103338 POLIC IES tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; F OR jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif; SH AR E D P R O SP ER ITY IN MYAN M AR ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar This Policy Note was prepared by: Nikolas Myint (Team Leader and Senior Social Development Specialist); Reena Badiani-Magnusson (Senior Poverty Economist); Andrea Woodhouse (Senior Social Development Specialist) and Sergiy Zorya (Senior Agricultural Economist) under the guidance of Salman Zaidi (Practice Manager, Poverty); Bassam Ramadan (Practice Manager, Social Development); Nathan Belete (Practice Manager, Agriculture) and Steven Jaffee (Lead Agriculture Specialist) ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif; tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif; ,aeY jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvsuf&Sdonfh pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;wGif aus;vufae jynfolrsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhudk zefwD;ay;Edkifonfh rl0g'rsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufay;rSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfoltm;vkH; yg0ifEdkifonfh zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ aus;vufa'oonf jynfoltrsm;pk\ aexdkif&m t&yfa'ojzpfonf/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; trsm;pkonfvnf; aus;vufa'wGif aexdkifvsuf&SdNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol OD;a& pkpkaygif;\ 70% onf aus;vufa'owGif aexdkifMuonf/ aus;vufa'o zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf t"du twm;tqD;jzpfaeonfh taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rS &&Sdonfh tusKd;tjrwfenf;yg;jcif;? NrdKUjyESifh EIdif;,SOfvSsif jynfolYa&;&m0efaqmifrIrsm; vufvSrf;rDrI tm;enf;jcif; ESifh vlom;zGUHNzdK;rI &v'frsm; odompGm edrfhusaejcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/ pdkufysdK;a&;xGufukefrsm; wdk;wufvmap&ef jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ odkUaomf aus;vufae jynfolrsm;\ b0 om,m0ajyma&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm; tm;vkH; wdk;wuf vmap&ef xdkrSsESifh rvkHavmufao;yg/ aus;vufae jynfolrsm;twGuf vlom;t&if;tjrpfESifh &kyfydkif;qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; jr§ifhwifay;Edkifrnfh vlrI0efaqmifrI rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ydkrdk &&SdEdkif&ef wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkUrSom v,f,m tay:tajcrcHonfh aus;vuf pD;yGm;a&; u@wpf&yf t&Sdeft[kefESifh zGUHNzdK;vmap&ef vdktyfonfh tajctae rsm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifrnf/ þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;u aus;vufa'owdk;wufrIESifh qif;&JrI avSsmhcsa&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk twm;tqD;jzpfaeonfh udpö&yfrsm;udkz,f&Sm;ay;EdkifNyD; pD;yGm;a&; pepfydkif;qdkif&m toGifajymif;&efvnf; taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/ þodkYjzifh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlwef;pm; tm;vkH;\ vlrIpD;yGm;b0rsm; wdk;wufvmEdkifonf/ 1 jyKjyifajymif;vJrI aqmif&Guf&ef aemufcHtajctaersm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ aus;vufa'o yHk 1? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf pyg;xkwfvkyfrI (2014-2015) rsm;wGif ysUHESHUwnf&Sdaeonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol trsm;pk onfpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh aeYpm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ vkyfom; tiftm;wpf0ufausmfonf pdkufysdK;a&;ü vkyfudkif Muonf/ odkUaomf jrefrmEdkifiH\ pdkufysKd;a&;u@onf BuD;rm;onfh toGiful;ajymif; wdk;wufrI wpf&yf jzpfay:&ef vdktyfaeonf/ odkUrSom jynfolrsm;\ vlaerItqifhtwef;rsm;tm; jr§ifhwifay;EdkifrnfjzpfNyD; wefzdk;jrifhxkwfukefESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; ay:aygufap&ef