52937 EAP DRM KnowledgeNotes Working Paper Series No. 1 Disaster risk management in east asia and the pacific Short-term plan of action: Wenchuan earthquake of 12 may 2008 By the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Secretariat Recovery and reconstruction following the Summary © The World Bank 12 May 2008 Mw 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake1 will in- volve a large and complex series of programs, for which recent earthquake disasters provide useful lessons, key of which are: (i) the response or stabilization phase will probably be significantly reduced during 20­25 May, during which the recovery phase will scale up and last for several months; (ii) planning for the recovery phase has to start immediately and be based on a sound and comprehensive damage and loss assessment; (iii) housing is a key sector and several crucial decisions will need to be made very soon, primary of which are whether housing reconstruction will be predominantly local, on-site, and owner driven or involve large relocation and more top-down management. Recent experience in Pakistan and Indonesia favors the more local, owner-driven model; (iv) planning for long-term reconstruction has to begin early in the recovery phase and will involve key policy decisions regarding the creation of an `earthquake reconstruction authority' or similar agency, (v) basic services for the population need to be restored in the short term, safety net measures put in place to address immediate needs of those affected, and efforts to build the institutions to provide such services be included in the reconstruction measures. This includes basic health care services (including emergency responses and efforts to prevent the spread of disease), safety nets, and education; (vi) all reconstruction, especially in larger cities, will need to be based on seismic microzonation and modern building standards, which will make development of the necessary data and institutional capacity a high priority; and, (viii) a long-term national hazards reduction program should be made a national strategic priority, supported by institu- tional measures such as mandatory hazards assessment reports for all projects, a national hazards mapping program, and a national hazards insurance program for the residential sector. This working paper series is produced by the East Asia and Pacific Disaster Risk Management Team of the World Bank, with support from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). This note was prepared for the Government of China as part of a series of good practice notes on post-disaster recovery following the Wenchuan Earthquake that struck on May 12, 2008. Content was coordinated by the China and Mongolia Sustainable Development and Country Management Units of the World Bank. The focus is on sector-specific lessons from past post- earthquake recovery programs in different countries around the world. 2 Disaster risk management in east asia and the pacific introDuction Response: (0­10 days) and relief (0­25 days), in which This note provides recommended short-term actions by the situation is stabilized: Rescue, immediate medical the World Bank for the Government of China, within a aid, food, and emergency shelter are provided; the dead framework of good practices in recovery and reconstruc- are cared for; and, dangerous structures and situations tion after an earthquake. The World Bank has assisted are identified and isolated/controlled. partner governments in this regard in approximately 60 earthquakes, including most recently the 1999 Marma- Recovery: (days to months), in which the situation is ra (Turkey), 2001 Gujarat (India), 2004 Indian Ocean returned to relatively normal activities (but not normal- (India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand), and 2005 ity): That is, in this phase the first priority is moving the South Asia (Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan). Assis- population from emergency shelters (e.g., tents, shan- tance to these countries constitutes the largest disaster- ties) to tolerable housing (i.e., this may be in transitional related portfolio of the World Bank. camps where they will remain for months to years, dis- cussed further below) in which water, sanitation, nutri- recovery anD reconStruction tion, and public health (including psychological) needs frameWork are met as soon as possible. Schools are also restarted. The fundamental post-disaster framework has two Depending on the disaster, this is often accomplished aspects: goals and time. within weeks. Almost as high a priority is restoration of the economy (e.g., transportation, utilities, and eco- time nomic activity). Damaged roads are repaired on an Activities following an earthquake or any major disaster emergency basis; power is restored; commercial activi- are recognized to occur in three major phases as shown ties are assisted to resume (if need be, in tents); and fac- in figure 1. tories are brought back to production. These activities figure 1. Phases of earthquake disaster response Short-term plan of action: Wenchuan earthquake of 12 may 2008 3 are partial in the first days to weeks, but within weeks to onfigured? On the other hand, if rebuilding is to occur months, social aspects (e.g., commerce, families, school, in generally the same location and patterns, then the and work) are all functioning, albeit if need be in tem- policy decisions focus on (iii) microzonation, and build- porary facilities. Also occurring in parallel during this ing standards. phase is planning for the reconstruction phase. In most cases, and likely to be the case in Sichuan, the