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Pa3pemeHHe Ha KOnUIpoBaHHe MaTepiaAOB B yxe6HbIx ijeARx MO)KHo noAyx4MTb no aApecy Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970, U.S.A. 171AHb04 nepegeHb paHee m34aHHbIX ny6AHKaijHi'i BceM4pHoro BaHKa rP14BOA1TCA B eKerPOAHOM BbIryCKe Index of Publications, BKAloxaioLjeM aAcpaBHTHblu YKa3aTeAb Bcex ny6AMKaLjJf no 3arAaBI4o, aBTopy, CTpaHaM U4 pert4oHam, npe,MeTHhlul yKa3aTeAb, a TaK;Ke MH4WopMaJ1jIO o npMo6peTeHHH ny6Ay KaHUUI . 3a 6ecnAaTHbIM 3K3eMHAAPOM nocAeAHero BbIlnYCKa kIHAeKca cAe,yeT o6paujaTbcsl no a4pecy Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., HAM no a4pecy Publications, The World Bank, 66 avenue d'1lna. 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0259-210X L[BM AepMaH 3iBAaeTCH nporpeccopoM cbaKyAbTeTa 3KOHOM4K4 ceAbcKorO xo33trCTBa EBpefCKOro YHHBepcUTeTa B M4epycaAHMe, 143pawxb, a TaKKe KOHCyAbTaHTOM BceM4pHoro BaHKa. 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I I I 1~~~~~~I 20' 25' 30 * 35' 40 BELARUS POlAND - xRUSSIAN FEDERATION POLAND FARM RESTRUCTURING | JPltovo :tx A4' SLOVAK 0 T-niopil Khyin y hk REPUBLUC HUNGARY--\, CAR Dn'' L REF:TEOWRNSC A NDRA t FAR RESTRUCASTURrcINGM 25'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 A SEETEO AN DmAN OBLAST BOUNDARIES 0 50 100 150 - P- YINTERNAT)INA L BOUNDARIES N I I 0 4mru indicated BULGARIA ( r 0 50 100 li I 1 060CHOBaHme AaHHOrO HcIIeRo.aHN H o06op p63ynbTaT 1.1. Ha'mHasi C 1991 rosa, cenbCKoe X03IICTBO YKpaHHbi npeTepneno pFin Cepbe3HbIX nOTpFiCeHHI, B H"cne KOTOpblX MOKHO OTMeTHTb nOTepIO Tpaj1HM4H0HHbIX pbIHKOB c6blTa, orpaHMweHi4e noMoW.H qaHHOA OTpaCnH, yxyaweHme yCnosuBh ToprosBnJ npoRyKLtmeO cenbCKoro Xo3RACTBa, orpaHHmeHme Bo3Mo)KHoCTei nony4eHMFI KpeJHToB, a TaKKeC4nbHylO 3aCyXy B 1994 rony. 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He cyWLeCTByeT sCHoro MexaHtl3Ma CO3naHt4R HOBbIX XO3R5CTBeHHbix e8MHML%, 3a LCKnlIoeHueM aKLtMOHWpOBaHW1 KpynHbIX X03FIlCTB, fnl CO33qaHWS1 4H9t4BAfjyanbHbIX CeMerlHbIX X03qIrCTB. nlpwqeM He TaK y)K MHOrO npennpAMmIMBblx npotl3BoJMTenerl, KOTOpbIe BbipaKaIOT )KenaHme paCCTaT6CFI C KOnneKTLBHbIMLI X035hCTBaML A CO3JqaTb HOBbie XO3RSCTBeHHbie erIIHLILtbI. flnrF Toro, 4To6bl BbIBeCTL CHCTeMy M3 3Toro paBHoBecoR, cne;lyeT CO3)laTb B LfenoM 6onee 6naronpLITHbie yCnOBsIl jqns cenbCKOX03R1ICTBeHHoro npOM3BOLCTBa L C6blTa npOEyKLti4M, nyTeM npOBseeHWR npsBaTW3aLtmm M BHenpeHMLI HOBbIX cnoco6oB c6blTa U nepepa6oTK4 npoIyKLum, yj1aneHMs nperpajn B ToprOBne M Ut4CKPLMMHaLH4WOHHbIX mep perynMipoBaHmw LAeH, a TaK>e 3a CqeT yny'weHLI" CMCTeMbl CqLHaHCOBblX ycnyr, npe8OCTaBnBseMbIX CenbCKOMY Xo3s4CTBy. Heo6xogtMmo pa3pa6oTaTb TaKUe MeXaHM3Mbl, C nOMOW.bIO KOTOpblX no6as rpynna aKLALOHePOB Morna BbIJ,BUHYTb npeinroweHme o6 OTrieneHLI4 M yKa3aTb, Ha KaKylO 'HaCTb 3eMenbHOrO Haflena L CPOHnOB oHa npeTeHxjyeT npH BbIXoJie. CnenyeT pa3pa6oTaTb MeTOJbI yperynwpOBaHIfl CnOpOB, KOTOpbIe 6ygyT BO3HLKaTb B TOM cnyqae, Korna ocTaiowLiAecFi aKLtUOHepbl Bblpa3FIT HecornacLIe c npexfno)KeHmeM o pa3IaeneHLMt. 1.24. no mepe nanbHe4wero COBepWeHCTBOBaHi4If 3TMX npouenyp U noBbIWeHLI" CTLMynoB, TeMn peopraHW3aLum non*eH 6yneT paCTL. CenbCKoe X03FIACTBO YKpaLHbI o6naJlaeT, KaK W3BeCTHo, BbICOKUM noTeHlALanoM, m pe3ynbTaTbl pa6oTbt, nO-BMrILIMOMy, 6ynyT yCneWHbIMI4. C y'eTOM BbICOKOL TpynOeMKOCTW cenbCKOX03Fl1CTBeHHoro npOM3BOJCTBa, BeCbMa BaKHO, 4To6bl 3Ta Kle,ITenbHOCTb nporon*ana pa3BMBaTbCFI, C TeM 4To6bi npeogoneTb Jnonrocpo0Hbie npo6neMbi 6erHOCTLI cenbCKoro HaceneHLI5. npaBoBas 6a3a pbIHKa 3eMelJbHbIX pecypCOB 1.25. flo 3aKOHOwqaTenbCTBy YKpaw&, 3eMenbHOh Co6CTBeHHOCTbiO MOAxeT o6naaTa rocy,qapcToB, KonneKTHB H qacTHoe n1o. Bce rpa)K'aHe fHMe6T npaso BnaqeTb 3eMnef ,qJ7 B6e,eHMR cenbcKoro xo3RchcTBa H JIpyrmx onpeueneuuwix Lieiieh flnF Toro, 4To6bl o6ecneHwTb BbigeneHue 3eMnf HOBblM nonb3oBaTensiM, io 10% 3eMenb, o6pa6aTblBaeMblx roCyJapCTBeHHbIMU, KOnnTeKTLBHbIMM LI flpyrfMm CenbCKOX039lCTBeHHbIML npeanpIFITMLIMM, 6biJlO OCTaBneHO B pe3epBe Ha Ha'4anbHOM 3Tane npolBereHUR 3eMenbHOL pec4OpMbi H aa4mCneHO B rocyrapCTBeHHbl 3eMenbHbIC1 pe3epB. nfL.a, npeTeHpyoLw4e Ha 3eMnio ns BeJeHLi, HaCTHoro X03sIICTBa, CagoBoJICTBa, BbipaWLLUBaHU5 OBOW.eA L CTpOLTenbCTBa 11aq, MoryT o6pauLaTbcs no BOnpOCy B6IefleHLI5 3eMnf L43 3TOrO pe3epBa B MeCTHbIli COBeT. 1.26. 3eMnr, OCTaBwLieCFl B Co6CTBeHHOCTA KOnnJ8eKTUBHbIX L rOCyjIapCTBeHHbIX XO35UfCTB nocnie tI3bITt4FI 3eMelnbHbIX HaenelOB B pe3epB, lOjlle)KaT ganlbHetweMy paCnpeJleneHLKO. nSTHagLaTb npOLLeHTOB 3TLX 3eMenb nofnelaT U3 bFTHIIO fnlf yBenm4eHLi1 pa3MepOB nfHHbIX nO,qCo6HbIX y4aCTKOB pa6OTHMKOB CenbCKOX03RtCTBeHHbIX npefnpARTMI M AX fneHOB. - 9 - OCTaBwascs HaCTb nepenaeTCR B KOnlneKTLBHYI0 Co6CTBeHHOCTb X03FI1lCTBa. HeKOTOpaF taCTb 3TOO 3eMnJ - o6bl4Ho 3TO yHaCTKM o6wero nof1b3oBaHMS1 mnf yqacTKL, 3aHSITble o6wSeCTBeHHblMm nOCTpO1KaMm - npoBo3rnawaeTCFI HefenlMOrl Ha o6w.eM co6paHW t4neHOB X035WICTBa. 3Ta 3eMrfli OCTaeTCFI B KOnneKTLBHOL Co6CTBeHHOCTII. OCTaBwaRcs 4aCTb 3eMnfl Mo0KeT 6blTb pa3xleneHa Meway LIneHaMM X039>CTBa L neHCHOHepaML. 1.27. 3eMnW, HaXOJRILLteCFI B pe3epBe, BpeMeHHO HaXOJITCFI B cO6CTBeHHOCTrL rOcygapCTBa, HO, B KOHe4HOM LTore, 6yiyT nepeJaHbl B co6CTBeHHOCTb KOnneKTLBOB LnL 4acTHbIx nmiA. flecHble yrowbi H 3eMnJ noL BOnOxpaHmnmWaM M 0 3epaMm, OCTaHYTCF1 B rOCyJIapCTBeHHOO Co6CTBeHHOCTM. npeqnonaraeTcsI, HTO weCTb npOLieHTOB CenbCKOX03RWCTBeHHbIX 3eMerb OCTaHeTCSI B CO6CTBeHHOCTm rOCynapCTBa. 3TH 3eMnf 6yiyT OTBeqeHbi noq mCcnegoBaTenbCKLe m 3Kcnep1MeHTanbHbie qenrFHKM, a TaK>Ke noj nlPO43BOICTBO nbHa, 3cpmpo-MaCnfHHbIX KyrlbTyp, rleKapCTBeHHbJX paCTeHwO, a TaKiKe HeKOTOpbIX BMqOB 4ppyKTOB L BMHOrpana. OCTaBwasicS LHaCTb 3eMenb, KaK npeqnonaraeTCR, 6y,qeT BbelenSITbCSI KOnneKTLBHbIM X03RLICTBaM L 4aCTHblM nmaM, npmwem jOnsi 4aCTHbIX X039MCTB CO BpeMeHeM b6yneT paCTL. OilHaKO, B HaCTORwLee BpeMR 6onbwasl HaCTb pe3epBHbIX 3eMenb o6pa6aTblBaeTcS TeMm >CTBaMM, KOTOpbIe ynpaBnlinLi 3TO 3eMnei nO nlpOBeqeH"51 pecbopMbI. f7poawonraioueecq Hcnoflb3oBaH;fe pe3epBHbix 3eMenb 3THMH Xo03RiCTBaMm MO)KeT rtOCf7ylmTb 1penlmTCTBHeM Ha yrTH 6blicTpoi nepegaaw 3eMemb HOBblM 7onb30oaTen5iM. 1.28. BnafleHme 3eMfler L 3eMenbHaFi co6CTBeHHOCTb LMeiOT pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe CpOpMbi B YKpaLHe, KaK mi B 6onbWLHCTBe jpyrmx cTpaH. B CTpaHax C pa3BMTOA pbIHOLHOr4 3KOHOMLKOO, CpOpMbi nOnb3OBaHLI5 3eMle1 m BnageHMI eio CTOnb pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi nOTOMy, HTO B CLCTeMe pbIHOLHbIX OTHOWeHLH WMpOKO pa3BMTbl CpOpMbi apeHnbl I npyrme KOHTpaKTHbie OTHOweHl4FI. B YKpaHe cbOpMbl 3eMemrbHOO HCmi7Ob3oBaHH Hf Bj7a,eHtf1 pa3jflfHbi B OCHOBsOMno T0ohFpmHe, oT Bce eL46eernepefiaa co6cTeBHHocTK Ps,f nOnb3OBaTeneil 3eMnL, KOTOpbIe B KOHeIHOM LTOre OnfKHbi nOflyYLTb npaBO HaCTHOI Co6CTBeHHOCTLI Ha 3eMnio, Bce euLLe pacnonaraioT cBoeW 3eMnef Ha TpaJIMLALOHHbIX ycnosLix nonb3OBaHtlF (usership), nL6o BfalqeHMI (possession). Oc4zLLLanbHasi nepejgaLa 3eMnL B apeHay Ha OCHOBe KOHTpaKTOB - penKoe RBneHme. no COCTOF1HLIO Ha 1 SIHBapsi 1994 roga, KonneKTrBHbie L rocynapc xo3$IvCTBa, nonnewaLuK e npOBaTIL3aL", pacnorlaranw 75% cenbcKOxo3RFCTBeHHbIx 3eMenb (Ta6n. 1.1). B flMIHblx nonco6HbIx Xo3S]ACTBaX Haxo,qmnocb 12%, a B CO6CTBeHHOCTW 4PepMepoB - 1,5% CenbCKOXO3FMCTBeHHbIX 3eMenb, XOTR He BCe 3TL 3eMlIM HaXOqIlPlICb B HaCTHOAi Co6CTBeHHOCTM. rOcyqapCTBO HamepeBanOCb COXpaHLTb 6% cenbCKOX03RuCTBeHHbIX 3eMeBJb B CO6CTBeHHOCTw roCygapCTBeHHbIX X03FIACTB, He nonnewammx npMsaT3aLtmm. Eue 3% 3eMenb B HaCTOsLJ.ee BpeMs HaXOflFITCFI B rocygapCTBeHHOM L MeCTHOM pe3epBax, L o)KmgaeTCFI LX BbiJerieHLe MHfWBmayanbHbIM nonb3OBaTenwM. 