Fighting Land Degradation Landscape Scale at Sustainable Land and Water Management in Africa’s Drylands and Vulnerable Landscapes 2 Fighting Land Degradation Landscape Scale at Sustainable Land and Water Management in Africa’s Drylands and Vulnerable Landscapes Acknowledgments This brochure was prepared by the World Bank Environment and Natural Management Global Practice, under the leadership of Magda Lovei, Practice Manager. The team included Paola Agostini (Global Lead for Forest, Landscapes, and Ecosystems), Esther Bea (Program Assistant), Philippe Dardel (Senior Environmental Specialist), Gayatri Kanungo (Senior Environmental Specialist), Yasmina Oodally (Environmental Consultant), and Madjiguene Seck (Communications Officer). Format: Gina Wiatrowski Design: Teddy Sondota Photos Credit: Andrea Borgarello for World Bank/TerrAfrica 16, 17, 22, 24, 27, 28, 36 CAD for World Bank Cover, 5, 6, 11, 13, 18, 25 Madji Seck for World Bank 20 Copyrights © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. 4 Table of Contents Foreword 7 Land Degradation and Development Challenges in Africa 8 The State of Land Degradation in Africa Future Prospects and Opportunities World Bank Support to Sustainable Land and Water Management 14 Several Decades of Support Lessons Learned and Looking Forward 18 Conclusion 26 Annex: Selected World Bank-funded Projects with SLWM Components in Africa 2006 – 2019 6 Foreword The World Bank’s goals are to eradicate extreme poverty, and boost shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. On the African continent, poverty reduction, economic development, and sustainability are deeply intertwined and dependent on the management of natural resources—such as land, water, forest, aquatic resources, and biodiversity—which provide the basis for livelihoods and economic sectors. These resources, however, are highly vulnerable and under stress due to climatic factors, population growth, and poor management practices. Nearly half of Africa’s population live in ecologically sensitive drylands, and, as a result of frequent and severe shocks, especially droughts, the future promises to be even more challenging. Population growth and expansion of drylands due to climate change could increase the number of people living in a challenging environment by up to 70 percent by 2030, according to our recent report on Confronting Drought in Africa’s Drylands: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience. African countries recognize the need for bold vision, strong commitment, and impactful action on the ground. The Great Green Wall Initiative, the African Resilient Landscape Initiative (ARLI), the African Forest Landscape Restoration (AFR100), the African Landscapes Action Plan (ALAP), and others create solid foundations for action. Communities, political leaders, and the private sector are taking action to restore and protect Africa’s precious natural resources. There are many inspiring successes already. The World Bank has been supporting African countries’ efforts to sustainably manage their natural resources, combat desertification and land degradation, protect valuable resources, and build resilient landscapes. This brochure presents examples, highlights lesson learned, and identifies future opportunities. Transformative change will require deepened commitments, even more effective programs, coordinated financial support, and innovative regional and international partnerships. Together we can make Africa’s landscapes productive and resilient. Magda Lovei Practice Manager Environment and Natural Management Global Practice, World Bank Land Degradation and Development Challenges in Africa THE STATE OF LAND as well as water and wind erosion. Public Disclosure Authorized Soil erosion harms productivity by DEGRATION IN AFRICA depositing silt in dams, irrigation systems and river transport canals, Land and the services it provides and by damaging fisheries. The are the source of Africa’s wealth results include increasing deficits and the basis for its people’s in food production, declining Public Disclosure Authorized livelihoods. Land provides food, fuel, food security, and worsening fiber, and medicines while generating human poverty. roughly one-third of sub-Saharan Africa’s economic growth and half The situation has a dire effect on of its livelihoods. Land is also the Africa’s vast drylands. The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized primary safety net for the rural poor. flagship report—Confronting Drought Roughly two-thirds of the region’s in Africa’s Drylands: Opportunities for estimated 700 million people live Enhancing Resilience—prepared in in rural and remote areas and are collaboration with many technical overwhelmingly dependent on an and development partners, defines increasingly stressed land resource. drylands to include arid, semiarid, Public Disclosure Authorized and dry subhumid zones (Cervigni Yet this resource base is highly and Morris 2016). Drylands comprise vulnerable to degradation and about 43 percent of the continent’s desertification. Two-thirds of land surface, account for about Sustainably developing the drylands and land available for production is 75 percent of the area used for conferring resilience to their Inhabitants considered degraded enough to agriculture, and provide homes for 50 will require addressing a complex hinder productivity goals; crop and percent of the population, including web of economic, social, political, and livestock yields have stagnated and environmental vulnerabilities. Good a disproportionate share of the remain the lowest in the world, while adaptive responses have the potential to poor. The people living in drylands deforestation continues, unabated, generate new and better opportunities are deeply vulnerable ecologically, at the highest rate in the world. for many people, cushion the losses for economically, and socially. As such, Such natural resource degradation is others, and smooth the transition for all. they are at the heart of Africa’s Implementation of these responses will estimated to impose up to a 9 percent development challenge (figure 1). require effective and visionary leadership drag on agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) alone (TerrAfrica 2011b). at all levels, from households to local Drylands are home to economically organizations, national governments, and The primary causes of this ecosystem and socially fragile communities. a coalition of development partners. This vulnerability include deforestation, work, along with an accompanying series It is well documented that drylands cultivation of unsuitable marginal of background papers, is intended to include a large share of the region’s lands, inappropriate or excessive contribute to that effort. poor, most of whom do not have use of agricultural technologies and access to basic services such as health chemicals, overgrazing, and poor Makhtar Diop, Vice President, care, education, water, and sanitation. Africa Region, World Bank management of cultivated land, Such ecological and economic often exacerbated by drought. All of fragility is often compounded by the these lead to depletion of soil fertility social and political marginalization of 8 Drylands regions of sub-Saharan Africa, defined in terms of the Figure 1:  Aridity Index Confronting Drought in Africa’s Drylands: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience many of the groups living in drylands. diverted away from pursuing their host communities. Resource This muffles their voices and limits longer-term development goals and scarcity, combined with rapid their ability to influence political redirected to mobilizing costly short- population growth, poverty, and processes that affect their well-being term responses to humanitarian underdevelopment in border (Kerven and Behnke 2014). crises. In 2011, around US$4 billion regions, worsens both communal was spent on humanitarian assistance conflict and civil wars. Some of Frequent and severe shocks— in the Sahel and Horn of Africa alone, these conflicts have had disastrous especially those caused by equivalent to 10 percent of total direct consequences for biodiversity recurring extreme and prolonged Overseas Development Assistance to and ecosystems in the areas where droughts—limit the livelihood sub-Saharan Africa (OECD 2015). refugees migrate to, as well as indirect opportunities for poor households impacts due to the resulting lack of and undermine efforts to eradicate Natural resource degradation can law enforcement and investment in extreme poverty. The impacts of also be a factor in refugee crises conservation. Normalizing relations drought on degraded lands create and social migration. Many of the between neighbor states is one of a vicious cycle of shocks and countries with degraded lands have the greatest development challenges humanitarian crises. In the absence suffered—and in parts continue in the region. In border zones where of robust social protection systems to suffer—civil unrest and conflict, droughts are frequent and often and rapidly scalable safety nets, which have resulted in a large-scale devastating, they cause communal these shocks cause large drains on displacement of the population. clashes over scarce pasture and government budgets and consume Notably, about 2 million refugees water. a significant portion of the region’s and over 6 million other displaced international development assistance. people continue to rely on the weak As a result, scarce resources are local and national institutions of FUTURE PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES Projected impact of climate change on the annual Aridity Index in sub-Saharan Africa Figure 2:  Turn Down the Heat, World bank By 2030, the population living in Land and natural resource African drylands is expected to challenges are amplified by climate grow by 58 to 74 percent.6 change. The Intergovernmental Higher population density in Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) degraded lands will put additional identified Africa as one of the pressure on a fragile resource base, continents most vulnerable to pushing it, in some cases, beyond climate change. Projections for its natural regenerative capacity. African countries show that the According to the World Bank report temperature will increase between on African drylands, by 2030, the 1.3°C and 2.1°C (with greater or number of people affected by lesser local variation depending on drought in East and West Africa the model) by 2050. Precipitation alone is likely to be 70 percent higher either will increase or remain