Reconstruction: (months to years), in which the region situation is a mixture. Chengdu and other major cities is fully returned to normality: The guiding principle for are not going to be relocated; the only issues are micro- reconstruction is, do not build the next disaster (because, zonation (relatively small-scale changes in land use like there will be another earthquake, that is guaranteed).2 prohibiting rebuilding on liquefiable ground) and build- This phase has two main dimensions: ing standards (i.e., repairs and rebuilding may be re- quired to meet higher standards than before). However, n Rebuilding function: by building new or mak- it is possible that smaller heavily damaged communities ing permanent repairs to effectively the same func- in this event, for example in mountainous areas, may be tion. For example, replacing or repairing a damaged moved, based on excessively high geologic hazards (e.g., bridge-- the road cannot be moved, the location is landslides). Some of these decisions should be relatively the best for a bridge, all that is required is to con- clear and should be made, and made known, as soon as struct a bridge that will not be damaged next time. possible. The earthquake offers a brief window of op- The standards for the repair or replacement must be portunity to effect change and the longer decisions are set higher than those before the disaster. delayed, the harder it is to facilitate change. Recovery and reconstruction are discussed further below. n Rebuilding differently: The reconstruction phase offers the unique, one-time opportunity to rebuild Damage anD loSS aSSeSSment differently, in that community master plans can be Effective recovery and reconstruction must be based on made and implemented (i.e., for earthquakes, pro- a sound understanding of impact and needs: a compre- hibit development on a fault, on highly liquefiable hensive assessment of the physical damage and the eco- soft ground, and away from landslide hazards). This nomic losses leading to identification of recovery and is typically only done where it is inescapably obvi- reconstruction needs.. ous and necessary, usually due to the strong pressure for status quo arising from existing patterns of land The global standard for such an assessment is the Dam- ownership, so that many opportunities for improved age and Loss Assessment (DLA) methodology that was rebuilding are lost. developed by the United Nations Economic Commis- sion for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), goals The World Bank and other financial institutions have What do we want to have when we are finished? This adopted the DLA methodology for use in post-disaster involves fundamental policy decisions as to: (i) are we situations. going to rebuild in the same location, and in the same patterns? If not, then the policy decisions are: (ii) in The detailed assessment of a disaster's effects begins what way, and how, is the community/region to be rec- with the quantification of damage and losses at the sec- 4 Disaster risk management in east asia and the pacific whose staff will need to be augmented from other building departments (i.e., a city like Shanghai might send 100 building inspectors to the affected area to assist). The global standard for assessing post-earth- quake damage to buildings is the ATC 20,3 which should be translated and employed, if China does not have an existing standard. An aggregation of sector effects enables the quantifica- tion of total damage and losses for the entire affected area. Once these total effects have been determined, ensuring no double accounting and full comprehensive- © The World Bank ness, an analysis of the disaster impact at all levels is conducted on the growth of the economy, the external sector and the fiscal budget, to assess the impact on the country's ability to recover and face reconstruction on its own. Changes or modifications to domestic public tor level and where the sectors are defined in the na- policies that the national government may adopt to fa- tional accounting system. The sectors can be divided cilitate recovery and reconstruction are also identified. into: Whenever it is found necessary, the analysis may in- clude the estimation of external assistance requirements n Public sector, consisting of public buildings, roads, that can be provided by the international community to dams, water supply, and other facilities: These are the affected country. engineered works that are owned and operated under engineering supervision, and the relevant engineer- The assessment also provides for an analysis of the di- ing departments should have initial surveys accom- saster impact at the household and personal level mea- plished within several days. There are a number of sured in terms of the resulting decline in employment technical references available to assist these depart- and income. A similar impact analysis is conducted for ments. micro, small, medium and large enterprises, including an estimation of increased expenditures arising from the n Private sector industrial: Similar to the public sec- disaster. tor, management and technical resources should be available to accomplish a survey within several days. Based on the quantification of the above effects and impacts and existing domestic capacities, the DLA en- n Private sector residential/commercial: This is the ables the estimation of the required amount of financ- most problematic sector, in that owners do not have ing. This not only estimates building back what was the resources to detect or understand the significance destroyed and replacing what was lost but also includes of damage. The