FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA                SECOND RURAL ACCESS AND MOBILITY PROJECT (RAMP II) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) IN IMO STATES, NIGERIA. BY FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT FEDERAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (FPMU) SECOND RURAL ACCESS & MOBILITY PROJECT (RAMP 2) NAIC HOUSE, PLOT 590, AO CENTRAL AREA, ABUJA. NOVEMBER, 2016 Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), September, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)   TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page Title Page i Table of Contents ii List of Tables iv List of Figures iv List of Boxes iv List of Maps v List of Plates v List of Appendices v List of Acronyms vi Executive Summary ix CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Project Background 1 1.1 Project Beneficiaries 1 1.2 The RAMP II Project 1 1.3 Purpose of the ESMF 2 CHAPTER TWO:POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAME WORK 3 2.0 Introduction 3 2.1 Institutional Arrangement for ESMF 3 2.2 World Bank’s Environmental and Social Guidelines 5 2.3 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines 6 CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 9 3.0 Introduction 9 3.1 Project Components 9 3.2 Applicable Safeguard Policies 9 3.3 Road Selection in Imo State 10 3.4 Analysis of Institutional Capacity 13 CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTIONS OF BASELINE CONDITIONS OF STATES 14 4.0 Introduction 14 4.1 Project location 14 4.2 Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions in the RAMP II States 14 CHAPTER FIVE: FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (F-ESMP) 19 5.1 Environmental and Social Screening Process 19 5.2 The Screening Criteria 19 5.3 Screening Findings 20 5.4 Project-Level Environmental and Social Review 28 5.5 Method of Impact Assessment for the Sub-Projects 28 ii Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 5.6 Integrating Mitigation Measures In Project Designs and Tender Documents 28 5.7 Roles and Responsibilities (in the PIU) for the implementation of the F-ESMP 31 CHAPTER SIX : PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 3 4 6.1 Mechanism of Consultation and Participation 34 6.2 Identifying Stakeholders 34 6.3 ESMF Update and Public Involvement 34 6.4 Commonalities and Differences in the States 37 6.5 ESMF Disclosures 37 CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES 38 7.0 Introduction 38 7.1 Approaches to Developing Mitigation Measures 38 7.2 Mitigation Measures 38 43 CHAPTER EIGHT : INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR ESMF IMPLEMENTATION 47 8.1 Institutional Arrangement and Capacity Building 47 8.2 ESMF Communication Plan 50 8.3 Environmental and Social Monitoring 51 8.4 Environmental Code of Conduct, Social Integration and Participation 52 8.5 Indicative Budget for the ESMF Implementation in Imo State 54 Bibliography Appendices iii Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)   LIST OF TABLES   Table E1: Table E1: Matrix for the ESMF Implementation x Table E2: Annual Indicative Budget to Implement ESMF in Imo State xiii Table 2.1: Environmental Laws in Nigeria 4 Table 3.1: Identified and Prioritized Rural Roads in Imo State 10 Table 3.2: RAMP I and Likely Triggered Potential Safeguard Policies 11 Table 4.1: Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions of RAMP II States 15 Table 5.1: Result of Safeguards Screening of Identified Prioritized Roads 20 Table 5.2: Mitigation Implementation 29 Table 5.3: Roles and Responsibilities for Implementation 32 Table 6.1: Typical Information to be Disclosed 37 Table 7.1: Approaches to Mitigating Measures 38 Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities 39 Table 7.3: Mitigation Implementation 48 Table 8.1: Safeguard Responsibility 55 Table 8.2: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management 57 Table 8.3: Inclusion of Social Clauses & Mitigation Measures 60 Table 8.4: Estimated Annual Indicative Budget to Implement ESMF in Imo State 63 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Map of Nigeria showing the Geo-Political Zones and the RAMP II Participating States 14 Figure 5.1: Environmental Screening Process 19 LIST OF BOXES Box 2.1: Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment 6 Box 2.2: Summary of EA Procedures (Nigeria vs WB) 6 Box 2.3: Integration of WB EA Requirements with Typical Nigerian Procedure 7 iv Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) LIST OF MAPS Map 1a: Osun RAMP 2 LGA/Km 11 Map 1b: Osun RAMP 2 Roads 11 Map 2a: Niger RAMP 2 LGA/Km 12 Map 2b: Niger RAMP 2 Roads 12 Map 3a: Adamawa RAMP 2 LGA/Km 12 Map 3b: Adamawa RAMP 2 Roads 12 Map 4a: Imo RAMP 2 LGA/Km 12 Map 4b: Imo RAMP 2 Roads 12 Map 5a: Enugu RAMP 2 LGA/Km 13 Map 5b: Enugu RAMP 2 Roads 13 LIST OF PLATES Plate 6.1: Stakeholders Meeting During ESMF for RAMP II, Owerri, Imo State 36 Plate 6.2: Some Stakeholders During the Meeting at Owerri, Imo State 36 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Summary Of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2) Appendix 2: Attendance Sheet for Stakeholders During ESMF for Imo RAMP 2 Appendix 3: Sample Road Improvements Environmental and Social Interaction Matrix Appendix 4: List of Stakeholders Consulted During the Updating of ESMF for Imo RAMP 2 Appendix 5: Environmental and Social Code of Conduct for Rural Access Infrastructure Development v Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) LIST OF ACRONYMS AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency) AfDB African Development Bank ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan BP Bank Procedures (of the World Bank) BRT Bus Rapid Transit CBOs Community Based Organizations COx Oxides of Carbon CDD Community Driven Development CG Community Group CH4 Methane CPS Country Partnership Strategy CSO Community Support Organizations EA Environmental Assessment ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMP Environmental Management Plan EMU Environmental Monitoring Unit EPA Environmental Protection Agency ER Environmental Review ES Environmental Screening ESAs Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESM Environmental and Social Management ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMA&RD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development FPIM Federal Project Implementation Manual GP Good Practice (GP) FPMU Federal Project Management Unit HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IDA International Development Association IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation vi Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) ILO International Labour Organization ISP Implementation Support Plan LB Land Bureau LGA Local Government Area LVO Land Valuation Office MDAs Ministries, Departments & Agencies MDGs Millennium Development Goals MIGA Multilateral Guarantee Agency MEnv Ministry of Environment MoH Ministry of Housing MoT Ministry of Transportation NATA Nigerian Agricultural Transformation Agenda NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NESREA National Environmental Standards Regulatory and Enforcement Agency NGO Non- Governmental Organization NOx Oxides of Nitrogen NPC National Planning Commission OPRC Output and Performance-Based Road Contract ORAF Operational Risk Assessment Framework PAPs Project Affected Persons PDO Project Development Objectives PEMFAR Public Expenditures Management and Financial Accountability Review PFMU Project Financial Management Unit PPA Project Preparation Advance PPP Public Private Partnership RAP Resettlement Action Plan RAMP Rural Access and Mobility Project OD Operational Directives (of the World Bank) OM Operational Manual OP Operational Policies (of the World Bank) NPC National Planning Commission OPRC Output and Performance-based Road Contract OSH Occupational Safety and Health PAP Project Affected Peoples PAPs Project Affected Persons PID Project Information Document PIU Project Implementation Unit PLWA People Living with AIDS vii Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) PMU Project Management Unit PPUD Physical Planning and Urban Development PWD Public Works Department RAP Resettlement Action Plan RP Resettlement Plans RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SA State Agency SEPAs State Environmental Protection Agencies STIs Sexually Transmitted Diseases SIL Specific Investment Loan SOx Oxides of Sulphur SPIM State Project Implementation Manual SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPIU State Project Implementation Unit ToR Terms of Reference URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization viii Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES1: Background The inclusion of Imo State in the Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP II) necessitated the review of the previous Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) reports which were prepared and disclosed in May 2008 for Osun and Enugu States and in May 2012 for Adamawa and Enugu States. ES 2: Project Components and Objective The project components include:  Component 1 – Project Preparation Facility Advance,  Component 2– Upgrading and Rehabilitation of Rural Transport Infrastructure,  Component 3– Community-based road maintenance and annual mechanized maintenance and  Component 4 – State and Federal Institutional strengthening, program’s scaling up and promotion of rural transport policies The objective of this ESMF is to ensure that the implementation of the project will be carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. The ESMF therefore provides the environmental and social screening process benchmark required to identify, assess and mitigate the potential environmental and social impacts of the rural infrastructure investments. E3: Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks Having discussed the environmental legislation in the previous ESMF reports, other relevant national laws and policies are summarized together with international policies and frameworks including the World Bank operational policies. E4: Environmental, Social Screening and Assessment The screening process is the first step in operationalizing the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) process. The screening findings are presented in chapter five while the summary of the envisaged activities together with the corresponding impacts and mitigation measures are also provided in table 6.2. ix Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) E5: Stakeholders Identification For the purpose of this ESMF, stakeholders are defined as all people and institutions that have an interest in the planning and execution of the project, potentially affected communities, traditional rulers/ religious leaders, NGOs/CBOs, Local Government officials, State MDAs, local/social and professional groups e.g., farmers, market women, road transport workers etc. E6. Roles and Responsibilities for the implementation of the F-ESMP The roles and responsibilities matrix for the implementation of the ESMF is presented in the table below. Xxxxx Matrix Table E1: Matrix for the ESMF Implementation No  Steps/Activities  Responsible  Collaboration  Service Provider  1.  Identification and/or  SPIU   Ministry of Local   Government siting of the sub‐project  Ministry of Works  Affairs  LGA  CDAs/CBOs   Screening, categorization Env. safeguards   ESS of the SPIUs FMEnv  and identification of the  FPMU 2.  specialist (ESS) on the  required instrument  MEnv PIU    3.  Approval of the  SPIU Coordinator   ESS‐PIU   FMEnv    classification and the   SSS‐PIU   The World Bank  selected instrument    FPMU   4.  Preparation of the safeguard document/instrument (ESIA, Env. Audit, simple ESMP, etc.) in  accordance with the national legislation/procedure (taking into account the Bank policies  requirements)  5.  Preparation and approval       The World Bank  of the ToRs    Preparation of the report  ESS‐PIU   FMEnv  Consultant     MEnv  The World Bank  Safeguards  FMEnv Specialist Selection of Consultant   FMEnv/MEnv  Safeguards Specialist  Procurement  Procurement Officer Specialist  Preparation of the report  Procurement  Safeguards   Specialist (PS- Consultants SPIU)    SSS-PIU  LGAs  FPMU x Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Report validation and   Procurement   FMEnv  issuance of the permit  specialist  (PS‐  The World Bank  (when required)  PIU)   MEnvxxxx   SSS‐PIU   LGAs   MEnv  Publication of document     Media ;   SPIU   The World Bank  FPMU    (i) Integrating the       External/Civil Supervisors 6.  construction phase  Civil  ESS‐PIU   MEnv mitigation measures and  engineering/technical  PS‐PIU  staff in charge of the sub-  Ministry of Lands, E&S clauses in the   Design  Survey, Housing and project (TS-PIU)  bidding document prior  Consultant  Urban Planning    they’re advertised; (ii)  ensuring that the  constructor prepares his  ESMP (C‐ESMP), gets it  approved and integrates  the relevant measures in  the works breakdown  structure (WBS) or  execution plan.    Implementation of the  ESS‐PIU   ESS-PIU  External/Civil  PS-PIU Supervisors 7.  other safeguards   Design  MEnv measures, including  Consultants   Ministry of Lands, environmental  Survey, Housing and monitoring (when  Urban Planning  relevant) and  sensitization activities    Oversight of safeguards  ESS-SPIU   SSS-SPIU  External Safeguards  PS-SPIU Specialists   implementation   TS-SPIU 8.  (internal)   SPIU Accountant)  MEnv    LGAs  NESREA    NGOs/CBOs Public consultation on State Coordinator  M&E-PIU  FMEnv/NESREA    ESS-PIU  MEnv/SEPAs project safeguards   performance and disclosure   SSS-PIU  The World Bank    NGOs/CBOs External oversight of the PIU  M&E-PIU  FMEnv   project safeguards  ESS-PIU  NESREA   compliance  SSS-PIU  MEnv/SEPA    PS-PIU  Safeguard Consultants  External Civil   Supervisors Reporting on project  Coordinator   M&E‐PIU     ESS‐PIU  xi Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) safeguards performance   SSS‐PIU  and disclosure  External oversight of the  PEA  M&E‐PIU     project safeguards   ESS‐PIU  compliance   SSS‐PIU   PS‐PIU   Supervisor  9.  Building stakeholders  ESS‐PIU  SSS‐PIU   Consultants  PS‐PIU   MEnv/SEPAs capacity in safeguards  FMEnv/NESREA  management    Independent evaluation  ESS‐PIU   SSS-PIU  PIU  PS-PIU  MEnv/SEPAs 10.  of safeguards   NGOs/CBOs   Ministry of Lands, performance (Audit)  Survey, Housing and Urban Planning The World Bank   E76: Indicative Budget for the ESMF Implementation in Imo State The indicative budget for Imo State RAMP II is shown in the table below: Table E2: Annual Indicative Budget to Implement ESMF in Imo State Estimated Annual Budget to Implement ESMF in Imo State S/No ESMF Requirements Budget Basis and Assumptions Total Cost/Annum (N) 1. Capacity Building for PIU Training Programs held in-country 2,500,000.00 Personnel 2. Meetings, Workshops and Monthly estimated expenses of Based on actual expenses Stakeholders Engagement 5000 each for 2 persons -per year 3. Environmental and Social No additional budget No additional budget Screening of transactions 4. Engagement of Specialists Assume specialists may be To be worked out at the engaged times to investigate issues commencement of contract/engagement. 5. Field Visits to facility locations Field visits estimated for 2 PMU 3,400,000.00 personnel per year including transportation, accommodation and daily allowances. 6. Meetings, Workshops and No additional budget Based on actual expenses Stakeholder Engagement 7. ESMP Scoping Workshops ESMP Scoping workshops per year As part of the ESMP preparation 8. ESMP Reports Assume average cost of each ESMP 9,500,00.00 depending on the extent of the road 9. Engagement of Environmental As part of the EMP and Social Specialists preparation xii Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Estimated Annual Budget to Implement ESMF in Imo State S/No ESMF Requirements Budget Basis and Assumptions Total Cost/Annum (N) 10. Grievance Redress and Sundry expenses for transportation 1,200,000.00 beneficiary feedback and other logistics management. 11. Monitoring Compliance with Assume quarterly monitoring 3,000,000.00 ESMP on E&S issues during pre- activities over 5 days each quarter operations and operational per year activities Sub-Total 19,600,000.00 Contingency 10% of sub-total 1,960,000.00 Total 21,560,000.00 Twenty One Million, Five Hundred and Sixty Thousand Naira Only. xiii Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), October, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Project Background The Second Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP – II) is a donor funded project co- financed by the World Bank and French Development Agency to support the Federal Government of Nigeria’s Rural Travel and Transport Policy (RTTP). The RAMP II project is currently being implemented by participating States of Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun States and Imo State (currently joining) while the whole RAMP II project is being coordinated at the Federal level by the Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) in the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. The FPMU is responsible for coordinating the project activities. However, towards ensuring environmental and social compliance, parts of the proceeds have been applied for the preparation of this Environmental and Social Management Framework for the RAMP II project. 