THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 17 / NO 6 MAY 2019 INSIDE 60% of Delhi Metro goes green 1-3 Development Dialogue: Almost 60% of Delhi Why the digital needs the human 4-6 Lighthouse India 7-8 Metro now powered by Recent Project Approvals & Signings 9-10 solar energy from Rewa ICR Update: M West Bengal Institutional ore than half of Delhi Metro now runs on solar power coming all Strengthening of Gram the way from Rewa in Madhya Pradesh. This means that 290 trains Panchayats Project 11-13 across 373 kilometers serving 2.6 million passengers in a single day are Face to Face 14-15 now green. New Additions to the Public Information Center 16-27 The 1,590-acre Ultra Mega Solar Park in Rewa’s Gurh tehsil is among the largest single-site solar power plants in the world. And 24 percent of the Contact Information 28 park’s solar energy is being sold directly to the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), meeting almost 60 percent of its daytime demand. This will Photos by the World Bank essentially help DMRC not only reduce its dependence on coal, but also and other sources save Rs. 793 crore on its energy bill over the next 25 years. The Madhya Pradesh Power Management greenhouse-gas emissions by 1.3 million Company Ltd, which supplies power to the tons every year and nearly double the state’s state electricity distribution companies, will capacity to generate solar power. get the remaining 76 per cent of the power produced from the Rewa solar power plant. The World Bank-Clean Technology Fund An innovative scheduling exercise has loan financed shared infrastructure facilities enabled the solar plant to provide preferential including a transmission evacuation system, uninterrupted power supply to Delhi Metro which ensures the power generated is first, even on the days without optimum sun immediately evacuated to the grid for availability. distribution. Moreover, the solar power has been developed on an unsubsidized World Bank Group Support basis, underscoring the World Bank Group’s commitment to sustainability. The park, with an installed capacity of 750 megawatt, has been made possible with support from the World Bank and Clean Technology Fund through a US$ 18 million funding as part of a Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project. The International Finance Corporation was the transaction advisor for the project. The project will contribute immensely towards India’s aim of quadrupling its renewable energy capacity to 175 gigawatts (GW) by 2022, including 100 GW of solar power. The Indian government’s plan to ramp up solar power generation is among the largest in the world and will help bring sustainable, clean, climate-friendly electricity to millions. The park will add 7.5 percent to India’s total installed solar capacity. It also aims to reduce 2 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 hope this will further open up a vibrant market for solar investments in India.” The World Bank’s involvement in the project has helped in further leveraging private sector investment worth US$ 575 million in solar photovoltaic assets. The project has demonstrated important economies of scale in solar generation, pushed down transaction costs for private players, and increased efficiency while further reducing unit costs of solar power. “The World Bank investment in the solar park Role of Private Sector in Rewa has helped boost market confidence in the Indian solar sector in a major way. The One of the key innovations that stands out in park has managed to catalyze commercial this project is how a modern and transparent funding, contributing towards India’s electronic competitive bidding process that ambitious target of installing 100 GW of solar went on for 33 hours achieved first-year power capacity by 2022,” said Surbhi Goyal, tariffs of as low as Rs. 2.97 per unit. This has Senior Energy Specialist and World Bank’s essentially brought down the cost of solar Task Team Leader for the project. power to compete with that of coal-based The model of the Rewa Solar Power Project power. has been included in Prime Minister’s Book This was also the first time that international of Innovation 2017 and awarded World Bank players participated in a state bid. Group’s President award for Innovation and Excellence. “For the first time, the price of solar power (Change background colour as needed) has been brought down to less than Rs. 3 per The World Bank Group is now collectively unit with the use of a modern and transparent working on replicating the success of the bidding process,” said Junaid Ahmad, World Rewa Solar Park in other such parks in Bank Country Director in India, adding, “We Madhya Pradesh. 3 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 Development Dialogue Why the digital needs the human Leveraging technology for effective program delivery poses unique challenges. Technology is a tool that requires a capable state to be effective; also, it creates new power asymmetries. Three economists weigh in. Written by Yamini Aiyar, Shrayana Bhattacharya & Lant Pritchett A cross successive governments, India has emerged as a pioneer in building digital tools to improve program governance infrastructure and connectivity are teething pains – side-effects of the transition to digital ways of interacting with government. at the state and national levels. Has all this Others fear that the side-effect could become technology helped? Robust evidence is the outcome, seeing the rapid deployment mixed and limited. of new technologies as attacks on past Leveraging technology platforms for effective improvements in delivery and giving rise to program delivery poses unique challenges. new forms of corruption. For citizens, the use of new tech-savvy tools Should the state curb its enthusiasm for can be alienating and intimidating. Using tech? Three design principles are key if technology requires learning new ways to technology is to truly and effectively help make demands and withdraw benefits, and transform India’s social protection systems. new norms and modes of local behavior. First, technology must be seen as a tool, Tech-optimists suggest that problems not a solution. We need to be clear-eyed faced by local governments and citizens about what problem we expect a particular in using technology which manifest in technology to solve, and consistently assess reports of delays and exclusion due to poor the efficacy of the tools deployed. Solutions 4 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 such as Aadhaar and Direct Benefit Transfers identifying the problem, we can’t analyze (DBTs) are often touted as gamechangers for performance of technology tools – as Indian social protection. Are they? Depends these are simply enablers, parts of a larger – what problem are they solving? If the solution. problem is payment leakages emerging from Second, while technology is seen as a tool to “ghosts” or fake beneficiaries siphoning off enhance state capabilities, the effective use monies, then as some early studies indicate, of technology requires a far more capable Aadhaar and DBT can make some difference. state. In social protection, a core motivation However, evaluated from the perspective underpinning many tech-based reforms is of inclusion and citizen satisfaction, the the idea of removing the human interface evidence paints a different picture. In from the delivery landscape by making particular, the role of Aadhaar in delivering processes as automated as possible. This benefit transfers has come under significant idea is rooted in how Indian policymaking academic, legal and civil society scrutiny for often casts ‘last-mile’ cadres as apathetic – privacy concerns, delayed payments, and powerful, corrupt entities who barely show triggering exclusion through authentication up to work, are indifferent to the needs of failures. Recent process assessments citizens, dispense patronage, and use power from Union Territories for personal gain. Yet the where governments are experience with various IT transferring food subsidies innovations suggests that through electronic cash Technology changes the skill sets, capabilities, payments highlight the the requirements and size of the local significant challenges bureaucracy is critical to posed by limited financial for human ensuring benefit transfer literacy and banking systems are inclusive, networks, even in resources, but does timely and citizen-friendly. urbanized environments. not make the need For example, within Importantly, what Aadhaar- for strong local staff many poor states in enabled digital payments India, the challenge of cannot do is ensure that obsolete implementing electronic benefits reach the most payments through DBT is needy citizen. exacerbated by weak last- mile capacities, reliance on paper registers Reviews of various programs highlight