tm;ay;onfh pepfydkif;qdkif&m wdk;wufajymif;vJrIrsm; Source: US Department of Agriculture jzpfay:vmEdkifrnf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif pdkufysKd;a&;u@onf pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) \ 31% &Sdaomfvnf; xkwfvkyfrIrSm usqif;cJhonf/ t"duoD;ESHjzpfonfh pyg;xkwfvkyfrIEIef;rSm tm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf tedrfhqHk; ponfh jynfolU0efaqmifrIrsm; tm;enf;jcif;wdkY jzpfonf (yHk 1)/ jrpf0ußGef;ay:a'owGif rdk;pyg; yg0ifonf/ xdkUaMumifh pyg;ESifh tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;twGuf pdkufysKd;rI xkwfvkyfrI wpf[ufwmvSsif ysrf;rSstjrwfaiG rsdK;aumif;rsdK;oefYrsm; &Sm;yg;vsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tar&duefa':vm 140 (rdom;pk0ifrsm;\ vkyftm; rsdK;pyg; vdktyfcsuf\ 1% udkom jznfhwif;ay;Edkifonf[k tygt0if xkwfvkyfrIp&dwftm;vHk; EIwfNyD;onfh &aiG) cefYrSef;xm;onf/ xdk&mcdkifEIef;rSm a'owGif;rS tjcm; &Sdonf/ uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif tar&duefa':vm 340 EdkifiHrsm;ESifh,SOfvSsif tvGefedrfhusaeonf/ (yHk 2) ESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif 430 wdkU toD;oD; &&SdMuonf/ pdkufysdK;a&;enf;ynmrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm; wdk;wuf t&nftaoG;jynfhrDonfh rsKd;aphrsm;udk toHk;jyK tokH;jyKEdkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sdaeygonf/ pdkufysKd;jcif;jzifh pdkufydsK;a&;xGufukefrsm; wdk;wuf awmifolv,form;rsm;xHwGif vuf&Sdtajctaeü xkwfvkyfEdkifrnfh tvm;tvmrsm; &Sdaeonf/ oD;ESHtrsdK;rsdK;wdkY\ acwfrDpkdufysdK;a&; enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh rsKd;aph xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;udk tpdk;&utm;ay; pyfvsOf;onfh A[kokwrsm;r&SdMuyg/ "gwfajrMoZm aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; vuf&SdwGif aqmif&GufEdkifrIrSm rsm;ESifh "gwkypönf;rsm;udk rMumcPyif vdkonfxuf tuefUtowf&Sdaeonf/ yk*¾vduu@rS &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH ydkoHk;Mu&m xda&mufrI avsmhenf;vmNyD; (yHk 3)? Edkif&eftwGufvnf; twm;tqD;rsm;pGm &Sdaeonf/ tusdK;tjrwfvnf; enf;vmonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukef ¤if;wdkYwGif &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk; rsm;udk ,cifu EdkifiHjcm;odkU tajrmuftjrm;wifydkU vkyfenf;rsm;&Sif;vif;wdusrIr&Sdjcif;? todOmPfydkifqdkif a&mif;csEdkifcJhaomfvnf;,cktcgtxGufEIef;usqif;jcif;? cGifhrsm;udk tumtuG,fray;Edkifjcif;? tcsdefwdktwGif; t&nftaoG;edrfhusjcif;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&; xkwfukefrsm;udk rSwfyHkwifay;jcif;ESifh t&nftaoG; ppfaq;jcif;rsm; jyKjyifxkwfykd;onfhtydkif;wGif tm;enf;jcif;wdkYu 2 yHk 2? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf yHk 3? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif Edkufx&dk*sif toHk;jyKrI pyg;rsdK;aph a&mif;vdktm;ESifh ê,fvdktm;tcsdK; (2013-2014) xda&mufjcif; (2013-2014) Source: World Bank estimates. Source: LIFT and World Bank. xdktajctaeodkY jyefvnf a&muf&SdEdkif&ef twm;tqD; rSmvnf; ajr,mydkifqdkifrIrsm; vkHjcKHpdwfcsrI&Sdap&ef jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;vufa'owGif acs;aiG tvG,fwul vdktyfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;onfh r&&SdEdkifjcif;aMumifhvnf; v,form;rsm;taejzifh v,f,majr ta&twGufrSm tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/ enf;ynmopfrsm; &,laqmif&GufEdkif&efESifh oD;ESHtrsdK;rsdK; þajrrsm;\ ydkifqdkifrIonf vkHjcKHpdwfcsrItm;enf; wdk;csJU pdkufysdK;Edkif&ef rvG,fulacs/ awmifol v,form; aomfvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh ESpf&SnfoD;yifrsm;udk 37% ESifh v,f,m vkyfom; 10% cefUomvSsif acs;aiG pdkufysdK;xm;Muonf/ rsm;udk w&m;0if &&SdEdkifMuonf/ vwfwavmwGif tajccHusonfh jynfolUa&;&m ajr,mykdifqdkifrI