E2636 Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF) for Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) Islamabad, Pakistan December 2010 Contents List of Acronyms ......................................................................................... iii I. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 II. Overview of MDTF ...................................................................................... 1 III. ESSAF Objective .......................................................................................... 2 IV. General Principal ......................................................................................... 2 V. Policy Framework ........................................................................................ 3 VI. Impact Screening, Assessment and Mitigation Planning ......................... 5 VII. Consultations ................................................................................................ 6 VIII. Planning, Review and Approval ................................................................. 7 IX. Capacity-Building and Monitoring of ESSAF Implementation .............. 8 X. Disclosure ...................................................................................................... 8 Attachments Attachment 1: Criteria for Type of Environmental Instrument .......................... 9 Attachment 2: Guidelines for Preparation of Environmental and Social Management Plans .......................................................................... 9 Attachment 3: Checklist of Likely Environmental and Social Impacts of Projects ....................................................................................... 11 Attachment 4: Guidelines for Land Acquisition and Resettlement Planning .......................................................................................... 18 Attachment 5: Protection of Cultural Property ................................................... 27 Attachment 6: Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in the Technical Specifications of Contracts ........................................................... 29 Attachment 7: Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines.............................. 34 ii List of Acronyms BP Bank Procedures DNA Damages and Needs Assessment EA Environmental Assessment ECOP Environmental codes of practice EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESFP Environmental and social focal point ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESSAF Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas GoBalochistan Government of Balochistan GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa GoP Government of (Islamic Republic of) Pakistan HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ICR Implementation Completion Report IDP Internally displaced person IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province) MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund OP Operational Policy PAP Project affected person PaRRSA Provincial Relief, Rehabilitation and Settlement Authority PCNA Post Conflict Needs Assessment PSR Project Supervision Report RP Resettlement Plan SA Social Assessment TARUCCI Tribal Areas Rural to Urban Centers Conversion Initiative WB World Bank iii Pakistan Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework I. Introduction 1. A Multi-donor Trust Fund (MDTF) has been established in Pakistan to assist in the reconstruction and livelihood restoration in the conflict-affected areas of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa (KP), the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and Balochistan. Much of the conflict-affected areas are again impacted by the recent flooding. The MDTF will be keeping, mainly, the focus of its intervention on post crisis while also addressing the response to the recent floods if requested by the Government of Pakistan (GOP). 2. To provide a mechanism to carry out appropriate assessment of environment and social impacts and implement necessary safeguard measures under these emergency operations, an Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF) has been developed, in line with the Bank's safeguard policies and OP 8.0 for the emergency operations. II. Overview of MDTF 3. The purpose of the MDTF is to support the implementation of reconstruction and development aimed at facilitating the recovery of the affected regions in KP, FATA, and Balochistan from the impact of the armed conflict and reducing the potential for escalation or resumption. To this end, the MDTF will finance projects intended to: (i) promote enhanced, sustainable and accountable delivery of basic services; (ii) support livelihoods and community-based development of basic infrastructure and services; (iii) help communities to access assets and market opportunities and create the basis for viable income generating activities; and (iv) support peace building activities and promote rapid crisis recovery in KP, FATA and conflict-affected districts of Balochistan; and (v) strengthening, (re)building and/or maintaining government institutions in order to improve governance, the overall institutional performance and state effectiveness. 4. The broad sectoral areas eligible for funding from the MDTF are described below. · Restoring damaged infrastructure and disrupted services, including inter alia: (i) reconstructing health, education and government buildings, and providing equipment and supplies therefore; (ii) restoring damaged infrastructure in the power, transport, water supply, sanitation and irrigation sectors; and (iii) carrying out a program for owner-driven reconstruction or repair of housing damaged during the armed conflict; · Improving local (district and/or union) service delivery, including inter alia: (i) increasing the capacity and accountability of local governments for resource management and service delivery; and (ii) providing basic infrastructure and delivering basic services to low income communities though community-driven development interventions; · Improving provincial governance and service delivery, including, inter alia: (i) strengthening coverage, quality and governance of the education system by: (A) increasing enrolment rates and improving learning outcomes; (B) strengthening 1 administration and operation of schools; and (C) promoting better monitoring and evaluation (accountability) mechanisms; (ii) strengthening the quality of primary and secondary health care services, as well as the stewardship of the heath system; (iii) improving the coverage, targeting, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the social protection system; (iv) strengthening justice service delivery and the rule of law; and (v) strengthening the institutional and technical capabilities of civil administration; · Maintaining and/or reinforcing livelihoods of local communities through increased access to productive assets and market opportunities in order to facilitate income generating activities, including inter alia: (i) augmenting and/or recovering lost livestock; (ii) providing agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and seeds, and/or preparing land plots to restore production; (iii) providing micro-credits to low income communities; and (iv) providing skills development and business development training to rural community members to foster new business ventures among poor rural households; · Strengthening the technical capacity, and institutional arrangements and coordination, of KP's and Balochistan's line departments and agencies, as well as the FATA Secretariat, in order to carry out the post-crisis reconstruction efforts, including inter alia: (i) reviewing and revising policies, where appropriate, to consolidate peace and avert future conflicts by addressing their underlying causes; and (ii) supporting the KP's Provincial Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Settlement Authority and FATA's Disaster Management Authority. III. ESSAF Objective 5. This ESSAF has been developed specifically for all projects and activities to be financed under the MDTF. Recognizing the urgent need for assistance and emergency nature of potential operations to be financed under the MDTF, the ESSAF provides an approach, tailored to this emergency situation in line with OP 8.00, to manage the potential environmental and social impacts of the projects and activities under the MDTF. It will guide the implementation agencies in: i) carrying out appropriate assessment of environmental and social impacts; ii) planning and implementing necessary environmental and social mitigation measures for these projects during the implementation phase, in compliance with relevant World Bank safeguard policies and the national regulatory requirements in Pakistan. IV. General Principal 6. Recognizing the emergency nature of the potential operations under the MDTF and the related need for providing immediate assistance, while at the same time ensuring due diligence in managing potential environmental and social risks, the ESSAF is based on the following principles: The operations under MDTF will support multiple projects, the detailed designs of which may not be known at this stage. To ensure effective application of the World Bank's safeguard policies and the national regulatory requirements, the ESSAF provides guidance on the approach to be taken during the selection and design of projects/subprojects and the planning of mitigation measures. 2 Environmental category `A' projects are not expected under the MDTF. However, if any do occur, Environment Assessments (EAs) for specific operations will be carried out during implementation, instead of before appraisal (the EAs will need to be carried out and cleared by the Bank before initiating the category `A' projects). The corrective measures in the form of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) will be built into the design of the specific projects under MDTF. The above is in accordance with paragraph 13 of OP 4.01 and paragraph 5 of BP 4.01. For any environmental category `B' project, an ESMP will be prepared during implementation, instead of before appraisal, however the ESMP will need to be prepared and cleared by the Bank before initiating the works under the project. For any project that consists of several distinct subprojects, ESMPs can be prepared for individual subprojects or their clusters. No major resettlement issues are expected in the recovery and reconstruction operations to be financed under the MDTF. However, all proposed operations will be subject to resettlement impact screening. If any resettlement impacts are expected to occur, Resettlement Plans (RPs) for specific projects will be prepared and approved before initiating the specific projects. V. Policy Framework 7. Pakistan EIA Regulations. Environmental Protection Act, 1997. The Act requires that an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is carried out prior to undertaking any project, or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is carried out prior to any project that may cause significant environmental and social impacts ­ and approval obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Act will be applicable to the projects under MDTF also, and the EAs to be conducted for the individual projects as part of the emergency operations will be consistent with the requirements laid down in the Act and its subordinate IEE/EIA Regulations. 8. The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) 1894. The Pakistan law governing land acquisition is the LAA of 1894 and successive amendments. The LAA regulates the land acquisition process and enables the federal and provincial governments to acquire private land for public purposes through the exercise of the right of eminent domain. Land acquisition is a provincial responsibility and each province has its own interpretation of the Act. Some provinces also have their own province specific implementation rules. 9. World Bank OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment. This operational policy (OP) requires EA to be conducted of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable with an objective to improve decision making process. The OP also classifies the project in one of the four categories (A, B, C and FI) on the basis of the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. 10. Considering the nature and magnitude of potential environmental and social impacts from relatively limited scale and quantum of the proposed activities, the operations under the MDTF are likely to be classified as category `B'. The requirement to carry out an Environmental Assessment (EA) as part of project preparation can be waived but, for projects 3 with potential adverse impacts, an appropriated level of environmental and social assessment will be carried out during the project implementation. At the same time, prior to appraisal, the implementing agencies will agree to apply the following minimum standards during implementation: (i) inclusion of standard environmental codes of practice (ECOP) in the bid documents of all projects; (ii) conducting EA acceptable to the Bank before initiating any environmental category `A' projects/subprojects; (iii) preparing ESMP acceptable to the Bank before initiating any environmental category `B' projects/subproject; (iv) review and oversight of any major construction works by environmental and social specialists; (v) provisions for adequate budget and satisfactory institutional arrangements to implement the environmental and social mitigation measures; and (vi) provisions for adequate budget and satisfactory institutional arrangements to monitor the effective implementation of environmental and social mitigation measures. 11. World Bank OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement. The need for involuntary resettlement or land acquisition in specific subproject areas will only be known during project implementation, when site-specific plans are available. Therefore projects will be screened for applicability of the resettlement policy and any projects involving involuntary resettlement or land acquisition will only be approved after preparation of a resettlement plan acceptable to the Bank. The safeguards framework will therefore include procedures for identifying eligible project-affected people, calculating and delivering compensation, and mechanisms for land dispute grievance redress. 12. World Bank OP/BP 4.10 - Indigenous Peoples. There are no known indigenous peoples living in the affected areas and ethnicity is in any case only one of many factors determining vulnerability in the present situation in Pakistan. In this perspective, a social assessment with focus on potential vulnerability covering all affected groups is planned to ensure effective consultations and culturally appropriate benefits for each group, instead of focusing only on groups defined as "indigenous peoples". As part of this analysis, project preparation will assess the vulnerability of different groups in particular project contexts (in terms of potential exclusion from project benefits, negative project impacts, and the need for specific culturally compatible mechanisms for participation, e.g. for women, permanently disabled), and will incorporate adequate measures to address such vulnerability in project design. 13. World Bank OP 11.03 - Cultural Property. The emergency operations may pose limited risks of damaging cultural property, assuming that they will not include large-scale excavations, movement of earth or demolition. Nevertheless, projects will be reviewed for their potential impact on cultural property and clear procedures will be required for identification, protection of cultural property from theft, and treatment of discovered artifacts, and will be included in standard bidding documents. While not damaging cultural property, subproject preparation may later identify and include assistance for preservation of historic or archeological sites. If these opportunities occur, cultural property management plans would be prepared for those projects. 14. World Bank OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats/OP 4.36 - Forestry. The projects under the proposed recovery operations are unlikely to directly affect the natural habitats, forest resources, declared forest reserves, wildlife reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries. 4 However, the reconstruction activities may indirectly increase pressure on natural resources, such as timber. Hence, this aspect will need to be covered in the environmental and social assessment of the individual projects. In addition, the implementing agencies will agree, prior to appraisal, not to carry out any reconstruction works under the proposed project in thickly forested areas, declared forest reserves, wildlife reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries. Decisions on actions and requirements will be made with the concurrence of the Bank. 15. Other WB Operational Policies. Other OPs - including OP 4.09 (Pest Management), OP 4.37 (Safety of Dams), OP 7.50 (Projects in International Waters), and OP 7.60 (Projects in Disputed Areas) ­ are not likely to be relevant for the proposed project and hence not triggered. However, these OPs will be reviewed while conducting the EAs or preparing ESMP for the category `A' and category `B' projects, respectively. VI. Impact Screening, Assessment and Mitigation Planning 16. While preparing any operations or projects for financing under the MDTF, the ESSAF will be followed to screen environmental and social impacts and plan any required mitigation measures. The screening process and its findings as well as the proposed mitigation measures will be documented as part of the project/subproject package. The following guidelines, codes of practice and requirements will be followed in the selection, design and implementation of any operations financed under the MDTF. Environmental impact assessment will be conducted for all projects/subprojects under MDTF. Criteria for the type of assessment to be conducted for individual projects/subprojects are provided in Attachment 1. Full EAs will need to be conducted and clearance obtained from the Bank prior to initiating environmental category `A' projects/subprojects. Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) will need to be prepared and clearance obtained from the Bank prior to initiating environmental category `B' projects/subprojects 1; Attachment 2 provides guidelines for preparing ESMPs. For smaller projects/subprojects, environmental screening will be carried out with the help of the checklist provided in Attachment 3. The EAs and ESMPs will also be submitted to the relevant EPA for obtaining No Objection Certificate (NOC) before commencing the project/subprojects implementation, in line with the national regulatory requirements in the Country. Each implementing agency under the MDTF will appoint/designate an environmental and social focal point (ESFP), who will be responsible for ESSAF implementation within his/her organization, and also for the preparation and submission of quarterly monitoring reports to the Bank on the screening of and the rationale for the proposed environmental categorization of each project. While conducting EA and preparing ESMP, cumulative impacts of a large number of projects/subprojects will also be considered. All projects/subprojects will be screened for need of land acquisition and resettlement. If confirmed, necessary planning efforts will be carried out to develop mitigation measures. 1 The requirement of obtaining Bank's clearance for the EAs/ESMPs is proposed for the first two years of the MDTF. 5 A guideline for land compensation and resettlement planning is provided in Attachment 4. All projects/subprojects will be screened for impacts on physical cultural resources and necessary mitigation measures. Procedures for the protection of cultural property, including the chance discovery of archaeological artifacts, unrecorded graveyards and burial sites are outlined in Attachment 5. All construction contracts for the projects/subprojects financed by the MDTF will include appropriate clauses to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation measures identified in EA/ESMP/Checklist. A sample environmental safeguards procedure for inclusion in the technical specifications of contracts is provided in Attachment 6. The Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines developed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the World Bank will also be applicable to the activities under the emergency projects/subprojects. The Guidelines are provided in Attachment 7. The procurement plans for the proposed projects/subprojects will include milestones for preparation of EA/ESMP/Checklist, and obtaining clearance from the Bank. Subject to the needs as determined by the Bank's safeguards' team, the implementing agency will engage an independent consultant or consulting firm to conduct an annual environmental and social audit as third party validation, of the subprojects undertaken during each year of the Project implementation. VII. Consultations 17. Consultations will be mainstreamed in the preparation of new operations under the MDTF. For environmental Category `A' and `B' operations 2, the implementing agencies will consult the potentially affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations on the project environmental and social aspects, and will take their views into account. The implementing agencies will initiate these consultations as early as possible, and for meaningful consultations, will provide relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation, in a form and language(s) that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. 18. For Category `A' projects/subprojects, the implementing agencies will consult these groups at least twice: (a) shortly after the environmental screening and prior to finalization of the terms of reference for the EA and RP; and (b) once a draft EA report and RP are prepared. For the initial consultation, the implementing agencies will provide a summary of the proposed subproject's objectives, description, and potential impacts. For both Category `A' and `B' projects, the implementing agencies will provide these groups with a summary of the EA report and RP (including the conclusions of the assessment). In addition, the implementing agencies will make the draft reports publicly available to project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations. 2 As defined in World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, Environmental Assessment. 6 VIII. Planning, Review and Approval 19. The entire environmental and social screening and assessment procedure described above will be integrated within the preparation of the operations under the MDTF. To this end, the screening and planning to address environmental and social impacts would be initiated during the operation preparation phase. The operation preparation agencies will be responsible for the screening and planning of any environmental and social action plans required in line with this Framework. The EA or ESMP and RPs will be submitted to the project approving authority as part of the project/subproject application package. The implementation agencies will assign specialists to review the environmental and social safeguard action plans, such as screening report, EA, ESMP and RP. The implementation agencies will submit the safeguard documents for World Bank's review and clearance, in accordance with the procedures as described in Section VI. The implementation agencies will not approve the proposed operations until the required environmental and social safeguard action plans are cleared for compliance with the Framework by the World Bank. A simplified flow chart for project preparation, approval and execution along with the EA/ESMP/Checklist requirements is provided below. Subproject Subproject Project identification preparation /subproject implementation. Implementation Project / of social and Determine Conduct EA, Review and subproject environmental type of prepare approval of approval by mitigation assessment ESMP, or fill Competent EA, ESMP or measures as required per Checklist; Checklist; and Authority identified in EA/ criteria in prepare RP, RP by EPA ESMP/Checklist Section VI per criteria in and WB /RP. Section VI 20. The implementing agencies will implement the projects under MDTF in close coordination with the relevant line departments, local governments, and political agents. Each implementing agency and in turn, each line department, will be responsible for applying the safeguard screening and mitigation requirements to its own projects. Separate environmental and social focal points (ESFPs) will be identified in each of the implementing agencies, with responsibility for overseeing the implementation of the ESSAF. The provincial EPAs (for KP and Balochistan), and Federal EPA (for FATA projects) will be responsible for environmental clearance for operations or projects/subprojects that require statutory environmental clearance, in accordance with the law. Although the national/provincial environmental clearance procedures are adequate and fairly reliable, the Bank will still review a samples of the EAs/ESMPs prepared under each sub-component and provide necessary concurrence for the approval of disbursements of funds. 21. All agencies and departments who are preparing and will implement operations under the MDTF will appoint officers as the environmental and social focal points (ESFPs), who will liaise and coordinate with relevant agencies to ensure compliance with this Framework. 7 IX. Capacity-Building and Monitoring of ESSAF Implementation 22. As part of the capacity-building to be provided for implementation of the proposed operations, the ESFPs and relevant staff of the concerned line departments will also receive training in ESSAF's application. The World Bank will monitor and provide guidance in the implementation of the ESSAF. The World Bank will also assist in this capacity-building in the implementation of approved safeguard action plans. 23. The implementing agencies through their ESFPs will be responsible, besides other functions, to monitor and supervise the implementation of any safeguard action plans. For this purpose, the implementing agencies will establish a monitoring mechanism as part of the project management system over the implementation of agreed safeguard action plans. In addition, the implementing agencies will also engage external monitors over the implementation of agreed safeguard action plans. The monitoring mechanisms should be detailed in the required action plans. X. Disclosure 24. This ESSAF will be shared with all relevant agencies, line departments of the provincial and federal governments, concerned nongovernmental organizations, and development partners. Subsequently, it will be disclosed in Urdu and English by the implementing agencies, and also made available at the websites of GoP, GoKP, FATA Secretariat, GoBalochistan and the relevant line departments. Copies of ESSAF will also be sent to Federal EPA, KP EPA, and Balochistan EPA. It will also be made available at the World Bank's InfoShop. Relevant project specific safeguard documents/mitigation plans to be prepared subsequently will also be disclosed in a similar manner. 8 Attachment 1: Criteria for Type of Environmental Instrument Smaller Category B Category A Projects/Subprojects Projects/Subprojects Type of Subproject Projects/Subprojects Environmental ESMP Required Full EA Required Screening Required (See Attachment 2) (Attachment 3) Infrastructure (such as Cost: Rs 25 million or Cost: less than Rs 25 Cost: up to 1 million water supply, above million, but more than sanitation, solid waste 1 million management, access roads, drainage, and street lighting) Roads Cost: Rs. 50 million Cost: less than Rs 50 Cost: up to 2 million or above million, but more than 2 million Schools and health Cost: Rs. 50 million Cost: less than Rs 50 Cost: up to 2 million care facilities or above million, but more than 2 million Notes: These criteria may need to be customized for individual projects under MDTF and approval obtained from the Bank. The RPs will be prepared for the projects/subprojects involving land acquisition and involuntary resettlement, as described in Section VI. Attachment 2: Guidelines for Preparation of Environmental and Social Management Plans 1. The EA process involves the identification and development of measures aimed at eliminating, offsetting and/or reducing environmental and social impacts to levels that are acceptable during implementation and operation of the projects. As an integral part of EA, ESMP provides an essential link between the impacts predicted and mitigation measures specified within the EA and implementation and operation activities. The World Bank guidelines state that detailed ESMPs are essential elements for Category `A' projects, but for many Category `B' projects, a simple ESMP alone will suffice. While there are no standard formats for ESMPs, it is recognized that the format needs to fit the circumstances in which the ESMP is being developed and the requirements, which it is designed to meet. ESMPs should be prepared after taking into account comments and clearance conditions from both the relevant agency providing environmental clearance and WB. Given below are the important elements that constitute an ESMP. a. Description of Mitigation Measures 2. Feasible and cost effective mitigation measures to minimize adverse impacts to acceptable levels should be specified with reference to each impact identified. Further, it should provide details on the conditions under which the mitigation measure should be implemented (eg, routine or in the event of contingencies). The ESMP should also distinguish between the phase in which it should become operable (design, construction and/or operational). Efforts should also be made to mainstream environmental and social aspects where possible. Cumulative impacts of a large number of projects should also be considered, particularly when they are located close to each other. For this purpose, a separate study should be conducted for such group of projects to 9 identify their cumulative negative impacts, and to determine appropriate mitigation measures to address these negative impacts. b. Monitoring Program 3. In order to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures have the intended results and comply with national standards and donor requirements, an environmental monitoring program should be included in the ESMP. The monitoring program should give details of the following; Monitoring indicators to be measured for evaluating the performance of each mitigation measure (for example national standards, engineering structures, extent of area replanted, etc). Monitoring mechanisms and methodologies Monitoring frequency Monitoring locations Documentation and reporting requirements. c. Institutional Arrangements 4. Institutions/departments responsible for implementing mitigation measures and for monitoring their performance should be clearly identified. Additionally, roles and responsibilities of various personnel in these departments should be clearly specified. Where necessary, mechanisms for institutional coordination should also be identified as often monitoring tends to involve more than one institution. d. Implementing Schedules 5. Timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures with links to overall implementation schedule of the project should be specified. e. Reporting Procedures 6. Feedback mechanisms to inform the relevant parties on the progress and effectiveness of the mitigation measures and monitoring should be specified. Guidelines on the type of information wanted and the presentation of feedback information should also be highlighted. f. Cost Estimates and Sources of Funds 7. Implementation of mitigation measures mentioned in the ESMP, and environmental/social monitoring will involve an initial investment cost as well as recurrent costs. The ESMP should include costs estimates for each measure and also identify sources of funding. 10 Attachment 3: Checklist of Likely Environmental and Social Impacts of Projects This Form is to be used by the Environmental and Social Focal Persons (ESFPs) in screening subproject applications/proposals for which EA/SA and ESMP are not required (see Attachment 1). This checklist may need to be customized, and approval obtained from the Bank for the revised checklist, for any particular project. Note: One copy of this form and accompanying documentation to be kept in the office of the relevant implementing agency, and one copy to be sent to the task team leader of the World Bank. Name of Subproject: Number of Subproject: Proposing Agency: Subproject Location: Subproject Objective: Infrastructure to be Rehabilitated: Estimated Cost: Proposed Date of Commencement of Work: Technical Drawing/Specifications Reviewed (circle answer): Yes __ No __ I. Subproject Related Issues Significant Minor/ Moderate/ ISSUES None / Mitigation Measures Small Medium Large A. Zoning and Land Use Planning 1 Will the subproject affect land use zoning and planning or conflict with prevalent land use patterns? 2 Will the subproject involve significant land disturbance or site clearance? 11 Significant Minor/ Moderate/ ISSUES None / Mitigation Measures Small Medium Large 3 Will the subproject land be subject to potential encroachment by urban or industrial use or located in an area intended for urban or industrial development? B Utilities and Facilities 4 Will the subproject require the setting up of ancillary facilities? 5 Will the subproject make significant demands on utilities and services? 6 Will the subproject require significant levels of accommodation or service amenities to support the workforce during construction (e.g., contractor will need more than 20 workers)? C Water and Soil Contamination 7 Will the subproject require large amounts of raw materials or construction materials? 8 Will the subproject generate large amounts of residual wastes, construction material waste or cause soil erosion? 9 Will the subproject result in potential soil or water contamination (e.g., from oil, grease and fuel from equipment yards)? 10 Will the subproject lead to contamination of ground and surface waters by herbicides for vegetation control and chemicals (e.g., calcium chloride) for dust control? 12 Significant Minor/ Moderate/ ISSUES None / Mitigation Measures Small Medium Large 11 Will the subproject lead to an increase in suspended sediments in streams affected by road cut erosion, decline in water quality and increased sedimentation downstream? 12 Will the subproject involve the use of chemicals or solvents? 13 Will the subproject lead to the destruction of vegetation and soil in the right-of-way, borrow pits, waste dumps, and equipment yards? 14 Will the subproject lead to the creation of stagnant water bodies in borrow pits, quarries, etc., encouraging for mosquito breeding and other disease vectors? D. Noise and Air Pollution Hazardous Substances 15 Will the subproject increase the levels of harmful air emissions? 16 Will the subproject increase ambient noise levels? 17 Will the subproject involve the storage, handling or transport of hazardous substances? E. Fauna and Flora 18 Will the subproject involve the disturbance or modification of existing drainage channels (rivers, canals) or surface water bodies (wetlands, marshes)? 19 Will the subproject lead to the destruction or damage of terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems or endangered species directly or by induced development? 20 Will the subproject lead to the disruption/destruction of wildlife through interruption of migratory routes, 13 Significant Minor/ Moderate/ ISSUES None / Mitigation Measures Small Medium Large disturbance of wildlife habitats, and noise-related problems? F. Destruction/Disruption of Land and Vegetation 21 Will the subproject lead to unplanned use of the infrastructure being developed? 22 Will the subproject lead to long-term or semi- permanent destruction of soils in cleared areas not suited for agriculture? 23 Will the subproject lead to the interruption of subsoil and overland drainage patterns (in areas of cuts and fills)? 24 Will the subproject lead to landslides, slumps, slips and other mass movements in road cuts? 25 Will the subproject lead to erosion of lands . receiving concentrated outflow carried by covered or open drains? 26 Will the subproject lead to long-term or semi- permanent destruction of soils in cleared areas not suited for agriculture? 27 Will the subproject lead to health hazards and interference of plant growth adjacent to roads by dust raised and blown by vehicles? G. Cultural Property 28 Will the subproject have an impact on archaeological or historical sites, including historic urban areas? 29 Will the subproject have an impact on religious monuments, structures and/or cemeteries? 14 Significant Minor/ Moderate/ ISSUES None / Mitigation Measures Small Medium Large 30 Have Chance Finds procedures been prepared for use in the subproject? H. Expropriation and Social Disturbance 31 Will the subproject involve land expropriation or demolition of existing structures? 32 Will the subproject lead to induced settlements by workers and others causing social and economic disruption? 33 Will the subproject lead to environmental and social disturbance by construction camps? II. Site Related Issues Issues Yes No Don't Know Mitigation Measures 1 Does the subproject require land acquisition? [Note: Fill in the land acquisition form if YES] 2 Will the subproject negatively impact livelihoods [Note: Describe separately if YES] 3 Is the sub project located on land with contested ownership? 4 Is the sub project located in an area with security problems 5 Is the sub projected located on land reclaimed from floods ( the ownership here may be contested) 6 Is the subproject located in an area with designated natural reserves? 7 Is the subproject located in an area with unique natural features? 8 Is the subproject located in an area with endangered or 15 Issues Yes No Don't Know Mitigation Measures conservation-worthy ecosystems, fauna or flora? 9 Is the subproject located in an area falling within 500 meters of national forests, protected areas, wilderness areas, wetlands, biodiversity, critical habitats, or sites of historical or cultural importance? 10 Is the subproject located in an area which would create a barrier for the movement of conservation-worthy wildlife or livestock? 11 Is the subproject located close to groundwater sources, surface water bodies, water courses or wetlands? 12 Is the subproject located in an area with designated cultural properties such as archaeological, historical and/or religious sites? 13 Is the subproject in an area with religious monuments, structures and/or cemeteries? 14 Is the project located in an area from where people have been displaced? 15 Is the project located in an area where IDPs are temporarily settled? 16 Is the project in a politically sensitive area? 17 Is the subproject in a polluted or contaminated area? 18 Is the subproject located in an area of high visual and landscape quality? 19 Is the subproject located in an area susceptible to landslides or erosion? 20 Is the subproject located in an area of seismic faults? 21 Is the subproject located in a densely populated area? 22 Is the subproject located on prime agricultural land? 23 Is the subproject located in an area of tourist importance? 16 Issues Yes No Don't Know Mitigation Measures 24 Is the subproject located near a waste dump? 25 Does the subproject have access to potable water? 26 Is the subproject located far (1-2 kms) from accessible roads? 27 Is the subproject located in an area with a wastewater network? 28 Is the subproject located in the urban plan of the city? 29 Is the subproject located outside the land use plan? Signed by Safeguard Focal Person: _______________________________ Title: _______________________________ Date: _______________________________ Signed by Project Manager: Name: _______________________________ Title: _______________________________ Date: _______________________________ 17 Attachment 4: Guidelines for Land Acquisition and Resettlement Planning I. Objectives 1. Resettlement and land acquisition will be kept to a minimum, and will be carried out in accordance with these guidelines. Subproject proposals that would require demolishing houses or acquiring productive land should be carefully reviewed to minimize or avoid their impacts through alternative alignments. Proposals that require more than minor expansion along rights of way should be carefully reviewed. No land or asset acquisition may take place outside of these guidelines. A format for a Land Impact Screening Data Sheet is attached as Attachment 4(i) 2. These guidelines provide principles and instructions to compensate negatively affected persons to ensure that they will be assisted to improve, or at least to restore, their living standards, income earning or production capacity to pre-project levels regardless of their land tenure status. 3. Voluntary land contribution is accepted with the following conditions, · Contribution is truly voluntary without pressure · The land contributed is free of occupation · Contribution is less than 10% of the total land holding · The contributing household is not below the national poverty line · The contribution is documented · Land transferred in the name of the recipient through proper documentation (a formal agreement on Stamp Paper, duly registered). 4 Voluntary contribution should be clearly documented to confirm the voluntary nature of the transition. The documentation should specify that the land is free of any squatters, encroachers or other claims. A format is shown in Attachment 4(ii). II. Policy Framework for Land Acquisition and Resettlement 5 The framework is prepared on the basis of the Land Acquisition Act and the World Bank Operation Policy 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. The overall objective is to mitigate adverse project impacts on people's livelihood, and assist them in improving or at least restoring their livelihoods. The following principles will be followed in developing any resettlement plans, 6. The project implementation agencies will ensure timely provision of the following means of compensation to affected peoples: (a) Project affected peoples losing access to a portion of their land or other productive assets with the remaining assets being economically viable are entitled to compensation at a replacement cost for that portion of land or assets lost to them. Compensation for the lost assets will be made according to the following principles: (i) replacement land with an equally productive plot, cash or other equivalent productive assets; (ii) materials and assistance to fully replace solid structures that will be demolished; (iii) replacement of damaged or lost crops and trees, at market value; 18 (iv) in case of cash compensation, the delivery of compensation should be made in public, i.e., at the Community Meeting; (v) in case of physical relocation, provision of civic infrastructure at the resettlement sites; and (vi) for women losing land, assets etc, compensation will be paid directly to them through female staff of the project. (b) Project affected peoples losing access to a portion of their land or other economic assets rendering the remainder economically non-viable will have the options of compensation for the entire asset by provision of alternative land, cash or equivalent productive asset, according to the principles in (a) i-iv above. 