how in view of poor presence of reliable banking exclusion continues to plague cash transfer outlets in the interior rural areas. The four programs such as social pensions in India. crucial steps to undertake DBT – digitizing Identification of the poor whom the social beneficiary databases, collecting the protection system seeks to prioritize has correct and functional financial address of historically been problematic in India due to a person, seeding the beneficiary database the poor design and execution of the BPL with identification information, and ensuring system. While biometrically authenticated mechanisms which deliver payments to DBTs can verify if a certain person received a beneficiaries without exclusion or delays are certain amount with maximum accuracy and fairly transaction-intensive and non-trivial. minimum leakage, these tools cannot tell us if the person receiving the benefit is most in In various states, private players and state IT need of it. Aadhaar is proof of identity, not cadres have emerged to support routinised eligibility or priority. DBT can only provide a aspects of this work such as data entry, secure pipeline to transfer payments. Neither system development, and digitization. solves questions on who should be given However, tackling citizen claims and disputes greater priority for transfers. on personal authentication, financial address information, payment settlements, and other The problem of eligibility determination technology related pain-points rest with an requires a very different set of interventions understaffed, unmotivated, and overtasked such as social registries. Without clearly Panchayat and block office. The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 5 Given the hetereogeneity across India’s his superiors or politicians. But complaints villages and cities, identifying problems triggered by misuse or errors in the use clearly requires a state that is able to of tech tools can be difficult to pick up, deliberate with local stakeholders, while comprehend and process. capturing and absorbing citizen feedback. Thus, it’s critical that governments invest Countries such as Brazil and Mexico have in methods to balance these asymmetries. invested in large cadres of social workers Robust regulation and legal regimes, which for case management and citizen interface. are a main focus of the debate in India So, technology changes the requirements following the Aadhaar judgment, are only for human resources, but does not make the part of the solution. These laws must be need for strong local staff obsolete. complemented by systems that allow citizens Third, policy makers need to be mindful of to query and update their information through the new power asymmetries created by the online and offline methods. use of technology. Programmers, government IT agencies, and system developers are Reaping maximum gains from digital increasingly powerful in the new tech-savvy resources needs complementary and fairly welfare state. These agencies hold vast sophisticated investments in regulation, (Change background colour as needed) amounts of private data on transactions laws, and human resources. After all, and attributes. At the same time, the program governance involves deeply political very language, nature, and production of and peopled landscapes; these can’t be technology makes it opaque and distant from engineered in a social vacuum. ordinary citizens, thus less tractable to local politics and activism. Aiyar is President and Chief Executive of Centre for Policy Research, and earlier Many of us are often bewildered at worked for The World Bank’s Water and the acronyms and terminology used in Sanitation Program and Rural Development discussions on social programs. While you unit in Delhi. Bhattacharya is Senior Social can perhaps find the truck driver who has Protection Economist, The World Bank. diverted the PDS ration truck and agitate Pritchett is Professor of the Practice of against local shopkeepers or Panchayat International Development at Harvard officials, fighting against weak connectivity, a Kennedy School who earlier worked with slow computer, or a malfunctioning point- The World Bank. of-sale device is an alien concept for many Indians. If you thought your local Panchayat This article was first published in The Indian official was corrupt, you can complain to Express on 14 March 2019. 6 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 Lighthouse India India’s sanitation drive inspires Nigeria I ndia is making bold strides in delivering clean and safe sanitation to its poorest citizens under the Swachh Bharat Mission The delegation included officials from the Nigerian ministries of finance, water resources, state-level government and (SBM), a nation-wide cleanliness campaign service providers. It also included senior launched by the Indian government in representatives from development agencies October 2014. supporting Nigeria’s sanitation mission and the study tour itself, such as World Bank, Open defecation has been a tough challenge UNICEF, WaterAid and Water Supply and for Nigeria in sub-Saharan Africa as well, Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). where 47 million people still defecate in the open. “Nigeria prides herself on a number At the end of the study tour, the delegation of achievements and triumphs globally. But shared key takeaways that would help inform the trophy for open defecation is not one Nigeria’s sanitation agenda. This included we are looking forward to having,” wrote the presence of political will, leadership the Nigerian Minister for Water Resources, and energy at the highest levels, backed Suleiman H. Adamu, in an op-ed titled with adequate financial commitments; clear “Swachh Nigeria” in an Indian news daily on implementation targets; and an online, real- February 14, 2019. time monitoring system. Keen to learn how India designed, financed Delegates also learned that financing for and implemented its rural sanitation mission, SBM-Grameen first came through a nominal SBM-Grameen, a 35-member high-level cess levied on citizens, which was later delegation from Nigeria attended a subsumed under the General Services Tax, 10-day study tour to India from February with a shared 75-25 funding from the national 3-12, 2019. and state level. 7 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 Equally important, they learned, was level and the focus on engaging with tribal- ownership of the mission at all levels of populated communities. government, departments and by citizens, The role played by women in ground-level which helped make it a people’s movement advocacy and leadership was especially across rural India. admired. The rani mistris—women masons— “Everywhere you go, everybody is talking trained by the Jharkhand government, were about Swachh Bharat – from a small child particularly inspiring. They offered a live to adults,” noted Opara Chizoma, Acting demonstration of retrofitting single pit toilets Coordinator, Open Defecation Free Nigeria into twin-pit ones. Campaign. “Every government person that “You could really feel how proud they we have spoken to, you could see that were to do the work they’re doing, including everybody has [SBM] at the tip of their contributing financially to their families. fingers. They talk with authority and you can Some of them said their kids are now proud see the strong commitment that they are of them, which was very moving,” said demonstrating and the passion that they are Oluyemisi Akpa, Chief Scientific Officer, showing,” added Chizoma. Federal Ministry of Water Resources, Nigeria. Delegates were familiarized with the role The delegates understood how local of development partners in meeting the communities and behavior change motivators Government of India’s twin objectives under can effectively link better sanitation to the SBM-Grameen: creating demand for better safety, health and dignity of women. They sanitation among people directly through also attended an address made by Prime behavior change campaigns, and meeting Minister Narendra Modi to women SBM that demand through a financial incentive to leaders in Kurukshetra, Haryana, where he build the actual toilets. Disbursements were especially wished Nigeria success in its made only after verifying that households endeavor to become open-defecation free. have built toilets fully or partially using their own resources first. This proved to be a The delegation took back key learnings to (Change background colour as needed) winning “demand and supply” formula. integrate into their existing National WASH Action Plan. A National sanitation campaign During a field visit to the central-eastern state called “Clean Nigeria, Use the Toilet” will soon of Jharkhand, delegates met the state’s Chief be launched by Nigerian President. Minister, district officials from the Hazaribagh district, and village-level SBM officials. “Lighthouse India” is a World Bank initiative They learnt about the state’s innovative supporting systematic knowledge exchanges implementation approaches, recent progress, on development good practices across Indian strong leadership at the decision-making states and with the world. 