1.1 Project Beneficiaries The successful implementation of the first phase of the project in Kaduna and Cross River States paved way for the expansion of the project under RAMP 2 to cover additional five (5) states and additional seven (7) States will be prepared for an eventual future up-scaling of the project. The five (5) States that were selected based on the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) State Governance criteria and the technical readiness criteria are: Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo. Two-pronged state selection process was undertaken by the FPMU based on the three CPS governance criteria (phase 1) and on a few project readiness criteria (phase 2): (i) establishment of a State Project Implementation Unit (SPIU); (ii) Identification of institutional arrangements and funding sources for road maintenance; (iii) preparation of a Prioritized Rural Road Investment Program; and (iv) number of kilometers (km) of prioritized roads with completed feasibility studies. A total of five (5) States (“tier-one” states) were selected at the end of this second phase: Adamawa, Niger, Osun, Enugu and Imo. 1.2 The RAMP II Project The project components include the following:  Component 1 – Project preparation facility advance 1 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)  Component 2 – Upgrading and rehabilitation of rural transport infrastructure  Component 3 – Community-based road maintenance and annual mechanized maintenance  Component 4 – State and federal institutional strengthening, program’s up-scaling and promotion of rural transport policies. The project would not lead to any large scale acquisition of land or denial of access to usual means of livelihood as well as disruption of environmental amenities. Also, the project does not contemplate either altering the road layouts or major destruction of dwelling and/or farms or collective private property. It is worthy to note that the activities of Component 2 are likely to trigger four (4) safeguards policies namely, Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12). This is however based on the fact that the scoping of the project indicated limited adverse environmental and social impacts and assigned an Environmental Screen Category of “B” to Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01). In fulfillment of the Bank’s requirement for project appraisal and due diligence, it is imperative to update the existing Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) (as a result of the trigger of Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) for the Project (RAMP II) to include one (1) additional state (Imo). Previous Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) reports have been prepared and disclosed in May, 2008 for the Osun and Enugu states and updated in May 2013 for Adamawa and Niger States. Thus, the earlier report have to be updated to reflect the inclusion of the latest participating State (Imo) while the updated versions have to be re-disclosed in the Infoshop. 1.3 Purpose of the ESMF Within the context of the RAMP II, the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is a statement of the policy, principles, institutional arrangements and procedures that the project management will follow in addressing environmental and social issues associated with the project implementation. Therefore, with the context of RAMP II, the ESMF spells out institutional arrangements and capacity available to identify and mitigate potential environmental and social safeguards issues and impacts that could be due to the project, generally. It does not attempt to address impacts related to individual undertakings (in any specific form) as the locations and extent of impacts or activities are not known at this preparatory stage. 2 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) CHAPTER TWO POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.0 Introduction This chapter describes the existing environmental national and international policies, legislations, conventions and procedures and those of the World Bank Group that are applicable to the RAMP II project2.1 Institutional Arrangement for ESMF in Nigeria The erstwhile Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now absorbed into the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) was established by Act No. 58 of 1988 and further amended by Act 59 of 1992. By this Act, the FMEnv is vested with the responsibility of ensuring compliance to the prescribed limits as contained in the National Guidelines. Thus, the FMEnv (apex regulatory body) together with the States ministries of environment are responsible for environmental protection matters in Nigeria. Aside the national milestone, the country (Nigeria) is equally a signatory to several international Conventions, Treaties and Laws relating to environmental protection and sustainable development. Some of these include the Bassel Convention, International Convention on the Protection of Endangered Species, World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) etc. Also, several international development partners/agencies such as World Bank and other international financial institutions interested in development projects have sets of environmental categorizations, assessments and management standards, which must be complied with by project proponents before these institutions invest in them.   The summary of the national and international statutory environmental laws are presented in the below table. 3 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 2.1: Environmental Laws in Nigeria S/No. Regulations Year Provisions 1. The Imo State Environmental 2008 To ensure a “clean and green” Imo State including regulating the Transformation Commission activities of refuse collectors and operation of an environmental (ENTRACO) Law No. 3 sanitation and traffic court in each Local Government Area of Imo State. 2. Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992 The decree makes it mandatory for all proposed development (Decree No. 86). activities to carry out an EIA study 3. Constitution of the Federal Republic of 1999 Stipulates “equal pay for equal work without discrimination on Nigeria account of sex, or any other ground whatsoever”. 4. Oil in Water Act 1986 Makes rules on the need to protect water bodies from oil or petroleum related activities. 5. Forestry Law CAP 55 1994 Prescribes the administrative framework for the management, utilization and protection including acts that may lead to the destruction of forestry resources in Nigeria. 6. Land Use Act 1978 Protects the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria. 7. The Labour Act 1990 Governs the employment rights of individual workers in Nigeria. It jurisdiction include, the protection of wages, contracts, recruitment together with the terms and condition of employment. The Act also covers the classification of workers and special worker types. 8. Workmen’s Compensation Act 1992 Provides for the payment of compensation of workmen for injuries suffered in the course of their employment. Section 40 of the Act also stipulates the condition to insure of employees against death or injury (if so Minister so directs an employer). 9. Trade Union Amendment Act 1995 Governs the membership of the various labour unions. 10. National Environmental Protection 1991 Makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to install effluent (Effluent Limitation) Regulations treatment plants and also prescribes parameters for effluents limitation. 11. National Environmental Protection 1991 It defines the restrictions on the release of toxic substances and (Pollution and Abatement in Industries stipulates requirements for monitoring of pollution. It also makes it in Facilities Generating Waste) mandatory for existing industries and facilities to conduct periodic Regulations environmental audits. 12. National Environmental Protection 1991 Regulates the collections, treatment and disposal of solid and (Management of Solid and Hazardous hazardous wastes from municipal and industrial sources. Wastes) Regulations. 13. Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal 1988 Provides the legal framework for the effective control of the disposal Provisions etc) Decree No. 42 of toxic and hazardous waste into any environment within the confines of Nigeria 14. National Guideline and Standard for 1991 The regulations provide guidelines for management of pollution Environmental Pollution Control control measures. 15. Workmen Compensation Act 1987 Occupational health and safety 16. Urban and Regional Planning Decree 1992 Planned development of urban areas (to include and manage waste No 88 sites) 17. Environmental Sanitation edicts, laws General environmental health and sanitation. Enforcing necessary and enforcement agencies laws. 18. State waste management laws Ensure proper disposal and clearing of wastes 19. Public Health Law Covering public health matters 20 National Guidelines on Environmental 1999 Recognizes the value of EMS to EIA and sets out objectives and Management Systems (EMS) guideline on general scope and content of an EMS 4 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 21. National Policy on the Environment 1989 The policy identifies key sectors requiring integration of environmental concerns and sustainability with development and presents their specific guidelines 22. National Guidelines and Standards for 1999 It deals with the quality of water to be discharged into the Water Quality environment, sets standards and discharge measures for a wide range of parameters in water discharged from various industries. 23. National Air Quality Standard Decree 1991 The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards were No. 59 adopted as the national standards. These standards define the permissible air pollutants parameters in order to protect public health. 24. National Environmental Standards and 2007 Established to ensure compliance with environmental standards, Regulations Enforcement Agency guidelines and regulations. (NESREA Act) 25. National Policy on Flood and Erosion 2006 Addresses the need to combat erosion in the country by utilizing the Control procedures outlined in the national action plan for flood and erosion control and technical guidelines. 26. National Oil Spill Detection and 2005 This statutory regulation makes adequate regulations on waste Response Agency (NOSDRA Act) emanating from oil production and exploration and its potential consequences to the environment. 27. Nigeria’s Cultural Policy Act 1996 The described the procedures for the protection and promotion of national identity as well as Nigeria’s unity. It also ensures effective communication and cooperation among the diverse socio-cultural groups of Nigeria and Africa in general. 2.1 The World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines The World Bank's environmental assessment policy and recommended processing are described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment. This policy is considered to be the umbrella policy for the Bank's environmental "safeguard policies" which are listed in Box 2.1. Appendix 1 summarizes these WB Safeguard Policies + OP 4.00 Use of Country Systems & OP 17.50 Disclosure Policy. 5 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Box 2.1: Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment 2.2 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. According to these guidelines,  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation  Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. 6 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)   Box 2.2: Summary of EA Procedures (Nigeria vs WB) With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank has also categorized projects based on the type of EA required, namely:  Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.  Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.  Category C - Projects are mostly likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.  Category F1- A proposed project is classified as Category F1 if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in road projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. This World Bank categorization (A, B & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project (Box 2.3). However, in the event of 7 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) divergence between the two, the World Bank safeguards policy shall take precedence over Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or standards. For this ESMF, the Nigeria’s EIA requirements and World Bank operational procedures were harmonized.   Box 2.3: Integration of WB EA Requirements with Typical Nigerian It is especially made responsive with regard to the followings: early consideration of environmental and social issues (starting at the screening stage); identification and early consultation with stakeholders; prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design. 8 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.0 Introduction The section presents a description of sub-project activities that triggers safeguards instruments. 3.1 Project Components The scope of civil works entails rehabilitation/construction of low volume existing rural roads. The general work includes; Site clearing; Excavation activities; Provision of sub-base; Provision of earth side rains with turnouts/offshoots; Provision of line side drains; Construction of single and multiple 900m concrete pipe culvert extensions and new culverts; Provision of reinforced box culverts; Reinforce concrete bridges on bored piles (where necessary); Installation of road signs and road furniture. 3.2 Applicable Safeguard Policies Table 3.1 indicates the four safeguard policies that are triggered by this project, namely: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitat (OP/BP 4.04), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12). Attentions to these safeguard policies will:  Ensure that environmental and social issues are evaluated in the decision making;  Help reduce and manage the risks associated with the RAMP II Project; and  Provide a mechanism for consultation and disclosure of information. 9 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 3.1: RAMP II and Likely Triggered Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies Triggered by Applicability to Project due How Project Address Policy Requirements? the Project? to Yes No Environmental Assessment [x] [] Road rehabilitation works  To mitigate this risk, specific procedures (OP/BP 4.01) could trigger site-specific (such as chance find procedures) has been impacts. Potential impacts included in the ESMF. include noise by machineries  Site specific issues to be addressed with OP and dust during construction 4.11 (Appendix 3 covers the provisions for and rehabilitation works. Physical Cultural Resources as part of the EA instrument ToR. Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [X ] [] Some of the road/bridge To mitigate this risk: rehabilitation activities will  The ESMP will ensure that impacts on have impacts on natural natural habitats are mitigated by: (i) habitats. The ESMPs will Identifying natural habitats in project sites ensure that impacts on (ii) Preparing management measures for natural habitats is be roads/bridges passing through natural mitigated. habitats, such as monitoring and minimizing access to natural habitats, sensitization campaigns, etc.. Pest Management (OP 4.09) [] [x] NA NA Physical Cultural Resources [x] [ ] The five (5) states have rich  To mitigate this risk, specific procedures (OP/BP 4.11) cultural heritage resources (such as chance find procedures) has been and some road works may be included in the ESMF located in the area of  Site specific issues to be addressed with OP influence of some sites. 4.11 (Appendix 3 covers the provisions for Physical Cultural Resources as part of the EA instrument ToR Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP [x] [ ] Interventions could lead to  A standalone RPF is being prepared 4.12) restriction of access to sources alongside this ESMF. This shall spell out of livelihoods. There could be site specific issues to be addressed with encroachment to farmlands ARAP/RAP. Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) [] [x] NA NA Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [] [x] NA NA Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [] [x] NA NA Projects in Disputed Areas [] [x] NA NA (OP/BP 7.60)* Projects on International [] [x] NA NA Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) *NA= Not Applicable 3.3 Road Selection in Imo State for the RAMP II Prioritization study that was conducted in order to prioritize intervention areas and rural road network based on a combination of selection criteria including the population of the communities living along the links, agricultural production, environmentally sensitive areas, markets and community preferences with a total of eight (8) river crossings, twenty seven (27) bridges and sixty (60) rural roads having a length of 401.1km and packaged in five lots as presented in the table 3.2 below.                                                                10 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 3.2: Identified Prioritized Rural Roads in the Imo State and Agricultural Potential Lots Cluster of Roads Km Main Agricultural Activities 1. Umuago-Ndiejezie, Ndiawa-Ikpaokorie, Umuagbadagbo-Umumi, 71.6 Cassava, yam, maize, palm oil, breadfruit, Awala-Umuchima, Ama Edward-Ndiejezie, Umualoma-Umunze, rice, okro, cocoyam, poultry farming. Eke Ndiuche-Ndiadimoha. 2. Umunoha-Orodo, Ekeoha-Ogwa, Afor Obazu-Odu, Obibi Okwu- 71.5 Cassava, yam, maize, palm oil, breadfruit, Ejemekwuru, Umuabale-Ugbaku, Umuabale-Okolochi, Ihiagwa- rice, okro, cocoyam, poultry farming. Umuokpo, Nduhuobokwe-Okwuemeka. 3. Mechanic Village-Amamadubuike, Umuchoke-Umuoma, 71.8 Cassava, yam, maize, palm oil, breadfruit, Umuago-Ofeahi, Ikpaku-Ndiawa, Ike Umuduru, Umuobomu, rice, okro, cocoyam, poultry farming. Ekeachi-Aboh Umulolo, Ihube, Amano-Umuawasa, Umunachi- Umuelemae, Aba branch-Umuokpara, Afor Ebu-Nzerem, Orieikpa-Ikpem. 4. Owerri Nkwoji – Aba Road, Abaja- Amaigbo, Orlu Nkwere- 108.1 Cassava, yam, maize, palm oil, breadfruit, Nkume, Orishieze-Imerienwe, Odoika-Amiri, Duruobiaku- rice, okro, cocoyam, poultry farming. Eziachi, Umuezike-Onitsha, Awugu-Mbutu, Umuobiagu-Obohia, Umuchukwu-Ntu, Afor Eziama-Obokwe, Umuogbontu-Umuaku, Council-Nguru Ntu, Eke Isu-Afor Enyiogwu, Airport Junction- Egbelu, UmunekeObike-Amala Obike, Ekeisu-Egelu Ebube, Umuowa-Obiangwu, Afor Enyiogugu. 5. Umariam-Okohia, Nduhum-Owugha, Egbegbere-Ekeumuhir, Cassava, yam, maize, palm oil, breadfruit, Council Road-Umuhi, Eke Umuniha, Amainyinta-Afor Umuiyi, 78.1 rice, okro, cocoyam, poultry farming. Ekeikpa-Umuawuchi, Afor Oru-Amaimo, Lude-Ekwereazu, Obeama-Abia-Umunbiri, Nnarambia-Lude Ahiara, Ogbe-Ekeala. The maps of RAMP II participating States are also presented below. Map 1a: Osun RAMP 2 LGAs/Km Map 1b: Osum RAMP 2 Roads 11 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Map 2b: Niger State RAMP 2 Roads Map 2a: Niger State RAMP 2 LGAs/Km Map 3a: Adamawa RAMP 2 LGAs/Km Map 3b: Adamawa RAMP 2 Roads Map 4b: Imo RAMP 2 Roads Map 4a: Imo RAMP 2 LGAs/Km 12 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Map 5a: Enugu RAMP 2 LGAs/Km Map 5b: Enugu RAMP 2 Roads 3.4 Analysis of Institutional Capacity The interaction with these Officers (the safeguards specialists in Imo RAMP II shows that there are knowledge gaps that could impede the implementation of the instruments. Therefore, capacity building on environmental and social issues together with the World Bank operational guidelines will be built in order to ensure effective institutional support for the project. The capacity of the selected staff from the State Ministries/Environmental Protection Agencies, LGAs, and other MDAs and CBO/NGOs will be strengthened through training, capacity and awareness building on safeguards including legal requirements and EA methodology. 