vHkNcHKpdwfcsrI&dSvmygu enf;ynm 0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk&&SdEdkifap&ef wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Guf toHk;jyKrIESifh yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk tm;ay;&m ay;jcif;jzifh vlom;t&if;tjrpf wdk;wufvm&ef1? a&mufrnfjzpfojzifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tay: MuD;rm; aps;uGufrsm;ESifh csdwfqufEdkifap&efESifh v,f,mtay: onfh tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm; &SdvmEdkifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd tajcrcHonfh tjcm; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; v,f,majrtrsm;pkonf ao;i,fMuNyD; ESpf[wfwmrSs jzpfxGef;Edkif&eftwGuf taxmuftulay;Edkifonf/2 tus,ft0ef;&Sdonfh v,f,majrwpfuGufonfyif aus;vufaejynfol 84% onf vSsyfppfrD; r&&Sdyg/ ESpfydkif; okH;ydkif; uGJaeojzifh puf,Eå&m;MuD;rsm; 37% twGuf oefY&Sif;aom aomufoHk;a& r&&Sdyg/ tokH;jyKEdkif&efESifh aps;uGuf&SmazG&mwdkUwGif tcuftcJ aus;vufvrf;pkpkaygif;\ 12% om jyKjyif xm;onfh jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ xdktcuftcJrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif vrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh vrf;trsm;pkrSm rdk;&moDwGif ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhonfhenf;vrf;rsm;teuf Oyrm wpfckrSm oGm;vmí r&yg/ xdkaMumifh aus;vufa'oonf aps;uGufudk tajccHNyD; v,f,majrrsm;udk pkaygif; tquftoG,f jywfawmufNyD; aus;vufae jynfolrsm; aqmif&GufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkU aqmif&GufEdkif&ef twGuf aps;rsm;odkY oGm;vmEdkif&ef? tvkyftudkif v,f,majr iSm;&rf;onfh aps;uGufay:aygufvm&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&Sd&ef twm;tqD; ta&;BuD;ygonf/ v,f,majraps;uGuf ay:aygufEdkif&ef jzpfvsuf &Sdonf/ aus;vufaejynfolrsm;udk 1 vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; &&Sda&;wGif aus;vufESifh jrdKUjyuGmjcm;yHktm; aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf “uGm[rIrsm;avsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf ynma&;? usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIêefaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif;” [lonfh rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk udk;um;yg/ 2 “jrefrmhpGrf;tif jr§ifhwifjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf pGrf;tif” [lonhf rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkwGif Munhfyg/ 3 pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk jrdKUjyESifh jrdKUjywpfydkif;{&d,mrsm;udk zGUHNzdK;wdk;wuf tokH;jyKum xdk twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfvTm;Edkif&ef vmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;onfvnf; aus;vuf aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Gufay;Edkifrnf xkwfukefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufcsJU&efESifh aus;vufrS qdkvSsif cufcJonfh wnfae&maMumifh tquftoG,f jrdKUjyodkY a&TUajymif;aexdkifolrsm;twGuf tvkyftudkif jywfawmufaerIudk ajz&Sif;edkifrnf/ xdkUtjyif aemufus tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;&ef taxmuftuljyKonf/ usefaecJhonfh a'orsm;twGuf tpdk;&u xda&mufpGm rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifpkav;pkvSsif wpfpkESifh ulnDEdkifrnfjzpf&m wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; tcsif;csif; {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifpk ig;pkvSsif pkpnf; nDnGwfrIudkvnf; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ wpfpkrS tdrfom;wpfa,mufonf tjcm;a'oodkY txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; aexdkifonfh a&TUajymif;aexdkifaMumif; od&onf/ txl;ojzifh a'orsm;ESifh y#dyu©rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhNyD; tpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfa&; jrdKUjywGif aeYpm;tvkyfrsm;jzpfonfh aqmufvkyfa&;? oufa&mufrI