responsibility for surveys in this aspects of increasing resilience through structural and sector usually lies with local building departments, non-structural measures to mitigate the impacts of Short-term plan of action: Wenchuan earthquake of 12 may 2008 5 natural hazards. Needs identified may include cash ments (e.g., cash transfer schemes, grants in-kind, grants, in-kind contributions, public works rehabilita- and start-up grants). This is highly relevant during tion schemes, soft-term and commercial loans and fiscal the response, recovery transition, or relief phase. In relief for enterprises and individuals, and recovery and addition, efforts to restore basic services like health reconstruction loans and technical cooperation require- care and education are critical. ments. In addition, a calendar to achieve full recovery and reconstruction is defined that takes into consid- n Infrastructure reconstruction and development: eration existing domestic capacities and availability of To combine the repair of infrastructure with the financial resources, from the early stage of recovery to creation of intermediate job opportunities through the longer-term stage of reconstruction and disaster risk public works programs. This is highly relevant dur- management. ing the recovery phase following immediate relief operations. It further increases the purchasing power The comprehensive and all-inclusive analysis further of the affected families while reconstructing critical enables the definition of priorities for recovery and re- infrastructure. Moreover, providing survivors with construction needs, defining not only sectors and geo- income-earning opportunities tied to physical work graphic areas but also specific population groups that often seems to help as much as grief counseling. deserve special attention. n Economic recovery and development: To reestab- recovery anD reconStruction lish livelihoods and reduce poverty. This type of sup- port increases while social protection schemes are Strategy downsized and phased out. The assistance focuses on The DLA forms the basis for a comprehensive recovery reestablishing normalcy in the productive life of the and reconstruction strategy that combines immediate, affected families and businesses in the form of assets medium-term, and long-term needs. The strategy links and working capital. to humanitarian assistance and merges into develop- ment planning while addressing disaster risk reduction, Besides the above, three additional fields are relevant: and necessarily takes into account the weakened ad- (i) strengthening institutional capacities; (ii) strength- ministrative capacity often brought on by the disaster. ening information and coordination mechanisms and It also balances the opportunities and increased support (iii) systematically building disaster risk reduction into to strengthen capacity for disaster risk management in all phases and sectors of recovery and reconstruction. the short and longer term. Experience shows that miti- While the first clarifies local capacities and conditions gating efforts after a disaster follow three main lines of relevant for targeted interventions, the second is cru- intervention, each highly relevant at a particular time: cial to ensure the efficiency of interventions and de- termine the appropriate time to phase out short- and n Basic services and social protection: To ensure a medium-term relief and recovery projects in favor of quick response to assist large groups of affected peo- long-term and sustainable development support. The ple who have lost their possessions, homes and liveli- third and most important crosscutting element ensures hoods. Apart from the traditional humanitarian relief that vulnerability to future hazards is reduced in the aid, immediate relief can be provided through instru- medium term and strengthens institutions and capacity 6 Disaster risk management in east asia and the pacific for effective disaster prevention in the longer term. This Financing: When a disaster occurs, the key concern will ensure that recovery efforts contribute to ongoing for the affected country is what to do, how to do it, disaster risk reduction initiatives in the country (e.g., and how to fund it. Funds are needed immediately and, awareness-raising, community-based risk reduction apart from generous international relief aid, are typi- initiatives, education, and strengthening early warning cally diverted from long-term development. There are systems). several modes for financing recovery. lessons learned Contingency funds: For the most vulnerable countries, Based on previous experiences in assisting high-risk establishing contingency funds (be it on a country, re- countries recover from the impact of earthquakes, a gional, or global scale) results in receiving timely and number of important lessons have been learned. adequate financial resources. Recovery management: the creation of a focal point/ Risk transfer: After the Marmara Earthquake in 1999, agency for all operations enhances coordination between the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool was set up and implementing agencies, maximizes targeting, and mini- supported by the Government of Turkey, the World mizes stress between beneficiaries and officials. The ta- Bank, and the private sector reinsurance company Milli ble below shows the various models of recovery and re- Re. It is a good example of a public­private partnership construction management employed in recent disasters. in providing a facility for catastrophe risk transfer and A recent World Bank paper4 further discusses the topic, financing. France, New Zealand, the