS procedures to prevent disease spread access to site, manage use of equipment and machinery in  Uncontrolled dumping of construction compliance with permissible emissions, noise limits waste,  Accidents related to accessibility to  Develop and implement traffic management plan to construction site inform surrounding communities of re-routing  Increased traffic flow to and from site schedules/road closures, restrict movement of large Community Health, causing road congestions vehicles during off-peak hours (while compliant with ESS4  Safety hazards resulting from compromised national requirements), delineate truck routes, and Safety underground utilities and infrastructure address complaints related to traffic  Health and safety risks on surrounding  Develop, implement, and provide induction courses community due to temporary workers’ to all workers on code of conduct stipulating influx in the project candidate areas workers’ commitment towards community groups  Temporary Labor Influx might result in and defining behaviors to be avoided, and applicable unfavorable impacts on the project penalties in case of violations, schedules for candidate areas in terms of: induction courses. ▪ Influx of additional population, Increased  Implement health and safety standards to test pressure on accommodation and rents workers’ health conditions before project Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 145 ▪ Increased risk of communicable diseases and commencement, and perform check-up every 6 burden on local health services months ▪ Increased risk of illicit behavior and crime  Establish and maintain a complaints system ▪ Potential Gender Based Violence (GBV) and accessible to community- Apply the full Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA). As per the requirements related to operating the grievance WB 2016 Labor Influx Guidance Note, the scale mechanism including anonymous channels of labor influx and the absorptive capacity of  Apply penalties to workers violating the code of the local community indicate the significance of conduct the anticipated risk of GBV. The project can lead  Code of conduct to be developed and signed by sub- to an increased risk of Gender Based Violence, contractor. It should include prevention of sexual as women are particularly vulnerable within the exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment context of construction projects. Gender based (SEA/SH) at workplace, and accommodation of violence can be manifested through multiple workers in the case of presence with local behaviors including: Sexual harassment of communities women and girls or Exploitative sexual relations In order to minimize impacts pertaining to labor influx the and unpaid work, or low wages. following should be thoroughly implemented:  It is likely that impacts related to labor influx will be relevant in the project candidate  Apply the full requirements related to operating the areas; in case the contractors do not comply grievance mechanism including anonymous channels with the different related measures  Raising awareness of the local community about the including but not limited to Code of Conduct project commitment towards communities’ and the to all types of labors and sub-contractors. measures taken for that through public consultation and focus group discussions  Random drug and alcohol tests to be conducted. If workers will be staying in rented apartments by contractor or sub-contractor, in labor camps or in any other accommodation facilities, the developed code of conduct should be complied to. Potential temporary impact related to construction: Based on the principles of the prepared RF, resettlement ESS5 Land Use plan (RP) of livelihoods restoration plan should be prepared The contractor may need storage area in order to store the equipment, materials, and temporary in case the selected site for the sub-project will result in Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 146 equipment for workers' services. The contractor involuntary resettlement, loss of private assets of may use the empty areas within the project site livelihoods. depending on availability in the site or can obtain lease agreement to secure the needed land. Land selection for the transfer stations:  The ownership and the uses of the land to be allocated to the two transfer station sites is not specified at the present time.  In case of the land is a vacant State property that is free from any occupations and uses, there will be no impacts related to land acquisition, physical displacement, nor loss oflivelihoods out of the land. If the site selection will entail land expropriation for privately owned land or public land that is used by individuals or groups, there will be impacts that will need to be tackled in light of ESS5. Excavation works can unearth undiscovered ESS8 Culture heritage - archeological sites Chance find procedures should be applied Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process  It is important to underline that the early conducted throughout the project life cycle; Lack of preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) commitment to good application of this standard including the different stages of the project life Lack of stakeholder can entail many risks, and result in unfavourable reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good engagement impacts on the project candidate areas in terms of: application of the ESS10. ESS10 and Information  Project disclosure in compliance with all national Disclosure • The risk of poor communication with the regulations relevant to public consultation as well as public, can affect constructive and World Bank policies relevant to disclosure and public responsive relationships that are important consultation for successful management of a project’s  Identify the different stakeholders, both project- Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 147 environmental and social risks. affected parties and other interested parties, • Failure to disclose the project and publish individuals or groups that are affected or likely to be clear information may lead to stakeholders affected by the project dissatisfaction and losing trust in the  Identify those project-affected parties (individuals or project. groups) who, because of their particular • The weakness of the grievance mechanism circumstances, may be disadvantaged or vulnerable. GRM used in the project or the lack of clarity  A clear grievance mechanism must be developed for in the mechanism of application and workers or local communities, that is available and solution, can lead to escalated unresolved easy to deal with complaints that may threaten the project. It is important to underline that the early preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Operation Gaseous and odor emissions from trucks and other Develop and implement Environmental Management Plan Air quality machinery and improper waste handling (e.g., waste to minimize emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs and dust GHGs burning) and noise ESS1 Developing waste management plan to prevent pollution Increased noise levels due to trucks and other from mishandled waste Noise machinery Develop and operationalize a robust GRM Labor and Working Conditions Plan including Code of Conduct to minimize health and safety hazards and injuries and accidents and conflicts due to incompliance with Good • Safety risks due to operation of heavy Practice Guidelines and OHS standards Labor and Working ESS2 machinery, trucks etc. Conditions  Develop and implement a well communicated and • Health risks due to improper handling of waste accessible grievance mechanism for workers  Establish accidents reporting and documentation system Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 148  Develop and implement a Contingency Preparedness and Response Plan.  Developing and implementing onsite HSE procedures for safety onsite (proper traffic signage, use of PPE etc.) The project HR policy must be in accordance with the Egyptian Labor Law, which results in the prevention of child labor (employment of workers under 18 years is not permitted) Develop a monitoring plan including record keeping system for copies of IDs of laborers, daily attendance sheets in order to verify the attendance of workers not include staff below 18 Develop HSE training plan for all workers regarding work at heights, electrical and vehicular safety, handling of hazardous materials, use of PPE, hazard avoidance and reduction measures, use of first aid and rescue techniques, emergency response, and firefighting The Government (MoE) will prepare Labor management procedures (LMP) that should be complied and should include mandatory insurance for all types of labor involved in the construction and operation. In addition, the Insurance should be covering work related accidents (injuries and fatalities), as well as insurance for third party. The LMP include all the other requirements as per the principles of ESS2 (prohibiting child and forced labor, dedicated GRM for labor …etc)  Resource Efficiency Improper waste handling and disposal can generate Mitigation hierarchy measures pertinent to air quality and ESS3 and pollution a source of waste in surrounding. Anticipated waste GHG emissions (ESS1), in addition to: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 149 prevention types include used oils, empty containers, Developing Waste management plan to prevent pollution construction debris (concrete, bricks, sand and from mishandled waste gravel), packaging materials, metal scrap, wood, municipal waste from workers on site etc. All mitigation hierarchy measures relevant ESS1 and ESS3, in addition to:  Developing and implementing CHS procedures to prevent access to site, manage use of equipment and machinery in compliance with permissible  Improper waste handling can cause odor emissions, noise limits emissions, disease spread, pests etc.  Develop pest management plan and rodent control  Safety hazard associated to accessibility to systems the site  Establishing a grievance redress mechanism (GRM)  Increased traffic flow due to trucks Community health accessible to community ESS4 transferring waste can cause road and safety  Launching awareness raising campaigns for congestion, accidents community  Communities’ unacceptability for the SWM  Develop a communication strategy to raise infrastructure during operation and also the awareness of the community members on health potential associated health impacts if the and safety measures. operation of the facilities is not done in a  Develop traffic plan off site to ensure CHS very hygienic way  Speed limit on the road, and Proper lighting  Using trucks to transport the waste  Drivers should be recruited based on criteria (experience, drug use, etc.)  Random drug tests should be required Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 150 7.1.1.2 Construction of Integrated Waste Facilities Table 7-2 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Construction of 2 Integrated Waste Facilities ESS Receptor/ EHS Aspect Impacts Mitigation Hierarchy Framework Component 2: Construction of IWMF-10R and Industrial Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Sites Construction Air quality All elements applicable to Component 2-Construction of GHG transfer stations All elements applicable to sub-component 1: All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of Noise transfer stations in addition to: transfer stations  Deep excavation implications on water All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of drainage transfer stations ESS1 Soil, geology and hydrology Perform study to assess flood risks at all proposed project  Flood risks in candidate site of Kuraymat location and implement location screening criteria for site selection Project operation may affect informal sector that All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of Socio-economic impacts operates in waste, which will lead to a loss of transfer stations livelihoods in the long run. Labor and Working All elements applicable to sub-component 1: All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of ESS2 transfer stations transfer stations Conditions Resource Efficiency and All elements applicable to sub-component 1: All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of ESS3 pollution prevention transfer stations transfer stations All elements applicable to sub-component 1: transfer stations All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of ESS4 Community Health, Safety transfer stations Land needed With regard to the land needed, the contractor • Temporary land acquisition ESS5 Land Use • RAP document prepared will need site storage area in order to store the equipment and materials, in addition, temporary • Providing fair compensation to the land owners for Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 151 equipment for workers' services; the contractor the loss of crops. may use the empty areas within the project site depending on availability in the site. The contractor should coordinate with the local unit in order to provision sanitation and potable water services. Land acquisition  The ownership of the land allocated to the two project sites belong to the state (state property - Sharqiyah and Giza Governorates) there will be no impacts related to land acquisition or impacts related to the physical displacement.  The construction work may affect the lands adjacent to the project site; the impact will depend on the nature of the uses of the surrounding lands. For example, damages to crops may result on agricultural lands Deep excavation works can destroy undiscovered All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of 2 ESS8 Culture heritage archeological sites transfer stations Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle; Lack  It is important to underline that the early of commitment to good application of this preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan Lack of stakeholder standard can entail many risks, and result in (SEP) including the different stages of the project ESS10 engagement and Information unfavourable impacts on the project candidate life reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good Disclosure areas in terms of: application of the ESS10.  Project disclosure in compliance with all national • The risk of poor communication with the regulations relevant to public consultation as well public, can affect constructive and as World Bank policies relevant to disclosure and Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 152 responsive relationships that are public consultation important for successful management of  Identify the different stakeholders, both project- a project’s environmental and social risks. affected parties and other interested parties, • Failure to disclose the project and publish individuals or groups that are affected or likely to clear information may lead to be affected by the project stakeholders dissatisfaction and losing  Identify those project-affected parties (individuals trust in the project. or groups) who, because of their particular • The weakness of the grievance circumstances, may be disadvantaged or mechanism GRM used in the project or vulnerable. the lack of clarity in the mechanism of  A clear grievance mechanism must be developed application and solution, can lead to for workers or local communities, that is available escalated unresolved complaints that and easy to deal with may threaten the project. It is important to underline that the early preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Operation All elements applicable to sub-component 1: All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of 2 transfer stations in addition to: transfer stations. in addition to:  Uncontrolled release of landfill gas Air quality  Developing Project Operations Manual including resulting in increased GHG emissions and ESS1 GHGs standard operating procedures and monitoring explosion hazards resulting in further plan for landfill operation and monitoring emissions  Develop and implement landfill gas control  Flaring/combustion of landfill gas system/technology resulting in increase in gaseous emissions (CO2, CO, NOx, trace gases), and PM Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 153  Release of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide from landfill resulting in pungent odor emissions  Gaseous and odor emissions from improper waste handling (e.g., waste burning) Increased noise and vibrations levels due to vehicle transporting waste on the site, operation of equipment such as stand-by generator, convey All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of 2 Noise belts in the recycling plants, loaders and transfer stations windrows moving machine in the composting plant, and compaction and application of daily cover material on waste.  Contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water due leachate Soil, geology and hydrology  Accumulation of Carbon dioxide in Implement leachate control system/technology subsurface area can cause groundwater acidification  Project operation may affect informal sector that operates in waste, which will All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of 2 Socio-economic impacts lead to a loss of livelihoods in the long transfer stations run.  Health hazards due to vermin attracted to the site (birds, rodents and insects) which All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of 2 Labor and Working can act as disease vectors and low transfer stations ESS2 Conditions hygiene conditions  Perform risk hazard assessment to identify risks of  Risk of fires, explosions, subsidence, spills explosion and accident  Safety hazards associated with high noise Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 154 and vibration levels, exposure to toxic chemicals, operation of machinery, handling of hazardous waste.  