13 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) CHAPTER FOUR BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE RAMP II STATES 4.0 Introduction This chapter described the biological, physical and social characteristics of the participating States namely, Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo. 4.1 Project Location The five (5) project States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) fall within four different geo-political zones namely: North-Eastern (Adamawa), South-Eastern (Enugu and Imo), North-Western (Niger) and South-West (Osun) as shown in figure 4.1. 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 Sokoto N Lake C had Zam fara Katsina Yobe Borno W E 1 2 Kebbi Jigaw a Kano S Kaduna Bauchi Gom be 1 0 Niger Adam awa Plateau Kw ara FC T Nassarawa Oyo 8 Taraba Ekiti Osun Kogi Benue Ramp 2 sta tes.shp Ogun Ondo South-w est.shp Lagos Edo Enugu South-sou th.shp Anam bra Ebonyi South-east.shp 6 Abia North-w est.sh p Delta Imo Cross R iver North- ea st.shp Akw a lbom North cen tral.shp Rivers Nigeria_po litical.shp Bayelsa 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 300 0 300 600 Kilometers Figure 4.1: Map of Nigeria Showing the Geo-Political Zones and RAMP II Participating States 4.2 Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions of the RAMP II States The abridged baseline environmental and social conditions of the RAMP II participating States are presented in table 4.1. 14 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 4.1: Baseline Environmental and Social Conditions of the RAMP II States Baseline Conditions in the RAMP II States S/No Parameter Baseline Environmental Conditions of the RAMP II States Adamawa Enugu Niger Osun Imo 1 Location 9°20′N12°30′E 6°30′N7°30′E 8°20'N 3°30'E 7°30′N4°30′E 5029N 702’E 2 Capital City  Yola  Enugu  Minna  Osogbo  Owerri 3 LGAs  21  17  25  30  27 4 Geo-Political  North-Eastern  South-Eastern  North-Western  South-Western  South-Eastern Zone 5 Border  Borno (North-  Abia and Imo  Kaduna (East),  Kwara (North),  Abia (East) West), (South),  Plateau (South-  Ekiti and Ondo  River Niger and  Gombe (West),  Ebonyi (East) East), (East) Delta State (West)  Taraba (South-  Benue (North-  Sokoto (North)  Ogun (South)  Anambra (North) West) East)  Kwara (East).  Oyo (West).  Rivers State  Cameroon (East)  Kogi (North- (South). West)  Anambra (West). 6 Landmass  36,917 km2  7,161 km2  76,363 km2  9,251 km2  5,530km2 7 Nature of Soil  Mostly made up of  Made up of  Three major  Highly  Underlain by the brown or shallow and soils types are ferruginous Benin formation of brownish-red stony lithosols found in the tropical red soils coastal plain laterite due to found on the State. associated with sands. annual shift steep slopes of  These include- basement between dry and the cuesta and ferruginous complex rocks.  Soil is deep, wet conditions often left tropical soils,  Soils are porous, infertile and soil wash on uncultivated.  hydromorphic generally deep and highly the mountains.  Soil erosion, due soils and and of two types, leached. to physical and ferrosols. namely, deep  In some areas like man-made clayey soils Okigwe, factors is formed on low impermeable rampant. smooth hill crests layers of clay  The major gullies and upper slopes; occur near the are concentrated and the more surface, while in on the edges of sandy hill wash other areas, the the highly friable soils on the lower soil consists of sandstones which slopes. lateritic material yield easily to under a superficial erosion and layer of fine- induce gullying grained sand. even on slopes as low as 5°.  Soil erosion, both  About 65 per cent from physical and of the entire area manmade causes, of Enugu State is is rampant in affected by sheet several parts of the erosion. state 8 Average 11°C - 33°C Mean monthly  Mean maximum  The mean annual  Relative humidity Temperature temperature 33°C. temperature temperature is 75% Hottest period - remains high 21.10C -31.10C.  Hottest months February to April throughout the (January – March). year about 32°F (March – June).  Dry season commences in October. 15 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Baseline Conditions in the RAMP II States S/No Parameter Baseline Environmental Conditions of the RAMP II States Adamawa Enugu Niger Osun Imo 9 Mean Rainfall  Wet season (April –  The annual rain  The annual  Highest rainfall  Wet season (April – October) fall ranges rainfall varies (August – October)  Dry season between 152 - from about September).  Dry season (November - 203cm. 1,600mm (south)  Dry season (November to March).  Wet season (May - to 1,200mm (November – March).  Average rainfall is October). (north). April). Annual  Average annual 759mm (northern rainfall 800mm - rainfall (1,500mm - parts) and 1,051mm 1,500mm. 2,200mm). in the southern parts. 10 Geology/  Picturesque  Contains about  Covered by two  Underlain by  Underlain by the Terrain: mountains, and nine geological major rock metamorphic Benin Formation land traversed by formations. formations viz; rocks of the of coastal plain. big River valleys of  Occupies sedimentary and basement Benue, Gongola highlands such as basement complex, which  This formation is and Yedsarem. Awgu, Udi and complex rocks. outcrop over of late tertiary age.  The valleys of Nsukka.  To the north is many parts. Rivers are few Cameroon,  The hills are the basement  Rocks of the with vast inter Mandara and flanked by the complex, basement complex fluves which are Adamawa rolling lowlands characterised by found here are characterized by mountains form of Oji River, granitic outcrops schists, associated dry valleys that part of this Adada and or inselbergs. with quartzite carry surface undulating Anambra Basins to  Such inselbergs ridges of the type drainage in landscape. the west, and the dominate the found in llesa. periods of high Ebonyi (Aboine) landscape in Rati, rainfall. River Basin to the Shiroro, Minna, east. Mariga and Gurara. 11 Vegetation  There are two  The vegetation are  Vegetation are  Covered by  Vegetation of the types notable vegetation both rainforest, rainforest and secondary forest. zones viz; Sub- typical grass and Guinea Savannah  Derived Savannah tropical rain Sudan zone and the swamp forest.  Has one of the mosaic forest. Northern Guinea  Rainforest largest and most predominates in Savannah zone. vegetation is found fertile the north..  Economic trees  The Sub-Sudan on the highlands of agricultural lands Originally, like the iroko, zone is marked by Awgu and in the country. virtually all parts short grasses and stretching through Only 1, about 10 of the state had a mahogany, short trees, its rocky per cent of the natural lowland obeche, gmelina, commonly found in promontories to state's arable land tropical rain forest bamboo, rubber the Northern parts link with the being cultivated. vegetation. of the State. undulating hills of  Disappearance of  Vegetation has and oil palm pre  To the South, the Udi. traces of since given way to dominate. vegetation is thick  Typical grassy rainforest occur secondary forest with tall grasses vegetation is found in the Niger re-growths due to and trees. around Nnsuka. trough and flood lumbering fuel- Fresh water swamp plain due to wood, cultivation forests occur in the lumbering of cocoa, oil palm Niger-Anambra activities. cultivation and Basin. farming, mining (clay, sand).  Mature forests still exist in the Owu forest reserve (southern part of the State). 16 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Baseline Conditions in the RAMP II States S/No Parameter Baseline Environmental Conditions of the RAMP II States Adamawa Enugu Niger Osun Imo  Part of this high forest has recently been cleared to make way for forest plantations of tectona grandis and gmelina arborea. 12 Main Native  Hausa, Fulfude  Igbo  Hausa  Yoruba  Igbo language 13 Main Ethnic  Hausa, Fulfude  Igbo  Nupes, Gbahiyu  Oyos, lfes, ljesas  Igbo Groups and Hausa. and lgbominas. 14 Population  3,178,950  3,267,837  3,954,772  3,416,959  3,934,899 (2006 national Male=1,607,270 Male=1,596,042 Male=2,004,350 Male=1,734,149  Male=2,032,286 census) Female=1,571,680  Female=1,671,795  Female=1,950,422 Female=1,682,810  Female=1,912,613 15 Population  68/km2  268/km2  52/km2  240/km2  710/km2 Density 16 Per capita  $1,417  $1,802  $1,480  $2,076  $3,527 17 GDP (PPP$b)  4.6  4.4  6.0  7.3  14.21 18 Main Stay of  Farming  Farming  Farming  Farming  Farming the People  Cash crops are;  Cash crops are;  Cash crops are;  Cash crops; cocoa,  Cash crops cotton and palm produce and sugar cane, cola nut, oil palm include, oil palm, groundnuts. cashew. Cassava, etc. raffia palm, rice,  Food crops include  Food crops are; Sorghum/guinea  Food crops; groundnut, maize, yam, rice, cassava, corn, ground nut cassava, yam, rubber, cocoa. cassava, millet maize, yams, etc. Food crops; cocoyam, plantain,  Food crops guinea corn and banana and a millet, Shea-nut, melon, fruits and includes, cassava, rice. variety of fruits etc. vegetables etc. maize, yam etc. and vegetables.  Rice(low land),  The operation of Rice(up land), over 163 oil wells Melon. at over 12 different locations makes the state part of an oil producing. 19 Settlement  Sparsely populated.  Rural settlements  Majority of the  Population is  Settlement is Patterns and  Large parcel of land are dispersed over people of the State concentrated in a dispersed Size are devoted almost much of the reside in rural number of urban particularly in the Distribution entirely to the use of farmlands. areas (about 90 per centres. rural areas. of Settlements cattle herders.  There are vast cent).  Urban centres are;  Major towns unoccupied areas Osogbo, llesha, lle- include, Owerri, set aside as Ife, ljebu-Jesa, Okigwe, Orlu, farmlands and Ejigbo, Modakeke, Mbaise, Isu etc. somewhat. lfetedo, Ede, lkirun, Ipetu-ljesa, lla and Ode Omu.  These urban centres are concentrated in the upper half of the state.  Smaller towns and villages are concentrated in the lower half.  There are farm 17 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Baseline Conditions in the RAMP II States S/No Parameter Baseline Environmental Conditions of the RAMP II States Adamawa Enugu Niger Osun Imo camps between and surrounding the major urban centres of lle-Ife, llesa, lla and Ipetu-Ijesa. 20 Cultural/ Koma Hills  Cultural features  Home to the three  Orisa (the  New yam festival Unique Manadara Mountains common to all national hydro- traditional deities Masquerades Resources Lamurde Hot Spring parts of the state. electric power of the Yoruba festival (World Heritage Site).  Family is the basic stations. people).  Orashi River with Maddibbo Adams social unit, the  Rich tourism  Osun -Osogbo its source in Imo Tomb Monument belief system and facilities, such as Grove, (World State. Njaba Three Sister Rocks the system of the Gurara Falls, Heritage Site).  Oguta Lake Kiri Dams political Kainji Lake  Oramiyan Staff.  Utu river organization. National Park,  Ooni of Ife Palace  Awbana river and  Important Borgu Game  Olojo festival (Ile Otamiri rivers. traditional Reserve etc Ife), festivals are  Kainji Lake  Iwude festival observed every National Park at (Ijeshas). year, viz; the New Bussa. Masquerade and  Ladi Kwali Pottery the New Yam Centre at Suleja. festivals. 18 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) CHAPTER FIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (F-ESMP) 5.0 Introduction The chapter describes the framework for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (F-ESMP). 5.1 Environmental and Social Screening Process The objective of screening is for the identification of those sub-projects activities that have minimal/no environmental or social concerns. 5.2 The Screening Criteria The screening exercise will be carried out prior to the initiation of the project preparation activities. The screening exercise will serve as a tool for the identification of the severity of impacts of both the environmental and social issues thereby integrating the corresponding mitigation measures into the project preparation. The project’s impacts will be screened using a modified Leopold matrix (Leopold, 1971) as presented in Appendix 3. The diagrammatic representation of steps in environmental and social screening processes is presented in figure 5.1. Development Plan Road Project If impacts are of category A, project Review/Screen Reject the Proposal should be rejected, if category B, it should be screened. Does the sub-project Are EA guidelines requires full fledge integrated in the contracts Strengthen EA Adverse, irreversible, severe Environmental statement Insignificant Impacts EA with Clearance from the FMEnv and World Bank Strengthen EA Has the EA been prepared Figure 5.1: Environmental Screening Process Provide EA 5.3 Screening Findings The screening findings reveals that the environmental and social impacts of the sub-project activities would require corresponding mitigation and enhancement measures at various 19 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) stages of the project viz, pre-construction, construction and operation phase. However, the result of the environmental and social screening exercise for the prioritized 401.1km rural roads in Imo State is presented below. Table 5.1: Result of Safeguards Screening of Rural Roads in Imo State S/n Road LGA Adverse Adverse Social Mitigation Picture Reference Environment Impact Measures (see plate below) al Impact 1. Umuago – Ndiuche – Ideato North Patches of Reduced vehicular Road grading and Ekendiuche – Ndiawa – mud on the access. landscaping, Uzi – Ndizogu – road, water mulching, good Umualaoma – run-off drainage, construct Ndiejezie. (drainage) not retaining walls, defined. culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 2. Ndiawa boundary– Ideato Vegetation in Reduced vehicular Road grading and Agbobu–Okigwe – North/Okig RoW. access. landscaping, Ikpaokorie we mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls and embankments, terracing. 3. Umuagbadagbo/Umue Ideato South Vegetation in Reduced vehicular Road grading and nkwunkwa – Umeshi – RoW, slope access. landscaping; Umuna – Umumi instability. Mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls and embankments, terracing, replace bridge rails. 4. Awala – Isiekenesi – Ideato South Tarred road in Increase in road Specifications for Umuchima. Awala, rill side hazards and contractors’ erosion. accidents. responsibilities to cover such issues as erosion control. 5. Ama Edward – Ideato North Erosion Increase in road Road grading and Ikpankwu – Umualoma side hazards and landscaping, Ndiejezie. accidents. Mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls and embankments, terracing. 6. Umualoma – Ikpaocha – Ideato North Erosion Reduced vehicular Road grading and Umuchu – Umunze. access. landscaping, mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls and embankments, terracing. 20 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 7. Eke Ndiuche – Ideato North Damaged Increase in road Replace damaged Umucheke – Umuobom bridge rails side hazards and bridge rails, road - Ndiadimoha. accidents grading and landscaping, Mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls and embankments, terracing. 8. Umnoha-Orodo Road Mbaitoli Erosion and Reduced vehicular Road grading and water logging access. landscaping; mulching; good drainage, construct retaining walls and culverts, terracing. 9. Ekeoha-Oboro- Mbaitoli Gully Erosion, Reduced vehicular Replace damaged Amaogwu Ogwa Road poor drainage, access; Bridge bridge rails, road bridge and pose risk to loss of grading and road cut. life. landscaping, mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 10. Afor-Obazu-Orlu Road Mbaitoli Large puddles Reduced Road grading and of water on movement that landscaping, ROW affects trade. mulching, improved drainage and culverts, terracing. 11. Obibi Okwuo-Ogbaku- Mbaitoli Vegetation in Reduced Road grading and Ejemekwuru Road RoW movement and landscaping, trade. mulching, good drainage and culverts, construct retaining walls and Embankments, terracing. 12. Umuabale – Amaulu- Mbaitoli Erosion; Reduced vehicular Road grading and Ubomiri – Ogbaku Vegetation in access. landscaping, Road RoW Mulching, good drainage and culverts, terracing. 13. Umundubia-Ejimole Owerre West Muddy road Reduced access Road grading and Okolochi during raining landscaping, season. mulching, good drainage, terracing. 21 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 14. Ihiagwu-Eziobodo- Owerre West Large puddles Use of alternative Road grading and Umuokpo Road of water on route, high cost of landscaping, ROW transportation. Mulching, improved drainage, construct retaining walls and culverts, terracing. 15. Mechanic Village – Okigwe Damaged Increased cost of Replace damaged Umuoleche – Umuele – covert/bridge, transportation and bridge rails, road Ndindubuisi – vegetation on road side grading and Amamadubuike. right of way. accidents/ landscaping, hazards. mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 16. Umuchoke – Alaike – Onuimo Patches of Increased cost of Replace damaged Umuoma Junction vegetation in transportation and bridge rails, road RoW, road cut road side grading and off; damaged accidents/ landscaping, bridge/covert. hazards. mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 17. Umuago – Ofeahia Onuimo Marshy lands Risk to vehicular Road grading and in some parts. movement landscaping, mulching, good drainage, construct culvert, terracing. 18. Ikpaku –Ikpenyi – Onuimo/Idea Bridges Risk to vehicular/ Replace damaged Ndianiche – to North without cross pedestrian bridge rails, road Ndiayamike Ndiawa bars, pot holes movement grading and Boundary Road on road. landscaping, mulching. 19. Ike Umuduru – Onuimo/Idea Erosion Risk to vehicular/ Road grading and Ndiamazu – Ndiawa to North pedestrian access. landscaping, mulching, good drainage, construct culvert, terracing. 20. Ike Umuduru – Onuimo Flooded River No vehicular Road grading and Umuobomu to the RoW. movement, risk to landscaping, vehicular/ mulching, good pedestrian access. drainage, construct retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 21. Ekeachi – Umuogosi – Okigwe Rill erosion Increased cost of Road grading and Ikpaeze – Aboh transportation and landscaping, Umulolo road side. mulching, good drainage, construct culvert, terracing. 22 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 22. Ihube Boys High School Okigwe Water logging, No vehicular/ Road grading and – Prison marshy lands, pedestrian access. landscaping, erosion, mulching, good vegetation in drainage, construct RoW. retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 23. Amano - Umuawasa Okigwe Rill erosion. Loss/ Effective drainage disruption of system, mapping out roadside road from communal community area, road grading and business and landscaping, social activities. Mulching, construct culvert, terracing. 24. Umunachi – Isiala Mbano Erosion. Increased cost of Road grading and Umuelemae transportation and landscaping, road side mulching, good accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. culvert, retaining wall and embankments, terracing. 