7 The displaced persons eligible for compensation or rehabilitation provisions under the Program are: · All land owning displaced persons losing land or non-land assets, i.e., crops and trees whether covered by legal title or traditional land rights, whether for temporary or permanent acquisition. · Tenants and share-croppers, whether registered or not; for all non land assets, based on prevailing tenancy arrangements. · Displaced persons losing the use of structures and utilities, including titled and non- titled owners, registered, unregistered, tenants and lease holders plus encroachers and squatters. · Displaced persons losing business, income and salaries of workers, or a person or business suffering temporary effects, such as disturbance to land, crops, and business operations both permanently and also temporarily during construction. · Loss of communal property, lands and public infrastructure. · Vulnerable displaced persons identified through focus group discussions. · In the event of relocation, all displaced persons will receive transitional and other support to reestablish shelter and livelihoods. · Special support to be provided to women-headed households and vulnerable groups losing land, assets/livelihood, etc. Entitlement Matrix Assets lost Specification Displaced Person Compensation Entitlements Residential/ Owner Cash compensation at replacement cost commercial (legal/legalizable) plus 15% compulsory acquisition land surcharge (CAS) free of taxes, registration and transfer costs; or Land for land compensation through provision of plots of comparable value and location as the lost asset, in the same province close to the original land, including transitional support. 19 Assets lost Specification Displaced Person Compensation Entitlements Renter/leaseholder Cash compensation value proportionate to the duration of the remaining lease period. Encroacher/Squatter Self relocation allowance covering one year of agricultural income; or Provision of a replacement plot in a public resettlement area and with the legal status (owned or leased) of that lost. Agricultural All land Owner Cash compensation at replacement cost land, losses plus 15% CAS, free of taxes, of including irrespective registration and transfer costs; or cultivable of impact Land for land compensation through land and severity provision of plots of equal value and uncultivable productivity as that lost. wasteland Sharecropper/Tenant Cash compensation equal to the market (registered or not) value of the share of lost harvests: two shares if the land loss is permanent, one if it is temporary. Lease Tenant Cash equivalent of the market value of (registered or not) the gross yield of lost land for the remaining lease years, up to maximum of three years. Encroacher/Squatter Rehabilitation allowance equal to the market value of the harvest of lost land for one year (both rabi and kharif crops) in addition to standard crop compensation. Residential Owner of the Cash compensation at full replacement and structure, including cost for affected structures and other commercial Encroachers/Squatters fixed assets, free of salvageable materials, structures depreciation and transaction cost and also transportation cost; or if partial loss, full cash assistance to restore the remaining structure. Fees and taxes (if applicable) will be waived. The option of relocation and relevant support will be discussed during the focus group discussions and included in the RPs. Renter/Leaseholder Cash compensation equivalent to three months rent or a value proportionate to the duration of the remaining lease. Community Rehabilitation/substitution or cash Assets compensation at full replacement cost of the affected structures and utilities. 20 Assets lost Specification Displaced Person Compensation Entitlements Businesses All DPs so impacted Cash compensation equal to income during the interruption period, as determined through the SIA and included in the RP Employment All DPs so impacted Indemnity for lost wages for the period required to re-establish business as determined through the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) and included in the RP. Crops Affected Cultivator of crop Crop compensation in cash at the full crops market rate for one year's agricultural income (both rabi and kharif harvests). If sharecropped or a tenant then compensated according to shares. Trees All affected Owner Fruit trees: compensation to reflect trees income replacement as assessed by Horticulture department based on market value of annual produce projected for number of years the tree can potentially produce fruit, present age of the tree, and life of the tree. Timber trees: trees grown and/or used for timber then compensation is to reflect the market value of tree's wood content, based on the wood measurement survey of forest department, present age of the tree, and life of the tree. Relocation Transport/ All DPs to be Provision of allowances to cover transition relocated transport costs on actual cost basis at costs current market rates. If physical relocation of the affected households is required and requested by the displaced persons, appropriate relocation sites will be developed or through support provided to flood victims. The need for support during the transitional period will be assessed through the SIA and included in the RP. 21 Assets lost Specification Displaced Person Compensation Entitlements Vulnerable Poor and female Cash allowance equivalent to at least 12 DP livelihood headed households months of minimum wages of PKRs support and other vulnerable 7000/- per month as fixed by the GOP (in households, including accordance with figures released by the the elderly, identified Province) using the poverty line index or through the SIA. as determined through the social impact assessment surveys. First priority for skills training under emergency support. Job placement program employing DPs in project reconstruction activities. All DPs and households are also eligible for government flood assistance cash support. The DPs to be facilitated to link up with the BISP program. Unidentified Unanticipated All DPs Dealt with as appropriate during sub- Losses impacts project implementation according to the WORLD BANK policy. III. Procedure of Formulating a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan 8. If resettlement impacts are unavoidable in implementing a subproject, the executing or implementing agency will formulate a land acquisition and resettlement plan in parallel with sub- project design according to the following procedure: · Complete the screening checklist. · Conduct focus group discussions including consultations with women and vulnerable households to (a) obtain stakeholder inputs regarding how to avoid or at least minimize involuntary resettlement, and to identify their needs and preferences; (b) establish the social and economic baseline to prepare the RPs. · Based on detailed design undertake (a) social impacts assessment (SIA), (b), census survey of DPs, (c) complete an inventory of lost land and assets of all DPs and addresses of households, (d) land demarcation and measurement surveys (LDMS), and (e) disclose resettlement information to all DPs in their own language. · Prepare and disclose the RPs to all DPs in their own language and keep copies of the documents at public offices; the project executing agency or concerned government will endorse the RPs before submitting it MDTF and to World Bank for review. IV Consultation Process 8. The implementing agencies will ensure that all occupants of land and owners of assets located in a proposed subproject area are consulted. Community meetings will be held in each affected district and village. The consultations will identify their concerns and take into account special needs and considerations. Consultations will be gender inclusive and ensure vulnerable households are not excluded. The decisions of such meetings will be recorded, and these records 22 will indicate the responsibility and timeline for implementing the decisions. Each resettlement plan will document all public consultations held and the disclosure of resettlement information. During RP preparation, resettlement information will be disclosed to all DPs in their own language, and their views and opinions will be taken into consideration in finalizing the plans. Final RPs will be translated into local languages and disclosed through public notices posted at implementing agency offices, published in newspapers, and posted on World Bank's website. The DPs will be closely consulted in resettlement site selection and livelihood restoration, as relevant. Separate consultations will be held for women by female staff of the project. V. Complaints and Grievances 8. Field level grievances will be addressed through a local grievance redress committee to be formally constituted for reconstruction activities that will have participation of DPs and EAs. The local grievance redress committee will be established at district level, which will comprise of all relevant stakeholders, including DP representatives and a local NGO/CBO. The committees will function as open forums for raising objections and holding discussions to resolve conflicts. Each committee will record its deliberations and inform the concerned parties within 4 weeks of its findings and recommendations. Displaced persons may also appeal to the Ombudsperson established under the flood management program. 9. The Project to consider involving the local Jirga for resolving the complaints and grievances. The Project will have to ensure that if the Jirga decision is being taken then it has to be gender sensitive. The Project can approach the Political Agent for this purpose. VI. Monitoring and Evaluation 10. The RP implementation for each sub-project will be monitored both internally and externally. The EAs/IAs with assistance of MC will carry out internal monitoring and provide periodical monitoring reports to World Bank. The frequency of reports will vary from sub- project to sub-project in accordance with the severity and magnitude of impacts. External monitoring will be required in cases where livelihood compensation has to be paid and section- by-section approach for RP and civil works is adopted. The aim would be to identify cases where the mitigation measures and compensation are failing to support livelihoods, so that additional measures can be identified to prevent this happening, especially in sub-projects that will be implemented on a section-by-section basis. The external monitoring agency (EMA) will be hired under the MCs and frequency of external monitoring will be identified in each RP depending on the scale and sensitivity of impacts. All monitoring reports will also be submitted to World Bank prior to mobilization of the civil works contractor. 11. The EMA will also assess the situation of affected vulnerable groups, including female headed households, with selection based upon consideration of appropriate socio-economic indicators and a review of the RP implementation process. In the event that DPs will need to be relocated, the EMA will carry out a post-implementation evaluation of the RP about a year after completion of a sub-project, in order to ascertain whether the objectives of the RP were attained. The benchmark data of the socio-economic survey of DPs conducted during the preparation of RP will be used to compare the pre and post-project conditions. The EMA will recommend appropriate supplementary assistance for the DPs should the outcome of the monitoring show that the objectives of the RP have not been achieved. 23 Attachment 4(i): INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT SCREENING CHECKLIST Name of Enumerator:_____________________________ Date: _________________ Province:_________ District:___________ Project:___________ Sector:______ Project Categorization: A B C 3 Potential Impacts Yes No Expected Remarks Does the sub-project involve any physical construction work, i.e. rehabilitation, reconstruction or new construction? Specify in "remarks" column. Does the sub-project involve impacts on land, assets and people, if "Yes" try to quantify the impacts and check following items. If "No" impacts, explain the situation in "remarks" and move to section 2. Potential impacts Land (quantify and describe types of land in "remarks column". Government or state owned land free of occupation (agriculture or settlement) Private land · Residential · Commercial · Agriculture · Communal · Others (specify in "remarks"). Land-based assets: · Residential structures · Commercial structures (specify in "remarks") · Community structures (specify in "remarks") · Agriculture structures (specify in "remarks") · Public utilities (specify in "remarks") · Others (specify in "remarks") Agriculture related impacts · Crops and vegetables (specify types and cropping area in "remarks). · Trees (specify number and types in "remarks"). · Others (specify in "remarks"). Affected Persons (DPs) · Number of DPs · Males · Females · Titled land owners · Tenants and sharecroppers Category A (significant impacts): 200 or more people physically displaced from housing or losing more than 10% of their productive assets (income generating). Category B: Impacts not significant, resettlement plan required. Category C: No impact, no further action required. 24 Potential Impacts Yes No Expected Remarks · Leaseholders · Agriculture wage laborers · Encroachers and squatters (specify in remarks column). · Vulnerable DPs (e.g. women headed households, minors and aged, orphans, disabled persons and those below the poverty line). Specify the number and vulnerability in "remarks". · Others (specify in "remarks") Section 2 Others (specify in "remarks". Are there any indigenous or other minority groups affected by land acquisition or project activities? If "Yes" check the following items · Indigenous groups (specify groups in "remarks"). Describe nature of impacts · Minority groups (specify in "remarks"). Describe nature of impacts 25 Attachment 4(ii): Format to Document Contribution of Assets The following agreement has been made on............................ day of............................. between...............................................resident of ............................................(the Owner) and .......................................................(the Recipient). 1. That the Owner holds the transferable right of ...................................................hectares of land/structure/asset in................................................................................................. 2. That the Owner testifies that the land/structure is free of squatters or encroachers and not subject to other claims. 3. That the Owner hereby grants to the Recipient this asset for the construction and development of ................................for the benefit of the villagers and the public at large. (Either, in case of donation:) 4. That the Owner will not claim any compensation against the grant of this asset. (Or, in case of compensation:) 4. That the Owner will receive compensation against the grant of this asset as per the attached Schedule. 5. That the Recipient agrees to accept this grant of asset for the purposes mentioned. 6. That the Recipient shall construct and develop the........................and take all possible precautions to avoid damage to adjacent land/structure/other assets. 7. That both the parties agree that the...........................so constructed/developed shall be public premises. 8. That the provisions of this agreement will come into force from the date of signing of this deed. 9. That the owner gives up all claims to the land donated and the title to the land will be transferred to the recipient through notary public. ___________________ _____________________ Signature of the Owner Signature of the Recipient Witnesses: 1. _____________________________ 2. ______________________________ (Signature, name and address) 26 Attachment 5: Pr otection of Cultur al Pr oper ty 1. Cultural property include monuments, structures, works of art, or sites of significance points of view, and are defined as sites and structures having archaeological, historical, architectural, or religious significance, and natural sites with cultural values. This includes cemeteries, graveyards and graves. 2. The initial phase of the proposed emergency reconstruction operations pose limited risks of damaging cultural property since projects will largely consist of small investments in community infrastructure, reconstruction of existing structures, and minor public works. Nevertheless, the following procedures for identification, protection from theft, and treatment of discovered artifacts should be followed and included in standard bidding documents as provided in Attachment 6. Chance Find Procedures 3. Chance find procedures will be used as follows: (a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; (b) Delineate the discovered site or area; (c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums take over; (d) Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less); (e) Responsible local authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archeologists of the Department of Archaeology and Museums (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values; (f) Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage; (g) Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums; and (h) Construction work could resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums concerning safeguard of the heritage. 27 4. These procedures must be referred to as standard provisions in construction contracts, when applicable, and as proposed in Attachment 6. During project supervision, the Site Engineer shall monitor the above regulations relating to the treatment of any chance find encountered are observed. 5. Relevant findings will be recorded in World Bank Project Supervision Reports (PSRs), and Implementation Completion Reports (ICRs) will assess the overall effectiveness of the project's cultural property mitigation, management, and activities, as appropriate. 28 Attachment 6: Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in the Technical Specifications of Contracts I. General 1. The Contractor and his employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the Engineer to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of his operations on the environment. 2. The Contractor shall not be permitted to unnecessarily strip clear the right of way. The Contractor shall only clear the minimum width for construction and diversion roads should not be constructed alongside the existing road. 3. Remedial actions which cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be carried out on completion of each Section of the road (earthworks, pavement and drainage) and before issuance of the Taking Over Certificate: (a) these sections should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation; (b) water courses should be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear flow paths; and (c) borrow pits should be dressed as fish ponds, or drained and made safe, as agreed with the land owner. 4. The Contractor shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas. 5. The Contractor shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital. 6. To prevent dust pollution during dry periods, the Contractor shall carry out regular watering of earth and gravel haul roads and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage. II. Transport 7. The Contractor shall use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Engineer, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of road, and shall restrict loads to prevent damage to roads and bridges used for transportation purposes. The Contractor shall be held responsible for any damage caused to the roads and bridges due to the transportation of excessive loads, and shall be required to repair such damage to the approval of the Engineer. 8. The Contractor shall not use any vehicles, either on or off road with grossly excessive, exhaust or noise emissions. In any built up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor. 29 9. Adequate traffic control measures shall be maintained by the Contractor throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer. III. Workforce 10. The Contractor should whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and shall provide appropriate training as necessary. 11. The Contractor shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system for any residential labor camp and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses. 12. The Contractor shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the labor camp and/or base camp. 13. The Contractor shall not allow the use of fuelwood for cooking or heating in any labor camp or base camp and provide alternate facilities using other fuels. 14. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located in appropriate areas as approved by the Engineer and not within 500 meters of existing residential settlements and not within 1,000 meters for asphalt plants. 15. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet. 16. The contractor shall not use fuelwood as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the Works. IV. Quarries and Borrow Pits 17. Operation of a new borrow area, on land, in a river, or in an existing area, shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer, and the operation shall cease if so instructed by the Engineer. Borrow pits shall be prohibited where they might interfere with the natural or designed drainage patterns. River locations shall be prohibited if they might undermine or damage the river banks, or carry too much fine material downstream. 18. The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with stable side slopes, and are drained ensuring that no stagnant water bodies are created which could breed mosquitoes. 19. Rock or gravel taken from a river shall be far enough removed to limit the depth of material removed to one-tenth of the width of the river at any one location, and not to disrupt the river flow, or damage or undermine the river banks. 30 20. The location of crushing plants shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust control devices. V. Earthworks 21. Earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season. 22. The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the work. 23. The Contractor shall complete cut and fill operations to final cross-sections at any one location as soon as possible and preferably in one continuous operation to avoid partially completed earthworks, especially during the rainy season. 24. In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, in accordance with the drawings, cut off drains and toe-drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or other plant cover. Cut off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and slope erosion. 25. Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated tipping areas as agreed to by the Engineer. 26. Tips should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any watercourse. Drains may need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer. VI. Historical and Archeological Sites 27. If the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor shall: (a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find. (b) Delineate the discovered site or area. (c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the Department of Archeology and Museums and the responsible Ministry take over. (d) Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Department of Archeology and Museums and the responsible Ministry immediately (less than 24 hours). (e) Contact the responsible local authorities and the Department of Archeology and Museums and the responsible Ministry who would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This 31 would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archeologists of the Department of Archeology and Museums and the responsible Ministry (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage, including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values. (f) Ensure that decisions on how to handle the finding be taken by the responsible authorities and the Department of Archeology and Museums and the responsible Ministry. This could include changes in the layout (such as when the finding is an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage. (g) Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the Department of Archeology and Museums and the responsible Ministry ; and (h) Construction work will resume only after authorization is given by the responsible local authorities and the Department of Archeology and Museums and the responsible Ministry/department concerning the safeguard of the heritage. VII. Disposal of Construction and Vehicle Waste 28. Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the project engineer. The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare flora. Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas. 29. In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Supervisor/Engineer. 30. Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area. 31. All arrangements for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, will be considered incidental to the work and should be planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and directed by the Engineer. 32. Vehicle/machinery and equipment operations, maintenance and refueling shall be carried out to avoid spillage of fuels and lubricants and ground contamination. An 'oil interceptor" will be provided for wash down and refueling areas. Fuel storage shall be located in proper bunded areas. 33. All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines. Fuel storage and refilling areas shall be located at 32 least 300m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer. VIII. HIV/AIDS Education 34. The Contractor shall ensure that detection screening of sexually transmitted diseases, especially with regard to HIV/AIDS, amongst laborers is actually carried out and will submit a certificate of compliance. 33 Attachment 7: Environment, Health, and Safety Guidelines (Please see the following pages.) 34 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION WORLD BANK GROUP Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Introduction based on the professional opinion of qualified and experienced persons. When host country regulations differ from the levels and The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected technical reference documents with general and industry-specific to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels or examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) 1. When measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a appropriate, in view of specific project circumstances, a full and project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part respective policies and standards. These General EHS Guidelines of the site-specific environmental assessment. This justification are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry Sector should demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance EHS Guidelines which provide guidance to users on EHS issues in levels is protective of human health and the environment. specific industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple industry-sector guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of The General EHS Guidelines are organized as follows: industry-sector guidelines can be found at: 1. Environmental 3 www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines 1.1 Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality 3 1.2 Energy Conservation 17 The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures 1.3 Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality 24 1.4 Water Conservation 32 that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by 1.5 Hazardous Materials Management 35 1.6 Waste Management 45 existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS 1.7 Noise 51 Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of 1.8 Contaminated Land 53 2. Occupational Health and Safety 59 site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving 2.1 General Facility Design and Operation 60 2.2 Communication and Training 62 them. The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be tailored to 2.3 Physical Hazards 64 the hazards and risks established for each project on the basis of 2.4 Chemical Hazards 68 2.5 Biological Hazards 70 the results of an environmental assessment2 in which site-specific 2.6 Radiological Hazards 72 2.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 72 variables, such as host country context, assimilative capacity of the 2.8 Special Hazard Environments 73 environment, and other project factors, are taken into account. The 2.9 Monitoring 74 3. Community Health and Safety 77 applicability of specific technical recommendations should be 3.1 Water Quality and Availability 77 3.2 Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure 78 3.3 Life and Fire Safety (L&FS) 79 3.4 Traffic Safety 82 1 Defined as the exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence and foresight that 3.5 Transport of Hazardous Materials 82 would be reasonably expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged 3.6 Disease Prevention 85 in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally. 3.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response 86 The circumstances that skilled and experienced professionals may find when 4. Construction and Decommissioning 89 evaluating the range of pollution prevention and control techniques available to a project may include, but are not limited to, varying levels of environmental 4.1 Environment 89 degradation and environmental assimilative capacity as well as varying levels of 4.2 Occupational Health & Safety 92 financial and technical feasibility. 4.3 Community Health & Safety 94 2 For IFC, such assessment is carried out consistent with Performance Standard 1, References and Additional Sources* 96 and for the World Bank, with Operational Policy 4.01. APRIL 30, 2007 1 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION WORLD BANK GROUP General Approach to the Management people or to the environmental resources on which they depend. of EHS Issues at the Facility or Project Level · Prioritizing risk management strategies with the objective of achieving an overall reduction of risk to human health and the Effective management of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) environment, focusing on the prevention of irreversible and / or issues entails the inclusion of EHS considerations into corporate- significant impacts. and facility-level business processes in an organized, hierarchical approach that includes the following steps: · Favoring strategies that eliminate the cause of the hazard at its source, for example, by selecting less hazardous materials · Identifying EHS project hazards3 and associated risks4 as or processes that avoid the need for EHS controls. early as possible in the facility development or project cycle, including the incorporation of EHS considerations into the site · When impact avoidance is not feasible, incorporating selection process, product design process, engineering engineering and management controls to reduce or minimize planning process for capital requests, engineering work the possibility and magnitude of undesired consequences, for orders, facility modification authorizations, or layout and example, with the application of pollution controls to reduce process change plans. the levels of emitted contaminants to workers or environments. · Involving EHS professionals, who have the experience, · Preparing workers and nearby communities to respond to competence, and training necessary to assess and manage accidents, including providing technical and financial EHS impacts and risks, and carry out specialized resources to effectively and safely control such events, and environmental management functions including the restoring workplace and community environments to a safe preparation of project or activity-specific plans and procedures and healthy condition. that incorporate the technical recommendations presented in · Improving EHS performance through a combination of ongoing this document that are relevant to the project. monitoring of facility performance and effective accountability. · Understanding the likelihood and magnitude of EHS risks, based on: o The nature of the project activities, such as whether the project will generate significant quantities of emissions or effluents, or involve hazardous materials or processes; o The potential consequences to workers, communities, or the environment if hazards are not adequately managed, which may depend on the proximity of project activities to 3 Defined as "threats to humans and what they value" (Kates, et al., 1985). 4 Defined as "quantitative measures of hazard consequences, usually expressed as conditional probabilities of experiencing harm" (Kates, et. al., 1985) APRIL 30, 2007 2 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP 1.0 Environmental 1.1 Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality the spatial characteristic of the source including point sources, Applicability and Approach ...............................................3 fugitive sources, and mobile sources and, further, by process, Ambient Air Quality ..........................................................4 such as combustion, materials storage, or other industry sector- General Approach....................................................4 specific processes. Projects Located in Degraded Airsheds or Ecologically Sensitive Areas........................................................5 Point Sources ..................................................................5 Where possible, facilities and projects should avoid, minimize, and Stack Height.............................................................5 control adverse impacts to human health, safety, and the Small Combustion Facilities Emissions Guidelines ....6 Fugitive Sources ..............................................................8 environment from emissions to air. Where this is not possible, the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)........................8 generation and release of emissions of any type should be Particulate Matter (PM).............................................8 managed through a combination of: Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) .........................9 Mobile Sources ­ Land-based ..........................................9 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs).............................................9 · Energy use efficiency Monitoring......................................................................10 · Process modification Monitoring of Small Combustion Plants Emissions...11 · Selection of fuels or other materials, the processing of which may result in less polluting emissions · Application of emissions control techniques Applicability and Approach This guideline applies to facilities or projects that generate The selected prevention and control techniques may include one emissions to air at any stage of the project life-cycle. It or more methods of treatment depending on: complements the industry-specific emissions guidance presented in the Industry Sector Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) · Regulatory requirements Guidelines by providing information about common techniques for · Significance of the source emissions management that may be applied to a range of industry · Location of the emitting facility relative to other sources sectors. This guideline provides an approach to the management · Location of sensitive receptors of significant sources of emissions, including specific guidance for · Existing ambient air quality, and potential for degradation of assessment and monitoring of impacts. It is also intended to the airshed from a proposed project provide additional information on approaches to emissions · Technical feasibility and cost effectiveness of the available management in projects located in areas of poor air quality, where options for prevention, control, and release of emissions it may be necessary to establish project-specific emissions standards. Emissions of air pollutants can occur from a wide variety of activities during the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases of a project. These activities can be categorized based on APRIL 30, 2007 3 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Ambient Air Quality additional, future sustainable development in the same airshed. 12 General Approach At facility level, impacts should be estimated through qualitative or Projects with significant5,6 sources of air emissions, and potential quantitative assessments by the use of baseline air quality for significant impacts to ambient air quality, should prevent or assessments and atmospheric dispersion models to assess minimize impacts by ensuring that: potential ground level concentrations. Local atmospheric, climatic, · Emissions do not result in pollutant concentrations that reach and air quality data should be applied when modeling dispersion, or exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and standards9 protection against atmospheric downwash, wakes, or eddy effects by applying national legislated standards, or in their absence, of the source, nearby13 structures, and terrain features. The the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines10 (see Table 1.1.1), dispersion model applied should be internationally recognized, or or other internationally recognized sources11; comparable. Examples of acceptable emission estimation and · Emissions do not contribute a significant portion to the dispersion modeling approaches for point and fugitive sources are attainment of relevant ambient air quality guidelines or standards. As a general rule, this Guideline suggests 25 Table 1.1.1: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines 7,8 percent of the applicable air quality standards to allow Averaging Guideline value in Period ĩg/m3 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour 125 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 20 (guideline) 10 minute 500 (guideline) 5 Significant sources of point and fugitive emissions are considered to be general Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 1-year 40 (guideline) 1-hour 200 (guideline) sources which, for example, can contribute a net emissions increase of one or more of the following pollutants within a given airshed: PM10: 50 tons per year Particulate Matter 1-year 70 (Interim target-1) (tpy); NOx: 500 tpy; SO2: 500 tpy; or as established through national legislation; PM10 50 (Interim target-2) and combustion sources with an equivalent heat input of 50 MWth or greater. The 30 (Interim target-3) significance of emissions of inorganic and organic pollutants should be established 20 (guideline) on a project-specific basis taking into account toxic and other properties of the pollutant. 24-hour 150 (Interim target-1) 6 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention of Significant 100 (Interim target-2) Deterioration of Air Quality, 40 CFR Ch. 1 Part 52.21. Other references for 75 (Interim target-3) establishing significant emissions include the European Commission. 2000. 50 (guideline) "Guidance Document for EPER implementation." Particulate Matter 1-year 35 (Interim target-1) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ippc/eper/index.htm ; and Australian Government. 2004. "National Pollutant Inventory Guide." PM2.5 25 (Interim target-2) http://www.npi.gov.au/handbooks/pubs/npiguide.pdf 15 (Interim target-3) 7 World Health Organization (WHO). Air Quality Guidelines Global Update, 2005. 10 (guideline) PM 24-hour value is the 99th percentile. 8 Interim targets are provided in recognition of the need for a staged approach to 24-hour 75 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) achieving the recommended guidelines. 9 Ambient air quality standards are ambient air quality levels established and 37.5 (Interim target-3) 25 (guideline) published through national legislative and regulatory processes, and ambient Ozone 8-hour daily 160 (Interim target-1) quality guidelines refer to ambient quality levels primarily developed through clinical, toxicological, and epidemiological evidence (such as those published by maximum 100 (guideline) the World Health Organization). 10 Available at World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/en 12 US EPA Prevention of Significant Deterioration Increments Limits applicable to 11 For example the United States National Ambient Air Quality Standards non-degraded airsheds. (NAAQS) (http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html) and the relevant European Council Directives (Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 / Council Directive 2002/3/EC of February 12 2002). APRIL 30, 2007 4 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP included in Annex 1.1.1. These approaches include screening Point Sources models for single source evaluations (SCREEN3 or AIRSCREEN), Point sources are discrete, stationary, identifiable sources of as well as more complex and refined models (AERMOD OR emissions that release pollutants to the atmosphere. They are ADMS). Model selection is dependent on the complexity and geo- typically located in manufacturing or production plants. Within a morphology of the project site (e.g. mountainous terrain, urban or given point source, there may be several individual `emission rural area). points' that comprise the point source.15 Projects Located in Degraded Airsheds or Point sources are characterized by the release of air pollutants Ecologically Sensitive Areas typically associated with the combustion of fossil fuels, such as Facilities or projects located within poor quality airsheds14, and nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide within or next to areas established as ecologically sensitive (e.g. (CO), and particulate matter (PM), as well as other air pollutants national parks), should ensure that any increase in pollution levels including certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals is as small as feasible, and amounts to a fraction of the applicable that may also be associated with a wide range of industrial short-term and annual average air quality guidelines or standards activities. as established in the project-specific environmental assessment. Emissions from point sources should be avoided and controlled Suitable mitigation measures may also include the relocation of according to good international industry practice (GIIP) applicable significant sources of emissions outside the airshed in question, to the relevant industry sector, depending on ambient conditions, use of cleaner fuels or technologies, application of comprehensive through the combined application of process modifications and pollution control measures, offset activities at installations emissions controls, examples of which are provided in Annex controlled by the project sponsor or other facilities within the same 1.1.2. Additional recommendations regarding stack height and airshed, and buy-down of emissions within the same airshed. emissions from small combustion facilities are provided below. Specific provisions for minimizing emissions and their impacts in Stack Height poor air quality or ecologically sensitive airsheds should be The stack height for all point sources of emissions, whether established on a project-by-project or industry-specific basis. `significant' or not, should be designed according to GIIP (see Offset provisions outside the immediate control of the project Annex 1.1.3) to avoid excessive ground level concentrations due sponsor or buy-downs should be monitored and enforced by the to downwash, wakes, and eddy effects, and to ensure reasonable local agency responsible for granting and monitoring emission diffusion to minimize impacts. For projects where there are permits. Such provisions should be in place prior to final multiple sources of emissions, stack heights should be established commissioning of the facility / project. with due consideration to emissions from all other project sources, both point and fugitive. Non-significant sources of emissions, 13 "Nearby" generally considers an area within a radius of up to 20 times the stack 15 Emission points refer to a specific stack, vent, or other discrete point of pollution height. release. This term should not be confused with point source, which is a regulatory 14 An airshed should be considered as having poor air quality if nationally distinction from area and mobile sources. The characterization of point sources into multiple emissions points is useful for allowing more detailed reporting of legislated air quality standards or WHO Air Quality Guidelines are exceeded emissions information. significantly. APRIL 30, 2007 5 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP including small combustion sources,16 should also use GIIP in stack design. Small Combustion Facilities Emissions Guidelines Small combustion processes are systems designed to deliver electrical or mechanical power, steam, heat, or any combination of these, regardless of the fuel type, with a total, rated heat input capacity of between three Megawatt thermal (MWth) and 50 MWth. The emissions guidelines in Table 1.1.2 are applicable to small combustion process installations operating more than 500 hours per year, and those with an annual capacity utilization of more than 30 percent. Plants firing a mixture of fuels should compare emissions performance with these guidelines based on the sum of the relative contribution of each applied fuel17. Lower emission values may apply if the proposed facility is located in an ecologically sensitive airshed, or airshed with poor air quality, in order to address potential cumulative impacts from the installation of more than one small combustion plant as part of a distributed generation project. 