1.29. 3eMnH, HaXO/4HBLIUmC5e B nOfb3oBBHHH rOCy,napCTBeHHbiX H KOnl7eKTHBHbuX XOSSM1CTB n7o COCTOHmo iO Ha 1 VHBsap. 1994 rojia, qpHHIaIqfela67H K pa3fYHbIM popMaM 3eMeflbHOa co6cTBHHOCTm. 61% 3eMenb KpynHbIX KonneKTLBHbIX XO35r4CTB HaxoqncflC B KOnneKTuBHOI - 10- co6cTBeHHocTM (Ta6n. 1.1). 6onbwaFi lacTb 3TMX 3eMenb (55% 3eMenb, npMHajane)Kaw,wx KPYnHbIM XO3Flr4CTBaM) Haxo,nInaCb B COBMeCTHOM nOnb3OBaHUI4 HneHOB KOnneKTHBOB, npl4eM He 6bino npaKTIeCKorO 3aKpenneHms IH45BIB yanbHblX 3eMenbHbIX HarlenoB. OCTaBwasmcS HaCTb 3eMenb, HaXOJIJ.LLt4XCR B KOnneKTLIBHOM nOnb3oBaHt4l HneHOB 3TMX KpynHbIX XO35>CTB, 6blna noPieneHa Ha 3eMenbHbie Haraenbl. 35% 3eMenb 3TLX XO3,BACTB Bce eLLLe Haxogt4noCb B rocygaPCTBeHHOA CO6CTBeHHOCTM (Ta6n. 1.2). 2% 3eMenb KpynHbIX XO3FIACTB npMHarlneKanw HaCTHbIM Co6CTBeHHWIKaM, npV4eM B 3TO KonMHeCTBO BOWna Ta '4acTb 3eMenb, KOTopaF5 6bina oTBegeHa no,q nfWHbie nogco6Hbie xo35l>cTBa. Ta6;nu 1.1. PaCnpeAReneHee Cu8KOXO3a 3eiHImX 3eMei MeOAy nOnamOuTeuIMm nO CO¢IORHIIO Ha 1 xHBapm 1994 roA nlo0soMTIN SMWfi I7poiwHor oT61ALa 'X 2aea Konnemir&Hme xosiI3CrBa 61% rOcYfaPCTuOHbIe XOa IAl, noAnexcmup4e npUoaT&u 14% rOCYPaPCMUeHHIe xosAic, He nOAneMKaups npUaTWSaUm 6% ,pyn. HOBbe CTPYKTYPb 1% lwlHwe nonco6Hue xoamacr 12% Iacmbe xosnrCmTa 2% nlpo.me mmmiocuoUm (Hanp., KoMMyHBahi4e cnyl) 4% TaCnHmW 1.2. lopAAU .naAmeiH SeMneR * YKpalNHe (AlHHhb Ub6OpKH) 4'OPa ia4eAHiA 'IaCTHble flwmwe KonnuiemHe xosAicra iowCo6H&e XOBaRC Cpewei P11eP xomcm 26 u 0.5 a 3.000 r MToro xo _a, 100% 100% 100% Ha KOTOpbIX: B <6cfeemmum npohsAwr_en 30% 29% 65% B CrmH.o co6CamemHoCm 30% 29% 2% B KonneicNr Hi aK4WOe4NpOmHHOg. 6% B K0inoUKTIUHoh oMmeCH. 55% B rOcynAPC=: 70% 71% 35% flOboMHNe* 17% 45% BnaAbHM4eM 52% 26% * rlonsomaHe (usetship) H IeWHHe (pos0sssion) NUnIROa TpaA 4ONHHUMN COvTemCmMN 4xOpmMN Bm MIeBMo HI, npu KOTOPbX np=HM?C npcmo nonIIobaHNI roCyAapCfSHHuMN UMmIIMN 6U OnnaTu. riIoaHN In mm"He HrWIRHOAe M WSMX ATYX nocKonbKy MAsHee O&4bO HB^AlyeT, XOTa r 060X cnymx He AonyCSWT0 111SpbASIMI nprS He MCOnoWoUHWe WeMN. - 11 - 1.30. XoTR 3eMnfH HaxoqsuaocfB BacTHoaco6cTBeHHocTH BnpeSqenaxKpynHIxxo31HcTBg o6bNqH0 C7Onfb3yeTcR no.q caRqb4 6oJ7bLuaq qaCTb 3eMenb, 3mHRTbiX )HiH nOICo6HbuM xo3R1iAcTBaMm, Bce eue He HaXOI1HTCR B qaCTHOa Co6CTBeHHOC7- Pa6OTHMKLI Xa3F>CTB B Bbi6opKe, coo6w.wrim, 4TO B cpeJHeM 29% J¶4'HblX nOJCo6HbIX X03R>CTB HaXOJLnLCb B 'acTHOiA co6CTBeHHOCTM (Ta6n. 1.2). OCTaBwLecs 71% 3eMenb Bce eLue HaXOJSTCR B TpaJW14L0HHbIX cpopmax nonb3OBaHLI" L4 BnaJeHIFI. 1.31. B qmcne 'IaCTHbiX XO3SVhCTB B Bbi6opKe, HeMHOrUM 6cnee 30% 4bepMepOB HMelOT B co6cTBeHHocTm no Me6bLUe6I Mepe QCTb CBOeQ 3eMflJ B CTpyKType cpeqHero 4aCTHoro X03F1LCTBa pa3MepOM B 26 reKTapoB, 52% 3eMf4 HaXOJLTCFI B nO)IG3HeHHOM BnaqeHWL, 17% - B nonb3oBaHII, 2% - apeHnyeTcF, a 30% 3eMnf SBfnsleTCS HaCTHoPi co6cTBeHHocTbIo npOM3BOflLTensi (Ta6n. 1.2). 1.32. TaKIM o6pa3oM, COCTOsHme CMCTeMbI nonb3OBaHLI" H BnaJeHMFI 3eMneR B YKpaLHe Ha Haqano 1994 rona oTpaKaeT npoLAecc ee pa3BLTMI4. SolbWUaSl qaCTb cenbcKoxo3sRcTBeHHix 3eMenfb mci7oJ7b3yeTc51 KoflfleKTHsHbM ceKTOpOM4 n Haxo,qHTcq B CoBMeCTHO,co6CTBeHmoCTHKo7nneKTHBHbwXXo3PCTa 3HaHMTenbHasi 'aCTb 3eMenb Bce eLLAe cpOpManbHO npMHaJne)KLT rOCyjiapCTBy, B OCHOBHOM no TOA npH'WHe, HTO X03SILiCTBa, pacnonaraiouAme 3TOUI 3eMner, ew.e oc¢4HLUanbHo He 3aperl4cTpLpoBanm CBOrI HOBbl4 CTaTyC. He6onbwaH 'iacTb 3eMenb &4cnonb3yeTCFI cpepMepaMm, nplmeM MeHee TpeTr nnowLajqei, 3TLX 3eMenb HaXOqLTCR B 4aCTHoAi co6CTBeHHOCTm. Bonbwasi 'aCTb 3eMenb, mcnonb3yeMbIx HaCTHbIML XO3RACTBaMH, B HaCToFiLLee BpeM5i MmeeT MeHee Haae)KHbIII CTaTyC 3eMneBnaJqeHwF, HeM TaKme CpOpMbi KaK qaCTHaFi co6CTBeHHOCTb, nu60 no)KI.3HeHHoe BnaJqeHme, nr6o nonb3OBaHme. 1.33. 3aK0H1i YKpaHHbi HaKfla.qbIalOT P51q orpaHHe1Hnh Ha 3eMenbHy1o co6cTBeHHocTb H Ha onepaunm C 3eMneIi B qaCTHOM X035IICTBe, nnolLLtab cenbCKOX03FIrlCTBeHHbIx yrog"A, HaXOj3FLLtL4XCFI B YaCTHOI co6CTBeHHOCTM, He MO>KeT npeBbIWaTb 50 reKTapOB, np& 3TOM o6w.aF nnoLLAajb 3eMenb He Mo)KeT npeBbIWaTb 100 reKTapoB. Y4aCTOK 3eMnJ, HaxoqFuLLtmAcF B HacTHor co6CTBeHHOCTM B npeqenax n14HHbix noJco6HbIx X035UACTB, He MO>KeT npeBblwaTb 0,6 reKTapa, XOTI JqononHLTenbHo pa3pewaeTcF B3STb io 1 reKTapa 3eMn1 B nOrib3OBaHme, a no cnefLIanbHOMY pa3peweHMKi y'iacToK 3eMn Mo>KeT 6bITb pacwwpeH ,qo 2 reKTapoB. 1.34. Ha nOKynKy Hn npo.qamiy 3eMfl, HaxOqINu4eIIcw B maCTHOw Co6CTBeHHOcTH, HaRO)KeH 3anpeT CpOKOM B LUeCTb ner, 3TO O3HaLaeT, 'TO nuL4o, nonyIMBwee 3eMnfIO B xojle 3eMenlbHOi peCpOpMbI, J1on)KHO BnafeTb 3eMneI B Te4eHme weCTL neT ,q0 MOMeHTa npo,qa)Km. CornacHo 3aKOHonpoeKTaM, KOTOpbIe B HaCTOHUw.ee BpeMFi paCCMaTpMBaIOTCSI, 3TOT CpOK non)KeH 6biTb COKpaw.eH QO JByX neT. nlony'aTenw 3eMfnl He nnaTSIT 3a Hee, npmLHeM OHM o6fI3aHbl mcnonb3OBaTb CBOIO 3eMnIO MCKnIO'MTenbHO gnJi BeneH4FI CenbCKoro xo3SWlcTBa. HneHbi u pa6oTHAKM KonneKTMBH6bX L rocyRapCTBeHHbIX XO3RrICTB nonyHaloT CBOU Haaenbi 6ecnnaTHo, u LMmelOT npaBo BbIXO.QMTb U3 KOnneKTuBHbIx X03FILCTB C 3TUMM 3eMenbHbIML HanenaMm. fnLw.a, o6paLLaiouwecsI B rocyqapcTBeHHb6I pe3epB, TaKwe MmeloT npaBo 6ecnnaTHo nonyHMTb 3eMnio, nnoLLLagb KOTOpO1 He npeBbiwaeT pa3mepa cpejHero 3emenbHoro Hajaena no faaHHOl o6nacTM, HO JaononHLTenbHyIo 3eMniio A3 pe3epBa MoryT - 12 - nony4WTb nfWb Ha ycnOBsI apeHnbl. 1.35. B HaCTOsulee BpeMs, cpeJHLi pa3Mep IaCTHoro XO3sr4CTBa B Bbi6opKe COCTaBfn 26 reKTapOB, HTO 6rM3Ko COOTBeTCTByeT cpenHeri LUcpe no CTpaHe, COCTaBnnioLeh 20 reKTapOB. BOnbWUHCTBO 3TUX X03$UACTB npeBbIWaBOT pa3mep cpenHero HaAena, BbierinseMoro 6ecnnaTHo (Ha X039MCTBO B cpegHeM npMXOnITCI OT nBYX nO TpeX TaKUX HailenoB, B 3aBMCMMOCTI OT KonJ4eCTBa '41eHOB ceMbM, BlO>KLiBWIX CBOU non"), TeM He MeHee, coepmepbl He coo6LLtalOT, 4TO mM npmXonLTCR B HaCTORWee BpemR nnaTlTb 3a 3eMnio. 1.36. flonHueHHOpa6oTaIouLHepbIHKH3eMenbHbIXpecypcoB, no3BonfloIUmeHeorpauHHeHHO xOKynaTb 3eMnU, 6paTb U C.aaBaTb B apeH.ay U HCIOflb30BaTb UX B KaqecTBe 3anora, Heo6xOI,UMbl B TOM cnyqae, eCJnu YKpaHHa HaMepeHa pa3BHBaTb BbCOKOypOXKa&ioe, pOH3BOSQ,Tef7bHoe ceflbCKoe X03R5CTBO, cooTBeTcTByioWee ee fpHpoIqHblM pecypcam H Heo6xoIqJMoe qi75 fltioep)KaHHRqoxoqoB cenbCcKHx fpO3Ho4TefleI OnepaLILI C 3eMnefi ilon)KHbi no3BOnJFTb npOM3BOgMTb nepena4y 3eMenb OT XO3sWICTB, PYKOBO,QCTBO KOTOpbIX He o6ecneYWBaeT nony4eHIe BbICOKLIX flOXOgOB, X03sIhCTBaM, B KOTOpbIX PYKOBOnCTBO o6ecneMsBaeT nonyIeHme 6onee BbICOKLX nOXOnoB. AKTU4BHO pa6OTaiouwme pbIHKU 3eMenbHbIX pecypcoB raioT apeHjlaTOpaM 3eMenb yBepeHHOCTb B npaBLIfbHOCTM oLAeHKI 3eMni L ee npe8jio)KeHLi4 B KaieCTBe o6ecneieHKa 3anora npu ocyLLteCTBneHLm CTonb HY)KHbIX MHBeCTMLLWI B cenbCKoe XO35sCTBo. HblHeWHee COCTO5IHme 3eMenbHoro 3aKOHOrqaTenbCTBa M 3aKOHOB 0 3eMnenonb3OBaHlM4 OTpa>KaeT ycneWHoe npOnIBM)KeHHe no nyTH C03nqaHIs yCnOBwir JWsI pbIHKOB 3eMenbHblX pecypCOB, HO eu,e MHOrOe npe,aCTOIT ceqenaTb. 