the than it was in 2010, and climate same, on average across the region, change could result in the further however, with large variations. These expansion of drylands by as much impacts affect many, particularly as 20 percent. This could escalate natural resource–dependent sectors, social conflicts over land, water, and including agriculture, energy, forestry, biomass. At the same time, higher tourism, transport, and water. population density will bring new development opportunities linked Climate change could result in an to greater market size, increased expansion of the area classified as economic specialization, and drylands by up to 20 percent in enhanced value addition as well as some scenarios. This would bring the potential to achieve cost savings more people into environments in the provision of vital services such where livelihood options are as education, health care, water and limited and opportunities to ensure sanitation, energy, communications, resilience are severely constrained. and security. According to the flagship World Bank report, Turn Down the Heat: Climate 6 Depending on fertility scenario. Confronting Drought in Africa’s Drylands: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience 10 Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the target for agricultural use because increasingly frequent and ever more Case for Resilience, the continent is of their productive potential. Once consequential humanitarian crises. confronted with a range of climate pastoralists lose these key resource risks that could have far-reaching areas, their whole strategy for dealing There are promising successes repercussions for sub-Saharan with drought is compromised. in confronting land degradation. Africa’s societies and economies Some actors are increasingly in future. Sub-Saharan Africa is Drylands and degraded lands can finding common ground on land particularly dependent on agriculture be transformed. The key question management, but there is much (almost all of it rain-fed) for food, for policy makers is how best to work to do to safeguard economic income, and employment. Under manage the coming demographic, development from intertwined 2°C warming, large regional risks to social, and economic changes to land degradation and climate risks. food production emerge; these risks achieve the best possible outcomes. Sustainable land management would become stronger if adaptation As governments and donor partners practices—such as integrated nutrient measures are inadequate and the contemplate the design of the next management, watershed planning, CO2 (carbon dioxide) fertilization generation of policies and programs low tillage, agroforestry, water effect is weak. Unprecedented heat for the drylands, it is important to harvesting, and erosion control— extremes are projected over an know whether traditional pursuits, have been proven at small scale, yet increasing percentage of land area especially livestock-keeping and crop are often neglected in policies and as warming goes from 2 to 4°C, farming, can be made sufficiently national and sector strategy due resulting in significant changes in productive and stable in the face to the highly fragmented nature of vegetative cover and species at of demographic, economic, and land-related institutions, knowledge, risk of extinction. Heat and drought climatic change to provide secure and investments. Despite increasing would also result in severe losses of livelihoods for the entire population. recognition, the scale of the problem livestock and associated impacts on If the scope for sustainable surpasses the response to date and rural communities. intensification is limited, fundamental the continued calls for action on the transformations of the livelihood continent. Pastoralism is particularly affected systems may be needed to avoid by climate change. There are significant negative consequences including loss of livestock through heat stress, loss of land to agricultural encroachment as the rise in rainfall raises the productive potential of arid areas, an increase in frequency of flooding, and the spread of human and livestock diseases that thrive during the wet season. Over the past few decades, greater pressure has been put on pastoralist grazing lands and water resources because populations have increased and grazing land has been taken for cultivation, conservation areas, and state use. Pastoral livestock has been squeezed onto lands that are too small to be sustainable for pastoral production as pastoralists rely on freedom of movement to be able to manage the rangelands effectively. Key resource areas, for example, dry-season grazing lands, are a Figure 3: Integrated Landscape Management Approach IUCN 12 Single-sector approaches, isolated projects, and individual institutions cannot sufficiently address the multidisciplinary challenges posed by land degradation and climate change. Overall, it is estimated that improved natural resource management, along with better livestock management, expanded irrigation, and better management of rain-fed agriculture can cut in half (or more in some countries) the increase in the number of drought- affected people over the next decade in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa (TerrAfrica 2015). Durable progress can be made through country-led, multistakeholder coalitions. These should identify and promote good sustainable land management (SLM) practices, harmonize policy, share knowledge, make domestic and international financing more efficient, and ultimately, strengthen the ability of land users to individually and collectively reduce intertwined land degradation and climate risks. Creating resilient landscapes that strengthen the integrity of ecosystems to provide the full range of services for productive sectors and livelihoods, including migrant and fragile communities, requires collaborative action at scale. It also requires coordination of planning and management decisions across a range of sectors and stakeholders, supportive policies and regulations, investments in effective programs, capacity building to generate learning, replication of good practices, and strategies for scaling up successful programs. WORLD BANK SUPPORT TO SUSTAINABLE LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT SEVERAL DECADES Box 1. Land for Life: OF SUPPORT The World Bank has been engaged Managing Land Sustainably in supporting sustainable land for Better Livelihoods and water management since Land for Life: Managing the 1970s. Many of these projects Land Sustainably for Better and programs have contributed to Livelihoods—a book produced the transformation of livelihoods. by the World Bank and UNCCD Countries and development partners jointly in 2013—presented 40 have also stepped up their efforts to innovative case studies from all combat desertification and introduce over the world to show examples good natural resource management of how degraded lands can be techniques. This portfolio of restored. Luc Gnacadja, UNCCD sustainable land and natural resource Executive Secretary, and Makhtar management projects and programs Diop, World Bank Vice President, has continued to grow (see Annex: noted in their foreword: List of SLWM Projects Africa 2006–19). the vulnerabilities of communities Since 2006, over 200 projects The uplifting news is that people and ecosystems. Together, they have with SLM components have been are taking action themselves advanced the implementation of implemented to strengthen countries’ to restore and protect newly the commitments by parties to the effort. These projects span sectors fertile land all over the world… UNCCD, the Convention on Biological such as agriculture, environment, These stories testify to the Diversity (CBD), and the United disaster risk management, and fact that desertification and Nations Framework Convention on rural development. These projects land degradation are not our Climate Change (UNFCCC) by sharing amount to about US$12 billion in automatic destiny. We can roll common a vision, knowledge, and financing, of which US$10 billion is back the encroachment of lessons from the ground (see box 1). from the International Development drylands and reclaim enough Association (IDA), US$390 million fertile land for the world to feed In 2005, the World Bank, in from the Global Environment Facility itself, banish malnutrition, and collaboration with African countries (GEF), and US$1 billion from other create sustainable land and water and other partners, launched the sources. Meanwhile, it has become management policies. This is TerrAfrica partnership. After the increasingly clear that a collaborative what a land-degradation neutral 2005 High-Level Forum on Enhanced effort and broad partnerships can world is about. Aid Effectiveness (Harmonization, facilitate learning, reduce transaction Alignment, and Results) in Paris, costs, and generate economies of In 2016, a second edition, Land TerrAfrica was created under scale for greater results. for Life: Create Wealth, Transform the UNCCD and the auspices of Livelihoods, shares real life African Ministers of Environment The World Bank started a examples of communities already and Agriculture. The partnership collaboration with the United taking steps toward achieving addresses land degradation by Nations Convention to Combat Sustainable Development Goal increasing the scale, efficiency, and Desertification (UNCCD) in 2005. 