Safety hazards associated waste at the landfill  Increased energy consumption due to landfill operation, transportation and use of materials and equipment All elements applicable Component 2- Construction of 2  Increased consumption of water (onsite transfer stations in addition to: Resource Efficiency and ESS3 consumption), pollution prevention  Increased emissions due to fuel Perform study to determine impact of resource combustion and exhaust emissions from consumption on surrounding (electricity, water) waste trucks  Pollution due to improper waste disposal  Improper operation of landfill can result in explosion hazards, release of pungent odors, harboring of pests and diseases threatening community health, safety and security  Informal access to landfill site can pose Community Health, Safety, health and safety risks to community: All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction of 2 ESS4 and Security Waste sorters at the recycling and plant transfer stations could get injured by infectious sharps mixed with municipal and possibly infected by blood transmitted diseases  Negative visual impacts due to litter dispersion by wind associated with composting/recycling plants  Increased traffic flow due to trucks transferring waste can cause road Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 155 congestion, accidents Closure of landfill  Impacts due landfill gas generation and • Monitor gas leakage ESS1 Soil, geology and hydrology possible leakage • Monitor groundwater quality, implement leachate  Soil, groundwater contamination due to control system (e.g., pumping) leachate  Visual impact of landfill to nearby • Implement final cover Community Health, Safety, community ESS4 • Monitor odor emissions and Security  Odor emissions • Pest management plan  Health and safety risks due to rodents, pests Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 156 7.1.1.3 Closure and Rehabilitation of Dumpsite(s) Table 7-3 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Closure and Rehabilitation of Abu Zaabal Dumpsite ESS Receptor/EHS Aspect Impacts Mitigation Component 2- Closure and rehabilitation of dumpsite(s) Pollution and GHG emissions: machinery used for All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction Air Quality construction, exhausts of vehicles used to transport of transfer stations GHG workers, construction materials and basic equipment, Ensure proper treatment and disposal of leachate release of landfill gas, emissions from burning of waste All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction Increased noise and vibration due to earthworks, Noise of transfer stations transportation, sieving of wastes Collect runoff and leachate via proper drainage system Contamination of soils due to leakage of lubricants, fuels and treat leachate to meet applicable environmental ESS1 of machinery, leakage of leachate Soil, geology and standards before discharge to the municipal sewage hydrology Soil instability if closure method involves covering and system site reuse All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction Project operation may affect informal sector that of transfer stations operates in waste, which will lead to a loss of livelihoods In case of any loss of livelihoods there will be Socio-economic impacts in the long run. compensation in place as per the requirements of Resettlement Framework (RF) prepared for the project. All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction  Risk of ignitions and fire during handling of of transfer stations. In addition to: waste (in particular during excavation and dozing Labor and Working of waste)  Performing QRA to assess risk hazard due to ESS2 Conditions  Injury and contamination due to exposure to illegal waste accumulated waste including sharp objects and biohazards  Develop emergency response and  Health and safety risks due to noise and dust preparedness plan in case of fire or explosions Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 157 from use of heavy equipment  Provide specialized training to all workers  Health risks due to exposure of workers to involved with handling waste leachate during profiling and excavation of trenches for drain pipes Resource Efficiency and  Pollution of surrounding due to improper All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction ESS3 disposal of large amounts of mixed wastes pollution prevention of transfer stations removed from the dumpsite  Health risks due to exposure to leachate uncovered during rehabilitation  Increased noise levels,  Degraded air quality due to increased emissions All elements applicable to Component 2- Construction resulting from use of machinery and equipment of transfer stations. In addition to: and trucks,  Road safety risks caused by large trucks  Launching awareness programs on Health and Community Health, circulation, Safety to prevent surrounding community ESS4  Uncontrolled dumping of waste in areas from accessing the site Safety, and Security- accessible to community,  Perform a QRA to assess risk of fires and  Falls and other safety risks due to access to work explosions site,  Develop pest management plan  Health and safety risks from workers in contact with local community  Explosion risks due to pockets of CH4  Increased traffic flow due to trucks transferring waste can cause road congestion, accidents  It is important to underline that the early Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process Lack of stakeholder preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement conducted throughout the project life cycle; Lack of engagement Plan (SEP) including the different stages of the ESS10 commitment to good application of this standard can and Information project life reduces the risks of Lack entail many risks, and result in unfavourable impacts on Disclosure commitment to good application of the ESS10. the project candidate areas in terms of:  Project disclosure in compliance with all Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 158 national regulations relevant to public • The risk of poor communication with the public, consultation as well as World Bank policies can affect constructive and responsive relevant to disclosure and public consultation relationships that are important for successful  Identify the different stakeholders, both management of a project’s environmental and project-affected parties and other interested social risks. parties, individuals or groups that are affected • Failure to disclose the project and publish clear or likely to be affected by the project information may lead to stakeholders’  Identify those project-affected parties dissatisfaction and losing trust in the project. (individuals or groups) who, because of their • The weakness of the grievance mechanism GRM particular circumstances, may be used in the project or the lack of clarity in the disadvantaged or vulnerable. mechanism of application and solution, can lead  A clear grievance mechanism must be to escalated unresolved complaints that may developed for workers or local communities, threaten the project. that is available and easy to deal with It is important to underline that the early preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 159 7.1.1.5 Response to COVID-19 and Healthcare Waste Management Table 7-4 Mitigation measures for Component 2.2- Response to COVID-19 and Healthcare Waste Management ESS Receptor/EHS Aspect Impacts Mitigation Generation of health care waste from used Prepare, adopt and implement Medical Waste PPEs procured by the  Infectious wastes workers, waste collectors and Management Plan for each hospital receiving the PPEs project communities for combating COVID-19. ESS1 Use of chemicals for disinfection of systems  Spraying chlorine or other toxic chemicals on people Follow WHO advices and recommendations regarding for waste collection can cause eye and skin irritation, bronchospasm and disinfection of public spaces. points, vehicles and gastrointestinal effects public transportation Provide specialized training to all workers on:  proper use and disposal of PPEs  Health risks due to exposure of workers to  Proper handling of chemicals used for Labor and Working ESS2 disinectants and chemicals disinfection chemicals Conditions  Impropoer use of PPEs  All chemicals should have Material Safety Data Sheet and communicated properly to involved workers.  Medical wastes should be disposed of properly in accordance with Medical Waste Management Plan  Pollution of surrounding due to improper disposal of and national requirements Resource Efficiency and large amounts of medical wastes in domestic waste ESS3  Empty chemical containers should be scrapped to pollution prevention streams avoid re-use.  Improper disposal of empty chemical containers  Chemical suppliers to be required to take back empty containers ESS4 Community Health,  Health risks due to exposure to improperly disposed Same measures as in ESS3 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 160 Safety, and Security- of medical wastes and empty chemical containers.  Launching awareness programs on Health and Safety to prevent surrounding community from accessing the site  Perform a QRA to assess risk of fires and explosions  Develop pest management plan • The risk of poor communication with the health-  Early preparation of a Stakeholder care workers can affect constructive and Engagement Plan (SEP) including the different Lack of stakeholder responsive relationships that are important for stages of the project life reduces the risks of engagement Lack commitment to good application of the ESS10 successful management of a project’s and Information environmental and social risks. ESS10. Disclosure  A clear grievance mechanism must be developed for workers and local communities, that is available and easy to use Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 161 7.1.1.6 Technical Assistance for Upgrading to Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone Table 7-4 Mitigation measures for Component 2- Upgrading of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone ESS Receptor/EHS Aspect Impacts Mitigation Component 2- Upgrading of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone Pollution and GHG emissions: machinery used for construction, exhausts of vehicles used to transport workers, construction All elements applicable to Component 2- materials and basic equipment, release of odors from Air Quality Construction of 2 transfer stations and Closure accumulated waste movement, release of methane if and rehabilitation of dumpsite in Abu Zaabal municipal waste is part of the accumulated wastes, emissions from burning of waste All elements applicable to Component 2- Increased noise and vibration due to earthworks, Noise and vibrations - Construction of 2 transfer stations and Closure ESS1 transportation, sieving of wastes and rehabilitation of dumpsite in Abu Zaabal All elements applicable to Component 2- Soil, geology and Contamination of soils due to leakage of lubricants, fuels of Construction of 2 transfer stations and Closure hydrology-ESS machinery, leakage of leachate to the underground and rehabilitation of dumpsite in Abu Zaabal All elements applicable to Component 2- Socio-economic impacts- Project operation may affect the informal sector that operates Construction of 2 transfer stations and Closure Impact on livelihood in waste, which will lead to a loss of livelihoods in the long run. and rehabilitation of dumpsite in Abu Zaabal  Risk of ignitions and fire during handling of waste  Injury and contamination due to exposure to waste including sharp objects and biohazards All elements applicable to Component 2- Labor and Working  Health and safety risks due to noise and dust from use ESS2 Construction of 2 transfer stations and Closure Conditions of heavy equipment and rehabilitation of dumpsite in Abu Zaabal  Safety hazards and injuries linked to falling from heights, falling objects, handling of heavy machinery, electrocution, heat stress/dehydration, exposure to exhaust, exposure to chemicals and hazardous Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 162 materials, exposure to noise and vibrations  Explosion risks due to pockets of CH4  Health hazards from diseases and pests  Pollution of surrounding due to improper disposal of All elements applicable to Component 2- Resource Efficiency and ESS3 large amounts of mixed wastes removed from Construction of 2 transfer stations and Closure pollution prevention unofficial accumulated waste sites and rehabilitation of dumpsite in Abu Zaabal  Increased noise levels,  Degraded air quality due to increased emissions resulting from use of machinery and equipment and trucks,  Road safety risks caused by large trucks circulation,  Uncontrolled dumping of waste in areas accessible to All elements applicable to Component 2- Community Health, Safety, ESS4 community, Construction of 2 transfer stations and Closure and Security  Falls and other safety risks due to access to work site, and rehabilitation of dumpsite in Abu Zaabal  Health and safety risks from workers in contact with local community  Explosion risks due to pockets of CH4  Increased traffic flow to and from site causing road congestions Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted  It is important to underline that the early throughout the project life cycle; Lack of commitment to good preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement application of this standard can entail many risks, and result in Plan (SEP) including the different stages of Lack of stakeholder unfavourable impacts on the project candidate areas in terms the project life reduces the risks of Lack of: engagement commitment to good application of the ESS10 and Information • The risk of poor communication with the public, can ESS10. Disclosure affect constructive and responsive relationships that  Project disclosure in compliance with all are important for successful management of a national regulations relevant to public project’s environmental and social risks. consultation as well as World Bank policies relevant to disclosure and public • Failure to disclose the project and publish clear Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 163 information may lead to stakeholders’ dissatisfaction consultation and losing trust in the project.  Identify the different stakeholders, both • The weakness of the grievance mechanism GRM used project-affected parties and other in the project or the lack of clarity in the mechanism of interested parties, individuals or groups application and solution, can lead to escalated that are affected or likely to be affected by unresolved complaints that may threaten the project. the project  Identify those project-affected parties It is important to underline that the early preparation of a (individuals or groups) who, because of Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack their particular circumstances, may be commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should disadvantaged or vulnerable. be carefully handled in the SEP.  A clear grievance mechanism must be developed for workers or local communities, that is available and easy to deal with Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 164 7.1.2 Component 3 Table 7-5 Mitigation measures for Component 3-Electric Buses Receptor/EHS ESS Impacts Mitigation Aspect Component 3: Subcomponent: e-buses Construction Pollution, GHG emissions, dust emissions: machinery used for Air Quality construction, open excavation, material transport, movement All elements applicable to sub-component 1 GHG ESS1 of vehicles Increased noise and vibration due to earthworks, Noise All elements applicable to sub-component 1 transportation  All elements applicable to sub-component 1 in  Risk of electrocution associated with charging station addition to: establishing etc.  Identify special PPE for electrical works (charging  Health and safety risks due to noise and dust from use of station infrastructure) heavy equipment  Provide special training on proper operation and  Child labor is a common practice in Egypt at large and can maintenance of charging stations and handling of be a risk in this project. Children below 18 are favorable batteries labor as they receive low salaries and they are less  The Government (MoE) will prepare Labor Labor and Working demanding. management procedures (LMP) that should be ESS2  Discrimination, unequal opportunity and inappropriate Conditions complied and should include mandatory insurance hiring procedures could be relevant risks on specific for all types of labor involved in the construction groups of workers, such as women, people with and operation. In addition, the Insurance should be disabilities and migrant workers. Risk of harassment, covering work related accidents (injuries and intimidation and/or sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) fatalities), as well as insurance for third party. The could be also relevant among different categories of LMP include all the other requirments as per the project labor unless if appropriate measures are in place principles of ESS2 (prohibiting child and forced to tackle those risks. labor, dedicated GRM for labor …etc)  There is also risk that workers may have complaints that  Develop ToR, contracts, and terms of employment Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 165 could escalate or left unresolved. for contractor and subcontractors prohibiting hiring minors  Develop a monitoring plan including record keeping system for copies of IDs of laborers, daily attendance sheets in order to verify the attendance of workers not include staff below 18  Develop HSE training plan for all workers regarding work at heights, electrical and vehicular safety, handling of hazardous materials, use of PPE, hazard avoidance and reduction measures, use of first aid and rescue techniques, emergency response, and firefighting  In the contractual agreement, clear definition of child should be inserted. The child should be defined as all persons less than 18 years old.  Rigid terms should be written in the contractor agreement to prohibit recruitment of children below 18  The contractor should maintain labor registry log that contains the age of recruited person and his/her ID.  Identify, evaluate and monitor the potential traffic3 and road safety risks  Road safety risks to drivers, passengers and road users  Undertake a road safety assessment, put in place  Impeded access for people with physical disabilities to appropriate processes, including driver training, to the project-procured e-busses improve driver and vehicle safety, as well as ESS4 CHS, and Security  Health risks due to electrical works systems for monitoring and enforcement  Increased traffic flow due to trucks can cause road  The bidding process to ensure accessibility congestion, accidents measures in the procured e-buses for users with ▪ Health and safety risks on surrounding community due to disabilities (wheel chairs, visual impairment, priority temporary workers’ influx in project candidate area seating, etc.)  All elements applicable to sub-component 1 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 166 Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle; Lack of commitment to  It is important to underline that the early good application of this standard can entail many risks, and preparation of a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) result in unfavourable impacts on the project candidate areas including the different stages of the project life in terms of: reduces the risks of Lack commitment to good • The risk of poor communication with the public, can application of the ESS10. affect constructive and responsive relationships that  Project disclosure in compliance with all national are important for successful management of a regulations relevant to public consultation as well as project’s environmental and social risks. World Bank policies relevant to disclosure and public Lack of stakeholder • Failure to disclose the project and publish clear consultation engagement ESS10 information may lead to stakeholders’ dissatisfaction  Identify the different stakeholders, both project- and Information and losing trust in the project. affected parties and other interested parties, Disclosure individuals or groups that are affected or likely to be • The weakness of the grievance mechanism GRM used affected by the project in the project or the lack of clarity in the mechanism  Identify those project-affected parties (individuals or of application and solution, can lead to escalated groups) who, because of their particular unresolved complaints that may threaten the project. circumstances, may be disadvantaged or vulnerable.  A clear grievance mechanism must be developed for It is important to underline that the early preparation of a workers or local communities, that is available and Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) reduces the risks of Lack easy to deal with commitment to good application of the ESS10. The risks should be carefully handled in the SEP. Operation Monitor proper functioning of charging stations Air Quality Indirect contribution to emissions NOx, SOx, and PM use of cleaner fuels or renewable energy during GHG emissions from charging stations electricity generation. Develop and implement hazardous waste management ESS1 Leakage of toxic chemicals from batteries such as lithium and plan Soil, geology and Cobalt into the environment and groundwater. CTA to enhance its existing scrapping capacity and hydrology Waste generation due to retrofitting and scrapping of old techniques used to maximize recycling and minimize buses fleet with the new e-busses wastes from retrofitting and scrapping of old buses fleet. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 167 All elements applicable to sub-component 1 in addition to: Identify special PPE for electrical works (charging station Labor and Working  Risk of electrocution associated with charging station ESS2 infrastructure) Conditions  Health hazards due to handling of used batteries Provide special training on proper operation and maintenance of charging stations and handling of batteries Develop Monitoring plan for proper functioning of  Increased energy consumption due to charging charging stations station infrastructure Implement energy efficient technologies  Generation of hazardous waste (used batteries) Perform assessment for resource consumption Resource Efficiency  Improper disposal of used batteries causing pollution requirements ESS3 and pollution  Storage and disposal of old batteries in landfills due Perform assessment studies to select batteries with prevention to lack of adequate recycling policies/facilities for extended battery lifetime and increased energy density battery materials, causing toxic contamination of in order to minimize waste generated from operation other waste streams Develop a hazardous waste management plan considering options for secondary uses for batteries  Health hazards due to improper disposal of used batteries All elements applicable to sub-component 1  Safety hazards due to improper operation of charging stations identifying mechanisms for good monitoring which can  Gender Based Violence (GBV). The project can lead to include: an increased risk of Gender Based Violence, as ESS4 CHS women are particularly vulnerable within the context - setting up surveillance cameras with buses, of public transportation. Gender based violence can - Apply penalties to drivers in case of violating the be manifested through the behavior of Sexual instructions for the number of passengers, harassment of women and girls. However, The - A grievance mechanism should be available to the project operation may limit these behaviours due to Passengers the operating criteria that prevent overcrowding and commitment to the capacity of the bus; this could make it a safe public transportation for women and Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 168 girls, in the case of identifying mechanisms for good monitoring Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 169 7.2 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework The purpose of the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework is to provide guidance and principles on measures and plans including the need for additional instruments (ESIA, feasibility studies, environmental audits etc.) to safeguard ESS for the project using the Mitigation Hierarchy approach to avoid, minimize, mitigate and/or offset adverse risks and impacts. The ESMMF defines responsibilities, requirements (measure and plans), frequency, and associated estimated costs. The costs associated with the monitoring activities shall be indicated in the ESMPs/ESIAs which will be developed for the different sub-components. They should be clearly communicated to the entity implementing/constructing the project (Private sector) as part of the Tender documents. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 170 Table 7-6 Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan Monitoring Impact Avoidance, minimizing, mitigation measures Estimated Cost Requirements Responsibility (US$) Component 1: Strengthening AQM ESS1 Study on impact of air quality advisory policies on Assessment study TIU 30,000 socio-economic aspects Component 2: construction of transfer stations Construction Assessment of existing underground utilities and infrastructure Construction and Operation Phases Field reports Environmental Management Plan Measurement devices Minimum mitigation measures: minimizing (air quality, dust, Private operator emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs, dust, and noise CH4), Odor Modelling (Environment  Emissions control onsite and offsite for specialist) dust, air pollutants and GHGs, odors Incident reports ESS1, ESS3 And accredited Third 40,000  Efficient use of machinery/equipment, Receipts, contracts Party for field  Site housekeeping and maintenance, for waste pick-ups, measurements during Waste Management Plan Site and surrounding the Operation phase. Minimum mitigation measures: prevention of inspection pollution from mishandled waste including procedure for storage, collection, segregation, recycling and/or proper disposal, quality testing of generated waste water, hazardous waste, construction and demolition waste, used oil etc. Labor and Construction and Operation Phases PPE usage and no Working Labor Management Procedure including Code of child labor Private operator 20,000 Conditions Conduct monitoring by (Health and Safety Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 171 ESS2 Minimum mitigation measures: minimize health and inspections specialist) (social safety hazards and injuries and accidents and Field reports development conflicts due to incompliance with Good Practice Incident reports specialists) Guidelines and OHS standards, a well Monitor workers' communicated and accessible grievance mechanism registration records for workers, preventing child labor and ID cards Construction Labor and working conditions plan: defining code of conduct, health conditions check-ups for workers Construction and Operation Phases Environmental Management Plan Minimum mitigation measures: minimizing emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs, dust, and noise Waste Management Plan Field reports Minimum mitigation measures: prevention of health Measurement devices and safety risks from improper disposal of waste Private operator (air quality, noise CHS HSE plan (Environment and levels) 50,000 ESS4 Minimum mitigation measures: avoiding health and social development Site inspection visits safety risks to surrounding community, preventing specialists) Periodic reports access to site, Grievance log Traffic Management Plan Minimum mitigation measures: define routes and alternative routes, truck movements, transport of workers, and short-term closure of roads (if necessary), communication strategy to community, safety guidelines for drivers Communication strategy Scope: raise awareness of the community members on health and safety measures. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 172 Grievance mechanism Mitigation measure: addressing complaints of community, grievance mechanism including anonymous channels  In the case of the land is owned by individuals (private property)  Permanent land acquisition for the project sites  Selection of the location of land plots to be purchased for the project site should be conducted in consultation with the local community.  should select different plots according to technical criteria.  Different plots should be considered with landowners who are willing to sell their land Land ownership voluntarily. documents Private operator Land Use-ESS5 10,0000  It is important to ensure that no one seller Consultation (social development will be forced to sell their land and that documentation specialists) there are other alternative plots in case the owner is not willing to sell.  Land valuation process should be based on realistic market prices, after consulting with different actors at the local level, and the full replacement cost  Documentation of the negotiation process  Establishing a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is one of the most fundamental procedures that warrantee smooth and amicable implementation for the project Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 173 activities.  Compensation documents (if any) Private operator ESS8 Culture Construction phase Site inspection visits (Environment and No Cost heritage Apply Chance find procedures social development specialists) Component 2: establishing of integrated waste facilities Construction and Operation ESIA including ESMP Minimum mitigation measures: minimizing Full ESIA-ESMP study emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs, dust, and noise, Pollution of required for each improper disposal of waste, control technologies for surrounding facility Private operator team leachate and landfill gas, management of gradually 60,000 environment – Risk assessment (Environmental excavated landfill cells, estimation of anticipated ESS1, ESS3 associated with specialist) waste excavated cells Decommissioning Landfill assessment Closure plan Construction and Operation Phases Labor Management Procedures including Code of PPE usage monitoring Conduct by inspections Private operator Minimum mitigation measures: minimize health and Field reports (environmental and ESS2 safety hazards and injuries and accidents and Incident reports 10,000 social development conflicts due to incompliance with Good Practice Monitor workers' specialists) Guidelines and OHS standards, a well registration records communicated and accessible grievance mechanism and ID cards for workers, preventing child labor Construction Field reports ESS4 CHS 25,000 Labor Management Procedures: defining code of Measurement devices Private operator Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 174 conduct, health conditions check-ups for workers (air quality, noise (social development Construction and Operation Phases levels), grievance logs specialist) HSE plan Minimum mitigation measures: avoiding health and safety risks to surrounding community, preventing access to site, Traffic Management Plan Minimum mitigation measures: define routes and alternative routes, truck movements, transport of workers, and short-term closure of roads (if necessary), communication strategy to community, safety guidelines for drivers Communication strategy Scope: raise awareness of the community members on health and safety measures. Grievance mechanism Mitigation measure: addressing complaints of community, grievance mechanism including anonymous channels Decommissioning Pest control plan • Temporary land acquisition Consultation • RAP document prepared documentation Land Use-ESS5 MoE (social 10,000 • Providing fair compensation to the Land ownership development Officer) landowners for the loss of crops. documents Private operator Culture Site inspection visits All elements applicable to sub-component 1 (Environment and No cost heritage-ESS8 social development specialists) Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 175 Prior to construction, construction and operation Consultation with the informal sector involved in Socio- waste economic  Coordination with NGOs MoE Consultation impacts-ESS1,  Training programs to qualify and integrate (Social Development 10,000 documentation ESS2, ESS4, workers in the informal sector (especially Officer) ESS10 women) into the new waste management system to reduce impacts from losing livelihoods Component 2: rehabilitation of Abu Zaabal dumpsite Pre-closure: Dumpsite assessment Scope: geology, types of waste disposed, contamination levels of surrounding area (soil, water bodies), historical records, incidents Construction and Operation Pollution of Closure plan: Dumpsite assessment surrounding Scope: methods for rehabilitation, identification of Closure plan 50,000 environment- unstable slopes, drainage control systems, leachate Private operator Full ESIA-ESMP ESS1, ESS3 management, gas management, soil coverage material ESIA including ESMP Minimum mitigation measures: minimizing emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs, dust, and noise, improper disposal of waste, control technologies for leachate and landfill gas, soil stability assessment All elements applicable to the other elements of ESS2 component 2 in addition to: QRA Private operator 15,000 Prior to works on closure Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 176  Risk assessment: Mitigation measures: minimize fire, explosion hazards due to accumulated waste and gas leakage, slope stability, All elements applicable to the other elements of component 2 Prior to works on closure Field reports Measurement devices CHS-ESS4  Risk assessment: Private operator 10,000 (air quality, noise Mitigation measures: minimize fire, explosion levels) hazards due to accumulated waste and gas leakage Pest management plan All elements applicable to the other elements of component 2 in addition to: Prior to works on closure ESS2 QRA 15,000  Risk assessment: Private operator Mitigation measures: minimize fire, explosion hazards due to accumulated waste  Consultation with the informal sector Socio- involved in waste economic  Coordination with NGOs  Training programs to qualify and integrate Consultation MoE impacts 10,000 workers in the informal sector (especially documentation (Social Development ESS1, ESS2, women) into the new waste management Officer) ESS4, ESS10 system to reduce impacts from losing livelihoods Component 2: Upgrading of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone (Technical Assistance) Pollution of Construction and Operation Field reports 50,000 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 177 surrounding ESIA including ESMP Measurement devices Private operator environment Minimum mitigation measures: minimizing (air quality, dust, (Environment ESS1, ESS3 emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs, dust, and noise, CH4) specialist) improper disposal of waste Incident reports Receipts, contracts  Risk assessment: for waste pick-ups, Mitigation measures: minimize fire, explosion Site and surrounding hazards due to informal operations involving inspection hazardous materials Odor modeling Field reports All elements applicable to the other elements of Measurement devices CHS-ESS4 10,000 component 2 (air quality, noise Private operator levels) PPE usage monitoring All elements applicable to the other elements of by inspections ESS2 15,000 component 2 Field reports Private operator Incident reports Component 3: Charging stations and e-buses Prior to construction Life cycle assessment Scope: electricity supply mix options, electricity production sources, emissions of GHG EMP Pollution of (gCO2eq/kWh) and other toxic pollutants Contracts for surrounding Construction and operation phases battery disposal 25,000 environment Environmental Management Plan Private operator Energy consumption ESS1, ESS3 Minimum mitigation measures: minimizing records emissions of pollutant gases, GHGs, dust, and noise  Emissions control onsite and offsite for dust, air pollutants and GHGs, odors  Efficient use of machinery/equipment, Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 178  Site housekeeping and maintenance, Waste Management Plan Scope: Identify disposal opportunities for spent batteries constituting hazardous waste, storage of hazardous waste All elements applicable to the other elements of component 2 in addition to: QRA ESS2  Risk assessment Incident reports 15,000 Private operator minimize health and safety risks due to charging station infrastructure and electrical works Field reports Measurement devices All elements applicable to the other elements of (air quality, noise CHS--ESS4 Private operator 10,000 component 2 levels) Traffic impact grievance log Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 179 8 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND ENGAGEMENT The public consultation chapter aims to highlight the key consultation and community engagement activities and their outcomes, in addition to outlining the key aspects to be addressed when holding the consultation activities of the site-specific ESIAs upon final project detailing. In addition to the procedures that must be taken into consideration when preparing the stakeholder engagement plan (SEP). In this chapter, results from the initial steps of the process, scoping session with stakeholder defined thus far on the ESMF, are presented. The ESMF determines the requirement of an SEP, which is prepared separately. Effective stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation. 8.1 Stakeholder Consultation The purpose of stakeholder engagement and public consultation process is to ensure that all relevant stakeholders are aware of the project and have the opportunity to comment on issues of relevance to them. The objective is to develop and maintain avenues of communication between the Project owner and stakeholders in order to avoid and/or reduce negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project. Consequently, consultations will be conducted with the local community and other relevant stakeholders to ascertain their priorities and recognize the effects associated with the project which may require management. Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle. Where properly designed and implemented, it supports the development of strong, constructive and responsive relationships that are important for successful management of a project’s environmental and social risks. Stakeholder engagement is most effective when initiated at an early stage of the project development process, and is an integral part of early project decisions and the assessment, management and monitoring of the project’s environmental and social risks and impacts. Accordingly, this chapter describes the stakeholder engagement and consultation activities that have be undertaken in the current stage. For those planned for the future they are listed in more detailed in the SEP. It aims to focus on key stakeholder interactions and on the analysis of their outcomes. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 180 8.1.1 Methodology In terms of methodology, consultation activities have been conducted in a Public consultation session and interviews with concerned authorities. These activities will be performed in compliance with all national regulations relevant to public consultation as well as World Bank policies relevant to disclosure and public consultation.  WB policies relevant to disclosure and public consultation, namely,  WB ESS10 stakeholder engagement and Information Disclosure.  Egyptian regulations relevant to public consultation  Law 4/1994 modified by Law 9/2009/2009 modified with ministerial decrees no. 1095/2011 and no. 710/2012 As a result, the key principles of effective engagement that guide stakeholder consultations and SEP include:  Ensuring that all interactions are free of intimidation or coercion.  Providing meaningful information in a format and language that is understandable and tailored to the needs of the target stakeholder group(s).  Being inclusive in the representation of views, i.e. including different ages, genders, and incorporating vulnerable and/or minority groups.  Respecting local traditions in the decision-making processes.  Information should be easily accessible for stakeholders and be culturally appropriate; to allow the effective participation of those identified as minorities, disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. To ensure that appropriate project information on environmental and social risks and impacts is disclosed to stakeholders in a timely, understandable, accessible and appropriate manner and format. 8.1.2 ES Impact Rating by Public Consultations The information and findings of these consultations will be integrated into the contents of the final report. The feedback will be an important component to the formulation of mitigation measures and outcomes presented in this report. 8.2 Stakeholders’ Participation 8.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders The first step in the process of stakeholder engagement is stakeholder identification; that is, determining who the project stakeholders are and what they should be grouped under. According to the World Bank’s Standard 10, a stakeholder refers to “individuals or groups who: (a) are affected or likely to be affected by the project (project-affected Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 181 parties); and (b) may have an interest in the project (other interested parties)”. Most importantly, identifying stakeholder representatives is key to carrying out consultations seamlessly. These representatives do not only inform the project with their valuable information, but they also serve as a communication channel to disseminate information to large numbers of stakeholders and receive information from them. Table 8-1 presents all potential project stakeholders: Table 8-1: Detailed list of stakeholders Stakeholder Groups Role Project affected parties  Responsible for developing public policies related to the protection of environment and improving its quality. In addition, it is responsible for issuing regulations for environmental determinants and Ministry of Environment - monitoring their implementation. Egyptian Environmental  EEAA is one of the main stakeholders that work closely Affairs Agency (EEAA) with the Project in order to warrantee their level of environmental commitment; through reviewing and approving EIAs, and monitoring implementation of the Environmental Management Plan Environmental  In addition, EEAA is the owner of the project Sector  Responsible for regulating, following-up and overseeing all waste management processes at both central and local levels, in a manner improving the Waste Management environmentally safe management. Regulatory Authority  Providing information and data available about the (WMRA) waste sector in Egypt.  Provide technical support to raise public awareness and community commitment.  Responsible for managing some project components Environmental Office Responsible for monitoring the compliance to environmental within the Governorates requirements MoE is the main implementing agency for the project. For Ministry of Environment each component separate agencies and ministries will be (MoE) involved in the implementation of various project components from a sectoral perspective Ministry of Local Responsible for implementing the national strategy for solid Governmental waste management and the specific master plans that have Development (MoLD) sector been put in place by the waste management body in the concerned governorates  It is responsible for meeting the transportation needs Ministry of Transportation of the country and is aligned with Egyptian national (MoT) development plans.  