1.37. IOpmgi1ecKme orpaHm4eHMS] Ha nOKynKy I npona)Ky 3eMenb B HaCTosiLWee BpeM51 5iBnJFIOTCFi npenFITCTBmeM, HO mX neACTBme ycyry6nseTcs BcneACTBme HapyweHLA B CLIHaHCOBOM CeKTOpe L manorO KonJ'eCTBa qaCTHbIX XO3FIr4CTB. B HaCTos9w.ee BpeM5l, cyW.eCTByeT HeMHoro 6aHKOB, KOTOpbIe cnoco6Hbl JaBaTb neHbrm non 3anor, U HeMHoro co6CTBeHHMKOB 3eMnL, rOTOBblx npeqnaraTb 3eMJL B Ka'eCTBe o6ecneqeHMLs. TOT caKT, qTO oLAeHKa 3eMenb He npIHLMaeTCI BO BHLMaHLe, a onepaLtmi C 3eMneL HeMHoroqmcneHHbI, He o4eHb cLnbHO orpaHW4LBaeT LHBeCTLLIM B HaCToquAee BpeMR, nOCKOnbKy npLI4mHbl ManbIX 06 beMOB LHBeCTL4ILAL4 LHbie. qaCTHbIe mHBeCTHmLim B Ce6fbCKOe xo3511cTB0qOfmwb CbirpaTb KhO'IeByIO pO17b B pa3BHTHn ceKTopaJ, oqHaKo, H qbHaHcHpO6aHHe nop 3ano0 mlmemTCH BsaaXbM HHCTpyMeHTOM Kpe,aHTOBaHH51 B CeJbCKOM Xo3IlCTBoe. 1.38. 4LIHaHCHpOBaHme non 3anor Tpe6yeT nns cBoero pa3BWTLsI 6ecnpensTcTBeHHoA npona)KI L nOKynKL 3eMnJ, a 3anpeT CpOKOM Ha WeCTb neT cny)KLT npensfTCTBLeM nnFi 3Toro. Oc LtUmanbHOhI npMLuHOA 3anpeTa 9BnieTC npegoTBpaueHue KOHLeHTpaBLLm 3eMneBnaJqeHHlII B HeMHorX pyKax pacnpOCTpaHeHs mOpMbI Co6CTBeHHOCTm, npl KOTOPOA Co6CTBeHHMIK 3eMnLI peanbHo OTCyTCTByeT. npw CyuWeCTByioiueM orpaHMLeHmLm, nnouWanxI 3eMenb, Haxog,WLIsXcFs B co6CTBeHHOCT4, 3anpeT Ha nponaay L nOKynKy 3eMenb FiBn5ieTCsF m3nmwHeA nperOCTOpOKHOCTbIO, BBeneHHOA B L4ensix npenOTBpaLLeHLIu W36blTOqHOA KOHLAeHTpaL4UU 3eMneBnaneHMr4. Bbilno 6bI KenaTenbHo, nocne HeKOTOporo nepexonHoro - 13 - nepMojla, nOgHSITb BepXHWA npenen, orpaHM'4MBaioWLmI pa3mep 3eMnW, HaxoFsiuetcs B 4aCTHOA Co6CTBeHHOCTM. OnHaKO, B HaCTOFiWee BpeM5l, nepBOO4epeAHOII 3ana4eA qonKHO CTaTb pa3peweHme npona)Km u nOKynKM 3eMnm. KpynHoe HaKonneHMe 3eMnm B pyKax OTCYTCTBYIOLUMX co6CTBeHHMKOB, nOKynaioLumx ee B LAenax cneKynFLl44, nqon)KHO npe,qoTBpawJ.aTbCFI c noMOW.bIO Hanorosoro MexaHM3Ma, a H lnyTeM orpaHmeHms pa3MepOB X031IPICTB. 1.39. 3eMneBnagenb'-eCKMr4 CTaTyC cepMepOB B HaCTOSwee BpemS iBJnieTCI gBycMbicneHHbiM, nOCKOnbKy OHM peanbHO MmelOT B Co6CTBeHHOCTM MeHee OXHOI TpeTH 3eMnM, oTBenIeHHoiAi non qaCTHbie X03FiACTBa, H MoryT He mmeTb fonrocpo4Hblx npaB Ha 3eMniO, nnOLLagb KOTOpOA npeBbiwaeT CpeJHme Haqenbi pa6OTHMKOB X03RFCTBa. 3eMneBnagenb'.4eCKwA CTaTYC cpepMepOB nOn)KeH 6bITb YTOqHeH Oc43LmanbHbIMM opraHaMM, a 3eMnFl, KOTOpasi iopmUqtIMeCKM MO)KeT 6blTb nepenaHa MM BO BnaJleHMe, AOlMKHa 6bITb JOKyMeHTMpoBaHa H 3aperMCTPMpoBaHa KaK LiaCTHaR Co6CTBeHHOCTb. 1.40. KonneKT;BHaq co6cTBeHHocTh Ha 3eM1w, 1pM KoTopoh qnleHmi .aaoro KOmI7eKTHBa COXpaHRIOT npaso oTIqeneJgHu He RBfReTCR 49pMb 3eMneBnafeHml KoTopa0 MwKeT CyLeCTBOBaTh B ycnomBMx KowKypeHToclOcO6horo ceIbCKoro xoaRmcTBa,q opuaiTsxeaHH-o Ha pbIHOK. ()HaHCOBbIe opraHW3at4M He nlpORBIT rOTOBHOCTH paccmaTp"BaTb 3TY CpOpMY Co6CTBeHHOCTM B KaHeCTBe o6ecne'eHMFl. to nH nanbame paspa6oTbIBaTbca Meroubt ,uo6pomOnbHOro npeo6pa300aHR 3eMeflb, HaXOJaSIlL(XCs B KOffeKTmBHOl co6craeHiocT;, B qaCTHyIO CO6CTBeHHOCTb. OjMH M3 MeXaHM3MOB TaKoro npeo6pa3oBaHMU COUep)KMTCS B CTpyKType HbIHe MCnOflb3yeMbIX 3aKOHOnOnO)KeHMI; MmeeTC5I B BMJIy MHJIMBMJyaflbHblr BbIXO C OIHMM 3eMenbHbIM HagenOM. 3ToT MeXaHM3M cnoco6eH ynOB.neTBOpMTb Tex, KTO npORBnReT KenaHme X03F1I4CTBOBaTb B MHJMBMnyanbHOM nOpWRAKe, nM6O B KaHeCTBe WHJIMBMJyarIbHblX qFieHOB HOBbIX o6IbejMHeHMA, XOTR B HaCToLwee BpemR 3TOT MeXaHM3M He pa6oTaeT. CneJyeT Bbipa6OTaTb qOnOflHMTenbHbie MeXaHM3Mbl, C nlOMOWbiO KOTOpbIX MH mBlMyanbHbie nu4a moryT OTJ1enMTbCI B Bmie rpylnlbi, B3FB C co6o0 qaCTb CPOHnOB, HaXOJJ.Iw.MLXCFI B COBMeCTHOM BnlaJeHMm, a TaK*e o6begMHeHHbie 3eMenbHbie Hajqenbl. 1.41. Bbino 6bl He)KenaTenbHO, HTo6bl 3eMnsf, KOTOpaS HbIHe HaXOUMTCI B KOnlneKTMBHOr1 co6CTBeHHOCTM, 6bina nepeperwcTpwpoBaHa B BMge KOpnOpaTMBHOII co6CTBeHHOCTM B npegienax cyLLeCTByIOLWMX X03SFBCTB. 3ToT war 6bin 6bl paBeH 3Kcnponp4MaLtm 3eMenbHbIX npaB HneHOB M pa6oTHMKoB XO3FIICTB, H npm 3TOM He cnoco6CTBOBan 6bl pa3peweHMIo npo6neMbl M36blTOqHOrO pa3mepa X03RACTB, KOTOpaFl HbIHe FiBi3nieTCFI xapaKTepHOA 4epToi KOnnfleKTMBHOrO ceKTOpa. mHHmBMWya M cO6CTB6HHeKaMao0)KH 6blTb upe.qocTaBneHa BO3MO.KHOCTb CoXpaHMTh Co6CTBeHHOCTb Ha UX 3eMw 1mm 3aBUCMMOCTH OT Toro, KaK CnOKmTCR cyqAb6a KpyrflHor xomsAc ma, K KoTp0Moy OHU rpwHamJexaT. TonbKo npM 3TOM yCnOBMM MO)KeT npOBOqt4TbCR nonMTMKa weCTKMX 6ioqPKeTHbIX orpaHUHeHi M MOryT npi4MeH[TbCR 3aKOHononoJKeHMSI o 6aHKpoTcTBe. B 6ynyLeM, Korna cp"HaHCWpoBaHle non 3anor 6yjqeT pa3BMTO, 3anoKeHHaF 3eMnJ 6yreT nepeqaHa 6aHKy, ecnM 3aeM.WMK He cMo)KeT pacnn2aTMTbC 3a KpeJMT. B nepeXOAHbIL nepmoI, Korpa 3eMnfl He 3aKnanblBaeTCFi noj 3anor, B cny4ae 6aHKpOTCTBa KOnneKTMBHOrO X03shCTBa 3eMnFi qOrnKHa 6bITb nepenaHa Ka)KJIOMy nar4W.MKy. - 14 - HOBbIA 4aCTHbII CeKTOP 1.42. B vuone 1994 roga, B YKpaMHe 6bino 30.895 4aCTHbIX XO3RACTB, KOTOpbIe O6pa6aTblBanU 1,6% CenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHbIX 3eMenb, nPUH14eM cpejHMWi pa3mep XO3RUCTBa COCTaBnr1n 21,3 reKTapa. Bonbwas HaCTb 3TMX XO3RACTB o6pa30BaHbl He1aBHO; B JnaHHOI Bbi6OpKe, 80% XO35ILCTB 6bin6 3aperACTpMpOBaHbl B 1992 m 1993 rOJQy. BOnbwasL HaCTb (65%) cpepmepOB FiBnIIOTCi 6blBWMMM pa6OTHMKaMM KOnn1eKTMBHbIX XO31ACTB, HO HeKOTOpbIe coo61LLaloT, 4TO OHM mcnonb3OBanm CBOM 3eMenbHbie HagenbI M npMHaqne)KaLLLyio MM 4aCTb COH,1OB KOJlXO3OB npw OCHOBaHMM CBOMX XO3R1CTB. 3Tm nepBbie cpepMepbl C03Jnanm CBOM X035>lCTBa 3a CHeT M3bITMqI 3eMenb M3 pe3epBOB, KOTOpbIMM pacnOpR)KaiOTCsI CeJ1bCKMe m pa>OHHbie COBeTbi. fBaaLAaTb npOLAeHTOB cpepMepOB, KOTOpbIe BblWnm M3 KOllXO30B, coo6wwnXw 0 TOM, 4TO OHm nony4Mnm CBOM 3eMenbHbIe Hagenbl Ha 6yMare, HO 6onbwa5l IaCTb cepMepoB yKa3ana, 4TO BO3MO)HOCTb BbileneHfMI MX 3eMeflbHbIX HaflenOB M3 COCTaBa KOnXO30B BCe eLuLe paccMaTpMBaeTCFI. IlaHHa BbI6opKa CBHUeTenbCTBYeT 0 T0M, 'ITO, n7o MeHbLuea mepe Ha HamanO 1994 roaa, MlXwHH3M BbiXoua m3 KonneKTHBHbix Xo3IfICTB CO CBOHM Ha8enoM eLe He pa6oTaJL 1.43. 0epMepbi Bbi6panu CTpYKT ypy ipO3BOaCTBa cMeluaHooi npolyKiJp , KoTopas CyaUeCTBeHHO oT15laeTCm OT CTpyKTYpbl 17pOH380JCTBa X03RSICT4 KOTOpbIe OCTalOTCq B KOflI7eKTmBHOt CO6CTBeHHOCTm B TO BpeMFI KaK B CeKTOpe KOnneKTHBHbIX M rOCyj1apCTBeHH6IX X035IOCTB npOM3BOJCTBO B paBHOL mepe pa3,jeneHo Me)K,y npOM3BOJaCTBOM npOQyKLUMM )(MBOTHOBOnCTBa H npoJyKU.MM paCTeHMeBOJCTBa, HaCTHbie XO3RUCTBa nonyHalOT 75% qoxojaa OT npOnyK"MM paCTeHmeBOJCTBa M meHee 20% OT npOJyKLW4M *KBOTHOBOZICTBa (Ha OCTaBWMeCH fSniTb npOLAeHTOB npMXOJMTCSl JOXO1, nOnyHaeMbili OT ycnyr M no6o4HOfl XO3R1CTBeHHOI Jle$TenbHOCTM). 4)epMepOB, BMJqMO, npMBneKaeT 6onee BbICOKasF npM6binbHOCTb B CeKTOpe paCTeHMeBOJnCTBa, nf6o OHM CTpeMSITC'a M36e*KaTb BbICOKMX 3aTpaT KanMTana, xapaKTepHbIX ws npOM3BOflCTBa npO,qyKLAMM >KMBOTHOBOflCTBa. KaKMmm 6bl HM 6binm npM41Hbl MX IeRTenbHOCTM, OHa npenCTaBsneT co6o0 peaKLlMIO Ha TeKYLLLYIO CHTya4LHlO B 3KOHOM"Ke. flaHHble Bbi6OpKM CBMgzeTenbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, HTO cpepMepbI 6onee rM6KO pearMpyloT Ha HOBbie 3KOHOMMLeCKme CTMMynbl, HeM KOnneKTMBHbie X03RACTBa, KOTOpbIe B MeHbweWi CTeneHM M3MeHMnM CTPYKTypy npoM3BOJaCTBa CBOMX X035UACTB. 1.44. 