8 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 Recent Project Approvals Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Program T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved financing of $287 million for the Tamil Nadu Health System The program will develop care monitoring and response for non-communicable diseases (NCD); strengthen lab services; improve Reform Program. The program aims to health provider capacity to address mental improve the quality of health care, strengthen health; improve data on NCDs and mental management of non-communicable diseases health for better planning and management; and injuries, and reduce inequities in and strengthen social and behavior change reproductive and child health services in the communication. state of Tamil Nadu. The program will also support the implementation and further strengthening the 108-ambulance service to improve pre- hospital care, 24x7 trauma care services to improve in-hospital care, and establishment of a trauma registry. In addition, the program will support (Change background colour as operational research, implementation research, and health systems research to inform decision making, generating lessons for Tamil Nadu as well as other states. Second Rajasthan State Highways Development Program T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved financing of $400 million for the Second Rajasthan State efficient growth by adopting greener and efficient transport pathways. Also included is a pilot of about 100 km Highways Development Program. The of digital highways through interventions program aims to build capacity for better such as toll management systems, incident management of 766 km of state highways detection and management systems using and to improve traffic flows on selected state CCTV cameras, speed management systems, highways in the state of Rajasthan. and solar-powered animal crossing warning The project will support construction, system, among others. upgrading, improvement and maintenance of The project will also potentially undertake 766 km of state highways and major district gender-related interventions such as security roads. It will do this while supporting resource enhancements for women and girls at bus stops and other locations. It will provide facilities such as ramps for differently abled persons. This will promote reduced travel times; lower costs of doing business for producers and consumers; and faster, cheaper access to (Change background colour as needed) basic services for the population at large, especially those living in rural areas and smaller centers along the corridors, thereby improving competitiveness. 9 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved financing of $400 million for the Program Towards Elimination of drug resistance and completion of treatment l Support improving airborne infection Tuberculosis. The project aims to improve the control in high-risk settings in Drug- coverage and quality of tuberculosis control Resistant TB centers in targeted states interventions in the private and public sector in l Help Government of India build the nine states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, institutional capacity Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, l Support Nikshay 2.0 – strengthening and West Bengal, Assam, and Tamil Nadu. data integrity This is expected to be achieved by scaling- l Support the Ministry of Health and Family up private sector engagement to ensure Welfare to develop and implement a timely diagnosis and notification and effective human resource plan to meet the needs of management of Tuberculosis (TB) among the National Strategic Plan patients in line with standards of TB care in l Support annual state and national TB (Change background colour as ne India. forums, which are venues for vertical integration of social accountability, civic It also aims to: engagement, stakeholder consultations, l Track progress in detection of additional and peer learning at different levels. Innovation in Solar Power and Hybrid Technologies (ISHTP) T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved a loan of $150 million for financing the Innovation in Solar show applications that can be deployed at a large scale in India’s power system. It will also help build Solar Energy Corporation of Power and Hybrid Technologies Project. The India’s market facilitation capacity through project aims to demonstrate the operational monitoring and disseminating its experience and economic feasibility of utility-scale in design, construction, operation and innovative renewable energy technologies contractual arrangements to renewable and battery energy storage solutions, market stakeholders in India. and to strengthen institutional capacity to ISHTP will also finance large-scale facilitate scale-up of such technologies on a greenfield hybrid solutions, combining wind, commercial basis in India. (Change background colour as needed) solar or BESS technologies that are tailored The project will support in financing to meet site-specific requirements and will innovative renewable energy (RE) and be implemented across India in several battery energy storage solutions (BESS) to states. Uttar Pradesh Core Road Network Development Project T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved financing of $400 million for the Uttar Pradesh Core Road safety cell, improving commercial driver training institute, vehicle inspection and testing centers and social marketing/media Network Development Project. The project will campaign. build capacity of the three main government The central focus will be on best practice agencies—Traffic Police, Transport safety engineering and changing road Department and Public Works Department— users’ behavior through improved police responsible for road safety. (Change background colour as needed) enforcement and social marketing measures This will include developing accident data on high-risk national and state highways, management system, establishing highway to achieve quick, visible and measurable police for the first time, strengthening road reductions in traffic fatalities. 10 The World Bank in India • May 2019 12 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. West Bengal Institutional Strengthening of Gram Panchayats Project Context West Bengal Institutional Strengthening West Bengal was one of the forerunners of Gram Panchayats Project in establishing the three-tier Panchayati Approval Date: 8 June, 2010 Raj Institution System (PRI) for rural local governance in India. The state government Closing Date: 30 June, 2016 wanted to focus on Gram Panchayats (GPs) Total Project Cost US$ 283.86 million – the lowest level of rural governments that were legally empowered to deliver local Bank Financing: US$ 197.33 million infrastructure and services – as critical Implementing Panchayats and delivery and governance units within the Agency: Rural Development overall PRI system. To achieve this objective, Department, the government needed to address three Government of West Bengal priority challenges: funding gaps, capacity constraints, and performance/results Outcome: Highly Satisfactory monitoring. Risk to Development Moderate To address these challenges, the Outcome: Government of West Bengal (GoWB) planned Overall Bank Satisfactory to introduce a grant to Gram Panchayats to Performance: invest in public services and infrastructure Overall Borrower Highly Satisfactory in line with local needs, together with the Performance: necessary capacity-building inputs to allow The World Bank in India • May 2019 11 12 them to enhance their performance. It is Integrated Action Plans, thus ensuring social in this context that GoWB approached the inclusion. World Bank for support. Over the course of the project, around Project Development Objectives 92,000 investments/activities were carried The main objective of the West Bengal out by the project Gram Panchayats using Institutional Strengthening of Gram ISGPP grants. These activities can be Panchayats Project (ISGPP) was to develop grouped under three major sectors: transport strong Panchayati Raj Institutions in the (about 54 percent), water and sanitation state. The achievement of the project (23 percent), and public buildings (around objectives was to be measured in terms 20 percent). The potential benefits of these of key performance that were (a) at least investments included reduced transport 80 percent of the 1,000 Gram Panchayats costs, reduced flood