25. Aba branch - Ehime Mbano Erosion, Increased cost of Replace damaged Umuezeala - Ama -Afor vegetation in transportation and bridge rails, road - Ebu – Alaike - RoW, road side grading and Umuchima – damaged accidents/ landscaping, Umuokpara. bridge rails. hazards. mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls, covert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 26. Afor Ebu – Nzerem Ehime Mbano Erosion Increased cost of Road grading and transportation and landscaping, road side mulching, good accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. culvert, retaining wall and embankments, terracing. 27. Orieikpa Agbajah – Ehime Mbano Marshy lands Increased cost of Road grading and Ekeolu – Umuakabia in some parts transportation and landscaping, Ikpem road side mulching, good accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. culvert, terracing. 28. Owerri Nkworji – Aba Nkwerre Poor drainage Loss/disruption Effective drainage Road of roadside system, mapping out community road from communal business and area. social activities. 23 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 29. Abaja – Umundurumba Nwangele Erosion and Increased cost of Patch areas of road – Amaigbo pot holes on transportation and with potholes, road tarred road. road side grading and accidents/hazards landscaping, mulching, good drainage, construct culvert, terracing. 30. Orlu Nkwere Express – Nkwerre Water puddles Increased cost of Road grading and Amokpara – Eziama on RoW transportation and landscaping, Obaire – Nkume drainages on road side mulching, good Express Road some parts. accidents/hazards drainage, construct culvert, terracing. 31. Orishieze Umukota – Owerri North Erosion and Increased cost of Patch areas of road Ulakwo – Imerienwe pot holes on transportation and with potholes, road tarred road. road side grading and accidents/hazards landscaping; mulching, good drainage; construct culvert, terracing . 32. Odoika – Dr. Duru – Oru West Water puddles Increased cost of Road grading and Afor Ubahazu Amiri and vegetation transportation and landscaping, on RoW road side mulching, good accidents/hazards drainage, construct culvert and terracing. 33. Duruobiaku – Amucha Njaba Poor drainage Loss/disruption Effective drainage – Eziachi of roadside system, mapping out community road from communal business and area. social activities. 34. Umuezike – Oru West Poor drainage Loss/disruption Effective drainage Awomamma – Onitsha of roadside system, mapping out community road from communal business and area. social activities. 35. Awugu-St. Patrics Ngor/ Poor drainage Loss/disruption Effective drainage Catholic Church-Obizi Okpala of roadside system, mapping out Umukeada Road (with community road from communal spur to Chokoneze business and area. Mbutu). social activities. 36. Umuohiagu – Ngali – Ngor/ Water puddles Increased cost of Road grading and Logora – Obohia Okpala and Vegetation transportation and landscaping, on ROW. road side mulching, good accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. culvert, terracing. 24 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 37. Umuchuchu – Ahiazu Erosion and Increased cost of Road grading and Umuneke – Ovuru Ntu vegetation on transportation and landscaping, RoW road side mulching, good accidents/hazards drainage, construct . culvert and terracing. 38. Afor Eziama – Ngor/ Poor drainage Loss/disruption Effective drainage Umukoro – Amalanttu Okpala of roadside system, mapping out – Obokwe community road from communal business and area social activities. 39. Umuogbontu – Umaku Ngor/ Vegetation in Decreased Road grading and Ntu Okpala RoW vehicular access landscaping, mulching, good drainage, construct culvert, terracing. 40. Council Road-Nguru Ngor/ Vegetation in Decreased Road grading and Ntu Okpala RoW vehicular access. landscaping, mulching, good drainage, construct culvert and terracing. 41. Eke isu –Umuilalu – Ngor/ Erosion Increased cost of Road grading and Umuoye – Afor Aboh Mbaise transportation and landscaping, Enyiogwu road side mulching, good accidents/hazards drainage, construct culvert and terracing. 42. Airport junction-Eke Isu Ngor/ Tarred, side Increased cost of Sidewalks to be Obiangwu-Egbelu Okpala walkway transportation and rehabilitated and wearing away road side drainage provided. accidents/hazards 43. Umuneke Obike – Ngor/ Erosion Increased cost of Road grading and Amala Obike Okpala transportation and landscaping, road side mulching, good accidents/hazards drainage, construct culvert and terracing. 44. Ekeisu – Umunhi – Ngor/ Poor drainage Loss/disruption Effective drainage Umuochoko – Egelu Okpala Water puddles of roadside system, mapping out Ebube on RoW community road from communal business and area, road grading and social activities. landscaping; mulching; construct culvert and terracing. 25 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 45. Umuowa – Umunehi – Ngor/ Vegetation in Decreased Road grading and Obiangwu Okpala RoW vehicular access. landscaping, mulching, good drainage; construct culvert; terracing. 46. Umariam Express – Obowo Erosion, Increased cost of Replace damaged Umunanu Express- Bridge is too transportation and bridge rails, road Umusochei – Okohia low and road side grading and damaged rails. accidents/ landscaping, hazards. mulching, good drainage, construct retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 47. Nduhum-Amuzi Alike- Obowo Rill erosion. Loss/disruption Road grading and Umusode-Owugha of roadside landscaping, community mulching, good business and drainage, construct social activities. retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 48. Egbegbere-Odukume- Obowo Gully erosion, Increased cost of Road grading and Umukoro-Umutume slope transportation and landscaping, (with spur to instability. road side mulching, good Ekeumuhiri) accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. retaining walls and culvert, terracing. 49. Council Road – Stadium Ihitte/Uboma Rill erosion Increased cost of Road grading and – Amakohia – Umukoro transportation and landscaping, – Umuhi (with Spur road side mulching, good from Amakohia to accidents/ drainage, construct Umederim – Council hazards. retaining walls and Road). culvert, terracing. 50. Eke Umuawuchi – Ihitte/Uboma Rill Erosion Increased cost of Road Grading and Umunumu – Umuniha Swampy transportation and Landscaping; Vegetation in road side Mulching; Good RoW. accidents/hazards drainage; Construct Retaining walls and culvert; terracing. 51. Amainyinta Ekeikpa Ihitte/ Rill erosion, Increased cost of Road grading and Umuiyi – Afor Umuiyi Uboma slope transportation and landscaping, instability, road side mulching, good road accidents/ drainage, construct undercutting. hazards. retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 26 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 52. Umuawuchi- Abueke- Ihitte/Uboma Cracks on Increased cost of Rehabilitate bridge, Ekeikpa bridge. transportation and road grading and road side landscaping, accidents/ Mulching, good hazards. drainage, construct retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 53. Afor Oru – Obohia – Ahiazu Road cut-off Increased cost of Road grading and Ugiri ike Ikeduru – by gully transportation and landscaping mulching, Amaimo erosion- 450m road side good drainage, length. accidents/ construct retaining hazards. walls, covert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 54. Obeama – Amaumara – Ahiazu Road cut-off Increased cost of Road grading and Abia boundary River towards Imo transportation and landscaping, river due to road side mulching, good erosion. accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 55. Ekwereazu Round- Ahiazu Erosion in Increased cost of Road grading and about Amuzi – Amainu some parts. transportation and landscaping, Obohia – Umunbiri road side mulching, good accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 56. Nnarambia Ahiara – Ahiazu Erosion in Increased cost of Road grading and Lude Obodo Ahiara some parts. transportation and landscaping, road side mulching, good accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. 57. Ogbe-Ekeala Ahiazu Marshy lands Increased cost of Road grading and vegetation in transportation and landscaping, RoW. road side mulching, good accidents/ drainage, construct hazards. retaining walls, culvert, bridge and embankments, terracing. Source: Environmental and Social Screening of Prioritized 400km of Rural Roads to be Constructed/Rehabilitated under RAMP 2 in Imo State, October, 2016. 5.4 Project-Level Environmental and Social Review At the stage of detailed project preparation, Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) shall be used to evaluate the project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and also identify ways of improving project planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse 27 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts, including throughout the project implementation. The World Bank favours preventive measures over mitigation or compensatory measures, whenever feasible. 5.5 Method of Impact Assessment for the ESMF All the environmental and social issues that are common to rural road sector activities have been identified through consultation with the stakeholders these are; noise and air (dust- SPM) pollution, increase road accidents, resettlement and compensation of PAPs, possible contamination of water bodies, channelization of drains, disposal of construction wastes, disobedience to culture and tradition, child abuse including vulnerable groups, challenges of increased Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS, Sexual and gender-based violence, child labour and increased crime amongst others. 5.6 Integrating Mitigation Measures In Project Design and Tender Documents Use mitigation measures developed herewith and integrate into the project design and tender documents. By using this approach, the mitigation measures will automatically become part of the project construction and operation phase. Project Design The mitigation measure integration in the design phase will help in strengthening the benefits and sustainability of the project. Project Contract The project contractor should be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures in the contract. The final acceptance of the completed works should not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented. 28 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Bill of Quantities The tender instruction should explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures, materials to be used, labor camp arrangements and waste disposal areas, as well other site specific environmental requirements. Supervision and Monitoring The purpose of supervision is to ensure that specific mitigation parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment and as bound by the contract is satisfactorily implemented. A categorized mitigation measures and its implementation is given in the table below. 29 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 5.2: Mitigation Implémentation S/no Mitigation Activity Implementation Responsibility Party Project Design Contract Bill of Quantity Monitoring* 1. Slope stability  Specify bio-  Contractor shall  Identify stabilization  Adequacy, quality engineering and comply with area. of vegetation. relevant techniques. clauses pertaining  Provide list of  Survival rate of to mitigation in vegetation to be plants. the contract. planted. 2. Spoil disposal  Identify mass balance  Do  Quantify disposal  Presence of techniques. and extraction scouring, erosion,  Safe tipping areas volume. damage to property, identified and water supply enforced. disruption.  Design spoils traps.  Complaints from local people 3. Water management  Design safe discharge  Do  Physical works for  Evidence of fresh drainage and safe discharge surface erosion, techniques (check drainage listed. presence of gullies, dam) to natural water increase in water course. turbidity, loss of agriculture forest land.  Slope condition.  Public complaints. 4. Land use  Explore use of  Do -  Quantify actual land marginal land. use pattern for  Check impacts are construction and limited to other activities. compensated trees  Public complaints. and products. 5. Plants and wildlife  Consider  Do -  Check habitats re- construction affecting created on marginal forests and roadside land. productive plots. 6. Quarries and  Design bunds to  Do  Quantify restoration  Check for water borrow pits screen noise and dust. costs and present ponding, formation  Design re-grading technical of gullies, water slopes. specifications. turbidity.  Use bio-engineering  Check unauthorized techniques for quarrying activities. rehabilitation. 7. Stone crushing and -  Do  Amount to be  Dust control asphalt plants included in equipment being contractor's own utilized. expense.  Public complaints. 8. Hazardous  Specify storage  Do  Amount to be  Checks to ensure materials facilities for included in that storage is good explosives and toxic contractor's own and that there are no materials. expense through rate losses or leaks. for supplying  Checks to ensure 30 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/no Mitigation Activity Implementation Responsibility Party Project Design Contract Bill of Quantity Monitoring* materials. that protective clothing and safety measures are used. 9. Camp operation  Identify camping  Do  Amount to be  Latrine construction grounds. included in and effective waste contractor's own disposal. expense through  Check disruption in work camp item water supply. expense.  Re-vegetation, rehabilitation of site. 10. Dust and noise  Indicate use of safe  Do  Specify buffer area  Air pollution control pollution level requirements. equipment. equipment.  Amount to be  Dust deposition on included in crops and contractor's own vegetation. expense through  Survival rate of work camp item plants. expense.  Public complaints. 11. Social issues  Incorporate socially  Do  -  Check issues acceptable design pertaining to social specifications. concern. 12. Code of conduct  Develop and ensure  Do  Specify  Ensure that all compliance to code of requirements of the contractors sign and conduct. code of conduct and abide. specify roles.  Monitor adherence. 13. Road maintenance  Arrangement with  Penalties in case  Specify manner of  Harmonious the various of non- maintenance and relationship with communities on the compliance with specific roles well maintained corridor and private the agreed road contractor standards (e.g. number of potholes per km of roads). 5.7 Roles and Responsibilities for the Implementation of the ESMF The ESMF will be implemented by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development through the Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP) that by collaborating with a team of established Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialists who will liaise with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), SEPA together with the World Bank safeguards team to ensure effective execution. The below Table 5.3 shows the summary of the phases and institutional responsibilities for the screening, planning, assessment, approval and implementation of the RAMP 2 project activities in Imo State. 31 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 5.3: Roles and Responsibilities for the implementation of the ESMF S/No. Activities Institutional Institutional Collaboration Implementation Responsibility Responsibility 1. Identification and/or siting of the SPIUs  Ministry of Local  Ministry of Works sub-project Government Affairs  LGA  CDAs/CBOs Screening, categorization and SPIUs  ESS of the SPIUs  Federal Ministry of 2. identification of the required  FPMU Environment (FMEnv) instrument  MEnv 3. Approval of the classification and SPIUs  ESS-PIU  FMEnv the selected instrument  SSS-PIU  The World Bank  FPMU 4. Preparation of the safeguard document/instrument (ESIA, EA and simple ESMP, etc.) in accordance with the national legislation/procedure and the Bank policies requirements) 5. Preparation and approval of the  FMEnv  The World Bank ToR  MEnv  FMEnv ESS-SPIUs  Safeguards Specialist Selection of Consultant  FMEnv/MEnv  Safeguards Specialist  Procurement Officer  Procurement Specialist Preparation of the report  Procurement Specialist  Safeguards Consultants (PS-SPIU)  SSS-PIU  LGAs  FPMU Report validation and issuance of  Procurement Specialist  FMEnv the permit (when required) (PS-SPIU)  The World Bank  SSS-PIU  MEnv  MEnv  LGAs Publication of document  SPIU  Media  FPMU  The World Bank (i) Integrating the construction  ESS-PIU  External/Civil Supervisors 6. phase mitigation measures and Civil  PS-PIU  MEnv Environmental and Social clauses engineering/technical  Design Consultants  Ministry of Lands, Survey, in the bid documents prior to staff in charge of the Housing and Urban Planning advertisement; (ii) ensure that the sub-project (TS-PIU) Civil Contractors prepare site specific ESMPs; (iii) obtain approvals and integrates the relevant measures in the Works Breakdown Structure (WBS) or execution plan. Implementation of other ESS-SPIU  SSS-SPIU  External Safeguards 7. safeguards measures, including  PS-SPIU Specialists environmental monitoring (when  TS-SPIU relevant) and sensitization  SPIU Accountant)  MEnv  LGAs  NESREA 32 activities NGOs/CBOs Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 8. Oversight of safeguards ESS-SPIU  Monitoring and Evaluation  External Supervisor implementation (internal) specialist (M&E-PIU)  NGOs/CBOs  Project Accountant  Local authority Public consultation on project State Coordinator  M&E-PIU  FMEnv/NESREA safeguards performance and  ESS-PIU  MEnv/SEPAs disclosure  SSS-PIU  The World Bank  NGOs/CBOs External oversight of the project PIU  M&E-PIU  FMEnv safeguards compliance  ESS-PIU  NESREA  SSS-PIU  MEnv/SEPA  PS-PIU  Safeguard Consultants  External Civil Supervisors 9. Building stakeholders’ capacity in ESS-PIU  SSS-PIU  Consultants safeguards management  PS-PIU  MEnv/SEPAs FMEnv/NESREA Independent evaluation of ESS-PIU  SSS-PIU  PIU 10. safeguards performance (Audit)  PS-PIU  MEnv/SEPAs  NGOs/CBOs  Ministry of Lands, Survey, Housing and Urban Planning.The World Bank 33 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) CHAPTER SIX PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 6.1 Mechanism for Consultation and Participation Public consultation will be an on-going activity throughout the entire project life-cycle. Subject to PMU’s approval, information about the project will be shared with the public, to enable meaningful contribution, and enhance the success of the project. The different channels for communication and consultation are:  Meetings, filling in of questionnaires/ application forms, public readings and explanations of project ideas and requirements.  