0epMepbl He RBfnoTcR HmU tepMepaMH, pa6oTaIO MU TonbKo .nflRyJOBeTBopeHH_q co6cTBeHHbIx Hy.'J, mH caoootqahf-nwo6mTenwmm.f OepMepbli rp3BOA15T npOQyKLIMO Anq npoIJaLW Ha pbiHKe H noTpe6ANPoT OCTaTOK npOJ1yKL4LHP B OTnUHUe OT BnaAenb4LeB nUMHbIX no,qcO6HblX XO3S>CTB, KOTOPbIe npOW3BOASIT npOQYKL4MIO gnF CBOMX nW4HbIX Hy)Kq, a gns; npoga*KM Ha pbIHKe OCTaBnFlIOT OCTaTOK npoj1yKLAMM. CeMehHbmhI AOXo cpepmepOB Ha 70% nOCTynaeT OT MX XO39RCTBa. Bonee HeM nonOBMHy o6lbeMa npOM3BOnCTBa TaKMx npofYKTOB KaK KaPTOCpenb, OBOI4M, 4pyKTbI, MOnOKO H sh4La, coepmepbi mcnonb3yIOT jansf co6CTBeHHbIX HyKfl, HO Aa)Ke no 3TmM nPOAYKTaM xonri npola)Km npeBbiwaeT TaKOBYKO B nW4HbIX nOjqCo6HbIX X03SuCTBax. 3epHo, caxapHas CBeKna m nOgCOnHe4HMK iBnJlIOTCs npm6blnbHbIM" KynbTYpaMm, gOnfi npOa)KM KOTOPbIX COCTaBn1ieT OT 75% Ao 90% o6mero o61beMa npOAyKL4XM. OepMePbl mCnOnb3YIOT pa3HOO6pa3Hbie KaHanbI c6blTa npOAYKAMM, HO -15 - rocyjqapCTBeHHbie KaHanbI Bce eu.e npeo6na)aaoT, B oco6eHHocTM nnS Ham6onee Ba)KHbIX npm6binbHbIX KynbTyp. 1.45. OKono 80% XO35UACTB npe8CTaBnFiKOT co6oA OJ.HOHHbie CeMeflHbie XO3FILCTBa, a OKono 10% X0351CTB o6pa3oBaHbl aByMsi nM TpeMsi ceMbFIMH. O6pa3oBaTenbHblaypoBeub wepmepoB BILUe, 'leMy pa6oTHHKOB KOflneKTUBHbIX XO3PiCTB: OKOnO 40% HmeBoT Bbicwee o6pa3oBaHme, B CpaBHeHI11 c 22% pa6OTHMKOB C BbICWHM o6pa3oBaHmeM B gaHHOpi Bbi6opKe. Cpe,aHMA cpepmep LmeeT B03paCT 42 rona, a ero cynpyra - 40 neT. 4Icno 'neHoB ceMbI4 OTHOCHTenbHO HeBenHKO - B cpeBHeM 3,7 HenoBeKa. B 6onee KpynHOI ceMbe MmeeTCS 6onbwe pa6oHer CHnbl anf BeneHHS XO3qrCTBa. fIWb 3% cpepMepoB, no naHHbIM Bbi6opKM, HaHI4Mman BpeMeHHbIX pa6oTHMKOB, npw4em 17% HaHHManf ce83OHHbIX pa6oTHKOKB. 1.46. no qaHHbIM, coo6LLteHHbIM c4epMepaMm, CyMMa nepBoHaHanbHoro HHBeCTHpOBaHWI B Xo3BACTBa CoCTaBnfina OKono 4.000-5.000 JqonnapoB. CTB6HHIeC c6epexeHHu rpe,qcTaBnRn0Hco6ioCHoBH0oaMRcTo( KcTapToBroKarMTana. L XOTi gonsi co6cTBeHHbIx c6epe)KeHwI" B CTPYKType CTapToBoro KanwTana yMeHbwHnaCb B nepmoi c 1990 no 1993 roq no mepe Toro, KaK WHcpnsH5LsF yHIM4TO>KHfla peanbHyIo LteHHOCTb c6epe)KeHWR, qaKe B 1993 rojiy nons c6epe)KeHWiP oKa3anacb 6onee BecoMoi, 4eM jqons KpeJJ.ToB, nonyLeHHbIX jqnn OCHOBaHWF1 HOBbIX X035>CTB. B Haiane 1994 rona cpepMepbl coo6Lanm, 4TO y HHX mMencR XqOCTyn K KpeJWITaM, H npw 3TOM B HeKOTOpOI CTeneHH COXpaHFlnOCb gonrocpo4Hoe KpeqHTOBaHHe, HeCMOTpF Ha BbICOKHe TeMnbI MHCHnS4iLHH. CTaBKH npoLteHTa no KpeQ14Tam, KaK coo6wganoCb, B 6onbJ6WHCTBe cnyHaeB 6bini MeHee 150% B rojq, B TO BpeMS KaK HHc4PnRLLWF jocTwrana Amcpp nopjaKa 2000% B ron. B TO BpeMB KaK MHOrHe cpepMepbl coo6W,anm o B35IT4H Kpe8jMTOB, MHorHe npm 3TOM yKa3blBanf Ha HanmWle TpyflHOCTeri C CpHHaHCHpoBaHmeM. B %wine rpyqHocTeft c 4)HHaHcUpoBaHHeM ynomHHa b cniujKom BbJcoKHe cTasKH fpoueHTa, a TaK)Ke He6qocTaTo& ofe6bMb Kpe.qMToBaHHsL 1.47. ctepMepbl yKa3blBalOT Ha cyLLeCTBOBaHme pFia npo6neM nOMMMO TpyfHOCTePi Kpe,qTOBaHMR, HO B LJe6lOM 1epMepbI HaCTpOeHbI CKOpee O)7THmMeCKk& 'eM n7eCcHwCTHJeCK;t OKono 40% cpepmepOB npmqep)KmBaIOTCS onTHMICTHmIeCKoro B3rrlma Ha CBOm nepCneKTHBbI B 6yjIywLeM, M flHWb 10% npmgep>KMBaKOTCF neccHMHcTHHecKoro B3rns,qa. £a>Ke B cpejqe cenbcKoXo3FIcTBeHHbIX pa6oTHMKoBB, nfWb HeMHorme U3 KOTOpbIX (21% no ,iaHHbIM Bbi6opKU) BbIpa3mnf )KenaHme CTaTb cpepMepaMH, JqonrocpoHHas nepcneKTMBa cpepMepcTBa oLteHwBaeTcsi 6onee 6naronpHsFTHo, 4eM KpaTKocpo0HaFi nepcneKTrBa. Y TO HaCTH pa6oTHMKoB, KOTOpbIe Bbipa3lfnl )KenaHme CTaTb cpepMepaMm, OCHOBHbIM no6ynWTenbHbIM MOTHBOM jansi npfHFITHFI 3Toro peweHL.H OKa3anoCb )KenaHme o6ecne4MTb 6yriyLee CBOIX qeTeh. 1.48. 78% pa6oT7HKoas, KOTOpb6 BbIe8pa3m wenaHbe OCTaTbC B KOlXO3SX, O1a8CIOTCH, YTO B Ka'ecTBe 4bepMepOB OmI He CMOryT O6eCnemTb 7ory-imHme MaTpHaNbHo- TeXHM%eCKMX peCypcoB, CTOfKHyTCR C BbICOKMI YOBHMM pWcKa, a TaK.We fCnWbTaBOT TpyHOcTm 1pM o6ec1ee pwa1OMBO HCTBaHeO5XOfqtMbI KawDTBioM 4aCTHble cpepMepbl coo6L4aioT, HTO HCcnbiTbiBalOT flpO6JleMbl C 3aKynKOA MaTepmanbHO-TeXHtH4eCKMX peCypCOB, HO B LfenOM npo6nleMa 3aKniOHaeTCS He CTOnbKO B peanlbHOM He8OCTaTKe 3THX CpeQCTB, - 16 - CKonbKO B MX BbICOKMX u.eHax. OKa3blBaeTc$s, 4TO cpepMepbl H KOnlnleKTMBHbie llpOM3BOIMTeflM nOCTaBfieHbI B OUWHaKOBbie ycnOBmF nOnfMTMKO1 LteHoo6pa3OBaHMA B OTHOwUeHMM npoqa)KM4 npoM3BOJ1MmoR npOqyKLHM; cpeiHII LBeHa Ha 3epHO B KOHLte 1993 rojqa, KaK coo6fnaeTcFI, cOcTaBnsna 460 TblCFI4 KynoHOB 3a TOHHy, Mnm OKono 23 gonnapoB no TOMy KypCy, KOTOpbl1 npeo6na,aan B TO BpeMS (20 TbICF14 KynOHOB 3a ionnap). Ce6eCTOMMOCTb 3epHa Ha YPOBHe XO3RrlCTB B COCe1Her4 BeHrpMw B TOT we nepmoq cOcTaBnpna nopflKa 80 qonnapoB 3a TOHHy, a B CWA L.eHa 3epHa B nopTax MeKCHKaHCKorO 3anMBa 3a BbILHeTOM 3KcnOPTHOA nbrOTbI, npejlOcTaBnJieMorl npOM3BOJ1MTenJiM, COCTaBnIFna nopSijiKa 80-90 nIonnapoB 3a TOHHy. 1.49. BO3MO)KHOCTH cBepMepOB B nonb3OBaHMM ycnyraMm ccpepbl coLLmanbHoro o6ecne4eHMS] FiBnflIOTCFi 6oriee orpaHI4eHHblMM, 4eM B03MO)KHOCTM pa6oTHMKoB X03FIl>CTB. B LenoM, cpepMepbl He MCnblTblBaIOT TpyI1HOCTer C nony4eHMeM ycnyr cctepbl coL$ianbHoro o6ecne4eHmfl no nlHMM rocyaapCTBeHHbIX cny)K6, HO ycnyru, o6ecnelMBaeMble no nMHMM X03FLCTB, COXpaH$IOTCSI 3a cpepMepoM nocne ero BblXona 43 Xo3sIAcTBa He TaK HaCTO. TpaHcnopTHoe o6cny)KMBaHme H KOMMYHanbHbie ycnyrm 6binm yKa3aHbl KaK Ccpepbl, B KOTOpbIX cpepmepbl MCnbITbIBaIOT Tpy.1HOCTM. 1.50. c)epMepbl YKpaHHbI B Bbi6opKe B Ha4ane 1994 roqa, yKa3blBaIOT, 9TO nocne TOrO, K2K 170wwCb 3aKOIvqaTeJe nonoe,m .qaoue Bo3MOwHOCTh lpoV300oqmTeWmw pa6oTaTb BHe KOflfleKTHBHbwX XO3syMCTB7, MHJIBHlayaflbHbwe I pO&38a0eMT6J1 6bw. pa,qbi 3TOW BO3MOxHOCTH H BOCI7oflb306Bfa b e6o. faHHbie Bbi6opKU nO3BO1lFIOT nOHFITb MOTUBbl neRTenlbHOCTM cpepMepOB B HbIHeWHMX yCnOBB4IX, HapFr;y C TPYJ1HOCTIMM, KOTOpbIe OHM MCnbITbIBaIOT. 3TM JaHHbie nOKa eLLIe Ha gaIOT OCHOBaHMUR AenaTb 0606wLeHHUI B OTHOweHMM 6yryLwLero pa3BMTMUl qeSITenbHOCTH c4epMepOB B YKpaMHe. ct)epMepbl B HaCToSLM4ee BpeMFI pa6OTalOT B yCnOBmUX nepexora OT OJHOI CMCTeMbI K mpyroi H wCnOnb3yIOT BCe B03MO*KHOCTM AMl nonaepKaHM CBOerI JeiTenbHOCTM. OHM He RBnflROTCs cpepMepaMH, pa6OTaIOLLtMMM B pbIHO4HbIX yCnOBM5IX. OHM He MOryT yBepeHHO nOnb3OBaTbC5l ycnIyramU xopowo pa6OTaioLwmX pbIHKOB, nlO3BOn1RKOLLmX flpwo6peTaTb MaTepmanbHO-TeXHm4eCKme pecypCbl w npOflaBaTb nPOM3BeBqeHHYtO npOAyKL4MIO. OHM He MOrYT HM COCTaBMIlTb KaKMX nM6o qanleKO WJYLLLWX CpMHaHCOBbIX nnaHOB, HM lolnb3OBaTbCfI KaKMMM-nm6o CpMHaHCOBbIMM ycnyraMM, 3a MCKniO4eHMeM CaMbIX npOCTbIX. Ax npaBa Co6CTBeHHOCTM He $iBnfSIOTC5I HM 3aLLtmw,eHHbIMM, HM BnOn1He 3aKPenneHHbIMM AlOKyMeHTanbHO. TO, 4TO OHM BCe We CyLLWeCTBYIOT B HaCTOsLUJee BPeMs H HTO MX 4mCneHHOCTb PaCTeT, s1BnieTC5I CBmUeTenbCTBOM Toro cPaKTa, qTO no meHbweA mepe HacTb HaceneHMI HcnbITbIBaeT TBepiyio yBepeHHOCTb, HTO B 6yAYLLLeM 3eMnJI 6yAeT O6naaaTb peanbHOA L.eHHOCTbIO, M 'TO HaCTHOe nPOM3BOLaCTBO nPOAYKLAMM MmeeT nepCneKTHBY B 6ygyLJyeM. 