damage, reduced having well-functioning fiduciary and water-borne diseases and the associated planning systems and (b) successfully health benefits, reduced time cost of fetching establishing a performance-based grant water, and increased job creation. transfer system that could be rolled out to Gender Sensitiveness other Gram Panchayats. The project also helped promote greater The direct beneficiaries of this project were gender responsive budgeting and planning the 1,000 participating Gram Panchayats in project Gram Panchayats. Just before in the targeted districts, which received the the 2013 panchayat general elections, block grants and technical assistance from GoWB adopted a landmark policy to the project. In addition, the Gram Panchayats reserve 50 percent of elected representative which received trainings under the project slots in all Gram Panchayats for women. would also benefit in terms of expected The government provided training to the improvement in soft skills and capacity Elected Women Representatives (EWRs), building. Government agencies at the which empowered them to take part in district, block and state level also benefited critical decision-making processes. In turn, from the technical support and training gender specific initiatives gradually gained provided through the project. prominence in the budgeting and planning of Gram Panchayats. It was noted that more Achievements than 50 percent of the beneficiaries were By the completion of the project, almost 98.6 female. Analysis reports suggest that a growth percent of the Gram Panchayats had well- in the proportion of gender-specific budget functioning fiduciary and planning systems allocation per female was observed in seven in place, as measured by the performance of the nine project districts, with the highest assessments conducted annually during the increase of 122 percent in Bankura District. project. Based on the substantive success achieved in putting in place institutional A study to assess the effectiveness of arrangements for transparent release and communication and service delivery under utilization of grant funding received, the ISGPP was carried out by a third-party project could be rolled out to other Gram consultancy in January 2016, using both Panchayats in the state. quantitative and qualitative methods. The study found that ISGPP had a significant The project introduced the Vulnerable Group impact on rural communities in terms of Development Index (VGDI) as a new tool for increased awareness and improved service promoting inclusive development in Gram delivery. Respondents mentioned that Panchayats. This helped Gram Panchayats service delivery through planned public identify backward areas and disadvantaged infrastructure, such as improved roads, water rural citizens and enabled their active supply, sanitation and drainage systems, participation in the planning processes of had improved. Respondents also felt that Gram Panchayats. It also helped Gram Gram Panchayats management systems had Panchayats prioritize areas and/or activities speeded up service delivery significantly, to ensure equitable and sustainable e.g., the computerized system of issuing development, which was reflected in their birth and death certificates. 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 Lessons Learned Separation of the executing and evaluating Performance-based block grants are agencies helped ensure objectivity and effective and efficient in improving the integrity of performance assessment. performance of local governments. ISGPP Maintaining the integrity of the performance was instrumental in creating an altogether evaluation system was key to the success new governance environment in the project of ISGPP. The use of consulting firms for the Gram Panchayats by using performance- external audit of the annual performance based grants to motivate them to improve assessments managed by the implementing their performance on institutional aspects, agency rather than the executing agency especially on timely preparation of annual ensured objectivity. plans and budgets, execution of sub- Good communication and documentation projects, citizen engagement, accounting, improve transparency and citizen monitoring and reporting, etc. participation. The impact evaluation of the Political will and borrower ownership are project showed that providing information key to the success of local governance to community members resulted in their improvement programs. There was a strong increased and active participation in various demand and commitment from GoWB to Gram Panchayats meetings. Dissemination implement ISGPP. The objective of this of project information to Gram Panchayats project was well aligned with GoWB’s plans residents through various channels, such as to deepen the devolution of powers and information booklets, TV commercials, radio (Change b functions to rural local governments. The spots, notice boards, hoardings and wall project was prepared at a time when various writings ensured that community members decentralization processes were already were well informed and could participate underway in the state. Even the change effectively in all Gram Panchayat platforms. in government at the state level at the beginning phase of the project did not affect the implementation of the project. 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 13 Face to Face World Bank weaves a billion-dollar Bengal vision By Sambit Saha in Kolkata World Bank Countyry Director Junaid Kamal Ahmad speaks about investments in West Bengal and the Bank’s changing role as a leveraging bank. The World Bank group’s investments in Bengal are set to cross the $1-billion threshold soon – and it is looking to raise commitments by another $1 billion once it rejigs the mechanism through which it funnels funds into the state. Where do you see this going? O ur investments (in Bengal) have really grown in the last four-five years. I anticipate that in the next couple of years, we will easily be able to pump in an additional billion dollars. The World Bank has so far ploughed around $365 million into state-specific programs in the areas of irrigation and capacity building for gram panchayats. We are looking to take projects worth another $545 million to the World Bank Executive Board of Directors in sectors such as logistics and transport, irrigation and flood management, among others, by June. These schemes are likely to be implemented in the next two to three years. We are also keen to step up investments in the areas of logistics, social security programs and urban administration. What do you see most of this investment being used for? A substantial part of the funds will be used to build basic public infrastructure such as roads and jetties. There is great potential for inland waterways. The greater Kolkata area can become a transit logistics gateway for the entire East. It is becoming extremely important to create accessibility and connectivity. The combination of the eastern dedicated freight corridor which will end here, the waterways, railways, roads, and ports provides an opportunity for massive stimulation of growth. I was absolutely stunned to discover that land prices around the eastern dedicated freight corridor (EDFC) have surged 10 times over the last five years. We are also seeing investments in railways and jetties. What do you think the West Bengal government may consider to do to gain most from World Bank programs? The Bengal government should not be satisfied with just the quick wins. In my opinion, we need to start a conversation among Kolkata, Dhaka, Guwahati, Sikkim, Thimpu, and Kathmandu. Because the pie is not fixed; it can grow if conversations take place. For instance, 14 The World Bank in India • May 12 2019 January 2015 Dhaka and Kolkata must discuss where the deep sea port ought to come up. If both of them can jointly own a deep sea port, this will change the face of development in this part of the world. The discussions have already begun and started yielding results. Bengal is selling electricity to Bangladesh, and the waterways are now connecting Kolkata with Narayangunj for eco- tourism. This is important, but we are only scratching the surface. Now, it is time that the state-level leadership broadens the scope of talks with the surrounding countries and we are hoping to facilitate that dialogue. The World Bank is aiming to change its funding mechanism – by morphing its role from a lending bank to a leveraging bank. Tell us more about this. The Bank is trying to bring in the private sector to create new infrastructure and manage them. The idea is to provide private investors with some level of comfort with respect to fund exposures. Instead of investing $1 billion in a project, it will work as a sort of risk insurance for private money. That way I can double or triple