Publication in print and electronic media, preferably all local papers, notice boards near project sites, posters in strategic locations and many public places. The means of communication must also take into consideration the literacy levels in the rural communities by allowing enough time for responses and feedback and putting messages in local language(s). 6.2 Identifying Stakeholders The stakeholders are defined as all people and institutions that have an interest in the planning and execution of the project, potentially affected communities; traditional rulers/ religious leaders, NGOs/CBOs, Local Government officials, State MDAs, local/social and professional groups e.g., farmers, market women, road transport workers etc. 6.3 ESMF Update and Public Involvement Relevant stakeholders were consulted during the update of the ESMF to include Imo State, as shown in plates 6.1and 6.2, however the report of the stakeholders meeting together with the attendance sheet are presented in appendices 2 and 4. The ESMF preparation involved stakeholders’ consultation and participation in all the fives (5) States. The major stakeholders identified and consulted for the preparation of the updated ESMF in Imo State consisted of various government (State and Federal) MDAs. Some of the organizations are the Imo State RAMP II-SPIU, NEWMAP (State SPIU/State Ministry of Environment and Agriculture, Imo State Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (Supervising Ministry for Imo RAMP II), Imo State Accountant-General Office, Transitional Chairmen of three (3) Local Governments (representing all the 27 Local 34 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Government Transitional Chairmen of Imo State), and the South-East Regional Office of the National Environmental Standards, Regulatory and Enforcement Agency (NESREA). It is however considered that the public involvement initiated by the ESMF will be built upon at the various project levels in the State. This will afford the SPIU to:  clarify the project's objectives in terms of stakeholders’ needs and concerns  identify feasible alternatives (in particular alternative locations) and examine their relative merits in terms of environmental, social and economic factors  identify and prioritise environmental and social issues and establish the scope of future studies and/or site specific management plan  Identify processes for continued stakeholders’ involvement. The outcome of the consultation in Imo State are highlighted below:  In determining and designing of the road projects there should be an inclusion of the relevant stakeholders’ and beneficiaries’ opinions of the project affected persons.  Ensure strict adherence to project design and timely completion.  Proper understanding of roles and collaboration between MDAs in the entire management of the project.  Even if the project may not lead to any large scale social and environmental resources, adherence to both national and State/local laws in the execution of projects.  Existing MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres and also ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism.  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the supposed are deprived or not benefited.  Give adequate opportunity to local contractors and skills in all the facets of the project.  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures.  Road accidents should be prevented during construction by the use of adequate signs, public sensitizations and implementation of a world-class traffic management plan.  Drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the communities. 35 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)  Enough reservoir should be constructed to prevent flash floods.  Adequate protection of the soil so as not to trigger erosion.  Contractors should give due cognizance should be given to native customs and traditions with particular attention on not defiling the land in order to avoid what is referred to as “ikwu-ala” (cleansing of the land). Plate 6.1: (From the front row) Barrister Anuebunwa (Representing Transition Chairman, Onuimo LGA), Ogunsawe David (Consultant), Engr. Obinna Nshirim (Transition Chairman of Ikeduru LGA), Engr. Uzor (Coordinator, Imo RAMP II), Chief Clifford Orjiako (Transition Chairman, Nwangele LGA), Mrs. Uzoma Ijeoma (Head, Imo PFMU) and Engr. Victor Anueyiagu (SPC-Imo NEWMAP) during the stakeholders meeting on Imo RAMP II in Owerri, Imo State. Plate 6.2:From the left Engr. Obinna Nshirim (Transition Chairman of Ikeduru LGA), Chief Clifford Orjiako- standing (Transition Chairman, Nwangele LGA) , Mrs. IIwuagwu Ogechi (Safeguards Specialist, Imo RAMP II & NEWMAP) and other participants during the stakeholders meeting on Imo RAMP II in Owerri, Imo State. 36 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 6.4 Commonalties and Differences in the States Interactions with the stakeholders were positive and they want the project to commence in earnest. Nevertheless, general knowledge of legal instruments on environmental and social (ESIA and EMP) issues needs to be reinforced in the various States. While some of the States have more considerable experience in the management of ESIA/EMP for instance, others do not have. For instance, recommendation from stakeholders in Imo State is the request for capacity building of staff on safeguards. In other words, capacity to ensure environmental performance of the project needs to be enhanced as these seem inadequate in the beneficiary States. 6.5 ESMF Disclosures All safeguards reports for projects shall be publicly disclosed and made available to the project affected groups, associations, NGOs, CBOs and the general public as a whole. The outline of information to be disclosed is presented in the table below. Table 6.1: Typical Information to be Disclosed Topic Documents to be Disclosed Frequency Media Public Minutes of formal public Within two weeks of World Bank’s Info-shop, implementation Consultation consultation meetings meeting agency’s website/Project Management Unit and Project Implementation Units (PIU), Ministry of Environment, Local Government Area Environment ESMF, ESIA, EMP with key Prior to awarding works and World Bank’s Info-shop. Management actions, safeguard monitoring to remain on website Implementation agency’s website/Project reports and audit. Management Unit and Project, Implementation Units (PIU), Ministry of Environment, Local Government Area. 37 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES 7.0 Introduction This chapter describes the environmental and social mitigation measures associated with the potential negative impacts associated with project implementation. 7.1 Approaches to Developing Mitigation Measure Options to address the various environmental and social issues identified have been worked out based on the review of good practices and requirement of compliance with the legal provisions as well as consultations with the relevant stakeholders. The principle that guides the approach to mitigation measure development is outlined below. Table 7.1: Approach to Mitigation Measure Development Mitigation Measure Practice 1. Seek alternatives to avoid particular  Consider alternatives to a proposed project activity. impacts.  Examine alternative ways to achieve the objectives to maximize benefits and minimize undesirable impacts. 2. Arrange compensation where  Restore damaged resources, such as, water source, irrigation particular impacts are unavoidable. system, forest.  Proper rehabilitation scheme, such as, skills training, new employment.  Adequate compensation payments to affected persons for damage or loss of property, livelihood and provision of rehabilitation measures. 3. Take corrective measures to reduce  Consider corrective measures to reduce adverse impacts to unavoidable effects. acceptable standards, such as, remove spoil material during construction, replace or relocate community water source, assist in school expansion to handle influx of laborers' children, and others. 4. Implement preventive measures to  Pre-preparation for minimizing adverse impacts, such as, avoid some impacts altogether. implement health education program, initiate public awareness programs. Source: Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road Development, 2003, DoR. 38 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 7.2Mitigation Measures The appropriate mitigation measures suitable to the project are suggested in table 7.2. Table 7.2: Summary of Envisaged Activities/Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts General planning and designing new and existing roads 1. Project preparation  Incorporate environmental and social concerns in project preparation. (Planning &  Ensure that construction activities take cognizance of sensitive ecosystems Design) such as forest reserve/sanctuaries/wetlands etc.  Compliance with legal requirements.  Chose or develop design standards for each facet of construction and related activities—road beds, road surface, drainage, erosion control, re-vegetation, river crossing, sensitive areas, steep slopes, material extraction, transport, storage, construction camps, waste management and decommissioning (P&D).  Provide plans to identify, protect and use sensitive habitats (P&D).  Take into account problems of soil and slope stability and local weather and other natural phenomena viz erosion, flooding, earthquakes, heavy rain, mudslides, drought (P&D).  Develop a flood/erosion control plan for all projects (P&D). 2. Route planning  Involve multi-disciplinary team in planning new routes (P&D).  Avoid routing road through sites of known paleontological, archeological, historic, religious, or cultural significance (P&D)  Avoid routing across agriculturally productive soils.  Consider the problems of soil, slope stability, local weather and other ecological phenomena (P&D).  Where possible, site roads should follow hill contours and avoid creating slopes greater than 10 degrees.  Avoid gradients greater than 10 percent and long straight downhill stretches (P&D) (C).  Identify sites for temporary and permanent storage of excavated material and construction materials (P&D) (C).  Avoid environmentally sensitive areas and explore possible compromise alternatives. (P&D) (C).  Avoid constructing roads through forest areas (if possible) else protect or restore forests elsewhere in the drainage basin as close as possible to those lost (P&D).  Minimize aesthetic and scenic impacts (P&D).  Avoid citing roads along migration routes of animals (P&D)  If sensitive areas cannot be avoided, involve ecologists and engineers in designing road, construction camp, quarries, and other areas (P&D) (C). 39 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts 3. Construction  Select or develop guidelines and procedures to be applied for each phase of contracts project activities and incorporate into contracts for construction companies viz; site clearing, bed and surface construction, drainage, fuel and material usage, quarry site management, construction camp and work site operating procedures, including worker safety.  Include incentives for adherence to guidelines and penalties for violation. 4. Maintenance  Finalize maintenance agreements with local communities before construction. agreements  Define roles and ensure commitment of parties to terms of the agreement, such as job description, time, frequency, compensation, and limits. 5. Code of conduct  Develop and ensure strict adherence to the code of conduct to be signed by all contractors and contract employees against any form of child abuse including sex with under-age or any vulnerable group, rape or sexual assault, child labour or exploitation and any form of discrimination.  Implementing Agency should ensure zero tolerance to non-adherence and would be held responsible for non-enforcement. 6. Sloped areas  Stabilize slopes by planting local plant species. and raised  Work with agronomists to identify native species with the best erosion control roads properties, root strength, site adaptability, and other socially useful properties.  Set up nurseries in project areas to supply necessary plants.  Use soil stabilizing chemicals or geo-textiles (fabrics) where feasible and appropriate (P&D) (C).  Minimize use of vertical road cuts even though they are easier to construct and require less space than flatter slopes. The majority of road cuts should have no more than a 0.75:1 or 1:1 slope to promote plant growth. Vertical cuts are acceptable in rocky landscapes and in well-cemented soils (P&D) (C)  Install drainage ditches or berms on uphill slopes to divert water. (P&D) (C).  Install drainage turnouts at more frequent intervals and check dams to reduce ditch erosion (P&D) (C).  If possible, use higher grade gravel that is much less prone to erosion (P&D) (C).  If very steep sections cannot be avoided, provide soil stabilizers or surface with asphalt or concrete (P&D) (C). Planning and designing existing- Existing Roads (Reconstruction/Repair/Realignment) 1. Road surface is  Raise road surface with stable fill material. below grade of  Grade with in-slope, out-slope, or cambered shape. surrounding  Install sufficient cross-drains ditches, and settling ponds (P&D) (C) (O&M). 2. Road is steeply  Consider realigning the road sections to conform with preferred design sloped and parameters described above. eroding  Decommission original road sections after realignment (P&D) (C) (O&M). 3. Deteriorated  Determine cause of deterioration. If heavily used, find a means of reducing traffic road surface or upgrade road to more durable surface— gravel, asphalt, or concrete (P&D) (C) (O&M). 40 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts  Road grading (P&D) (C)  Landscaping 4. High-speed  Realign road sections to meander; curving roads deter speeding (P&D). Driving  Add speed bumps in villages or populated areas (C). 5. Road sections with  Maintain or upgrade road so section no longer floods or becomes muddy (P&D) multiple (O&M). tracks/off-road  Raise the road bed or define the roadway with rocks. driving  Realign the road to a better area.  Avoid very flat terrain (P&D) (O&M). 6. Road section  Remove surface and loosen soil of previous track to accelerate regeneration of must be vegetation. realigned  Block access with rocks, branches, roadblocks, and signs.  Narrow tracks usually re-vegetate naturally with no noticeable scars.  Wider roads may require planting and reseeding (C) (O&M). Construction 1. Site preparation  Relocation of utilities, common property resources and cultural properties.  Avoid wanton destruction of roadside vegetation. 2. Construction  Avoid sensitive areas for location of construction camps camps  Infrastructure arrangements for workers and construction equipment. 3. Borrow pits and  Obtain necessary statutory licenses Quarry  Avoid agriculture lands as borrow areas. Management  Minimize impact within (500m) radius (P&D) (C).  Take safety precautions.  Ensure operations are in line with the ESMP.  No night crushing  Adequate warning prior to blasting  Decommission all sites as per approved ESMP. 4. Compacting  Water the road immediately before compacting to strengthen the road surface (P&D) (C).  When possible, delay compacting until the beginning of the wet season or when water becomes more available (P&D) (C). 5. Topsoil salvage,  Topsoil removal from areas temporarily/permanently used for construction. storage  Re-use of topsoil for re-vegetation & replacement 6. Water for  Extract water in areas of scarcity with consent of community. construction  Schedule construction activities as per water availability. 7. Capacity Building  Develop the required capacity to monitor compliance particularly safeguard and Monitoring issues.  Ensure compliance monitoring and reporting. 8. Slope stability and  Slope stability along hill roads. erosion control  Protect land on hill side from stability loss due to cutting.  Protect land on valley side from debris due to construction. 41 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts  Adequacy of drainage for erosion control.  Conduct geological/geomorphological studies, investigate and recommend best available options.  Use civil engineering and bio-engineering measures.  Measures taken to avoid undercutting of slope toes.  Quarry activities must avoid river beds, where flood discharge is significant. 9. Road surface help  Stabilize the road surface with gravel, murram, and other rocky surfacing or be adverse to materials. road user  Grade the road. Comfort 10. Waste management  Ensure waste management practices are in line with the ESMP.  Protect land on valley side from debris due to construction.  Consider adequacy of drainage for erosion control.  Develop adequate waste management plan.  Engage accredited waste management company(ies). 11. Water bodies/  Avoidance from cutting due to alignment. perennial and  Protect embankment of slopes in case of alignment. intermittent  Rehabilitate water body. rivers and streams 12. Wetlands  Avoid routing through these areas (see “Route planning” above for additional guidance) (P&D).  Minimize cuts and fills and compensate for impact by protecting other wetlands (P&D) I.  Take special precautions to prevent dumping of debris etc I.  Use elevated porous fills (rock-fills) or multiple pipes to maintain natural groundwater and near-surface flow patterns (C ). 13. Drainage  Conduct hydrological investigations during project preparation.  Provision of longitudinal and cross drainage as per requirements.  Proper location of drainage outfall.  Install drainage structures during rather than after construction. (P&D) I.  Clearly define the type of road surface shapes and drainage methods—in- sloped, out-sloped, or crown roadway—to be used for each section of roadway.  Use outside ditches control surface water when necessary (P&D) I.  Install diversion structures, such as cross drains, drivable, rolling dips, or water bars, to move water off the road frequently and minimize concentration of water (P&D) I.  Install drainage crossings to pass water from uphill to downhill (P&D) I.  Stabilize outlet ditches (inside and outside) with small stone riprap or vegetative barriers placed on contours (P&D) I.  Extend runout drains far enough (P&D) I.  Visually spot check for drainage problems and ensure appropriate corrective measures I. 42 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts 14. Construction plants  Maintain machines and equipments regularly to avoid pollution. &  Minimize use of heavy machines (P&D) I. equipment  Set schedules maintenance (P&D) I. management  Investigate and use less toxic alternative products (P&D) I.  Prevent fuel tank leaks by monitoring storage facilities. 15. Spoil disposal  Minimize spoil by balancing cut and fill wherever possible  Safe tipping areas identified and enforced.  Spoil traps constructed.  Land owner compensated. 16. Hazardous material  Checks to ensure that storage is good and that there are no losses or leaks.  