1.51. Ycnex winu opaxeH&e 'eacTHbIX poH3BoaUTeneyia, cTBY1O4HX B iaaHHOl Bbi6opKe, TaKHM o6pa3ot, He6b351 C'fTaTh OnbITO4, p63yI1bT8TbJ KOTOpOCO MO.xO pacnpOCTpaHsTb Ha Bce 4lepMepcTBO B MacTa6aX YKpamUIb faHHble 3TOrO onpoca cnefyeT euLLe npOBepMTb; 4'ep cTBO MOXeT BbVKHTb U npeycneT a YKpaUHA B COOTBeTCTByUOLX oprau3aLlowXyCnO&mlx. npeACTaBns1eTCFI, BnpOIeM, ManOBepOFITHbIM, HTO CpepMepCTBO CMO)KeT B CyLWeCTBeHHOR mepe YKpenMTbOCF B TO BpeMA, Korga coepmepbl BbIHY>KgeHbi - 17 - pa6oTaTb B CTeCHeHHbIX H He6narOnpMSITHbIX yCflOBLIX Cpeabl, cy&eCTi3yiowLeA B nepeXOAHOm nepwome OT KOMMaHrHOrI CHCTeMbI K pbIHOHIHOUl cMcTeme. Ha onbITe cBepMepCTBa BbIlsBnfieTCI, cnoco6Ha HfnH He cnoco6Ha opraHM3aLt"oHHas cHCTeMa co3,qaTb 6naronpHsTHbie yCnOBHV1 £QnSI pbIHKOB, pa6oTaIOLHX nlOnHOLeHHO H B nOnHOM o6beMe. PeopraHH3aumsi X03S1ACTB 1.52. T Uor TpT p eTBepTH KOneKTHBHbX D rocyqapCTBeHHbX X03RC TB, yiaCTBOBBLX B Bbi6opKe, npoLum f7po6ecc peopraH3aL4 K KOHL4Y 1993 roja. B KOHLAe 1993 roga, 60% BCeX X03R>CTB 6binw KonfneKTHBHbIMM H KoonepaTHBHbIMm npeCjnpHFITHFIMM MHu TOBapHw.eCTBaMm. OCHOBHoe OTn1UHMe HOBbIX KOnneKTHBHbIX X03FIICTB OT CTapblX 3aKniOLdaeTCI B TOM, 4TO npfH perMCTpa4H B KaieCTBe HOBOrO KOnneKTHBa, 3eMnJ1 nepenaBanaCb H3 rocyJapCTBeHHOL1 co6CTBeHHOCTH B co6CTBeHHOCTb KOnJ1eKTHBa. Ta6nia 1.3. P.opraHlataLw cernaix xoismcr. a Poccuw (no cocronimwo He Hoamao 1993 rona) m a YKpamHe (no cocroNHNIo Ha HaqanO 1994 roAa) Pocciu, % YRNpeaM, % HspeopraHaonHHue xoaxecr 22 28 Poopruamoaname xouncaa 78 72 CoxpaHenoupe crapylo eOxMy npm HoObM ycrame 27 9 Konne.mBHUe npeAnpeumx N o6utecrma c orpSHNIeHHOR oareTcrne4HocTo 32 55 ComcHIme npeAnp41 9 2 npo MOAcrMHHue cHnwcUoxo3KOCTHHUG KOonepimiw 6 2 06eAseHeHBHN KpecTMH=cmx xouicri 3 2 npom'e 4xwOpm 1 2 *AaHHue AMJI xoaNhc POCCHN no oOCTORHMIO Ha XHiMb 1993 roga np ooITCJ no AoKymeiry Mnpomoro 6aHKa '3emenbHam pe4popMa U peopraHNa2U) XOAiM * Poci", USaNHHOMy * 1994 rony noA HomepOM 233, aaropb K. SpyKc H L4. nepUaH; AhHHue no YKpaeiHe no cocToRHwio Ha RHBpib 1994 roAa co6paHU u*opaMN AaHHoro 1.53. 3TOT BbIBOA cornacyeTCH C pe3YnbTaTaMm mCCneAOBaHWR, nPOBeIqeHHOrO Ha HaHanbHOh CTaAUU peopraHM3ailww XO3FSrCTB B POCCInIVI, KOTOPbIe nPUBeAeHbi B Ta6n. 1.3. KpoMe TOrO, B cnyHae Poccmu, npiUMepHO TPH qeTBePTH XO3R>CTB cOpManbHO npownJH peopraHA3a4HKO B TeHeHwe nepBoro rona, H TonbKo 3% XO3FIrICTB 3aperWcTpwpoBanmcb B paMKax 6onee pajWKanbHoO MOPMbI opraHI3am4m, a IMeHHO B cpopMe o6beAHHeHllSl KpeCTbflHCKHX X03RACTB. OcTaBwwecFi XO3FIICTBa I436panr KonneKTHBHyIO mOpMy - 18 - OpraHM3aLMm, nOBTOP5IIOLLLYIOCFI OT X035IACTBa K X03UACTBY H BOCnlpOW3BOlFILLtYIO npegweCTBYIOLLLYIO mop KoMnneKTMBHoro MnH rocynapcTBeHHoro XO351ACTBa. 1.54. Pa60THwKH peOpraHU30oaaHblx Xo35ilCTB He OluyLlaIOT 6oflblUo pa3HLj4bi MeiKwe y HOBbIMHf H CTapbiMH Xo3RICTBaMK, a HeKoTopbie, KaK oKa3aflocb, Boo6u4e Hwiero He 3HaRfH o peopraHm3agLa npw CpaBHeHHM naHHbIX onpoca pa6OTHMKOB H PYKOBOJQMTeneA OQHMX M Tex >e X03SWICTB, 18% pa6OTHIKOB yTBep)KanO, qTO Boo6w.e He npfHMManOCb HMKaKMX peweHMI no peopraHM3aLM, B TO BpeMS KaK PYKOBOAMTenm yTBep)KJanm o6paTHoe. B X035>CTBaX, KOTOpbIe 6binr 3aperMCTpWpOBaHbl B KaqeCTBe HOBbIX KOnneKTIBOB, 43% pa6OTHMKoB, oxBaqeHHbIX onpocoM, nonaranW, ITO OHM Bce ew.e pa6oTaloT B COCTaBe KonXO3a nM COBXo3a. 1.55. CaMbIM CyLleCTBeHHbIM H3MeHeHHeM B Xo3RIcTBaX, 11o qaHHbM onpoca, iBMi7oCb yBeBf7fieHHe8 7nouat1e;inJ7mHbIxnoAqco6HbIxxo3RhcTB. CpenHWA1 pa3mep nrmHoro noJqco6Horo yqacTKa yBenJMqnC5 c 0,36 reKTapa B 1990 rony no 0,53 reKTapa B 1993 rony, npMqeM KaK pyKOBOrMTenW, TaK H pa6OTHMKM X03FIOCTB coo6walOT OWMHaKOBbie qaHHbie O pa3Mepax yqaCTKOB. LTO KacaeTCS 3eMenb, HaXOnFILWXCI B KOnneKTMBHOC Co6CTBeHHOCTM, TO nonrrOTOBKa K pacnpeneneHwIO 3eMenbHbIX HaJienOB HaqanaCb npW6nM3WTenbHO B 50% X0351CTB. Ywe COCTaBneHbl cnACKm nonyqaTeneA. npH6nH3HTenbHo B oaHoa TpeTn mCCJne,wAB8HHba X Xo3SAICTB 6bmnm JoKyMeHTaj7bHo o7peJqenfeHb 3eMenbHbie Ha8en7b4 a pacnpe,neneHme KaKOO-To qaCTM HaneeroB npOM3OW1nO y>Ke B 12% X0351ACTB. 1.56. fnli Tex X0351CTB B Bbi6opKe, B KOTOpblX 6binr npOBeneHbl paCqeTbI nOriO)KeHHbIX (nOKyMeHTanbHO yCTaHOBneHHblX) pa3MepOB 3eMenbHbIX HanenoB, KOnJqeCTBO nonyqaTenei, KOTOpbIe MMelOT npaBO BCTylnMTb BO BnaneHme HanenaMM, COCTaBHnO B cpenHem 700 qenoBeK Ha Xo3RkCTBo, np"qeM cpenHMI pa3mep Hanena COCTaBmn 3,7 reKTapa. 3Tm 3eMenbHbie Hanenbi 3HaHMTenbHO MeHbwe, qeM cpeAHnSI noon nnouL,afqM 3eMenb, npmxonFimaSIcFI Ha onHoro pa6OTHMKa B 3T1X X03FIACTBaX (OKOJ1o 7,5 reKTapa). 3Ta pa3HMLAa o6'bSlCHeTCI OTqaCTH cyLeCTBosaHmem neHClOHepOB, KOTOpbIe wMelOT npaBo nOnyLI"Tb Hanenib (45% 3asBMTeneo), H B 3HaqMTeflbHO MeHbweC4 CTeneHM - CyW.eCTBOBaHMeM KOnneKTMBHbIX 3eMenb, OTHeCeHHbIX K HeneJmMOMy CPOHny. 1.57. O0eHb He3Ha&fTenbHRR 0on1 3eMenbHbIx HaienoBJ, BbenfeMbJx TpylL4HwMC pa6oTHHKaM7 3acTaBn1eT o6paTnTb oco6oe BHMmaHne Ha BawHylo po0fb neHcHoHepoB B OCyLL6CTBI1eHHm pe4opM B YKpauHe. nOCKOnlbKy 3HaqMTenbHai nonq 3eMenb BbiaenFeTCI neHCHOHepaM, OHM HYSqalOTCR B OCO6blX pa3'bICHeHMSX, KOTOpbIe AOn)KHbl nOMOqb MM nOHF1Tb BapwaHTbI Bbi6opa, npeQOCTaBnseMbie MM npM mCnOnb3oBaHMM MX 3eMenbHbIX HarenoB. Oco6oe BHMmaHMe nOn)KHO 6blTb yneneHo MeTonaM apeHnbl. Heo6xonqwMo pa3bHCHWTb, HTO npaBo neHCMOHepOB Ha llony4eHme neHCHM He 3aBMCMT OT TOrO, KaKmM o6pa3oM OHM pacnopaq ITcSI CBOWMM 3eMelJbHbIMM HagenaMm. neHCIwwepbI IOixHbi HMeTb fl0flHYI0 B03MO)KHOCTb f7epelJaBaTb CBOIO 3eMfIO B apeH,7y TeM wfpO3BO,qHTenHM, KOTOpbie MOPYT BbRl7fla4aTb CaMyio BbAr-OJHYI apeHJ1HYAD nnaTy, He3aBMCHMW OT TOrO, K KaKOMY CeKTOpy OHM fplbHRw1,exaT - K Ko0weKTHBHOMy M14 K wacTHoMy. Ecnm He 6yneT nporpaMM pa3'bFICHeHMFI pecpOpM, anpecOBaHHbiX MMeHHO 3TOA rpynne HacerieHM5, neHcMOHepbi, no Bcer4 - 19 - BepOFlTHOCTI, OCTaBFIT CBOM 3eMnJ B pacnopfi)KeHMM CyLLeCTByIOWAMX KOnneKTIBHbIX X03R5CTB nlpOCTO nOTOMy, HTO He nloOMYT BapmaHTbI Bbl6opa peweHMA. OKynaeMOCTb 3eMenb, no-BmgwmoMy, ,on>KHa 6blTb BKm1O4eHa B CYMMY BbinnaT pa6oTHIKaM, a neHCMOHepbl fOn)IKHbi nony4aTb He6onbWyIo 4aCTb qoXora OT MCnonb30BaHM41 MX 3eMenb, He3aB1CmMO OT npejRocTaBneH0Fl MM ycnyr no nMHMM coLAmanbHoro o6ecneqeHMS. 1.58. XOTFI .Onn5 3eMenb, HaXOJ5WAMXCI B HegenflMOO KOnfieKTMBHOI Co6CTBeHHOCTM, TO eCTb TeX 3eMenb, KOTOpbIe He pacnpeileneiHbl gae Ha 6yMare cpejqw pa6OTHMKOB w neHCooHepoB, no Bceil BMqMMOCTM, He cyLLJeCTBeHHa B o6u.AeM o6beMe Bbi6opKM, cama MeTQEonorMS OTBeneHWR 3eMenb B 3Ty KaTeropulo qon)KHa 6bITb nepecMoTpeHa. K HeJieeFMMbIM JOn>KHbi 6biTb OTHeCeHbl TOJ1bKO Te 3eMnm, KOTOpbIe mcnoflb3yIOTCI Jnfl5 o6utecTBeHHbUx Ltenei, a 6onbwasl 'aCTb TaKOBbIX JqonrKHa 6bITb nepenaHa B ynpaBneHme MeCTHbIX, paMoHHbIx, nrw6o o6wLerocyaapCTBeHHblx aJMMHWCTpaTMBHbIX OpraHOB, B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT npM4WH, no KOTOpbIM 3TH 3eMnm OTHeCeHbI K HegenFMOMy 4~OHgy. HanpwMep, 3eMnM, 3aHVTbie CTpoeHWlMM, MCcnonb3yeMbIMM RIJi OKa3aHMF1 coLL4anbHbIX yCnyr, 90Y> KHbl OTHOCMTbCSI K cpepe COLtManbHOrO o6ecneeHMFl, m non)KHbi flm6o 6blTb npmBaTH3MpoBaHbI, nM60 nepenaHbi no,q OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rOCyPapCTBeHHbIX opraHOB. ClyHKL .M ynpaBneHfBH HepacnpeneneHHbIMM 3emfFIMM He onf)KHbi B HeonpeeneHHo XopMe COXpaH5TbCSI 3a KonneKTWBOM. 1.59. Pac4eT BbiJenF,eMb6X jaoneAi CPOHIOB X03$l>CTB npoM3BOPMTCcS B KaKo0l4-TO mepe 6blcTpee, -eM pac4eT 3eMenJbHbIX HaFaenoB. PaceTbi nonaraioiuxcg oneu foHIqOB, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha 6yxran7TepcKUx £a1HHbIX omewHK aKTHBOB, 6wun npoBeqeeHb B 50% 14CCf7e,AOBaHHbIX X03.1qMCTB. CTOMMOCTb cpeqHeA nonm COHAOB Ha KOHeLt 1993 rona cOcTaBnJna nopflgKa 400 qonnapoB. Cpeam 846 Xo3Flr4CTB, oXBa4eHHbIX Bbi6opKor1, 6bino 3acPMKCMPOBaHO flIWb 6 cny4aeB, Korna 4acTHbie nmLAa nony4Mfn peanbHyIo nonlo B CIeT CBOMX nonei CoHIqoB, a TaK)Ke YCTaHOBneHO 28 cny4aeB nOny4eHwHI 4aCTHbiMM nJmLaMM ,qeHer B ynnaTy 3a MX qOfnl CPOHJIOB. 