15 focusing on “life on land” to: effectiveness of investments in Building on many years of experience, Protect, restore, and promote SLM across sub-Saharan countries; and recognizing the platform created sustainable use of terrestrial knowledge sharing; and coalition by the UNCCD to promote sustainable ecosystems, sustainably manage building. land management, this collaboration forests, combat desertification, focused on enhancing resilience and and halt and reverse adaptive capacity as well as reducing land degradation as well as biodiversity loss. 14 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Bank, collaborated with NEPAD and Regional Economic Communities (figure 4). The SIP program reached about 4.8 million beneficiaries, and directly resulted in an additional 2.7 million hectares of land under SLM practices.7 Experiences from SIP have provided fertile ground for drawing key lessons from to inform future engagement by all partners (Bunning, Woodfine, and Vallée 2016). The Sahel and West Africa Program (SAWAP) in support of the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) was launched in 2011 (box 2). It is a US$1.1 billion investment program funded with Figure 4: Projects under the Strategic Investment Program US$786 million from IDA, US$98 Co-chaired by the World Bank and was the first high profile regional million from GEF, and US$108 million the African Union NEPAD (New investment program on land from counterparts such as Norway. Partnership for Africa’s Development) degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. The program includes: Agency, TerrAfrica now includes The SIP was designed to address the • The 12 SAWAP country 26 sub-Saharan countries and multiple factors of land degradation, operations each take a 20 partners, including Regional building on earlier approaches, while landscape perspective. They Economic Communities, UN bodies, furthering on aid harmonization include a range of integrated international organizations, the principles. The SIP’s support focused natural resources, watershed, European Union, bilaterals, and on on-the-ground activities for climate change, disaster risk civil society. Together, they have SLM scale-up, creating an enabling management, and agriculture leveraged US$3 billion for sustainable environment for SLM at all levels (that interventions in Benin, Burkina land and water management is, intersectoral approach and policy), Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, investment (SLWM) and implemented strengthening advisory services, and Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, 37 operations in 29 countries. supporting knowledge management Senegal, Sudan, and Togo and monitoring and evaluation (figure 5). As of May 2017, SAWAP The TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF)— (M&E). The SIP was implemented by has reached over 14 million supported by the European Union, 26 countries through 36 projects, beneficiaries, brought about and the governments of France, the with over US$1 billion financing in 750,000 hectares of additional Netherlands, and Norway—provided total. Financing of US$150 million land under SLM, and built the seed money for countries to prepare from the GEF played a catalytic role capacity of almost 6,000 local SLWM interventions at scale and and helped leverage cofinancing institutions on SLM practices. analytical and knowledge support.6 of about US$840 million, including US$580 million from the World The Strategic Investment Program Bank. Six multilateral agencies: (SIP) for SLM, launched in 2008, the African Development Bank, 6 The TerrAfrica Leveraging Fund (TLF) provides a flexible financing mechanism to support strategic and critical activities that have the potential for scaling up sustainable land and water management (SLWM) in sub-Saharan Africa countries. Established in 2009 with financial support from the European Union, the Netherlands and Norway, and managed by the World Bank, the TLF is supporting several countries in sub-Saharan Africa (29) in leveraging and designing innovative investments in SLWM, as well as supporting the TerrAfrica Secretariat at NEPAD. 7 SLM practices include: crop rotations, fallowing, intercropping, green manures, reduced or no tillage, composting, mulching, tree planting in agro- forestry systems, shelter belts, woodlots, crop–livestock integration for manure production, soil and water conservation measures (stabilization of river banks, vegetation strips, stone lines, tied ridges, progressive/bench terraces, rainwater harvesting—zaï and half-moon), rangeland restoration (temporary area closures, reseeding, holistic grazing management, assisted natural regeneration), and gully rehabilitation. Box 2. The Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) The GGWI is an African Union program launched in 2007 to strengthen the resilience of the region's people and natural systems from Senegal to Eritrea. Endorsed by African heads of state and government, it aims to tackle the detrimental social, economic, and environmental impacts of land degradation and desertification in the region. The GGWI has a bold ambition to “green” Africa from Senegal to Djibouti, restoring degraded lands and transforming local livelihoods. Once completed, the metaphorical “wall” will be one of the largest environmental accomplishments in human history. At the UNFCCC COP 21 (2015 Paris Climate Conference), the World Bank announced its intention to scale-up its support to the Great Green Wall Initiative with an additional US$1.9 billion investment. Figure 5. SAWAP member countries  he • T regional Building country projects to enhance and croplands. This culminated in Resilience through Innovation, (box 7). the SAWAP, a second-generation Communications, and Knowledge umbrella program. Project design Services (BRICKS) project is the The approach evolved through considered the increasing evidence communications, innovation, three generations of programs. The on climate change impacts (shifting monitoring, and knowledge hub SIP, a first-generation investment cropping calendar, delayed rainfall, for operations. It is implemented program, focused essentially on and emerging pests and diseases) as by three regional organizations, supporting countries to address documented by TerrAfrica in Using recognized as centers of land degradation in productive land. SLM Practices to Adapt and Mitigate excellence: the Permanent As implementation progressed, Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa Interstate Committee to Combat it became clear to clients and and included climate adaptation Drought in the Sahel (CILSS), the partners that sustainability in land and mitigation. The current third- Sahara and Sahel Observatory management and productivity generation investments use the (OSS), and the West and Central required cross-sectoral interventions. landscape approach and build the Africa Office of the International Reflecting on what was learned, resilience of both ecosystems and Union for Conservation of Nature the program shifted investments livelihoods, as promoted by the (IUCN). These organizations toward integrated land and water African Resilient Landscapes Initiative together facilitate south–south management that connects (box 3). cooperation on knowledge and protected areas, forests, woodlands, provide operational services to agroforestry land, rangelands, 16 Box 3: The African Resilient Landscapes Initiative The African Resilient Landscapes Initiative (ARLI) was launched by the African Union NEPAD Agency in December 2015. It calls for the use of the landscape approach to integrate multiple sectoral initiatives and facilitate linkages and coordination among them. ARLI is mobilizing financial and technical resources from multiple sources to help design and implement operations at landscape level. Through ARLI, the World Bank supports resilient landscapes in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and East Africa. ARLI commits, through the implementation of the African Landscape Action Plan (ALAP) and the African Forest and Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100), to bring 100 million hectares of degraded and deforested land under restoration in Africa by 2030. By doing so, the ARLI is contributing to improve soil fertility and food security, access to clean water, combat desertification, increase biodiversity and habitat, create green jobs, bolster economic growth and livelihood diversification, and increase the capacity for climate change resilience and adaptation. The ARLI will mobilize African countries and partners to leverage sectorial interventions and collectively ensure the integrity, resilience, restoration and sustainable management of landscapes across regions. — Dr. Ibrahim Mayaki, Executive Secretary of the African Union NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency. LESSONS LEARNED AND LOOKING FORWARD Broad support can be galvanized Landscapes Restoration 100 Initiative world in a sustainable manner. It with a shared, strategic vision. In (AFR100) promote integrated efforts includes a strong focus on drylands 2015, the UNCCD adopted the Land to address landscape degradation in and other fragile landscapes in the Degradation Neutrality (LDN) target over 100 million hectares by 2030. region. This builds on large-scale under the Sustainable Development These initiatives can mobilize a broad programs such as the SIP and SAWAP. Goals (SDGs)6 to combat global coalition for action. Looking forward, At the national level, countries are land degradation. The New York the World Bank will build on these developing plans for implementation Declaration on Forests, endorsed initiatives while promoting synergies, based on their Nationally Determined by world leaders in 2014, envisions integrated approaches, and country Contributions (NDCs), and support to cutting natural forest loss in half ownership under TerrAfrica and other these countries during preparation by 2020 and initiating restoration relevant platforms. and implementation is critical. on 350 million hectares by 2030. For instance, the Kenya Strategic At the continental level, the Great The vision needs to be translated Investment Framework for SLM, Green Wall for Sahara and the Sahel into implementable programs. At adopted in 2017, is now used for the Initiative (GGWISS) is an African the regional level, the World Bank preparation of new investments in vision to transform the Sahel into a launched its Africa Climate Business the northern regions, with support stable, sustainable, resilient region Plan (ACBP) in 2015 as its US$19 from TerrAfrica. Country planning through improved management of billion blueprint for climate action. support has proven vital in promoting natural resources, land, water, and The plan supports the World Bank analysis, advocacy, consultations, climate risks. Launched jointly in Group’s overall goals to end extreme and harmonization. The WBG will 2015, the Africa Resilient Landscapes poverty by 2030 and promote continue to provide support to its Initiative (ARLI) and the Africa Forest shared prosperity in the developing clients to turn their commitments 6 Goal 15: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss. 18 Box 4. Ghana Sustainable Land and Water Management Project (SLWMP): Programmatic Approach, Integrated Solutions, and Transformational Changes Since 2009, Ghana has been implementing a programmatic series of projects through three phases of investments. Through these projects, the country moved from a sole focus on farmland management to sustainable land and water management, then to integrated landscape management to support resilience and food security. This strategic long-term engagement is resulting in visible on-the-ground