the amount of money coming in. This is what we call risk insurance credit enhancement tool — in the logistic/transport sector, my goal would be to put $200 million of World Bank money. This will catalyze an investment of at least a $1 billion of private money. If we do that, then it is just not a $1 billion we are investing, but a billion dollars that will leverage 4-5 times. How does this risk insurance concept work? If a private sector is willing to invest but for only up to five years because of the risk perceptions, the Bank’s guarantee could give them the comfort to take it up to 10 years. And then if there is any issue, the institution will pay from the 5th year to the 10th year. You then begin to stretch the maturity of the private money to the 10th year because we are putting a credit enhancement to it. That’s what we mean by becoming a leveraging bank – and it will be a game changer. We have done this with Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL), a public sector entity. Under the program, EESL will deploy 219 million LED bulbs and tube lights, 5.8 million ceiling fans and 7.2 million street lights, which will be supplied by private sector manufacturers and suppliers. We have given it a line of credit $300 million (comprising a $220-million loan agreement and a $80-million guarantee agreement). We have also invested $1 billion in Powergrid Corporation Corporation Ltd (PGCL) which can go to market and raise international money. But what they can do is also swap… they could say take the World Bank money and swap it. Tell us about the World Bank’s proposed intervention in the social sector schemes. We plan to put together a common infrastructure that will include creating a social registry to identify all girl students, farmers and unemployed youth who need state support. Our aims is also to build a robust financial management system to ensure money flows seamlessly from the government to the bank account of the recipients. (Change background colour as needed) We are working with municipalities and corporations to help them raise more revenue from taxes, manage the revenue and state grants for projects efficiently and operate and maintain the assets (roads, markets and solid waste management projects) created by the fund to prevent them from decaying. This article was first published in The Telegraph on February 25, 2019. 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 15 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org South Asia Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: South Asia Economic Focus Spring 2019: “Exports The World Bank PIC Wanted” The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By The World Bank 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Available On-Line New Delhi – 110 001, India Published: April 2019, Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 98 pages Website: www.worldbank.org English Version, Paperback Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org ISBN (electronic): 978-1- 4648-1407-5 PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR South Asia remained the fastest growing region in Viva Books Pvt Ltd the world last year, but 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj growth was again driven by domestic demand – and not New Delhi – 110 002 exports – which resulted in another year of double-digit Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 volume growth of imports. 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Closing the export gap is an essential step in addressing both short-term and long-term macroeconomic challenges in South Asia. 12 16 The World Bank in India • May 2019 India: Policy Research Working Papers WPS8796 This paper examines patterns of market integration for Electrification and Women’s Empowerment: food commodities in India. Evidence from Rural India First, it tests the extent of domestic spatial market By Hussain A. Samad and Fan Zhang integration for retail and wholesale markets in 2006–14 Electrification has been shown to accelerate and 2008–15, respectively, and looks at patterns of price opportunities for women by moving them into more transmission of shocks from international sources. productive activities, but whether improvements in Second, it measures vertical integration from wholesale economic outcomes also change gender norms and to retail markets and tests for asymmetric speed of practices within the household remains unclear. adjustment to shocks. This paper investigates the causal link between Third, it examines the determinants of spatial electricity access and women’s empowerment, using integration. The results reveal that in India, food a large gender-disaggregated data set on India. markets are imperfectly integrated across space, with Empowerment is measured by women’s decision- the law of one price being systematically rejected, with making ability, mobility, financial autonomy, reproductive heterogeneities across states and products. There freedom, and social participation. Using propensity is substantial co-movement between wholesale and score matching, the study finds that electrification retail prices, although integration is still imperfect in all enhances all measures of women’s empowerment and commodities but one: rice, for which perfect vertical is associated with an 11-percentage point increase integration cannot be rejected. Retail prices adjust in the overall empowerment index. Employment and faster when wholesale prices rise than when wholesale education are identified as the two most important prices fall. causal channels through which electrification enables empowerment. The analysis of the determinants of spatial integration reveals that prior to implementation of the Goods and Services Tax, the mere act of crossing a state border WPS8755 increased prices; unexploited gains from arbitrage Integration and Price Transmission in Key Food persisted after considering the effects of transport Commodity Markets in India costs; and information frictions and menu costs By Mauro Boffa and Gonzalo J. Varela reduced market integration. Other Publications High-Growth Firms: Facts, Fiction, and Policy dynamics in Brazil, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Hungary, Options for Emerging Economies India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Tunisia, and Turkey. Its findings reveal that high-growth firms are By Arti Grover Goswami, not only powerful engines of job and output growth but Denis Medvedev, and Ellen also create positive spillovers for other businesses along Olafsen the value chain. Available On-Line Published: February 2019, 193 pages Ensuring Quality to Gain Access to Global Markets: A English Version, Paperback Reform Toolkit ISBN: 978-1-4648-1368-9 By Martin Kellermann Remarkably, a small Available On-Line fraction of firms account for Published: March 2019, most of the job and output 2 Volumes creation in high-income and developing countries alike. English Version, Paperback Does this imply that the path to enabling more economic ISBN: 978-1-4648-1372-6 dynamism lies in selectively targeting high-potential In a modern world with firms? Or would pursuing broad-based reforms that rapidly growing international minimize distortions be more effective? trade, countries compete Inspired by these questions, this book presents new less on the availability of evidence on the incidence, characteristics, and drivers natural resources, geographical advantages, and lower of high-growth firms based on in-depth studies of firm labor costs and more on factors related to a firm’s ability 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 17 to enter and compete in new markets. One such factor effective tool for achieving climate outcomes, focusing is the ability to demonstrate the quality and safety of on how policymakers can utilize auctions to accelerate goods and services expected by consumers and to NDC implementation and raise climate ambition. It also confirm compliance with international standards. To outlines how climate auctions work and where they are ensure such compliance, a sound quality infrastructure most effective. The policy brief was produced by staff (QI) ecosystem is essential. Jointly developed by of the World Bank with external contributions from the the World Bank Group and the National Metrology Rocky Mountain Institute. Institute of Germany, Ensuring Quality to Gain Access to Global Markets: A Reform Toolkit is designed to help development partners and governments analyze Paths between Peace and Public Service: A a country’s QI ecosystem, provide recommendations Comparative Analysis of Public Service Reform to design and implement reforms, and enhance the Trajectories in Postconflict Countries capacity of QI institutions. By Jürgen René Blum, The toolkit’s 12 modules provide a systematic, holistic Marcos Ferreiro-Rodríguez, knowledge resource—supported by practical case and Vivek Srivastava studies and examples—for QI diagnostics, reform Available On-Line interventions and approaches, and monitoring and Published: February 2019, evaluation. 