1.60. Pa6OTHMKM HOBbIX Kon0ieKTMBHbIX X03SIr&CTB npofonf)KaoT pa6oTaTb 3a 3apa6oTHyIo nnaTy, a TaK)Ke 3aHmMaloTcFI o6pa6oTKoR CBOmX nM4Hblx nonco6HbIx yHaCTKOB (yBenw ieHHbIX). OtnaTa Tpyqa B KOfljeKTHBHbIX Xo35iCTBaX npOHSBO/IHTCR KRK B ,eHexAlHOM BbipamKeHHUm, TaK H HaTypOU a CylleCTBqyOLu4aq CMCTBMB CTHMmyr#1OBBHHI oTpa.KaeT pOCT pac&ieToB HaTypOU B 3KOHOMwKe. HanpwMep, cpeHMI 3apa6OTHaHi nnaTa B qeHe)KHOM Bbipa>KeHMM 3a MeCfiLA pa6OTbl B KOnneKTMBHOM XO3S]CTBe B oKTh6pe 1993 ro,qa cocTaBMna, no JqaHHbIM onpoca, 160 TbICHI4 KynOHOB, MnM 8 qonnapOB. nlpeqoCTaBneHme XO3sUCTBaM 3epHa, KOpMOB, caxapa, paCTMTenbHoro macna u npyrmx OCHOBHbIX npoflyKTOB JOCTMrJ1o BeCbMa CyLLLeCTBeHH6IX MeCWTa6oB; B CpeqHeM, Ha nM4Hoe X03HU>1CTBO BbipeIlfnOCb no 1,2 TOHHbl 3epHa. OnpoweHHble coo6u.LanM 0 TOM, 4TO BbilnaTbI B HaTypanlbHOM BbipaweHMm no OTHOweHMI0 K j3eHe>KHbIM BbinnaTam, no npo6nM3MTenbHbIM oLAeHKaM, yJBonMCb c 1990 roma, 4TO oTpaKaeT KaK yMeHbWeHMe peanbHoro neHe)KHoro cojqep>KaHAF1 3apnnaTbl, TaK H CHM)KeHMe jeHe>eHoro o6ecne4eHwF 3KOHOMMKM. 1.61. B80% CenbCKOXo3aiCTBeHHbIXnpe.qI7pHTf HUHKTOHeaBbAfenU3UX4COCTaBa, 'To6b - 20 - CT8Tb cpepMepOM B xOJe HbNHe6HLe peOpraLH3RM QBaILtaTb OW1H npoLAeHT pa6OTHMKoB Bbipa3fn HaMepeHme CTaTb cpepMepaMu B 6yryuweM, a 78% yKa3anf, 'TO y HLX He 6bino TaKOrO HaMepeHLIR. O)KLjqaHLe BbICOKLX JAOXOAOB He BXOJWT B Hmcno cpaKTOpOB, y,nep)KlBaiouwx pa6OTHMKOB B COCTaBe KOnneKTLBHbIX XO3sSCTB. HanpOTLB, onpoweHHbie coo61a,aKOT naHHbie, CBmIeTenbCTByIOWLLIe 0 TOM, HTO J3OXOIbl pa6OTHMKOB KOnlneKTUBHbIX Xo3FiV4CTB BOCnpHHmmalOTCFI KaK 6onee HM3Kwe, HeM JOXOJ1bl B HaCTHOM ceKTOpe. Hanpi4Mep, cpe,:w cpepMepoB 10% yKa3blBaIOT, 4TO MX ROXOJbl He qOCTaTOHHbl JnV5 yAOBneTBOpeHUlI HacyLLHbIX HYKJA, B TO BpeMSI KaK CpeLm pa6OTHMKOB X03FILCTB 3Ta JonFi yBenfMl BaeTCS Ao 30%. BOnbWlIHCTBO L4 Tex pa6OTHMKOB, KOTOpbIe co6mpaIOTC5 BblITM .3 XO35lICTBa, L TeX, KOTOpbIe HaMepeHbl OCTaTbCFI, yKa3blBalOT, HTO J:OXOAbl onl)KHbi 6bITb BbIWe B HaCTHOM ceKTope. no JqaHHbIM onpoweHHblX, He npfBneKaTenbHOCTb KOn1reKTLBHoro cnoco6a npOL3BOJqCTBa, L ria>Ke He wKenaHme coxpaHLTb L3BeCTHbIir L npfBbNHHblri o6pa3 )KL3HM yJep)KLBaIOT nioneA B KOnneKTLBHbIX Xo3FiACTBax. CKopee Bcero, npHu%Ha, KOTopasl y,qepxKUBaeT nojLjeQ OT yXo.qa B qacTHb5i CeKTOp, 3aKJnOaeTcs B OTCyTCTBmM TorO, wTO MO.wHO CvwTaTb MmHmma)7bHO Heo6xoJaUMwM rpe6arOCbIwKOH JqIJ 344OeKTHUHOi pa6oTbi YaCTHOrO CeKTOpa, TO eCTb, BOTcyTcTBUUpa6oTaIou4HXpboHKoB 06ec7eVeHwRMaTepMarfbHo- TexHH'ecKHMMpecypCaMH H 4cHHaHcoBbtMHycflyraMH, a TaKXe cTpaTerH6ecKKXnpwHH4no1 CH,)eHHR pHCKOB. 1.62. npMILHbi, KOTOpbIe, no gaHHbIM onpoca, 3aCTaBnF1IOT nioreu OCTaBaTbCS B KOnneKTLBHbIX X03FIACTBaX B YKpaWHe, CXO0jHbl C TeMm npLHIHaMm, KOTOpbie yKa3blBalLICb pa6OTHLIKaMM B PoccLI (cM. Ta6n. 1.4). B CperHeM, OnpOWeHHbIe B YKpaLHe fllpBOjiLIn 60onbwee KO1I'HeCTBO npLHLH, LITO OTpa)KeHO B 6oJnbWeM KOflLHeCTBe OTBeTOB no BceM npLqLHaM, HO pacnpegenieHwe OTBeTOB B LenlOM CpaBHLIMO C TaKOBbIM j1nJ1 OnpOWeHHbIX B PoccLI. K HMCny HaL6onee qaCTO ynOMLHaeMbIX np"LLH, 3aCTaBnTiFOLLLxI nioneo OCTaBaTbCSI B KOnneKTLBHbIX X03FuC4CTBaX, OTHOCFITC5I TpYAHOCTL C nOJlyIeHmeM CpLHaHCHpOBaHL5 L Cpe8JCTB npOA3BO9CTBa. 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B ALanore 0 cenbcKoxo3qGCTBeHHoA nonflTuKe Me*gy npaBLITenbCTBOM YKpaLHbl L MeBKIyHapOAH6IM coo6u.ecTBoM, cnegyeT BbinenMTb pRA cne,qyiouAwx MOMeHTOB: PbIHKH 3eMAfebHubx pecypcoB .qofKHbi pa6oTaTb lofHouemHH4, onifpamCb Ha CTpO,RHyIO CHCTeMy 3aKOHOB, 1pf M1HHMaMfbHOM OrpaHM4BHHeH onepauHR 3koHomwilecKaqj cpeqa B £qaHHOa oTpacnMl faOfl)KHa 6blTb f7ywel3H a c3ieT nofl0HO nm6epanf3aL"MM LAeH, CHFTIFi 6apbepOB B TOprOBne, CH51TLIA orpaHm4eHMO B ccpepe c6blTa npoEyKLt1lI, COKpaLL4eHLI" TeMnOB McHcrfl,HLI, a TaK*Ke 3a cHeT BBeneHLIS 3aKOHOB 0 6aHKpoTcTBe. MeponpLI5TIwi no OCyWSeCTBneHwio peCfOpMbI, npOB03rnaweHHbIe nlpaBwTenbCTBOM YKpaLHbi B KOHLLe 1994 roaa L nlOqep)KaHHbie Me*AyHapOTlHb6M BanIOTHbIM 4)OHqOM H MLipOBbiM 5aHKOM, 3aKnaMbIBalOT OCHOBbI qOpMUpOBaHUF 6onee coBepWeHHO1 pbIHO4HO1 cpejIbl. Cpepa ycnyr B CembCKOM XoS3RCTBe H1 ccepa c6biTa qpoqqyKLmm ,qojonx 6,,Tb rlpHBaTHm3poBaHb4 a TaKxKe IOl)KHO 6blTb BBe6qeHb B cmy aBHTM- MOHOfOfbHbie 3aKOHbl. PeopraHM3a3us XO33WCTB J1Ox(Hua i7OpCXOm-Tb Ha OCHOBe 3aKOHHSIX nOCTaHOBneH;fM a He Ha OCHOBe yKa3aHWrI m peKoMeHJaL4u1. 1.78. Ecnw 6yneT co3giaHa 6onee CoBepweHHaœF 3aKOHoJIaTenbHaFI 6a3a u COOTBeTCTBYIOLLta5l cpena B oTpacnui, meyHapoHoe coo6w.ecTBo cMo*eT npeBOCTaBl4Tb nporpaMMbi TeXHMHeCKOrI nOMOLLWH LI MHBeCTMLA4R1 AnF yrny6neHHoA pa3pa6OTKA npOrpaMMbI peopraHWM3Am X03RCUCTB, JnnF JOKyMeHTLpoBaHM4I L perMCTpaLLMI 3eMenb, j4nfi npOBeeHLs o6yqeHLs L pacnpocTpaHeHMw LHcfopMaumL o pbIHKe, a TaK*e jns nepenaiw cny*6 coLWfanbHoro o6ecne'eHl4I" Ha cene MeCTHbIM BnaCTsM. Ha 6onee nO3gHeM 3Tane, nocne TorO KaK oKpenHyT pblHoqHbie CTpyKTypb6, a CTLMynJbl pa3BATLIR ceKTopa ynyqwaTcR, noTpe6yeTcFI peKanMTanM3aLA HOBOrO ceKTopa. 1.79. l0o3TanHblO nloaXOA, TaKLM o6pa3oM, npejnonaraeT Ha paHHeB CTaJlIL yjaenllTb OCHOBHoe BHLMaHLie gwanory no BonpocaM oTpacneBoCi non1TLKL, 3aTeM nepefiTH K pa3pa6oTKe nporpaMMbi L ee ocyLi4ecTBneHulo, a TaK*e K C03gaHLiO COOTBeTCTByIOW,I4X - 26 - CTpyKTyp, a Ha 3aKrIOHMTeJ1bHOM 3Tane OCyW.eCTBUTb LHBeCTHpOBaHme B npoM3BOACTBO cenbCKoxo3viLCTBeHHOL nponyKLm4m. flo3TanHbIA nonxon no OKa3aHi1io noMoLLL4 p,on>KeH cnoco6CTBOBaTb peanMaauiw TpeX KOMnOHeHTOB pe84OpMbi CenbCKOrO X03FIICTBa B YKpawHe, a MmeHHO - C03JIaHM10 3aKOHOB, Bbipa6OTKe nlOnJTIKU M COpMUpOBaH4IO CTpyKTYP B noJwepKKy pbIHKOB, 3eMenbHOIl pe4pOpMbI, peopraHW3aAu41 X03qIICTB M MOmepHM3am41 TexHonorIm. - 27 - 2 YKpamHa: crpaHa n ee cenuxcoe xosico 14cTOp144ecKas cnpalKa 2.1. YKpawHa siBnIeTCFI BTOpOA no '4cneHHOCTt HmaceneHLMI L TpeTbeA no 3aHHMaeMok nnoLagm (nocne Poccww m Ka3axcTaHa) cpenj pecny6ni 6bIBswero CoBeTcKoro Co0o3a. flo peBontoL'44 1917 r. YKpaWHa paKT'.ecKm 6bina qaCTbiO iapCKOrl Poccuu. B 1918 r. YKpawHa o6pena Ha4LOHanbHYIO He3aBMCMMOCTb. 30 peKa6psi 1922 r. YKpaMHa B KaIeCTBe CoBeTCKOA CoLUanWCTHweCKOr4 pecny6nMKM BOW1ra B COCTaB CCCP. YKpa4Ha: OCHOBHbIe CTaTHCTw4eCKme CBeneHHR TeppmTopmw: 603,7 KB. KM HaceneHwe: 52,2 MnH. qenoBeK ropojcKoe 35,4 MnH. ienoBeK (68%) cenbcKoe 16,8 MnH. qenoBeK (32%) HaL4oHanbHbu# COC-TaB: yKpauHLAbi 73% pycCKwe 22% apyrme Ha4LtOHanbHOCT14 5% A,qMilHH4CTpa &TlBHOe aeneNwle: o6naCTH 24 par4oHbl 486 cenbcKme COBeTbi 9796 OcHoBHble arpoK1RaTi4YecKine 3oHbl: CTenb (Io0Hbie paCoHbi, 40% TeppLTopuL) rleCOCTenb (ueHTpanbHble paLoHbI, 33%) cMewaHHble neca (ceBepHble paClOHbI, 18%) 2.2. nepBble rOgbi nocne 6onbweewcTcKo peBonioLWH 6binl BpemeHem nonMT&44eCKOA u BOeHHOr Hepa36epLiXW B YKpawHe, KOTOpasi npOFIBnIFaCb 3geCb B 6onbWeLi CTeneH4, 4eM B mpyrwx HoBOo6pa3OBaHHbIx coLwan.CTH'4eCKWx rocynapcTBax. BcnegcTsre 6nJl3Koro paCnlOTO)KneHI OT LteHTpa EBponbl YKpaLHa nojBeprnacb BTOp)KeHMO 3anaaHbix apMmi. B 1918-1919 rr. Bcneji 3a 3aKnio'eHmeM goroBopa c 6yp*ya3HbiM napnameHToM (Pajpoo), KOTOpbIl nlpOTHBOCTOFin COBeTCKOL Bl3aCTM, YKpaUHa 6bina 3aXBa4eHa repMaHCKHMI4 U aBCTp140CKHMH BOIUCKaMU. 