United States, and and concludes that the process is highly dependent on other developed countries have a variety of national and national and local political structures and customs. For regional insurance programs that primarily address the a disaster of the scale of the Wenchuan Earthquake, a residential sector, and in varying ways combine insur- regional earthquake reconstruction authority (or similar ance with individual and community mitigation activi- rubric) may be warranted. ties. The Wenchuan Earthquake offers an excellent op- portunity for China to develop a national "next genera- Transparency: Key for successful reconstruction. Al- tion" catastrophe insurance program. lowing all parties to track the progress of reconstruc- tion­­who is doing what and where­­is essential to The approach followed by the Government of Pakistan coordinating an effective response, and good for public in terms of clearly distinguishing the roles and respon- morale. As recovery and reconstruction proceeds, more sibilities of different players (e.g., bilaterals, civil society, extensive and detailed communications will be needed implementing agencies, and international financial in- regionally and locally. An innovative approach support- stitutions) for relief and reconstruction helped in effi- ed in Indonesia was the establishment of a regular news- ciently and effectively bridging financing gaps, building paper that provided vital information on reconstruction. complementarities across projects, minimizing strategic Other regions have accomplished this goal through in- divergences, and avoiding geographical and program- tense use of the internet. No matter the technology, a matic overlaps. Such allocation of roles has to follow good communications and public information program principles of comparative advantage at different strate- should be a high priority. gic and operational levels, and for making vital financ- ing decisions and institution building. Short-term plan of action: Wenchuan earthquake of 12 may 2008 7 table: Institutional arrangements for recovery and reconstruction management in selected disasters country type of Date of event type of institutional implementing event arrangements agencies Indonesia Tsunami and Tsunami: December 26, Decentralized Special Reconstruction agency, (Aceh & Nias) conflict 2004 Agency (Bdan Reha- central government Peace Agreement: bilitasi dan Rekonstruski/ (limited), provincial and August 15, 2005 BBR). In the first year, local government, BBR had a centralized donors, NGOs structure Indonesia Earthquake May 27, 2006 Centralized Coordination Provincial government, (Yogya) Board (Tim Teknis local government, donors, National), coordinated NGOs by Coordinating Ministry for the Economy Sri Lanka Tsunami and Tsunami: December 26, Centralized Special Central government, conflict 2004 Agency Taskforce to donors, NGOs Conflict: Ongoing Rebuild the Nation/ TAFREN, Reconstruction and Development Agency/RADA) Maldives Tsunami December 26, 2004 Centralized Coordination Central government, Board National Disaster donors, NGOs Management Center/ NMDC) Colombia Earthquake January 25, 1999 Decentralized Special Central government and Agency (Reconstruc- NGOs tion Fund for the Coffee Region/FOREC) Pakistan Earthquake October 5, 2005 Decentralized Special Provincial and local Agency (Earthquake government, military, Reconstruction and partner organization (PO), Rehabilitation Authority/ donors, NGOs ERRA) Grenada Hurricane Ivan September 7, 2004 Centralized Special Central government, Agency (Agency for donors, NGOs, and Reconstruction and external partners Development/ARD) Honduras Hurricane Oct 25 ­ Nov 1, 1998 Centralized Special Central government, Mitch Agency (COPECO provincial and local Permanent Commission government, donors, for Contingencies) NGOs 8 Disaster risk management in east asia and the pacific implementation one solution is making debris clearance a very high Several technical aspects are key to implementing a suc- priority, and building core housing on-site, which can cessful recovery and reconstruction. be gradually upgraded over time into a permanent house. If population density or other conditions do Standards and norms: Every opportunity needs to be not permit this, then temporary housing should be taken to adopt and enforce seismic-resistant building provided in the immediate neighborhood of where codes, both before and after actual earthquakes. Sim- they lived before--parks, school athletic fields, etc. plicity of message is essential to the adoption of di- saster-resistant technologies. In Pakistan, for example, n Shortcut to permanent housing: Traditionally, di- simple earthquake-resistant features for non-engineered saster housing has had three phases: (i) emergency masonry construction were promoted that could be un- (tents), (ii) transition (refugee camps), and (iii) derstood, adopted, and applied by the villagers. Op- permanent. A key lesson from many disasters is erations indicate that tight quality audit arrangements to eliminate or minimize the transition phase, and with quality check by independent teams is essential for move people directly from emergency shelters to large-scale emergency reconstruction of private dwell- "permanent housing." Of course, complete perma- ings by owners and for reconstruction of public infra- nent housing cannot be furnished instantaneously, structure. Again, in Pakistan typical designs were de- but providing core housing modules (or the building veloped, vetted by seismic experts, and promoted in the materials for residents to do so) on the site of their field. Constructed buildings were