Checks to ensure that protective clothing and safety measures are used. 17. Tree plantation  Avoid impact on trees.  Plant multiple local trees species in lieu of destroyed ones.  Encourage tree planting along roadside. 18. Sensitive  Identify sensitive ecosystems. Ecosystems  Develop EMP for roads passing through fragile habitats. 19. Air and dust  Ensure stringent air pollution control measures. pollution  Regular maintenance of both mobile and stationery equipments.  Ensure the use of high-efficient burners.  Periodically monitor air quality parameters particularly at areas closer to major socially and environmentally sensitive landmarks.  Regularly spray water to avoid Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) particularly during the dry season.  Plant dense vegetation on roadside. 20. Noise  Schedule work to minimize disturbance.  Inform the public when loud noise will be generated.  Carry out schedule maintenance of equipment. 21. Workers  Provide and enforce use of Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs). health & safety and  Have on-site first-aid kits. emergency  Have dedicated emergency response numbers response  Develop and implement emergency response plan  Have Retainership with healthcare providers in the case of medical emergencies.  Create awareness for staff on STIs including HIV/AIDS. 43 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts 22. Public health and  Develop and implement sound safety plan. safety at  Ensure public safety while travel along construction sites. construction Site  Have dedicated traffic management plan/team.  Install adequate warning signs, delineators and barriers in appropriate places including speed limits and if possible in local languages.  Effective road safety awareness among affected communities using appropriate media and local languages.  Control speed using speed bumps.  Carry out road safety audits and make recommendations.  Contractor should develop an acceptable site-specific Environment, Health and Safety (HSE) plan.  Reduce associated construction site risks to the workers and the public – safety. Ensure compliance to rules for work operations be instituted by the Contractors, including, but not limited to; location of plant equipment away from sensitive locations (hospitals, schools, etc.), equipment operation procedures, safety barriers, warning signs, first aid and medical kits and procedures, and safety training for the workers.  Reducing health risks from compound living conditions and interaction with the community – employee rules and information campaigns shall be instituted by the Contractor on health practices and communicable diseases.  The Contractor shall also ensure that the prevention and treatment facilities are made available to his employees. 23. Cultural practices  Ensure compliance to native customs. and properties  Educate workers and contractors on native customs of the project area.  Avoid unnecessary impacts due to project.  Protect boundaries from impacts due to construction.  Relocate in case impacts are unavoidable. 24. Land use and  Stand-alone Resettlement Action Plan that is acceptable to The Bank be resettlement issues developed to address all the resettlement impacts. 25. Local people  Designs should incorporate methods within the skills of local people. excluded from  Contractors should (where possible) use local labor. project activities 26. Promises made to  Checks to ensure that the promises are fulfilled; if they prove to be not local people during possible, reasonable alternatives must be negotiated. feasibility and planning phases 27. Road closure and  Liaise with project communities and agree on when closure, detours and detours alternatives.  Contractor install and maintain warning signs  Avoid collision with construction vehicles.  Speed restrictions. 28. Graveyards and  Avoid disturbance through: 44 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts sacred areas  (i) adjustments to alignments; and/or  (ii) drainage and other design measures to avoid excessive runoff or erosion onto the graveyard or burial.  If any impact is unavoidable, the appropriate compensation measures will be applied as per the RPF/RAP 29. Chance finds of  Specify procedures for archaeological “chance finds” during the course of cultural resources construction activities in contract document in line with Physical Cultural (OP/BP 4.11). 30. Grievance Taking into cognizance tradition grievance redress mechanism, the project should Mechanism would a project specific grievance redress and feedback mechanism to:  Provides information about project implementation;  Provides a forum for resolving grievances and disputes at the lowest level;  Resolve disputes relatively quickly before they escalate to an unmanageable level;  Facilitate effective communication between the project and affected persons;  Help win the trust and confidence of community members in the project and creates productive relationships between the parties;  Ensure equitable and fair distribution of benefits, costs, and risks;  Mitigate or prevent adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action; and  Help avoid project delays and cost increase and improve quality of work. 31. Gender and  Engage CBOs/NGOs etc within the community to monitor activities including Prevention of the protection of vulnerable population (especially women/minors) from risks Sexual and Gender associated with the influx of workers such as sexual harassment, underage sex, Based Violence rape, violence and child exploitation.  Project to establish a code of conduct for contractor employees and contract workers, acknowledging a zero-tolerance policy towards child labor and child sexual exploitation (with contractors/Resident Engineers/implementing agency held accountable for enforcement).  Develop and implement a robust STIs including HIV/AIDS sensitization programme while targeting youths as well as other highly vulnerable groups such as girls and sexually active women, the commercial sex workers in collaboration with the National and State Agencies for the Control of AIDS (NACA/SACA) on protection and treatment. 32. Information  Ensure continuous information dissemination on environmental and social dissemination risks using appropriate local media (print and electronic).  Disseminate the information in local languages for wider coverage. 33. Environmental and  Develop ESMP Social Compliance  Ensure compliance to social and environmental issues Operation and Maintenance 1. Road  Monitor and maintain drainage structures and ditches including culverts. Maintenance  Clean out culverts and side channels and run-outs when they begin to fill with 45 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/No Activities Mitigations Envisaged/ (Planning and Design (P&D), Construction (C), or Operation and Maintenance (O&M)) Impacts sediment and lose their effectiveness (O&M).  Fill mud holes and potholes with good quality gravel; remove trees and limbs obscuring roadways (O&M).  Use water from settling basins and retention ponds for road maintenance (O&M).  Ensure a combined approach, with a private contractor performing mechanized maintenance and subcontracting labor-intensive maintenance to the communities.  Ensure the maintenance contracts are performance-based with penalties in case of non-compliance with the agreed standards (e.g. flouting safety rules, number of potholes per km of roads).  Ensure regular maintenance of equipments in order to reduce or possibly eliminate environmental pollution. Decommissioning 2. Decommissioning  Break old road surfaces and soil.  Remove and dispose surfacing material if necessary and loosen soil of previous track to accelerate regeneration of vegetation.  Reshape eroded or culled surfaces with out-sloping, or add cross drains or water bars so water will no longer follow the course of the roadway Re-vegetate as needed. Narrow tracks will usually re-vegetate naturally with no noticeable scars or impact on the environment, but wider roads may require active planting and reseeding (O&M).  Block access with rocks, branches, roadblocks and signs. 7.3 Integrating Mitigation Measures In Project Design and Tender Documents Use mitigation measures developed herewith and integrate into the project design and tender documents. By using this approach, the mitigation measures will automatically become part of the project construction and operation phase. Project Design The mitigation measure integration in the design phase will help in strengthening the benefits and sustainability of the project. Project Contract The project contractor should be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures in the contract. The final acceptance of the completed works should not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented. 46 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Bill of Quantities The tender instruction should explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures, materials to be used, labor camp arrangements and waste disposal areas, as well other site specific environmental requirements. Supervision and Monitoring The purpose of supervision is to ensure that specific mitigation parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment and as bound by the contract is satisfactorily implemented. A categorized mitigation measures and its implementation is given in the table below. 47 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 7.3: Mitigation Implémentation S/no Mitigation Activity Implementation Responsibility Party Project Design Contract Bill of Quantity Monitoring* 1. Slope stability  Specify bio-  Contractor shall  Identify stabilization  Adequacy, quality engineering and comply with area. of vegetation. relevant techniques. clauses pertaining  Provide list of  Survival rate of to mitigation in vegetation to be plants. the contract. planted. 2. Spoil disposal  Identify mass balance  Do  Quantify disposal  Presence of techniques. and extraction scouring, erosion,  Safe tipping areas volume. damage to property, identified and water supply enforced. disruption.  Design spoils traps.  Complaints from local people 3. Water management  Design safe discharge  Do  Physical works for  Evidence of fresh drainage and safe discharge surface erosion, techniques (check drainage listed. presence of gullies, dam) to natural water increase in water course. turbidity, loss of agriculture forest land.  Slope condition.  Public complaints. 4. Land use  Explore use of  Do -  Quantify actual land marginal land. use pattern for  Check impacts are construction and limited to other activities. compensated trees  Public complaints. and products. 5. Plants and wildlife  Consider  Do -  Check habitats re- construction affecting created on marginal forests and roadside land. productive plots. 6. Quarries and  Design bunds to  Do  Quantify restoration  Check for water borrow pits screen noise and dust. costs and present ponding, formation  Design re-grading technical of gullies, water slopes. specifications. turbidity.  Use bio-engineering  Check unauthorized techniques for quarrying activities. rehabilitation. 7. Stone crushing and -  Do  Amount to be  Dust control asphalt plants included in equipment being contractor's own utilized. expense.  Public complaints. 8. Hazardous  Specify storage  Do  Amount to be  Checks to ensure materials facilities for included in that storage is good explosives and toxic contractor's own and that there are no 48 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) S/no Mitigation Activity Implementation Responsibility Party Project Design Contract Bill of Quantity Monitoring* materials. expense through rate losses or leaks. for supplying  Checks to ensure materials. that protective clothing and safety measures are used. 9. Camp operation  Identify camping  Do  Amount to be  Latrine construction grounds. included in and effective waste contractor's own disposal. expense through  Check disruption in work camp item water supply. expense.  Re-vegetation, rehabilitation of site. 10. Dust and noise  Indicate use of safe  Do  Specify buffer area  Air pollution control pollution level requirements. equipment. equipment.  Amount to be  Dust deposition on included in crops and contractor's own vegetation. expense through  Survival rate of work camp item plants. expense.  Public complaints. 11. Social issues  Incorporate socially  Do  -  Check issues acceptable design pertaining to social specifications. concern. 12. Code of conduct  Develop and ensure  Do  Specify  Ensure that all compliance to code of requirements of the contractors sign and conduct. code of conduct and abide. specify roles.  Monitor adherence. 13. Road maintenance  Arrangement with  Penalties in case  Specify manner of  Harmonious the various of non- maintenance and relationship with communities on the compliance with specific roles well maintained corridor and private the agreed road contractor standards (e.g. number of potholes per km of roads). 49 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)   50 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)   CHAPTER EIGHT INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR ESMF IMPLEMENTATION 8.1 Institutional Arrangements and Capacity Building This ESMF provides the required platform for the management of the environmental and social safeguards components associated with RAMP 2 sub-projects, the successful implementation of the ESMF will depend largely on the degree of collaboration of relevant institutions. This will ensure that the sub-projects are implemented with due cognizance to the environment and its resources. The roles of the major stakeholder institutions are identified are presented in the below table by matching the various components of the RAMP 2 sub-project activities together with the corresponding institutions that has the statutory responsibilities such as issuance of licences, permits, assessment, monitoring and enforcement. The RAMP II project as a whole would be implemented and monitored by the Technical Steering Committee (Board) consisting of relevant stakeholders across participating institutions with the PMUs managing activities of the entire project in each State. The respective implementing agencies will constitute its Project Implementation Units (PIUs). As a point of emphasis, the PMU, has the mandate to:  Co-ordinate the project programmes and actions in the various States;  Plan, coordinate, manage and develop the various sub-project activities;  Prepare plans for RAMP management and development.  The roles and responsibilities of the institutions required to effectively implement the program and projects with a view to ensuring sustainable management of the environmental and social components of the projects are outline in the table below. Table 8.1: Safeguard Responsibilities Safeguard Responsibilities S/No Category Roles 1. Federal Government MDAs - Lead role -provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft EA/EMP such as the Federal Ministry of report (in liaison with State Ministry of Environment), receiving comments Environment and NESREA from stakeholders, public hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical decision-making panel, Project categorization for EA, applicable standards, environmental and social liability investigations, monitoring and evaluation process and other criteria. 51 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Safeguard Responsibilities S/No Category Roles 2. State Government MDAs - Compliance overseer at State level on matters of land acquisition, compensation (Ministry of Lands, Survey, and other resettlement issues. Housing and Urban Planning, - Come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or Ministry of Environment, management are likely to be affected. Ministry of Local Government, - Participate in the EA processes and decision-making process that helps prevent other MDAs etc or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions may also be required to issue consent or approval for an aspect of a project; allow an area to be included in a project; or allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions, monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight. 3. World Bank - Assess implementation - Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance. 4. PMU Safeguards Unit - Liaise closely with the Ministry of Environment in preparing a co-ordinated response on the environmental and social aspects of project development. 5. Local government - Liaise with the PMU to verify the adequacy of resettlement location and provide approval for such sites, provide additional resettlement area(s) if the designated locations are not adequate, provide necessary infrastructures in relocated areas, engage and encourage the carrying out comprehensive awareness campaign for the proposed sub-projects amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups. 6. NGOs/CSOs/CDAs, CBOs - Assist in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions. - Conduct scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques. - Organize, coordinate and ensure safe use of volunteers in a response action and actually identify where these volunteers can effectively be used. - Provide wide support helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter. - Monitor project impacts and mitigation measure, awareness campaigns. 7. The General Public - Same as above Specific areas for effective institutional capacity requirements are given in the table below. 52 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 8.2: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Programme Description Participants Form Of Duration/ Training Conducting Training Location Agency Sensitization Introduction to the environment: Chief Engineer/ Workshop ½ day Safeguards Specialists, Workshop  Basic concepts of the Superintending external agency environment and Engineers of engaged for capacity sustainable development. Implementing Agency building.  Environmental and Project Coordinator, regulations and statutory Safeguards unit, requirements in Nigeria Procurements & other and World Bank. relevant groups Module I Introduction to the environment: Engineers of Lecture ¼ day Safeguards Specialists,  Basic concept of the implementing MDAs Consultant/external environment and (MEnv/SEPA. agency engaged for environmental capacity building. management.  Environmental regulations and statutory requirements as per Governments and The World Bank. -Module II Environmental considerations in Engineers of Workshop 1 day Environmental & sub-projects: implementing MDAs Social Specialists of  Environmental (MEnv/SEPA units), Design components affected by community Consultant/external urban development in leaders/CBOs/NGOs agency engaged for construction and capacity building. operation stages.  Rural agricultural practices and environmental degradation.  