16 Small combustion sources are those with a total rated heat input capacity of 50MWth or less. 17 The contribution of a fuel is the percentage of heat input (LHV) provided by this fuel multiplied by its limit value. APRIL 30, 2007 6 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Table 1.1.2 - Small Combustion Facilities Emissions Guidelines (3MWth ­ 50MWth) ­ (in mg/Nm3 or as indicated) Combustion Technology / Dry Gas, Excess Particulate Matter (PM) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Fuel O2 Content (%) Engine 200 (Spark Ignition) Gas N/A N/A 400 (Dual Fuel) 15 1,600 (Compression Ignition) 1.5 percent Sulfur or up to 3.0 percent Sulfur if 50 or up to 100 if justified by project specific If bore size diameter [mm] < 400: 1460 justified by project specific considerations (e.g. considerations (e.g. Economic feasibility of (or up to 1,600 if justified to maintain high Economic feasibility of using lower S content fuel, Liquid using lower ash content fuel, or adding energy efficiency.) 15 or adding secondary treatment to meet levels of secondary treatment to meet 50, and using 1.5 percent Sulfur, and available available environmental capacity of the site) If bore size diameter [mm] > or = 400: 1,850 environmental capacity of the site) Turbine Natural Gas 42 ppm (Electric generation) N/A N/A 15 =3MWth to < 15MWth 100 ppm (Mechanical drive) Natural Gas N/A N/A 25 ppm 15 =15MWth to < 50MWth 0.5 percent Sulfur or lower percent Sulfur (e.g. 0.2 Fuels other than Natural Gas 96 ppm (Electric generation) N/A percent Sulfur) if commercially available without 15 =3MWth to < 15MWth 150 ppm (Mechanical drive) significant excess fuel cost Fuels other than Natural Gas 0.5% S or lower % S (0.2%S) if commercially N/A 74 ppm 15 =15MWth to < 50MWth available without significant excess fuel cost Boiler Gas N/A N/A 320 3 50 or up to 150 if justified by environmental Liquid 2000 460 3 assessment 50 or up to 150 if justified by environmental Solid 2000 650 6 assessment Notes: -N/A/ - no emissions guideline; Higher performance levels than these in the Table should be applicable to facilities located in urban / industrial areas with degraded airsheds or close to ecologically sensitive areas where more stringent emissions controls may be needed.; MWth is heat input on HHV basis; Solid fuels include biomass; Nm 3 is at one atmosphere pressure, 0°C.; MWth category is to apply to the entire facility consisting of multiple units that are reasonably considered to be emitted from a common stack except for NOx and PM limits for turbines and boilers. Guidelines values apply to facilities operating more than 500 hours per year with an annual capacity utilization factor of more than 30 percent. APRIL 30, 2007 7 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP · Implementing a leak detection and repair (LDAR) program Fugitive Sources that controls fugitive emissions by regularly monitoring to Fugitive source air emissions refer to emissions that are detect leaks, and implementing repairs within a predefined distributed spatially over a wide area and not confined to a specific time period.18 discharge point. They originate in operations where exhausts are For VOC emissions associated with handling of chemicals in open not captured and passed through a stack. Fugitive emissions have vats and mixing processes, the recommended prevention and the potential for much greater ground-level impacts per unit than control techniques include: stationary source emissions, since they are discharged and dispersed close to the ground. The two main types of fugitive · Substitution of less volatile substances, such as aqueous emissions are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and solvents; particulate matter (PM). Other contaminants (NOx, SO2 and CO) · Collection of vapors through air extractors and subsequent are mainly associated with combustion processes, as described treatment of gas stream by removing VOCs with control above. Projects with potentially significant fugitive sources of devices such as condensers or activated carbon absorption; emissions should establish the need for ambient quality · Collection of vapors through air extractors and subsequent assessment and monitoring practices. treatment with destructive control devices such as: o Catalytic Incinerators: Used to reduce VOCs from Open burning of solid wastes, whether hazardous or non- process exhaust gases exiting paint spray booths, hazardous, is not considered good practice and should be ovens, and other process operations avoided, as the generation of polluting emissions from this type of o Thermal Incinerators: Used to control VOC levels in a source cannot be controlled effectively. gas stream by passing the stream through a combustion chamber where the VOCs are burned in air at Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) temperatures between 700š C to 1,300š C The most common sources of fugitive VOC emissions are o Enclosed Oxidizing Flares: Used to convert VOCs into associated with industrial activities that produce, store, and use CO2 and H2O by way of direct combustion VOC-containing liquids or gases where the material is under pressure, exposed to a lower vapor pressure, or displaced from an · Use of floating roofs on storage tanks to reduce the enclosed space. Typical sources include equipment leaks, open opportunity for volatilization by eliminating the headspace vats and mixing tanks, storage tanks, unit operations in present in conventional storage tanks. wastewater treatment systems, and accidental releases. Particulate Matter (PM) Equipment leaks include valves, fittings, and elbows which are The most common pollutant involved in fugitive emissions is dust subject to leaks under pressure. The recommended prevention or particulate matter (PM). This is released during certain and control techniques for VOC emissions associated with operations, such as transport and open storage of solid materials, equipment leaks include: and from exposed soil surfaces, including unpaved roads. · Equipment modifications, examples of which are presented in Annex 1.1.4; 18 For more information, see Leak Detection and Repair Program (LDAR), at: http://www.ldar.net APRIL 30, 2007 8 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Recommended prevention and control of these emissions sources programs. In the absence of these, the following approach should include: be considered: · Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water · Regardless of the size or type of vehicle, fleet owners / suppression, or increased moisture content for open operators should implement the manufacturer recommended materials storage piles, or controls, including air extraction engine maintenance programs; and treatment through a baghouse or cyclone for material · Drivers should be instructed on the benefits of driving handling sources, such as conveyors and bins; practices that reduce both the risk of accidents and fuel · Use of water suppression for control of loose materials on consumption, including measured acceleration and driving paved or unpaved road surfaces. Oil and oil by-products is within safe speed limits; not a recommended method to control road dust. Examples · Operators with fleets of 120 or more units of heavy duty of additional control options for unpaved roads include those vehicles (buses and trucks), or 540 or more light duty summarized in Annex 1.1.5. vehicles21 (cars and light trucks) within an airshed should consider additional ways to reduce potential impacts Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) including: Several chemicals are classified as ozone depleting substances o Replacing older vehicles with newer, more fuel efficient (ODSs) and are scheduled for phase-out under the Montreal alternatives Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.19 No new o Converting high-use vehicles to cleaner fuels, where systems or processes should be installed using CFCs, halons, feasible 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide or o Installing and maintaining emissions control devices, HBFCs. HCFCs should only be considered as interim / bridging such as catalytic converters alternatives as determined by the host country commitments and o Implementing a regular vehicle maintenance and repair regulations.20 program Mobile Sources ­ Land-based Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Similar to other combustion processes, emissions from vehicles Sectors that may have potentially significant emissions of include CO, NOx, SO2, PM and VOCs. Emissions from on-road greenhouse gases (GHGs)22 include energy, transport, heavy and off-road vehicles should comply with national or regional industry (e.g. cement production, iron / steel manufacturing, aluminum smelting, petrochemical industries, petroleum refining, fertilizer manufacturing), agriculture, forestry and waste 19 Examples include: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); halons; 1,1,1-trichloroethane management. GHGs may be generated from direct emissions (methyl chloroform); carbon tetrachloride; hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs); hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs); and methyl bromide. They are currently used in a variety of applications including: domestic, commercial, and process refrigeration (CFCs and HCFCs); domestic, commercial, and motor vehicle air 21 The selected fleet size thresholds are assumed to represent potentially conditioning (CFCs and HCFCs); for manufacturing foam products (CFCs); for significant sources of emissions based on individual vehicles traveling 100,000 km solvent cleaning applications (CFCs, HCFCs, methyl chloroform, and carbon / yr using average emission factors. tetrachloride); as aerosol propellants (CFCs); in fire protection systems (halons 22 The six greenhouse gases that form part of the Kyoto Protocol to the United and HBFCs); and as crop fumigants (methyl bromide). Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change include carbon dioxide (C02); 20 Additional information is available through the Montreal Protocol Secretariat methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N 2O); hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); perfluorocarbons web site available at: http://ozone.unep.org/ (PFCs); and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6). APRIL 30, 2007 9 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP from facilities within the physical project boundary and indirect decisions to be made based on the data and the consequences of emissions associated with the off-site production of power used by making an incorrect decision, the time and geographic the project. boundaries, and the quality of data needed to make a correct decision.25 The air quality monitoring program should consider Recommendations for reduction and control of greenhouse gases include: the following elements: · Carbon financing;23 · Monitoring parameters: The monitoring parameters selected should reflect the pollutants of concern associated with · Enhancement of energy efficiency (see section on project processes. For combustion processes, indicator `Energy Conservation'); parameters typically include the quality of inputs, such as the · Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of sulfur content of fuel. greenhouse gases; · Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture and · Baseline calculations: Before a project is developed, baseline forestry; air quality monitoring at and in the vicinity of the site should · Promotion, development and increased use of be undertaken to assess background levels of key pollutants, renewable forms of energy; in order to differentiate between existing ambient conditions · Carbon capture and storage technologies;24 and project-related impacts. · Limitation and / or reduction of methane emissions · Monitoring type and frequency: Data on emissions and through recovery and use in waste management, as well ambient air quality generated through the monitoring program as in the production, transport and distribution of energy should be representative of the emissions discharged by the (coal, oil, and gas). project over time. Examples of time-dependent variations in the manufacturing process include batch process Monitoring manufacturing and seasonal process variations. Emissions Emissions and air quality monitoring programs provide information from highly variable processes may need to be sampled that can be used to assess the effectiveness of emissions more frequently or through composite methods. Emissions management strategies. A systematic planning process is monitoring frequency and duration may also range from recommended to ensure that the data collected are adequate for continuous for some combustion process operating their intended purposes (and to avoid collecting unnecessary parameters or inputs (e.g. the quality of fuel) to less frequent, data). This process, sometimes referred to as a data quality monthly, quarterly or yearly stack tests. objectives process, defines the purpose of collecting the data, the · Monitoring locations: Ambient air quality monitoring may 23 Carbon financing as a carbon emissions reduction strategy may include the host consists of off-site or fence line monitoring either by the government-endorsed Clean Development Mechanism or Joint Implementation of project sponsor, the competent government agency, or by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 24 Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a process consisting of the collaboration between both. The location of ambient air separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources; transport to a storage location; and long-term isolation from the atmosphere, for example in geological formations, in the ocean, or in mineral carbonates (reaction of CO2 with metal oxides in silicate minerals to produce stable carbonates). It is the object of 25 See, for example, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Guidance on intensive research worldwide (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Systematic Planning Using the Data Quality Objectives Process EPA QA/G-4, (IPCC), Special Report, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (2006). EPA/240/B-06/001 February 2006. APRIL 30, 2007 10 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP quality monitoring stations should be established based on o If Annual Stack Emission Testing demonstrates results the results of scientific methods and mathematical models to consistently and significantly better than the required estimate potential impact to the receiving airshed from an levels, frequency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can emissions source taking into consideration such aspects as be reduced from annual to every two or three years. the location of potentially affected communities and o Emission Monitoring: None prevailing wind directions. Boilers with capacities between =20 MWth and < 50 MWth · Sampling and analysis methods: Monitoring programs should o Annual Stack Emission Testing: SO2, NOx and PM. For apply national or international methods for sample collection gaseous fuel-fired boilers, only NOx. SO2 can be and analysis, such as those published by the International calculated based on fuel quality certification (if no SO2 Organization for Standardization,26 the European Committee control equipment is used) for Standardization,27 or the U.S. Environmental Protection o Emission Monitoring: SO2. Plants with SO2 control Agency.28 Sampling should be conducted by, or under, the equipment: Continuous. NOx: Continuous monitoring of supervision of trained individuals. Analysis should be either NOx emissions or indicative NOx emissions using conducted by entities permitted or certified for this purpose. combustion parameters. PM: Continuous monitoring of Sampling and analysis Quality Assurance / Quality Control either PM emissions, opacity, or indicative PM (QA/QC) plans should be applied and documented to ensure emissions using combustion parameters / visual that data quality is adequate for the intended data use (e.g., monitoring. method detection limits are below levels of concern). · Additional recommended monitoring approaches for Monitoring reports should include QA/QC documentation. turbines: o Annual Stack Emission Testing: NOx and SO2 (NOx Monitoring of Small Combustion Plants Emissions only for gaseous fuel-fired turbines). · Additional recommended monitoring approaches for boilers: o If Annual Stack Emission Testing results show Boilers with capacities between =3 MWth and < 20 MWth: constantly (3 consecutive years) and significantly (e.g. o Annual Stack Emission Testing: SO2, NOx and PM. For less than 75 percent) better than the required levels, gaseous fuel-fired boilers, only NOx. SO2 can be frequency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can be calculated based on fuel quality certification if no SO2 reduced from annual to every two or three years. control equipment is used. o Emission Monitoring: NOx: Continuous monitoring of either NOx emissions or indicative NOx emissions using 26 An on-line catalogue of ISO standards relating to the environment, health combustion parameters.SO2: Continuous monitoring if protection, and safety is available at: SO2 control equipment is used. http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList?ICS1=13&ICS2=&ICS 3=&scopelist= · Additional recommended monitoring approaches for 27 An on-line catalogue of European Standards is available at: http://www.cen.eu/catweb/cwen.htm . engines: 28 The National Environmental Methods Index provides a searchable o Annual Stack Emission Testing: NOx ,SO2 and PM (NOx clearinghouse of U.S. methods and procedures for both regulatory and non- regulatory monitoring purposes for water, sediment, air and tissues, and is only for gaseous fuel-fired diesel engines). available at http://www.nemi.gov/. APRIL 30, 2007 11 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP o If Annual Stack Emission Testing results show constantly (3 consecutive years) and significantly (e.g. less than 75 percent) better than the required levels, frequency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can be reduced from annual to every two or three years. o Emission Monitoring: NOx: Continuous monitoring of either NOx emissions or indicative NOx emissions using combustion parameters. SO2: Continuous monitoring if SO2 control equipment is used. PM: Continuous monitoring of either PM emissions or indicative PM emissions using operating parameters. APRIL 30, 2007 12 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Annex 1.1.1 ­ Air Emissions Estimation and Dispersion Modeling Methods The following is a partial list of documents to aid in the estimation of air emissions from various processes and air dispersion models: Australian Emission Estimation Technique Manuals http://www.npi.gov.au/handbooks/ Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, UN / ECE / EMEP and the European Environment Agency http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/TFEI/unece.htm Emission factors and emission estimation methods, US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief Guidelines on Air Quality Models (Revised), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2005 http://www.epa.gov/scram001/guidance/guide/appw_05.pdf Frequently Asked Questions, Air Quality Modeling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU), UK Environment Agency http://www.environment- agency.gov.uk/subjects/airquality/236092/?version=1&lang=_e OECD Database on Use and Release of Industrial Chemicals http://www.olis.oecd.org/ehs/urchem.nsf/ APRIL 30, 2007 13 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Annex 1.1.2 ­ Illustrative Point Source Air Emissions Prevention and Control Technologies Principal Sources and Issues General Prevention / Process Reduction Gas Control Options Comments Modification Approach Efficiency (%) Condition Particulate Matter (PM) Main sources are the combustion of fossil Fuel switching (e.g. selection of lower sulfur Fabric Filters 99 - 99.7% Dry gas, temp Applicability depends on flue gas properties including temperature, chemical fuels and numerous manufacturing processes fuels) or reducing the amount of fine <400F properties, abrasion and load. Typical air to cloth ratio range of 2.0 to 3.5 cfm/ft2 that collect PM through air extraction and particulates added to a process. ventilation systems. Volcanoes, ocean spray, Achievable outlet concentrations of 23 mg/Nm 3 forest fires and blowing dust (most prevalent in dry and semiarid climates) contribute to Electrostatic 97 ­ 99% Varies Precondition gas to remove large particles. Efficiency dependent on resistivity of background levels. Precipitator (ESP) depending of particle. Achievable outlet concentration of 23 mg/Nm3 particle type Cyclone 74 ­ 95% None Most efficient for large particles. Achievable outlet concentrations of 30 - 40 mg/Nm 3 Wet Scrubber 93 ­ 95% None Wet sludge may be a disposal problem depending on local infrastructure. Achievable outlet concentrations of 30 - 40 mg/Nm3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Mainly produced by the combustion of fuels Control system selection is heavily Fuel Switching >90% Alternate fuels may include low sulfur coal, light diesel or natural gas with such as oil and coal and as a by-product from dependent on the inlet concentration. For consequent reduction in particulate emissions related to sulfur in the fuel. Fuel some chemical production or wastewater SO2 concentrations in excess of 10%, the cleaning or beneficiation of fuels prior to combustion is another viable option but treatment processes. stream is passed through an acid plant not may have economic consequences. only to lower the SO2 emissions but also to generate high grade sulfur for sale. Levels Sorbent Injection 30% - 70% Calcium or lime is injected into the flue gas and the SO2 is adsorbed onto the below 10% are not rich enough for this sorbent process and should therefore utilize absorption or `scrubbing,' where SO2 Dry Flue Gas 70%-90% Can be regenerable or throwaway. molecules are captured into a liquid phase Desulfurization or adsorption, where SO2 molecules are captured on the surface of a solid Wet Flue Gas >90% Produces gypsum as a by-product adsorbent. Desulfurization APRIL 30, 2007 14 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Annex 1.1.2: Illustrative Point Source Air Emissions Prevention and Control Technologies (continued) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Percent Reduction by Fuel Type Comments Combustion modification Associated with combustion of fuel. Coal Oil Gas These modifications are capable of reducing NOx emissions by 50 (Illustrative of boilers) May occur in several forms of nitrogen to 95%. The method of combustion control used depends on the oxide; namely nitric oxide (NO), Low-excess-air firing 10­30 10­30 10­30 type of boiler and the method of firing fuel. nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), which is also a Staged Combustion 20­50 20­50 20­50 greenhouse gas. The term NOx Flue Gas Recirculation N/A 20­50 20­50 serves as a composite between NO and NO2 and emissions are usually Water/Steam Injection N/A 10­50 N/A. reported as NOx. Here the NO is multiplied by the ratio of molecular Low-NOx Burners 30­40 30­40 30­40 weights of NO2 to NO and added to Flue Gas Treatment Coal Oil Gas the NO2 emissions. Flue gas treatment is more effective in reducing NOx emissions than are combustion controls. Techniques can be classified as Means of reducing NOx emissions are SCR, SNCR, and adsorption. SCR involves the injection of based on the modification of operating Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) 60­90 60­90 60­90 ammonia as a reducing agent to convert NOx to nitrogen in the conditions such as minimizing the presence of a catalyst in a converter upstream of the air heater. resident time at peak temperatures, Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction N/A 30­70 30­70 Generally, some ammonia slips through and is part of the reducing the peak temperatures by (SNCR) emissions. SNCR also involves the injection of ammonia or urea increasing heat transfer rates or based products without the presence of a catalyst. minimizing the availability of oxygen. Note: Compiled by IFC based on inputs from technical experts. APRIL 30, 2007 15 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Annex 1.1.3 - Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) Annex 1.1.4 - Examples of VOC Emissions Controls Stack Height (Based on United States 40 CFR, part 51.100 (ii)). Approximate HG = H + 1.5L; where Control Equipment Type Modification Efficiency HG = GEP stack height measured from the ground level (%) elevation at the base of the stack Seal-less design 10029 H = Height of nearby structure(s) above the base of the stack. Closed-vent system 9030 Pumps L = Lesser dimension, height (h) or width (w), of nearby Dual mechanical seal with barrier fluid structures maintained at a higher 100 "Nearby structures" = Structures within/touching a radius pressure than the pumped fluid of 5L but less than 800 m. Closed-vent system 90 Dual mechanical seal Compressors with barrier fluid maintained at a higher 100 Projected width (w) pressure than the Stack compressed gas Closed-vent system Variable31 Pressure Relief Devices Rupture disk assembly 100 Valves Seal-less design 100 Connectors Weld together 100 1.5*L HG Blind, cap, plug, or Open-ended Lines 100 second valve h Sampling Connections Closed-loop sampling 100 H Note: Examples of technologies are provided for illustrative purposes. The availability and applicability of any particular technology will vary Maximum 5*L depending on manufacturer specifications. 29 Seal-less equipment can be a large source of emissions in the event of equipment failure. 30 Actual efficiency of a closed-vent system depends on percentage of vapors collected and efficiency of control device to which the vapors are routed. 31 Control efficiency of closed vent-systems installed on a pressure relief device may be lower than other closed-vent systems. APRIL 30, 2007 16 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Annex 1.1.5 - Fugitive PM Emissions Controls Control Control Type Efficiency Chemical Stabilization 0% - 98% Hygroscopic salts 60% - 96% Bitumens/adhesives Surfactants 0% - 68% Wet Suppression ­ Watering 12% - 98% Speed Reduction 0% - 80% Traffic Reduction Not quantified Paving (Asphalt / Concrete) 85% - 99% Covering with Gravel, Slag, or "Road 30% - 50% Carpet" Vacuum Sweeping 0% - 58% Water Flushing/Broom Sweeping 0% - 96% APRIL 30, 2007 17 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP 1.2 Energy Conservation should also evaluate energy conservation opportunities arising Applicability and Approach .............................................18 from manufacturing process modifications. Energy Management Programs...............................18 Energy Efficiency....................................................18 Process Heating.............................................................19 Energy Management Programs Heating Load Reduction .........................................19 Energy management programs should include the following Heat Distribution Systems.......................................19 elements: Energy Conversion System Efficiency Improvements20 Process Cooling.............................................................20 · Identification, and regular measurement and reporting of Load Reduction......................................................21 principal energy flows within a facility at unit process level Energy Conversion.................................................21 Refrigerant Compression Efficiency ........................23 · Preparation of mass and energy balance; Refrigeration System Auxiliaries..............................23 · Definition and regular review of energy performance Compressed Air Systems...............................................24 targets, which are adjusted to account for changes in major Load reduction .......................................................24 Distribution.............................................................24 influencing factors on energy use · Regular comparison and monitoring of energy flows with Applicability and Approach performance targets to identify where action should be taken to reduce energy use This guideline applies to facilities or projects that consume energy in process heating and cooling; process and auxiliary · Regular review of targets, which may include comparison with benchmark data, to confirm that targets are set at systems, such as motors, pumps, and fans; compressed air appropriate levels systems and heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC); and lighting systems. It complements the industry- Energy Efficiency specific emissions guidance presented in the Industry Sector For any energy-using system, a systematic analysis of energy Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines by efficiency improvements and cost reduction opportunities should providing information about common techniques for energy include a hierarchical examination of opportunities to: conservation that may be applied to a range of industry sectors. · Demand/Load Side Management by reducing loads on the Energy management at the facility level should be viewed in the energy system context of overall consumption patterns, including those · Supply Side Management by: associated with production processes and supporting utilities, as o Reduce losses in energy distribution well as overall impacts associated with emissions from power o Improve energy conversion efficiency sources. The following section provides guidance on energy o Exploit energy purchasing opportunities management with a focus on common utility systems often o Use lower-carbon fuels representing technical and financially feasible opportunities for improvement in energy conservation. However, operations APRIL 30, 2007 18 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP Common opportunities in each of these areas are summarized · Review opportunities to schedule work flow to limit the below.32 need for process reheating between stages · Operate furnaces/ovens at slight positive pressure, and Process Heating maintain air seals to reduce air in-leakage into the heated Process heating is vital to many manufacturing processes, system, thereby reducing the energy required to heat including heating for fluids, calcining, drying, heat treating, metal unnecessary air to system operating temperature heating, melting, melting agglomeration, curing, and forming33. · Reduce radiant heat losses by sealing structural openings and keep viewing ports closed when not in use In process heating systems, a system heat and mass balance · Where possible, use the system for long runs close to or at will show how much of the system's energy input provides true operating capacity process heating, and quantify fuel used to satisfy energy losses · Consider use of high emissivity coatings of high caused by excessive parasitic loads, distribution, or conversion temperature insulation, and consequent reduction in losses. Examination of savings opportunities should be directed process temperature by the results of the heat and mass balance, though the · Near net weight and shape heat designs following techniques are often valuable and cost-effective. · Robust Quality assurance on input material · Robust Scheduled maintenance programs Heating Load Reduction · Ensure adequate insulation to reduce heat losses through Heat Distribution Systems furnace/oven etc. structure Heat distribution in process heating applications typically takes · Recover heat from hot process or exhaust streams to place through steam, hot water, or thermal fluid systems. reduce system loads Losses can be reduced through the following actions: · In intermittently-heated systems, consider use of low thermal mass insulation to reduce energy required to heat · Promptly repair distribution system leaks the system structure to operating temperature · Avoid steam leaks despite a perceived need to get steam · Control process temperature and other parameters through the turbine. Electricity purchase is usually cheaper accurately to avoid, for example, overheating or overdrying overall, especially when the cost to treat turbine-quality · Examine opportunities to use low weight and/or low boiler feed water is included. If the heat-power ratio of the thermal mass product carriers, such as heated shapers, distribution process is less than that of power systems, kiln cars etc. opportunities should be considered to increase the ratio; for example, by using low-pressure steam to drive absorption cooling systems rather than using electrically-driven vapor- 32 Additional guidance on energy efficiency is available from sources such as Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN compression systems. http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/commercial/financial-assistance/new- buildings/mnecb.cfm?attr=20); the European Union (EUROPA. · Regularly verify correct operation of steam traps in steam http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/s15004.htm ), and United States Department of Energy (US DOE, systems, and ensure that traps are not bypassed. Since http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/process.html). 33 US DOE. http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/process.html APRIL 30, 2007 19 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP steam traps typically last approximately 5 years, 20% · Maintain clean heat transfer surfaces; in steam boilers, flue should be replaced or repaired annually gases should be no more than 20 K above steam · Insulate distribution system vessels, such as hot wells and temperature) de-aerators, in steam systems and thermal fluid or hot · In steam boiler systems, use economizers to recover heat water storage tanks from flue gases to pre-heat boiler feed water or combustion · Insulate all steam, condensate, hot water and thermal fluid air distribution pipework, down to and including 1" (25 mm) · Consider reverse osmosis or electrodialysis feed water diameter pipe, in addition to insulating all hot valves and treatment to minimize the requirement for boiler blowdown flanges · Adopt automatic (continuous) boiler blowdown · In steam systems, return condensate to the boiler house · Recover heat from blowdown systems through flash steam for re-use, since condensate is expensive boiler-quality recovery or feed-water preheat water and valuable beyond its heat content alone · Do not supply excessive quantities of steam to the de- · Use flash steam recovery systems to reduce losses due to aerator evaporation of high-pressure condensate · With fired heaters, consider opportunities to recover heat to · Consider steam expansion through a back-pressure turbine combustion air through the use of recuperative or rather than reducing valve stations regenerative burner systems · Eliminate distribution system losses by adopting point-of- · For systems operating for extended periods (> 6000 use heating systems hours/year), cogeneration of electrical power, heat and /or cooling can be cost effective Energy Conversion System Efficiency · Oxy Fuel burners Improvements · Oxygen enrichment/injection The following efficiency opportunities should be examined for · Use of turbolators in boilers process furnaces or ovens, and utility systems, such as boilers · Sizing design and use of multiple boilers for different load and fluid heaters: configurations · Regularly monitor CO, oxygen or CO2 content of flue · Fuel quality control/fuel blending gases to verify that combustion systems are using the minimum practical excess air volumes Process Cooling · Consider combustion automation using oxygen-trim The general methodology outlined above should be applied to controls process cooling systems. Commonly used and cost-effective · Minimize the number of boilers or heaters used to meet measures to improve process cooling efficiency are described loads. It is typically more efficient to run one boiler at 90% below. of capacity than two at 45%. Minimize the number of boilers kept at hot­standby · Use flue dampers to eliminate ventilation losses from hot boilers held at standby APRIL 30, 2007 20 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP Load Reduction o Planting trees as thermal shields around buildings · Ensure adequate insulation to reduce heat gains through o Installing timers and/or thermostats and/or cooling system structure and to below-ambient temperature enthalpy-based control systems refrigerant pipes and vessels o Installing ventilation heat recovery systems34 · Control process temperature accurately to avoid overcooling Energy Conversion The efficiency of refrigeration service provision is normally · Operate cooling tunnels at slight positive pressure and discussed in terms of Coefficient of Performance ("COP"), which maintain air seals to reduce air in-leakage into the cooled is the ratio of cooling duty divided by input power. COP is system, thus reducing the energy required to cool this maximized by effective refrigeration system design and unnecessary air to system operating temperature increased refrigerant compression efficiency, as well as · Examine opportunities to pre-cool using heat recovery to a minimization of the temperature difference through which the process stream requiring heating, or by using a higher system works and of auxiliary loads (i.e. those in addition to temperature cooling utility compressor power demand) used to operate the refrigeration · In cold and chill stores, minimize heat gains to the cooled system. space by use of air curtains, entrance vestibules, or rapidly opening/closing doors. Where conveyors carry products System Design into chilled areas, minimize the area of transfer openings, · If process temperatures are above ambient for all, or part, for example, by using strip curtains of the year, use of ambient cooling systems, such as · Quantify and minimize "incidental" cooling loads, for provided by cooling towers or dry air coolers, may be example, those due to evaporator fans, other machinery, appropriate, perhaps supplemented by refrigeration in defrost systems and lighting in cooled spaces, circulation summer conditions. fans in cooling tunnels, or secondary refrigerant pumps · Most refrigeration systems are electric-motor driven vapor (e.g. chilled water, brines, glycols) compression systems using positive displacement or · Do not use refrigeration for auxiliary cooling duties, such as centrifugal compressors. The remainder of this guideline compressor cylinder head or oil cooling relates primarily to vapor-compression systems. However, · While not a thermal load, ensure there is no gas bypass of when a cheap or free heat source is available (e.g. waste the expansion valve since this imposes compressor load heat from an engine-driven generator--low-pressure steam while providing little effective cooling · In the case of air conditioning applications, energy 34 More information on HVAC energy efficiency can be found at the British efficiency techniques include: Columbia Building Corporation (Woolliams, 2002. http://www.greenbuildingsbc.com/new_buildings/pdf_files/greenbuild_strategi o Placing air intakes and air-conditioning units in cool, es_guide.pdf), NRCAN's EnerGuide (http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/equipment/english/index.cfm?PrintView=N&Text=N) shaded locations and NRCAN's Energy Star Programs (http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/energystar/english/consumers/heating.cfm?text=N&pri o Improving building insulation including seals, vents, ntview=N#AC ), and the US Energy Star Program windows, and doors (http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=guidelines.download_guidelines). APRIL 30, 2007 21 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP that has passed through a back-pressure turbine), temperature is indicative of an appropriately sized absorption refrigeration may be appropriate. evaporator. When cooling liquids, 2K between leaving · Exploit high cooling temperature range: precooling by liquid and evaporating temperatures can be achieved, ambient and/or `high temperature' refrigeration before final though a 4K difference is generally indicative of a cooling can reduce refrigeration capital and running costs. generously-sized evaporator. High cooling temperature range also provides an · Keep the evaporator clean. When cooling air, ensure opportunity for countercurrent (cascade) cooling, which correct defrost operation. In liquid cooling, monitor reduces refrigerant flow needs. refrigerant/process temperature differences and compare · Keep `hot' and `cold' fluids separate, for example, do not with design expectations to be alert to heat exchanger mix water leaving the chiller with water returning from contamination by scale or oil. cooling circuits. · Ensure oil is regularly removed from the evaporator, and · In low-temperature systems where high temperature that oil additions and removals balance. differences are inevitable, consider two-stage or compound · Avoid the use of back-pressure valves. compression, or economized screw compressors, rather · Adjust expansion valves to minimize suction superheat than single-stage compression. consistent with avoidance of liquid carry-over to compressors. Minimizing Temperature Differences · Ensure that an appropriate refrigerant charge volume is A vapor-compression refrigeration system raises the present. temperature of the refrigerant from somewhat below the lowest process temperature (the evaporating temperature) to provide Reducing Condensing Temperature process cooling, to a higher temperature (the condensing · Consider whether to use air-cooled or evaporation-based temperature), somewhat above ambient, to facilitate heat cooling (e.g. evaporative or water cooled condensers and rejection to the air or cooling water systems. Increasing cooling towers). Air-cooled evaporators usually have evaporating temperature typically increases compressor cooling higher condensing temperatures, hence higher compressor capacity without greatly affecting power consumption. Reducing energy use, and auxiliary power consumption, especially in condensing temperature increases evaporator cooling capacity low humidity climates. If a wet system is used, ensure and substantially reduces compressor power consumption. adequate treatment to prevent growth of legionella bacteria. Elevating Evaporating Temperature · Whichever basic system is chosen, select a relatively large · Select a large evaporator to permit relatively low condenser to minimize differences between condensing temperature differences between process and evaporating and the heat sink temperatures. Condensing temperatures temperatures. Ensure that energy use of auxiliaries (e.g. with air cooled or evaporative condensers should not be evaporator fans) does not outweigh compression savings. more than 10K above design ambient condition, and a 4K In air-cooling applications, a design temperature difference approach in a liquid-cooled condenser is possible. of 6-10 K between leaving air temperature and evaporating APRIL 30, 2007 22 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP · Avoid accumulation of non-condensable gases in the Refrigerant Compression Efficiency condenser system. Consider the installation of refrigerated · Some refrigerant compressors and chillers are more non-condensable purgers, particularly for systems efficient than others offered for the same duty. Before operating below atmospheric pressure. purchase, identify the operating conditions under which the · Keep condensers clean and free