then reviewed against former residence allows residents to return and move the designs, and typical errors were noted. The typical on. Over time, these core modules are extended and errors were then fed back into the designs (i.e., the de- they transition to permanent housing. signs were changed to avoid these errors) and guidelines were issued that showed how to fix the typical errors Other aspects regarding housing, which may be more where they existed. Promulgation of the standards is not applicable to the Wenchuan Earthquake include: enough: Construction has to be seen as a process or as a series of links between design, local officials, builders, n Housing must be built using disaster-resistant tech- local artisans, and owners where breakdowns can occur niques; the technology should be simple and cultur- at any stage. Effective reconstruction involves creating ally appropriate and should use local construction a system of measures (e.g., education, enforcement, and materials to avoid bottlenecks. training) that strengthen each step in the process. n Proper sequencing of housing reconstruction (e.g., Housing: Decisions regarding housing are fundamental land assembly, distribution of materials, and con- to the recovery and reconstruction process. Numerous struction of infrastructure networks) is important. disasters emphasize two key lessons. Land acquisition should be one of the first steps to take (and quickly) after a natural disaster. n People do not want to move: To the maximum ex- tent possible, displaced persons should be returned n Owner-driven approaches are preferred over donor- as quickly as possible to as nearby their place of resi- driven approaches: The homeowners drive the re- dence as possible. If their housing has been destroyed, construction process, have to sign Memoranda of Short-term plan of action: Wenchuan earthquake of 12 may 2008 9 cial infrastructure (e.g, clinics, public spaces, schools, and shopping areas), which contribute to the improvement of living conditions of the affected communities. Livelihood: Often, less attention is paid to the impact of recovery operations on livelihoods, a crucial aspect of recovery. In disasters that cause significant damage to housing, taking the time to ensure that all usable building materials are recovered and recycled is one way to ensure that the poor will be able to afford to re- build. Once work opportunities associated with rubble clearance and materials recycling diminish, livelihood © The World Bank assistance that targets affected families becomes very important, even more important than providing food, blankets, and clothing. Social protection mechanisms (e.g., cash transfers) are Understanding, and receive tranche payments. This typically managed by the national government and ex- process helps to increase ownership and sustainability. ecuted and supervised by the local government and civil Such an approach can be followed in large countries society networks. As part of government planning ef- where there is a well-developed construction industry forts, countries should plan responses aiming at swift, and a large geographic area untouched by disaster. equitable, and consistent deployment of support.. Ex ante design and planning would provide answers to the n Community-driven development has proven to be of key questions of disaster-intervention design: In what higher quality, more cost-effective and in most cases form, amount, and duration should income support be even faster than other methods of providing housing. offered? Who should be eligible for support and how can they be targeted? And which agency is responsible n Financial assistance approach helps affected fami- for its delivery? lies reconstruct their homes. In fact, a financial- assistance approach is preferred over a compensation plans and implementation arrangements approach. n Health care services: the health sector will also face the additional burden of treating the newly vulner- Critical infrastructure: Reconstruction of public build- able population subgroups, including the disabled, ings and infrastructure should include disaster-resistant widows, and orphans. This requires specialized care technologies and proper siting. Reconstruction is a unique and services. Significant environmental issues are opportunity for upgrading of critical infrastructure, and likely to emerge (e.g., the threat of epidemics due to should not be wasted. The successful reconstruction pro- the accumulation of waste and garbage and the col- gram should pay close attention and support not only to lection and disposal of debris in affected areas). This reconstruction of housing units but also to adequate so- is likely to create an environment conducive to the 10 Disaster risk management in east asia and the pacific spread of communicable and vector borne diseases, Economic recovery normally increases once social pro- including measles, meningitis, and water-borne dis- tection schemes are downsized and phased out. The eases like typhoid, hepatitis A, and cholera. Access assistance focuses on reestablishing normalcy in the to essential primary and secondary health care ser- productive life of the affected families and businesses vices, as the system is rebuilt, is essential. This can in the form of assets, working capital, the provision of be achieved by mobilizing health care managers and seed capital, and soft loan schemes. This activity is typi- health care staff from other unaffected areas to work cally managed by the national government and executed temporarily in earthquake-affected areas. Attention through local governments, implementing agencies, the