Challenges of pest control and the environment.  Environmental management practices in urban and rural projects.  Stakeholders’ collaboration in rural project management. Module III Review of the EIA requirements Engineers of Lecture ½ day Safeguards Specialists and its integration into designs: implementing MDAs and field of Design  ESIA methodology visit Consultant/external  Environmental agency engaged for provisions. capacity building.  Implementation arrangements  Methodology of assessment and pollution 53 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Programme Description Participants Form Of Duration/ Training Conducting Training Location Agency monitoring.  Methodology for site selection of waste disposal area etc. Module IV Stakeholders participation: Officials of MEnv/SEPA, Lecture 1 day Safeguards Specialists  Overview of RAMP 2 and other relevant MDAs and field of Design  Environmental & social visit Consultant/external impacts agency engaged for  Statutory permissions – capacity building. procedural requirements  Co-operation & coordination with other MDAs in monitoring Module V Stakeholders role in civil works Officials of MEnv/SEPA, Lecture 1 day Safeguards Specialists and agricultural practices: and other line MDAs and field of Design Consultant/  Roles and responsibilities visit external agency of officials/contractors/ engaged for capacity consultants in building environmental protection and implementation arrangements.  Monitoring mechanisms. Module VI Monitoring and reporting system, Engineers of 1 day Environmental & community participatory implementing Agency, Social Specialists of monitoring and evaluation MEnv/SEPA, & relevant Design MDAs, Community Consultant/external leaders/CBOs/NGOs agency engaged for capacity building. 8.2 ESMF Communication Plan The ESMF communication plan refers to specific guidelines and protocols consistent with the principles of participation that will govern the project and which will be reflected in the communication plans, including the communication plans of the social safeguard frameworks of the RAMP II project in Imo State. They are: I. establishment of feasible participation mechanisms, II. establishment of participation mechanisms for transparency, responsibility of delivery of public service and an anticorruption approach; III. promotion of mechanisms for dialogue based on realistic; IV. integration of most vulnerable groups, such as women, young persons, children, older persons and indigenous communities. 54 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 8.3 Environmental and Social Monitoring The Imo State PMU Safeguard Units will commence monitoring as an important feedback mechanism. This will ensure that the environmental and social mitigation measures in this ESMF are;  Complied with during the implementation and are strengthened by arising situations;  Identified in the planning phase (contained in the EA report), and incorporated in the project design and cost are being implemented;  Maintained throughout the construction phase and where applicable in the operational phase and the decommissioning of phase, facilities and equipment; and  In the case of inadequacy, additional remedial actions are identified (including corrective measures or re-design of mitigation measures). The methodology for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures or environmental impacts should be simple, standardized while necessary useful information are collected for ease of implementation by the respective sub-project implementers. The monitoring responsibilities would be carried out by the following:  PMUs Safeguard Units: will effectively monitor all the engaged civil contractors to ensure strict adherence to the environmental and social clauses and principles for all the RAMP activities (not readily identified now). The monitoring results from the executing agencies would be reported to the MEnv/SEPA, for necessary action.  MEnv/SEPA (Federal and State levels): The Ministry of Environment/SEPAs will carry out its own compliance monitoring in order to ensure that the conditions for the issuance of permit and relevant standards and mitigation measures are being fulfilled by operators in the sub-projects.  MDAs: all the relevant MDAs would participate in the monitoring while taking into cognizance the specific components as it relates to the agencies’ areas of statutory responsibility(ies).  Local Governments: as the closest tier of government, the LGAs would participate in the monitoring to ensure and verify adequacy of implementation and mitigation measures.  Communities/CBOs/NGOs: will be involved in the collection of useful data that to be used in monitoring and realigning the project in line with sustainability plan as such they will play a role in the monitoring framework. 55 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo)  World Bank and AFD: will continuously appraise and monitor the implementation of the ESMF together with other safeguards instruments and make additional suggestions/recommendation as the need may arise. 8.4 Environmental Code of Conduct, Social Integration and Participation An indicative environmental and social code of conduct for rural access infrastructure development for contractors that shall work on the project is shown in Appendix 5. Table 8.3: Inclusion of Social Clauses and Mitigation Measures S/n Social Clause Mitigation Measures 1. Community participation  Participation in decision- making on issues concerning them.  Involvement of affected people for consultation, preparation and implementation  A summary of the views expressed and consider in preparing the resettlement plans/EMP.  Review of the alternatives and choices by affected persons wherever options are available to them. 2. Integration with host  Use existing local groups rather than form new ones. populations & promotion of  Reduce social exclusion by increasing access to opportunities especially the social inclusion marginalized.  Socially marginalized groups and individuals must fully participate.  Target women and youths. 3. Social inclusion &  Encourage programmes that meet peoples’ needs and reduce the feeling of avoidance of elite capture/ alienation. vulnerable groups  Include special efforts (affirmative action) to fully integrate socially marginalized.  Ensure access to information through participatory village focus groups.  Partnership to remove the barriers to social inclusion.  Place emphasis on the views and needs of the vulnerable groups. 4. Gender issues  Ensure road-project opportunities targets at least 50% of women.  Conduct gender study that strive to mainstream gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of roads. 5. Avoidance of promotion of  Ensure an agreement on expectations. any conflict among  Faithful implementation of memorandums of understanding (MoU). community groups  Ensure equitable service delivery.  Ensure generalized benefits regardless of ethnic, gender, generation, health conditions or socio-economic status.  Encourage cross-cultural communication that could facilitate peaceful coexistence, harmony and mutual partnerships.  Faithful implementation of memorandum of understanding by stakeholders  Design sub-project activities to encourage cross-cultural communication systems that facilitate human coexistence, harmony and mutual partnerships.  Impact of resettlement on host communities should always be seen as very urgent issues to treat through: o arrangements for prompt tendering of any payment due the hosts for land or other assets provided to Project affected persons; o arrangements for addressing any conflict that may arise between PAPs and host communities; and o any measures necessary to augment services (e.g., education, water, health, and 56 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) production services) in host communities 6. Implementation  Include and ensure community participation and oversight in their domains. Arrangements  Description of responsible for implementation of compensation payment and resettlement activities should be outlined and an assessment of the institutional capacity of such agencies and NGOs. 7. Accountability in  Participatory planning, budgeting and monitoring the use of public funds  Public information dissemination fund use  Collective embracement of the tenets of probity, accountability and transparency. 8. Grievance procedures  To resolving conflict in the communities use existing traditional methods that are affordable and accessible procedures for redressal of disputes such as: community meetings, elders-in-council, dialogue, council of chiefs, appeals and summons, elders assembly, religious leaders, youth council, women groups, and ultimately the police and courts. 9. Implementation schedule  Ensure an implementation schedule covering all payments of compensation and other applicable resettlement activities from preparation through implementation, including target dates for the achievement of expected benefits to PAPs and hosts and terminating the various forms of assistance.  The schedule should indicate how the resettlement activities are linked to the implementation of the overall project.  The affected persons and CBOs/NGOs should be abreast of the schedule 10. Project Monitoring  Ensure local communities/CBOs/NGOs play significant roles in the monitoring framework. 11. Establishment of code of  Develop and ensure adherence to code of conduct for contractor employees and conduct contract workers.  Ensure zero-tolerance policy towards any form of child abuse including child labour and sexual exploitation.  Ensure zero tolerance toward violence and abuse of vulnerable groups such as women and minors including rape.  Implementing agency should be held responsible for non-adherence. 57 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 8.5 Indicative Budget for the ESMF Implementation in Imo State To effectively implement the environmental and social management measures suggested as part of the ESMF, the indicative budget is presented below. 58 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Table 8.4: Estimated Annual Indicative Budget for ESMF in Imo State Estimated Annual Budget to Implement ESMF in Imo State S/No. ESMF Requirements Budget Basis and Total Cost/Annum (N) Assumptions 1. Capacity Building for PIU Personnel Training Programs held in- 2,500,000.00 country Meetings, Workshops and Monthly estimated expenses Based on actual expenses 2. Stakeholders Engagement of 5000 each for 2 persons - per year 3. Environmental Screening of No additional budget No additional budget transactions 4. Engagement of Specialists Assume specialists may be To be worked out at the engaged times to investigate commencement of issues contract/engagement. 5. Field Visits to facility locations Field visits estimated for 2 3,400,000.00 PMU personnel per year including transportation, accommodation and daily allowances. Meetings, Workshops and No additional budget Based on actual expenses Stakeholder Engagement 6. 7. ESMP Scoping Workshops ESMP Scoping workshops As part of the ESMP per year preparation 8. ESMP Reports Assume average cost of each 9,500,00.00 ESMP depending on the extent of the road Engagement of Environmental and As part of the EMP 9. Social Specialists preparation 10. Grievance Redress and beneficiary Sundry expenses for 1,200,000.00 feedback management. transportation and other logistics 11. Monitoring Compliance with ESMP Assume quarterly monitoring 3,000,000.00 on E&S issues during pre-operations activities over 5 days each and operational activities quarter per year Sub-Total 19,600,000.00 Contingency 10% of sub-total 1,960,000.00 Total 21,560,000.00 Twenty One Million, Five Hundred and Sixty Thousand Naira Only. 59 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Bibliography Elizabeth Ebi (2015); “Exploring the Resources control Option – Imo State”. Vanguard Newspaper, June 2, 2015), www.vanguardngr.com. Environmental and Social Screening of Prioritized 400km of Rural Roads to be Constructed/Rehabilitated Under RAMP II in Imo State (Final Report), October 2016. Federal Ministry of Environment (2011): Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project covering Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Edo, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo States prepared by Eugene O. Itua. Federal Ministry of Works (2013); “Compendium Report on Road Infrastructure & Related Development in Nigeria – An Investor’s Manual”, Pison Housing Company. FPMU (2008); Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) For Rural Access And Mobility Project, covering Enugu and Osun State - Draft Final Report (Updated Edition) Prepared By Earth Guard. FPMU (2012); Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) For Rural Access And Mobility Project, covering Adamawa, Niger, Enugu and Osun States - Draft Final Report (Updated Edition) Prepared By Eugene O. Itua. Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (IUFMP) 2014; “Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (Final Report)”, Ibadan, Oyo State. Imo State of Nigeria (2008); Imo State Environmental Transformation Commission Law No. 3 of 2008, Imo State of Nigeria. Imo RAMP II (2016); “Identification, Selection and Prioritization of Intervention Areas and Rural Road Networks (final report)”. Pheman Peniel Consultant, Ikeja- Lagos. LAMATA (2009); Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Towards The Preparation For LUTP II, Prepared By Multiple Development Services, June. Ministry Of Local Development, Nepal, (2004): Environmental and Social Management Framework for Rural Access Improvement Project. NPC (2006); National Population Census, National Population Commission, Abuja. The World Bank (2012): Project Appraisal Document On A Second Rural Access And Mobility Project (RAMP 2) to Federal Republic Of Nigeria Report No: 65586- NG. The World Bank (2014); New Country Partnership Strategy in Nigeria Set to Spur Growth, Less Poverty, Strategy for the Federal Republic of Nigeria 20014 - 2017. www.worldbank.org/publication. 60 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) USAID (2009): Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa. World Bank (2010): Environmental And Social Management Framework (ESMF) Environmental And Social Management Framework For State Expenditure Effectiveness For Opportunities And Results (SEEFOR) In Niger Delta States (Bayelsa, Delta, Edo & Rivers) Nigeria Prepared By Eugene Itua https://www.cgidd.com/ www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/imo_state. 61 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Appendix 1 Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (10+2)  Use of Country Systems (OP 4.00). The Bank's environmental and social ("safeguard") policies are designed to avoid, mitigate, or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts of projects supported by the Bank. The Bank encourages its borrowing member countries to adopt and implement systems that meet these objectives while ensuring that development resources are used transparently and efficiently to achieve desired outcomes. To encourage the development and effective application of such systems and thereby focus on building borrower capacity beyond individual project settings, the Bank is piloting the use of borrower systems in Bank-supported projects. The key objective of the pilot program is to improve overall understanding of implementation issues related to greater use of country systems. To be used where, in the Bank’s judgment, the country’s system would materially satisfy the objectives and operational principles of the applicable Bank policies. Using country systems enhances country ownership and thus the sustainability of development programs. In addition, using country systems can lower transaction costs and increase aid effectiveness by providing a natural focal point for Supporter efforts to harmonize their processes.  Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub- projects to be funded by RAMP.  Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the RAMP .  Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to RAMP  Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The ESMF and RPF reports discuss the applicability of this policy in detail.  Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under RAMP.  Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, 62 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its sitting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under RAMP.  Physical Cultural Properties (OP 4.11). Assist in preserving physical cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes resources of archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance. This policy addresses physical cultural resources, 1 which are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground, or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international community. Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people’s cultural identity and practices. It is Implemented as an element of the Environmental Assessment. RAMP will not fund sub-projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property.  Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does apply to RAMP 1 since the policy is not triggered under the project.  Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparian’s is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparian’s making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to RAMP.  Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded by RAMP.  Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50).Supports decision making by the Borrower and Bank by allowing the public access to information on environmental and social aspects of projects. Mandated by six safeguard policies that have specific requirements for disclosure in country (Before project appraisal in local language and in English) and World Bank InfoShop (Before project appraisal in English). Documents can be in draft but must meet WB standards).                                                                  63 Appendix 2 Minutes of Stakeholders’ Meeting Held with the Imo Rural Access and Mobility Project 2 (Imo RAMP 2), on Friday 9th of September, 2016. Venue: Imo RAMP II Project Office, Owerri, Imo State. 