Project management at the operational stage Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 182 Governorates,  Responsible for collecting and transporting waste Cairo through the concerned departments in each Giza governorate Qalyoubia  Supporting the project by providing requested services such as various permits required, and infrastructure maps, when requested.  CTA Is the operator of mass transit within Cairo, and the largest operator in Egypt. Cairo Transport Authority  CTA operates buses, a surface metro, ferries and river (CTA) buses. Through its subsidiary Greater Cairo Bus Company Other Governmental (GCBC) it operates buses and minibuses.  Project management at the operational stage Entities Local units in the Governorate LGU  The main role of the Local Units authority is the provision Khankah Markaz of support to the project through giving permits for Banha City electricity installation and water supply and mobilizing Abu Zaabal village people to gain information about the project. Kuraymat  Permits for the lands needed for the project, should be prepared by the Governorate and approved by the LGU. Tenth of Ramadan Army Intelligence force They provide the project with permissions and approvals. The informal sector for waste management includes the following types: Garbage collectors waste pickers including: 1) The informal Please see the baseline chapter for more details Street Containers Waste sector Pickers (Al Nabashin), 2)  Donkey-carts and Tricycle Operators, and 3) disposal Sites Full-timer Waste Pickers Potential Khankah Markaz Banha City  They will be affected by the impacts of the project. Affected  Vulnerable status may cause them to be severely Communities Abu Zaabal village affected by positive or negative impacts in the project Kuraymat  Constitute interest group as potential candidates for candidate Tenth of Ramadan job opportunities They have interests in the project as areas they might get a job opportunity Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 183 Private Sector waste recycling  Potential participants in project activities Factories waste management  Cooperation with the implementing agencies Companies Responsible for the implementation of project management Contractors Not yet defined plans Financial The World Bank (WB) Financiers and regulators Institutes Other interested parties NGOs (International, regional, local) Grassroots Community-  Organizations with direct interest in the project and which may have useful data or insight into local issues Based Organizations of relevance to the project. These organizations can Civil Society (CBO) also influence the views of others regarding the Recyclobicia Association project, nationally and internationally. (Mustafa Hamdan)  Responsible of sharing information with the Youth Spirit Association community (Izzat Naeem) Television  Disclosure of information about the project on the Newspaper Media website of the Ministries. Websites editors  Disclosure of information about the project on the Online journalism Facebook pages of the local government. Private companies Mainly potential tenderers for the construction works. Suppliers and Traders (small-scale  Provide construction materials. Traders stores) (unofficial  Provide fuels to cars and machineries. suppliers)  Provide workers with food and amenities. 8.2.2 Stakeholder Analysis Once stakeholders are identified, a primary analysis is applied to identify their respective level of engagement. The stakeholder analysis tool (shown in Figure 8-1) is used to group stakeholders according to their effect and support pertaining to the project. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 184 Figure 8-1: Stakeholder Mapping Tool As per the WB Guidance Notes, when working to determine representatives, however, there are a number of factors worth considering:  Stakeholder representatives have to faithfully communicate the results of engagement with the project company back to their constituents. Therefore, they should be well-respected individuals of their communities.  After consulting with stakeholder representatives, a sample of project-affected people should be addressed and engaged with directly. This acts as a means to highlight any inconsistencies in how stakeholder views are being represented. If no inconsistencies are found, then the identified representative is credible and an asset to the project. A Stakeholder Analysis Matrix should be used to help determine where to focus resources by concentrating on those stakeholders that are most impacted, interested or influential. The stakeholder analysis also helps determine the most suitable approach for communication, and how stakeholders relate to one another and the company, including identifying common concerns. 8.3 Stakeholder Engagement Plan Stakeholder Engagement is an on-going process that involves: stakeholder analysis & planning, disclosure & dissemination of information, consultation & participation, grievance mechanism, and on-going reporting to Affected Communities. 8.3.1 Engagement during Project Preparation: Scoping Consultation Session A scoping consultation session was conducted, as part of the process of preparing the ESMF in line with the national legislative requirements and the World Bank standards. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 185 This session was held prior to finalizing the ESMF and RF drafts. The session was held in Cairo House in Cairo, which is affiliated to the Ministry of Environment on 15 th March 2020. The list of invitees included:  Ministry of Environment o EEAA o Central Department of Air Quality and Noise Protection o Climate Change Central Department o Environmental Impact Assessment Central Department  Waste Management Regulatory Authority (WMRA)  Ministry of Health and Population  Ministry of Transportation  Ministry of Local Development (local authorities in the governorates concerned with waste management)  Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy  Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI) and the Egyptian Organization for Standardization (EOS)  Cairo Public Transport Authority (CTA)  Customs Department, Ministry of Finance  General Administration of Traffic at the Ministry of Interior  Cairo, Giza, and Qalyoubia governorate (Cleanliness and Beautification Agencies in the governorates)  The local units of Cairo, Giza, and Qalyoubia governorate (Al Khankah, Abu Zaabal, Banha, Karimat, 10th of Ramadan)  Academic and Research Entities o Cairo University (Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute) o Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University o Environmental Research Center, Banha University, Qalyoubia o Land, Water and Environmental Research Institute in Banha, Qalyoubia o Faculty of Engineering, El-Mataria, Helwan University o The Higher Technological Institute in the 10th of Ramadan o The National Research Center o The Institute for Sustainable Environment Research and the Center for Sustainable Development of the American University in Cairo  National Population Council (NPC)  Contractors and workers in the field of waste collection, sorting and use  Waste collectors (scavengers)  Sheikh Al-Zaabalin and Al-Nabashin in the areas concerned with the project (in particular: Abu Zaabal, Al Khankah, and 10th of Ramadan Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 186  The private sector (consultants, factories, companies, suppliers and traders working in the field of waste recycling) o Chemonics Environmental Consultancy o Out Greens Egypt for Waste Management o The Egyptian Company for Solid Waste Recycling "ECARU" o Recyclobekia for e-waste recycling (Mustafa Hamdan) o Transport planning expert, Dr. Ahmed Moussa, former Minister of Transport Planning and founder of “Masarat Misr for Consultations” in the field of transport and communications o SETS for Engineering Consultancy (in Transport and Infrastructure)  Possible affected communities in Al Khankah, Abu Zaabal, Banha, Al Kuraymat, and Tenth of Ramadan.  Communities that use public transportation in the project areas (East Cairo, Nasr City, Al Zaytun, Stadium, Salah Salem)  Local and international civil society organizations concerned with the project areas  Association for the Protection of the Environment from Pollution A.P.E o The Egyptian Women's Health Association o New Woman Foundation o Association for the Advancement and Development of Women o National Council for Women o Egyptian Center for Women's Rights o Harassment Map Initiative o Youth Spirit Foundation for Zabbalin Empowerment (Ezzat Naeem o Alashanak Ya Baladi Foundation o Arab Bureau for Youth and Environment o CEDARE o German Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Foundation o International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISOCARP)  Various media Participants were invited through mails, faxes, emails, and phone calls. A total of 25 persons attended the scoping session in addition to the WB observer and the ESMF consultant staff. About 20% of the attendees were females and 80% were males. The distribution of attendees from different entities, excluding the WB observer and the ESMF consultant staff, was as follows (Table 8-2): Table 8-2: Distribution of attendees according to their affiliation Distribution of participants according to their affiliation Numbers Percentage (%) Administrative official’s governorate level (8 WMRA, 3 MoE, 11 44 EEAA, ...) Administrative officials’ local level (Giza, Cairo and Qalyoubia 4 16 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 187 governorates) Consultants (experts) 2 8 Community members (representatives) 1 4 Civil society 1 4 Academic Institutions 1 4 Private sector (factories, companies, suppliers and traders 5 20 working in the waste field) Total 25 100 The following topics were presented during the scoping consultation session:  Introduction about the project  Objective of the project  Project partners  Project description  Rationale of the ESMF and RF  Methodology of ESMF preparation  Methodology of RF preparation Figure 8-2: The consultants presenting the project Figure 8-3: Attendees of the scoping session Throughout the session, the project was generally well received. Most attendees Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 188 participated actively in the session and brought up fruitful ideas for discussion. Table 8-3 provides a summary of the key comments and concerns raised during the scoping session. Figure 8-4: Discussions during the scoping session Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 189 Table 8-3: Key comments and concerns raised during the scoping session Participant/ Questions/Remarks Response or approach in ESMF affiliation Relevance to project components: 2 (SWM infrastructure) and 3.1 (e-buses) 1. Study of pollution emissions 2012-2017 should be used to inform route selection Points 1, 2, and 3: Consider for E-buses studying pollution from 2012-2017 2. CTA has a fleet of more than 3300 vehicles, 1500 of which are buses conducted by SETS, as well as the 3. Public transport modal share are 65% microbuses and 25% minibuses and 10% statistical data provided on CTA’s Dr. Hossam other smaller motorized vehicles current fleet as a primary source AbdelGawad 4. Calculations of emissions and their reductions should be based on baseline of information for the project’s emissions calculations of current transport fleet, depending on factors including baseline Director of age of vehicles and type of fuel used Remarks made shall inform many transport and 5. Consideration of the impacts of long-distance transport of waste due to the aspects of the ESMF including: infrastructure closure of Arab Al Olayqat dumpsite (Abu Zaabal dumpsite) which shall increase  The development of the division, the distance travelled for waste disposal from Qalyoubia to 10th Ramadan City in Impacts assessment Sharqiyah framework of the ESMF: SETS 6. Consider phasing out old buses (some are running since 1982) in parallel to remarks 4 and 5 International employing new buses, even if they are E-buses to mitigate traffic impacts in high  Analysis of the project’s consulting alternatives: remark 6 traffic areas in Cairo.  Mitigation, management, (private sector) 7. Air Quality measurements should be taken along the proposed routes for E-buses and monitoring of potential 8. Traffic studies are needed for the proposed routes as part of the E&S framework impacts form the project 9. Full life cycle assessment should be conducted to consider impacts from component 3.1: remarks 7, electricity generation technologies and fuels used (emissions) and the battery 8, and 9. disposal, and not just the operation of e-buses on the streets Mr. Hossam Relevance to project components: 3.1 (e-buses) In response to remark no. 3, it was Mustafa, explained that as of current Regional 1. There is no formal procedure for disposal or recycling of batteries (lead, cobalt, agreement with the Egyptian manager, Government, the proposed landfill and lithium-ion) since they contain toxic materials Recyclobekia in the 10th of Ramadan is designed 2. The Nasiriya waste management facility in Alexandria currently does not accept for E-waste for municipal solid waste and shall Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 190 management E-waste into the complex, despite it being a hazardous waste management not be handling hazardous waste, (private sector) facility and hence e-waste will not be 3. Urged the inclusion of E-waste to the accepted waste types in the newly accepted into this particular landfill. However, there are studies developed landfill in 10th of Ramadan to determine if Kuraymat site will 4. CBA should be conducted, as E-buses could be more costly than gas-operated be dedicated for hazardous waste. buses. Determine selection criteria and justification for deployment of e-buses in Therefore, there will be a light of CBA results. dedicated stakeholder 5. 50% of total waste produced in Cairo and Giza are handled by the informal sector engagement session where all (collectors and scavengers). involved stakeholders will be 6. Suggested the re-evaluation of financing of the proposed integrated waste facility invited to share their concerns. In response to remark no. 6: the (10th of Ramadan) to a more inclusive model for the informal sector, which is ESMF is based on the project responsible for 80% of recycling of e-waste and constitute about 1000 small components specified at earlier private MSMEs (workshops) for sorting and recycling activities stages of the project development. 7. Urged the commitment towards the integration of the informal sector by building However, the impacts assessment capacity and improve the operations of the small private MSMEs and workshops. framework and the management This will lift up burden on the government and monitoring of the ESMF, as well as the Resettlement 8. Recommended the consideration of lessons-learned from previous experiences Framework shall consider the with foreign solid waste management companies on handling waste such as FCC social impacts on the current and AMA Arab companies. informal waste collectors and scavengers, with the objective to ensure their inclusion and integration within the formal sector. Remarks made shall inform many aspects of the ESMF including:  Baseline information on the current formal e-waste management procedures: remarks 1, 2, 5, and 8 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 191  Impacts assessment framework and particularly social impacts: remarks 7, and 8  Stakeholder engagement and impacts management for the informal waste sector: remarks 6 and 7  Remark no. 4 regarding alternatives to the component 3.1 of the project (employment of e- buses) was identified as out of scope of this study (CBA is out of scope of the ESMF). Relevance to project components: 2 (SWM infrastructure) 1. The proposed $250m project is not a fund, but rather a soft loan. This means that Highlighting the project objectives benefiting governorates shall need to repay back investment returns. and elaborating on its 2. The project component on developing SWM infrastructure does not only consist components. Dr. Khaled Farra of establishing landfills, but rather integrated waste management complexes for handling, treatment, and disposal to encourage the private sector engagement in The comments shall inform the Advisor to the the waste management sector and to reduce the amount of landfilled inert solid language and approach used to Minister of waste. describe the project in the ESMF Environment 3. One of the main objectives of the project is ensuring the integration of the and its objectives. The comments informal sector into the SWM sector by establishing larger companies/entities also provided a general context to from the small independent workshops and MSMEs currently in place. the SWM situation, which shall 4. In response to Hossam Mostafa about the lessons learned from the foreign inform the approach towards the contracts with FCC and AMA Arab: the government are now preparing tenders for baseline analysis for the ESMF. private sector within all Governorates to promote and enhance the SWM sector 5. There is currently a strong political will towards improving SWM in Egypt, with Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 192 opportunities available for the private sector to partake in recycling, treatment, RDF, etc. There is no direct linkage between the 10th Ramadan landfill and the Relevance to project components: 2 waste collection and sorting in 1. Traffic studies needed to be included in the ESMF in order to determine waste Manshiyet Naser district. Dr. Mahmoud transfer routes to the proposed new landfills However, the informal sector Mansour 2. The social impacts due to the diversion of waste from the informal dumpsite or groups that could be affected in landfills located within the cities to the newly developed sanitary landfills, which relevance to the project Cairo Cleaning are located further away: Ensure the manshiyet Naser community (both waste interventions are identified as part and collectors and scavengers) are compensated for losing their livelihood after the of the potentially affected Beautification opening of 10th of Ramadan landfill, which will replace the dumps they currently stakeholders and all the further Authority operate in. What will be their situation? And will they be transferred to work in detailed assessment will propose the new sites? measures to integrate them and minimize negative impacts on them. Relevance to project components: 2 To answer the question raised about the involvement of the Giza 1. Provided factual information on the current SWM practices by the informal Governorate in the project: Dr. sector in GCA: 28,000 tons of waste are generated daily in Cairo and Giza. 17,000 Amr Osama explained the of them are collected by the informal sector (>50%): 6,000 tons from Cairo, and different stages of the project Mr. Ezzat Naim 4,000 tons from Giza. Waste is then transported to various locations in GCA to development phase and the role informal landfilling open dumps including Manshiyet Naser, Ard El Lewa, of Integral in this stage, which is Deputy head of Alkhosous, Barageel, Abu Zaabal, Ain Shams, almatareya, Tora, and 15th May. preparing the ESMF, after the Waste 2. Provided further Data on informal sector’s waste handling capacity in Manshiyet components had been determined collectors Naser (6000 tons/day), Ard El Lewa including Barageel amounting to 4000 at an earlier stage. Syndicate tons/day, Khosous and Matareya and other Qalyoubia sites collecting 5000 Dr. Farra explained that the tons/day, Tora 700 tons/day, and 15th May site collecting 1700 tons/day. Total components were identified based amounting to 17,000 of total 28,000 tons/day generated in the GCA on previously conducted feasibility 3. 60% of the collected household waste is food waste, most of which is sent to pig studies and consultation and breeding barns owned by the informal waste collectors and scavengers to feed stakeholder engagement activities Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 193 the pigs. Remarks made shall inform many 4. Suggested that waste segregation at source measures would be beneficial for the aspects of the ESMF including: SWM system in Egypt  Baseline information: points 5. Waste collectors and Scavengers are willing, upon incentives, to be involved in 1, 2, 3, and 11 segregation activities to provide raw material (organic waste) for biogas units to  Impacts assessment produce energy and organic fertilizer facilities (potential positive economic gains) framework and particularly 6. Informal waste collectors do not scavenge in dumpsites, but rather provide door social impacts: comments 4 to door waste collection service to 9 and 12 7. Scavengers operate inside the dumpsites and do not deal firsthand with the  Stakeholder engagement waste producers (households) and public consultation: 8. social impacts on scavengers are more concerning than on informal collectors comments 10, 12, 14, and 16 9. Distinction was made between informal waste collectors and scavengers.  