3TO BTOpKeHme 6bino OTpa)KeHO KpaCHOIl ApMmeA, HTO npflBenO K 3aKnio'eHi10 BoeHHoro jaoroBopa c Poccmerl. B 1920r. nonbwa BTOprnaCb Ha YKpaMHy. lonbCKUe BOACKa npOJBHHyJ1WCb Ha BOCTOK gO camoro Ki4eBa. BnocnejCTBr H OHM 6binw TaKKe L43HaHbi KpacHok ApMmeLi, HO, B COOTBeTCTB;4M C ycnOBLiPMti PM*CKoro goroBopa 1921 r., 3anagHbie TepplTOpUU YKpaUlHbI OTOWulu K nlonbue, U 3anagHafi rpaHm4a YKpal4Hbl - 28 - no 1945 r. npoxojawna BOCTOHHee flbBoBa. nocne BTOPOA MLpOBOR BO>HbI TePpLTOpMLi YKpawHbi cym.eCTBeHHO pacwmpwnacb 6narorap9 npmcoenMHeHWiO 3anaIIHbIx o6nacTe>1, OTOweJliIwx OT: nlonbwlw (BonblHCKaR, POBeHCKasi, flbBOBCKaH, TepHononbCKas i I/IBaHO- (1paHKOBCKasi o6naCTM), LHeXOCnOBaKWW (3aKapnaTCKavi o6naCTb, C L4eHTPOM B Y>Kropojge) L PyMbIHMH (LHePHOBL4bI K ceBepy OT MonnowBbI i LaCTb OJeCCKOl o6naCT" C LeHTpOM B L'l3Mafne, K iory OT MongOBbl). nlocnejaHLM TeppLTOpIanbHbIM npilo6peTeHmeM 6bino npwcoegWHeHme B 1954 r., B O3HaMeHOBaHme 300-neTHSL BOCcoeQMHeHLIR YKpaWHbi C PoccLevi BO BpemeHa BornaHa XMenbHMLLKoro, KpblMcKoro nonyoCTpoBa. nocne pacnana CoBeTcKoro C0o03a YKpaLHa CTana He3aBMCMMbiM rocygapCTBOM C rpaHmLAaMm, cno)KmBwLiMLmci nocne 1954 r.: He3aBWCMMOCTb YKpaLHbi 6birla npoBo3rnaweHa BepXoBHbIM COBeTOM 24 aBrycTa 1991 r., a He3aBWcHMoe cyBepeHHoe rocygapcTBo 6bino CO3qaHO B pe3ynbTaTe Ha4LHOHanbHoro pe4pepeHIqyMa 1 neKa6psi 1991 r. 2.3. YKpaLHa 6bina OftHOrl W3 nepBbIX pecny6niK CoBeTcKoro C01o3a, KOTOpbil 6bin CO3qaH B ,qeKa6pe 1922 r. KaK coerepaum* Pocci4m, YKpaLHbI, BenopyccMW H 3aKaBKa3cKL4x pecny6nl4K. 3a CO3gaHmeM CoBeTcKoro C0o03a nocnerioBan nepmoj yKpaMHM3aLAMM: yKpaWLHCKM4 S3bIK 6bin nPM3HaH rnaBeHCTByotMm no OTHOLueHLiO K PYCCKOMY, HaLt4LOHanbHbie nwTepaTypa L MCKYCCTBO npOLABeTarli, yKpaLHCKLe 3MmrpaHTbl HaianM B03Bpau.aTbCS] C 3anaj a. BblKpMcTannM3oBarwIcb npfi4HLtnbi HOBOO nonMTmHeCKOr CL4CTeMbI: WKOnbi 6binL OTqeineHbi OT LAepKBm, a L4ePKOBb -OT rOcyjlapCTBa. B cepegwHe 1920-x rOriOB YKpaLiHa 6bina OflHWM L3 rnaBHbIX npmBep)eHLeB neHLHCKOLAi HOBOA 3KOHOMLieCKOO nOni4TMKM (H3na), nooLlLp^BLweA qacTHoe npegnpMHL4MaTenbCTBO. H3n cbirpan Ba)KHYIO POflb B BOCCTaHOBneHWW yKpaWHCKolA 3KOHOMHKW, noMor CTpaHe Bo3pOgMTbCR nocne HaCToRuAeA XO3R5CTBeHHO1 pa3pyXW 1921 r. Li noHTL AOCTL4LI6 B 1925 r. JOBOeHHOrO (go nepBoA MWPOBOA BOAIHbl) YPOBHHI cenbCKOXO3RrICTBeHHoro m npOMblLuneHHOrO npOM3BogCTBa: ecnJ B 1921 r. BanOBOiA HaL4L4OHanlbHbI npOQYKT YKpaLHbI COCTaBn9Jn Bcero 12% YPOBHI 1913 r., a npOM3BOJICTBO 3epHa 6binO Ha 38,5% MeHbwe no CpaBHeHMLO C 1913 r., TO B 1925 r. cenbCKOXO3FUACTBeHHoe npOLi3BO1CTBO COCTaBLno y>e 91%, a nPOMblwIneHHOe nPOW3BOZCTBO -85% YPOBHS1 1913 r. (BOnbwUas COBeTCKaR 3H4WKnonegmsi). OJHaKO TOT nepLoi YKpaLHCKO1 MCTOPMLL 3aBepwLIncsI, Korjaa CTanTH nOKOHLMn C H3nOM M Ha'an B 1928 r. YCKOpeHHYIO KonneKTMBL3aL"iio. YHacneJOBaHHas CTPYKTYPa 3KOHOMUIIK 2.4. CTpyKTypa yKpaWlHCKOA 3KOHOMIKL, B LAenOM, Li B o6nacTM cenbcKoro xO3FIACTBa, B %4aCTHoCTM, pa3BMBanaCb TaKMM >e o6pa3oM, KaK u B POCCH4. CenbcKoe X03$I>CTBO POCCW4 M YKpaLHbI FIBnFinOCb o6pa3LAOM TaK Ha3blBaeMOrO 'COBeTCKorO cenbCKOrO X03smCTBa". OJHaKO COBeTCKOA pecny6nMKoA C camoro Haqana 6bina TOnbKO "BOCTOLIHaR" YKpa"Ha; CeMb 3anaqHbIX o6nacTeA, KOTOpbIe 6blniL npfcoeqLHeHbI K YKpaLiHe nocne BTOPOA MMpOBOA BOAiHbI, Ha'anL BHeJpfITb COBeTCKYIO MOfienb nfLWb 25 neT Cn1yCTFI, OJHOBpeMeHHO C HOBbIML coLmanMCTH4qeCKLMM pe)liMMamm UeHTpanbHoII m BOCTOHHOU EBponbI. 2.5. CoBeTcKoe cenbCKoe X03R1CTB0 6binO C4POpMLipOBaHO Ha OCHOBe QByx nonLTHLieCKLx npLHLALnOB: HaL0Hanz3aLMM 3eMnJ M KOnneKTMBL3a4LAi cenbCKOX03RACTBeHHOrO - 29 - npoM3BONCTBa. Ecnr 3eMnfs 6bIna HaL4OHanJ3mpoBaHa B TeleHNle HeCKO1bKi4X jAHeA nocne npmxona K BnaCTI 6onbweB1KOB B OKTI6pe 1917 r., TO KOnneKTMBM3aLi4m cenbCKOXO3$WCTBeHHoro npoM3BOgCTBa npow3owna 6onee neclTm neT cnyCTs, B 1928-1929 rr. 3eMn1, npwHamnewasw&me epKBL 4 noMeCTbf1 QBOpFIH 14 KpynHbIX 3emneBnaAenbeB 6b1n14 6bICTpO OTH9lTbl 1 pO3flaHbI KpeCTbflHaM. B nepBbie AeC9ITb neT COBeTCKOrO CTPO91 B mHgmBm,ayanbHOM nonb3OBaHM14 HaxoI1mnoCb 6onee 97% cenbCKOXO39ACTBeHHbIX 3eMenb. XOT9I fleKpeT O 3eMne, M3gaHHbI1 B OKT5i6pe 1917 r., Hapenwn npaBOM BnageHM14 3eMner1 rocynqapcTBO, KpeCTbs;He paccmaTpiBanw o6pa6aTbIsaeMbie 1MM yqaCTK&4 3eMfI KaK CBOIO 'co6CTBeHHOCTb". 2.6. C OTMeHOI B 1928 r. H3na 1H4vLmaT1Ba qaCTHOrO npeSnpMHtMmaTenbCTBa 6bina npM3HaHa HeCOBMeCTMMOr1 C Lfenl5MM KOMMyH&CT1HeCKOrO rOcygapCTBa, KOTOpOe BblB14HynO Ha nepBbiA nnaH 6blCTpylO 14HayCTpt4anf3aLt4o 1 MOnepHM3aLto OHeHb 60nbWor H TeXHXHeCK1 OTCTanoA CTpaHbI. KonneKTl4BM3au145i cenbCKOXO3sI1CTBeHHoro npOW3BOflCTBa paccMaTP1BarnaCb B Ka'eCTBe cpejcTsa 1OCTm)KeHMFI LAeHTpanf3aLtm4 ynpasBJeH1sI H nepejqaqm peCypCOB 13 cenbcKoro XO3sl1cTBa B npoMbIiwneHHOCTb fnl nongep(KKM npOMbIWrleHHOrO npoW3BOgCTBa. 3To TaK>e o6ecneHMBano B03MO)KHOCTb nonJT14TeCKoro PYKOBOjQCTBa cenbCK1M HaceneHmeM. KonneKTMBHbie XO3s1&CTBa MO)KHO 6bIno 3aCTaBMTb noCTaBnsTb npoflOBOF1bCTBme no HM3Kl4M L4eHaM, HTO 6binO BaWHOA COCTaBHOri HaCTbK) npOBOIMMO14 B CTpaHe nOfl1T1K1 yi3ep)KaHMsI 3apnyfaTbI Ansi pa6oHwx Ha H1I3KOM ypOBHe. KOHeLHHO ILeflbIO KonneKTMB13aLti4i 6bilno OXBeaTTb npeqnonaraeMble KpynHbie X03RIACTBa MexaHa3Lk4Sei A Kan1TanOeMK1MM TeXHOnor1sMm. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 14HJI14Bt4flyanbHble KpeCTbIHCK1e X039>CTBa 6bMm npl43HaHbi npenFsITCTB1eM Ha nyTH co=Aan"cTmwecKoro CTpO1TenbCTBa. 2.7. HaKaHyHe KonneKT14BM3aLA41, B 1928 r., B YKpawHe 6bino 5,2 MLnnlfoHOB KpeCTb9HCK1X X035I&lCTB. CenbCKoe HaceneHme YKpa14Hbl OKa3aJ1O 3Ha'*TenbHOe 1 qaKe FIpOCTHOe conpOTBsneH1e npoBeeeHMIO KonneKT4B113aw41. nO CBeaeHMFIM 3anajHoro t4ccnegoBaTenfi Po6epTa KOHKBeCTa, nlOnly'eHHbIM 143 yKpal1HCKt4X MCTOHH1KOB, B 1930r. B YKpawHe 6blno 40.000 nOBCTaHL4eB. OTpRnbl BOCCTaBW14X CpOM1p4OBafl1Cb He TOnbKO 13 KynlaKOB, HO H 13 6blBw14X yHaCTHMKOB 6Opb6bl C COBeTaMm B Fpa)JgaHCKOA BOAHe. Oco6eHHO Ba)KHYIO pOnb B aKT1BHOM COnpOT1aBreHMH KOnneKTMBM3aLu41 CbirpanJ yKpa1HCK1e KeHLLL"Hbi. no- B1M4fMOMy, )KeHLLWHbl OnaCarI1Cb, HTO npeo6pa3OBaHMS1 B LepeBHe nfWaT 1X Tpa14MLAOHHO rnaBeHcTByEoLLtefi pOnH B KpeCTbFIHCKOM X039IACTBe 14 B AOMe. B YKpawHe Ha4ancs 1 noriyHLln pacnpOCTpaHeHme B PoccHM TaK Ha3blBaeMbMI "6a6mA 6yHT". 2.8. ConpoTwBneH1e KonneKT4BH3aLtm4 6bmno nonaBneHo. Mexwy 1929 1 1932 rr. KpeCTbS3He-e,qt4HOnl44Hl4KM (B OCHOBHOM KynlaK1) npecnenOBanMCb, nfWanMCb co6CTBeHHOCTtl H BbICbinaflWCb B C646Mpb. 3TOT nlepOn B 14CTOp14H CenbCKOrO X03FI1CTBa YKpal4Hbi nonyHfn Ha3BaHme "paCKynaLMBaHme". HecMOTpsI Ha nlOBCeMeCTHOe cOnpOTeBneHHe, K 1932 r. 70% KpeCTbFHCK1X X039ACTB L 80% 3eMenb B YKpaMHe 6binr o6 benMHeHbi B KOnneKT1BHbIe X039ACTBa (KonXo3bl). KonneKTMBH3aLtmR COBeTCKOrO cenbcKoro XO3AC4CTBa 6bmna cpaKT1HeCK1 3aBepweHa K 1940 r., Korga 6binO KonneKT4B&H3t4poEaHo 97% KpeCTbsHCK1X Xo3$>CTB. OqHaKo nocne BTOPOA MMPOBOA BOIHbI B YKpal4He Ha4ancR cnegyIOLLL41 sTan - 30 - KOnneKTMBM3aLA1m , Korna 6binm np1coeiJ1HeHbI 3anaIHbIe o6nacTM, 1 wx Tpag14LWOHHO MHRMB4yanbHoe cenbCKoe X03RACTBO H 4aCTHoe 3eMnenonb3OBaHme 6bInr 3aMeHeHbi o6w"eCTBeHHbIM. 