from scale. Monitor compressor or chiller is likely to operate for substantial refrigerant/ambient temperature differences and compare parts of its annual cycle. Check operating efficiency under with design expectations to be alert to heat exchanger these conditions, and ask for estimates of annual running contamination. cost. Note that refrigeration and HVAC systems rarely run · Avoid liquid backup, which restricts heat transfer area in for extended periods at design conditions, which are condensers. This can be caused by installation errors such deliberately extreme. Operational efficiency under the most as concentric reducers in horizontal liquid refrigerant pipes, commonly occurring off-design conditions is likely to be or "up and over" liquid lines leading from condensers. most important. · In multiple condenser applications, refrigerant liquid lines · Compressors lose efficiency when unloaded. Avoid should be connected via drop-leg traps to the main liquid operation of multiple compressors at part-load conditions. refrigerant line to ensure that hot gases flow to all Note that package chillers can gain coefficient of condensers. performance (COP) when slightly unloaded, as loss of · Avoid head pressure control to the extent possible. Head compressor efficiency can be outweighed by the benefits of pressure control maintains condensing temperature at, or reduced condensing and elevated evaporating near, design levels. It therefore prevents reduction in temperature. However, it is unlikely to be energy efficient compressor power consumption, which accompanies to operate a single compressor-chiller at less than 50% of reduced condensing temperature, by restricting condenser capacity. capacity (usually by switching off the condenser, or cooling · Consider turndown efficiency when specifying chillers. tower fans, or restricting cooling water flow) under Variable speed control or multiple compressor chillers can conditions of less severe than design load or ambient be highly efficient at part loads. temperature conditions. Head pressure is often kept higher · Use of thermal storage systems (e.g., ice storage) can than necessary to facilitate hot gas defrost or adequate avoid the need for close load-tracking and, hence, can liquid refrigerant circulation. Use of electronic rather than avoid part-loaded compressor operation. thermostatic expansion valves, and liquid refrigerant pumps can permit effective refrigerant circulation at much Refrigeration System Auxiliaries reduced condensing temperatures. Many refrigeration system auxiliaries (e.g. evaporator fans and · Site condensers and cooling towers with adequate spacing chilled water pumps) contribute to refrigeration system load, so so as to prevent recirculation of hot air into the tower. reductions in their energy use have a double benefit. General energy saving techniques for pumps and fans, listed in the next section of these guidelines, should be applied to refrigeration auxiliaries. APRIL 30, 2007 23 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP Additionally, auxiliary use can be reduced by avoidance of part- o Implement systems for systematic identification and load operation and in plant selection (e.g. axial fan evaporative repair of leaks condensers generally use less energy than equivalent o All condensate drain points should be trapped. Do not centrifugal fan towers). leave drain valves continuously `cracked open' o Train workers never to direct compressed air against Under extreme off-design conditions, reduction in duty of cooling their bodies or clothing to dust or cool themselves system fans and pumps can be worthwhile, usually when the down. lowest possible condensing pressure has been achieved. Distribution Compressed Air Systems · Monitor pressure losses in filters and replace as Compressed air is the most commonly found utility service in appropriate industry, yet in many compressed air systems, the energy · Use adequately sized distribution pipework designed to contained in compressed air delivered to the user is often 10% minimize pressure losses or less of energy used in air compression. Savings are often possible through the following techniques: Load reduction · Examine each true user of compressed air to identify the air volume needed and the pressure at which this should be delivered. · Do not mix high volume low pressure and low volume high pressure loads. Decentralize low volume high-pressure applications or provide dedicated low-pressure utilities, for example, by using fans rather than compressed air. · Review air use reduction opportunities, for example: o Use air amplifier nozzles rather than simple open-pipe compressed air jets o Consider whether compressed air is needed at all o Where air jets are required intermittently (e.g. to propel product), consider operating the jet via a process-related solenoid valve, which opens only when air is required o Use manual or automatically operated valves to isolate air supply to individual machines or zones that are not in continuous use APRIL 30, 2007 24 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP 1.3 Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality · Understand the quality, quantity, frequency and sources of Applicability and Approach......................................25 liquid effluents in its installations. This includes knowledge General Liquid Effluent Quality.......................................26 about the locations, routes and integrity of internal drainage Discharge to Surface Water....................................26 Discharge to Sanitary Sewer Systems.....................26 systems and discharge points Land Application of Treated Effluent........................27 · Plan and implement the segregation of liquid effluents Septic Systems ......................................................27 principally along industrial, utility, sanitary, and stormwater Wastewater Management...............................................27 Industrial Wastewater .............................................27 categories, in order to limit the volume of water requiring Sanitary Wastewater ..............................................29 specialized treatment. Characteristics of individual streams Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operations .30 may also be used for source segregation. Residuals from Wastewater Treatment Operations..30 Occupational Health and Safety Issues in Wastewater · Identify opportunities to prevent or reduce wastewater Treatment Operations.............................................30 pollution through such measures as recycle/reuse within their Monitoring......................................................................30 facility, input substitution, or process modification (e.g. change of technology or operating conditions/modes). Applicability and Approach · Assess compliance of their wastewater discharges with the This guideline applies to projects that have either direct or indirect applicable: (i) discharge standard (if the wastewater is discharge of process wastewater, wastewater from utility discharged to a surface water or sewer), and (ii) water quality operations or stormwater to the environment. These guidelines standard for a specific reuse (e.g. if the wastewater is reused are also applicable to industrial discharges to sanitary sewers that for irrigation). discharge to the environment without any treatment. Process wastewater may include contaminated wastewater from utility Additionally, the generation and discharge of wastewater of any operations, stormwater, and sanitary sewage. It provides type should be managed through a combination of: information on common techniques for wastewater management, · Water use efficiency to reduce the amount of wastewater water conservation, and reuse that can be applied to a wide range generation of industry sectors. This guideline is meant to be complemented · Process modification, including waste minimization, and by the industry-specific effluent guidelines presented in the reducing the use of hazardous materials to reduce the load of Industry Sector Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) pollutants requiring treatment Guidelines. Projects with the potential to generate process · If needed, application of wastewater treatment techniques to wastewater, sanitary (domestic) sewage, or stormwater should further reduce the load of contaminants prior to discharge, incorporate the necessary precautions to avoid, minimize, and taking into consideration potential impacts of cross-media control adverse impacts to human health, safety, or the transfer of contaminants during treatment (e.g., from water to environment. air or land) In the context of their overall ESHS management system, facilities should: APRIL 30, 2007 25 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP When wastewater treatment is required prior to discharge, the the receiving water into consideration, should also influence the level of treatment should be based on: acceptable pollution loadings and effluent discharge quality. Additional considerations that should be included in the setting of · Whether wastewater is being discharged to a sanitary sewer project-specific performance levels for wastewater effluents system, or to surface waters include: · National and local standards as reflected in permit requirements and sewer system capacity to convey and treat · Process wastewater treatment standards consistent with wastewater if discharge is to sanitary sewer applicable Industry Sector EHS Guidelines. Projects for · Assimilative capacity of the receiving water for the load of which there are no industry-specific guidelines should contaminant being discharged wastewater if discharge is to reference the effluent quality guidelines of an industry sector surface water with suitably analogous processes and effluents; · Intended use of the receiving water body (e.g. as a source of · Compliance with national or local standards for sanitary drinking water, recreation, irrigation, navigation, or other) wastewater discharges or, in their absence, the indicative · Presence of sensitive receptors (e.g., endangered species) guideline values applicable to sanitary wastewater or habitats discharges shown in Table 1.3.1 below ; · Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) for the relevant · Temperature of wastewater prior to discharge does not result industry sector in an increase greater than 3°C of ambient temperature at the edge of a scientifically established mixing zone which General Liquid Effluent Quality takes into account ambient water quality, receiving water use and assimilative capacity among other considerations. Discharge to Surface Water Discharges of process wastewater, sanitary wastewater, Discharge to Sanitary Sewer Systems wastewater from utility operations or stormwater to surface water Discharges of industrial wastewater, sanitary wastewater, should not result in contaminant concentrations in excess of local wastewater from utility operations or stormwater into public or ambient water quality criteria or, in the absence of local criteria, private wastewater treatment systems should: other sources of ambient water quality.35 Receiving water use36 and assimilative capacity37, taking other sources of discharges to · Meet the pretreatment and monitoring requirements of the sewer treatment system into which it discharges. 35 An example is the US EPA National Recommended Water Quality Criteria · Not interfere, directly or indirectly, with the operation and http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wqcriteria.html maintenance of the collection and treatment systems, or 36 Examples of receiving water uses as may be designated by local authorities pose a risk to worker health and safety, or adversely impact include: drinking water (with some level of treatment), recreation, aquaculture, irrigation, general aquatic life, ornamental, and navigation. Examples of health- based guideline values for receiving waters include World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for recreational use (http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/index.html) the area or region. A seasonally representative baseline assessment of ambient 37 The assimilative capacity of the receiving water body depends on numerous water quality may be required for use with established scientific methods and mathematical models to estimate potential impact to the receiving water from an factors including, but not limited to, the total volume of water, flow rate, flushing effluent source. rate of the water body and the loading of pollutants from other effluent sources in APRIL 30, 2007 26 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP characteristics of residuals from wastewater treatment · Properly designed and installed in accordance with local operations. regulations and guidance to prevent any hazard to public · Be discharged into municipal or centralized wastewater health or contamination of land, surface or groundwater. treatment systems that have adequate capacity to meet local · Well maintained to allow effective operation. regulatory requirements for treatment of wastewater · Installed in areas with sufficient soil percolation for the design generated from the project. Pretreatment of wastewater to wastewater loading rate. meet regulatory requirements before discharge from the · Installed in areas of stable soils that are nearly level, well project site is required if the municipal or centralized drained, and permeable, with enough separation between the wastewater treatment system receiving wastewater from the drain field and the groundwater table or other receiving project does not have adequate capacity to maintain waters. regulatory compliance. Wastewater Management Land Application of Treated Effluent Wastewater management includes water conservation, The quality of treated process wastewater, wastewater from utility wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and wastewater operations or stormwater discharged on land, including wetlands, and water quality monitoring. should be established based on local regulatory requirements. . Where land is used as part of the treatment system and the Industrial Wastewater ultimate receptor is surface water, water quality guidelines for Industrial wastewater generated from industrial operations surface water discharges specific to the industry sector process includes process wastewater, wastewater from utility operations,, should apply.38 Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface runoff from process and materials staging areas, and water, in the context of protection, conservation and long term miscellaneous activities including wastewater from laboratories, sustainability of water and land resources should be assessed equipment maintenance shops, etc.. The pollutants in an industrial when land is used as part of any wastewater treatment system. wastewater may include acids or bases (exhibited as low or high pH), soluble organic chemicals causing depletion of dissolved Septic Systems oxygen, suspended solids, nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen), Septic systems are commonly used for treatment and disposal of heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, domestic sanitary sewage in areas with no sewerage collection nickel, zinc), cyanide, toxic organic chemicals, oily materials, and networks, Septic systems should only be used for treatment of volatile materials. , as well as from thermal characteristics of the sanitary sewage, and unsuitable for industrial wastewater discharge (e.g., elevated temperature). Transfer of pollutants to treatment. When septic systems are the selected form of another phase, such as air, soil, or the sub-surface, should be wastewater disposal and treatment, they should be: minimized through process and engineering controls. 38 Additional guidance on water quality considerations for land application is Process Wastewater ­ ­ Examples of treatment approaches available in the WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture typically used in the treatment of industrial wastewater are http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuweg2/en/index.html summarized in Annex 1.3.1. While the choice of treatment APRIL 30, 2007 27 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP technology is driven by wastewater characteristics, the actual account ambient water quality, receiving water use, potential performance of this technology depends largely on the adequacy receptors and assimilative capacity among other of its design, equipment selection, as well as operation and considerations; maintenance of its installed facilities. Adequate resources are · Minimizing use of antifouling and corrosion inhibiting required for proper operation and maintenance of a treatment chemicals by ensuring appropriate depth of water intake and facility, and performance is strongly dependent on the technical use of screens. Least hazardous alternatives should be used ability and training of its operational staff. One or more treatment with regards to toxicity, biodegradability, bioavailability, and technologies may be used to achieve the desired discharge bioaccumulation potential. Dose applied should accord with quality and to maintain consistent compliance with regulatory local regulatory requirements and manufacturer requirements. The design and operation of the selected recommendations; wastewater treatment technologies should avoid uncontrolled air · Testing for residual biocides and other pollutants of concern emissions of volatile chemicals from wastewaters. Residuals from should be conducted to determine the need for dose industrial wastewater treatment operations should be disposed in adjustments or treatment of cooling water prior to discharge. compliance with local regulatory requirements, in the absence of which disposal has to be consistent with protection of public health Stormwater Management - Stormwater includes any surface and safety, and conservation and long term sustainability of water runoff and flows resulting from precipitation, drainage or other and land resources. sources. Typically stormwater runoff contains suspended sediments, metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Wastewater from Utilities Operations - Utility operations such Hydrocarbons (PAHs), coliform, etc. Rapid runoff, even of as cooling towers and demineralization systems may result in high uncontaminated stormwater, also degrades the quality of the rates of water consumption, as well as the potential release of receiving water by eroding stream beds and banks. In order to high temperature water containing high dissolved solids, residues reduce the need for stormwater treatment, the following principles of biocides, residues of other cooling system anti-fouling agents, should be applied: etc. Recommended water management strategies for utility operations include: · Stormwater should be separated from process and sanitary wastewater streams in order to reduce the volume of · Adoption of water conservation opportunities for facility wastewater to be treated prior to discharge cooling systems as provided in the Water Conservation · Surface runoff from process areas or potential sources of section below; contamination should be prevented · Use of heat recovery methods (also energy efficiency · Where this approach is not practical, runoff from process and improvements) or other cooling methods to reduce the storage areas should be segregated from potentially less temperature of heated water prior to discharge to ensure the contaminated runoff discharge water temperature does not result in an increase · Runoff from areas without potential sources of contamination greater than 3°C of ambient temperature at the edge of a should be minimized (e.g. by minimizing the area of scientifically established mixing zone which takes into impermeable surfaces) and the peak discharge rate should APRIL 30, 2007 28 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP be reduced (e.g. by using vegetated swales and retention medical infirmaries, water softening etc. may also be discharged ponds); to the sanitary wastewater treatment system. Recommended · Where stormwater treatment is deemed necessary to protect sanitary wastewater management strategies include: the quality of receiving water bodies, priority should be given to managing and treating the first flush of stormwater runoff · Segregation of wastewater streams to ensure compatibility with selected treatment option (e.g. septic system which can where the majority of potential contaminants tend to be only accept domestic sewage); present; · Segregation and pretreatment of oil and grease containing · When water quality criteria allow, stormwater should be effluents (e.g. use of a grease trap) prior to discharge into managed as a resource, either for groundwater recharge or sewer systems; for meeting water needs at the facility; · If sewage from the industrial facility is to be discharged to · Oil water separators and grease traps should be installed surface water, treatment to meet national or local standards and maintained as appropriate at refueling facilities, for sanitary wastewater discharges or, in their absence, the workshops, parking areas, fuel storage and containment indicative guideline values applicable to sanitary wastewater areas. discharges shown in Table 1.3.1; · Sludge from stormwater catchments or collection and · If sewage from the industrial facility is to be discharged to treatment systems may contain elevated levels of pollutants either a septic system, or where land is used as part of the and should be disposed in compliance with local regulatory requirements, in the absence of which disposal has to be treatment system, treatment to meet applicable national or local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges is consistent with protection of public health and safety, and required. conservation and long term sustainability of water and land resources. · Sludge from sanitary wastewater treatment systems should be disposed in compliance with local regulatory Sanitary Wastewater requirements, in the absence of which disposal has to be Sanitary wastewater from industrial facilities may include effluents consistent with protection of public health and safety, and from domestic sewage, food service, and laundry facilities serving conservation and long term sustainability of water and land site employees. Miscellaneous wastewater from laboratories, resources. APRIL 30, 2007 29 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP or a non-hazardous waste and managed accordingly as described Table 1.3.1 Indicative Values for Treated in the Waste Management section of this document. Sanitary Sewage Discharges a Pollutants Units Guideline Value Occupational Health and Safety Issues in pH pH 6 ­9 Wastewater Treatment Operations Wastewater treatment facility operators may be exposed to BOD mg/l 30 physical, chemical, and biological hazards depending on the COD mg/l 125 design of the facilities and the types of wastewater effluents Total nitrogen mg/l 10 managed. Examples of these hazards include the potential for Total phosphorus mg/l 2 trips and falls into tanks, confined space entries for maintenance Oil and grease mg/l 10 operations, and inhalation of VOCs, bioaerosols, and methane, contact with pathogens and vectors, and use of potentially Total suspended solids mg/l 50 hazardous chemicals, including chlorine, sodium and calcium Total coliform bacteria MPN b / 100 ml 400a hypochlorite, and ammonia. Detailed recommendations for the Notes: a Not applicable to centralized, municipal, wastewater treatment systems management of occupational health and safety issues are which are included in EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation. b MPN = Most Probable Number presented in the relevant section of this document. Additional guidance specifically applicable to wastewater treatment systems Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operations is provided in the EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation. Air emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include hydrogen sulfide, methane, ozone (in the case of ozone Monitoring disinfection), volatile organic compounds (e.g., chloroform A wastewater and water quality monitoring program with adequate generated from chlorination activities and other volatile organic resources and management oversight should be developed and compounds (VOCs) from industrial wastewater), gaseous or implemented to meet the objective(s) of the monitoring program. volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine The wastewater and water quality monitoring program should and ammonia), and bioaerosols. Odors from treatment facilities consider the following elements: can also be a nuisance to workers and the surrounding community. Recommendations for the management of emissions · Monitoring parameters: The parameters selected for are presented in the Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality monitoring should be indicative of the pollutants of concern section of this document and in the EHS Guidelines for Water and from the process, and should include parameters that are Sanitation. regulated under compliance requirements; Residuals from Wastewater Treatment Operations · Monitoring type and frequency: Wastewater monitoring Sludge from a waste treatment plant needs to be evaluated on a should take into consideration the discharge characteristics case-by-case basis to establish whether it constitutes a hazardous from the process over time. Monitoring of discharges from processes with batch manufacturing or seasonal process variations should take into consideration of time-dependent APRIL 30, 2007 30 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP variations in discharges and, therefore, is more complex than monitoring of continuous discharges. Effluents from highly variable processes may need to be sampled more frequently or through composite methods. Grab samples or, if automated equipment permits, composite samples may offer more insight on average concentrations of pollutants over a 24-hour period. Composite samplers may not be appropriate where analytes of concern are short-lived (e.g., quickly degraded or volatile). · Monitoring locations: The monitoring location should be selected with the objective of providing representative monitoring data. Effluent sampling stations may be located at the final discharge, as well as at strategic upstream points prior to merging of different discharges. Process discharges should not be diluted prior or after treatment with the objective of meeting the discharge or ambient water quality standards. · Data quality: Monitoring programs should apply internationally approved methods for sample collection, preservation and analysis. Sampling should be conducted by or under the supervision of trained individuals. Analysis should be conducted by entities permitted or certified for this purpose. Sampling and Analysis Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) plans should be prepared and, implemented. QA/QC documentation should be included in monitoring reports. APRIL 30, 2007 31 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY WORLD BANK GROUP Annex 1.3.1 - Examples of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Approaches Pollutant/Parameter Control Options / Principle Common End of Pipe Control Technology pH Chemical, Equalization Acid/Base addition, Flow equalization Oil and Grease / TPH Phase separation Dissolved Air Floatation, oil water separator, grease trap TSS - Settleable Settling, Size Exclusion Sedimentation basin, clarifier, centrifuge, screens Floatation, Filtration - traditional and Dissolved air floatation, Multimedia filter, sand filter, fabric filter, TSS - Non-Settleable tangential ultrafiltration, microfiltration Hi - BOD (> 2 Kg/m3) Biological - Anaerobic Suspended growth, attached growth, hybrid Lo - BOD (< 2 Kg/m3) Biological - Aerobic, Facultative Suspended growth, attached growth, hybrid Oxidation, Adsorption, Size COD - Non-Biodegradable Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Membranes Exclusion Metals - Particulate and Coagulation, flocculation, Flash mix with settling, filtration - traditional and tangential Soluble precipitation, size exclusion Coagulation, flocculation, Flash mix with settling, filtration - traditional and tangential, Chemical Inorganics / Non-metals precipitation, size exclusion, oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Reverse Osmosis, Oxidation, Adsorption Evaporation Biological - Aerobic, Anaerobic, Biological : Suspended growth, attached growth, hybrid; Chemical Organics - VOCs and SVOCs Facultative; Adsorption, Oxidation oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon Emissions ­ Odors and Capture ­ Active or Passive; Biological : Attached growth; Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, VOCs Biological; Adsorption, Oxidation Activated Carbon Biological Nutrient Removal, Aerobic/Anoxic biological treatment, chemical hydrolysis and air Nutrients Chemical, Physical, Adsorption stripping, chlorination, ion exchange Biological - Aerobic, Anaerobic, Color Biological Aerobic, Chemical oxidation, Activated Carbon Facultative; Adsorption, Oxidation Temperature Evaporative Cooling Surface Aerators, Flow Equalization TDS Concentration, Size Exclusion Evaporation, crystallization, Reverse Osmosis Active Ingredients/Emerging Adsorption, Oxidation, Size Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Ion Contaminants Exclusion, Concentration Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Evaporation, Crystallization Adsorption,Size Exclusion, Radionuclides Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Evaporation, Crystallization Concentration Pathogens Disinfection, Sterilization Chlorine, Ozone, Peroxide, UV, Thermal Adsorption, Oxidation, Size Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Evaporation, Toxicity Exclusion, Concentration crystallization, Reverse Osmosis APRIL 30, 2007 32 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP 1.4 Water Conservation Applicability and Approach .............................................33 Water Monitoring and Management Water Monitoring and Management................................33 Process Water Reuse and Recycling..............................33 The essential elements of a water management program Building Facility Operations ............................................34 involve: Cooling Systems............................................................34 Heating Systems............................................................34 · Identification, regular measurement, and recording of principal flows within a facility; Applicability and Approach · Definition and regular review of performance targets, which Water conservation programs should be implemented are adjusted to account for changes in major factors commensurate with the magnitude and cost of water use. affecting water use (e.g. industrial production rate); These programs should promote the continuous reduction in · Regular comparison of water flows with performance water consumption and achieve savings in the water targets to identify where action should be taken to reduce pumping, treatment and disposal costs. Water conservation water use. measures may include water monitoring/management Water measurement (metering) should emphasize areas of techniques; process and cooling/heating water recycling, greatest water use. Based on review of metering data, reuse, and other techniques; and sanitary water conservation `unaccounted' use­indicating major leaks at industrial facilities­ techniques. could be identified. General recommendations include: Process Water Reuse and Recycling · Storm/Rainwater harvesting and use Opportunities for water savings in industrial processes are · Zero discharge design/Use of treated waste water to be highly industry-specific. However, the following techniques have included in project design processes all been used successfully, and should be considered in · Use of localized recirculation systems in conjunction with the development of the metering system plant/facility/shops (as opposed to centralized described above. recirculation system), with provision only for makeup · Washing Machines: Many washing machines use large water quantities of hot water. Use can increase as nozzles · Use of dry process technologies e.g. dry quenching become enlarged due to repeated cleaning and /or wear. · Process water system pressure management Monitor machine water use, compare with specification, · Project design to have measures for adequate water and replace nozzles when water and heat use reaches collection, spill control and leakage control system levels warranting such work. · Water reuse: Common water reuse applications include countercurrent rinsing, for example in multi-stage washing APRIL 30, 2007 33 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP and rinsing processes, or reusing waste water from one the facility, whether sanitary or including other activities process for another with less exacting water such as showering or catering requirements. For example, using bleaching rinse water · Regularly maintain plumbing, and identify and repair leaks for textile washing, or bottle-washer rinse water for · Shut off water to unused areas bottle crate washing, or even washing the floor. More · Install self-closing taps, automatic shut-off valves, spray sophisticated reuse projects requiring treatment of water nozzles, pressure reducing valves, and water conserving before reuse are also sometimes practical. fixtures (e.g. low flow shower heads, faucets, toilets, · Water jets/sprays: If processes use water jets or sprays urinals; and spring loaded or sensored faucets) (e.g. to keep conveyors clean or to cool product) review · Operate dishwashers and laundries on full loads, and only the accuracy of the spray pattern to prevent when needed unnecessary water loss. · Install water-saving equipment in lavatories, such as low- flow toilets · Flow control optimization: Industrial processes sometimes require the use of tanks, which are refilled to Cooling Systems control losses. It is often possible to reduce the rate of Water conservation opportunities in cooling systems include: water supply to such tanks, and sometimes to reduce tank levels to reduce spillage. If the process uses water · Use of closed circuit cooling systems with cooling cooling sprays, it may be possible to reduce flow while towers rather than once-through cooling systems maintaining cooling performance. Testing can · Limiting condenser or cooling tower blowdown to the determine the optimum balance. minimum required to prevent unacceptable accumulation of dissolved solids o If hoses are used in cleaning, use flow controls to · Use of air cooling rather than evaporative cooling, restrict wasteful water flow although this may increase electricity use in the o Consider the use of high pressure, low volume cooling system cleaning systems rather than using large volumes · Use of treated waste water for cooling towers of water sprayed from hosepipes · Reusing/recycling cooling tower blowdown o Using flow timers and limit switches to control water use Heating Systems o Using `clean-up' practices rather than hosing down Heating systems based on the circulation of low or medium pressure hot water (which do not consume water) should be Building Facility Operations closed. If they do consume water, regular maintenance should Consumption of building and sanitary water is typically less be conducted to check for leaks. However, large quantities of than that used in industrial processes. However, savings can water may be used by steam systems, and this can be reduced readily be identified, as outlined below: by the following measures: · Compare daily water use per employee to existing benchmarks taking into consideration the primary use at APRIL 30, 2007 34 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONSERVATION WORLD BANK GROUP · Repair of steam and condensate leaks, and repair of all failed steam traps · Return of condensate to the boilerhouse, and use of heat exchangers (with condensate return) rather than direct steam injection where process permits · Flash steam recovery · Minimizing boiler blowdown consistent with maintaining acceptably low dissolved solids in boiler water. Use of reverse osmosis boiler feed water treatment substantially reduces the need for boiler blowdown · Minimizing deaerator heating APRIL 30, 2007 35 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP 1.5 Hazardous Materials Management When a hazardous material is no longer usable for its original Applicability and Approach .............................................36 purpose and is intended for disposal, but still has hazardous General Hazardous Materials Management....................37 properties, it is considered a hazardous waste (see Section 1.4). Hazard Assessment ...............................................37 Management Actions..............................................37 This guidance is intended to be applied in conjunction with Release Prevention and Control Planning ............38 Occupational Health and Safety ...........................38 traditional occupational health and safety and emergency Process Knowledge and Documentation ..............39 preparedness programs which are included in Section 2.0 on Preventive Measures..............................................39 Hazardous Materials Transfer..............................39 Occupational Health and Safety Management, and Section 3.7 on Overfill Protection................................................39 Emergency Preparedness and Response. Guidance on the Reaction, Fire, and Explosion Prevention.............40 Control Measures...................................................40 Transport of Hazardous Materials is provided in Section 3.5. Secondary Containment (Liquids) ........................40 Storage Tank and Piping Leak Detection..............41 This section is divided into two main subsections: Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) ....................41 Management of Major Hazards.......................................42 General Hazardous Materials Management: Guidance applicable Management Actions..............................................42 Preventive Measures..............................................43 to all projects or facilities that handle or store any quantity of Emergency Preparedness and Response ...............44 hazardous materials. Community Involvement and Awareness.................44 Management of Major Hazards: Additional guidance for projects or facilities that store or handle hazardous materials at, or above, Applicability and Approach threshold quantities39, and thus require special treatment to These guidelines apply to projects that use, store, or handle any prevent accidents such as fire, explosions, leaks or spills, and to quantity of hazardous materials (Hazmats), defined as materials prepare and respond to emergencies. that represent a risk to human health, property, or the environment due to their physical or chemical characteristics. Hazmats can be The overall objective of hazardous materials management is to classified according to the hazard as explosives; compressed avoid or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize uncontrolled gases, including toxic or flammable gases; flammable liquids; releases of hazardous materials or accidents (including explosion flammable solids; oxidizing substances; toxic materials; and fire) during their production, handling, storage and use. This radioactive material; and corrosive substances. Guidance on the objective can be achieved by: transport of hazardous materials is covered in Section 3 of this document. 39 For examples, threshold quantities should be those established for emergency planning purposes such as provided in the US Environmental Protection Agency. Protection of Environment (Title Threshold quantities are provided in the US Environmental Protection Agency. Protection of Environment (Title 40 CFR Parts 68, 112, and 355). APRIL 30, 2007 36 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · Establishing hazardous materials management priorities · The types and amounts of hazardous materials present in the based on hazard analysis of risky operations identified project. This information should be recorded and should through Social and Environmental Assessment; include a summary table with the following information: · Where practicable, avoiding or minimizing the use of o Name and description (e.g. composition of a mixture) of hazardous materials. For example, non-hazardous materials the Hazmat have been found to substitute asbestos in building materials, o Classification (e.g. code, class or division) of the PCBs in electrical equipment, persistent organic pollutants Hazmat (POPs) in pesticides formulations, and ozone depleting o Internationally accepted regulatory reporting threshold substances in refrigeration systems; quantity or national equivalent40 of the Hazmat · Preventing uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials to o Quantity of Hazmat used per month the environment or uncontrolled reactions that might result in o Characteristic(s) that make(s) the Hazmat hazardous fire or explosion; (e.g. flammability, toxicity) · Using engineering controls (containment, automatic alarms, · Analysis of potential spill and release scenarios using and shut-off systems) commensurate with the nature of available industry statistics on spills and accidents where hazard; available · Implementing management controls (procedures, · Analysis of the potential for uncontrolled reactions such as inspections, communications, training, and drills) to address fire and explosions residual risks that have not been prevented or controlled · Analysis of potential consequences based on the physical- through engineering measures. geographical characteristics of the project site, including aspects such as its distance to settlements, water resources, General Hazardous Materials Management and other environmentally sensitive areas Projects which manufacture, handle, use, or store hazardous materials should establish management programs that are Hazard assessment should be performed by specialized commensurate with the potential risks present. The main professionals using internationally-accepted methodologies such objectives of projects involving hazardous materials should be the as Hazardous Operations Analysis (HAZOP), Failure Mode and protection of the workforce and the prevention and control of Effects Analysis (FMEA), and Hazard Identification (HAZID). releases and accidents. These objectives should be addressed by integrating prevention and control measures, management actions, and procedures into day-to-day business activities. Management Actions Potentially applicable elements of a management program include The management actions to be included in a Hazardous Materials the following: Management Plan should be commensurate with the level of Hazard Assessment The level of risk should be established through an on-going 40 Threshold quantities are provided in the US Environmental Protection Agency. assessment process based on: Protection of Environment (Title 40 CFR Parts 68, 112, and 355). APRIL 30, 2007 37 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP potential risks associated with the production, handling, storage, external resources for equipment and personnel, if and use of hazardous materials. necessary, to supplement internal resources · Description of response activities in the event of a spill, Release Prevention and Control Planning release, or other chemical emergency including: Where there is risk of a spill of uncontrolled hazardous materials, o Internal and external notification procedures facilities should prepare a spill control, prevention, and o Specific responsibilities of individuals or groups countermeasure plan as a specific component of their Emergency o Decision process for assessing severity of the release, Preparedness and Response Plan (described in more detail in and determining appropriate actions Section 3.7). The plan should be tailored to the hazards o Facility evacuation routes associated with the project, and include: o Post-event activities such as clean-up and disposal, incident investigation, employee re-entry, and · Training of operators on release prevention, including drills restoration of spill response equipment. specific to hazardous materials as part of emergency preparedness response training Occupational Health and Safety · Implementation of inspection programs to maintain the The Hazardous Materials Management Plan should address mechanical integrity and operability of pressure vessels, applicable, essential elements of occupational health and safety tanks, piping systems, relief and vent valve systems, management as described in Section 2.0 on Occupational Health containment infrastructure, emergency shutdown systems, and Safety, including: controls and pumps, and associated process equipment · Preparation of written Standard Operating Procedures · Job safety analysis to identify specific potential occupational (SOPs) for filling USTs, ASTs or other containers or hazards and industrial hygiene surveys, as appropriate, to equipment as well as for transfer operations by personnel monitor and verify chemical exposure levels, and compare trained in the safe transfer and filling of the hazardous with applicable occupational exposure standards41 material, and in spill prevention and response · Hazard communication and training programs to prepare · SOPs for the management of secondary containment workers to recognize and respond to workplace chemical structures, specifically the removal of any accumulated fluid, hazards. Programs should include aspects of hazard such as rainfall, to ensure that the intent of the system is not identification, safe operating and materials handling accidentally or willfully defeated procedures, safe work practices, basic emergency · Identification of locations of hazardous materials and procedures, and special hazards unique to their jobs. associated activities on an emergency plan site map · Documentation of availability of specific personal protective 41 Including: Threshold Limit Value (TLVŪ) occupational exposure guidelines and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIsŪ), American Conference of Governmental equipment and training needed to respond to an emergency Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), http://www.acgih.org/TLV/; U.S. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/; · Documentation of availability of spill response equipment Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), sufficient to handle at least initial stages of a spill and a list of http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARD S&p_id=9992; Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values, European Union, http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/; and other similar sources. APRIL 30, 2007 38 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP Training should incorporate information from Material Safety Preventive Measures Data Sheets42 (MSDSs) for hazardous materials being Hazardous Materials Transfer handled. MSDSs should be readily accessible to employees Uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials may result from in their local language. small cumulative events, or from more significant equipment · Definition and implementation of permitted maintenance failure associated with events such as manual or mechanical activities, such as hot work or confined space entries transfer between storage systems or process equipment. · Provision of suitable personal protection equipment (PPE) Recommended practices to prevent hazardous material releases (footwear, masks, protective clothing and goggles in from processes include: appropriate areas), emergency eyewash and shower · Use of dedicated fittings, pipes, and hoses specific to stations, ventilation systems, and sanitary facilities materials in tanks (e.g., all acids use one type of connection, · Monitoring and record-keeping activities, including audit all caustics use another), and maintaining procedures to procedures designed to verify and record the effectiveness of prevent addition of hazardous materials to incorrect tanks prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, · Use of transfer equipment that is compatible and suitable for and maintaining accident and incident investigation reports the characteristics of the materials transferred and designed on file for a period of at least five years to ensure safe transfer Process Knowledge and Documentation · Regular inspection, maintenance and repair of fittings, pipes The Hazardous Materials Management Plan should be and hoses incorporated into, and consistent with, the other elements of the · Provision of secondary containment, drip trays or other facility ES/OHS MS and include: overflow and drip containment measures, for hazardous materials containers at connection points or other possible · Written process safety parameters (i.e., hazards of the overflow points. chemical substances, safety equipment specifications, safe operation ranges for temperature, pressure, and other Overfill Protection applicable parameters, evaluation of the consequences of Overfills of vessels and tanks should be prevented as they are deviations, etc.) among the most common causes of spills resulting in soil and · Written operating procedures water contamination, and among the easiest to prevent. · Compliance audit procedures Recommended overfill protection measures include: · Prepare written procedures for transfer operations that includes a checklist of measures to follow during filling operations and the use of filling operators trained in these procedures · Installation of gauges on tanks to measure volume inside 42 MSDSs are produced by the manufacturer, but might not be prepared for · Use of dripless hose connections for vehicle tank and fixed chemical intermediates that are not distributed in commerce. In these cases, employers still need to provide workers with equivalent information. connections with storage tanks APRIL 30, 2007 39 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · Provision of automatic fill shutoff valves on storage tanks to · Prohibition of all sources of ignition from areas near prevent overfilling flammable storage tanks · Use of a catch basin around the fill pipe to collect spills · Use of piping connections with automatic overfill protection Control Measures (float valve) Secondary Containment (Liquids) · Pumping less volume than available capacity into the tank or A critical aspect for controlling accidental releases of liquid vessel by ordering less material than its available capacity hazardous materials during storage and transfer is the provision of · Provision of overfill or over pressure vents that allow secondary containment. It is not necessary for secondary controlled release to a capture point containment methods to meet long term material compatibility as with primary storage and piping, but their design and construction Reaction, Fire, and Explosion Prevention should hold released materials effectively until they can be Reactive, flammable, and explosive materials should also be detected and safely recovered. Appropriate secondary managed to avoid uncontrolled reactions or conditions resulting in containment structures consist of berms, dikes, or walls capable of fire or explosion. Recommended prevention practices include: containing the larger of 110 percent of the largest tank or 25% percent of the combined tank volumes in areas with above-ground · Storage of incompatible materials (acids, bases, flammables, tanks with a total storage volume equal or greater than 1,000 liters oxidizers, reactive chemicals) in separate areas, and with and will be made of impervious, chemically resistant material. containment facilities separating material storage areas Secondary containment design should also consider means to · Provision of material-specific storage for extremely prevent contact between incompatible materials in the event of a hazardous or reactive materials release. · Use of flame arresting devices on vents from flammable storage containers Other secondary containment measures that should be applied · Provision of grounding and lightning protection for tank depending on site-specific conditions include: farms, transfer stations, and other equipment that handles · Transfer of hazardous materials from vehicle tanks to storage flammable materials in areas with surfaces sufficiently impervious to avoid loss to · Selection of materials of construction compatible with the environment and sloped to a collection or a containment products stored for all parts of storage and delivery systems, structure not connected to municipal wastewater/stormwater and avoiding reuse of tanks for different products without collection system checking material compatibility · Where it is not practical to provide permanent, dedicated · Storage of hazardous materials in an area of the facility containment structures for transfer operations, one or more separated from the main production works. Where proximity alternative forms of spill containment should be provided, is unavoidable, physical separation should be provided using such as portable drain covers (which can be deployed for the structures designed to prevent fire, explosion, spill, and other duration of the operations), automatic shut-off valves on emergency situations from affecting facility operations storm water basins, or shut off valves in drainage or sewer facilities, combined with oil-water separators APRIL 30, 2007 40 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · Storage of drummed hazardous materials with a total volume Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)45 equal or greater than 1,000 liters in areas with impervious Although there are many environmental and safety advantages of surfaces that are sloped or bermed to contain a minimum of underground storage of hazardous materials, including reduced 25 percent of the total storage volume risk of fire or explosion, and lower vapor losses into the · Provision of secondary containment for components (tanks, atmosphere, leaks of hazardous materials can go undetected for pipes) of the hazardous material storage system, to the long periods of time with potential for soil and groundwater extent feasible contamination. Examples of techniques to manage these risks · Conducting periodic (e.g. daily or weekly) reconciliation of include: tank contents, and inspection of visible portions of tanks and · Avoiding use of USTs for storage of highly soluble organic piping for leaks; materials · Use of double-walled, composite, or specially coated storage · Assessing local soil corrosion potential, and installing and and piping systems particularly in the use of underground maintaining cathodic protection (or equivalent rust protection) storage tanks (USTs) and underground piping. If double- for steel tanks walled systems are used, they should provide a means of · For new installations, installing impermeable liners or detecting leaks between the two walls. structures (e.g., concrete vaults) under and around tanks and lines that direct any leaked product to monitoring ports at the Storage Tank and Piping Leak Detection lowest point of the liner or structure Leak detection may be used in conjunction with secondary · Monitoring the surface above any tank for indications of soil containment, particularly in high-risk locations43. Leak detection is movement especially important in situations where secondary containment is · Reconciling tank contents by measuring the volume in store not feasible or practicable, such as in long pipe runs. Acceptable with the expected volume, given the stored quantity at last leak detection methods include: stocking, and deliveries to and withdrawals from the store · Use of automatic pressure loss detectors on pressurized or · Testing integrity by volumetric, vacuum, acoustic, tracers, or long distance piping other means on all tanks at regular intervals · Use of approved or certified integrity testing methods on · Considering the monitoring groundwater of quality down piping or tank systems, at regular intervals gradient of locations where multiple USTs are in use · Considering the use of SCADA 44 if financially feasible · Evaluating the risk of existing UST in newly acquired facilities to determine if upgrades are required for USTs that will be continued to be used, including replacement with new systems or permanent closure of abandoned USTs. 43 High-risk locations are places where the release of product from the storage system could result in the contamination of drinking water source or those located Ensuring that new USTs are sited away from wells, in water resource protection areas as designated by local authorities. 44 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 45 Additional details on the management of USTs is provided in the EHS Guidelines for Retail Petroleum Stations. APRIL 30, 2007 41 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP reservoirs and other source water protection areas and the prevention measures (see below) should be conducted at floodplains, and maintained so as to prevent corrosion. least every three years and should include: o Preparation of a report of the findings Management of Major Hazards o Determination and documentation of the appropriate In addition to the application of the above-referenced guidance on response to each finding prevention and control of releases of hazardous materials, o Documentation that any deficiency has been corrected projects involving production, handling, and storage of hazardous · Incident Investigation: Incidents can provide valuable materials at or above threshold limits46 should prepare a information about site hazards and the steps needed to Hazardous Materials Risk Management Plan, in the context of its prevent accidental releases. An incident investigation overall ES/OHS MS, containing all of the elements presented mechanism should include procedures for: below.47 The objective of this guidance is the prevention and o Initiation of the investigation promptly control of catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or o Summarizing the investigation in a report explosive chemicals that may result in toxic, fire, or explosion o Addressing the report findings and recommendations hazards.48 o A review of the report with staff and contractors Management Actions · Employee Participation: A written plan of action should · Management of Change: These procedures should address: describe an active employee participation program for the o The technical basis for changes in processes and prevention of accidents. operations · Contractors: There should be a mechanism for contractor o The impact of changes on health and safety control which should include a requirement for them to o Modification to operating procedures develop hazard materials management procedures that meet o Authorization requirements the requirements of the hazardous materials management o Employees affected plan. Their procedures should be consistent with those of o Training needs the contracting company and the contractor workforce should · Compliance Audit: A compliance audit is a way to evaluate undergo the same training. Additionally, procedures should compliance with the prevention program requirements for require that contractors are: each process. A compliance audit covering each element of o Provided with safety performance procedures and safety and hazard information o Observe safety practices 46 Threshold quantities should be those established for emergency planning purposes such as provided in the US Environmental Protection Agency. Protection o Act responsibly of Environment (Title 40 CFR Parts 300-399 and 700 to 789). o Have access to appropriate training for their employees 47 For further information and guidance, please refer to International Finance Corporation (IFC) Hazardous Materials Risk Management Manual. Washington, o Ensure that their employees know process hazards and D.C. December 2000. 48 The approach to the management of major hazards is largely based on an applicable emergency actions approach to Process Safety Management developed by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. APRIL 30, 2007 42 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP o Prepare and submit training records for their employees initial startup, normal operations, temporary operations, to the contracting company emergency shutdown, emergency operations, normal o Inform their employees about the hazards presented by shutdown, and start-up following a normal or emergency their work shutdown or major change). These SOPs should include o Assess trends of repeated similar incidents special considerations for Mazmats used in the process or o Develop and implement procedures to manage repeated operations (e.g. temperature control to prevent emissions of similar incidents a volatile hazardous chemical; diversion of gaseous discharges of hazardous pollutants from the process to a · Training: Project employees should be provided training on temporary storage tank in case of emergency). Hazmat management. The training program should include: o A list of employees to be trained Other procedures to be developed include impacts of o Specific training objectives deviations, steps to avoid deviations, prevention of chemical o Mechanisms to achieve the objectives (i.e., hands-on exposure, exposure control measures, and equipment workshops, videos, etc.) inspections. o The means to determine whether the training program is Mechanical Integrity of process equipment, piping and effective instrumentation: Inspection and maintenance procedures o Training procedures for new hires and refresher courses should be developed and documented to ensure mechanical for existing employees integrity of equipment, piping, and instrumentation and prevent uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials from Preventive Measures the project. These procedures should be included as part of The purpose of preventive measures is to ensure that safety- the project SOPs. The specific process components of major related aspects of the process and equipment are considered, interest include pressure vessels and storage tanks, piping limits to be placed on the operations are well known, and systems, relief and vent systems and devices, emergency accepted standards and codes are adopted, where they apply. shutdown systems, controls, and pumps. Recommended · Process Safety Information: Procedures should be prepared aspects of the inspection and maintenance program include: for each hazardous materials and include: o Developing inspection and maintenance procedures o Compilation of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) o Establishing a quality assurance plan for equipment, o Identification of maximum intended inventories and safe maintenance materials, and spare parts upper/lower parameters o Conducting employee training on the inspection and o Documentation of equipment specifications and of maintenance procedures codes and standards used to design, build and operate o Conducting equipment, piping, and instrumentation the process inspections and maintenance o Identifying and correcting identified deficiencies · Operating Procedures: SOPs should be prepared for each step of all processes or operations within the project (e.g. APRIL 30, 2007 43 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP o Evaluating the inspection and maintenance results and, incorporated into and consistent with, the facility's overall ES/OHS if necessary, updating the inspection and maintenance MS, should be prepared to cover the following:49 procedures · Planning Coordination: Procedures should be prepared for: o Reporting the results to management. o Informing the public and emergency response agencies o Documenting first aid and emergency medical treatment · Hot Work Permit: Hot work operations ­ such as brazing, o Taking emergency response actions torch-cutting, grinding, soldering, and welding ­ are o Reviewing and updating the emergency response plan associated with potential health, safety, and property hazards to reflect changes, and ensuring that employees are resulting from the fumes, gases, sparks, and hot metal and informed of such changes radiant energy produced during hot work. Hot work permit is required for any operation involving open flames or producing · Emergency Equipment: Procedures should be prepared for heat and/or sparks. The section of SOPs on hot work should using, inspecting, testing, and maintaining the emergency include the responsibility for hot work permitting, personal response equipment. protection equipment (PPE), hot work procedures, personnel · Training: Employees and contractors should be trained on training, and recordkeeping. emergency response procedures. · Pre-Start Review: Procedures should be prepared to carry out pre-start reviews when a modification is significant Community Involvement and Awareness enough to require a change in safety information under the When hazardous materials are in use above threshold quantities, management of change procedure. The procedures should: the management plan should include a system for community o Confirm that the new or modified construction and/or awareness, notification and involvement that should be equipment meet design specifications commensurate with the potential risks identified for the project o Ensure that procedures for safety, operation, during the hazard assessment studies. This should include maintenance, and emergency are adequate mechanisms for sharing the results of hazard and risk assessment o Include a process hazard assessment, and resolve or studies in a timely, understandable and culturally sensitive manner implement recommendations for new process with potentially affected communities that provides a means for o Ensure that training for all affected employees is being public feedback. Community involvement activities should include: conducted · Availability of general information to the potentially affected community on the nature and extent of project operations, Emergency Preparedness and Response and the prevention and control measures in place to ensure When handling hazardous materials, procedures and practices no effects to human health should be developed allowing for quick and efficient responses to accidents that could result in human injury or damage to the 49 For a comprehensive treatment of the development of emergency response environment. An Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan, plans in conjunction with communities refer to the Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level (APELL) Guidelines available at: http://www.uneptie.org/pc/apell/publications/handbooks.html APRIL 30, 2007 44 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · The potential for off-site effects to human health or the environment following an accident at planned or existing hazardous installations · Specific and timely information on appropriate behavior and safety measures to be adopted in the event of an accident including practice drills in locations with higher risks · Access to information necessary to understand the nature of the possible effect of an accident and an opportunity to contribute effectively, as appropriate, to decisions concerning hazardous installations and the development of community emergency preparedness plans. APRIL 30, 2007 45 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP residual waste from industrial operations, such as boiler slag, 1.6 Waste Management clinker, and fly ash. Applicability and Approach .............................................46 General Waste Management..........................................47 Hazardous waste shares the properties of a hazardous Waste Management Planning .................................47 material (e.g. ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity), or Waste Prevention...................................................47 other physical, chemical, or biological characteristics that Recycling and Reuse..............................................48 Treatment and Disposal..........................................48 may pose a potential risk to human health or the environment Hazardous Waste Management......................................48 if improperly managed. Wastes may also be defined as Waste Storage .......................................................48 "hazardous" by local regulations or international conventions, Transportation........................................................49 Treatment and Disposal..........................................49 based on the origin of the waste and its inclusion on Commercial or Government Waste Contractors....49 hazardous waste lists, or based on its characteristics. Small Quantities of Hazardous Waste ..................50 Monitoring..............................................................50 Sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained Applicability and Approach gaseous material resulting from industrial operations needs These guidelines apply to projects that generate, store, or to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to establish whether handle any quantity of waste across a range of industry it constitutes a hazardous or a non-hazardous waste. sectors. It is not intended to apply to projects or facilities where the primary business is the collection, transportation, Facilities that generate and store wastes should practice the treatment, or disposal of wastes. Specific guidance for these following: types of facilities is presented in the Environmental Health · Establishing waste management priorities at the outset and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Waste Management of activities based on an understanding of potential Facilities. Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) risks and A waste is any solid, liquid, or contained gaseous material impacts and considering waste generation and its that is being discarded by disposal, recycling, burning or consequences incineration. It can be byproduct of a manufacturing process · Establishing a waste management hierarchy that or an obsolete commercial product that can no longer be considers prevention, reduction, reuse, recovery, used for intended purpose and requires disposal. recycling, removal and finally disposal of wastes. · Avoiding or minimizing the generation waste materials, Solid (non-hazardous) wastes generally include any garbage, as far as practicable refuse. Examples of such waste include domestic trash and · Where waste generation cannot be avoided but has garbage; inert construction / demolition materials; refuse, been minimized, recovering and reusing waste such as metal scrap and empty containers (except those previously used to contain hazardous materials which should, in principle, be managed as a hazardous waste); and APRIL 30, 2007 46 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · Where waste can not be recovered or reused, treating, · Definition of procedures and operational controls for on- destroying, and disposing of it in an environmentally site storage sound manner · Definition of options / procedures / operational controls for treatment and final disposal General Waste Management The following guidance applies to the management of non- Waste Prevention hazardous and hazardous waste. Additional guidance Processes should be designed and operated to prevent, or specifically applicable to hazardous wastes is presented minimize, the quantities of wastes generated and hazards below. Waste management should be addressed through a associated with the wastes generated in accordance with the Waste management system that addresses issues linked to following strategy: waste minimization, generation, transport, disposal, and · Substituting raw materials or inputs with less hazardous monitoring. or toxic materials, or with those where processing generates lower waste volumes Waste Management Planning · Applying manufacturing process that convert materials Facilities that generate waste should characterize their waste efficiently, providing higher product output yields, according to composition, source, types of wastes produced, including modification of design of the production generation rates, or according to local regulatory process, operating conditions, and process controls50 requirements. Effective planning and implementation of · Instituting good housekeeping and operating practices, waste management strategies should include: including inventory control to reduce the amount of · Review of new waste sources during planning, siting, waste resulting from materials that are out-of-date, off- and design activities, including during equipment specification, contaminated, damaged, or excess to modifications and process alterations, to identify plant needs expected waste generation, pollution prevention · Instituting procurement measures that recognize opportunities, and necessary treatment, storage, and opportunities to return usable materials such as disposal infrastructure containers and which prevents the over ordering of · Collection of data and information about the process materials and waste streams in existing facilities, including · Minimizing hazardous waste generation by characterization of waste streams by type, quantities, implementing stringent waste segregation to prevent the and potential use/disposition commingling of non-hazardous and hazardous waste to · Establishment of priorities based on a risk analysis that be managed takes into account the potential EHS risks during the waste cycle and the availability of infrastructure to manage the waste in an environmentally sound manner 50 Examples of waste prevention strategies include the concept of Lean · Definition of opportunities for source reduction, as well Manufacturing found at as reuse and recycling http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/minimize/lean.htm APRIL 30, 2007 47 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP Recycling and Reuse wastes; properly designed, permitted and operated In addition to the implementation of waste prevention landfills or incinerators designed for the respective type strategies, the total amount of waste may be significantly of waste; or other methods known to be effective in the reduced through the implementation of recycling plans, which safe, final disposal of waste materials such as should consider the following elements: bioremediation. · Evaluation of waste production processes and Hazardous Waste Management identification of potentially recyclable materials Hazardous wastes should always be segregated from non- · Identification and recycling of products that can be hazardous wastes. If generation of hazardous waste can not reintroduced into the manufacturing process or industry be prevented through the implementation of the above activity at the site general waste management practices, its management · Investigation of external markets for recycling by other should focus on the prevention of harm to health, safety, and industrial processing operations located in the the environment, according to the following additional neighborhood or region of the facility (e.g., waste principles: exchange) · Understanding potential impacts and risks associated · Establishing recycling objectives and formal tracking of with the management of any generated hazardous waste generation and recycling rates waste during its complete life cycle · Providing training and incentives to employees in order · Ensuring that contractors handling, treating, and to meet objectives disposing of hazardous waste are reputable and Treatment and Disposal legitimate enterprises, licensed by the relevant If waste materials are still generated after the implementation regulatory agencies and following good international of feasible waste prevention, reduction, reuse, recovery and industry practice for the waste being handled recycling measures, waste materials should be treated and · Ensuring compliance with applicable local and disposed of and all measures should be taken to avoid international regulations51 potential impacts to human health and the environment. Selected management approaches should be consistent with Waste Storage the characteristics of the waste and local regulations, and Hazardous waste should be stored so as to prevent or may include one or more of the following: control accidental releases to air, soil, and water resources in area location where: · On-site or off-site biological, chemical, or physical treatment of the waste material to render it non- hazardous prior to final disposal 51 International requirements may include host-country commitments under the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of · Treatment or disposal at permitted facilities specially Hazardous Waste and their disposal (http://www.basel.int/) and Rotterdam Convention on the prior Inform Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous designed to receive the waste. Examples include: Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (http://www.pic.int/) composting operations for organic non-hazardous APRIL 30, 2007 48 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · Waste is stored in a manner that prevents the · Preparing and implementing spill response and commingling or contact between incompatible wastes, emergency plans to address their accidental release and allows for inspection between containers to monitor (additional information on Emergency Plans in provided leaks or spills. Examples include sufficient space in Section 3 of this document) between incompatibles or physical separation such as · Avoiding underground storage tanks and underground walls or containment curbs piping of hazardous waste · Store in closed containers away from direct sunlight, wind and rain Transportation · Secondary containment systems should be constructed On-site and Off-site transportation of waste should be with materials appropriate for the wastes being conducted so as to prevent or minimize spills, releases, and contained and adequate to prevent loss to the exposures to employees and the public. All waste environment containers designated for off-site shipment should be · Secondary containment is included wherever liquid secured and labeled with the contents and associated wastes are stored in volumes greater than 220 liters. hazards, be properly loaded on the transport vehicles before The available volume of secondary containment should leaving the site, and be accompanied by a shipping paper be at least 110 percent of the largest storage container, (i.e., manifest) that describes the load and its associated or 25 percent of the total storage capacity (whichever is hazards, consistent with the guidance provided in Section 3.4 greater), in that specific location on the Transport of Hazardous Materials. · Provide adequate ventilation where volatile wastes are stored. Treatment and Disposal In addition to the recommendations for treatment and Hazardous waste storage activities should also be subject to disposal applicable to general wastes, the following issues special management actions, conducted by employees who specific to hazardous wastes should be considered: have received specific training in handling and storage of hazardous wastes: Commercial or Government Waste Contractors In the absence of qualified commercial or government-owned · Provision of readily available information on chemical waste vendors (taking into consideration proximity and compatibility to employees, including labeling each transportation requirements), facilities generating waste container to identify its contents should consider using: · Limiting access to hazardous waste storage areas to employees who have received proper training · Have the technical capability to manage the waste in a · Clearly identifying (label) and demarcating the area, manner that reduces immediate and future impact to the including documentation of its location on a facility map environment or site plan · Have all required permits, certifications, and approvals, · Conducting periodic inspections of waste storage areas of applicable government authorities and documenting the findings APRIL 30, 2007 49 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · Have been secured through the use of formal are generated and stored on site, monitoring activities procurement agreements should include: In the absence of qualified commercial or government-owned o Inspection of vessels for leaks, drips or other waste disposal operators (taking into consideration proximity indications of loss and transportation requirements), project sponsors should o Identification of cracks, corrosion, or damage to consider using: tanks, protective equipment, or floors o Verification of locks, emergency valves, and other · Installing on-site waste treatment or recycling safety devices for easy operation (lubricating if processes required and employing the practice of keeping · As a final option, constructing facilities that will provide locks and safety equipment in standby position for the environmental sound long-term storage of when the area is not occupied) wastes on-site (as described elsewhere in the General o Checking the operability of emergency systems EHS Guidelines) or at an alternative appropriate o Documenting results of testing for integrity, location up until external commercial options become emissions, or monitoring stations (air, soil vapor, or available groundwater) o Documenting any changes to the storage facility, Small Quantities of Hazardous Waste and any significant changes in the quantity of Hazardous waste materials are frequently generated in small materials in storage quantities by many projects through a variety of activities such as equipment and building maintenance activities. · Regular audits of waste segregation and collection Examples of these types of wastes include: spent solvents practices and oily rags, empty paint cans, chemical containers; used · Tracking of waste generation trends by type and amount lubricating oil; used batteries (such as nickel-cadmium or of waste generated, preferably by facility departments lead acid); and lighting equipment, such as lamps or lamp · Characterizing waste at the beginning of generation of a ballasts. These wastes should be managed following the new waste stream, and periodically documenting the guidance provided in the above sections. characteristics and proper management of the waste, especially hazardous wastes Monitoring · Keeping manifests or other records that document the Monitoring activities associated with the management of amount of waste generated and its destination hazardous and non-hazardous waste should include: · Periodic auditing of third party treatment, and disposal services including re-use and recycling facilities when · Regular visual inspection of all waste storage collection significant quantities of hazardous wastes are managed and storage areas for evidence of accidental releases by third parties. Whenever possible, audits should and to verify that wastes are properly labeled and include site visits to the treatment storage and disposal stored. When significant quantities of hazardous wastes location APRIL 30, 2007 50 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP · Regular monitoring of groundwater quality in cases of Hazardous Waste on site storage and/or pretreatment and disposal · Monitoring records for hazardous waste collected, stored, or shipped should include: o Name and identification number of the material(s) composing the hazardous waste o Physical state (i.e., solid, liquid, gaseous or a combination of one, or more, of these) o Quantity (e.g., kilograms or liters, number of containers) o Waste shipment tracking documentation to include, quantity and type, date dispatched, date transported and date received, record of the originator, the receiver and the transporter o Method and date of storing, repacking, treating, or disposing at the facility, cross-referenced to specific manifest document numbers applicable to the hazardous waste o Location of each hazardous waste within the facility, and the quantity at each location APRIL 30, 2007 51 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP 1.7 Noise barrier. Barriers should be located as close to the source or to the receptor location to be effective Applicability · Installing vibration isolation for mechanical equipment This section addresses impacts of noise beyond the property · Limiting the hours of operation for specific pieces of boundary of the facilities. Worker exposure to noise is equipment or operations, especially mobile sources covered in Section 2.0 on Occupational Health and Safety. operating through community areas · Re-locating noise sources to less sensitive areas to take Prevention and Control advantage of distance and shielding Noise prevention and mitigation measures should be applied · Siting permanent facilities away from community areas if where predicted or measured noise impacts from a project possible facility or operations exceed the applicable noise level · Taking advantage of the natural topography as a noise guideline at the most sensitive point of reception.52 The buffer during facility design preferred method for controlling noise from stationary · Reducing project traffic routing through community sources is to implement noise control measures at source.53 areas wherever possible Methods for prevention and control of sources of noise · Planning flight routes, timing and altitude for aircraft emissions depend on the source and proximity of receptors. (airplane and helicopter) flying over community areas Noise reduction options that should be considered include: · Developing a mechanism to record and respond to · Selecting equipment with lower sound power levels complaints · Installing silencers for fans · Installing suitable mufflers on engine exhausts and Noise Level Guidelines Noise impacts should not exceed the levels presented in compressor components Table 1.7.1, or result in a maximum increase in background · Installing acoustic enclosures for equipment casing levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site. radiating noise · Improving the acoustic performance of constructed buildings, apply sound insulation · Installing acoustic barriers without gaps and with a continuous minimum surface density of 10 kg/m2 in order to minimize the transmission of sound through the 52 A point of reception or receptor may be defined as any point on the premises occupied by persons where extraneous noise and/or vibration are received. Examples of receptor locations may include: permanent or seasonal residences; hotels / motels; schools and daycares; hospitals and nursing homes; places of worship; and parks and campgrounds. 53 At the design stage of a project, equipment manufacturers should provide design or construction specifications in the form of "Insertion Loss Performance" for silencers and mufflers, and "Transmission Loss Performance" for acoustic enclosures and upgraded building construction. APRIL 30, 2007 52 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MANAGEMENT WORLD BANK GROUP m to any reflecting surface (e.g., wall). In general, the noise Table 1.7.1- Noise Level Guidelines 54 level limit is represented by the background or ambient noise One Hour L Aeq (dBA) levels that would be present in the absence of the facility or Receptor Daytime Nighttime noise source(s) under investigation. 07:00 - 22:00 22:00 - 07:00 Residential; institutional; 55 45 educational55 Industrial; commercial 70 70 Highly intrusive noises, such as noise from aircraft flyovers and passing trains, should not be included when establishing background noise levels. Monitoring Noise monitoring56 may be carried out for the purposes of establishing the existing ambient noise levels in the area of the proposed or existing facility, or for verifying operational phase noise levels. Noise monitoring programs should be designed and conducted by trained specialists. Typical monitoring periods should be sufficient for statistical analysis and may last 48 hours with the use of noise monitors that should be capable of logging data continuously over this time period, or hourly, or more frequently, as appropriate (or else cover differing time periods within several days, including weekday and weekend workdays). The type of acoustic indices recorded depends on the type of noise being monitored, as established by a noise expert. Monitors should be located approximately 1.5 m above the ground and no closer than 3 54 Guidelines values are for noise levels measured out of doors. Source: Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO), 1999. 