Remark no. 13 regarding Scavengers make up 1% of Egyptian population as referenced from a UNDP alternatives analysis was report. identified as out of scope of 10. Stakeholder engagement should be done at grassroots level and early on in the this study. decision-making process in order to reduce resistance from involved stakeholders. . 11. There are more than 5,700 MSMEs responsible for the recycling of 90% of the collected waste, and supply around 10,000 industrial plant or factory across all Egypt. 12. There could be adverse effects on livelihood of current waste collectors due to their exclusions from the SWM system. It is crucial to include them in consultation early on in the project and involve them in the decision-making process. 13. E-vehicles as alternatives for waste transfer 14. Micro model (engagement of small-scale private sector including the informal sector) for SWM rather than macro model (eg: FCC and AMA Arab large companies previously contracted in Cairo for SWM) in order to capacitate and support the current informal waste collector community which has been working in the waste sector since 1949. 15. Why is Giza not addressed sufficiently in the project components? He further Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 194 referenced Arab Abu Said brick factories that produce significant pollutants (heavy metals) and Carbon emissions due to burning of very low-quality fuels. 16. He elaborated that he is available for further consultation on the informal sector, and stated that he represented his community and syndicate in various conferences and occasions nationally and internationally. Relevance to project components: 2 (SWM infrastructure ) and 3.1 (e-buses) Remarks made shall inform many 1. Consideration of the impacts of proposed bus routes on traffic (conduction of aspects of the ESMF including: traffic studies) since buses are planned to operate along with existing micro-mini  Impacts assessment and buses management framework: 2. defining selection criteria for bus routes is essential, with justification for the comments 1, 2, 4, and 5 by proposing traffic studies for Mr. Ahmed routes proposed to operate on the same routes as the existing metro lines the proposed routes, and Badawi 3. Consideration of other routes in order to extend the public transit system to areas analysis of all environmental where no metro or buses are operating (Qalyoubia), rather than employing and social impacts along Project additional buses to routes that are currently being served (Nasr City) those routes implementation 4. Defining the contractual agreements model and technical framework for waste  Analysis of project manager at handling across all governorates alternatives: comments 3 WMRA 5. Approximately 5,000 tons of waste will need to be transported from Qalyoubia to and 6 were identified as out of scope of this particular 10th of Ramadan daily. So impacts need to be addressed. project, yet could be used to 6. proposed landfill sites are not located near Zaabaleen communities, therefore inform the development of consider the feasibility of developing recycling facilities within Qalyoubia to future projects. reduce landfilled waste Mr. Mohamed Hussein Remarks made shall inform Relevance to project components: 2 analyzing the baseline and the Head of Social impacts on scavengers are more concerning than on informal collectors since impacts assessment framework for Municipal solid they are much larger in number the ESMF waste department at Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 195 WMRA Relevance to project components: 2 Remarks made shall inform 1. Capacity building and integration of the informal sector is crucial to ensure the analyzing the baseline and the overall advancement of the SWM system in Egypt. It is also essential to ensure impacts assessment and positive engagement and acceptance on the project management framework for the Mr. Emad Aldin 2. Incentives are encouraged to be put in place for waste segregation from source, ESMF, and particularly social Adly and incentives for private contractors to promote private sector engagement in impacts on the informal waste collectors and scavengers. segregation and sorting Civil Society Remark no. 3 shall be considered 3. Expressed concerns over the extent of public disclosure of information and in the stakeholder engagement transparency regarding the newly developed state programs, plans, and projects and public disclosure activities regarding SWM conducted during the development of the ESMF. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 196 8.3.2 Future Engagement Activities The objectives of the future engagement activities are to provide continuous engagement with targeted stakeholder groups to inform about the activities, performance, development and iimplementation plans for all project components, that are important for successful management of a project’s environmental a nd social risks. The stakeholder engagement plan SEP will include future consultation activities with different stakeholders. Communication records will be maintained by MoE clearly logging the key information provided to stakeholders and also the key incoming communications into MoE (i.e. general questions, complaints, and queries via its main feedback channels http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/) along with a summary of the actions taken. For all MoE’s stakeholder engagement activities the following information will be recorded on an on- going basis:  Type of information disclosed, in what forms (e.g. oral, reports, newspapers etc.), and how it was released or distributed  Locations and dates of meetings undertaken  Individuals, groups, and / or organizations consulted  Key issues discussed and key concerns raised  Response to issues raised, including any commitments or follow-up actions  Process undertaken for documenting these activities and reporting back to stakeholders.  Implementation of the Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) by the MoE. This includes all public consultation sessions that will be conducted for all environmental and social impact studies that will be conducted for all project components. In addition to any other meetings or consultation activities with local communities or government stakeholders. 8.4 Grievance Mechanism This section aims to highlight on the importance of the Grievance Mechanism and the main contents that should be included in the project's Grievance Mechanism during the different project life stages. 8.4.1 Grievance Mechanism Objectives Grievance Mechanism is important to ensure that complaints are properly handled immediately and to ensure that information is shared transparently and that they are accountable to the hosting communities. A functioning Grievance Redress Mechanisms Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 197 (GRM) is considered to be a good feedback mechanism from the project affected persons and one tool of the citizen engagement. The project should operate a comprehensive GRM procedure: leaflets, posters and brochures are prepared and distributed to the NGOs, local governmental units, mosques and churches. Thus, sufficient and appropriate information about the GRM should be shared with the communities prior to the construction phase. Additionally, the World Bank’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS) provides an additional, accessible way for individuals and communities to complain directly to the World Bank if they believe that a World Bank-financed project had or is likely to have adverse effects on them or their community. The GRS enhances the World Bank’s responsiveness and accountability by ensuring that grievances are promptly reviewed and responded to, and problems and solutions are identified by working together. The GRS ensures that complaints are being promptly reviewed and addressed by the responsible units in the World Bank. The objective of the Grievance Redress Service is to make the Bank more accessible for project-affected communities and to help ensure faster and better resolution of project- related complaints through the following link (http://www.worldbank.org/grs) and e- mail (grievances@worldbank.org). 8.4.2 Institutional Responsibility for Grievances The entity responsible for handling grievances will mainly be the Environmental Affair Department within the relevant Technical Implementation Unit (MoE/EEAA/WMRA/CTA). The Social Development Officer (SDO) in the TIU in cooperation with the contractor should address all grievances raised by community members, particularly the ones related to resettlement activities. The main tasks related to grievances of the SDO are:  Raise awareness about channels and procedures of grievance redress mechanisms  Collect the grievances received through different communication channels  Document all received grievances  Transfer the grievance to the responsible entity  Follow up on how the problem was addressed and solved  Document, report and disseminate the outcome of received grievances  Ensure that each legitimate complaint and grievance is satisfactorily resolved by the responsible entity  Identify specific community leaders, organizations and citizen groups required to enhance the dialogue and communication through a public liaison office to avoid or limit friction and respond effectively to general concerns of the community Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 198  Monitoring grievance redress activities. During construction the contractor should accept all comments and complaints associated with the project from any stakeholder. Comments can be made via email, post, fax, on the telephone or in person. The comments and complaints will be summarized and listed in a Complaints/Comments Log Book, containing the name/group of commenter/complainant, date the comment was received, brief description of issues, information on proposed corrective actions to be implemented (if appropriate) and the date of response sent to the commenter/complainant. A telephone number should be available for the community people to tell their complaints. 8.4.3 Registration of GRM All grievances should be registered and acknowledged within 6 working days and responded to within one month. The project management will keep a grievance log and report on grievance management, as part of annual project progress reports, which will be available for the purposes of monitoring and follow-up. If the grievances or other disputes cannot be resolved through administrative action, and the appeal process (that takes place through the same grievance channels) for unresolved grievances; the aggrieved people can initiate legal proceedings in accordance with the provincial and the national law and have may recourse to the Appellate Courts and the Supreme Court but this should be maintained as a last option. The grievance mechanism should be set up and maintain in line with the WB ESS10. 8.4.4 Grievance Channels Comments and concerns regarding the project can be submitted verbally or in writing to the relevant TIUs )MoE/ EEAA/WMRA/CTA) through the following channels:  Hot line: 19808  Telephone: 0225256470  By post or hand delivered to: 30 Misr Helwan Agricultural Road - Maadi  E-Mail: citiserv.eeaa@gmail.com  WhatsApp: 01222693333 In addition to the complaint’s channels of the Ministry of Environment, complaints can be submitted through the unified government Complaints portal in the Council of Ministers (E-Government Portal):  Hot line: 16528  Website: https://www.shakwa.eg Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 199 Specified grievance channels for GBV: The National Council for Women is running a dedicated grievance system for dealing with GBV cases. The system ensures anonymity of the complaints and ensures that specialized professional responses are offered as well as referral to existent support systems (e.g. women shelter) ▪ Complaints Office of National Council for Women: 15115 Confidentiality: Individuals have the right to submit their grievance anonymously if they wish to do so, and in case they agree to include their name they have the right for their names to be kept confidential. 8.4.5 Monitoring of Grievances All grievance activities should be monitored in order to verify the process. The following indicators should guide the monitoring process:  Number of received grievances per month (Channel, gender, age, basic economic status of the complainants should be included)  Type of grievance received (according to the topic of the complaint)  Number of grievances solved  Level of satisfaction with grievance resolutions  Documentation efficiency  Dissemination activities done  Efficiency of response to grievance provided (efficiency in time and action taken) A Grievance Monitoring Report should be developed on a quarterly basis in order to keep track of all grievances developed. A separate grievance mechanism should be available in the same manner for workers, including employees of both the project- employed and contractors. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 200 9 ESF IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING 9.1 Overall Project Implementation The implementing agencies for the project are the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD). Other ministries to be involved in the implementation, executing agencies, are the Ministry of Health and Population, the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Electricity. The main executing departments will be the EEAA (the executive branch of the MoE), WMRA; the Central and Regional SWM Units of the MoLD; Cairo, Giza, Qalyoubia Governorates and Cairo Transport Authority. With respect to capacity assessment, details on the available institutional arrangement with respect to structure (positions-levels-hierarchy) and experience and skills (e.g., ESF requirements) had not been defined at this stage. For this reason, with respect to structure, staffing requirements for PMU, TIU, and contractor team were defined in Tables 9-1 through 9-6; the present structure is currently under consideration by MoE to identify needs. With respect to experience and skills, ESF being a relatively novel set of standards, it is highly anticipated that capacity building will be required at all levels of the project. Capacity building requirments and training topics are identified under Section 9.5 Overall project management and implementation will be performed by one Project Management Unit (PMU) that will be established at the MoE. The PMU will be responsible for: Table 9-1 Responsibilities of the PMU MoE/MoLD-PMUs Capacity Overall project mandates Staffing Requirements Requirements  Preparation of annual work plans and budgets for project implementation  Contract external consultant, where needed- (e.g., appraisal of proposals submitted by private contractors for large scale infrastructural works to ensure compliance with ESMF) Project manager ESSs, ESMF  Holding the fiduciary responsibility for the entire project, including disbursal of loan/grant per project component financial management procurement,  Communicating progress of project to the National Steering Committee  Contract external third party for the Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 201 verification of annual progress report and compliance with ESMF  Revision, approval, and submission of progress reports every 3 months to the Bank  Performing all contractual agreements for Project.  Drafting bidding documents (or call for proposals) accounting for ESMF compliance requirements for each sub-component  Managing preparation of ESS instruments outlined in the ESMF for all components  Approval of progress indicators for project components (defined by TIUs) for evaluation of progress  Supervising Technical Implement Units for all components of the project including Team leader submission, evaluation and approvals of ESS ESSs, ESMF M&E specialist instruments specified in ESMF  Monitor and evaluate (M&E) compliance of project with environmental and social risk management plans based on progress reports submitted by TIUs against project progress indicators (quarterly)  Preparation of progress reports every 3 months for submission to Bank Social development  Implementation of grievance mechanisms for ESSs, ESMF officer workers and the community Communications  Implement SEP ESSs, ESMF expert  Communicate with identified stakeholders  Reviewing progress reports on project implementation  Providing suggestions for improvement on Senior environmental performance ESSs, ESMF specialist  Performing ad-hoc site inspections to monitor compliance with ESS  Preparation of ESS instruments The organizational chart for PMUs is presented in Figure 9-1 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 202 Figure 9-1 Organizational chart for PMU A Joint Task Force (JTF) will be created to coordinate with PMU. For components 1, 2, and 3 of the projects, Technical Implementation Units (TIUs) or Working Groups (WG) will be established and chaired by the relevant institution. For components with cross sectoral activities, the TIU or WG will be co-chaired by relevant institutions. A high-level national steering committee (SC) chaired by the MoE and consisting of ministers and/or representatives from MoT, MoLD, MoERE, Ministry of Health and Population and local authorities from Governorates of Qalyoubia, Cairo, Giza will be established. The SC will be responsible for:  Supervising project implementation progress against project indicators,  Providing policy guidance to facilitate implementation of project (introducing tariffs, costs)  Reviewing progress reported by PMU  Approving work and budget plans prepared by PMU  Taking corrective actions to sustain project implementation progress  Approve mandates for implementing entities for project components  Approval of site locations for waste component related activities A Technical Secretariat (TS) composed of the head of the PMU and heads of TIUs will support the SC. The TS will be responsible for:  Overseeing appraisal and approval of proposals/tenders of technologies for project sub-component implementation (landfill gas recovery technology, leachate collection system and lining); Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 203  Liaise between TIUs and SC and PMU to communicate technical and financing needs reported by TIUs to SC and PMU  Provide update on project implementation to SC to inform policy making, waste management plan of spent batteries  Defining progress indicators, targets and milestones for each project component for progress evaluation Third Party Review and Verification for compliance with ESMF Annual progress reports will be subject to verification for compliance of associated project activities with ESMF. The external consultant should have experience with ESMF and ESS WB compliance. The consultant team should have an environmental management specialist and social development officers. The organizational arrangement for project implementation is illustrated in the following figure. Figure 9-2: Organizational arrangement for implementation of the Project 9.2 Implementation Arrangements for compliance With WB ESSs The implementation arrangements, staffing requirements, mandates, and capacity development needs for compliance with WB EESs relevant to each project component Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 204 are described. Training topics associated with identified developing capacity needs are presented in Table 9-7 in section 9.5. The general guidelines for the preparation of the environmental social integration plan for the project consist of including ESMPs in tendering documents, environmental and social risk and impacts assessments in feasibility studies, preparing all ESS instruments, monitoring and reporting on compliance with ESS and project implementation progress via systematic reporting. The private operator will implement the ESMP and prepare monthly reports submitted to the TIUs. TIUs will monitor and supervise implementation of ESMP and report to the PMU. PMU will report on progress and implementation of ESMP via progress reports submitted to the Bank every 3 months. 