442 pages English Version, Paperback Related diagnostic tools are also available online at ISBN: 978-1-4648-1082-4 http://www.worldbank.org/qi and https://www.ptb.de/qitoolkit. This study provides policy guidance on how to rebuild public services in Climate Auctions: A Market-Based Approach to postconflict settings. It conducts a comparative analysis National Climate Action of public service reform trajectories in five postconflict By Paul Bodnar, Caroline countries: Afghanistan, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Downes Ott, Tyeler Marissa Sudan, and Timor-Leste. Matsuo, Julia Meisel and et.al. Available On-Line Global Value Chain Development Report 2019: Published: February 2019, Technological Innovation, Supply Chain Trade, and 16 pages Workers in a Globalized World English Version, Paperback By The World Bank and Report No.: 134832 World Trade Organization With the Paris Agreement Available On-Line and most of its detailed rulebook now finalized, Published: April 2019, countries and subnational actors face the challenge of 196 pages translating climate targets and strategies into action English Version, Paperback and determining how to finance these actions. Through ISBN 978-92-870-4771-7 the Pilot Auction Facility for Methane and Climate More than two-thirds of Change Mitigation (PAF), the World Bank developed world trade occurs through an innovative financial mechanism—climate auctions global value chains (GVCs), —which stimulates private investment in projects that in which production crosses at least one border, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. typically many borders, before final assembly. Climate auctions offer price guarantees to companies The phenomenal growth in GVC-related trade that can deliver eligible climate results in the future. These has translated into significant economic growth in price guarantees are allocated through a transparent, many countries across the globe over the last two efficient auctioning process, which maximizes the decades, fueled by reductions in transportation and climate impact of scarce public funds. In the near-term, communication costs and declining trade barriers. countries can utilize climate auctions to spur significant But, at the same time, it has contributed to distributional investments in low-carbon activities and mobilize finance effects that mean that the benefits of trade have not at the scale and pace necessary to achieve their national always accrued to all, which has, at least in part, been climate targets, laying the groundwork for longer-term a driver in the backlash against globalization and the carbon pricing and greater climate ambition. rise of protectionism and threats to global and regional This policy brief is intended to inform policymakers trade agreements. In addition, new technological and public funders about why climate auctions are an developments such as robotics, big data, and the 12 18 The World Bank in India • May 2019 Internet of Things (IoT) are beginning to reshape and the request of The World Bank, who also financed the further transform GVCs. research. This second GVC development report takes stock The researchers involved in this study carried out of the recent evolution of GVC trade in light of these objective and independent research to realize the developments. project objectives. This Introduction chapter describes the background of the project including: the project objectives, Additionally, it presents a working definition Fair Progress? Economic Mobility Across of short sea shipping and the, to be designed, Generations Around the World methodology, and a report structure. By Ambar Narayan, Roy Van der Weide, Alexandru Building Resilience: A Green Growth Framework for Cojocaru, Christoph Lakner, Mobilizing Mining Investment Silvia Redaelli, Daniel Gerszon Mahler, By Sri Sekar, Kyle Lundin, Rakesh Gupta N. Christopher Tucker, Joe Ramasubbaiah and Figueiredo and et.al. Stefan Thewissen Available On-Line Available On-Line Published: April 2019, Published:April 2018, 299 pages 311 pages English Version. Paperback English Version, Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1426-6 ISBN (print): 978-1-4648-1210-1 Building Resilience: A ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1279-8 Green Growth Framework Fair Progress? Economic Mobility Across Generations for Mobilizing Mining Investment investigates the extent Around the World looks at an issue that has gotten to which the mining industry can contribute to green much attention in the developed world, but with, for the growth. Despite what ought to be a tight nexus of public first time, new data and analysis covering most of the and private interest in targeted green sector investment, world, including developing economies. this report finds that there is a misalignment between mining companies’ investment in climate-sensitive The analysis examines whether those born in poverty production processes, and policy makers’ efforts to or in prosperity are destined to remain in the same develop a cohesive green economy framework for economic circumstances into which they were born, and industry to navigate. looks back over a half a century at whether children’s lives are better or worse than their parents’ in different To address this misalignment, this report proposes a parts of the world. It suggests local, national, and global framework to help mining companies and governments actions and policies that can help break the cycle of integrate climate change and local economic poverty, paving the way for the next generation to realize opportunity activities. Going further, the report offers their potential and improve their lives. examples of projects and policies that support green growth: particularly climate-related activities that create scalable economic value and invest in long-lasting green Food Loss Reduction in Emerging Economies by infrastructure. Exploiting Short Sea Opportunities By Schripsema, Auke; Soethoudt, Han; Tromp, Seth; Jani, Bhairavi; Vaishnav, Priyanca; Anit, Anjali; Pradhan, Sibasish Available On-Line Published: March 2019, 225 pages English Version, Paperback Report No.: 135504 This document is the result of research into the development of short sea shipping. This research was carried out by Wageningen Food and Biobased Research (WFBR) researchers in 2017 and 2018 at 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 19 India Project Documents Andhra Pradesh Rural Inclusive Growth Project Industrial Pollution Management Date 12 March 2019 Date 28 February 2019 Project ID 152210 Project ID P091031 Report No. RES33677 (Project Paper) Report No. ICRR0021558 (Implementation Completion Report Review) SFG 5298(Environmental Assessment, Vol. 2) ICDS Systems Strengthening Nutrition Improvement Program Andhra Pradesh Health systems Strengthening Project Date 28 February 2019 Date 07 February 2019 Project ID P121731 Project ID 167581 Report No. RES35898 (Project Paper) Report No. PIDISDSA25856 (Project Information and Safeguards Data Sheet) Innovations in Solar Power and Hybrid Technologies Project SFG5048 (Environmental Assessment, Vol. 2) Date 01 February 2019 Project ID P160379 Assam Inland Water Transport Project Report No. SFG4529, SFG4797 (2 Vol.) Date 01 March 2019 (Environmental Assessment – Telugu) Project ID 157929 SFG4812 (2 Vol.) (Resettlement Plan – Telugu) Report No. SFG5271 (Environmental Assessment, Vol. 2) PAD2067 (Project Appraisal Document) Creating Inclusive Business Models for Marginalized ICDS Systems Strengthening Nutrition Improvement Tribal Communities in Odisha, Jharkhand and Program Madhya Pradesh Project Date 04 December 2018 Date 05 April 2019 Project ID P121731 Project ID 145419 Report No. RES35898 (Project Paper) Report No. RES33677 (Project Paper) SFG 5298(Environmental Assessment, MSME Growth Innovation and Inclusive Finance Vol. 2) Project Date 21 March 2019 Dam Rehabilitation Improvement Project Project ID P151544 Date 09 February 2019 Report No. RES25907 (Project Paper) Project ID 166977 Report No. PIDISDSA25760 (Project Information North East Rural Livelihoods Project and Safeguards Data Sheet) Date 01 March 2019 PAD2874 (Project Paper) Project ID P102330 Report No. RES35908 (Project Paper) Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar Project Date 04 April 2019 Odisha Disaster Recovery Project Project ID 155007 Date 19 March 2019 Report No. RES35756 (Project Paper) Project ID P148868 Report No. RES35941 (Project Paper) 12 20 The World Bank in India • May 2019 Odisha Integrated Irrigated Project on Climate Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Program