tm;enf;onfh e,fpyfa'orsm; pm;aomufqdkifESifh vufbuf&nfqdkifrsm;wGif t"du yg0ifMuonf/ 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkU ajymif;a&TU&jcif;rSm rdom;pkESifh ynma&; udpörsm;aMumifh r[kwfbJ pm;0wfaea&; tajctaeaMumifh jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ {&m0wD wdkif;a'oMuD;rS tdrfaxmifpk 74% ESifh rauG;wdkif;a'oMuD;rS tdrfaxmifpk 71% u ,if;wdkY tdrfom;rsm;onf tvkyf&Sm&ef odkYr[kwf tvkyfvkyf&ef a&TUajymif;aexdkifaMumif;ESifh aemufxyf 20% u ,if;wdkY tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif &kwfw&uf BuHKawGYvm&onhf pD;yGm;a&; tMuyftwnf;rsm;aMumifh a&TUajymif;&aMumif; ajzqdkMuonf/ b@maiG t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0csxm;ay;jcif; pdkufysKd;a&; u@twGuf acs;aiGrsm; ydkrdk yHhydk;ay;&ef 4 vwfwavm zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHonf aus;vufa'owdk;wufa&;\ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; \ yg0ifrI tcef;u@onf wGef;tm;wpf&yfjzpfonfh pdkufysdK;a&;udk tm;ay;onfh ta&;BuD;onfhtjyif wdk;wuf jzpfay:aeonf rl0g'rsm;udk 2011 ckESpfuwnf;u usifhoHk;cJhonf/ udkvnf; awGU&onf/ ta&;ygonfh ajr,mqdkif&m ydkUukeftm;ay;onfh rl0g'rsm; tygt0if EdkifiHjcm;aiG Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif; (Oyrm ajr,m Oya' ESpfck)ESifh vSJv,f a&mif;0,fa&;? ukefoG,fa&; udpö&yfrsm;wGif tpjyKjcif; (Oyrm ajr,m rl0g' rlabmifESifh Oya') ajzavSsmhrIrsm; jyKvkyfay;cJhjcif;aMumifh pdkufysKd;a&; u@ wdkYudk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ v,form;rsm;pGmonf zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aqmif&Guf&mwGif taxmuftul ajr,mtoHk;jyKcGifh taxmuftxm; vufrSwfrsm; jzpfapcJhonf/ pdkufysdK;a&;u@wGif tpdk;&\ &&SdcJhMuonf/4 þuJhodkU aumif;rGefonfh axmufyHhaMu;rsm; okdUr[kwf aps;uGufudk yHkysufaponfh jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh pdkufysKd;a&; u@ t&mrsm; MuD;BuD;rm;rm; r&SdcJhbJ pdkufysdK;a&; udk wdk;wufapcJhonf/ ykHrSefaps;EIef;rsm;t& xkwfukefrsm;ESifh pm;aomufukef aps;EIef;rsm;onf wdk;wufrIEIef;onf 2012-2013 wGif 1.7 %? 2013- aps;uGuf oabmw&m;twdkif; &SdcJhonf [k qdkEdkifonf/ 2014 wGif 3.6 % ESifh 2014-2015 wGif 5.6 % txd 2015 ckESpfwGif a&;qGJcJhonfh qefpyg;u@ zGHYjzdK; &Sdvmonf/ wdk;wufa&;AsL[monf qefxkwfvkyfrIESifh txGuf EIef;wdk;wuf t"du&nf&G,fum a&;qGJxm;NyD; txufyg wdk;wufrIrsm;udk tm;jznfhay;Edkif&ef t&nftaoG; aumif;rGefvmap&ef? EdkifiHjcm; aps;uGufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vspfvsL&Ixm;jcif;cH&onfh aus;vuf ,SOfNydKifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&efESifh tpdk;&ESifh yk*¾vdu yl;aygif; a'o qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avSsmhcsa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnf aqmif&Gufa&; (Public Private Partnerships-PPP) rsm; ydkrdk tav;ay;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ aus;vufa'orsm;wGif vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef tm;ay;xm;onf/ aexdkifonfh jynfolrsm;twGuf jynfolUa&;&m 0efaqmifrI vkyfief;rsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifomrI? wm0efcHrI rMumrDESpfrsm;twGif; pdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf &SdpGmjzifh vsifjrefpGm wkefUjyefaqmif&Gufay;Edkif&eftwGuf bPfrsm;u ay;onfh acs;aiG yrmPonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; rlabmif wdk;wufvmaMumif; awGU&onf/ jrefrmh v,f,m (jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlwef;pm;tm;vHk; yg0ifonfh zGHYjzdK;a&; bPfu xkwfay;onfh acs;aiG yrmPrSm wdk;wufrIESifh pOfqufrjywf zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI &&SdEdkif&ef 2009-2010 wGif usyfoef;aygif; 94000 &Sd&mrS 2014- &nf&G,fonf) ESifh aus;vufa'o zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&; 2015 wGif usyfbDvD,Haygif; 1165 &SdvmcJhonf/ r[mAsL[m rlabmif (aus;vufae jynfolrsm;ESifh