9.2.1 Component 1 Component 1 pertains to air quality information systems including installation of monitoring stations, developing emissions inventory, and assessing socio-economic impacts related to improved knowledge on air quality. This sub-component is relevant to the ESS1, ESS3 (Resource efficiency and pollution prevention management.) The project component is anticipated to generate positive environmental impacts (relevant to pollution prevention management (via informed decision-making) Institutions having responsibilities within the scope of Component 1 consist of the EEAA (under MoE) and departments within it, namely, Central Department of Air Quality and Noise Protection Environment Quality Sector, the Central Climate Change Department, the Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Transport, Cairo University, and National Research Center. The TIU will be co-chaired and consist of staff from all aforementioned institutions. Responsibilities of the TIU for Air Quality are presented in Table 9-2. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 205 Table 9-2 Responsibilities of TIU for Air Quality TIU Air Staffing Component 1 Mandates Capacity Requirements Quality Requirements  Overseeing overall project implementation  Monitor external consultants/technicians to support implementation of MoE/EEAA Project manager- project including installation/operation of monitoring stations, upgrade of Air quality policy, AQM systems AQM, development of emissions inventory  Revision and submission of monthly progress reports to PMU Air Quality Index system development Team leader (senior  Approval of monthly reports prepared by each department/entity in TIU and operation- knowledge on existing MoE/EEAA environmental (CCCD, Air Quality) and submission to PMU methodologies, measured data analysis specialist)  Define project sub-component progress indicators and treatment for forecasting,  Overseeing day-to-day implementation of project  Review bi-monthly progress reports prepared by Air quality expert and GHG Environmental MoE/EEAA accounting expert AQM systems specialist  Prepare monthly progress report for submission to Team Lead and then PMU Project coordinator- Coordinate between CCDD, Air Quality departments, MoHP, MoT, CU, NRC for MoE/EEAA - general staff data exchange (e.g., data for GHG emissions estimations)  Monitoring proper functioning of monitoring stations in new locations/zones  Managing operation of monitoring system: monitoring data acquisition, Air Quality Index system development EEAA: Central data base, and associated data processing and forecasting, server and and operation- knowledge on existing Department of Air quality expert database administration, methodologies, measured data analysis Air Quality  Defining requirements of website to website developer and treatment for forecasting, and Noise  Prepare bi-monthly report on progress of installation and operation of Protection monitoring stations Environment Air quality systems Quality Sector  Installation of monitoring stations, technicians Website Website Development and launching of upgraded AQM system: website upgrade Website development, handling large developer/IT AQI website operation and maintenance data sets, AQI development Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 206 support EEAA: Central  Developing the calculation sheets for estimation of mobile source emissions Climate GHG accounting in the emissions inventory Emissions estimates methodology Change expert  Prepare bi-monthly report on progress of emissions inventory development Department, Determine and lead preparation of required studies relating to health, socio- Ministry of Environmental economic impacts of air quality policies Health messages and advice formulation Health and Health Specialist Coordinate and collaborate with Cairo University and NRC for preparation of Population, studies Ministry of Transport, TBD Provision of relevant data for studies (e.g., bus routes, traffic information) - LTRA Cairo Collaborate with Ministry of Health and Population for preparation of studies University Researcher - Provision, analysis of relevant data (CU) National Research Researcher Collaborate with Ministry of Health and Population for preparation of studies - Center (NRC) Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 207 9.2.2 Component 2 Component 2 pertains to solid waste management and involves construction works and operation of the new landfill facilities, construction of transfer stations, closing and rehabilitation of Abu Zaabal dumpsite. Institutions having responsibilities within the scope of Component 2 consist of the EEAA (under MoE), WMRA, MoLD, and Cairo, Giza, Qalyoubia governorates and Ministry of Trade and Industry. The TIU/WG for waste will include representatives from aforementioned institutions. Responsibilities of the TIU for SWM are presented in Table 9-3. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 208 Table 9-3 Responsibilities of TIU for SWM Staffing Capacity TIU Waste Component 2 Mandates Requirements Requirements  Overseeing overall project implementation by private operator engaged for construction and operation of new integrated waste facilities, and transfer ESMF, ESIA Project manager- stations, and closure and upgrading of Abu Zaabal and Akrasha recycling and (including ESMP) MoLD/EEAA Senior Environmental industrial zone, respectively evaluation criteria Management Expert  Submission of recommendations for evaluated proposals/project documents ESS (prepared by bidding contractors) to PMU for discussion and approval from SC  Overseeing day-to-day project activities  Monitoring progress of each sub-component by reviewing progress reports Team leader Senior ESMF, ESIA (including prepared by each department/entity in TIU Environmental ESMP) evaluation MoLD/EEAA  Reporting to project manager on project implementation Management Expert criteria  Supervising all contracted entities ESS  Monitor compliance with ESMF and update as needed  Defining project sub-component progress indicators Risk assessment expert  Evaluation of project documents such as feasibility and engineering design studies Appraisal of project Senior SW and and proposals to be prepared by private contractors for all components where documents, hazardous waste design options are open hazardous waste management  Conduct environmental and social internal audits to verify compliance with ESMF management specialist  Reviewing progress reports submitted by: EEAA-WMRA Mid-Level Solid Waste o Private contractors engaged for each sub-component and ensuring Management compliance with ESMF Specialist o Cleaning and Beautification agencies for each governorate (responsible HSE guidelines for Health and safety for managing collection, transport and disposal at final location) SWM, ESMF specialist  Monitoring of proper collection, transport, disposal performed by contracted compliance Environmental Field entities officers o IWF: site and surrounding supervision o Transfer stations: monitoring issued licenses for acceptance of waste Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 209  Prepare monthly progress report for submission to Team Leader and then PMU  Verifying all project document such as permits, approvals, clearances are Record keeping and submitted by private contractor EEAA General staff documentation  Maintain records for all documents relevant to ESMF (e.g., submitted reports, systems accident reports/corrective actions) ESS and requirements Procurement  Performing (or coordinating with MoE) procurement contracts for machinery and MoTI for machinery specialist equipment required for project specifications Senior Approving  Granting approvals for Energy requirements for operation of IWF - Authority M o Electricity  Reviewing and approving proposal for electricity needs-connection to power grid Senior level engineer  Overseeing infrastructural works for connection to grid (if IWF will be connected to - grid) MoLD- Central  Performing local contractual agreements for waste transport and disposal across and Regional Senior official GCA with contracted private companies, ESS, ESMF SWM Units- (contractual authority)  Issuing permits for private companies for waste management activities  Issuing of licenses for waste acceptance (in transfer stations and landfills) Cleaning  Contracting NGOs, informal sector for collection, transport, and disposal of waste Department (for Senior official for respective governorate each (contractual authority)  Issuing permits for NGOs, Informal sector for waste management activities governorate) Cairo and Giza General Cleanness and  Manage proper collection, transport, disposal at governorate level of transport Beautification Waste management vehicles Authorities, expert  Compile and address community related grievances ESS, ESMF, industry General Social development  Maintain grievance database specific HSE Administration officer  Prepare progress report submitted to WMRA (during operation phase) on for Cleaning and collection, transport and disposal in designated sites/facilities Beautification in Qalyoubiya- Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 210 Waste management Awareness raising on NGOs specialist  Responsible for the provision of waste collection services ESS, ESMF, industry specific HSE Waste management Awareness raising on Independent specialist  Responsible for the provision of waste collection services ESS, ESMF, industry collectors specific HSE Awareness raising on Informal Waste management  Responsible for the provision of waste collection services ESS, ESMF, industry collector specialist specific HSE The private contractors will be responsible for: Table 9-4 Responsibilities of the private contractors  Supervising and coordinating all components of the project during its lifetime Project manager – Senior level  Complying with all ES impact and risks management plan outlined in the ESMF Waste Management Expert  Obtaining all required permits and clearances prior to construction Performing or contracting external consulting firm for preparatio n of all project preparation studies including Waste Management specialists feasibility studies and engineering design studies for relevant sub-components where detailed engineering design were open at the time of the ESMF preparation, i.e., Integrated waste facilities, dumpsite rehabilitation Senior Environmental Preparing or contracting external consulting firm for preparation of all ES instruments as per ESMF for relevant sub- Management Specialist component including: ESIAs, QRAs, air dispersion modeling, odor modeling, waste management plan, labor Senior Social Development Officer management plans and all other studies identified in the ESMP QRA Specialist Monitoring and evaluation Supervising compliance with ESS as per ESMF specialist Preparing and submitting progress reports to TIU Developing and complying with labor management plan including provision of HSE training, emergency preparedness Senior HSE specialist and response plan for all phases of the project under their control Social development and Complying with grievance mechanism system in the ESMF including reporting and documenting any grievances communication experts Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 211 9.2.3 Component 3 Component 3 involves procurement, deployment, and management of electric buses in GCA. The CTA is the main implementing institution. The WMRA is also relevant since the project activities will result in generation of hazardous waste requiring proper disposal. The Ministry of Electricity is also involved since the project will require power supply from the national grid. The TIU WG will include representatives from CTA, MoT, MoE/EEAA, WRMA, Ministry of Electricity, and Cairo Governorate. Responsibilities of each entity are outlined below. Responsibilities of the TIU for e-buses are presented in Table 9-5. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 212 Table 9-5 Responsibilities of TIU for E-buses Staffing Capacity TIU E-Buses Component 3 Mandates Requirements Requirements  Reporting to the PMU on project implementation and submission of monthly progress report  Reviewing progress reports submitted by private contractors engaged for each sub-component ESS, ESMF,  Supervising private contractors to ensure compliance with ESMF hazardous waste Project manager  Contracting operators for all infrastructural works including charging stations, management MoE/EEAA upgrades of existing bus depot to support operation and maintenance of e-buses, options and for the operation and maintenance of the new fleet of electric buses  Define project sub-component progress indicators  Approval of waste management plan for spent batteries Senior  Supervising and monitoring compliance of private operators with ESMF Environnemental  Perform ad-hoc site inspection of charging stations and electric bus fleet management expert  Reviewing monthly progress reports by private contractor GHG accounting EEAA/CCCD  Quantifying GHG reductions from e-buses GHG accounting expert ESS, ESMF, Hazardous waste  Appraising/evaluating proposals from private bidding companies including waste hazardous waste EEAA-WMRA management expert management plan for spent batteries management options MoT- Land Traffic/transport Transport Defining bus routes planning experts ESS, ESMF Regulatory Coordinating with MoHNUCA for evaluation and selection of bus routes Authority (LTRA) Ministry of General  Issuing of new e-buses vehicle licensing and registration - Interior administrative staff Ministry of High level approval  Approval of bus routes ESS, ESMF Housing and the authority Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 213 New Urban Communities Authority (MoHNUCA)  Defining specifications for e-buses and associated charging equipment to be Procurement ESS, ESMF, procured MoTI specialists hazardous waste  Procuring e-buses and all equipment relevant to operation and maintenance management  Contract drafting including Extended Producer Responsibility, if applicable Engineer/specialist for Provide the required electricity and infrastructure for charging stations of the e-buses MoElectricity power supply ESS, ESMF, HSE Provide approvals for electricity supply to operate charging stations infrastructure The private contractor for operation and maintenance of new electric bus fleet will be responsible for: Table 9-6 Responsibilities of the private contractor for operation and maintenance of new electric bus fleet Project manager Prepare progress reports submitted to the TIU/WG E-waste management Evaluating options and developing a waste management plan for disposal of spent batteries (recycling, through Extended experts Producer Responsibilities)  Complying with ESMP referenced in this ESMF Environmental expert  Preparation of ESS instruments and submission to TIU for approval Social development  Complying with grievance mechanism system in the ESMF including reporting and documenting any grievances To be further expert elaborated Health and safety  Developing and ensuring compliance with labor management plan expert Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 214 Monitoring and evaluation specialist- Engineer (regular  Monitoring operation and maintenance of charging stations and e-buses including proper handling of hazardous waste monitoring of maintenance and operation of charging stations and e-buses) Technician/engineer  Perform routine maintenance of charging infrastructure and e-buses Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 215 9.3 Implementation Arrangements for Environmental and Social Monitoring The PMUs will be responsible for overall monitoring of implementation of the project in compliance with ES safeguards according to defined indicators in the ESMP. The PMU will report monitoring results to the SC. Each TIU will be responsible for monitoring of its respective component. 9.3.1 Component 1 Component 1 is an analytical component, implications on environmental and social safeguards relate to proper/accurate functioning of systems. Monitoring activities will include ensuring regulation maintenance of monitoring stations and QA/verification of systems to allow accurate measurements. 9.3.2 Component 2 Component 2 consists of high-risk construction works and operation. Monitoring of environmental and social safeguards will consist of complying with site specific ESMP. The private contractor team will be responsible for monitoring the compliance with ESMP. The TIU/WG will also conduct site supervision. 9.3.3 Component 3 Component 3 involves minor construction works (charging station infrastructure and warehouses). ES impacts and risks to be monitored relate to the operation and maintenance of the new busses and generation of hazardous waste. The TIU/WG will be responsible for conducting site visits (warehouses, bus depot containing the charging stations), and verifying register accuracy. 9.4 Reporting The PMU will prepare bi-annual progress reports covering all project components to be submitted to the SC prior to bi-annual meetings and to the WB. Reporting on incidents should be immediate to the PMU and within 24-48 hours in case of serious or severe accidents. TIUs will prepare monthly progress reports to be submitted to the PMU. Private contractors will provide monthly reports on progress of relevant project activities to the TIU. The progress reports will contain monitoring results against specific project target indicators for each component and compliance with ES safeguards. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 216 9.5 Training and Capacity Building Needs for Compliance with WB ESSs, National Requirements, and Environmental and Social Standards Implementation, Supervision and Reporting ESF being a relatively novel set of standards, it is highly anticipated that capacity building will be required at all levels of the project. Capacity development needs for implementing entities to ensure compliance with WB ESSs, national requirements, and environmental and social standards Implementation, Supervision and Reporting during the life cycle of the project were identified in section 9.2. Training topics associated with developing capacity needs are presented in Table 9-7. Table 9-7 Training and Capacity Needs for compliance with ESF Estimated cost of Training topic Targeted Entity Trainer training (EGP) ESMF overview PMU, TIUs External consultant 20 000/ 1 day External consultants Operators (for all ESIA-ESMP (EHS and Social activities under 60 000/3 days development) component 2) MoE/ EEAA SWM Operation and monitoring of new SWM units and compliance TIU External consultants 60 000/3 days with relevant ESSs Private operator SWM: Developing of bidding document (collection, TIU External consultants 20 000/1 day transportation, and disposal) Private operator accounting for relevant ESSs SWM: Capacity assessment of local TIU External consultants 40 000/2 days waste management entities SWM: EHS compliance Code of conduct External consultants Labor management plan (EHS and Social Private Operators 60 000/3 days Special risk and hazard development) management/ERP and compliance MoE/EEAA with relevant ESSs Procurement of e-buses (tendering, TIU: External consultants proposal evaluation, contract MoT 20 000/1 day drafting to ensure compliance with CTA ESSs) New technologies operation and maintenance including EHS of LTRA or private External consultants handling chargers and e-buses and 60 000/3 days operator MoE/EEAA/WMRA e-waste management- and compliance with relevant ESSs Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 217 10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED BY THE ESF The Project consists of components requiring physical interventions (Components 2 and 3) and technical assistance (Components 1, 4, and 5). Physical interventions associated with components 2 and 3 will consist of construction and operation of large infrastructures involving general activities such as excavation, use of equipment and machinery etc., and more specific ones, such as handling various types of wastes and associated hazards such as fire and explosions. Impacts and risks on sensitive receptors were preliminarily identified and assessed and relevant ESSs defined for construction, operation, and decommissioning phases (where applicable). The Project will require development and implementation of Environmental and Social (ES) Assessment instruments to comply with the ESF requirements against preliminarily identified risks and impacts. ES instruments, sub-management plans and other studies required for the Project were identified. The general description of each identified instrument is provided in Table 10-1 and the applicability of relevant instrument by project component and sub- component including additional specific details is presented in Table 10-2. Table 10-1: Description of scope and applicability of environmental and social instruments, sub-management plans, and studies for project components Environmental Description of Objectives, Scope, and Applicability Relevant and Social Component(s) Instrument, Sub- management Plans and other Studies Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 218 Environmental Description of Objectives, Scope, and Applicability Relevant and Social Component(s) Instrument, Sub- management Plans and other Studies Site specific For sub-components resulting in high-very high environmental and Components 2. ESIA including social impacts. The ESIA determines and assesses impacts and risks on ESMP environmental and social receptors, describes alternative options to the project and related impacts. The ESIA includes an ESMP consisting of tailored measures for prevention, minimizing, and mitigation of identified risks and impacts, and monitoring plan of measures to safeguard environmental and social receptors including parameters to be monitored, frequency of monitoring and responsible entity. The ESIA covers all phases of the project components: construction, operation, and decommissioning phases. The spatial scope includes activities within the project boundaries and external infrastructural works such as public networks, underground utilities etc. The ESIA will addresses, at a minimum, all preliminary negative impacts and risks of project activities on sensitive receptors identified in ESS2-ESS3-ESS4- ESS5 in the ESMF. The ESIA will include sub-management plans such as waste management plans, SEP, labor management procedures, risk assessment, where applicable. A full ESIA should include Public Consultation activities. Details provided in Table 10-2. A template for ESIA and ESMP outlines are presented in Annex 2: ESIA Outline and Annex 3: Site-Specific ESMP Outline, respectively. Site specific For sub-components resulting in medium-high environmental and Component 2 ESMP social impacts. The ESMP defines measures and associated actions to Component 3 be implemented to eliminate or minimize (to acceptable levels) negative impacts on environmental and social receptors, defines monitoring measures including parameters and indicators for monitoring, frequency and responsible entities, requirements for third party verifications. The site specific ESMP will addresses, at a minimum, all preliminary negative impacts and risks of project activities on sensitive receptors identified in ESS2-ESS3-ESS4-ESS5 in the ESMF. Details provided in Table 10-2. ARP/RP For sub-component requiring acquisition of land resulting in temporary Component 2 or permanent displacement of livelihoods and/or resettlements Details provided in Table 10-2. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 219 Environmental Description of Objectives, Scope, and Applicability Relevant and Social Component(s) Instrument, Sub- management Plans and other Studies Risk Assessment For sub-components involving dangerous materials resulting in high- Component 2 risks (environmental or social) . The risk assessment identifies types and quantities of materials generated and/or present at the site and analyzes associated risks and hazards on environmental and social receptors, and defines measures to control identified risks and hazards. Details provided in Table 10-2. Baseline Site For sub-components requiring site selection and for which activities Component 2 Assesssment result in high risks and impacts on environmental and social receptors. (BSA) The Baseline Site Assessment assesses suitability of proposed locations for the project to be developed in compliance with ESSs. The baseline site assessment addresses factors that may impact compliance with ESSs including site characteristics such as contamination levels, topography, geological, and hydrological characteristics, climate and weather characteristics such as wind speeds and direction, seasonal temperatures, and precipitation, vulnerability to natural disasters, regulatory compliance issues, land property issues. Details provided in Table 10-2 Waste For sub-components resulting in generation of waste. The waste Component 2 management management plan identifies types and quantities of waste from project Component 3 plans (WMP) activities, defines management and monitoring plan for minimizing, avoiding risks and impacts of generated waste on relevant receptors, defines procedures for collection, storage, handling, and disposal of waste and associated monitoring procedures such as site inspections, parameters to be monitored such odor and other gaseous emissions and other requirements (e.g., disposal contracts) Details provided in Table 10-2. Traffic impact For sub-components resulting in traffic impacts on public roads. The Component 2 assessment traffic impact assessment includes description of existing traffic Component 3 studies (TIA) conditions (descriptions of the surrounding road network structure, traffic volumes, road safety issues, type of transport utilizing the roads etc. ) likely to be impacted by the project during all phases, description of traffic to be generated by the project, e.g., estimated volume of traffic and types of vehicles (procurement of additional trucks and/or use of existing fleet etc.) and associated assumptions for estimations, measures to minimize or avoid traffic impacts such as temporary re- routing, use of traffic safety signs etc. and permanent measures such as construction of additional roads (extensions of public network etc.), traffic management plan Details provided in Table 10-2. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 220 Environmental Description of Objectives, Scope, and Applicability Relevant and Social Component(s) Instrument, Sub- management Plans and other Studies Labor For sub-components involving labor. The labor management Component 2 management procedures cover working conditions and management of worker Component 3 procedure (LMP) relationships including code of conduct, terms and conditions of employment for all types of workers involved in the project, measures for protecting the work force including prevention of child and forced labor, defines grievance mechanism for workers, assesses potential risks, defines policies and procedures and measures to manage occupational health and safety risks (e.g., Good Practice Guidelines), state guidelines on child labor and GBV prevention, special training plan beyond regular OHS practices such as use of PPE etc. The LMP are required for the whole project and the OHS plan is required for components 2 and 3. The latter will cover the following themes: • Identification of all potential hazards affecting the physical, mental and social well-being of project workers in all occupations, with focus on life threatening hazards • Provision of appropriate measures to prevent and protect against the potential hazards, including modifying, substituting, or eliminating the hazard sources • Training plan for all project workers in all occupations, including general OHS trainings, as well as job-specific trainings. A training log will be developed and regularly updated, and the plan shall be regularly updated to ensure all workers are well capacitated with the project’s OHS requirements • Development of a transparent grievance mechanism that is proportionate to the nature and scale of the potential risks and impacts of the project • Formal reporting and documentation mechanisms for all work- related accidents, illnesses, and all other incidents • Emergency response plan including prevention and preparedness procedures • Providing appropriate remedial action and compensation for adverse impacts including work-related accidents, illness, disability, and deaths. Error! Reference source not found. provides further description to the structure and components of the OHS plan, with specific elements relevant to each of the two components. Details provided in Table 10-2 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 221 Environmental Description of Objectives, Scope, and Applicability Relevant and Social Component(s) Instrument, Sub- management Plans and other Studies Pest For sub-components involving waste that can result in attraction of Component 2 Management pests and spread of diseases. The PMP defines measures and practices Plan (PMP) to manage pests including rodents Details provided in Table 10-2. Stakeholder For sub-components involving activities impacting stakeholders, which Component 2 Engagement include interest group Component 3 Plan ES instruments and other required studies per component and project phase are presented in Table 10-2. Sub-project phases consist of 1) Concept, 2) Planning 3) Construction 5) Operation and 6) Decommissioning. Key components described in Table 10-1 are applicable in addition to the specific elements listed in Table 10-2. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 222 Table 10-2: Environmental and social instruments and other required studies per project component Component 2: Construction of transfer stations Relevant Data Availability E&S instruments and Key components (in Project phase Entity Notes ESSs other studies addition to description in Table 10-2) ESS1, ESS3 Site location not BSA Concept PMU Approvals: WMRA/MoLD selected Potential Site specific ESIA- Planning PMU Coordination and approvals by LTRA environmental ESMP for traffic issues and social impacts WMP, TIA, PMP Include ESMP as compliance not identified requirement in bidding documents and contracts ESS2 LMP developed Adopt, and implement Planning PMU Include as commitments in the for the GCAPCCP the LMP including bidding documents and as a project workers GRM and the commitment in the ESCP development of project-specific OHS plans ESS4 Communication Awareness raising on Planning, PMU Addressed by implementation of strategy Health and safety Construction measures and compliance with Grievance mechanism Operation guidelines defined in: ESIA-ESMP, LMP, WMP, TIA including Traffic Management Plan, and SEP ESS5 Site location not ARP/RP may be Planning PMU selected required ESS8 Chance find Construction PMU procedures ESS10 SEP developed for Adopt, implement and Planning, PMU the whole project update the SEP Construction, Operation Component 2: Establishing of IWMF-10R and Hazardous Waste Facility) Relevant Data Availability E&S instruments and Key components (in Project phase Entity Notes ESSs other studies addition to description Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 223 in table) ESS1, ESS3 Data available BSA BSA: Geological, Concept PMU Hazardous waste facility: 10R: • 10R: Shared groundwater profile ESIA requiring updates and revisions 1- Geological HCW facility: and direction, wind due project scope change including study • 10R Shared speed and direction, SWM to hazardous waste and 2- Geophysical C&D waste precipitation potential site change, where the study facility previously planned location, 3- Geotechnical • Hazardous Kuraymat, is just a ‘candidate site’ at study waste facility (if this stage. 4- Hydrological decided to be in study IWMF-10R) 5- Air measurements Cumulative Impact 10R (MSW, HCW) and Planning PMU for the CIA Include ESIA as compliance 6- Traffic study Assessment (CIA), Hazardous waste Private requirement in bidding documents 7- Siting plan TIA, PMP for facility: operator for and contracts Hazardous waste 10R (entire IWMF) Control technologies scoped Include national guidelines for SWM facility: ESIA for for leachate and landfill ESIAs/ESMPs ESIA in bidding documents candidate site of Scoped ESIAs gas WAC procedure to be defined once Kuraymat, and a including ESMP, TIA, types of hazardous wastes to be Gap analysis against PMP for: 10R (HCW) and disposed are determined the WB ESF for the 10R hazardous waste developed ESIA) • MSW cell, facility: • Shared HCW Waste Acceptance Data unavailable Criteria procedures: facility; 10R: detailed design • Shared C&D characterization, for the landfill and compliance testing, on- waste facility, project design for • Hazardous site verification Combined/shared Waste healthcare waste Treatment (HCW) facility; and facility combined Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 224 construction and Decommissioning Methods for Operation demolition (C&D) plan: Landfill rehabilitation, waste facility assessment and identification of closure plan unstable slopes, Hazardous waste drainage control facility: systems, leachate - Site selection - management, gas Project design - management, soil Types of hazardous coverage material waste to be accepted 10R and hazardous waste facility: Impacts and mitigation of project activities Description of additional plans for external infrastructure works ESS2 LMP developed for Adopt, and Planning Include as commitments in the the whole project implement the LMP Private bidding documents including workers operator GRM and the (develop and development of implement) project-specific OHS plan ESS4 Communication Planning PMU Addressed by implementation of strategy, Grievance measures and compliance with mechanism guidelines defined in: ESIA-ESMP, LMP, WMP, PMP, TIA including Traffic Management Plan, ESS5 Hazardous waste Hazardous waste Planning PMU facility: facility: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 225 Site not determined RP may be required ESS8 Chance find Construction PMU procedures ESS10 SEP developed for Adopt, implement Planning, PMU the whole project and update SEP Construction, Operation Strategy on coordination with NGOs, Training programs to qualify and integrate workers in the informal sector (especially women) into the new waste management system Continuous consultation with stakeholders involved in waste management Component 2: Closure of Abu Zaabal dumpsite Relevant Data Availability E&S instruments Key components (in Project phase Entity Notes ESSs and other studies addition to description in table ) ESS1, ESS3 No closure method ESIA Control technologies for Concept PMU determined leachate and landfill gas, No site soil stability and contamination level decontamination and risk assessment assessment Dumpsite assessment: Concept PMU geology, types of waste disposed, contamination levels of surrounding area (soil, water bodies), historical records, incidents Closure plan Methods for Concept PMU Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 226 rehabilitation, identification of unstable slopes, drainage control systems, leachate management, gas management, soil coverage material ESS2 LMP developed for Adopt, and Health and safety Planning PMU Include in bidding documents as the whole project implement the LMP guidelines for handling commitments including workers landfill gas, and dealing GRM and the with hazards related to development of gas leakage, slope project-specific OHS stability, plan ESS4 Communication Planning PMU Addressed by implementation of strategy, Grievance measures and compliance with mechanism guidelines defined in: ESIA-ESMP, LMP, WMP, PMP, TIA including Traffic Management Plan, ESS10 SEP: ContinuousStrategy on coordination Planning, PMU Continuous consultation with consultation withwith NGOs, Training Construction, stakeholders involved in waste stakeholders programs to qualify and Operation management involved in waste integrate workers in the management informal sector (especially women) into the new waste management system to reduce impacts from potential loss of livelihoods Component 2: Sub-component 2.4 Upgrading of Akrasha Recycling and Industrial Zone (Technical Assistance) Relevant Data Availability E&S instruments Key components (in Project Entity Notes ESSs and other studies addition to description phase in table ) ESS1, ESS3 No project Site specific ESIA Concept and PMU Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 227 description, including ESM planning boundaries defined ESS2 LMP developed for Adopt, and Planning PMU the whole project implement the LMP including workers GRM and the development of project-specific OHS plan Component 3: Charging stations and e-buses Relevant Data Availability E&S instruments Key components (in Project Entity Notes ESSs and other studies addition to description phase in table ) ESS1, ESS3 Preliminary impacts Site specific ESMP Scope: Identify disposal Planning PMU and mitigation WMP, opportunities for spent measures defined batteries constituting hazardous waste, storage of hazardous waste ESS2 LMP developed for Adopt, and guidelines for health and Planning PMU the whole project implement the LMP safety risks due to including workers charging station GRM and the infrastructure and development of electrical works project-specific OHS plan ESS4 Private operator Addressed by implementation of measures and compliance with guidelines defined in: Site specific ESMP Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 228 11 REFERENCES World Health Organization (WHO). Air Quality Guidelines Global Update, 2005. El-Dorghamy, A. (2018). Mainstraming Electric Mobility in Egypt: Policy Brief. CEDARE, Ministry of Environment and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), Egypt. Tarek, Z., et al., Annual report for solid waste management in Egypt M. Saber, Editor. 2013. El-Messery, M.A., G.A. Ismail, and A.K. Arafa, Evaluation of municipal solid waste management in Egyptian rural areas. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 2009. 84(1-2): p. 51- 71. SWEEP-Net, Country report on the solid waste management in Egypt. 2014 Milik, S.M. Assessment of solid waste management in Egypt during the last decade in light of the partnership between the Egyptian Government and the private sector. AUC. 2010 www.meteoblue.com Mohamed E. Goher et al (2014). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research: Evaluation of surface water quality and heavy metal indices of Ismailia Canal, Nile River, Egypt. www.air.plumelabs.com Nassef, Hossam (2013). Water Quality Assessment in the Nile River, Damietta Branch, Egypt. The International Journal of Environmental Sciences. Vol 8 (1). P 41-50. The Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise Network in Mashreq and Maghreb Countries – Sweepnet. Country Report on Solid Waste Management. Cairo, Egypt: Sweepnet, 2010 Enviro Associates International, Inc. (2009), “Feasibility Study for Hazardous Waste Management in Egypt”, U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA)/ MSEA Tarek Eed and Ehab Attia (2010), “Integrated Hazardous Medical Waste Management System”, MSEA/EEAA and Ministry of Health and Population Ahmed Mohamed (2019). Sustainability of E-waste Management: Egypt Case Study A Thesis Submitted to Graduate Program in Sustainable Development. The American University in Cairo. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 229 Ahramonline. Cairo's first electric bus now runs from downtown to New Cairo. [Online] February 5, 2020. Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/362977/Egypt/Politics-/Cairos-first- electric-bus-runs-from-downtown-to-Ne.aspx. (accessed: February 2020). The General Authority for Urban Planning, General Administration for Environmental and Natural Studies, the environmental perspective of the urban development strategy at the level of the Republic, the Greater Cairo region, 2011. Egypt Description with information, Qalyoubia Governorate, 2014. The official website of Giza Governorate, 2019, http://www.giza.gov.eg. Qalyoubia Governorate Information Center, 2017. Urban Planning Authority, The general strategic plan for Qalyoubia governorate, 2017. Urban Planning Authority, Giza Governorate Development Plan 2015. World Bank ESS 10. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/476161530217390609/ESF-Guidance- Note-10-Stakehold-Engagement-and-Information-Disclosure-English.pdf The official website of Cairo Governorate, 2019, http://www.cairo.gov.eg. www.air.plumelabs.com www.meteoblue.com Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 230 12 ANNEXES 12.1 Annex 1: Egyptian Code of Design and Implementation Requirements of Sanitary Landfill Systems Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 231 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 232 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 233 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 234 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 235 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 236 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 237 12.2 Annex 2: ESIA Outline The ESIA studies needed for the project components (particularly 2 and 3) should follow the following proposed outline: 1. Executive summary: concisely summarizes the study’s findings and recommendations 2. Table of contents: presents the report’s sections, headings, and sub-headings 3. List of tables and list of Figures: for all tables and figures included in the report 4. Introduction: provides background and context for the project, including general information on the relevant sector(s), the scope of the study, its objectives, as well as the Terms of Reference (ToR). 