55 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999). 56 Noise monitoring should be carried out using a Type 1 or 2 sound level meter meeting all appropriate IEC standards. APRIL 30, 2007 53 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATED LAND WORLD BANK GROUP 1.8 Contaminated Land · The liability that it may pose to the polluter/business Applicability and Approach .............................................54 owners (e.g., cost of remediation, damage of business Risk Screening ..............................................................55 reputation and/or business-community relations) or Interim Risk Management ..............................................56 Detailed Risk Assessment..............................................56 affected parties (e.g. workers at the site, nearby property Permanent Risk Reduction Measures.............................57 owners). Occupational Health and Safety Considerations..............59 Contamination of land should be avoided by preventing or controlling the release of hazardous materials, hazardous Applicability and Approach wastes, or oil to the environment. When contamination of land is This section provides a summary of management suspected or confirmed during any project phase, the cause of approaches for land contamination due to anthropogenic the uncontrolled release should be identified and corrected to releases of hazardous materials, wastes, or oil, including avoid further releases and associated adverse impacts. naturally occurring substances. Releases of these materials may be the result of historic or current site activities, Contaminated lands should be managed to avoid the risk to including, but not limited to, accidents during their handling human health and ecological receptors. The preferred strategy and storage, or due to their poor management or disposal. for land decontamination is to reduce the level of contamination at the site while preventing the human exposure to Land is considered contaminated when it contains hazardous contamination. materials or oil concentrations above background or naturally occurring levels. To determine whether risk management actions are warranted, the following assessment approach should be applied to Contaminated lands may involve surficial soils or subsurface establish whether the three risk factors of `Contaminants', soils that, through leaching and transport, may affect `Receptors', and `Exposure Pathways' co-exist, or are likely to groundwater, surface water, and adjacent sites. Where co-exist, at the project site under current or possible future land subsurface contaminant sources include volatile substances, use: soil vapor may also become a transport and exposure medium, and create potential for contaminant infiltration of · Contaminant(s): Presence of hazardous materials, waste, indoor air spaces of buildings. or oil in any environmental media at potentially hazardous concentrations Contaminated land is a concern because of: · Receptor(s): Actual or likely contact of humans, wildlife, plants, and other living organisms with the contaminants of · The potential risks to human health and ecology (e.g. concern risk of cancer or other human health effects, loss of · Exposure pathway(s): A combination of the route of ecology); migration of the contaminant from its point of release (e.g., leaching into potable groundwater) and exposure routes APRIL 30, 2007 54 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATED LAND WORLD BANK GROUP (e.g., ingestion, transdermal absorption), which would · Identification of the location of suspected highest level of allow receptor(s) to come into actual contact with contamination through a combination of visual and contaminants historical operational information; · Sampling and testing of the contaminated media (soils or water) according to established technical methods applicable to suspected type of contaminant57,58; · Evaluation of the analytical results against the local and national contaminated sites regulations. In the absence of such regulations or environmental standards, other sources of risk-based standards or guidelines should be consulted to obtain comprehensive criteria for screening soil concentrations of pollutants.59 · Verification of the potential human and/or ecological receptors and exposure pathways relevant to the site in question FIGURE 1.8.1: Inter-Relationship of Contaminant The outcome of risk-screening may reveal that there is no Risk Factors overlap between the three risk-factors as the contaminant levels identified are below those considered to pose a risk to human When the three risk factors are considered to be present (in health or the environment. Alternatively, interim or permanent spite of limited data) under current or foreseeable future conditions, the following steps should be followed (as described in the remaining parts of this section): 57 BC MOE. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/contam_sites/guidance 1) Risk screening; 58 Massachusetts Department of Environment. http://www.mass.gov/dep/cleanup 2) Interim risk management; 59 These may include the USEPA Region 3 Risk-Based Concentrations (RBCs). 3) Detailed quantitative risk assessment; and http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/index.htm. These RBCs are considered acceptable for specific land use and contaminant exposure 4) Permanent risk reduction measures. scenarios as they have been developed by governments using risk assessment techniques for use as general targets in the site remediation. Separate PRGs have been developed or adopted for soil, sediment or groundwater, and often a Risk Screening distinction is made between land uses (as noted earlier) because of the need for more stringent guidelines for residential and agricultural versus This step is also known as "problem formulation" for commercial/industrial landuse. The RBC Tables contains Reference Doses (RfDs) and Cancer Slope Factors (CSFs) for about 400 chemicals. These environmental risk assessment. Where there is potential toxicity factors have been combined with "standard" exposure scenarios to calculate RBCs--chemical concentrations corresponding to fixed levels of risk evidence of contamination at a site, the following steps are (i.e., a Hazard Quotient (HQ) of 1, or lifetime cancer risk of 1E-6, whichever occurs at a lower concentration) in water, air, fish tissue, and soil for individual recommended: chemical substances. The primary use of RBCs is for chemical screening during baseline risk assessment (see EPA Regional Guidance EPA/903/R-93-001, "Selecting Exposure Routes and Contaminants of Concern by Risk-Based Screening"). Additional useful soil quality guidelines can also be obtained from Lijzen et al. 2001. APRIL 30, 2007 55 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATED LAND WORLD BANK GROUP risk reduction measures may need to be taken with, or strategies that yield acceptable health risks, while achieving low without, more detailed risk assessment activities, as level contamination on-site. An assessment of contaminant described below. risks needs to be considered in the context of current and future land use, and development scenarios (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial, and urban parkland or wilderness use). Interim Risk Management Interim risk management actions should be implemented at A detailed quantitative risk assessment builds on risk screening any phase of the project life cycle if the presence of land (problem formulation). It involves first, a detailed site contamination poses an "imminent hazard", i.e., representing investigation to identify the scope of contamination.61 Site an immediate risk to human health and the environment if investigation programs should apply quality assurance/quality contamination were allowed to continue, even a short period control (QA/QC) measures to ensure that data quality is of time. Examples of situations considered to involve adequate for the intended data use (e.g., method detection imminent hazards include, but are not restricted to: limits are below levels of concern). The site investigation in turn · Presence of an explosive atmosphere caused by should be used to develop a conceptual site model of how and contaminated land where contaminants exist, how they are transported, and where · Accessible and excessive contamination for which short- routes of exposure occur to organisms and humans. The risk term exposure and potency of contaminants could result factors and conceptual site model provide a framework for in acute toxicity, irreversible long term effects, assessing contaminant risks. sensitization, or accumulation of persistent Human or ecological risk assessments facilitate risk biocumulative and toxic substances management decisions at contaminated sites. Specific risk · Concentrations of pollutants at concentrations above the assessment objectives include: Risk Based Concentrations (RBCs60) or drinking water standards in potable water at the point of abstraction · Identifying relevant human and ecological receptors (e.g., children, adults, fish, wildlife) Appropriate risk reduction should be implemented as soon as · Determining if contaminants are present at levels that pose practicable to remove the condition posing the imminent potential human health and/or ecological concerns (e.g., hazard. levels above applicable regulatory criteria based on health or environmental risk considerations) Detailed Risk Assessment · Determining how human or ecological receptors are As an alternative to complying with numerical standards or exposed to the contaminants (e.g., ingestions of soil, preliminary remediation goals, and depending on local dermal contact, inhalation of dust) regulatory requirements, a detailed site-specific, environmental risk assessment may be used to develop 61 Examples include processes defined by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Phase II ESA Process; the British Columbia Ministry of Environment Canada (BC MOE) 60 For example, USEPA Region 3 Risk-Based Concentrations (RBCs). http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/contam_sites/guidance); and the http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/index.htm. Massachusetts Department of Environment http://www.mass.gov/dep/cleanup. APRIL 30, 2007 56 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATED LAND WORLD BANK GROUP · Identifying the types of adverse effects that might result · Identifying the preferred technologies (including from exposure to the contaminants (e.g., effect on target engineering controls) needed to implement the conceptual organ, cancer, impaired growth or reproduction) in the risk reduction measures absence of regulatory standards · Developing a monitoring plan to ascertain whether risk · Quantifying the magnitude of health risks to human and reduction measures are effective ecological receptors based on a quantitative analysis of · Considering the need and appropriateness for institutional contaminant exposure and toxicity (e.g. calculate controls (e.g. deed restriction, land use restrictions) as part lifetime cancer risk or ratios of estimated exposure rates of a comprehensive approach compared to safe exposure rates) · Determining how current and proposed future land use Permanent Risk Reduction Measures influence the predicted risks (e.g. change of land use The risk factors and conceptual site model within the from industrial to residential with more sensitive contaminant risk approach described also provide a basis to receptors such as children) manage and mitigate environmental contaminant health risks. · Quantifying the potential environmental and/or human The underlying principle is to reduce, eliminate, or control any or health risks from off-site contaminant migration (e.g., all of the three risk factors illustrated in Figure 1.8.1. A short list consider if leaching and groundwater transport, or of examples of risk mitigation strategies is provided below, surface water transport results in exposure at adjacent although actual strategies should be developed based on site- lands/receptors) specific conditions, and the practicality of prevailing factors and · Determining if the risk is likely to remain stable, site constraints. Regardless of the management options increase, or decrease with time in the absence of any selected, the action plan should include, whenever possible, remediation (e.g., consider if the contaminant is contaminant source reduction (i.e., net improvement of the site) reasonably degradable and likely to remain in place, or as part of the overall strategy towards managing health risks at be transported to other media)62 contaminated sites, as this alone provides for improved environmental quality. Addressing these objectives provides a basis to develop and implement risk reduction measures (e.g., clean-up, on-site Figure 1.8.2 presents a schematic of the inter-relationship of risk controls) at the site. If such a need exists, the following factors and example strategies to mitigate contaminant health additional objectives become relevant: risk by modifying the conditions of one or more risk factors to · Determining where, and in what conceptual manner, risk ultimately reduce contaminant exposure to the receptor. The reduction measures should be implemented selected approach should take into consideration the technical and financial feasibility (e.g. operability of a selected technology given the local availability of technical expertise and equipment and its associated costs). 62 An example of a simplified quantitative risk assessment method is the ASTM E1739-95(2002) Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Example risk mitigation strategies for contaminant source and Applied at Petroleum Release Sites and the ASTM E2081-00(2004)e1 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action (at chemical release sites). exposure concentrations include: APRIL 30, 2007 57 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATED LAND WORLD BANK GROUP · Soil, sediment, and sludge: o Installation (during building construction) of an o In situ biological treatment (aerobic or anaerobic) impermeable barrier below the building and/or an o In situ physical/chemical treatment (e.g., soil vapor alternative flow pathway for soil vapor beneath extraction with off-gas treatment, chemical building foundations (e.g., porous media and oxidation) ventilation to shunt vapors away from building) o In situ thermal treatment (e.g., steam injection, 6- Example risk mitigation strategies for receptors include: phase heating) · Limiting or preventing access to contaminant by receptors o Ex situ biological treatment (e.g., excavation and (actions targeted at the receptor may include signage with composting) instructions, fencing, or site security) o Ex situ physical/chemical treatment (e.g., · Imposing health advisory or prohibiting certain practices excavation and stabilization) leading to exposure such as fishing, crab trapping, shellfish o Ex situ thermal treatment (e.g., excavation and collection thermal desorption or incineration) · Educating receptors (people) to modify behavior in order to o Containment (e.g. landfill) reduce exposure (e.g., improved work practices, and use of o Natural attenuation protective clothing and equipment) o Other treatment processes Example risk mitigation strategies for exposure pathways · Groundwater, surface water, and leachate: include: o In situ biological treatment (aerobic and/or aerobic) · Providing an alternative water supply to replace, for o In situ physical/chemical treatment (e.g., air example, a contaminated groundwater supply well sparging, zero-valent iron permeable reactive · Capping contaminated soil with at least 1m of clean soil to barrier) prevent human contact, as well as plant root or small o Ex situ biological, physical, and or chemical mammal penetration into contaminated soils treatment (i.e., groundwater extraction and · Paving over contaminated soil as an interim measure to treatment) negate the pathway of direct contact or dust generation o Containment (e.g., slurry wall or sheet pile barrier) and inhalation o Natural attenuation · Using an interception trench and pump, and treat o Other treatment processes technologies to prevent contaminated groundwater from · Soil vapor intrusion: discharging into fish streams o Soil vapor extraction to reduce VOC contaminant The above-reference containment measures should also be source in soil considered for immediate implementation in situations where o Installation of a sub-slab depressurization system source reduction measures are expected to take time. to prevent migration of soil vapor into the building o Creating a positive pressure condition in buildings APRIL 30, 2007 58 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATED LAND WORLD BANK GROUP Occupational Health and Safety Considerations Investigation and remediation of contaminated lands requires that workers be mindful of the occupational exposures that could arise from working in close contact with contaminated soil or other environmental media (e.g., groundwater, wastewater, sediments, and soil vapor). Occupational health and safety precautions should be exercised to minimize exposure, as described in Section 2 on Occupational Health and Safety. In addition, workers on contaminated sites should receive special health and safety training specific to contaminated site investigation and remediation activities.63 FIGURE 1.8.2: Inter-Relationship of Risk Factors and Management Options 63 For example, US Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) regulations found at 40 CFR 1910.120. http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STAN DARDS&p_id=9765 APRIL 30, 2007 59 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP 2.0 Occupational Health and Safety Applicability and Approach......................................60 2.1 General Facility Design and Operation......................61 Applicability and Approach Integrity of Workplace Structures..........................61 Employers and supervisors are obliged to implement all Severe Weather and Facility Shutdown ................61 Workspace and Exit.............................................61 reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of Fire Precautions ..................................................62 workers. This section provides guidance and examples of Lavatories and Showers.......................................62 Potable Water Supply ..........................................62 reasonable precautions to implement in managing principal risks Clean Eating Area ...............................................62 to occupational health and safety. Although the focus is placed on Lighting...............................................................62 Safe Access........................................................62 the operational phase of projects, much of the guidance also First Aid...............................................................63 applies to construction and decommissioning activities. Air Supply............................................................63 Work Environment Temperature...........................63 Companies should hire contractors that have the technical 2.2 Communication and Training....................................63 capability to manage the occupational health and safety issues of OHS Training ......................................................63 Visitor Orientation................................................63 their employees, extending the application of the hazard New Task Employee and Contractor Training.......63 management activities through formal procurement agreements. Basic OHS Training .............................................64 Area Signage ......................................................64 Labeling of Equipment.........................................64 Preventive and protective measures should be introduced Communicate Hazard Codes ...............................64 according to the following order of priority: 2.3 Physical Hazards .....................................................64 Rotating and Moving Equipment...........................65 Noise ..................................................................65 · Eliminating the hazard by removing the activity from the work Vibration..............................................................65 process. Examples include substitution with less hazardous Electrical .............................................................66 Eye Hazards........................................................67 chemicals, using different manufacturing processes, etc; Welding / Hot Work..............................................67 Industrial Vehicle Driving and Site Traffic..............67 · Controlling the hazard at its source through use of Working Environment Temperature......................68 engineering controls. Examples include local exhaust Ergonomics, Repetitive Motion, Manual Handling.68 Working at Heights ..............................................68 ventilation, isolation rooms, machine guarding, acoustic Illumination..........................................................69 2.4 Chemical Hazards....................................................69 insulating, etc; Air Quality ...........................................................70 Fire and Explosions .............................................70 · Minimizing the hazard through design of safe work systems Corrosive, oxidizing, and reactive chemicals.........71 and administrative or institutional control measures. Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM)..................71 2.5 Biological Hazards....................................................71 Examples include job rotation, training safe work procedures, 2.6 Radiological Hazards................................................73 lock-out and tag-out, workplace monitoring, limiting exposure 2.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).......................73 2.8 Special Hazard Environments...................................74 or work duration, etc. Confined Space...................................................74 Lone and Isolated Workers ..................................75 · Providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in 2.9 Monitoring................................................................75 conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE. Accidents and Diseases monitoring......................76 The application of prevention and control measures to occupational hazards should be based on comprehensive job APRIL 30, 2007 60 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP safety or job hazard analyses. The results of these analyses should be prioritized as part of an action plan based on the Table 2.1.1. Risk Ranking Table to Classify Worker likelihood and severity of the consequence of exposure to the Scenarios Based on Likelihood and Consequence identified hazards. An example of a qualitative risk ranking or Consequences analysis matrix to help identify priorities is described in Table 2.1.1. Catas- Insignificant Minor Moderate Major trophic Likelihood 2.1 General Facility Design and 1 2 3 4 5 Operation A. Almost certain L M E E E Integrity of Workplace Structures Permanent and recurrent places of work should be designed and B. Likely L M H E E equipped to protect OHS: C. L M H E E · Surfaces, structures and installations should be easy to clean Moderate and maintain, and not allow for accumulation of hazardous D. Unlikely L L M H E compounds. · Buildings should be structurally safe, provide appropriate E. Rare L L M H H protection against the climate, and have acceptable light and noise conditions. Legend · Fire resistant, noise-absorbing materials should, to the extent E: extreme risk; immediate action required feasible, be used for cladding on ceilings and walls. H: high risk; senior management attention needed · Floors should be level, even, and non-skid. M: moderate risk; management responsibility should be specified · Heavy oscillating, rotating or alternating equipment should be L: low risk; manage by routine procedures located in dedicated buildings or structurally isolated sections. Workspace and Exit · The space provided for each worker, and in total, should be Severe Weather and Facility Shutdown adequate for safe execution of all activities, including · Work place structures should be designed and constructed to transport and interim storage of materials and products. withstand the expected elements for the region and have an · Passages to emergency exits should be unobstructed at all area designated for safe refuge, if appropriate. times. Exits should be clearly marked to be visible in total · Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be developed darkness. The number and capacity of emergency exits for project or process shut-down, including an evacuation should be sufficient for safe and orderly evacuation of the plan. Drills to practice the procedure and plan should also be greatest number of people present at any time, and there undertaken annually. should be a minimum two exits from any work area. APRIL 30, 2007 61 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Facilities also should be designed and built taking into Potable Water Supply account the needs of disabled persons. · Adequate supplies of potable drinking water should be provided from a fountain with an upward jet or with a sanitary Fire Precautions means of collecting the water for the purposes of drinking The workplace should be designed to prevent the start of fires · Water supplied to areas of food preparation or for the through the implementation of fire codes applicable to industrial purpose of personal hygiene (washing or bathing) should settings. Other essential measures include: meet drinking water quality standards · Equipping facilities with fire detectors, alarm systems, and fire-fighting equipment. The equipment should be maintained Clean Eating Area in good working order and be readily accessible. It should be · Where there is potential for exposure to substances adequate for the dimensions and use of the premises, poisonous by ingestion, suitable arrangements are to be equipment installed, physical and chemical properties of made for provision of clean eating areas where workers are substances present, and the maximum number of people not exposed to the hazardous or noxious substances present. · Provision of manual firefighting equipment that is easily Lighting accessible and simple to use · Workplaces should, to the degree feasible, receive natural · Fire and emergency alarm systems that are both audible and light and be supplemented with sufficient artificial illumination visible to promote workers' safety and health, and enable safe equipment operation. Supplemental `task lighting' may be The IFC Life and Fire Safety Guideline should apply to buildings required where specific visual acuity requirements should be accessible to the public (See Section 3.3). met. · Emergency lighting of adequate intensity should be installed Lavatories and Showers and automatically activated upon failure of the principal · Adequate lavatory facilities (toilets and washing areas) artificial light source to ensure safe shut-down, evacuation, should be provided for the number of people expected to etc. work in the facility and allowances made for segregated facilities, or for indicating whether the toilet facility is "In Use" Safe Access or "Vacant". Toilet facilities should also be provided with · Passageways for pedestrians and vehicles within and outside adequate supplies of hot and cold running water, soap, and buildings should be segregated and provide for easy, safe, hand drying devices. and appropriate access · Where workers may be exposed to substances poisonous by · Equipment and installations requiring servicing, inspection, ingestion and skin contamination may occur, facilities for and/or cleaning should have unobstructed, unrestricted, and showering and changing into and out of street and work ready access clothes should be provided. · Hand, knee and foot railings should be installed on stairs, fixed ladders, platforms, permanent and interim floor openings, loading bays, ramps, etc. APRIL 30, 2007 62 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Openings should be sealed by gates or removable chains microorganisms. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning · Covers should, if feasible, be installed to protect against (HVAC) and industrial evaporative cooling systems should be falling items equipped, maintained and operated so as to prevent growth · Measures to prevent unauthorized access to dangerous and spreading of disease agents (e.g. Legionnella areas should be in place pneumophilia) or breeding of vectors (e.g. mosquitoes and flies) of public health concern. First Aid · The employer should ensure that qualified first-aid can be Work Environment Temperature provided at all times. Appropriately equipped first-aid stations · The temperature in work, rest room and other welfare should be easily accessible throughout the place of work facilities should, during service hours, be maintained at a · Eye-wash stations and/or emergency showers should be level appropriate for the purpose of the facility. provided close to all workstations where immediate flushing with water is the recommended first-aid response 2.2 Communication and Training · Where the scale of work or the type of activity being carried OHS Training out so requires, dedicated and appropriately equipped first- · Provisions should be made to provide OHS orientation aid room(s) should be provided. First aid stations and rooms training to all new employees to ensure they are apprised of should be equipped with gloves, gowns, and masks for the basic site rules of work at / on the site and of personal protection against direct contact with blood and other body protection and preventing injury to fellow employees. fluids · Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site- · Remote sites should have written emergency procedures in specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency place for dealing with cases of trauma or serious illness up to procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as the point at which patient care can be transferred to an appropriate. Any site-specific hazard or color coding in use appropriate medical facility. should be thoroughly reviewed as part of orientation training. Air Supply Visitor Orientation · Sufficient fresh air should be supplied for indoor and confined · If visitors to the site can gain access to areas where work spaces. Factors to be considered in ventilation design hazardous conditions or substances may be present, a visitor include physical activity, substances in use, and process- orientation and control program should be established to related emissions. Air distribution systems should be ensure visitors do not enter hazard areas unescorted. designed so as not to expose workers to draughts · Mechanical ventilation systems should be maintained in good New Task Employee and Contractor Training working order. Point-source exhaust systems required for · The employer should ensure that workers and contractors, maintaining a safe ambient environment should have local prior to commencement of new assignments, have received indicators of correct functioning. adequate training and information enabling them to · Re-circulation of contaminated air is not acceptable. Air inlet filters should be kept clean and free of dust and APRIL 30, 2007 63 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP understand work hazards and to protect their health from · Signage should be in accordance with international hazardous ambient factors that may be present. standards and be well known to, and easily understood by The training should adequately cover: workers, visitors and the general public as appropriate. o Knowledge of materials, equipment, and tools Labeling of Equipment o Known hazards in the operations and how they are controlled · All vessels that may contain substances that are hazardous o Potential risks to health as a result of chemical or toxicological properties, or o Precautions to prevent exposure temperature or pressure, should be labeled as to the o Hygiene requirements contents and hazard, or appropriately color coded. o Wearing and use of protective equipment and clothing · Similarly, piping systems that contain hazardous substances o Appropriate response to operation extremes, incidents should be labeled with the direction of flow and contents of and accidents the pipe, or color coded whenever the pipe passing through a wall or floor is interrupted by a valve or junction device. Basic OHS Training · A basic occupational training program and specialty courses Communicate Hazard Codes should be provided, as needed, to ensure that workers are · Copies of the hazard coding system should be posted oriented to the specific hazards of individual work outside the facility at emergency entrance doors and fire assignments. Training should generally be provided to emergency connection systems where they are likely to management, supervisors, workers, and occasional visitors come to the attention of emergency services personnel. to areas of risks and hazards. · Information regarding the types of hazardous materials · Workers with rescue and first-aid duties should receive stored, handled or used at the facility, including typical dedicated training so as not to inadvertently aggravate maximum inventories and storage locations, should be exposures and health hazards to themselves or their co- shared proactively with emergency services and security workers. Training would include the risks of becoming personnel to expedite emergency response when needed. infected with blood­borne pathogens through contact with · Representatives of local emergency and security services bodily fluids and tissue. should be invited to participate in periodic (annual) · Through appropriate contract specifications and monitoring, orientation tours and site inspections to ensure familiarity the employer should ensure that service providers, as well as with potential hazards present. contracted and subcontracted labor, are trained adequately before assignments begin. 2.3 Physical Hazards Physical hazards represent potential for accident or injury or Area Signage illness due to repetitive exposure to mechanical action or work · Hazardous areas (electrical rooms, compressor rooms, etc), activity. Single exposure to physical hazards may result in a wide installations, materials, safety measures, and emergency range of injuries, from minor and medical aid only, to disabling, exits, etc. should be marked appropriately. catastrophic, and/or fatal. Multiple exposures over prolonged APRIL 30, 2007 64 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP periods can result in disabling injuries of comparable significance Noise and consequence. Noise limits for different working environments are provided in Table 2.3.1. Rotating and Moving Equipment Injury or death can occur from being trapped, entangled, or struck · No employee should be exposed to a noise level greater than 85 dB(A) for a duration of more than 8 hours per day without by machinery parts due to unexpected starting of equipment or hearing protection. In addition, no unprotected ear should be unobvious movement during operations. Recommended exposed to a peak sound pressure level (instantaneous) of protective measures include: more than 140 dB(C). · Designing machines to eliminate trap hazards and ensuring · The use of hearing protection should be enforced actively that extremities are kept out of harm's way under normal when the equivalent sound level over 8 hours reaches 85 operating conditions. Examples of proper design dB(A), the peak sound levels reach 140 dB(C), or the considerations include two-hand operated machines to average maximum sound level reaches 110dB(A). Hearing prevent amputations or the availability of emergency stops protective devices provided should be capable of reducing dedicated to the machine and placed in strategic locations. sound levels at the ear to at least 85 dB(A). Where a machine or equipment has an exposed moving part · Although hearing protection is preferred for any period of or exposed pinch point that may endanger the safety of any noise exposure in excess of 85 dB(A), an equivalent level of worker, the machine or equipment should be equipped with, protection can be obtained, but less easily managed, by and protected by, a guard or other device that prevents limiting the duration of noise exposure. For every 3 dB(A) access to the moving part or pinch point. Guards should be increase in sound levels, the `allowed' exposure period or designed and installed in conformance with appropriate duration should be reduced by 50 percent.65 machine safety standards.64 · Prior to the issuance of hearing protective devices as the · Turning off, disconnecting, isolating, and de-energizing final control mechanism, use of acoustic insulating materials, (Locked Out and Tagged Out) machinery with exposed or isolation of the noise source, and other engineering controls guarded moving parts, or in which energy can be stored (e.g. should be investigated and implemented, where feasible compressed air, electrical components) during servicing or · Periodic medical hearing checks should be performed on maintenance, in conformance with a standard such as CSA workers exposed to high noise levels Z460 Lockout or equivalent ISO or ANSI standard · Designing and installing equipment, where feasible, to enable Vibration routine service, such as lubrication, without removal of the Exposure to hand-arm vibration from equipment such as hand and guarding devices or mechanisms power tools, or whole-body vibrations from surfaces on which the worker stands or sits, should be controlled through choice of equipment, installation of vibration dampening pads or devices, and limiting the duration of exposure. Limits for vibration and 64 For example: CSA Z432.04 Safe Guarding of Machinery, CSA Z434 Robot Safety, ISO 11161 Safety of Machinery ­ Integrated Manufacturing Systems or ISO 14121 Safety of Machinery ­ Principals of Risk Management or equivalent ANSI standard. 65 The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 2006 APRIL 30, 2007 65 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP action values, (i.e. the level of exposure at which remediation · Marking all energized electrical devices and lines with should be initiated) are provided by the ACGIH 66. Exposure levels warning signs should be checked on the basis of daily exposure time and data · Locking out (de-charging and leaving open with a controlled provided by equipment manufacturers. locking device) and tagging-out (warning sign placed on the lock) devices during service or maintenance Electrical · Checking all electrical cords, cables, and hand power tools Exposed or faulty electrical devices, such as circuit breakers, for frayed or exposed cords and following manufacturer recommendations for maximum permitted operating voltage Table 2.3.1. Noise Limits for Various Working of the portable hand tools Environments · Double insulating / grounding all electrical equipment used in environments that are, or may become, wet; using equipment Location Equivalent level Maximum with ground fault interrupter (GFI) protected circuits /activity LAeq,8h LAmax,fast · Protecting power cords and extension cords against damage Heavy Industry (no from traffic by shielding or suspending above traffic areas demand for oral 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A) communication) · Appropriate labeling of service rooms housing high voltage Light industry equipment (`electrical hazard') and where entry is controlled (decreasing demand for oral 50-65 dB(A) 110 dB(A) or prohibited (see also Section 3 on Planning, Siting, and communication) Design); Open offices, · Establishing "No Approach" zones around or under high control rooms, 45-50 dB(A) - service counters or voltage power lines in conformance with Table 2.3.2 similar · Rubber tired construction or other vehicles that come into Individual offices (no disturbing 40-45 dB(A) - direct contact with, or arcing between, high voltage wires noise) may need to be taken out of service for periods of 48 hours Classrooms, and have the tires replaced to prevent catastrophic tire and lecture halls 35-40 dB(A) - wheel assembly failure, potentially causing serious injury or Hospitals 30-35 dB(A) 40 dB(A) death; panels, cables, cords and hand tools, can pose a serious risk to · Conducting detailed identification and marking of all buried workers. Overhead wires can be struck by metal devices, such as electrical wiring prior to any excavation work poles or ladders, and by vehicles with metal booms. Vehicles or grounded metal objects brought into close proximity with overhead wires can result in arcing between the wires and the object, without actual contact. Recommended actions include: 66 ACGIH, 2005 APRIL 30, 2007 66 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Provisions should be made for persons who have to wear Table 2.3.2. No Approach Zones for prescription glasses either through the use overglasses or High Voltage Power Lines prescription hardened glasses. Minimum Nominal phase-to-phase voltage rating distance Welding / Hot Work 750 or more volts, but no more than 150,000 volts 3 meters Welding creates an extremely bright and intense light that may More than 150,000 volts, but no more than 250,000 4.5 meters seriously injur a worker's eyesight. In extreme cases, blindness volts may result. Additionally, welding may produce noxious fumes to More than 250,000 volts 6 meters which prolonged exposure can cause serious chronic diseases. Recommended measures include: Eye Hazards · Provision of proper eye protection such as welder goggles Solid particles from a wide variety of industrial operations, and / or and/or a full-face eye shield for all personnel involved in, or a liquid chemical spray may strike a worker in the eye causing an assisting, welding operations. Additional methods may eye injury or permanent blindness. Recommended measures include the use of welding barrier screens around the specific include: work station (a solid piece of light metal, canvas, or plywood designed to block welding light from others). Devices to · Use of machine guards or splash shields and/or face and eye extract and remove noxious fumes at the source may also be protection devices, such as safety glasses with side shields, required. goggles, and/or a full face shield. Specific Safe Operating · Special hot work and fire prevention precautions and Procedures (SOPs) may be required for use of sanding and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should be grinding tools and/or when working around liquid chemicals. implemented if welding or hot cutting is undertaken outside Frequent checks of these types of equipment prior to use to established welding work stations, including `Hot Work ensure mechanical integrity is also good practice. Machine Permits, stand-by fire extinguishers, stand-by fire watch, and and equipment guarding should conform to standards maintaining the fire watch for up to one hour after welding or published by organizations such as CSA, ANSI and ISO (see hot cutting has terminated. Special procedures are required also Section 2.3 on Rotating and Moving Equipment and 2.7 for hotwork on tanks or vessels that have contained on Personal Protective Equipment). flammable materials. · Moving areas where the discharge of solid fragments, liquid, or gaseous emissions can reasonably be predicted (e.g. Industrial Vehicle Driving and Site Traffic discharge of sparks from a metal cutting station, pressure Poorly trained or inexperienced industrial vehicle drivers have relief valve discharge) away from places expected to be increased risk of accident with other vehicles, pedestrians, and occupied or transited by workers or visitors. Where machine equipment. Industrial vehicles and delivery vehicles, as well as or work fragments could present a hazard to transient private vehicles on-site, also represent potential collision workers or passers-by, extra area guarding or proximity scenarios. Industrial vehicle driving and site traffic safety restricting systems should be implemented, or PPE required practices include: for transients and visitors. APRIL 30, 2007 67 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Training and licensing industrial vehicle operators in the safe · Use of protective clothing operation of specialized vehicles such as forklifts, including · Providing easy access to adequate hydration such as safe loading/unloading, load limits drinking water or electrolyte drinks, and avoiding · Ensuring drivers undergo medical surveillance consumption of alcoholic beverages · Ensuring moving equipment with restricted rear visibility is outfitted with audible back-up alarms Ergonomics, Repetitive Motion, Manual Handling · Establishing rights-of-way, site speed limits, vehicle Injuries due to ergonomic factors, such as repetitive motion, over- inspection requirements, operating rules and procedures exertion, and manual handling, take prolonged and repeated (e.g. prohibiting operation of forklifts with forks in down exposures to develop, and typically require periods of weeks to position), and control of traffic patterns or direction months for recovery. These OHS problems should be minimized · Restricting the circulation of delivery and private vehicles to or eliminated to maintain a productive workplace. Controls may defined routes and areas, giving preference to `one-way' include: circulation, where appropriate · Facility and workstation design with 5th to 95th percentile operational and maintenance workers in mind Working Environment Temperature · Use of mechanical assists to eliminate or reduce exertions Exposure to hot or cold working conditions in indoor or outdoor required to lift materials, hold tools and work objects, and environments can result temperature stress-related injury or requiring multi-person lifts if weights exceed thresholds death. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect · Selecting and designing tools that reduce force requirements against other occupational hazards can accentuate and aggravate and holding times, and improve postures heat-related illnesses. Extreme temperatures in permanent work · Providing user adjustable work stations environments should be avoided through implementation of · Incorporating rest and stretch breaks into work processes, engineering controls and ventilation. Where this is not possible, and conducting job rotation such as during short-term outdoor work, temperature-related · Implementing quality control and maintenance programs that stress management procedures should be implemented which reduce unnecessary forces and exertions include: · Taking into consideration additional special conditions such · Monitoring weather forecasts for outdoor work to provide as left handed persons advance warning of extreme weather and scheduling work accordingly Working at Heights · Adjustment of work and rest periods according to Fall prevention and protection measures should be implemented temperature stress management procedures provided by whenever a worker is exposed to the hazard of falling more than ACGIH 67, depending on the temperature and workloads two meters; into operating machinery; into water or other liquid; · Providing temporary shelters to protect against the elements into hazardous substances; or through an opening in a work during working activities or for use as rest areas surface. Fall prevention / protection measures may also be warranted on a case-specific basis when there are risks of falling from lesser heights. Fall prevention may include: 67 ACGIH, 2005 APRIL 30, 2007 68 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Installation of guardrails with mid-rails and toe boards at the supplemented with dedicated work station illumination, as needed. edge of any fall hazard area The minimum limits for illumination intensity for a range of · Proper use of ladders and scaffolds by trained employees locations/activities appear in Table 2.3.3. · Use of fall prevention devices, including safety belt and Controls should include: lanyard travel limiting devices to prevent access to fall hazard · Use of energy efficient light sources with minimum heat area, or fall protection devices such as full body harnesses emission used in conjunction with shock absorbing lanyards or self- · Undertaking measures to eliminate glare / reflections and retracting inertial fall arrest devices attached to fixed anchor flickering of lights point or horizontal life-lines · Taking precautions to minimize and control optical radiation · Appropriate training in use, serviceability, and integrity of the including direct sunlight. Exposure to high intensity UV and necessary PPE IR radiation and high intensity visible light should also be · Inclusion of rescue and/or recovery plans, and equipment to controlled respond to workers after an arrested fall · Controlling laser hazards in accordance with equipment Illumination specifications, certifications, and recognized safety Work area light intensity should be adequate for the general standards. The lowest feasible class Laser should be applied purpose of the location and type of activity, and should be to minimize risks. 2.4 Chemical Hazards Table 2.3.3. Minimum Limits For Workplace Chemical hazards represent potential for illness or injury due to Illumination Intensity single acute exposure or chronic repetitive exposure to toxic, Location / Activity Light Intensity corrosive, sensitizing or oxidative substances. They also Emergency light 10 lux represent a risk of uncontrolled reaction, including the risk of fire and explosion, if incompatible chemicals are inadvertently mixed. Outdoor non working areas 20 lux Chemical hazards can most effectively be prevented through a Simple orientation and temporary visits (machine 50 lux hierarchical approach that includes: storage, garage, warehouse) · Replacement of the hazardous substance with a less Workspace with occasional visual tasks only 100 lux (corridors, stairways, lobby, elevator, auditorium, etc.) hazardous substitute · Implementation of engineering and administrative control Medium precision work (simple assembly, rough 200 lux machine works, welding, packing, etc.) measures to avoid or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the work environment keeping the level of Precision work (reading, moderately difficult 500 lux assembly, sorting, checking, medium bench and exposure below internationally established or recognized machine works, etc.), offices. limits High precision work (difficult assembly, sewing, color 1,000 ­ 3,000 · Keeping the number of employees exposed, or likely to inspection, fine sorting etc.) lux become exposed, to a minimum APRIL 30, 2007 69 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Communicating chemical hazards to workers through · Where ambient air contains several materials that have labeling and marking according to national and internationally similar effects on the same body organs (additive effects), recognized requirements and standards, including the taking into account combined exposures using calculations International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC), Materials Safety recommended by the ACGIH 69 Data Sheets (MSDS), or equivalent. Any means of written · Where work shifts extend beyond eight (8) hours, calculating communication should be in an easily understood language adjusted workplace exposure criteria recommended by the and be readily available to exposed workers and first-aid ACGIH 70 personnel · Training workers in the use of the available information (such Fire and Explosions as MSDSs), safe work practices, and appropriate use of PPE Fires and or explosions resulting from ignition of flammable materials or gases can lead to loss of property as well as possible Air Quality injury or fatalities to project workers. Prevention and control Poor air quality due to the release of contaminants into the work strategies include: place can result in possible respiratory irritation, discomfort, or · Storing flammables away from ignition sources and oxidizing illness to workers. Employers should take appropriate measures materials. Further, flammables storage area should be: to maintain air quality in the work area. These include: o Remote from entry and exit points into buildings · Maintaining levels of contaminant dusts, vapors and gases in o Away from facility ventilation intakes or vents the work environment at concentrations below those o Have natural or passive floor and ceiling level ventilation recommended by the ACGIH 68 as TWA-TLV's (threshold limit and explosion venting value)--concentrations to which most workers can be o Use spark-proof fixtures exposed repeatedly (8 hours/day, 40 hrs/week, week-after- o Be equipped with fire extinguishing devices and self- week), without sustaining adverse health effects. closing doors, and constructed of materials made to · Developing and implementing work practices to minimize withstand flame impingement for a moderate period of release of contaminants into the work environment including: time o Direct piping of liquid and gaseous materials · Providing bonding and grounding of, and between, o Minimized handling of dry powdered materials; containers and additional mechanical floor level ventilation if o Enclosed operations materials are being, or could be, dispensed in the storage o Local exhaust ventilation at emission / release points area o Vacuum transfer of dry material rather than mechanical · Where the flammable material is mainly comprised of dust, or pneumatic conveyance providing electrical grounding, spark detection, and, if o Indoor secure storage, and sealed containers rather needed, quenching systems than loose storage 69 ACGIH, 2005. 68 ACGIH, 2005 70 ACGIH, 2005. APRIL 30, 2007 70 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Defining and labeling fire hazards areas to warn of special Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM) rules (e.g. prohibition in use of smoking materials, cellular The use of asbestos containing materials (ACM) should be phones, or other potential spark generating equipment) avoided in new buildings or as a new material in remodeling or · Providing specific worker training in handling of flammable renovation activities. Existing facilities with ACM should develop materials, and in fire prevention or suppression an asbestos management plan which clearly identifies the locations where the ACM is present, its condition (e.g. whether it Corrosive, oxidizing, and reactive chemicals is in friable form with the potential to release fibers), procedures Corrosive, oxidizing, and reactive chemicals present similar for monitoring its condition, procedures to access the locations hazards and require similar control measures as flammable where ACM is present to avoid damage, and training of staff who materials. However, the added hazard of these chemicals is that can potentially come into contact with the material to avoid inadvertent mixing or intermixing may cause serious adverse damage and prevent exposure. The plan should be made reactions. This can lead to the release of flammable or toxic available to all persons involved in operations and maintenance materials and gases, and may lead directly to fires and activities. Repair or removal and disposal of existing ACM in explosions. These types of substances have the additional hazard buildings should only be performed by specially trained of causing significant personal injury upon direct contact, personnel71 following host country requirements, or in their regardless of any intermixing issues. The following controls absence, internationally recognized procedures.72 should be observed in the work environment when handling such chemicals: 2.5 Biological Hazards · Corrosive, oxidizing and reactive chemicals should be Biological agents represent potential for illness or injury due to segregated from flammable materials and from other single acute exposure or chronic repetitive exposure. Biological chemicals of incompatible class (acids vs. bases, oxidizers hazards can be prevented most effectively by implementing the vs. reducers, water sensitive vs. water based, etc.), stored in following measures: ventilated areas and in containers with appropriate · If the nature of the activity permits, use of any harmful secondary containment to minimize intermixing during spills biological agents should be avoided and replaced with an · Workers who are required to handle corrosive, oxidizing, or agent that, under normal conditions of use, is not dangerous reactive chemicals should be provided with specialized or less dangerous to workers. If use of harmful agents can training and provided with, and wear, appropriate PPE not be avoided, precautions should be taken to keep the risk (gloves, apron, splash suits, face shield or goggles, etc). of exposure as low as possible and maintained below · Where corrosive, oxidizing, or reactive chemicals are used, internationally established and recognized exposure limits. handled, or stored, qualified first-aid should be ensured at all times. Appropriately equipped first-aid stations should be 71 Training of specialized personnel and the maintenance and removal methods easily accessible throughout the place of work, and eye-wash applied should be equivalent to those required under applicable regulations in the stations and/or emergency showers should be provided close United States and Europe (examples of North American training standards are available at: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/training.html) 72 Examples include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E to all workstations where the recommended first-aid 1368 - Standard Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abatement Projects; E response is immediate flushing with water 2356 - Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys; and E 2394 - Standard Practice for Maintenance, Renovation and Repair of Installed Asbestos Cement Products. APRIL 30, 2007 71 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Work processes, engineering, and administrative controls The employer should at all times encourage and enforce the should be designed, maintained, and operated to avoid or highest level of hygiene and personal protection, especially for minimize release of biological agents into the working activities employing biological agents of Groups 3 and 4 above. environment. The number of employees exposed or likely to Work involving agents in Groups 3 and 4 should be restricted only become exposed should be kept at a minimum. to those persons who have received specific verifiable training in · The employer should review and assess known and working with and controlling such materials. suspected presence of biological agents at the place of work and implement appropriate safety measures, monitoring, Areas used for the handling of Groups 3 and 4 biological agents training, and training verification programs. should be designed to enable their full segregation and isolation in · Measures to eliminate and control hazards from known and emergency circumstances, include independent ventilation suspected biological agents at the place of work should be systems, and be subject to SOPs requiring routine disinfection designed, implemented and maintained in close co-operation and sterilization of the work surfaces. with the local health authorities and according to recognized international standards. HVAC systems serving areas handling Groups 3 and 4 biological agents should be equipped with High Efficiency Particulate Air Biological agents should be classified into four groups73: (HEPA) filtration systems. Equipment should readily enable their · Group 1: Biological agents unlikely to cause human disease, disinfection and sterilization, and maintained and operated so as and consequently only require controls similar to those to prevent growth and spreading of disease agents, amplification required for hazardous or reactive chemical substances; of the biological agents, or breeding of vectors e.g. mosquitoes and flies of public health concern. · Group 2: Biological agents that can cause human disease and are thereby likely to require additional controls, but are unlikely to spread to the community; · Group 3: Biological agents that can cause severe human disease, present a serious hazard to workers, and may present a risk of spreading to the community, for which there usually is effective prophylaxis or treatment available and are thereby likely to require extensive additional controls; · Group 4: Biological agents that can cause severe human disease, are a serious hazard to workers, and present a high risk of spreading to the community, for which there is usually no effective prophylaxis or treatment available and are thereby likely to require very extensive additional controls. 73 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Infective Microorganisms by Risk Group (2004). APRIL 30, 2007 72 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP 2.6 Radiological Hazards · In the case of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, the preferred method for controlling exposure is shielding and Radiation exposure can lead to potential discomfort, injury or limiting the radiation source. Personal protective equipment serious illness to workers. Prevention and control strategies is supplemental only or for emergency use. Personal include: protective equipment for near-infrared, visible and ultraviolet · Places of work involving occupational and/or natural range radiation can include appropriate sun block creams, exposure to ionizing radiation should be established and with or without appropriate screening clothing. operated in accordance with recognized international safety standards and guidelines.74 The acceptable effective dose 2.7 Personal Protective Equipment limits appear Table 2.6.1. (PPE) · Exposure to non-ionizing radiation (including static magnetic Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) provides additional fields; sub-radio frequency magnetic fields; static electric protection to workers exposed to workplace hazards in fields; radio frequency and microwave radiation; light and conjunction with other facility controls and safety systems. near-infrared radiation; and ultraviolet radiation) should be controlled to internationally recommended limits75. PPE is considered to be a last resort that is above and beyond the other facility controls and provides the worker with an extra level of personal protection. Table 2.7.1 presents general examples of Table 2.6.1. Acceptable Effective Dose Limits for occupational hazards and types of PPE available for different Workplace Radiological Hazards purposes. Recommended measures for use of PPE in the workplace include: Apprentices and Workers students · Active use of PPE if alternative technologies, work plans or (min.19 years of (16-18 years procedures cannot eliminate, or sufficiently reduce, a hazard Exposure age) of age) or exposure Five consecutive year average ­ effective dose 20 mSv/year · Identification and provision of appropriate PPE that offers adequate protection to the worker, co-workers, and Single year exposure 50 mSv/year 6 mSv/year occasional visitors, without incurring unnecessary ­ effective dose inconvenience to the individual Equivalent dose to the lens of 150 mSv/year 50 mSv/year the eye · Proper maintenance of PPE, including cleaning when dirty and replacement when damaged or worn out. Proper use of Equivalent dose to the 150 extremities (hands, feet) or the 500 mSv/year PPE should be part of the recurrent training programs for mSv/year skin employees 74 International Basic Safety Standard for protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources and its three interrelated Safety Guides. IAEA. http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/documents/default.asp?sub=160 75 For example ACGIH (2005) and International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation (ICNIRP). APRIL 30, 2007 73 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Selection of PPE should be based on the hazard and risk by recognized organizations76. ranking described earlier in this section, and selected according to criteria on performance and testing established 2.8 Special Hazard Environments Special hazard environments are work situations where all of the previously described hazards may exist under unique or especially Table 2.7.1. Summary of Recommended Personal hazardous circumstances. Accordingly, extra precautions or rigor Protective Equipment According to Hazard in application of precautions is required. Objective Workplace Hazards Suggested PPE Confined Space A confined space is defined as a wholly or partially enclosed Eye and Flying particles, molten Safety Glasses with side-shields, face metal, liquid chemicals, protective shades, etc. space not designed or intended for human occupancy and in protection gases or vapors, light radiation. which a hazardous atmosphere could develop as a result of the contents, location or construction of the confined space or due to Head Falling objects, inadequate Plastic Helmets with top and side protection height clearance, and impact protection. work done in or around the confined space. A "permit-required" overhead power cords. confined space is one that also contains physical or atmospheric Hearing Noise, ultra-sound. Hearing protectors (ear plugs or hazards that could trap or engulf the person.77 protection ear muffs). Foot Falling or rolling objects, Safety shoes and boots for Confined spaces can occur in enclosed or open structures or protection pointed objects. Corrosive protection against moving & or hot liquids. falling objects, liquids and locations. Serious injury or fatality can result from inadequate chemicals. preparation to enter a confined space or in attempting a rescue Hand Hazardous materials, cuts Gloves made of rubber or from a confined space. Recommended management approaches protection or lacerations, vibrations, synthetic materials (Neoprene), extreme temperatures. leather, steel, insulating include: materials, etc. Respiratory Dust, fogs, fumes, mists, Facemasks with appropriate · Engineering measures should be implemented to eliminate, protection gases, smokes, vapors. filters for dust removal and air to the degree feasible, the existence and adverse character purification (chemicals, mists, vapors and gases). Single or of confined spaces. multi-gas personal monitors, if available. · Permit-required confined spaces should be provided with Oxygen deficiency Portable or supplied air (fixed permanent safety measures for venting, monitoring, and lines). rescue operations, to the extent possible. The area adjoining On-site rescue equipment. an access to a confined space should provide ample room Body/leg Extreme temperatures, Insulating clothing, body suits, for emergency and rescue operations. protection hazardous materials, aprons etc. of appropriate biological agents, cutting materials. and laceration. 76 Examples include the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), http://www.ansi.org/; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health76 (NIOSH), http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html; Canadian Standards Association76 (CSA), http://www.csa.ca/Default.asp?language=english; Mine Safety and Health Administration76 (MSHA), http://www.msha.gov. 77 US OSHA CFR 1910.146 APRIL 30, 2007 74 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Access hatches should accommodate 90% of the worker persons capable of providing aid and assistance, for continuous population with adjustments for tools and protective clothing. periods exceeding one hour. The worker is therefore at increased The most current ISO and EN standards should be consulted risk should an accident or injury occur. for design specifications; · Where workers may be required to perform work under lone · Prior to entry into a permit-required confined space: or isolated circumstances, Standard Operating Procedures o Process or feed lines into the space should be (SOPs) should be developed and implemented to ensure all disconnected or drained, and blanked and locked-out. PPE and safety measures are in place before the worker o Mechanical equipment in the space should be starts work. SOPs should establish, at a minimum, verbal disconnected, de-energized, locked-out, and braced, as contact with the worker at least once every hour, and ensure appropriate. the worker has a capability for summoning emergency aid. o The atmosphere within the confined space should be · If the worker is potentially exposed to highly toxic or corrosive tested to assure the oxygen content is between 19.5 chemicals, emergency eye-wash and shower facilities should percent and 23 percent, and that the presence of any be equipped with audible and visible alarms to summon aid flammable gas or vapor does not exceed 25 percent of whenever the eye-wash or shower is activated by the worker its respective Lower Explosive Limit (LEL). and without intervention by the worker. o If the atmospheric conditions are not met, the confined space should be ventilated until the target safe 2.9 Monitoring atmosphere is achieved, or entry is only to be Occupational health and safety monitoring programs should verify undertaken with appropriate and additional PPE. the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies. The selected indicators should be representative of the most · Safety precautions should include Self Contained Breathing significant occupational, health, and safety hazards, and the Apparatus (SCBA), life lines, and safety watch workers implementation of prevention and control strategies. The stationed outside the confined space, with rescue and first occupational health and safety monitoring program should include: aid equipment readily available. · Safety inspection, testing and calibration: This should include · Before workers are required to enter a permit-required confined space, adequate and appropriate training in regular inspection and testing of all safety features and hazard control measures focusing on engineering and confined space hazard control, atmospheric testing, use of personal protective features, work procedures, places of the necessary PPE, as well as the serviceability and integrity work, installations, equipment, and tools used. The of the PPE should be verified. Further, adequate and inspection should verify that issued PPE continues to provide appropriate rescue and / or recovery plans and equipment should be in place before the worker enters the confined adequate protection and is being worn as required. All space. instruments installed or used for monitoring and recording of working environment parameters should be regularly tested Lone and Isolated Workers and calibrated, and the respective records maintained. A lone and isolated worker is a worker out of verbal and line of · Surveillance of the working environment: Employers should sight communication with a supervisor, other workers, or other document compliance using an appropriate combination of APRIL 30, 2007 75 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP portable and stationary sampling and monitoring instruments. · The systems and the employer should further enable and Monitoring and analyses should be conducted according to encourage workers to report to management all: internationally recognized methods and standards. o Occupational injuries and near misses Monitoring methodology, locations, frequencies, and o Suspected cases of occupational disease parameters should be established individually for each o Dangerous occurrences and incidents project following a review of the hazards. Generally, · All reported occupational accidents, occupational diseases, monitoring should be performed during commissioning of dangerous occurrences, and incidents together with near facilities or equipment and at the end of the defect and misses should be investigated with the assistance of a liability period, and otherwise repeated according to the person knowledgeable/competent in occupational safety. The monitoring plan. investigation should: · Surveillance of workers health: When extraordinary o Establish what happened protective measures are required (for example, against o Determine the cause of what happened biological agents Groups 3 and 4, and/or hazardous o Identify measures necessary to prevent a recurrence compounds), workers should be provided appropriate and relevant health surveillance prior to first exposure, and at · Occupational accidents and diseases should, at a minimum, regular intervals thereafter. The surveillance should, if be classified according to Table 2.10.1. Distinction is made deemed necessary, be continued after termination of the between fatal and non-fatal injuries. The two main categories employment. are divided into three sub-categories according to time of · Training: Training activities for employees and visitors should death or duration of the incapacity to work. The total work be adequately monitored and documented (curriculum, hours during the specified reporting period should be duration, and participants). Emergency exercises, including reported to the appropriate regulatory agency. fire drills, should be documented adequately. Service Table 2.9.1. Occupational Accident Reporting providers and contractors should be contractually required to submit to the employer adequate training documentation a. Fatalities b. Non-fatal c. Total time lost before start of their assignment. (number) injuries non-fatal injuries (number) 78 (days) b.1 Less than one a.1 Immediate Accidents and Diseases monitoring day · The employer should establish procedures and systems for a.2 Within a month b.2 Up to 3 days c.1 Category b.2 reporting and recording: b.3 More than 3 a.3 Within a year c.2 Category b.3 days o Occupational accidents and diseases o Dangerous occurrences and incidents These systems should enable workers to report immediately to their immediate supervisor any situation they believe presents a serious danger to life or health. 78 The day on which an incident occurs is not included in b.2 and b.3. APRIL 30, 2007 76 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP 3.0 Community Health and Safety 3.1 Water Quality and Availability ...................................77 impoundment should prevent adverse impacts to the quality and Water Quality.........................................................77 availability of groundwater and surface water resources. Water Availability....................................................77 3.2 Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure ..................78 3.3 Life and Fire Safety (L&FS) ......................................79 Water Quality Applicability and Approach......................................79 Drinking water sources, whether public or private, should at all Specific Requirements for New Buildings................79 times be protected so that they meet or exceed applicable national L&FS Master Plan Review and Approval.................80 Specific Requirements for Existing Buildings ...........81 acceptability standards or in their absence the current edition of Other Hazards........................................................81 WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Air emissions, 3.4 Traffic Safety............................................................81 3.5 Transport of Hazardous Materials .............................82 wastewater effluents, oil and hazardous materials, and wastes General Hazardous Materials Transport..................82 should be managed according to the guidance provided in the Major Transportation Hazards.................................83 respective sections of the General EHS Guidelines with the 3.6 Disease Prevention..................................................85 Communicable Diseases........................................85 objective of protecting soil and water resources. Vector-Borne Diseases...........................................85 Where the project includes the delivery of water to the community 3.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response .................86 Communication Systems ........................................86 or to users of facility infrastructure (such as hotel hosts and Emergency Resources ...........................................87 hospital patients), where water may be used for drinking, cooking, Training and Updating ............................................87 washing, and bathing, water quality should comply with national Business Continuity and Contingency .....................88 Applicability and Approach......................................89 acceptability standards or in their absence the current edition of with WHO Drinking Water Guidelines. Water quality for more sensitive well-being-related demands such as water used in health This section complements the guidance provided in the preceding care facilities or food production may require more stringent, environmental and occupational health and safety sections, industry-specific guidelines or standards, as applicable. Any specifically addressing some aspects of project activities taking dependency factors associated with the deliver of water to the place outside of the traditional project boundaries, but nonetheless local community should be planned for and managed to ensure related to the project operations, as may be applicable on a the sustainability of the water supply by involving the community in project basis. These issues may arise at any stage of a project life its management to minimize the dependency in the long-term. cycle and can have an impact beyond the life of the project. Water Availability 3.1 Water Quality and Availability The potential effect of groundwater or surface water abstraction Groundwater and surface water represent essential sources of for project activities should be properly assessed through a drinking and irrigation water in developing countries, particularly in combination of field testing and modeling techniques, accounting rural areas where piped water supply may be limited or for seasonal variability and projected changes in demand in the unavailable and where available resources are collected by the project area. consumer with little or no treatment. Project activities involving wastewater discharges, water extraction, diversion or APRIL 30, 2007 77 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP Project activities should not compromise the availability of water project structures should be designed in accordance with for personal hygiene needs and should take account of potential engineering and design criteria mandated by site-specific future increases in demand. The overall target should be the risks, including but not limited to seismic activity, slope availability of 100 liters per person per day although lower levels stability, wind loading, and other dynamic loads may be used to meet basic health requirements.79 Water volume · Application of locally regulated or internationally recognized requirements for well-being-related demands such as water use in building codes80 to ensure structures are designed and health care facilities may need to be higher. constructed in accordance with sound architectural and engineering practice, including aspects of fire prevention and 3.2 Structural Safety of Project response Infrastructure · Engineers and architects responsible for designing and Hazards posed to the public while accessing project facilities may constructing facilities, building, plants and other structures include: should certify the applicability and appropriateness of the · Physical trauma associated with failure of building structures structural criteria employed. · Burns and smoke inhalation from fires International codes, such as those compiled by the International · Injuries suffered as a consequence of falls or contact with Code Council (ICC) 81, are intended to regulate the design, heavy equipment construction, and maintenance of a built environment and contain · Respiratory distress from dust, fumes, or noxious odors detailed guidance on all aspects of building safety, encompassing · Exposure to hazardous materials methodology, best practices, and documenting compliance. Reduction of potential hazards is best accomplished during the Depending on the nature of a project, guidance provided in the design phase when the structural design, layout and site ICC or comparable codes should be followed, as appropriate, with modifications can be adapted more easily. The following issues respect to: should be considered and incorporated as appropriate into the · Existing structures planning, siting, and design phases of a project: · Soils and foundations · Inclusion of buffer strips or other methods of physical · Site grading separation around project sites to protect the public from · Structural design major hazards associated with hazardous materials incidents · Specific requirements based on intended use and occupancy or process failure, as well as nuisance issues related to · Accessibility and means of egress noise, odors, or other emissions · Types of construction · Incorporation of siting and safety engineering criteria to · Roof design and construction prevent failures due to natural risks posed by earthquakes, · Fire-resistant construction tsunamis, wind, flooding, landslides and fire. To this end, all · Flood-resistant construction 79 World Health Organization (WHO) defines 100 liters/capita/day as the amount 80 ILO-OSH, 2001. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/ required to meet all consumption and hygiene needs. Additional information on lower service levels and potential impacts on health are described in "Domestic safework/cops/english/download/e000013.pdf Water Quantity, Service Level and Health" 2003. 81 ICC, 2006. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/wsh0302/en/index.html APRIL 30, 2007 78 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Construction materials codes, local fire department regulations, local legal/insurance · Interior environment requirements, and in accordance with an internationally accepted · Mechanical, plumbing and electrical systems life and fire safety (L&FS) standard. The Life Safety Code82, which · Elevators and conveying systems provides extensive documentation on life and fire safety · Fire safety systems provisions, is one example of an internationally accepted standard · Safeguards during construction and may be used to document compliance with the Life and Fire · Encroachments into public right-of-way Safety objectives outlined in these guidelines. With regard to these objectives: Although major design changes may not be feasible during the operation phase of a project, hazard analysis can be undertaken · Project sponsors' architects and professional consulting to identify opportunities to reduce the consequences of a failure or engineers should demonstrate that affected buildings meet accident. Illustrative management actions, applicable to these life and fire safety objectives. hazardous materials storage and use, include: · Life and fire safety systems and equipment should be · Reducing inventories of hazardous materials through designed and installed using appropriate prescriptive inventory management and process changes to greatly standards and/or performance based design, and sound reduce or eliminate the potential off-site consequences of a engineering practices. release · Life and fire safety design criteria for all existing buildings · Modifying process or storage conditions to reduce the should incorporate all local building codes and fire potential consequences of an accidental off-site release department regulations. · Improving shut-down and secondary containment to reduce These guidelines apply to buildings that are accessible to the the amount of material escaping from containment and to public. Examples of such buildings include: reduce the release duration · Reducing the probability that releases will occur through · Health and education facilities improved site operations and control, and through · Hotels, convention centers, and leisure facilities improvements in maintenance and inspection · Retail and commercial facilities · Reducing off-site impacts of releases through measures · Airports, other public transport terminals, transfer facilities intended to contain explosions and fires, alert the public, provide for evacuation of surrounding areas, establish safety Specific Requirements for New Buildings zones around a site, and ensure the provision of emergency The nature and extent of life and fire safety systems required will medical services to the public depend on the building type, structure, construction, occupancy, and exposures. Sponsors should prepare a Life and Fire Safety 3.3 Life and Fire Safety (L&FS) Master Plan identifying major fire risks, applicable codes, standards and regulations, and mitigation measures. The Master Applicability and Approach 82 US NFPA. All new buildings accessible to the public should be designed, http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?category%5Fname=&pid=10106&target% constructed, and operated in full compliance with local building 5Fpid=10106&src%5Fpid=&link%5Ftype=search APRIL 30, 2007 79 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP Plan should be prepared by a suitably qualified professional, and Compartmentation adequately cover, but not be limited to, the issues addressed Compartmentation involves all measures to prevent or slow the briefly in the following points. The suitably qualified professional spread of fire and smoke, including: selected to prepare the Master Plan is responsible for a detailed · Separations treatment of the following illustrative, and all other required, · Fire walls issues. · Floors Fire Prevention · Doors Fire prevention addresses the identification of fire risks and · Dampers ignition sources, and measures needed to limit fast fire and smoke · Smoke control systems development. These issues include: Fire Suppression and Control · Fuel load and control of combustibles Fire suppression and control includes all automatic and manual · Ignition sources fire protection installations, such as: · Interior finish flame spread characteristics · Automatic sprinkler systems · Interior finish smoke production characteristics · Manual portable extinguishers · Human acts, and housekeeping and maintenance · Fire hose reels Means of Egress Means of Egress includes all design measures that facilitate a Emergency Response Plan safe evacuation by residents and/or occupants in case of fire or An Emergency Response Plan is a set of scenario­based other emergency, such as: procedures to assist staff and emergency response teams during real life emergency and training exercises. This chapter of the Fire · Clear, unimpeded escape routes and Life Safety Master Plan should include an assessment of local · Accessibility to the impaired/handicapped fire prevention and suppression capabilities. · Marking and signing · Emergency lighting Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance involves preparing schedules for Detection and Alarm Systems mandatory regular maintenance and testing of life and fire safety These systems encompass all measures, including features to ensure that mechanical, electrical, and civil structures communication and public address systems needed to detect a and systems are at all times in conformance with life and fire fire and alert: safety design criteria and required operational readiness. · Building staff · Emergency response teams L&FS Master Plan Review and Approval · Occupants · A suitably qualified professional prepares and submits a Life · Civil defense and Fire Safety (L&FS) Master Plan, including preliminary drawings and specifications, and certifies that the design APRIL 30, 2007 80 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP meets the requirements of these L&FS guidelines. The earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, windstorms, and fires from findings and recommendations of the review are then used to surrounding areas). establish the conditions of a Corrective Action Plan and a · All such structures should be designed in accordance with time frame for implementing the changes. the criteria mandated by situation-, climatic-, and geology- · The suitably qualified professional conducts a review as part specific location risks (e.g. seismic activity, wind loading, and of the project completion test at the time of life and fire safety other dynamic loads). systems testing and commissioning, and certifies that · Structural engineers and architects responsible for facilities, construction of these systems has been carried out in buildings, plants and structures should certify the applicability accordance with the accepted design. The findings and and appropriateness of the design criteria employed. recommendations of the review are used as the basis for · National or regional building regulations typically contain fire establishing project completion or to establish the conditions safety codes and standards83 or these standards are found in of a Pre-Completion Corrective Action Plan and a time frame separate Fire Codes.84,85 Generally, such codes and for implementing the changes. regulations incorporate further compliance requirements with respect to methodology, practice, testing, and other codes Specific Requirements for Existing and standards86. Such nationally referenced material Buildings constitutes the acceptable fire life safety code. · All life and fire safety guideline requirements for new buildings apply to existing buildings programmed for 3.4 Traffic Safety renovation. A suitably qualified professional conducts a Traffic accidents have become one of the most significant causes complete life and fire safety review of existing buildings of injuries and fatalities among members of the public worldwide. slated for renovation. The findings and recommendations of Traffic safety should be promoted by all project personnel during the review are used as the basis to establish the scope of displacement to and from the workplace, and during operation of work of a Corrective Action Plan and a time frame for project equipment on private or public roads. Prevention and implementing the changes. control of traffic related injuries and fatalities should include the · If it becomes apparent that life and fire safety conditions are adoption of safety measures that are protective of project workers deficient in an existing building that is not part of the project and of road users, including those who are most vulnerable to or that has not been programmed for renovation, a life and road traffic accidents87. Road safety initiatives proportional to the fire safety review of the building may be conducted by a scope and nature of project activities should include: suitably qualified professional. The findings and recommendations of the review are used as the basis to establish the scope of work of a Corrective Action Plan and a 83 For example, Australia, Canada, South Africa, United Kingdom 84 Réglementation Incendie [des ERP] time frame for implementing the changes. 