impacts, improved livelihoods, and multiple ecosystems benefits. The project design combined a package of soft and hard investments and community-level interventions, focusing on the maintenance of ecological and flood infrastructure. Emphasis has been placed on innovation, experimentation in incentives, and extension systems. Sustainability is realized through support to postharvest management improvements and a focus on value chain and nondestructive uses of forests. Multisectoral collaboration and a decentralized implementation mechanism allowed traditional authorities, women, and youth to participate in the decision making and land-use planning. Innovative financing enables farmers to receive upfront support followed by a series of performance-based payments based on the incremental environmental benefits generated by SLWM technology. The SLWMP is financed by US$30 million in GEF grants and Ghana’s in-kind contribution. equivalent to US$14 million. It is one of the 12 country investments part of the World Bank/GEF funded SAWAP in support of the Great Green Wall of Africa. into action. It will, in particular, efforts in the late 1980s. Building on transformational shift to the bottom- aim at facilitating access to seed these experiences, the government’s up approach is the foundation of funding such as under the TerrAfrica commitment has been persistent Ethiopia’s results, for example, in Leveraging Fund and country-specific over time, particularly under the protecting watersheds from open trust funds to leverage investment overarching 3N initiative (The livestock grazing by cut-and-carry financing at scale. In doing so, support Nigeriens Feeding the Nigeriens) and, practices. The community promotion will be guided by the promotion of more specifically, the development of approach under the Sustainable Land integrated approaches at landscape a national SLM program. The country Management Project in Senegal scale, aid harmonization principles, is now implementing the third phase was also particularly successful, as and the broad menu of SLM solutions of the community action program villagers negotiated a community (TerrAfrica 2011a) as committed and a new climate-smart agriculture charter for the use, management, under ACBP, ARLI, and TerrAfrica. project. Burkina Faso, in line with the and conservation of pastoral lands. community-driven-development Looking forward, the WBG will Continued government leadership (CDD) approach adopted as early as continue to promote bottom-up and and commitment are needed. 1986, is also implementing the next community-driven interventions Successes such as Ethiopia’s phase of an ambitious SLM program as key ingredients of landscapes remarkable achievements under through the Community-Based Rural interventions, for example, through the Sustainable Land Management Development Project (CBRDP). program development, knowledge Program (SLMP) or the Ghana sharing, capacity building, SLWM (box 4) would not have Successful programs mobilize business sector collaborations, and been possible without long-term and build on bottom-up initiatives adapted financing tools (such as commitment from government. and incentives. As confirmed, by under the CBRDP in Burkina Faso Recognizing the key role of land the SIP review and others sources, and the upcoming community-based degradation in the humanitarian empowering local communities NRM grant facility in Mozambique). crises of the 1970s and 1980s, the has become a standard approach In many places, there is now a government’s commitments now in every step of SLM interventions, need to expand toward multi- include key national strategies,7 while whether for land-use planning communityengagement, for example, its program has brought together or for the identification of locally at the watershed level or for different sectors and implemented appropriate solutions. Involving pastoral transhumance. resources on a large scale. Similarly, local communities at the planning Niger is often cited as a success stage, in particular, is a key factor to Piloting innovative approaches story because of the regreening sustainability (FAO 2016). Hence, in can unleash new opportunities of the Maradi region, which took addition to the previous examples for change. While allocating off through rural community-level of Niger and Burkina Faso, the resources to scale up proven 7 Such as the Growth and Transformational Plan-2 (GTP-2), the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy, and accompanying 2015 Climate Resilience Strategy for Agriculture and Forest, the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the emerging National Forest Sector Strategy and National REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) Strategy, as well as sector strategies for energy, water, and agriculture. practices, innovation support allows In addition, shade-grown coffee models as part of the related national countries and communities to has been introduced in Rwanda strategy. develop context-specific solutions and Burundi through exchanges and address technical, social, and with Colombia and Ethiopia. As Policies and incentives are economic constraints at scale. For an incentive to address structural important to create the enabling instance, the SIP was recognized as bottlenecks locally while mobilizing environment for sustainable a platform for testing and applying new financing opportunities, natural resources management. SLM technologies and tools to restore the World Bank has built on its For instance, securing land tenure ecosystems such as erosion control, experience in Latin America through titling as illustrated in Ethiopia water structures, composting, to support Ghana in designing has been key in the adoption of SLM mulching, and so forth, especially Payments for Environmental Services practices by communities at the when bottom-up innovation was (PES). Finally, in Burkina Faso, a new landscape level. In Niger, like in other allowed (box 5). project mobilizes carbon financing Sahel countries, relaxing regulations to promote the national bio-digester that restricted farmers’ right to exploit value chain and introduces new trees in their own fields created Box 5. Landless Youth for Resilient Landscapes in Ethiopia Land rights, management, value, and use form key development issues for millions of rural Ethiopians facing climate, water, food, and livelihood insecurity. This is especially true for youth facing severe challenges of landlessness and joblessness. This innovative approach provided legal landholding certificates and extension support to landless youth in exchange for restoring degraded communal lands. This resulted in youth employment, increased livelihood opportunities, empowered youths who have few other options but to migrate, and strengthened the basis for more citizen engagement and better participation in the governance of natural resources. It also helped diversify and balance competing land uses in rural landscapes and boost climate resilience in productive landscapes.As of December 2016, over 740 youth groups with more than 15,000 members (40 percent female) have received group landholding certificates or other legal documentation. About 100,000 landless youth could be reached with sufficient financing that would complement the US$100 million of World Bank financing planned for approval in July 2018. This initiative is part of the World Bank–financed Ethiopia Sustainable Land Management Project II (SLMP 2), one of the 12 country investments comprising the World Bank/GEF–funded SAWAP in support of Africa’s Great Green Wall Initiative. 20 million beneficiaries to date, is on Box 6. Supporting Integrated Decision Making for track to reach its 2020 target. The Landscape Management across Sectors in Madagascar development of performance-based incentives as well as community- and Mozambique based management/control systems also generates certain needs. While The World Bank has initiated a program of technical assistance in experience shows that M&E for SLM Madagascar and Mozambique under the Land Use Planning for Enhanced operations can be challenging, recent Resilience of Landscapes (LAUREL) project. It supports integrated decision developments in satellite imagery making for landscape management through improved spatial data on land make its use much easier, including degradation and the development of prototype platforms for simulating, for those with limited technical skills. evaluating, and re-orienting as appropriate land use and land-use change The use of drones is also becoming processes. This is a highly innovative combination of analytical work, more accessible, for example, for modelling and capacity building, with the ultimate goal of mainstreaming communities, project teams, or land-use planning tools in real life policy and investment decisions. It decentralized administrations to includes the assessment of alternative policies and investments to achieve monitor local resources. African specific development outcomes with lesser environmental impacts (less capacity needs to be expanded deforestation, land degradation, erosion, and so forth). Once developed, and mobilized on M&E (box 7). At the conceptual and modelling approach could be replicated in other the public administration level, the countries facing difficult decisions on how to optimize land-use planning increasing use of performance-based and reconcile economic and environmental objectives. aid funding such as under the new bio-digester promotion program in Burkina Faso, or the World Bank’s Box 7. M&E Support to SAWAP teams under the Program for Results (PforR) financing Building Resilience through Innovation, Communication instrument, for example, in Rwanda, is contributing to stronger country and Knowledge Services (BRICKS) Project ownership and simpler finance administration. Looking forward, Under the BRICKS Project, the Observatory of Sahara and the Sahel and to inform current developments (OSS) monitors SLM changes at national and regional levels, provides to strengthen and harmonize M&E capacity building on M&E to national project teams, and facilitates the systems in line with the SDGs, harmonization process among countries. OSS has recently developed NDCs and LDN target setting, one the SAWAP Geospatial online portal (available at sawap.net) for the can usefully build on the practical SAWAP community. The portal provides access to satellite imageries and experience and capacity developed allows them to overlay national data over these imageries. Geographical under SIP, SAWAP and other projects, Information System (GIS) tools with additional in-country functionalities including by African centers of have been developed for the SAWAP projects in Chad, Ethiopia, Niger, excellence. Also, in addition to Senegal, and Sudan. OSS trained country teams on GIS and on the the permanent need to fine-tune geoportal, including Collect Earth, and provided flash drives with relevant emerging M&E tools and build related thematic national maps to mitigate Internet access issues. capacity, the World Bank, GEF, and incentives for farmers to use and for policy reforms to be tested their partners are also working on protect trees. It hence contributed and adjusted. Looking forward, improving the impact assessment of to the success of Farmer Managed guidance for policy development and SLM interventions in the long run. Natural Regeneration and other SLM implementation and the design of practices. Similarly, in an increasing incentives are critical elements of the Multipronged and multisectoral number of countries and operations WBG support to clients in Madagascar approaches are needed to address (for example, Burkina Faso, Niger, and and Mozambique (Box 6). the complex challenges facing Mozambique), performance-based degraded landscapes. Addressing frameworks and incentives have been Programs need to measure results land degradation requires inputs developed to influence communities on the ground. The importance from different sectors such as or businesses in managing natural of M&E has been emphasized environment, forest, agriculture, and resources sustainably. However, throughout the programs. According water. Interventions must deal with as emphasized by the SIP review, to its M&E system, for example, the diverse land uses and a broad menu policy development often requires SIP implemented SLM practices on of solutions while often prioritizing time beyond traditional project 2.7 million hectares with 4.8 million multiple environment, economic, timeline, for example, long-term beneficiaries engaged. SAWAP, and social objectives in order to programmatic support is needed with 0.6 million hectares and 7.4 reach the desired impacts.8 This 8 TerrAfrica (2011a) documents proven practices in domains that range from irrigation and water harvesting to forest management, soil conservation, agroforestry, and crop-livestock integration. Box 8. The UN / World Bank Sahel Initiative The UN / World Bank Sahel Initiative was jointly launched by the World Bank Group and the United Nations in 2013. It builds on a development pledge of US$1.5 billion to help Sahel countries tackle political, food, feature is now further emphasized climatic, and security vulnerabilities with a regionally coordinated by the evolution from a main focus approach to build resilience and promote economic opportunity. The on land degradation in productive World Bank Group developed several regional landmark projects that lands to the broader, ecosystems- are relevant to NRM in the Sahel drylands are at advanced preparation based resilient landscape approach. stage or under implementation. The initiative includes the SAWAP in Integrated Landscape Management support of the Great Green Wall of Africa and these projects dealing for Enhancing Resilience in Africa’s with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal: Drylands, part of the World Bank regional study on Confronting  he • T US$248 million Regional Sahel Pastoralism Drought in Africa’s Drylands, presents Support Project (PRAPS), launched in 2015 aims to emerging findings on the importance improve access to essential productive assets, services, of moving beyond single-sector and markets for pastoralists and agropastoralists in interventions to embrace integrated selected transborder areas and transhumance axes. landscape management. The World Bank mobilizes a diverse range of  he US$280 million Sahel Irrigation Initiative Support • T competencies and teams to meet Project (SIIP) promotes a holistic approach such as water this requirement, whether as part of harvesting and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to tackle SLM/landscape-specific operations key constraints. It targets the development of 23,480 hectares such as SAWAP and SIP, or under of irrigated land, benefiting approximately 80,000 farming projects such as the Regional households (Board approval expected in November 2017). Sahel Pastoralism Support Project (PRAPS), part of the UN / World  he US$64 million Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program • T Bank Sahel Initiative (box 8), PRAPS (ASPP) aims to support poor and vulnerable populations. supports significant NRM activities Implemented with the support of a multidonor trust fund contributing to the fight against including the United Kingdom’s Department for International land degradation, while mitigating Development (DFID). Among others, it promotes labor-intensive tensions and conflicts among land public works interventions that generate environmental and users. It focuses particularly on the economic benefits. inclusion of pastoralists and other communities in the planning and 22 management of pastoral resources Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of were brought in to be part of the (land and water) and related livestock Congo), and Restoration Opportunity conversation. Typical illustrations movements, such as during the Assessment Mapping (ROAM) include assessing and documenting transhumance and displacement. exercises in Burundi and Mozambique experiences, approaches and New and planned World Bank in collaboration with the International practices (such as under TerrAfrica’s operations in countries such as Union for Conservation of Nature SLM in Practice [2011a]), developing Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique, (IUCN). Likewise, there is a need or building capacity on new tools, and Zambia now adopt landscape to systematically understand new preparing guidelines for planners and approaches on a systematic basis, emerging challenges. For instance, practitioners (such as Country Support in line with ARLI. Interventions’ migrations have intensified in recent for Scaling-up SLM [FAO 2009]) and designs identify future drivers of years, often exacerbated by the training countries on ROAM. South– vulnerability and recommend cross- lack of livelihoods, and with natural south knowledge exchanges and field border solutions that curb poverty, resources as a contributing factor. In visits, as illustrated earlier with shade- migration, and displacement. turn, related movements such refugee grown coffee promotion in Burundi, Looking ahead, the WBG can usefully influxes often have an impact on the Colombia and Rwanda, deserve mobilize teams across sectors to natural base near refugee settlements. special attention. Indeed, by sharing assist in the preparation, financing, Addressing these situations requires successful practices and experiences and implementation at scale of specific analytical work as illustrated adaptable across the continent, they new operations. Further support, in Uganda and Kenya, where it have contributed to stimulating tailored to countries’ respective will inform new lending operations initiative, confidence and innovation, needs, should build on African (box 9). as well as to the cross-fertilization countries’ own experiences and of knowledge among practitioners. learning processes and focus on Knowledge sharing and exchange Several exchanges have been designing and improving systems and strategic communication are organized for the 12 SAWAP project and interventions that promote these key to reach broad constituencies. teams under the BRICKS as well as integrated approaches in practice. The World Bank has spearheaded the six national NRM teams under knowledge sharing and innovative the PRAPS. Similarly, Madagascar’s Cutting-edge analytical work approaches to build capacity, visit to draw lessons from Rwanda’s should support decision making. strengthen communities of practice, achievements for the preparation The WBG’s program has evolved stimulate local innovation and of a large landscape project over the years, maintaining flexibility, learning processes, leverage funding, increased the related momentum adjusting its focus to the emerging and design large-scale, continentwide within government and stimulated challenges, learning from the past and investments. Partnerships such as coordination between the ministries from its own implementation. It has TerrAfrica brought an increasing of environment and agriculture. spearheaded cutting-edge analytical and diversified number of partners work and developed tools to provide to exchange and share the The private sector should be a strategic guidance, inform policies lessons. African media, grassroots key driver of positive change and decision making at different levels, organizations, faith groups, youth in sustainable natural resource and leverage additional resources. alliances, and women’s cooperatives management. Companies dealing Many studies have provided practical guidance on emerging issues and Box 9. Rapid Diagnostic Assessment of Land and opportunities such as private sector Natural Resources Degradation in Areas Impacted by engagement in landscape programs (World Bank 2017b). Recent country- South Sudan Refugee Influx in Kenya and Uganda specific support has entailed Country Environmental Assessments (for A challenge facing Kenya and Uganda is to address a mounting land example, in Burundi and Ethiopia), and natural resources degradation problem associated with a rapidly Forest Policy Notes (for example, in growing influx of refugees from South Sudan and Somalia. In addition, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of a food security and emergency agricultural livelihoods strategy provides Congo), and Restoration Opportunity refugees with a small plot of land for agriculture. These circumstances are Assessment Mapping (ROAM) resulting in land degradation, woodland loss associated with overcutting exercises.Many studies have provided of woodlands for biomass fuels, competition for scarce water resources, practical guidance on emerging issues and significant impacts on host populations’ access to education and and opportunities such as private health care services. In Kenya, the large number of refugees since sector engagement in landscape 1991 has resulted in negative economic, social and environmental programs (World Bank 2017b). Recent impacts, especially degradation and loss of vegetation cover. With country-specific support has entailed TerrAfrica support, the World Bank has initiated a rapid diagnostic