acs;aiGrSm avSsmhayghay;onfh subsidized terms jzpfNyD; a0;vHacgifzsm;onfh a'orsm;udk tultnDay;rnfh rdk;&moDpyg; xkwfvkyfonfh umvtay: tajccHNyD; tpDtpOfrsm; yg&Sdonf)wdkUudk csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ acs;ay;vsuf &Sdaomfvnf; acs;aiG\ xda&mufrIESifh 4 rMumcif xGuf&SdcJhonfh ajr,mOya'rsm;wGif tpOftqufu a&&Snf tvkyfjzpfrItay: ar;cGef;xkwfp&m jzpfaeonf/3 vkyfudkifcJhonfh awmifwef;a'orS v,fajrrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifh v,form;rsm;twGuf pdkufysKd;a&;oGif;tm;pkrsm; r&Sdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdjcif;onf tjiif;yGm;rI y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonfh tcsufjzpfonf/ yHhydk;jcif;? jyKjyifxkwfykd;NyD; pdkufysKd;a&; xGufukefrsm;ESifh a'wmtcsuftvufrsm; rSwfwrf; pkaqmif;xm;&SdrI ukefypönf;rsm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;wdkYwGif yk*¾vdu tm;enf;jcif;ESifh tajccHtaqmufttkHydkif;qdkif&m csKdUwJhrIwdkUaMumifh trSefwu,f vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufaeonfh 3 jrefrmh v,f,m zHYGNzdK;a&;bPf \ tqdkjyKcsufjzpfonfh ajr,mtajctaeudk aumif;pGm udk,fpm;rjyKEdkifonfhtwGuf b@ma&;u@jyKjyifajymif;vJrI ydkrdkus,fjyefYap&ef jyefvnf ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonfh v,f,majr xkqpfjcif;ESifhtwl rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpk tem*wftwGuf toD;oD;onfvnf; cdkifvkHrI&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifyg/ &if;ESD;NrSyfESHjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf yGifhvif;acwfrDaom b@ ma&;pepf wnfaqmufjcif; udk Munhfyg/ 5 þrlabmifrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef ESifh wpfOD;csif;pD twGuf b@maiG cGJa0&mwGif nDnDrSsrSs aus;vufa'o zGUHNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH jzpfap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ þvkyfaqmifcsufu aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf jynfolU b@maiGrsm; jynfol wpfOD;csif;xHrS tcGef aumufcH&&SdrI enf;ygonfh udk okH;pGJ&mwGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavSsmhay;rIrsm; jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm; &ifqdkifae&onfh aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzifh jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD; b@maiG okH;pGJEdkifrI tcuftcJrsm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;&ef tpdk;&rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; ydkdrkd ay;tyfcJhonf/ taxmuftuljyKonf/ (yHk 5) jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm; twGuf jynfolU b@maiG cGJa0ay;rIrSm tpdk;& tokH;p&dwfpkpkaygif;\ 10% rSsom &SdNyD; tvGefenf;onf[k qdkEdkifonf/ xdkrSs yHk 4? jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;\ qif;&JrIESifh yrmPjzifh aus;vufa'o zGUHNzdK;a&;twGuf y"meusNyD; wpfOD;ustoHk;p&dwfrsm; ta&;BuD;onfh 0efaqmifrI vkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm - pdkufysKd;a&;? a'oEå& ydkUaqmifqufoG,fa&;? tdrfwGif; pufrI vufrI vkyfief;rsm;? tao;pm; vSsyfppfrD; &&Sda&; vkyfief;rsm; ponf) aqmif&Guf&ef okH;pGJae&onf/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& qif;&JrIEIef; jrifhrm;onfh jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oMuD;wdkUwGif jynfolwpfOD;csif;tay: jynfolU b@maiG ydkrdk okH;pGJaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ (ykH 4) xdktcsufonf jynfolUa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&SdEdkifrI tm;enf;vsuf&Sdonfh a'orsm;wGif 0efaqmifrIrsm; wkd;jr§ifhay;tyfEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufaeaMumif; jyoaeygonf/ Source: Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, Ministry of Finance and World Bank staff calculations jynfolU b@maiGrsm; cGJa0csxm;ay;&mwGif azmfjrLvm yHk 5? qif;&JrIESifh wpfOD;us udk,fydkifomref0ifaiGrsm; wpfckudk tajccHwGufcsufonfhpepf (formula- based system) udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef ueOD; MudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdaeNyD; xdkaqmif&GufcsufaMumifh a'owpfckcsif;pD\ zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh tnD jynfolYb@maiG t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0csxm; ay;&ef aumif;pGm taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/ taxGaxG vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tokH;jyK&ef vTJajymif;ay;rIonf 2011-2012 jynfaxmifpkbuf*sufwGif pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI(GDP) \ 0.6% &Sd&mrS 2014-2015 wGif 2.3% txd wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ xdkwdk;wufrIonf Source: Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;\ zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI Ministry of Finance and World Bank staff calculations tajctaersm;ESifh csdwfqufaeonf/ azmfjrLvmudk tokH;jyKum jynfe,f/ wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;tm;vkH;&Sd jynfol 6 þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk xyfrHtm;jznhf&ef jrefrmEdkifiH a'oqkdif&m tawGYtBuHKrsm;ESifh oifcef;pmrsm; onf trsKd;om;tqifh vlxk A[dkjyK pDrHudef; (National Community Driven Development Program-NCDDP) AD,uferf udk 2013 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhonf/ xdktpDtpOf\ ueOD; awGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& aus;vufa'orsm;wGif qif;&JrIavSsmhcsa&;wGif atmifjrifrIrsm; &&SdcJhonfh qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI usqif;aeonfh &vm'faumif;rsm; AD,uferfEdkifiHxHrS jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;BuD;onfh xGufay:aeonf/ vlxkA[dkjyK pDrHudef; (NCDDP) onf oifcef;pmrsm; &,lEdkifygonf/ AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif zGHYjzdK; wdk;wufa&; pDrHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef qif;&JrIEIef; vsifjrefpGm usqif;rIonf ,cifu &yf&Gmvlxkudk ulnDí &yf&Gmtqifh tajccH wpfBudrfwpfcgrS rMuKHpzl; xl;uJonfh tajctaersKd; taqmufttHkrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;tultnDrsm;udk jzpfcJhonf/ 1993 ckESpfwGif qif;&JrIEIef; 58% &Sd&mrS aus;&Gmtkyfpk aumfrwDrsm;odkY wdkuf&dkuf 2012 ckESpfwGif 17% txd usqif;vmonf/ 1990 vTJajymif;ay;onf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk aumfrwD0ifrsm;udk jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif aus;vuf pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIonf vSsdKU0SufrJqE´jzifh usm;? rrSswpGm a&G;aumuf wifajr§muf qif;&JrIavsmhusjcif;\ t"du armif;ESiftm; Muonf/ þtpDtpOfudkf ueOD;tqifhtjzpf jzpfcJhonf/ ajr,m jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh aus;vufa'orS jrdKUe,f 27 jrdKUe,fjzifh pwifcJhonf/ umv&Snf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm; wdk;wufvmcJhNyD; pdkufysdK;a&; þtpDtpOfaMumifh vlaygif; 7 odef;cefYonf vkyfief;rsm;wGif xkwfvkyfrIESifh tusKd;tjrwfrsm; trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tajccH taqmufttHkrsm;udk wdk;wuf&&Sdvmaponf/ AD,uferfEdkifiH\ 1993 tokH;jyKcGifh &&SdvmMuonf/ pDrHudef;wGif yg0ifonfh ckESpf ajr,m Oya'wGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKonfh aus;vufa'orsm;rS tdrfaxmifpk oHk;yHkESpfyHkonf ajrydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;yg0ifjyD;? yk*¾vdu ajrtoHk;cscGifhrsm;udk pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJjcif;? qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;ESifh todtrSwfjyKí ajr,mvTJajymif;rIrsm;udkvnf; cGifhjyK taumiftxnfazmfjcif; wdkYwGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus xm;onf/ þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh tdrfaxmifpk yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeonf/ &yf&Gmvlxk 75% onf pDrHudef; rsm;onf qnfajrmif; tajccHtaqmufttHk taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh &vm'frsm;tay: tjynfht0 rsm;ESifh ESpf&Snf oD;ESHyifrsm;tay: ydkrdk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH odkYr[kwf tjynfht0xuf ausmfvGefí auseyfrI&Sdonf[k vmMuonf/ tqdkygajrudk tdrfaxmifpk0ifESpfOD; ajzqdkMuonf/ (t"dutm;jzifh cifyGef;ESifh ZeD;) yl;wGJydkifqdkif apojzifh oD;ESHtxGufEIef; wdk;wufvmouJhodkY tdrfaxmifpkwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdk wdk;wuf&&Sdvmaponf/ þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk tm;jznfh ay;Edkif&ef tpdk;&\b@maiGrsm;udk qif;&J EGrf;yg;olrsm; tm; OD;wnfcsufxm;umaqmif&GufcJhonf/xdkvkyfief;rsm;wGif t&nftaoG;rD tajccH vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm;jzpfonfh ynma&;? 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r&Sd qef;ppfEdkifrnf/ þvkyfief;udk wnfaqmufjcif; vuf&Sd a'wm aumuf,lonf pepfrsm;udk tokH;jyKum aqmif&GufEdkifrnf/ 9. “tajymif;tvJwGif yg0ifjcif;/ jynfolYa&;&m u@ wm0efcHrI jrSifhwifa&;”[lonfh rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkwGif Munhfyg/ 15 tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif; &nfnTef;udk;um; Bordey, F., P. Moya, J. Betran, C. Launio, A. Litonjua, R. Manalili, A. Mataia, J. Besenio, F. Macalinta, R. Malasa, E. Marciano, M. Milanes, S. Paran, G. Redondo, R. Relado, M. San Valentin, I. Tanzo, E. Tulay, S. Valencia, C. Viray, and C. Yusongco (2015): Benchmarking The Cost and Profitability of Paddy Production in Selected Asian Rice Bowls. Philippine Rice Research Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Benguet State University, and Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries Do, Quy-Toan, and Lakshmi Iyer (2008): Land Titling and Rural Transition in Vietnam. Economic Development and Cultural Change 56 (3): 531-579. Newman, C., Tarp, F. and van den Broeck, K., Property Rights and Productivity (2015): The Case of Joint Land Titling in Vietnam. Journal of Land Economics, 91, (1), 2015, p. 91 – 105. Poapongsakorn, N. (2014): The Benefits and Costs of a Paddy Pledging Policy: The Experience of Thailand. In: Dawe, D., S. Jaffe and N. 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Economic and Sector Work Report No. 85804, Washington, DC. 16 ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar GROWING TOGETHER FINANCING THE FUTURE BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUAL ENERGIZING MYANMAR CLOSING THE GAP PARTICIPATING IN CHANGE Reducing rural poverty Building an open, modern and Fostering competitiveness and a dynamic Enhancing access to Expanding access to Promoting public sector in Myanmar ,ck rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsuf pmwrf;onf “tm;vkH;oGm;MupdkU? rSsa0ykdifqdkifonfh om,m0ajymrIrsm; inclusive financial system environment for private sector growth sustainable energy for all social services accountability to all azmfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;” teuf wpfckjzpfygonf/ CLOSING THE GAP GROWING TOGETHER BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUAL Expanding access to Reducing rural poverty Fostering competitiveness and a dynamic social services in Myanmar environment for private sector growth FINANCING THE FUTURE ENERGIZING MYANMAR PARTICIPATING IN CHANGE Building an open, modern and Enhancing access to Promoting public sector inclusive financial system sustainable energy for all accountability to all tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif; ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar The World Bank Myanmar No.57, Pyay Road 61/2 Mile, Hlaing Township, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar. www.worldbank.org/myanmar www.facebook.com/WorldBankMyanmar myanmar@worldbank.org