85 USA NFPA, 2006. 86 Prepared by National Institutes and Authorities such as American Society for Other Hazards Testing and Materials (ASTM), British Standards (BS), German Institute of Standardization (DIN), and French Standards (NF) · Facilities, buildings, plants, and structures should be situated 87 Additional information on vulnerable users of public roads in developing countries is provided by Peden et al., 2004. to minimize potential risks from forces of nature (e.g. APRIL 30, 2007 81 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Adoption of best transport safety practices across all aspects · Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs of project operations with the goal of preventing traffic and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions accidents and minimizing injuries suffered by project personnel and the public. Measures should include: 3.5 Transport of Hazardous Materials o Emphasizing safety aspects among drivers General Hazardous Materials Transport o Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers · Projects should have procedures in place that ensure o Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver compliance with local laws and international requirements rosters to avoid overtiredness applicable to the transport of hazardous materials, including: o Avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce the risk of accidents o IATA requirements89 for air transport o Use of speed control devices (governors) on trucks, and o IMDG Code90 sea transport remote monitoring of driver actions o UN Model Regulations91 of other international standards as well as local requirements for land transport · Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer o Host-country commitments under the Basel Convention approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents on the Control of Transboundary Movements of caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. Hazardous Waste and their disposal and Rotterdam Where the project may contribute to a significant increase in traffic Convention on the prior Inform Consent Procedure for along existing roads, or where road transport is a significant Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in component of a project, recommended measures include: International Trade, if applicable to the project activities · Minimizing pedestrian interaction with construction vehicles · The procedures for transportation of hazardous materials · Collaboration with local communities and responsible (Hazmats) should include: authorities to improve signage, visibility and overall safety of o Proper labeling of containers, including the identify and roads, particularly along stretches located near schools or quantity of the contents, hazards, and shipper contact other locations where children may be present. Collaborating information with local communities on education about traffic and o Providing a shipping document (e.g. shipping manifest) pedestrian safety (e.g. school education campaigns)88 that describes the contents of the load and its · Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that associated hazards in addition to the labeling of the appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents containers. The shipping document should establish a · Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to chain-of-custody using multiple signed copies to show minimize transport distances. Locating associated facilities that the waste was properly shipped, transported and such as worker camps close to project sites and arranging received by the recycling or treatment/disposal facility worker bus transport to minimizing external traffic 89 IATA, 2005. www.iata.org 90 IMO. www.imo.org/safety 88Additional sources of information for implementation of road safety measures is 91 United Nations. Transport of Dangerous Goods - Model Regulations. 14th available at WHO, 1989, Ross et al., 1991, Tsunokawa and Hoban, 1997, and Revised Edition. Geneva 2005. OECD, 1999 http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev14/14files_e.html APRIL 30, 2007 82 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP o Ensuring that the volume, nature, integrity and · The existing criteria for the safe transportation of hazardous protection of packaging and containers used for materials, including environmental management systems transport are appropriate for the type and quantity of used by the company and its contractors hazardous material and modes of transport involved This review should cover the management actions, preventive o Ensuring adequate transport vehicle specifications measures and emergency response procedures described below. o Training employees involved in the transportation of The hazard assessment helps to determine what additional hazardous materials regarding proper shipping measures may be required to complete the plan. procedures and emergency procedures o Using labeling and placarding (external signs on Management Actions transport vehicles), as required · Management of Change: These procedures should address: o Providing the necessary means for emergency response o The technical basis for changes in hazardous materials on call 24 hours/day offered for transportation, routes and/or procedures Major Transportation Hazards o The potential impact of changes on health and safety Guidance related to major transportation hazards should be o Modification required to operating procedures implemented in addition to measures presented in the preceding o Authorization requirements section for preventing or minimizing the consequences of o Employees affected catastrophic releases of hazardous materials, which may result in o Training needs toxic, fire, explosion, or other hazards during transportation. · Compliance Audit: A compliance audit evaluates compliance with prevention requirements for each transportation route or In addition to these aforementioned procedures, projects which for each hazardous material, as appropriate. A compliance transport hazardous materials at or above the threshold audit covering each element of the prevention measures (see quantities92 should prepare a Hazardous Materials Transportation below) should be conducted at least every three years. The Plan containing all of the elements presented below93. audit program should include: o Preparation of a report of the findings Hazard Assessment o Determination and documentation of the appropriate The hazard assessment should identify the potential hazard response to each finding involved in the transportation of hazardous materials by reviewing: o Documentation that any deficiency has been corrected. · The hazard characteristics of the substances identified during · Incident Investigation: Incidents can provide valuable the screening stage information about transportation hazards and the steps · The history of accidents, both by the company and its needed to prevent accidental releases. The implementation contractors, involving hazardous materials transportation of incident investigation procedures should ensure that: 92 Threshold quantities for the transport of hazardous materials are found in the UN ­ Transport of Dangerous Goods ­ Model Regulations cited above. o Investigations are initiated promptly 93 For further information and guidance, please refer to International Finance o Summaries of investigations are included in a report Corporation (IFC) Hazardous Materials Transportation Manual. Washington, D.C. December 2000. o Report findings and recommendations are addressed APRIL 30, 2007 83 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP o Reports are reviewed with staff and contractors Preventive Measures · Employee Participation: There should be a written plan of The plan should include procedures to implement preventive action regarding the implementation of active employee measures specific to each hazardous material offered for participation in the prevention of accidents. transportation, including: · Classification and segregation of hazardous materials in · Contractors: The plan should include procedures to ensure warehouses and transport units that: · Packaging and packaging testing o The contractor is provided with safety performance · Marking and labeling of packages containing hazardous procedures and safety and hazard information materials o Contractors observe safety practices · Handling and securing packages containing hazardous o Verify that the contractor acts responsibly materials in transport units The plan should also include additional procedures to ensure · Marking and placarding of transport units the contractors will: · Documentation (e.g. bills of lading) o Ensure appropriate training for their employees · Application of special provisions, as appropriate o Ensure their employees know process hazards and applicable emergency actions Emergency Preparedness and Response o Prepare and submit training records It is important to develop procedures and practices for the o Inform employees about the hazards presented by their handling of hazardous materials that allow for quick and efficient work responses to accidents that may result in injury or environmental damage. The sponsor should prepare an Emergency · Training: Good training programs on operating procedures Preparedness and Response Plan that should cover: will provide the employees with the necessary information to understand how to operate safely and why safe operations · Planning Coordination: This should include procedures for: are needed. The training program should include: o Informing the public and emergency response agencies o The list of employees to be trained o Documenting first aid and emergency medical treatment o Specific training objectives o Taking emergency response actions o Mechanisms to achieve objectives (i.e. hands-on o Reviewing and updating the emergency response plan workshops, videos, etc.) to reflect changes and ensuring that the employees are o Means to determine the effectiveness of the training informed of such changes program · Emergency Equipment: The plan should include procedures o Training procedures for new hires and refresher for using, inspecting, testing, and maintaining emergency programs response equipment. · Training: Employees should be trained in any relevant procedures APRIL 30, 2007 84 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP 3.6 Disease Prevention access to medical treatment, confidentiality and appropriate care, particularly with respect to migrant workers Communicable Diseases · Promoting collaboration with local authorities to enhance Communicable diseases pose a significant public health threat access of workers families and the community to public worldwide. Health hazards typically associated with large health services and promote immunization development projects are those relating to poor sanitation and living conditions, sexual transmission and vector-borne infections. Vector-Borne Diseases Communicable diseases of most concern during the construction Reducing the impact of vector-borne disease on the long-term phase due to labor mobility are sexually-transmitted diseases health of workers is best accomplished through implementation of (STDs), such as HIV/AIDS. Recognizing that no single measure diverse interventions aimed at eliminating the factors that lead to is likely to be effective in the long term, successful initiatives disease. Project sponsors, in close collaboration with community typically involve a combination of behavioral and environmental health authorities, can implement an integrated control strategy for modifications. mosquito and other arthropod-borne diseases that might involve: · Prevention of larval and adult propagation through sanitary Recommended interventions at the project level include94: improvements and elimination of breeding habitats close to · Providing surveillance and active screening and treatment of human settlements workers · Elimination of unusable impounded water · Preventing illness among workers in local communities by: · Increase in water velocity in natural and artificial channels o Undertaking health awareness and education initiatives, · Considering the application of residual insecticide to for example, by implementing an information strategy to dormitory walls reinforce person-to-person counseling addressing · Implementation of integrated vector control programs systemic factors that can influence individual behavior · Promoting use of repellents, clothing, netting, and other as well as promoting individual protection, and barriers to prevent insect bites protecting others from infection, by encouraging condom · Use of chemoprophylaxis drugs by non-immune workers and use collaborating with public health officials to help eradicate o Training health workers in disease treatment disease reservoirs o Conducting immunization programs for workers in local · Monitoring and treatment of circulating and migrating communities to improve health and guard against populations to prevent disease reservoir spread infection · Collaboration and exchange of in-kind services with other o Providing health services control programs in the project area to maximize beneficial · Providing treatment through standard case management in effects on-site or community health care facilities. Ensuring ready · Educating project personnel and area residents on risks, prevention, and available treatment · Monitoring communities during high-risk seasons to detect Additional sources of information on disease prevention include IFC, 2006; 94 UNDP, 2000, 2003; Walley et al., 2000; Kindhauser, 2003; Heymann, 2004. and treat cases APRIL 30, 2007 85 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Distributing appropriate education materials Alarm bells, visual alarms, or other forms of communication · Following safety guidelines for the storage, transport, and should be used to reliably alert workers to an emergency. Related distribution of pesticides to minimize the potential for misuse, measures include: spills, and accidental human exposure · Testing warning systems at least annually (fire alarms monthly), and more frequently if required by local regulations, 3.7 Emergency Preparedness and equipment, or other considerations Response · Installing a back-up system for communications on-site with An emergency is an unplanned event when a project operation off-site resources, such as fire departments, in the event that loses control, or could lose control, of a situation that may result in normal communication methods may be inoperable during an risks to human health, property, or the environment, either within emergency the facility or in the local community. Emergencies do not normally include safe work practices for frequent upsets or events Community Notification that are covered by occupational health and safety. If a local community may be at risk from a potential emergency arising at the facility, the company should implement All projects should have an Emergency Preparedness and communication measures to alert the community, such as: Response Plan that is commensurate with the risks of the facility and that includes the following basic elements: · Audible alarms, such as fire bells or sirens · Administration (policy, purpose, distribution, definitions, etc) · Fan out telephone call lists · Organization of emergency areas (command centers, · Vehicle mounted speakers medical stations, etc) · Communicating details of the nature of the emergency · Roles and responsibilities · Communicating protection options (evacuation, quarantine) · Communication systems · Providing advise on selecting an appropriate protection · Emergency response procedures option · Emergency resources Media and Agency Relations · Training and updating Emergency information should be communicated to the media · Checklists (role and action list and equipment checklist) through: · Business Continuity and Contingency · A trained, local spokesperson able to interact with relevant Additional information is provided for key components of the stakeholders, and offer guidance to the company for emergency plan, as follows below. speaking to the media, government, and other agencies · Written press releases with accurate information, appropriate Communication Systems level of detail for the emergency, and for which accuracy can Worker notification and communication be guaranteed APRIL 30, 2007 86 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP Emergency Resources · Considering the quantity, response time, capability, limitations, and cost of these resources, for both site-specific Finance and Emergency Funds emergencies, and community or regional emergencies · A mechanism should be provided for funding emergency · Considering if external resources are unable to provide activities. sufficient capacity during a regional emergency and whether additional resources may need to be maintained on-site Fire Services · The company should consider the level of local fire fighting Mutual Aid capacity and whether equipment is available for use at the Mutual aid agreements decrease administrative confusion and facility in the event of a major emergency or natural disaster. provide a clear basis for response by mutual aid providers. If insufficient capacity is available, fire fighting capacity · Where appropriate, mutual aid agreements should be should be acquired that may include pumps, water supplies, maintained with other organizations to allow for sharing of trucks, and training for personnel. personnel and specialized equipment. Medical Services Contact List · The company should provide first aid attendants for the · The company should develop a list of contact information for facility as well as medical equipment suitable for the all internal and external resources and personnel. The list personnel, type of operation, and the degree of treatment should include the name, description, location, and contact likely to be required prior to transportation to hospital. details (telephone, email) for each of the resources, and be maintained annually. Availability of Resources Appropriate measures for managing the availability of resources in Training and Updating case of an emergency include: The emergency preparedness facilities and emergency response · Maintaining a list of external equipment, personnel, facilities, plans require maintenance, review, and updating to account for funding, expert knowledge, and materials that may be changes in equipment, personnel, and facilities. Training required to respond to emergencies. The list should include programs and practice exercises provide for testing systems to personnel with specialized expertise for spill clean-up, flood ensure an adequate level of emergency preparedness. Programs control, engineering, water treatment, environmental science, should: etc., or any of the functions required to adequately respond · Identify training needs based on the roles and to the identified emergency responsibilities, capabilities and requirements of personnel · Providing personnel who can readily call up resources, as in an emergency required · Develop a training plan to address needs, particularly for fire · Tracking and managing the costs associated with emergency fighting, spill response, and evacuation resources APRIL 30, 2007 87 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY WORLD BANK GROUP · Conduct annual training, at least, and perhaps more frequent training when the response includes specialized equipment, procedures, or hazards, or when otherwise mandated · Provide training exercises to allow personnel the opportunity to test emergency preparedness, including: o Desk top exercises with only a few personnel, where the contact lists are tested and the facilities and communication assessed o Response exercises, typically involving drills that allow for testing of equipment and logistics o Debrief upon completion of a training exercise to assess what worked well and what aspects require improvement o Update the plan, as required, after each exercise. Elements of the plan subject to significant change (such as contact lists) should be replaced o Record training activities and the outcomes of the training Business Continuity and Contingency Measures to address business continuity and contingency include: · Identifying replacement supplies or facilities to allow business continuity following an emergency. For example, alternate sources of water, electricity, and fuel are commonly sought. · Using redundant or duplicate supply systems as part of facility operations to increase the likelihood of business continuity. · Maintaining back-ups of critical information in a secure location to expedite the return to normal operations following an emergency. APRIL 30, 2007 88 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING WORLD BANK GROUP 4.0 Construction and Decommissioning planned during periods of the day that will result in least 4.1 Environment.............................................................89 disturbance Noise and Vibration ................................................89 Soil Erosion............................................................89 · Using noise control devices, such as temporary noise Air Quality..............................................................90 barriers and deflectors for impact and blasting activities, and Solid Waste............................................................90 exhaust muffling devices for combustion engines. Hazardous Materials...............................................91 Wastewater Discharges..........................................91 · Avoiding or minimizing project transportation through Contaminated Land ................................................91 community areas 4.2 Occupational Health and Safety................................92 4.3 Community Health and Safety ..................................94 General Site Hazards .............................................94 Soil Erosion Disease Prevention ................................................94 Soil erosion may be caused by exposure of soil surfaces to rain Traffic Safety..........................................................95 and wind during site clearing, earth moving, and excavation activities. The mobilization and transport of soil particles may, in turn, result in sedimentation of surface drainage networks, which Applicability and Approach may result in impacts to the quality of natural water systems and This section provides additional, specific guidance on prevention ultimately the biological systems that use these waters. and control of community health and safety impacts that may Recommended soil erosion and water system management occur during new project development, at the end of the project approaches include: life-cycle, or due to expansion or modification of existing project facilities. Cross referencing is made to various other sections of Sediment mobilization and transport the General EHS Guidelines. · Reducing or preventing erosion by: Scheduling to avoid heavy rainfall periods (i.e., during 4.1 Environment{ TC "4.1 o the dry season) to the extent practical Environment" \f C \l "2" } o Contouring and minimizing length and steepness of Noise and Vibration slopes During construction and decommissioning activities, noise and o Mulching to stabilize exposed areas vibration may be caused by the operation of pile drivers, earth o Re-vegetating areas promptly moving and excavation equipment, concrete mixers, cranes and o Designing channels and ditches for post-construction the transportation of equipment, materials and people. Some flows recommended noise reduction and control strategies to consider o Lining steep channel and slopes (e.g. use jute matting) in areas close to community areas include: · Reducing or preventing off-site sediment transport through · Planning activities in consultation with local communities so use of settlement ponds, silt fences, and water treatment, that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are and modifying or suspending activities during extreme rainfall and high winds to the extent practical. APRIL 30, 2007 89 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING WORLD BANK GROUP Clean runoff management Air Quality · Segregating or diverting clean water runoff to prevent it Construction and decommissioning activities may generate mixing with water containing a high solids content, to emission of fugitive dust caused by a combination of on-site minimize the volume of water to be treated prior to release excavation and movement of earth materials, contact of construction machinery with bare soil, and exposure of bare soil Road design and soil piles to wind. A secondary source of emissions may · Limiting access road gradients to reduce runoff-induced include exhaust from diesel engines of earth moving equipment, erosion as well as from open burning of solid waste on-site. Techniques to · Providing adequate road drainage based on road width, consider for the reduction and control of air emissions from surface material, compaction, and maintenance construction and decommissioning sites include: · Minimizing dust from material handling sources, such as Disturbance to water bodies conveyors and bins, by using covers and/or control · Depending on the potential for adverse impacts, installing equipment (water suppression, bag house, or cyclone) free-spanning structures (e.g., single span bridges) for road · Minimizing dust from open area sources, including storage watercourse crossings piles, by using control measures such as installing · Restricting the duration and timing of in-stream activities to enclosures and covers, and increasing the moisture content lower low periods, and avoiding periods critical to biological · Dust suppression techniques should be implemented, such cycles of valued flora and fauna (e.g., migration, spawning, as applying water or non-toxic chemicals to minimize dust etc.) from vehicle movements · For in-stream works, using isolation techniques such as · Selectively removing potential hazardous air pollutants, such berming or diversion during construction to limit the exposure as asbestos, from existing infrastructure prior to demolition of disturbed sediments to moving water · Managing emissions from mobile sources according to · Consider using trenchless technology for pipeline crossings Section 1.1 (e.g., suspended crossings) or installation by directional · Avoiding open burning of solid (refer to solid waste drilling management guidance in Section 1.6) Structural (slope) stability Solid Waste · Providing effective short term measures for slope Non-hazardous solid waste generated at construction and stabilization, sediment control and subsidence control until decommissioning sites includes excess fill materials from grading long term measures for the operational phase can be and excavation activities, scrap wood and metals, and small implemented concrete spills. Other non-hazardous solid wastes include office, · Providing adequate drainage systems to minimize and kitchen, and dormitory wastes when these types of operations are control infiltration part of construction project activities. Hazardous solid waste includes contaminated soils, which could potentially be encountered on-site due to previous land use activities, or small APRIL 30, 2007 90 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING WORLD BANK GROUP amounts of machinery maintenance materials, such as oily rags, Wastewater Discharges used oil filters, and used oil, as well as spill cleanup materials from Construction and decommissioning activities may include the oil and fuel spills. Techniques for preventing and controlling non- generation of sanitary wastewater discharges in varying quantities hazardous and hazardous construction site solid waste include depending on the number of workers involved. Adequate portable those already discussed in Section 1.6. or permanent sanitation facilities serving all workers should be provided at all construction sites. Sanitary wastewater in Hazardous Materials construction and other sites should be managed as described in Construction and decommissioning activities may pose the Section 1.3. potential for release of petroleum based products, such as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, or fuels during their storage, transfer, Contaminated Land or use in equipment. These materials may also be encountered Land contamination may be encountered in sites under during decommissioning activities in building components or construction or decommissioning due to known or unknown industrial process equipment. Techniques for prevention, historical releases of hazardous materials or oil, or due to the minimization, and control of these impacts include: presence of abandoned infrastructure formerly used to store or · Providing adequate secondary containment for fuel storage handle these materials, including underground storage tanks. tanks and for the temporary storage of other fluids such as Actions necessary to manage the risk from contaminated land will lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids, depend on factors such as the level and location of contamination, · Using impervious surfaces for refueling areas and other fluid the type and risks of the contaminated media, and the intended transfer areas land use. However, a basic management strategy should include: · Training workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels · Managing contaminated media with the objective of and chemicals and the response to spills protecting the safety and health of occupants of the site, the · Providing portable spill containment and cleanup equipment surrounding community, and the environment post on site and training in the equipment deployment construction or post decommissioning · Assessing the contents of hazardous materials and · Understanding the historical use of the land with regard to petroleum-based products in building systems (e.g. PCB the potential presence of hazardous materials or oil prior to containing electrical equipment, asbestos-containing building initiation of construction or decommissioning activities materials) and process equipment and removing them prior · Preparing plans and procedures to respond to the discovery to initiation of decommissioning activities, and managing their of contaminated media to minimize or reduce the risk to treatment and disposal according to Sections 1.5 and 1.6 on health, safety, and the environment consistent with the Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste Management, approach for Contaminated Land in Section 1.6 respectively · Preparation of a management plan to manage obsolete, · Assessing the presence of hazardous substances in or on abandoned, hazardous materials or oil consistent with the building materials (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, asbestos- approach to hazardous waste management described in containing flooring or insulation) and decontaminating or Section 1.6. properly managing contaminated building materials APRIL 30, 2007 91 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING WORLD BANK GROUP Successful implementation of any management strategy may · Implementing good house-keeping practices, such as the require identification and cooperation with whoever is responsible sorting and placing loose construction materials or demolition and liable for the contamination. debris in established areas away from foot paths · Cleaning up excessive waste debris and liquid spills regularly 4.2 Occupational Health and Safety{ · Locating electrical cords and ropes in common areas and TC "4.2 Occupational Health and marked corridors Safety" \f C \l "2" } · Use of slip retardant footwear Over-exertion Work in Heights Over-exertion, and ergonomic injuries and illnesses, such as Falls from elevation associated with working with ladders, repetitive motion, over-exertion, and manual handling, are among scaffolding, and partially built or demolished structures are among the most common causes of injuries in construction and the most common cause of fatal or permanent disabling injury at decommissioning sites. Recommendations for their prevention construction or decommissioning sites. If fall hazards exist, a fall and control include: protection plan should be in place which includes one or more of · Training of workers in lifting and materials handling the following aspects, depending on the nature of the fall hazard95: techniques in construction and decommissioning projects, · Training and use of temporary fall prevention devices, such including the placement of weight limits above which as rails or other barriers able to support a weight of 200 mechanical assists or two-person lifts are necessary pounds, when working at heights equal or greater than two · Planning work site layout to minimize the need for manual meters or at any height if the risk includes falling into transfer of heavy loads operating machinery, into water or other liquid, into · Selecting tools and designing work stations that reduce force hazardous substances, or through an opening in a work requirements and holding times, and which promote surface improved postures, including, where applicable, user · Training and use of personal fall arrest systems, such as full adjustable work stations body harnesses and energy absorbing lanyards able to · Implementing administrative controls into work processes, support 5000 pounds (also described in this section in such as job rotations and rest or stretch breaks Working at Heights above), as well as fall rescue procedures to deal with workers whose fall has been successfully Slips and Falls arrested. The tie in point of the fall arresting system should Slips and falls on the same elevation associated with poor also be able to support 5000 pounds housekeeping, such as excessive waste debris, loose construction · Use of control zones and safety monitoring systems to warn materials, liquid spills, and uncontrolled use of electrical cords and workers of their proximity to fall hazard zones, as well as ropes on the ground, are also among the most frequent cause of lost time accidents at construction and decommissioning sites. Recommended methods for the prevention of slips and falls from, 95 Additional information on identification of fall hazards and design of protection systems can be found in the United States Occupational Health and Safety or on, the same elevation include: Administration's (US OSHA) web site: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/index.html APRIL 30, 2007 92 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING WORLD BANK GROUP securing, marking, and labeling covers for openings in floors, a turn while moving. Techniques for the prevention and control of roofs, or walking surfaces these impacts include: · Planning and segregating the location of vehicle traffic, Struck By Objects machine operation, and walking areas, and controlling Construction and demolition activities may pose significant vehicle traffic through the use of one-way traffic routes, hazards related to the potential fall of materials or tools, as well as establishment of speed limits, and on-site trained flag-people ejection of solid particles from abrasive or other types of power wearing high-visibility vests or outer clothing covering to tools which can result in injury to the head, eyes, and extremities. direct traffic Techniques for the prevention and control of these hazards · Ensuring the visibility of personnel through their use of high include: visibility vests when working in or walking through heavy · Using a designated and restricted waste drop or discharge equipment operating areas, and training of workers to verify zones, and/or a chute for safe movement of wastes from eye contact with equipment operators before approaching the upper to lower levels operating vehicle · Conducting sawing, cutting, grinding, sanding, chipping or · Ensuring moving equipment is outfitted with audible back-up chiseling with proper guards and anchoring as applicable alarms · Maintaining clear traffic ways to avoid driving of heavy · Using inspected and well-maintained lifting devices that are equipment over loose scrap appropriate for the load, such as cranes, and securing loads · Use of temporary fall protection measures in scaffolds and when lifting them to higher job-site elevations. out edges of elevated work surfaces, such as hand rails and toe boards to prevent materials from being dislodged Dust · Evacuating work areas during blasting operations, and using · Dust suppression techniques should be implemented, such blast mats or other means of deflection to minimize fly rock or as applying water or non-toxic chemicals to minimize dust ejection of demolition debris if work is conducted in proximity from vehicle movements to people or structures · PPE, such as dusk masks, should be used where dust levels · Wearing appropriate PPE, such as safety glasses with side are excessive shields, face shields, hard hats, and safety shoes Confined Spaces and Excavations Moving Machinery Examples of confined spaces that may be present in construction Vehicle traffic and use of lifting equipment in the movement of or demolition sites include: silos, vats, hoppers, utility vaults, machinery and materials on a construction site may pose tanks, sewers, pipes, and access shafts. Ditches and trenches temporary hazards, such as physical contact, spills, dust, may also be considered a confined space when access or egress emissions, and noise. Heavy equipment operators have limited is limited. In addition to the guidance provided in Section 2.8 the fields of view close to their equipment and may not see occupational hazards associated with confined spaces and pedestrians close to the vehicle. Center-articulated vehicles create excavations in construction and decommissioning sites should be a significant impact or crush hazard zone on the outboard side of prevented according to the following recommendations: APRIL 30, 2007 93 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING WORLD BANK GROUP · Controlling site-specific factors which may contribute to respirators, clothing/protective suits, gloves and eye excavation slope instability including, for example, the use of protection excavation dewatering, side-walls support, and slope gradient adjustments that eliminate or minimize the risk of 4.3 Community Health and Safety{ TC collapse, entrapment, or drowning "4.3 Community Health and Safety" \f · Providing safe means of access and egress from C \l "2" } excavations, such as graded slopes, graded access route, or General Site Hazards stairs and ladders Projects should implement risk management strategies to protect · Avoiding the operation of combustion equipment for the community from physical, chemical, or other hazards prolonged periods inside excavations areas where other associated with sites under construction and decommissioning. workers are required to enter unless the area is actively Risks may arise from inadvertent or intentional trespassing, ventilated including potential contact with hazardous materials, contaminated soils and other environmental media, buildings that are vacant or Other Site Hazards under construction, or excavations and structures which may pose Construction and decommissioning sites may pose a risk of falling and entrapment hazards. Risk management strategies may exposure to dust, chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials, include: and wastes in a combination of liquid, solid, or gaseous forms, which should be prevented through the implementation of project- · Restricting access to the site, through a combination of specific plans and other applicable management practices, institutional and administrative controls, with a focus on high including: risk structures or areas depending on site-specific situations, including fencing, signage, and communication of risks to the · Use of specially trained personnel to identify and remove local community waste materials from tanks, vessels, processing equipment · Removing hazardous conditions on construction sites that or contaminated land as a first step in decommissioning cannot be controlled affectively with site access restrictions, activities to allow for safe excavation, construction, such as covering openings to small confined spaces, dismantling or demolition ensuring means of escape for larger openings such as · Use of specially trained personnel to identify and selectively trenches or excavations, or locked storage of hazardous remove potentially hazardous materials in building elements materials prior to dismantling or demolition including, for example, insulation or structural elements containing asbestos and Disease Prevention Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), electrical components Increased incidence of communicable and vector-borne diseases containing mercury96 attributable to construction activities represents a potentially · Use of waste-specific PPE based on the results of an serious health threat to project personnel and residents of local occupational health and safety assessment, including communities. Recommendations for the prevention and control of communicable and vector-borne diseases also applicable to 96 Additional information on the management and removal of asbestos containing building materials can be found in ASTM Standard E2356 and E1368 APRIL 30, 2007 94 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING WORLD BANK GROUP construction phase activities are provided in Section 3.6 (Disease Prevention). Traffic Safety Construction activities may result in a significant increase in movement of heavy vehicles for the transport of construction materials and equipment increasing the risk of traffic-related accidents and injuries to workers and local communities. The incidence of road accidents involving project vehicles during construction should be minimized through a combination of education and awareness-raising, and the adoption of procedures described in Section 3.4 (Traffic Safety). 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