5. Project description: provides concise description of the project under study including its geographic location and its surroundings, technical and non-technical components, and construction and operation activities relevant to all components of the project. 6. Legal and institutional framework: Examines the basis for the project including relevant national legislations, policies, and sector-specific regulations (i.e: waste management regulations on design, operation and OHS of facilities, waste and wastewater treatment regulations, traffic and transport laws). It also examines enforcement mechanisms and institutions. In addition, it discusses all relevant international standards and guidelines applicable to the project, particularly the World Bank requirements on Environmental and Social, and occupational health and safety aspects. A gap analysis between national and international (WB) legal frameworks should also be conducted. 7. Environmental and Social baseline: provides description of all environmental and social dimensions of the study area and sector. It includes relevant elements of the natural environment such as climate, geology, topography and soil, seismic activity, ecology, air quality, as well as flood risks. This section also includes description of relevant elements of the built environment such as infrastructure and utilities related to the project construction or operation. The section presents the socio-economic baseline conditions within the project’s area(s) of influence. 8. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Mitigation: Predicts and assesses the potential positive and adverse impacts arising from all activities related to the project’s construction, operation, closure or decommissioning, and post closure if applicable. It also provides appropriate mitigation measures for the significant potential adverse impacts. 9. Project alternatives: Systematically compares the feasible alternatives to the proposed project location, technology, design, or operation, including a ‘no project” alternative. For waste management facilities (landfills, transfer stations, etc), common technology alternatives include waste avoidance and reduction, and waste incineration. Common design and operation alternatives include medical waste treatment alternatives, leachate treatment alternatives, and landfill gas collection and disposal alternatives Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 238 10. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP): provides the needed measures and procedures to implement the proposed mitigation measures, and provides framework for management, monitoring, and institutional capacity building. 11. Stakeholder Consultation and engagement: Describes all stakeholder engagement activities planned and conducted for all the project phases 12. Conclusion and recommendations: Conclude the study and presents final recommendations 13. References 14. List of Annexes: includes supplementary technical studies, measurements, and reports such as geotechnical, traffic, seismic, or hydrological studies, and ambient air quality measurements. Specific studies relevant to waste management facilities can also include leachate generation analysis, and land GEM analysis for landfill gas estimation. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 239 12.3 Annex 3: Site-Specific ESMP Outline Site-specific ESMP will be developed for the different project components (particularly 2 and 3) following the proposed outline: 1. Executive summary: concisely highlights the plan’s key components and recommendations 2. Table of contents: presents the report’s sections, headings, and sub-headings 3. List of tables and list of Figures: for all tables and figures included in the report 4. Introduction: provides background and context for the project, the scope of the ESMP and its purpose and objectives. It also sets out the national and international (WB) legal basis for the ESMP 5. Project description: provides concise description of the project/site under study including its geographic location and its surroundings, technical and non-technical components, and construction and operation activities relevant to all components of the project 6. Environmental and Social Baseline: provides basis for the natural and built environment features, as well as socio-economic conditions relevant to the project’s direct and indirect areas of influence 7. Environmental And Social Impacts and mitigation: Predicts and assesses the potential positive and adverse impacts arising from all activities related to the project’s construction, operation, closure or decommissioning, and post closure if applicable. It also provides appropriate mitigation measures for the significant potential adverse impacts. 8. Environmental and Social Management: provides the needed measures and procedures to implement the proposed mitigation measures for all project phases including their estimated costs, and provides framework for their management and institutional capacity building. 9. ESMP implementation: Provides the required institutional arrangement for effective implementation of the ESMP including the responsibilities of all involved stakeholders. 10. ESMP monitoring and reporting: provides environmental and social monitoring plan/program including its objectives, monitoring parameters, monitoring methods, frequency, estimated costs, as well as capacity building needs for implementation of the monitoring plan. ESMP reporting arrangements will also be included. 11. Capacity building and training: provide all needed technical assistance for the implementation of the ESMP, and outline training programs needed for all phases of the project (construction, operation, closure, and post closure) 12. ESMP Cost estimation: provides an estimate for the total cost needed for the implementation of the ESMP including the mitigation measures, the monitoring activities, as well as training and capacity building costs 13. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM): provides formal procedures made available for project workers and for affected or interested stakeholders to submit their concerns during all phases of the project. The grievance mechanism should include the methods of Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 240 reporting grievances, procedures to handle and resolve grievances promptly and efficiently, as well as communication and archival of grievances. 14. Public consultation and information disclosure: provides the objectives and planning of public and stakeholder engagement activities, and summary, results and feedback of conducted sessions. It also includes methods and formal procedures on public disclosure of information related to the project and the ESMP 15. Annexes Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 241 12.4 Annex 4: Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Plan The OHS plan aims to foster a safe environment and working conditions for all project workers and employees (including direct, contracted, community, and primary supply workers). The plan will include general and industry-specific OHS considerations for waste management and electric mobility sectors. In accordance with the World Bank’s ESF and OHS guidelines, the OHS plan will provide the appropriate framework for construction and operation of project components 2 and 3. The primary components of the OHS plan include the following elements: 1. Identification of potential hazards Hazard identification involves categorizing all potential hazards. The process includes analyses of all elements of the workplace and the job tasks that may have adverse effects on the physical, mental, and social well-being of the project workers. According to the WB’s OHS Guidelines, the following hazard sources and types should be considered in the plan: • General facility design and operation: which includes general OHS considerations such as integrity of workplace architecture and structure, severe weather and facility shutdown, workspace and exit, fire precautions, areas signage and labeling, utilities and potable water supply, workplace well-being facilities (rest areas, eating areas, First Aid clinic, etc). • Physical hazards: represent potential for accident or injury or illness due to repetitive exposure to mechanical action or work activity • Chemical hazards: represent potential for illness or injury due to exposure to toxic, corrosive, sensitizing or oxidative substances. They also include risks of uncontrolled reactions, fires and explosions. • Biological hazards: represent potential for illness or injury due to exposure to biological agents that can cause human disease or may present a risk of spreading to the community. • Radiological hazards: represent radiation exposure that can lead to potential discomfort, injury or serious illness to workers. • Special Hazard Environments: represent work situations where all of the previously described hazards may exist under unique or especially hazardous circumstances such as confined spaces. The most significant OHS hazards typically associated with workers at waste management facilities occur during the operational phase and include accidents and injuries (physical hazards), chemical exposure (chemical hazards), and exposure to pathogens and vectors (biological hazards). Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 242 The most significant OHS hazards typically associated with workers at EV charging stations during the construction stage include all general WB’s OHS Guidelines, in addition to electrical safety requirements. During operation, the most significant hazards include exposure to hazardous materials when handling batteries during charging and replacement (chemical hazards), and electrical and magnetic field hazards when handling and operating the charging equipment (physical hazards). 2. Provision of appropriate measures to prevent and protect against the potential hazards The OHS plan should provide reasonable preventive and protective measures to address all the identified potential hazards. Preventive and protective measures should be introduced according to the following order of priority as per the WB’s OHS Gui delines: • Eliminating the hazard by removing the activity from the work process • Controlling or managing the hazard at its source using engineering control (technical) procedures • Minimizing the hazard through design of safe work systems and administrative or institutional control (non-technical) measures • Providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and providing training on their use and maintenance. 3. Development of training plan for all project workers in all occupations The OHS plan should include a comprehensive training plan in order to ensure all project workers are able to perform their work safely and effectively. The training plan need to include the following elements: • OHS induction/orientation: to introduce the OHS policy, and inform the workers on basic hazard awareness, site-specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as appropriate. • Site-specific induction: to ensure site workers are suitably inducted to their work area. This includes job-specific hazards and controls, the location of firefighting and first aid equipment on-site, emergency response and evacuation procedures, on-site grievance mechanism, and all other OHS elements relevant to the site activities. the training should cover: o Knowledge of all materials, equipment, and tools existing on site o Known site hazard sources and potential health risks, and their control measures o Precautions to prevent hazard exposure and improve overall hygiene Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 243 o Adequate use of protective equipment and clothing o Appropriate response to extreme situations and operations, incidents and accidents • Training needs analysis: A Training Needs Analysis shall be conducted for each worker or employee to identify additional training requirements based on their specific Job Description. • Training records: A training register which includes the mandatory training required for each position, as well as a record of training undertaken/planned for each employee and the expiration dates of any licenses and competencies. 4. Development of a transparent grievance mechanism: The OHS plan will include a grievance mechanism that is accessible, transparent, and available for all workers to raise workplace concerns. The grievance mechanism should include the methods of reporting grievances, procedures to handle and resolve grievances promptly and efficiently, as well as communication and archival of grievances. 5. Formal reporting and documentation mechanisms for all work-related accidents, illnesses, and all other incidents The OHS plan should include all procedures put in place for reporting and documenting work- related incidents, management approach and measures, as well as communication to involved internal or external stakeholders. 6. Emergency response plan including prevention and preparedness procedures The OHS plan will include appropriate measures and procedures specific to handling un- anticipated incidents. 7. Providing appropriate remedial action and compensation for adverse impacts The OHS will put in place appropriate compensation schemes to remedy the potential adverse impacts including work-related accidents, illness, disability, and deaths. Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 244 12.5 Annex 5: Brief Descrip tion of the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) The World Bank (WB) has identified 10 environmental and social standards that should be complied with in its financed projects. These standards are:  Environmental and Social Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts: This ESS highlights the importance of managing environmental and social performance, including the ESIA studies. There are some main objectives of this performance standard, which target the high standard of performing the ESIA in order to comply with the international standards. These main objectives are: o To identify and evaluate environmental and social risks and impacts of the project. o To adopt a mitigation hierarchy to anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize, and, where residual impacts remain, compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, affected communities, and the environment. o To promote improved environmental and social performance of clients through the effective use of management systems. o To ensure that grievances from affected communities and external communications from other stakeholders are responded to and managed appropriately. o To promote and provide means for adequate engagement with affected communities throughout the project cycle on issues that could potentially affect them and to ensure that relevant environmental and social information is disclosed and disseminated.  Environmental and Social Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions: This ESS discusses the worker-management relationship. It aims to promote the fair treatment and equal opportunities of workers without any discrimination in order to comply with the national employment and labor laws to protect workers (including vulnerable categories such as children, workers engaged via third party and workers in the supply chain) and to avoid the use of forced labor in order to promote safe working conditions.  Environmental and Social Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 245 This ESS aims to protect the human health and protect the environment by minimizing the pollution that occurs from different project activities. This can be achieved by promoting the use of sustainable resources of energy and water; and also reducing the air pollutants and GHG emissions.  Environmental and Social Standard 4: Community Health and Safety: This ESS aims at avoiding the negative impacts on health and safety of the affected communities throughout the whole project cycle. This has to be done in accordance with relevant human rights principles in order to avoid or minimize any harmful effects or risks that may occur affecting the affected communities.  Environmental and Social Standard 5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement: This ESS discusses the resettlement techniques (physical or economic) that cannot be avoided and need to be done as a result of any land acquisition or restrictions on land use that occur during the project life cycle. The standard aims to avoid, or minimize if avoidance is not possible, the adverse social and economic impact of land acquisition but providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost and ensure the resettlement activities are implemented with appropriate information, consultation and informed participation of the affected personnel.  Environmental and Social Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources: This ESS discusses the importance of protecting and conserving biodiversity and sustainably managing living natural resources to sustainable development. It aims to protect and conserve biodiversity and habitats, apply the mitigation hierarchy and precautionary approach in the design and implementation of projects that could have adverse impacts on biodiversity, promote the sustainable management of living natural resources, and support livelihoods of local communities, including Indigenous Peoples, and inclusive economic development by adopting practices that integrate conservation needs and development priorities. This ESS is not applicable to GCAPCCP.  Environmental and Social Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 246 This ESS applies to a distinct social and cultural group identified in accordance with paragraphs 8 and 9 of this ESS 8. The terminology used for such groups varies from country to country, and often reflects national considerations. This ESS recognizes that Indigenous Peoples/SubSaharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities have identities and aspirations that are distinct from mainstream groups in national societies and often are disadvantaged by traditional models of development. Therefore, this ESS aims to ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the human rights, dignity, aspirations, identity, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples/ Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities. It also aims to avoid adverse impacts of projects on these groups, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize, mitigate and/or compensate for such impacts. This ESS is not applicable to GCAPCCP.  Environmental and Social Standard 8: Cultural Heritage: This ESS aims to protect the cultural heritage from any impacts that may occur during the project life cycle. It promotes the equal sharing of benefits from use of cultural heritage.  Environmental and Social Standard 9: Financial Intermediaries (FI): This ESS recognizes that strong domestic capital and financial markets and access to finance are important for economic development, growth and poverty reduction. By applying this ESS, it aims to set out how the FI will assess and manage environmental and social risks and impacts associated with the subprojects it finances, promote good environmental and social management practices in the subprojects the FI finances, and promote good environmental and sound human resources management within the FI. This ESS is not applicable to GCAPCCP.  Environmental and Social Standard 10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure: This ESS discusses the importance of open and transparent engagement between the Borrower and project stakeholders as an essential element of good international practice. Effective engagement of stakeholders can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation. 8 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/837721522762050108/Environmental-and-Social- Framework.pdf#page=89&zoom=80 Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 247