Resilient Agriculture Date 23 February 2019 Date 12 March 2019 Project ID P166373 Project ID P163533 Report No. Environmental and Social Systems Report No. SFG5311 (Environmental Assessment) Assessment Fiduciary Systems Assessment Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis Technical Assessment Date 26 February 2019 PAD3093 (Project Appraisal Document) Project ID P167523 Report No. Program-for-Results Fiduciary Systems Vocational Training Improvement Project Assessment Date 26 March 2019 Program-for-Results Technical Project ID P099047 Assessment Report No. ICR4452 (Implementation Completion Program-for-Results Environmental and Results Reports) and Social systems Assessment PAD3185 (Project Appraisal Document) Uttar Pradesh Core Road Network Development Project Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project Date 01 February 2019 Date 27 March 2019 Project ID P147864 Project ID P124614 Report No. SFG4804, SFG5155 (Environmental Report No. RES36147 (Project Paper) Assessment) ISDSA12241 (Project Information and Second Rajasthan State Highways Development Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Project PAD1120 (Project Appraisal Document) Date 08 March 2019 Project ID P157141 Uttar Pradesh Health Systems Strengthening Project Report No. PAD2830 (Project Appraisal Document) Date 18 March 2019 SFG4488, SFG4550 (Resettlement Project ID P100304 Plan) Report No. RES362 (Project Paper) Resilient Kerala Program Uttarakhand Public Financial management Date 07 March 2019 Strengthening Project Project ID P169907 Date 08 February 2019 Report No. PIDC26205 (Program Information Project ID P147864 Document) Report No. PAD3001 (Project Appraisal Document) FG4550 West Bengal Major Irrigation and Flood Management Sustainable Urban Transport Project Project Date 25 March 2019 Date 11 February 2019 Project ID P110371 Project ID P162679 Report No. ICR4489 (Implementation Completion Report No. PIDISDSA24721 (Project Information and Results Report) and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 21 From the Blogworld Alternative methods to produce poverty estimates when household consumption data are not available (Part I) By Hai-anh H. Dang, Co-authors: Dean Michell Jolliffe, Calogero Carletto P overty reduction consistently ranks among the most prioritized tasks of developing countries as well as the international community. Indeed, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recently adopted by the United Nations General Assembly call (Change background colour as needed) for eliminating poverty by 2030 in its very first goal. A good understanding about poverty trends and dynamics could result in more efficient policies and better use of resources. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y69oruop The promise and limitations of cash transfers to adolescent females By Berk Ozler A mong the rapidly growing literature regarding the effects of cash transfers on sustained human capital accumulation for adolescent females, comes a paper that attempts to provide a comprehensive assessment of the relative effects of conditional and unconditional cash transfers targeted to adolescents for two years during a period of transition into (Change background colour as needed) adulthood. The picture that emerges is mixed, reminding us that while there may be some room for optimism for durable effects in certain areas, such programs are limited in their effects. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yxtnqr8x Demystifying machine learning for disaster risk management By Giuseppe Molinario, Co-authors: Vivien Deparday T o some, artificial intelligence is a mysterious term that sparks thoughts of robots and supercomputers. But the truth is machine learning algorithms and their applications, while potentially mathematically complex, are relatively simple to understand. Disaster risk management (DRM) and resilience professionals are, in fact, increasingly using machine learning algorithms to collect better data about risk and vulnerability, make more informed decisions, and, ultimately, save lives. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are used synonymously, but there are broader 12 22 The World Bank in India • May 2019 From the Blogworld (Change background colour as needed) implications to artificial intelligence than to machine autonomous or semi-autonomous ways, in a process learning. Artificial (General) Intelligence evokes known as machine learning. images of Terminator-like dystopian futures, but in Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y6ljclzg reality, what we have now and will have for a long time is simply computers learning from data in Taking digital banking services to remote villages in north eastern India By Priti Kumar, Co-authors: Amit Arora U ntil six months ago, people in the remote corners of India’s Himalayan state of Sikkim had to travel long distances over the hillsides to do simple banking transactions. When they did reach a bank, it was usually overcrowded and understaffed. This made it difficult for rural folk, unfamiliar with formal financial systems to deposit or withdraw money, let alone borrow to meet their needs. Now change is in the air. Ever since the North East Rural Livelihoods Project (NERLP) - supported by the World Bank - helped banks in Sikkim’s western (Change background colour as needed) and southern districts engage local women self- help group (SHG) members as their business correspondents, people in these distant parts have been able to bank at their doorsteps. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/y4hdfntc Mainstreaming road safety audits: Making Indian roads safer By Pratap Tvgssshrk, Shomik Mehndiratta I ndia’s roads claim 150,000 lives a year, with more than 500,000 seriously injured, and the figures have been steadily increasing for the last 25 years, according to Government estimates. The human cost of this road safety crisis is enormous, and so is the impact on India’s economic outlook. A recent study by the World Bank with support from Bloomberg Philanthropies found that reducing road mortality and injuries by 50 percent could boost India’s GDP by as much as 14 percentage points of GDP over 24 years. But India is now seizing a unique opportunity to reverse this trend. As part of a national push for modernizing and improving the country’s network, tens of thousands of kilometers of roads are being (Change background colour as needed) constructed by the central Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) and state agencies. And they are committed to make road safety a central part of this effort. Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yys35o66 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 23 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS8820 WPS8809 Learning from Power Sector Reform: The Case of From Currency Depreciation to Trade Reform: How to Uganda Take Egyptian Exports to New Levels? By Catrina Godinho and Anton Adriaan Eberhard By Hoda Youssef and Chahir Zaki WPS8819 WPS8808 Learning from Power Sector Reform: The Case of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Health: A Global Kenya Stocktake By Catrina Godinho and Anton Adriaan Eberhard By Adam Wagstaff, Patrick Hoang-Vu Eozenou and Marc-Francois Smitz WPS8818 Inequality in the Quality of Health Services: Wealth, WPS8807 Content of Care, and Price of Antenatal Consultations The Belt and Road Initiative: Reshaping Economic in the Democratic Republic of Congo Geography in Central Asia? By Gunther Fink, Eeshani Kandpal and Gil Shapira By Julia Helen Bird, Mathilde Sylvie Maria Lebrand and Anthony J. Venables WPS8817 How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak WPS8806 Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan Who Wins, Who Loses? Understanding the Spatially By Alex Nowrasteh, Andrew C. Forrester and Cole Differentiated Effects of the Belt and Road Initiative Blondin By Somik V. Lall and Mathilde Sylvie Maria Lebrand WPS8816 WPS8805 Education Spillovers in Farm Productivity: Revisiting Distributional Effects of Tobacco Taxation: A the Evidence Comparative Analysis By Veronique Gille By Alan Fuchs, Maria Fernanda Gonzalez Icaza and Daniela Paula Paz WPS8815 Assessing the Value of Market Access from Belt and WPS8804 Road Projects Measuring What Matters in Global Value Chains and By Tristan Reed and Alexandr Trubetskoy Value-Added Trade By Alessandro Borin and Michele Mancini WPS8814 The Belt and Road Initiative: Economic, Poverty and WPS8803 Environmental Impacts Family Firms and Contractual Institutions By Maryla Maliszewska and Dominique Van Der By Leonardo Iacovone, William F. Maloney and Nick Mensbrugghe Tsivanidis WPS8813 WPS8802 Evolution of Poor Food Access over the Course of the What Works to Reduce Inequalities in Higher Conflict in the Republic of Yemen Education? A