should be given to populations with special needs, private sector (chambers of commerce), banks, and mi- especially women and children who are the primary crofinance institutions. Due attention should be given users of PHC services. The revitalization of services to information dissemination and beneficiary selection. for management of acute respiratory infection and diarrhea as well as antenatal and postnatal care will DiSaSter riSk reDuction be a critical priority. During recovery and reconstruc- Natural hazard risks are highly concentrated, so special tion there are opportunities for health promotion and attention needs to be given to planning for disasters in disease prevention, as contact that affected people order to reduce long-term vulnerability. The unpredict- have with the health sector, relief organizations, and ability of earthquakes combined with the importance the army should be used for health promotion and of construction methods, makes mitigation and pre- disease prevention. paredness especially crucial for seismically active re- gions. While it is tempting to take advantage of the Reconstruction should fit within the framework of post-disaster window of opportunity to introduce in- health care reforms, including post-disaster rationaliza- stitutional and regulatory reforms to promote disaster tion of primary and secondary health care facilities, to prevention and mitigation, there is a need to be realistic address any redundancies and low utilization, and alter- about what can be practically achieved in the context of nate management arrangements for provision of PHC an emergency recovery project. Therefore, it is essential services. to develop or strengthen an institutional framework for disaster risk management and mitigation. Establishing Community infrastructure reconstruction is typically such a framework and building capacity for disaster risk managed by local governments, civil society organiza- management institutions is a long-term goal, toward tions, United Nations agencies, and nongovernmental which significant progress can be made in, for example, organizations with relevant experience and executed four to five years. by community-based organizations, or where possible local contractors, using local materials and local labor. In highly vulnerable countries, more attention to natu- Preparation and implementation of adequate policies ral hazards during the appraisal of investment projects and guidelines on engineering standards, labor stan- generally and mandatory for the preparation of national dards, contracting, procurement, supervision, and qual- development plans, strategies, and other strategic docu- ity control will increase the speed of implementation ments. Where appropriate, these documents need to go without compromising on the quality of output. beyond a description of the risks, and identify mitiga- tion and institutional development activities. This will Short-term plan of action: Wenchuan earthquake of 12 may 2008 11 mainstream natural hazard risk management and build 2 This principle has often been characterized as build local capacities and leadership. This is particularly ap- back better but actually "better" may not be good plicable to China, which historically has suffered ma- enough. New construction should meet modern jor losses due to earthquakes and floods. A long-term standards, not just be better than the destroyed. The national hazards reduction program should be made a phrase should be "Resilient Recovery." national priority, supported by institutional measures such as mandatory hazards assessment reports for all 3 First developed in the 1980s for the Federal Emer- projects, a national hazards mapping program, and a gency Management Administration (FEMA) in the national hazards insurance program for the residential United States, the Post-Earthquake Safety Evalua- sector. The National Catastrophe Team (NATCAT) of tion of Buildings Methodology (ATC-20) provides France, the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction rapid and detailed evaluation procedures for evalu- Program (NEHRP) and National Flood Insurance Pro- ating earthquake- damaged buildings and designat- gram (NFIP) of the United States, and the Earthquake ing them as INSPECTED (apparently safe, green Commission (EQC) of New Zealand are examples to placard), LIMITED ENTRY (yellow placard), or consider in designing a program for China. n UNSAFE (red placard). The methodology has been adapted and is used in many countries. end notes See Applied Technology Council. 2005. ATC-20-1, 1 The 12 May 2008 Earthquake in China is denoted Field Manual: Post-earthquake Safety Evaluation of differently throughout the world (i.e., Wenchuan Buildings, 2nd Ed. http://www.atcouncil.org/pdfs/ Earthquake, Sichuan Earthquake, Szechuan Earth- ATC201tocv2.pdf. quake, Szechwan Earthquake, Sichuan Province Earthquake, Szechuan Province Earthquake, Szech- 4 Fengler W., A. Ihsan and K. Kaiser. 2007. Managing wan Province Earthquake, etc.). For the purposes of Post-Disaster Reconstruction Finance: International this series of seventeen good practice notes, it will be Experience in Public Financial Management. Wash- denoted as per the official designation of the Govern- ington, DC: World Bank. ment of China, the Wenchuan Earthquake. east asia and the pacific region The World Bank 1818 H St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20433 http://www.worldbank.org/eap Special thanks to the partners who support GFDRR's work to protect livelihoods and improve lives: Australia, Canada, Denmark, European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, and the World Bank.