Country Environmental Assessments assessment of land and natural resources degradation in areas in (for example, in Burundi and Ethiopia), Kenya and northern Uganda impacted by the influx of refugees from Forest Policy Notes (for example, in South Sudan. with natural resource–based local communities. Support can value-chain groupings with cotton dependent commodities are be targeted at easing companies' companies in Zambia (box 9), or from increasingly recognizing the need dialogue with government and the global cocoa industry (Kroeger et for committing to sustainability and stakeholders at the landscape al. 2017). goals such as zero deforestation. levels, developing performance- Motivations can be diverse, from based management and promotion Mobilizing and leveraging financing customers’ perception to supply- systems, and implementing reliable are essential for supporting large- related risk management. Each of monitoring systems. Illustrations scale programs. The Paris Climate these industries and companies include the current development of Conference of 2015 (COP 21) was a dealing with goods like rubber, an innovative performance-based turning point for African countries palm oil, coffee, cocoa, shea butter, management system for forests by to strengthen the resilience of their timber, beverages, and cement bring timber companies in Mozambique’s landscapes and livelihoods. More their own capacity and know-how, miombo ecosystems. In that resources need to be mobilized, expanding economic opportunities perspective, the WBG, and specifically combined with technical assistance, and widening the knowledge the International Finance Corporation empowering local land users, and base. However, companies need (IFC), can draw significant lessons scaling up success stories across to mitigate risks and uncertainty on value-chain experiences from Africa for sustainable poverty that may deter businesses or affect Nespresso Coffee in Ethiopia, reduction and shared prosperity in Box 10. TerrAfrica’s Strategic Communications An ambitious youth outreach initiative invited young people to submit photos, videos, music videos, and podcasts that communicate compelling climate change and land degradation stories. The competition brought them into the conversation. The initiative relied on countries’ networks of radio stations and grassroots organizations, and through a partnership with Connect4Climate (C4C), which is building a worldwide community of individuals on climate change action. It also helped Kenyan rappers, who were raised in poverty in Nairobi, to work with Eminem and produce a CD to raise funds for climate change projects. The CD was featured on prime advertising jumbotrons in New York's Times Square (box photo) and shown on December 21, 2012, one of the busiest travel days, on 125 screens in 68 airport stores in 14 major U.S. airports. This effort had the potential to reach over 500 million passengers. 24 Box 11. World Bank Group Partners with Nespresso to Bolster Sustainable Coffee in Ethiopia and Cotton Companies in Zambia   In 2016, linked to Ethiopia’s Oromia Forested Landscape Program, the BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes, the World Bank Group’s IFC, the international coffee company Nespresso, and the nonprofit TechnoServe launched a collaboration project to support coffee farmers in Ethiopia. The goal is to support climate- smart coffee production and help increase the productivity of high-quality coffee in Oromia. This entails making 77 wet mills comply with standards under the Nespresso AAA Sustainable Quality Program™ (AAA) and training 20,000 farmers to convert 9,540 hectares of traditional coffee production to AAA standards. This is supported with a US$3 million grant to the Nespresso Sustainability Innovation Fund to provide farmers with intensive, field-based agronomy and business training to advance sustainable coffee production, and an additional a US$3 million loan to Nespresso to increase shade tree planting within coffee farms and enhance wet mill processing. In Zambia, discussions have been initiated with several cotton companies to create a collective partnership to produce zero-deforestation cotton as part of COMPACI certification. The Bank’s BioCarbon Fund sponsored a technical study of the cotton sector to understand how zero-deforestation cotton schemes can be successful, including the types of operational activities and corporate policies that would need to be supported. This study is complete and is now serving as a basis for engaging cotton companies and other agribusiness. In addition, several partnerships are being discussed with other private sector entities to leverage opportunities for climate-smart agriculture, ecotourism, and nonforest timber products. climate resilience. To mobilize and has been a long advocate of the Madagascar. The World Bank will also implement finance at scale while land degradation agenda. For this, support clients in seizing emerging promoting integrated approaches, it can build on the experience of opportunities offered by private the World Bank Group will draw from large regional programs like SIP and sector financing (for example, impact its recognized systems, tools, and SAWAP (respectively $657 and $992 investors). Finally, the World Bank will teams across sectors. In addition, million from IDA, GEF and donors continue to work with financial and the World Bank Group will continue such as Norway in Ethiopia) as well technical partners on the preparation to mobilize resources from IDA and as country specific co-financing as of new programs and the design of leverage climate finance and trust illustrated with the French Agence new approaches. funds. It will form alliances for larger Française de Développement impact, for instance with GEF, which for new landscape operations in CONCLUSION The importance of sub-Saharan Africa drylands and the scale of the challenges that they face now and in the years to come call for shifting away from a business-as-usual mode. In fact, there is a range of proven and well-documented interventions in key sectors that can be scaled up and implemented while remaining within reach of the national budgets and development aid. Fighting against land degradation at landscape scale is key not only to meeting these challenges toward improved resilience, food security, and stability—it can also generate significant economic, social, and environmental benefits for the populations of these regions as well as beyond. Implementing this agenda effectively will require a number of key ingredients from the respective countries and their partners such as: relying on robust analysis and tools, as well as experience sharing, to •  provide guidance to decision makers at different levels, including policy makers, planners, and land users; promoting integrated solutions that take advantage of landscape •  approaches and experience; mobilizing and channeling financing at scale and from a combination of •  sources, including by leveraging the private sector potential; and promoting partnerships to take full advantage of synergies, relative •  strengths, and knowledge. Building on the experience and expertise it has accumulated in these areas, the recognized support systems it has developed, and the teams and partners it can mobilize across sectors, the World Bank will continue to support sub-Saharan African countries to meet their ambitions. Interventions’ designs will identify future drivers of vulnerability and recommend cross- border solutions that curb poverty, migration, and displacement. Further support, tailored to countries’ respective needs, should build on African countries’ own experiences and learning processes and focus on designing and improving systems and interventions that promote these integrated approaches in practice. 26 28 Desertification is not Fate Blog by Magda Lovei on Nazikiliza, I am Listening – World Bank Blog In East Africa and West Africa, about 300 million people living in dryland areas rely on natural, resource-based activities for their livelihood. By 2030, this number could increase to 540 million. At the same time, climate change could result in an expansion of Africa’s drylands by as much as 20%. The degradation of land, water, and forests transcends institutional and geographic boundaries. So do recurrent droughts and floods. They compel us to increase our commitment to the sustainable use of natural resources, to climate change adaptation and mitigation, and to improving food security and water security.   Business as usual is definitely not a viable option when it comes to the drylands. Instead, there is a need for natural resource- based interventions, such as landscape restoration and sustainable management, complemented by better safety nets, contingent finance mechanisms, and alternative livelihoods.   African countries are now reconfirming commitments and targets to achieve these, and jointly mobilizing resources for the large-scale restoration of Africa’s landscapes. I recently returned from Ghana where I attended a conference including representatives of 12 countries, participants in the Sahel and West Africa Program (SAWAP), a $1.1 billion program funded by the World Bank, GEF, and others under the TerrAfrica partnership to support the African Union’s Great Green Wall initiative—a continental vision to halt desertification and land degradation.   Teams from Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, and Togo reviewed their progress, shared their experience, and discussed future opportunities for landscape restoration. Many successes, innovations, and inspiring results across the continent were cited. They are making us believe that desertification is not our fate. Through the SAWAP, as many as 5,894 institutions across the continent have increased their adaptive capacity and as many as 14.9 million direct beneficiaries have been reached. These commitments motivate us to do more. In Ethiopia, where large-scale landscape rehabilitation is already a reality, the provision of legal landholding certificates and extension support to formerly landless youth—in exchange for restoring degraded communal lands—represents a successful innovation. It has resulted in employment, more livelihood opportunities, the empowerment of youth, and an alternative to migration. It has also helped diversify and balance competing land uses and boosting climate resilience in productive landscapes. Over 740 youth groups with more than 15,000 members, 40 percent of them female, have benefited. About 100,000 landless youth could be reached with the right financing.   