Systematic Review of the (Quasi-) By Sharad Alan Tandon and Tara Vishwanath Experimental Literature on Outreach and Financial Aid By Estelle Herbaut and Koen Martijn Geven WPS8812 Famine and the Aid Response: Evidence from the WPS8801 Announcement of Famine-Like Conditions in the Common Transport Infrastructure: A Quantitative Republic of Yemen Model and Estimates from the Belt and Road Initiative By Sharad Alan Tandon and Tara Vishwanath By Francois Michel Marie Raphael De Soyres, Alen Mulabdic and Michele Ruta WPS8811 E-Commerce Participation and Household Income WPS8800 Growth in Taobao Villages Rural Roads, Poverty, and Resilience: Evidence from By Xubei Luo and Chiyu Niu Ethiopia By Shohei Nakamura, Tom Bundervoet and Mohammed WPS8810 Nuru E-Commerce Development and Household Consumption Growth in China WPS8799 By Xubei Luo, Yue Wang and Xiaobo Zhang Micro-Equity for Microenterprises By Suresh De Mel, David J. Mckenzie and Christopher M. Woodruff 12 24 The World Bank in India • May 2019 WPS8798 WPS8786 Accounting for Regional Differences in Mother and Adding Space to the International Business Cycle Child Health: Bangladesh, West Bengal, Bihar, and By Girum Dagnachew Abate and Luis Serven Jharkhand WPS8785 By Susmita Dasgupta and David J. Wheeler Inflation Expectations: Review and Evidence WPS8797 By Ayhan Kose, Hideaki Matsuoka, Ugo G. Panizza and Of Governance and Revenue: Participatory Institutions Dana Lauren Vorisek and Tax Compliance in Brazil WPS8784 By Michael Ryan Touchton, Brian Wampler and Tiago Why Do Fiscal Multipliers Depend on Fiscal Carneiro Peixoto Positions? WPS8796 By Raju Huidrom, Ayhan Kose, Jamus Jerome Lim and Electrification and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence Franziska Lieselotte Ohnsorge from Rural India WPS8783 By Hussain A. Samad and Fan Zhang Are Management Practices Failing or Aiding the WPS8795 Private Sector in South America? Mangroves for Coastal Protection: Evidence from By Marie Caitriona Hyland, David C. Francis and Jorge Hurricanes in Central America Luis Rodriguez Meza By Alejandro Del Valle, Mathilda Eriksson, Oscar Anil WPS8782 Ishizawa Escudero and Juan Jose Miranda The Three-Gap Model of Health Worker Performance WPS8794 By Fabliha Ibnat, Kenneth L Leonard, Luke Bawo and Debt in Low-Income Countries: Evolution, Rianna L. Mohammed-Roberts Implications, and Remedies WPS8781 By Sebastian Michael Essl, Sinem Kilic Celik, Patrick Firms’ and States’ Responses to Laxer Environmental Alexander Kirby and Andre Proite Standards WPS8793 By Tito Cordella and Shantayanan Devarajan Import Uncertainty and Export Dynamics WPS8780 By Mariana Vijil, Laurent Wagner and Martha Tesfaye Inflation and Exchange Rate Pass-Through Woldemichael By Jongrim Ha, Marc Stocker and Hakan Yilmazkuday WPS8792 WPS8779 Fiscal Policy and Economic Activity in South Asia Employment in South Asia: A New Dataset By Robert Carl Michael Beyer and Lazar Milivojevic By Robert Carl Michael Beyer, Milagros Alejandra WPS8791 Chocce Falla and Martin G. Rama What Explains Latin America’s Low Share of Industrial WPS8778 Employment? Low Tax Jurisdictions and Preferential Regimes: Policy By Rishabh Sinha Gaps in Developing Economies WPS8790 By Jonathan Leigh Pemberton and Jan Loeprick Estimation of the ex ante Distribution of Returns for a WPS8777 Portfolio of U.S. Treasury Securities via Deep Learning Drivers of Gross Capital Inflows: Which Factors Are By Andrea Foresti More Important for Sub-Saharan Africa? WPS8789 By Cesar Calderon, Punam Chuhan-Pole and Megumi Returns to Investment in Education: The Case of Turkey Kubota By Harry Anthony Patrinos, George Psacharopoulos and WPS8776 Aysit Tansel Estimating Small Area Population Density Using WPS8788 Survey Data and Satellite Imagery: An Application to Firm Dynamics, Job Outcomes, and Productivity: Sri Lanka South African Formal Businesses, 2010-14 By Ryan Engstrom, David Locke Newhouse and Vidhya By Reyes Aterido, Ayanda Hlatshwayo, Duncan Pieterse Soundararajan and Andre Steenkamp WPS8775 WPS8787 International Willingness to Pay for the Protection of Swept by the Tide? The International Comovement of the Amazon Rainforest Capital Flows By Juha Veikko Siikamaki, Alan Jeff Krupnick, Jon By Luis Gonzalo Fernandez Lafuerza and Luis Serven Strand and Jeffrey R. Vincent 12 The World Bank in India • May 2019 25 WPS8774 WPS8763 Pioneering Firms in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Business Regulations and Poverty States: Why and How Development Finance By Simeon Djankov, Dorina Peteva Georgieva and Rita Institutions Should Support Them Ramalho By Paul Collier, Neil Gregory and Alexandros Ragoussis WPS8762 WPS8773 Growing a Developing City: A Computable Spatial Mobilizing Resources for Education and Improving General Equilibrium Model Applied to Dhaka Spending Effectiveness: Establishing Realistic By Julia Helen Bird and Anthony J. Venables Benchmarks Based on Past Trends WPS8761 By Samer Al-Samarrai, Pedro Cerdan-Infantes and Understanding Inflation in Emerging and Developing Jonathan David Lehe Economies WPS8772 By Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Lieselotte Learning from Developing Country Power Market Ohnsorge Experiences: The Case of Peru WPS8760 By Hugh Rudnick and Constantin Velasquez The Economic Lives of Young Women in the Time of WPS8771 Ebola: Lessons from an Empowerment Program Learning from Developing Country Power Market By Oriana Bandiera, Niklas Buehren, Markus P. Experiences: The Case of Colombia Goldstein and et.al. By Hugh Rudnick and Constantin Velasquez WPS8759 WPS8770 How Household Characteristics Shape Program Input Substitutability and Cross-Country Variation in Access and Asset Accumulation: A Mixed Method Sectoral Linkages Analysis of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme in By Rishabh Sinha Rwanda By Justine Gatzinsi, Renate Sieglinde Hartwig, Lindsay WPS8769 Suzanne Mossman, Umutoni Marie Francoise and et.al. Morocco’s Growth and Employment Prospects: Public Policies to Avoid the Middle-Income Trap WPS8758 By Emmanuel Pinto Moreira From Ghana to America: The Skill Content of Jobs and Economic Development WPS8768 By Salvatore Lo Bello, Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta and Global Inflation Synchronization Hernan Jorge Winkler By Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Lieselotte Ohnsorge WPS8757 Pollution and Expenditures in a Penalized Vector WPS8767 Spatial Autoregressive Time Series Model with Data- Active Trading and (Poor) Performance: The Social Driven Networks Transmission Channel By Bo Pieter Johannes Andree, Phoebe Girouard By Laura Manuela Escobar Pradilla and Alvaro Enrique Spencer, Sardar Azari and et.al. Pedraza Morales WPS8756 WPS8766 Environment and Development: Penalized Non- The Nutrition Sensitivity of Food and Agriculture in Parametric Inference of Global Trends in Deforestation, South Asia Pollution and Carbon By Felipe Jr Fadullon Dizon, Anna Leigh Josephson and By Bo Pieter Johannes Andree, Phoebe Girouard Dhushyanth Raju Spencer, Andres Chamorro and Harun Dogo WPS8765 WPS8755 Fiscal Incidence in Ukraine: A Commitment to Equity Integration and Price Transmission in Key Food Analysis Commodity Markets in India By Kateryna Bornukova, Nataliia Leshchenko and By Mauro Boffa and Gonzalo J. Varela Mikhail Matytsin WPS8754 WPS8764 Are Public Sector Workers in Developing Countries Migration and Urbanization in Post-Apartheid South Overpaid? Evidence from a New Global Data Set Africa By T. H. Gindling, Zahid Hasnain, David Locke By Jan David Bakker, Christopher Robert Parsons and Newhouse and Rong Shi Ferdinand Gordian Rauch 12 26 The World Bank in India • May 2019 WPS8753 WPS8746 Are Trade Preferences a Panacea?: The African Growth Assessing Rural Accessibility and Rural Roads and Opportunity Act and African Exports Investment Needs Using Open Source Data By Ana Margarida Fernandes, Alejandro Forero, Hibret By Mehdi Mikou, Julie Rozenberg, Elco Eduard Koks, Belete Maemir and Aaditya Mattoo Charles James Edward Fox and Tatiana Peralta Quiros WPS8752 WPS8745 Equivalent Years of Schooling: A Metric to Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through Communicate Learning Gains in Concrete Terms the 21st Century By David Evans and Fei Yuan By Robert John Nicholls, Jochen Hinkel, Daniel Lincke and Thomas van der Pol WPS8751 Household Savings in Central Eastern and WPS8744 Southeastern Europe: How Do Poorer Households Investment Needs for Irrigation Infrastructure along Save? Different Socioeconomic Pathways By Elisabeth Beckmann By Amanda Palazzo, Hugo Valin, Hugo Jean Pierre Valin and et.al. WPS8750 Are They Really Being Served?: Assessing Effective WPS8743 Infrastructure Access and Quality in 15 Kenyan Cities Parental Beliefs, Investments, and Child Development: By Sumila Gulyani, Andrea C. 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