1. ATTENDANCE List attached (as below) 2. INTRODUCTION The stakeholders meeting was anchored by Engr. John Uzor (State Project Coordinator of RAMP 2) began precisely at 10.45am with the opening prayer by Hon. Ojiaka Obinna – the Transition Chairman of Ikeduru Local Government Area. The various participants were given the opportunity for self-introduction while Engr. Uzor introduced to the house the essence of the meeting and also the consultant for the assignment. He stated that the consultant was sent by the FPMU to review and update the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) of the RAMP 2 to include Imo State (new state) preparatory to the effective take-off of the project in the State. The State Project Coordinator (Engr. Uzor) also appreciated all the stakeholders for honouring the invitation inspite of the short notice particularly all the Transition Chairmen (TCs) of Local Governments. He equally appreciated all the MDAs including federal agencies (NESREA) and the staff of the SPIU for their commitment and cooperation which is very germane to fostering good relationship during implementation of the RAMP 2 project in Imo State. He also explained to the participants the current state of the RAMP 2 with respect to Imo State and the intention of the RAMP 2 projects toward the construction of selected and prioritized 401.1km of rural roads across the State in order to enhance rural transportation, improve transportation of farm produce and also access to social infrastructure amongst other benefits. 3. THE PURPOSE OF THE MEETING The Consultant, Mr. Ogunsawe David explained to the stakeholders the purpose of the meeting with regard to the concept of sustainable development, the rationale for sustainable development together with the World Bank’s standard for sustainable environment in all its sponsored projects particularly as it relates to involuntary resettlement. Also, the need to ensure compliance to the World Bank principle on safeguards in project preparation activities was also discussed. It was generally agreed that since the majority of the rural people of Imo State are predominantly farmers, the various sub-project activities of the RAMP 2 would tremendously improve livelihood, easy transportation of agricultural produce and more importantly eradicate poverty in the rural communities across the State (Imo). Therefore, the issues of ESMF and RPF were enumerated with its advantages to solve both possible environmental and social concerns as a result of the RAMP 2 projects implementation. 4. THE EXPECTED ROLES AND CAPACITY OF MDA The State Coordinator (Engr. Uzor) however, informed the participants of the desire of the SPIU to adhere to best engineering standard in the design, construction, monitoring and maintenance. However, Barrister Innocent Anuebunwa (Representing the Transition Chairman of Onuiro Local Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), September, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Government) spoke about the issue of compensation for the PAPs while the State Coordinator also took time to assure of the adequacy of the State to fully compensate any PAP. Also, Mr. Ojinaka Obinna a Director of Planning in the Supervising Ministry-Ministry of Local Government enumerated the environmental and social consequences of affected trees while Engr. Bassel Nwogwugwu mentioned the issue of compensation for PAPs whose structures would be affected as a result of the project activities. They were both assured of the strict adherence to global best practice and smooth compensation. In the areas of public enlightenment, Mr. Cliffors Orji, the Transitional Chairman of Nwangele Local Government requested its fellow Local Government Chairmen to ensure adequate sensitization to ensure cooperation by project communities while soliciting for proper assessment and adherence to engineering design for the project. The NESREA Representative, Mr. Stanley Onwuizor raised the possibility of erosion due to the nature of the soil during project activities and the need to inculcate discharge pits to collect run-offs in communities that does not have storm water collection infrastructure. The Transitional Chairman of Ikeduru Local Government, Engr. Obinna Nshirim equally advocated for the inclusion of local contractors and youths during project implementation, the SPIU Coordinator, Engr. Uzor however promised to looked into the matter with the assurance that the quality of the project would never be compromised. 5. CONCLUSION Engr. Orji of Nwangele Local Government Area expressed his profound appreciation for the inclusion of the State in RAMP 2 and also pledged the commitment of the Local Government Chairmen toward ensuring the success of the project in the State. He equally, appreciated the Consultant for the enlightenment while thanking other agencies such as NESREA, NEWSMAP (Imo State) for their support and assured the SPIU Coordinator of the continuous support of all the Local Government Areas and other agencies toward ensuring the successfulness of the project across the State. 6. CLOSING REMARKS The State Project Coordinator- Engr. Uzor appreciated the participants for honoring his invitation and their active participation and also the Consultants for taking the pains to explain the essence of the assignment. He stated that the project was still in the preparation stage and there would still be need to call people for meetings as occasion demands. 7. CLOSING The meeting ended at around 1.25pm after the closing prayer. 65 Appendix 3 Sample Road Improvements Environmental and Social Interaction Matrix and Checklist for Environmental Impact Prediction 1. Sample Road Improvements Environmental and Social Interaction Matrix Impact Category Physical Resources Ecological Systems Landscape Socio-Economic Activities Ground water Quantity Surface Water Quantity Ground Water Quality Exceptional Resources Surface Water Quality Costs to Communities Animal Harassment Ecological Function Wildlife Movement Wilderness Quality Human Settlement Carrying Capacity Visitor Experience Debris Deposition Benefit to Agency Species Diversity Soil Compaction Tourist industry Habitat Change Disease Vectors Local Economy Cost to Agency Tropical Forest Surface Runoff Scenic Quality Risks/Hazard Compatibility Alien species Employment Noise Levels Topography Soil Erosion Dust Levels Hydrology Vegetation Benefits to Viewshed Wetlands Poaching Drainage Siltation Health / l Construction Vegetation clearing Construction camp Transportation/ Logistics Noise and vibration Air pollution Material excavation/quarry management Loss of farmland Cutting & filling Blasting Distortion of drainages/water channels Vulnerability to natural hazards, landslides/slips, soil erosion Storage of diesel/oils Waste management Land availability Loss of structures Loss of livelihood Impacts on infrastructure Vehicular traffic & accident Security breaches Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), September, 2016 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) Issues of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Water use Operation Vehicle traffic Movement Road maintenance Maintenance of machinery Tourist activities Waste management Off-road driving De-commissioning Ripping old road Shaping Revegetation Legend: Impact Rating (Low, Medium & High; Adverse (x), Beneficial Impact Level (n) Key Minor Negative Impact Positive Impact Major Negative Impact No Impact Entries in the matrix cells represent the nature and preliminary ranking of the severity of the impact. Ranking of the severity is based on the following scale and symbols; (a) Major – (2) (b) Minor- (1) (c) Negligible and / or no effect-(i.e. ,a zero) (d) Positive (+) In addition, colour-codes will also be applied to the matrix cell, with red denoting high negative, yellow denoting low negative, white; no impact and green denoting positive impact respectively. 67 Appendix 4 List of Stakeholders Consulted During The Updating of the ESMF in Imo State List of those consulted during the updating of ESMF in Imo State S/N Name Organization Designation Telephone Mail o 1. Engr. Obinna Ikeduru Local Transition Chairman 08033450733 Nshirim Gvernment 2. Barr. N. Anebunwa Onuimo Local Transition Chairman 07033577105 Government 3. Hon. Clifford Orjiako Orlu Zone Representative of 08033403030 Transition Chairmen in Orlu Zone 4. Ihejiakor Stanley Ministry of Local Budget Office 070656645528 Government and Rural Development 5. Ojiaka Obinna “ DPRA 08038980090 obinojiaka@gmail.com 6. Amunwa Ogunaya T. Imo RAMP II M&E 08035527408 tadyoguns@yahoo.com 7. Kenneth Y. ike “ Arc. Specialist 08034377153 Iheken2002@yahoo.com 8. Engr. Nwaogwugwu “ Infra. Engr. 08035778032 Behfields2000@yahoo.com Basil 9. Engr. Ozurumba “ Infra. Engr. 08037973205 determinedtodo@yahoo.com Kelechi O. 10. Anyiam Okechukwu “ Proj. Admin. Officer 08037671404 Syndicate4all@yahoo.com 11. Ezeigwe Ihuoma U. “ Proj. Internal Auditor 08038902632 ihuomaezeigwe@yahoo.com 12. Oduah Ihinomso C. “ Project Accountant 08035124966 Chinomso.oduah@yahoo.com 13. Ogboji Kelechukwu NESREA (South- Scientific Officer 08034240299 Kelwon22@yahoo.com East,, Zone 1 Division), Owerri 14. Onwuzo Stanley C. “ Scientific Officer 08033128426 sonwuzoo@yahoo.com 15. Iwuagwu Ogechi Imo RAMP Safeguards Specialist 07033015164 ogechiiwuagwu@gmail.com II/NEWMAP 16. Engr. Victor Imo SPC 08034871860 Ogavictor2005@yahoo.com Anueyiagu O. NEWMAP/Ministry of Environment & Agriculture 17. Engr. J.C. Uzor Imo RAMP II SPC 08037128619 uzorjohn53@yahoo.com 18. Uzoma C. Ijeoma Accountant General Head, Imo PFMU 08035057196 Ijeomauzoma247@yahoo.com Office 19. Etumnu Matthew C. Imo NEWMAP 08063488134 Mattchidi9@yahoo.com 20. Ogunsawe, David A. Geo-Solution Environmental 08028280819 davesawe@gmail.com Providers Ltd. Specialist/RAMP II Consultant 21. Lemchi Omasirichi Imo RAMP II Environmental & 08038236476 omaslemchy@yahoo.com Social Officer 22. Engr. Ezeasoibe Felix “ MISS 08035512278 zeelixonline@yahoo.com Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU), Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP), September, 2016 Appendix 5 Indicative Environmental and Social Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors 1. Environmental and Social Code of Conduct for Rural Access Infrastructure Development Environmental and S/No. Potential Impact Codes of Conduct Social Issues Pre-construction/Construction Phase  Road alignment may pass through cultivated and forested land resulting in a permanent loss of the resources.  Plan road alignment to minimize loss of resources. 1. Land Use  While the landowner has to part away with his land  Avoid width of road of more than 4.5 m in hilly area. ownership, the environmental effects can amplify if proper  Demarcate RoW to avoid encroachment. operation and maintenance schedules are overruled.  Excess extraction of local resources, such as wood, sand, soil, boulders, etc.  Extract materials only on need basis.  Degradation of forests, erosion and landslide at steep locales 2. Material Use  Avoid sensitive areas, such as steep slopes and due to boulder, stone extraction. water-ways.  Change in river/stream ecosystem due to unchecked sand extraction.  Extract carefully and secure the top soil within 25 cm from the surface.  Extraction of forest products and cutting of trees in the steep  Limit down grading of the road to 50. slopes increases soil erosion/landslide due to loss of soil  If down grading exceeds 70, construction of side binding materials. drainage is necessary.  Wrong alignment can trigger slope failure  Keep optimum balance in extraction and filling of 3. Slope Stability  Haphazard disposal of construction waste can disturb soil works. slopes  geo-hazardous assessment and mapping  Improper drainage facilities can result in erosion and  Use designated disposal site and avoid side casting landslides of spoil  Provide proper drainage  Use bio-engineering on exposed slopes  Avoid as much as possible areas with high biodiversity.  Efficient movement of machinery and other traffic.  Wildlife habitats at forests, shrub land along road alignment  Control poaching activities and regulate movement are affected from the road construction activities. 4. Wildlife of labor force and their dependents into the forest area.  Wildlife and human conflicts increase as wildlife might  District Forest Office and its subsidiary body should destroy the crops or attack the construction worker. be involved in monitoring the activities of the construction workers and officials to minimize wildlife harassing, trapping and poaching.  It is strongly recommended that the cross drainage  Higher flow rate of surface water and water logging induce outlets must be channeled to the confirmed natural landslides and erosion. 5. Drainage drains.  Quality of road diminishes due to poor drainage such as  If horizontal slope exceeds 5%, construction of flow water logging, immense flow rate of surface water. control device necessary every 20m.  Use minimum and efficient use of wood products for  Protected areas and highly forested areas. construction.  Degradation of forest areas.  Initiate plantation at damaged and damage prone 6. Protection of Vegetation  Degradation of agricultural land. areas.  Increase liability of local forest user groups.  Avoid protected areas or densely forested areas  Selected spoil dumping sites should be used.  After disposal, the area should be leveled and compacted. Disposal of Construction 7.  Dumping of wastes along the road or elsewhere.  It is recommended to conserve the soil by planting Wastes indigenous plants including grasses.  Wastes could also be used as leveling materials along the roadside. Disposal of Sanitary  Unmanaged sanitary waste disposal creating health  Proper sanitation area needs to be demarked. 8. Wastes problems and public nuisance.  Check for hygiene of work force. Impacts on amenities  Road crossings at water supply, irrigation lines may be  Avoid as much as possible the crossing over such 9. along RoW disturbed/damaged. amenities.  Dust generation from construction activities, construction  Possibly construction period should be during vehicular movement increases air pollution. August to December when soil moisture content is most. 10. Pollution  Noise pollution likely from construction machinery  Consider construction of road at 50 m from operation and vehicular movement. settlement. Environmental and S/No. Potential Impact Codes of Conduct Social Issues  Sanitary problems likely at the construction and workforce  Enforce speed limit of vehicles and construct the quarters. road according to volume and size of traffic movement.  Ensure that contractors sign the code of conduct.  Engaging in child exploitation Child abuse including  Ensure zero tolerance to any form of child abuse. 11.  Workforce engaging in sexual and physical abuse of minors sex and violence  Monitor the adherence to the code of conduct.  Violence against minors  Issue stiff penalties to non-adherence.  Ensure that contractors sign the code of conduct. Violence against  Sexual and/or physical violence against minors, women and 12.  Monitor the adherence to the code of conduct. vulnerable groups other vulnerable groups  Issue stiff penalties to non-adherence.  Use existing traditional methods to address 13. Grievance Mechanism  Sub-project activities likely to result in grievances. grievances.  Set time-frame for grievance redress and response.  Ensure continuous information dissemination on environmental and social risks using appropriate  Information not properly disseminated. 14. Communication local media (print and electronic).  Likelihood of not using appropriate communication channel  Disseminate information in local languages for wider coverage.  Exposure of vulnerable population including women and Protection of vulnerable  Adherence to code of conduct. 15. minors to forms of abuse including exploitation, sex and population  Integrate CBOs/NGOs in monitoring activities. violence.  Ensure compliance to native customs.  Ensure workers and contractors obey native  Influx of diverse workforce may likely infringe on cultural customs. Cultural practices and values and resources. 16.  Avoid impacts due to project. resources  Sub-project activities may affect cultural resources such as  Protection of boundaries from impacts due to trees, shrines, graves etc. construction.  Relocation in case impacts are unavoidable.  Considerations should be given (where possible) to local labour.  Non-consideration of local skills. 17. Exclusion of local people  Certain contracts viz; supply of construction materials e.g. granites, sand, planks etc should be considered for the local people.  Develop and implement a sound traffic management plan.  Liaise with project communities on alternative roads Road safety and traffic  Likely closure and detour. and timing of possible closures and detours. 18. management  Increase in road accident due to construction activities.  Install safety signages in appropriate places including the interpretation in local languages.  Deploy dedicated staff for road/traffic monitoring.  Install ramp where necessary.  Develop and implement a roboust STIs campaign.  Embark on sensitization programme targeting  Sexual interactions during project may lead to the youths and other vulnerable groups such as girls Campaign on STIs 19. transmission of STIs including HIV/AIDS in project and sexually active women, the commercial sex including HIV/AIDS communities. workers– in collaboration with the National HIV/AIDS Coordination Agency (NACA) on protection and treatment.  Workforce migration may exacerbate pressure on available  Give adequate employment consideration to local Overstretching of social infrastructure (accommodation, transport etc). population. 20. infrastructure  Likely upsurge in the prices of goods and services due to  Where possible contractors to provide means of population avalanche. transportation to workforce. Operation Phase 1. Encroachment  Unmanaged settlement, construction along the RoW.  Establish RoW properly and enforce its limits.  Cross drain structures, namely pipe culverts, slab culverts, box culverts, need to be maintained.  Outlet of these structures would be carrying the Interruption of Water  Concentrated flow left unattended might have severe impact 2. concentrated run off flow of the respective catchment, Flow along RoW at the downhill alignment of the road. which will be quite high during rainy season, which in turn would require proper planning of drainage systems.  Dust generation from vehicular movement increases air  Enforce speed limit of vehicles. Pollution/Vehicular 3. pollution.  Maintain traffic size movement. emission  Noise pollution likely from vehicular movement.  Discourage use of horns.  Road construction is likely to increase landscape scars along  Such damage cannot be avoided but can be 4. Aesthetics the road alignment. minimized through re-plantation of indigenous species Environmental and S/No. Potential Impact Codes of Conduct Social Issues  In addition if the construction spoils are disposed off and greenery development. improperly, the ground vegetation would be destroyed which will be visible from a distance.  Install traffic signs and specify speed limits for appropriate places. Increased traffic and  Better road condition would increase vehicular traffic and the  Construct speed breakers. 5. vehicular accident rate of accident due to over-speeding.  Where possible, traffic signs would be interpreted in local languages.