In Ghana, a programmatic series of Bank projects has evolved through three phases of sustainable land management, each one expanding the reach and scope of intervention. This programmatic series of Bank projects has focused on connecting fragmented habitats in protected areas, forest reserves, woodlands, agroforestry land, rangelands and croplands. So far, it has supported over 14,000 land users who adopted conservation measures in 150 communities. In Burkina Faso, the Sahel Integrated Lowland Ecosystem Management Project has pioneered the concept of biodiversity in productive landscapes in 180 villages. It has created and catalyzed community dynamics for the sustainable management of natural resources at the micro-watershed level by implementing incentives, creating an investment framework, and rewarding individual and collective know-how. More momentum needed What emerged from the SAWAP meeting is that much more must be done to sustain the momentum, scale up successes, and face challenges emerging from the impact of climate change. The World Bank is fast-tracking support to the continent’s resilience under the Africa Climate Business Plan. Investment in climate-resilient landscapes is one of the key pillars of the plan, committing to mobilize $755 million for such measures by 2024. With a continental vision, strong commitment, broad partnerships, and commensurate financing, transformation of Africa’s drylands is possible. We know we cannot transform livelihoods without restoring landscapes and building the resilience of the ecosystems upon which the people depend on for their food, water, and security. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Climate Agreement, UNCCD’s aspiration for a Land Degradation Neutral world, the Africa Resilient Landscape initiative, the  African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative, and the Windhoek Declaration on drought all remind us that collaborative action is our only chance for success. Selected World Bank-funded Projects with SLWM Components in Africa 2006 – 2019 Over 200 projects with SLWM components were implemented to strengthen countries’ effort. These projects span sectors such as agriculture, environment, disaster risk management, and rural development. Other IBRD/ Board GEF (Trust Total IDA Approval Regional/Country Project Name Amount funds) Amount Amount (Year) (US$M) Amount ($M) (US$M) (US$M) PROJECTS PIPELINE 2019 Zambia BioCarbon Fund Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement* - - 47.0 47.0 2018 Burkina Faso Livestock Sector Development Support Project* 60.0 - - 60.0 2018 Burundi Landscape Restoration Project* 50.0 - - 50.0 2018 Central African Republic Natural Resources Governance Project* 10.0 - - 10.0 2018 Republic of Congo Commercial Agriculture Project* 100.0 - - 100.0 2018 Republic of Congo Emission Reductions Program in Sangha-Likouala* - - 51.0 51.0 2018 Cote d’Ivoire Cashew Value-Chain Competitiveness Project* 186.0 - - 186.0 2018 Ghana Emissions Reductions Program* - - 26.0 26.0 2018 Mali Economic & Environmental Rehabilitation of the Niger River* 50.0 - - 50.0 2018 Mozambique Dedicated Grant Mechanism for Local Communities* - - 4.5 4.5 2018 Nigeria Ogun State Nigeria: Agricultural Production and Industrialization* 350.0 - - 350.0 2018 Senegal Support to Senegal Land Reform* 15.0 - - 15.0 2018 Tanzania Catalyzing the Future Agri-food Systems of Tanzania 100.0 - - 100.0 2018 Tanzania Resilient Natural Resource Management for Tourism and Growth* 150.0 - - 150.0 CURRENT PROJECTS 2017 Angola Smallholder Agriculture Development and Commercialization Project 70.0 - - 70.0 2017 Burkina Faso Support to the National Biodigester Program - - 6.1 6.1 2017 Cameroon Livestock Development Project 100.0 - - 100.0 2017 Democratic Republic of Mai-Ndombe REDD+ Integrated Project under Central African Forest - - 18.2 18.2 Congo Initiative (CAFI) 2017 Republic of Congo Forest and Econonmic Diversification Project - 6.5 - 6.5 2017 Eastern Africa Great Lakes Regional Integrated Agriculture Development Project 75.0 - - 75.0 2017 Ethiopia Multi-sector Investment Planning for Climate Resilience - - 1.5 1.5 2017 Ethiopia Oromia National Regional State Forested Landscape Program - - 68.0 68.0 2017 Ghana Dedicated Grant Mechanism for Local Communities Project - - 5.5 5.5 2017 Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project 250.0 - - 250.0 2017 Kenya National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive Growth Project 200.0 - - 200.0 2017 Madagascar Sustainable Landscape Management Project 65.0 - - 65.0 2017 Malawi Agricultural Commercialization Project 95.0 - - 95.0 2017 Malawi Strategic Program for Climate Resilience - - 1.5 1.5 2017 Mozambique Forest Investment Project 15.0 - - 15.0 2017 Nigeria Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improve- 200.0 - - 200.0 ment Support Project 2017 Somalia Strengthening Pastoral and Agropastoral Resilience in Somalia - - 30.0 30.0 2017 Zambia Integrated Forest Landcape Program 17.0 - 8.0 25.0 2016 Africa Regional Great Lakes Integrated Agriculture Development Project 150.0 - - 150.0 2016 Africa Pastoralism & Stability in the Sahel and Horn of Africa - - 2.8 2.8 2016 Burkina Faso Local Forest Communities Support Project - - 4.5 4.5 2016 Burundi Coffee Sector Competitiveness Project 55.0 - - 55.0 2016 Cote d’Ivoire Local Governance and Local Development 20.0 - - 20.0 30 2016 Kenya Promoting Biogas as Sustainable Clean Cooking Fuel for Rural House- - - 4.6 4.6 holds 2016 Madagascar Agriculture Rural Growth and Land Management Project 53.0 - - 53.0 2016 Madagascar Ethanol clean cooking climate finance program - - 11.9 11.9 2016 Mauritania Sustainable Landscape Management Project - 4.8 - 4.8 2016 Mozambique Agriculture and Natural Resources Landscape Management Project 40.0 - - 40.0 2016 Niger Climate Smart Agriculture Support Project 111.0 - - 111.0 2016 Sierra Leone Smallholder Commercialization and Agribusiness Development Project 40.0 - - 40.0 2016 Tanzania Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania Investment Project 70.0 - - 70.0 2015 Cameroon Agriculture Investment and Market Development Project 100.0 - - 100.0 2015 Ghana Forest Investment Program - Enhancing Natural Forest and Agroforest - - 29.5 29.5 Landscapes Project 2015 Guinea Agricultural Support Project 15.0 - - 15.0 2015 Mozambique Conservation Areas for Biodiversity and Development Project 40.0 6.3 - 46.3 2015 Niger Agro-sylvo-pastoral Exports and Markets Development Project 13.8 - - 13.8 2015 Rwanda Landscape Approach to Forest Restoration and Conservation 5.5 - - 5.5 2015 Rwanda Transformation of Agriculture Sector Program 200.0 - - 200.0 2015 Tanzania Expanding Rice Production - - 22.9 22.9 2015 Uganda Agriculture Cluster Development Project 150.0 - - 150.0 2015 Uganda Sustainable Natural Resources Management for Growth Project 45.0 - - 45.0 2015 Uganda Multisectoral Food Security and Nutrition Project - - 27.6 27.6 2015 Western Africa Regional Sahel Pastoralism Support Project 248.0 - - 248.0 2015 Zambia Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) Landscape Man- - - 1.3 1.3 agement Project 2014 Africa African Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services Second Multi-Donor - - 6.5 6.5 Trust Fund 2014 Africa Centre for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for - - 26.0 26.0 Southern Africa (CCARDESA) 2014 Africa Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project 197.0 - - 197.0 2014 Africa Africa Climate Risk Management for Green Growth Project 35.0 - - 35.0 2014 Africa Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Cen- - - 30.0 30.0 tral Africa Multi Donor Trust Fund 2014 Burkina Faso Forest Investment Program - Decentralized Forest and Woodland 16.5 - - 16.5 Management Project 2014 Democratic Republic of National Parks Network Rehabilitation Project 6.0 - - 6.0 Congo 2014 Democratic Republic of Improved Forested Landscape Management Project 36.9 - - 36.9 Congo 2014 Democratic Republic of Forest Dependent Communities Support Project - - 12.0 12.0 Congo 2014 Cote d’Ivoire Agriculture Sector Support Project 50.0 - - 50.0 2014 Gabon Sustainable Management of Critical Wetlands Ecosystems 7.5 - - 7.5 2014 Gambia, The Commercial Agriculture and Value Chain Management Project 15.9 - - 15.9 2014 Madagascar Irrigation and Watershed Management Project - - 12.7 12.7 2014 Mali Natural Resources Management in a Changing Climate Project 12.0 8.4 - 20.4 2014 Senegal Community-based Sustainable Land Management Project - 6.0 - 6.0 2014 Senegal Sustainable and Inclusive Agribusiness Project 80.0 - - 80.0 2014 Sudan Sustainable Natural Resources Management Project - 25.8 - 25.8 2014 Tanzania Kihansi Catchment Conservation and Management Project - 6.0 - 6.0 2014 Western Africa Building Resilience through Innovation, Communication & Knowledge - 4.6 - 4.6 Services 2014 Zimbabwe Hwange-Sanyati Biological Corridor Project - 5.7 - 5.7 2013 Africa Agricultural Productivity Program for Southern Africa 90.0 0.0 - 90.0 2013 Burkina Faso Community Based Rural Development Project 70.0 7.4 - 77.4 2013 Burundi Sustainable Coffee Landscape Project - 4.2 - 4.2 2013 Kenya Agricultural Sector Support Project 45.0 - - 45.0 2013 Liberia Forestry Sector Support Project 10.0 - 37.5 47.5 2013 Mauritania Agriculture Development and Food Price Response 5.0 - - 5.0 2013 Mozambique Climate Change Development Policy Operation 50.0 - - 50.0 2013 Mozambique Agriculture Development Policy Operation 125.0 - - 125.0 2013 Niger Integrated Ecosystems Management - 4.5 - 4.5 2013 Nigeria Agriculture Sector Development Policy Operation 100.0 - - 100.0 2013 Zambia Strengthening Climate Resilience - - 36.0 36.0 2012 Africa Enhancing Institutional Capacities on Reduced Emissions from - 13.0 - 13.0 Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) issues for Sustainable Forest Management in the Congo Basin 2012 Africa Lake Malawi/Niassa/Nyasa Conservation and Development Project 36.0 - - 36.0 2012 Chad Agriculture Production Support Project 25.0 - - 25.0 2012 Republic of Congo Forest and Economic Diversification Project 10.0 - - 10.0 2012 Ghana Commercial Agriculture 100.0 - - 100.0 2012 Lesotho Smallholder Agriculture Development Project 20.0 - - 20.0 2012 Liberia Smallholder Tree Crop Revitalization Support Project 15.0 - - 15.0 2012 Mozambique Climate Change Technical Assistance Project 0.0 - 2.0 2.0 2012 Niger Community Action Project for Climate Resilience 60.8 - 63.0 123.8 2012 Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project 500.0 8.6 - 508.6 2012 Somalia Drought Management and Livelihood Protection - - 9.0 9.0 2012 Togo Integrated Disaster and Land Management Project - 5.5 7.3 12.7 2012 Zambia Livestock Development and Animal Health Project 50.0 - - 50.0 2011 Africa Nyika Transfrontier Conservation Area Project - 4.8 - 4.8 2011 Africa Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) - - 13.5 13.5 Multi donor trustfund: African Union Commission, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Conference of Ministers of Agriculture of West and Central Africa, Southern African Development Community (SADC) Secretariat 2011 Africa Support to NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) TerrA- - - 5.3 5.3 frica Secretariat 2011 Benin Agricultural Productivity and Diversification 76.0 - - 76.0 2011 Benin Support to Protected Areas Management 5.0 1.9 - 6.9 2011 Central African Republic Agro-Pastoral Recovery Project 23.8 - - 23.8 2011 Ethiopia Agricultural Growth Program 550.0 - - 550.0 2011 Ghana Sustainable Land and Water Management - 29.7 - 29.7 2011 Kenya Agricultural Carbon Project 100.0 0.0 1.0 101.0 2011 Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land management Project - 10.0 - 10.0 2011 Madagascar Environmental Program 42.0 - - 42.0 2011 Madagascar Support to Madagascar’s Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodi- - 10.0 - 10.0 versity 2011 Namibia Promoting Environmental Sustainability through Improved Land use - 1.0 - 1.0 Planning 2011 Nigeria Scaling Up Sustainable Land Management Practice, Knowledge, and - 6.8 - 6.8 Coordination 2011 Sao Tome and Principe Adaptation to Climate Change - 10.2 - 10.2 2011 South Sudan Support to Agriculture and Forestry Development Project - - 14.3 14.3 2011 Swaziland Disaster Risk Management and Livelihood Development - - 2.7 2.7 2011 Togo Agricultural Sector Support Project 29.0 - - 29.0 2011 Western Africa West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Devel- - - 34.6 34.6 opment (WECARD) Trust Fund 2011 Western Africa West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program 361.8 - - 361.8 2011 Zambia Irrigation Development and Support Project 115.0 - - 115.0 2010 Africa Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Program (NELSAP) Regional Agricul- - - 7.0 7.0 tural Trade and Productivity Technical Assistance 2010 Africa Eastern Africa Agricultural Productivity Project 30.0 - - 30.0 2010 Burkina Faso Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project 86.0 - - 86.0 2010 Burundi Agro-Pastoral Productivity and Markets Development Project 93.0 - - 93.0 2010 Democratic Republic of Carbon Sink - Bateke - - 4.0 4.0 Congo 2010 Democratic Republic of Agriculture Rehabilitation and Recovery Support 195.0 - - 195.0 Congo 32 2010 Ghana Agriculture Development Policy Operation 82.0 - - 82.0 2010 Kenya Enhancing Agricultural Productivity Project - - 26.2 26.2 2010 Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands - 5.5 - 5.5 2010 Malawi Community Based Rural Land Development Project 10.0 - - 10.0 2010 Mali Fostering Agricultural Productivity Project 70.0 - - 70.0 2010 Mali Sustainable Land Management - 6.2 - 6.2 2010 Rwanda Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting and Hillside Irrigation 69.0 - - 69.0 2010 Senegal Sustainable Land Management Project - 4.8 - 4.8 2010 Sierra Leone Biodiversity Conservation Project - 5.0 - 5.0 2010 South Africa Development, Empowerment and Conservation in the Greater St Lucia - 9.0 - 9.0 Wetland Park and Surrounding Region 2010 Sudan Agricultural Services Support Project - - 15.0 15.0 2010 Sudan Revitalizing the Sudan Gum Arabic Production and Marketing - - 7.0 7.0 2010 Uganda Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services 120.0 - - 120.0 2010 Uganda Sustainable Environment & Carbon Finance - - 8.4 8.4 2010 Uganda Sustainable Land Management Country Program - 7.2 - 7.2 2009 Africa East Africa Agricultural Productivity Program 90.0 - - 90.0 2009 Africa Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project 142.0 7.0 - 149.0 2009 Africa Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and - - 50.0 50.0 Central Africa (ASARECA) Trust Fund 2009 Angola Market Oriented Smallholder Agriculture Project 30.0 - - 30.0 2009 Burkina Faso Sustainable Wildlife and Biodiversity Management Project 12.0 - - 12.0 2009 Cameroon Agricultural Competitiveness Project 60.0 - - 60.0 2009 Cameroon Community Development Program Support Project 40.0 - - 40.0 2009 Democratic Republic of Rehabilitation and Participatory Management of Key Protected Areas - 6.0 - 6.0 Congo 2009 Democratic Republic of Forest and Nature Conservation Project 64.0 - - 64.0 Congo 2009 Ghana Natural Resource and Environmental Governance 65.0 - - 65.0 2009 Guinea-Bissau Food Price Crisis Response Program - - 5.0 5.0 2009 Kenya Agricultural Input Supply Program - - 5.0 5.0 2009 Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agribusiness Project 82.0 - - 82.0 2009 Madagascar Rural Development Support Project 30.0 - - 30.0 2009 Niger Integrated Ecosystems Management - 4.7 - 4.7 2009 Niger Agro-Pastoral Export and Market Development Project 40.0 - - 40.0 2009 Nigeria Commercial Agriculture Development Project 150.0 - - 150.0 2009 Tanzania Accelerated Food Security Project 185.0 - - 185.0 2009 Uganda Environmental Management and Capacity Building 15.0 - - 15.0 2009 Western Africa Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) Trust Fund - - 50.0 50.0 2008 Burundi Agriculture Rehabilitation & Sustanaible Land Management Supple- 15.0 - - 15.0 ment Project 2008 Cameroon Environmental and Social Capacity Building for the Energy Sector 20.0 - - 20.0 2008 Eritrea Integrated Rural Development 42.0 - - 42.0 2008 Ethiopia Sustainable Land Management Program 70.0 22.0 - 92.0 2008 Ethiopia Pastoral Community Development Project 190.0 - - 190.0 2008 Ghana Agriculture Development Policy Lending 25.0 - - 25.0 2008 Kenya Developing a Programmatic Approach to Sustainable Land Manage- 3.0 - - 3.0 ment through Strategic Planning and Capacity 2008 Liberia Establishment of Protected Areas Network - 2.8 - 2.8 2008 Malawi Agricultural Development Programme Support Project 62.0 5.8 100.0 167.8 2008 Rwanda Rural Sector Support 130.9 0.0 - 130.9 2008 South Africa Restoration of Ecosystem Sercives for the Transformation of Rural - 15.0 - 15.0 Economies 2008 South Sudan Support to Agriculture and Forestry Development Project - - 10.0 10.0 2008 Sudan Improving Livestock Production and Marketing Project - A Pilot - - 9.8 9.8 2008 Tanzania Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project 3.5 - - 3.5 2008 Uganda Agricultural Research and Technology 12.0 - - 12.0 2007 Africa Investing in Sustainable Land Management Through Mainstreaming - 1.0 - 1.0 and Partnership Building - A Pilot Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa 2007 Africa West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program 45.0 - - 45.0 2007 Africa West Africa Sustainable Land Management Program - 10.0 - 10.0 2007 Republic of Congo Agricultural Development and Rural Roads Rehabilitation Project 22.5 - - 22.5 2007 Kenya Greenbelt Movement - - 2.2 2.2 2007 Kenya Natural Resource Management Project 68.5 - - 68.5 2007 Kenya Arid Lands Resource Management Project 60.0 - - 60.0 2007 Kenya Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation 86.0 - - 86.0 Project 2007 Madagascar Irrigation and Watershed Management Project 30.0 5.9 - 35.9 2007 Mali Agricultural Services and Producer Organizations Project 20.0 - - 20.0 2007 Sierra Leone Rural and Private Sector Development 50.0 - - 50.0 2006 Africa Regional Facility to Promote Climate Change Mitigation in Sub-Saha- - 13.0 - 13.0 ran Africa 2006 Benin Forests and Adjacent Lands Management Project - 11.6 - 11.6 2006 Burkina Faso Agricultural Diversification and Market Development Project 116.0 - - 116.0 2006 Cameroon Forest & Environment Sector Program 25.0 10.0 - 35.0 2006 Cameroon Sustainable Agro-Pastoral and Land Management Promotion Project - 6.0 - 6.0 2006 Ethiopia Rural Capacity Building Project 54.0 - - 54.0 2006 Gabon Natural Resources Management Development Policy Loan 15.0 - - 15.0 2006 Gabon Strengthening Capacity for Managing National Parks and Biodiversity 10.0 - - 10.0 2006 Guinea Community-Based Land Management Project 0.0 7.0 - 7.0 2006 Malawi Irrigation, Rural Livelihoods and Agricultural Development Project 90.0 - - 90.0 2006 Mali Agricultural Competitiveness and Diversification Project 66.4 - - 66.4 2006 Mali Rural Community Development Project 60.0 - - 60.0 2006 Mauritania Community Based Watershed Management Project - 6.0 - 6.0 2006 Mozambique Market led Smallholder Development in the Zambezi Valley 20.0 6.2 - 26.2 2006 Mozambique Transfrontier Conservation Areas and Tourism Development Project 20.0 10.0 - 30.0 2006 Nigeria National Fadama Development Critical Ecosystem Management 500.0 10.0 2.7 512.8 Project 2006 Senegal Agricultural Markets and Agribusiness Development Project 35.0 - - 35.0 2006 Senegal Agricultural Services & Producer Organizations Project 20.0 - - 20.0 2006 Tanzania Agricultural Sector Development Project 255.0 - 14.3 269.3 2006 Zambia Agricultural Development Support Program 37.2 - - 37.2 TOTAL 10,624.5 389.2 1,002.4 12,016.1 *Pipeline projects References Bunning, Sally, Anne Woodfine, and Domitille Vallée. 2016. 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Improved Crop Productivity for Africa’s Drylands. World Bank Studies, Washington, DC: World Bank. Ward, Christopher, Raphael Torquebiau, and Hua Xie. 2016. Improved Agricultural Water Management for Africa’s Drylands. World Bank Studies, Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2013a. Land for Life: Managing Land Sustainably for Better Livelihoods. In collaboration with UNCCD. ———. 2013b. Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience. ———. 2015. Accelerating Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Development: The Africa Climate Business Plan. World Bank, Washington, DC. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO ———. 2016a. Land for Life: Create Wealth, Transform Livelihoods. In collaboration with UNCCD. ———. 2016b. Sustainable Rangeland Management in the Sahel: Strategies, Practices, Governance, and Promotion. ———. 2017a. Burundi Country Environment Assessment. World Bank, Washington, DC. ———. 2017b. Engaging the Private Sector in Results-Based Landscape Programs : Early Lessons from The World Bank’s Forests and Landscapes Climate Finance Funds. Washington, DC. ———. 2017c. Ethiopia Forest Sector Review: Focus on Commercial Forestry and Industrialization. Technical Report. World Bank, Washington, DC. In Collaboration with Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. 36