2.9. KonneKTMBW3aLrnvi conpOBO)*fanaCb pa3B1TmeM aMMH14HcTpaTWBHo-KoMaHqHorl CMCTeMbI ynpaaneHIs4 CenbCKOX03PACTBeHHbiM npOM3BOACTBOM. Ka*qjoe X035HACTBo 6b6no o6fl3aHo nOCTaBnflTb onpeneneHHoe nnaHoBoe KonF.eCTBO yKa3aHHOO npogyKuL1 no TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM o6V3aTenbHblM roc3aKa3aM. HanrH*e LteHTpanM3OBaHHbix nnaHOB Cefl6CKOX03f[rCTBeHHOrO lpOt43BOflCTBa 14 C1CTeMbi rOC3aKa3oB npfBen1 K teHTpanM3oeaHHOMY pacnpenenieHiiO MaTepwanbHO-TeXHWL4eCKMX peCypCOB (B HaCTHOCT1, yno6peHm"l, rep6wi4WutoB, TonnmBa, MaW1H, 3anaCHbIX qacTer1) gnR o6ecne'eHMR npO143BOACTBa. OpraHbI AeHTpanM30saHHoro nnaH1poeaHWI BCKOpe OXBaT1Jn1 KaK npoMblwneHHoCTb, TaK L4 cenbcKoe Xo3FIACTBO, mrpaFi nocpej,HL'eCKyK) pOfib B OpraH143aLAm4 TOBapOO6opOTa Me)*ay OCHOBHbIM14 3BeHbSIMM 3KOHOMLK1 cenbCKoro X03FfrlCTBa: npoW3BO9MTensMm cenbCKoxO3RACTBeHHOLr npoJyKt141, nOCTaBLLJWKaM1 MaTepa4anbHO- TeXHwHeCKMX peCypCoB, arpOnpOMbIWlneHHbIMm npefnplSITMFlM14 H nOTpe6bTenfiMw. TaK1M o6pa3oM, rocyglapCTBo, no cyLL%eCTBy, yCTaHOBMnO MOHonono1O Ha TOprOBnio pecypcaMl flnf$ cenbCKoro XO3s1CTBa 1 cenbcKoXo3PrCTBeHHbix npefnp[MITMA. fpyrme B"1qb6 TOprOBnlR cenbCKoXo3RWiCTBeHHbIMM m noTpe6MTerIbcKIMM ToBapaMm, Hap,iny C e qMHOnW4HblM BerieHwem X03FI1CTBa, 6bin6 3aKneAMneHbl KaK 'CneKynSTWBHbie", npeJCTaBneHbI KaK o6y3a jpnM ceribcKoro HaceneHmsi i o6 bsBneHbl He3aKOHHbIMM. flwKBwIilau,wq HaCTORLWX pbIHKOB, o6ecneHMBatowwx B3aMMOeA8CTBme Me*jly npO143BsoXWTenaMw 1 noTpe6mTensMim, cnoco6cTBoBana nepeno*eHwI4o CPyHKL4MM LAeHoo6pa3oBaHMFI Ha LeHTpanbHble nnaHOBbIe OpraHbI; LAeHbl yTpaT1n4 CBOIO pacnpeJlenwTenbHylo CPYHKLA1IO H CTanf Cpe,nCTBOM yLeTa; perynMpoBaHme LAeH npoL43BOmn1OCb nF1Wb jqnsf nOKPbIT14I CpaKTm4eCK"X "3,Jep)KeK npOM3BOCTBa 1 1CKniOHeH1P nOTepb. 2.10. LteHTpanM3oBaHHoe nnaHwpoBaHme npOM3BOACTBa 1 noCTaBOK, xapaKTepHoe nfS KOMaHjIHOI C1CTeMbI, oKa3ano He6naronpRSTHoe B03J1eACTBme Ha pa3B1Tme C1CTeM pacnpejaeneHL4FXm xpaHeHiR CenbCKOX039>CTBeHHO npo.yKLtH4. FocygapCTBeHHbie 3aKynKm OCHOBbiBanJCb Ha wnee npflIMblX nOCTaBOK CenbCKOX03FIICTBeHHOA npo0yKLtW4 143 cena B ropon. B pe3ynbTaTe, B CoBeTCKOM C0oI3e He pa3BMBanacb CeTb nocpe9HMH4eCKO0 14fl4 onTOBOA ToproBnf; 3a c6op npOqyKLL14 Ha YPOBHe X03SIACTB, ee nepepa6OTKy w nOCTaBKy B roponcKme xpaHLn14W,a m pacnpeAenwTenbHbie 6a3bl oTBe'ano caMo npaB1TenbCTBO. fo13TOMY B cenbCKOrl MeCTHOCT1 6bino nOCTpoeHO Mano MOW.HOCTeA jqnsi xpaHeH14s npoilyKLHW1, M OCHOBHbie xpaH1n4JLta 6binm cocpepOToL4eHbl B ropoJqax. 2.11. KOMaHAHaq CMCTeMa nojOpBaria TaK*e pa3BMTwe 3JIOpOBO;1 6aHKoBCKo-KpeIiwTHoA flOfl1TMKW B COBeTCKO1I 3KOHOM1Ke B L4enOM H B CenlbCKOM X03IACTBe, B HaCTHOCT14. X039>CTBa He o6pawanMCb 3a Kpejl1TaM1; KpeAWTbi paCnpeJ1ensln1Cb LAeHTpanbHbIM1 nnaHOBbIM1 opraHaMM Hap9Ry CO BCeMm MaTep14anbHO-TeXH1HeCKwMM peCypcaMm. 3TW LAeneBbie Kpeja1Tbi npeBjOCTaBnffnlCb nog HW3Kme nlpoLeHTbI: OT MeHee LieM 1% no, B03MO>IHO, 2% roJOBbIX. KpoMe Toro, Kpe81TbI npeQOCTaBnsnMCb 6e3 KaKoro-nJ60 y'eTa nnaTe*Kecnoco6HoCTm nony4aTenR KpeAMTa. X0390CTBa 3a4aCTyto 6binM He B COCTOSH1M - 31 - o6cny)Ki#BaTb 3ariMbl, 1 nepmoJHecKMm npoBognHMCb MaCCoBbie cnmcaHHR ,qonros. B pe3ynbTaTe LaCTHbie nt4LAa 1 opraHM3aLI4M B YKpaHHe Tenepb UMmeOT cna6oe npegCTaBneHtHe o6 14CT1HHOh CTOMMOCTU neHer iunM 3Ha'4MOCTM qOnrOBbIX o6R3aTenbCTB. K TOMY we, 6aHKOBCKme yLpe*)eHKHW He MmeKOT OnlbITa 0LeHKI4 3a5BOK Ha nonyIeHme KpeKI1Ta t4nf nnaTe)Kecnoco6HocT14 cpepMepOB. 2.12. nloJnBons MTorM BbiweCKa3aHHOMy, 3aMeTl4M, HTO KOMaHQHO-aflMMH14CTpaTHBHaFI C1CTeMa OCTaB1na TFi*enOe HaCnegme CenlbCKOMY X0351LICTBY YKpawHbl B smne: * flnoqaBreHi4F1 MHi4BmqfyanbHOA UHI4mLaTWBbI H C03t4,qaTenbHoRl pa3HonnaHOBOCTM CO CTOpOHbl npOU380 lTeneri; * C03gaH1F nOnHOA 3aBMCMMOCT4 nlpOM3BOQ1Tenef OT 4eHTpanM30BaHHO pacnpenenFieMbix 1 noCTaBJiFneMbIX MaTepwanbHO-TeXHM4eCKMX pecypcoB; * ocna6neHt4F CTMmynoB qnsF nOBbIWeHIMl npoI3Bo0ATenbHoCT&; * 1436blTOHHoro nOTpe6neH4FI OCHOBHblX nlpOQOBOnbCTBeHHbIX TOBapOB BCneQCTB14e QOT14pOBaHl4Si noTpe6MTener; * ~pa3pyweHuF 3KOHOMmqeCKt4X MeXaHI3MOB B3amMOQ8e1CTBtH14 U nonHOA 3aBtC4cMOCT" OT rOCyQapCTBeHHOC4 C14CTeMbl paCnpegeneHMS]; * CoCpeQOTOeH14I XpaH14fl4LLI B ropoqax; * pacnana Cp1HaHCOBbIX CWCTeM BCneQCTB4e LteHTpani43OBaHHoro gUpeKTMBHOrO PCfnonb3OBaH4FI 1 cy6cmqMpOBaH14Fl KpeQ1TOB. CenbCKoe X03RI;CTBO YKpawHbI: fllpPOIHbIe yCnIOBms 2.13. 1MeFI TpeTb CaMbIX 6oraTbIX B MIpe HepH03eMOB, YKpawHa 3aHi4MaeT BeQyukee meCTO cpeQ14 CTpaH M1pa no Konl4eCTBY BbICoKoKa'eCTBeHHbIx nlnoflOQOqHbIx nO4B. 4)aKTi4LeCK", 30% Bcex CenbCKOX03FIICTBeHHbIX 1 naXOTHbIX 3eMenb B YKpawHe COCTaBnsJeT HepH03eM, 1 ew.e 10% npmXOQa4TCFI Ha ppyrme BbICOKonnofopoQHbie noHBbi. COCTaB noLBbl B YKpalHe npeQCTaBneFH Ha Puc. 2.1. 2.14. CenbCKOXo3FrCTBeHHbie yroQb6f 3aH14MalOT noLTH 70% BceA Tepp14TOp14 YKpa4Hbl. 03 HMX, Ha naXOTHbIe 3eMnf nprXOAQTCS 55% nnouWa,aI, Ha nacT6tu.%a - 9%, Ha ceHOKOCbl - 4%, Ha cajibl 1 nnaHTaL&m4 - MeHee 2% (pwc. 2.2). flaHQwaCPT YKpaLIHbl B 3Ha414TeflbHOA CTeneHH4 6naronpis4TeH QnJ BeeeH1R cenbcKoro Xo3Fi1CTBa: npaKTW4eCK14 OKono 60% cenbCKOXo3Fl1ACTBeHHbIX 3eMenb pacnono)KeHO Ha nnoCKOCT4, a TpeTb OCTanbHbIX - Ha CKn1OHaX C yKnOHOM Me)KQy 10 1 3'. TaKl4M o6pa3oM, llOHTI 90% naXOTHbIX 3eMenb B YKpa1He npfrolHbl jQSnl BbipaW.14BaH14I BCex cenbCKOXO3RrCTBeHHbIX KynbTyp, 1 TonbKO 10% OCTanbHbIX 3eMenb C yKnOHoM 6onee 30 npeQCTaBnF1IOT TpyAHOCTU Anfl B03genbIBaHIfl. 3TH 3eMn&4 MOryT 6blTb npeBpaXeHb B lnaCT64LLta 1 CeHOKOCbl, HTO o6ecneLiwT 3au.wTy flOHBbl 6e3 COKpaXLLeHMFi npoM3BonCTBa. B MoQenJ1X 3eMnenonb3OBaHMFI OTpaP)KaeTCFI 3ano)KeHHoe npeQweCTByioLLLei CUCTeMOfi CTpeMrieHme COXpaHi4Tb 3eMnJo B 1HTeHCHBHOM o6opOTe, XOTSI OnTMmanbHbIM Bap1aHTOM 6bino 6bl MeHee IHTeHC1BHOe i4CnOnb3OBaHme LiaCT14 3eMnw. YKpawHCKwe nO4BOBeQ6bl nOKa3blBaIOT, HTO meHee npOgyKT14BHbie naXOTHbie 3eMnU He QOon*Hbl t4CnOnb3OBaTbCA H QOn)KHbi 6blTb npeBpaULLeHbi B naCT6wLLa, TOrga KaK - 32 - HM3KOnlpOgyKTMBHbie naCT6mw.a gnOJKHbi 6biTb 3aca)eHbl necamw wnu 3aTonneHbi gnsi yMeHbweHI.fl 3po3Mm no4Bbl. 2.15. B cpe8HeM Ha OgHoro *WTens YKpawHbi npIxorWTCs 0,80 ra cenbCKOXo31rCTBeHHbIx yrogmA, wnw 0,64 ra nlaXOTHbIX 3eMenb. OrHaKO 3Ta BenMl*HHa M3MeHseTCF B WMpOKUX nperienax, B 3aBACMMOCTM OT o6naCTM 4 BO BpeMeHI4, 4TO OTpa*aeT pa3nM4L5I B nlnOTHOCTH HaceneHwsI "1 MIrpaLUIOHHbIx npoLeccax. B 3anafHbIX o6nacTsFx (MsaHo-c?paHKoBcKorl, HepHOBwL4KOr4, flbBOBCKOA t B 3aKapnaTbe), B KpynlHbIX npOMbiWn1eHHbIX u,eHTpaX (flHenponeTpOBCKaR, fOHeLKa5I, flyraHCKasi o6naCTM) L B KpblMy 3eMiI Ha AyWy HaCeneHM1I npfXO9U4TCFI HaMHOrO MeHbWe cpejHero nOKa3aTenFI, TorJa KaK B BOCTOHHbIX M LAeHTpanbHbIX o6naCTIX (KMpOBorparCKO, XepCoHCKor4, nonTaBCKOA, CYMCKO1, HepHwroBcKoA) Ha orHoro >KMTenf npt4XOJIMTcs 6onee 1 ra 3eMnt. B uenoM, 3a nepion c 1960 no 1993r., nnouWajib, npwxosuac Ha o0Horo WMTenf, cy.eCTBeHHO coKpaTInaCb 3a cLeT nplpOCTa HaceneHtwf (nnouLagb naXOTHbIX 3eMenb yMeHb6wnaCb c 0,80 ra Ha OnHoro )KLTenSf B 1960 r. go 0,64 ra B 1993 r.). OgHaKO 3TOT npoLtecc TaK*e WJeT B o6nacTsFx no- pa3HoMy. B cpaBH1TenbHO meHee HaceneHHbIx o6naCTFIX (KpblM, XepcoHcKas, HwKonaeBcKas 4 3anopo)cKasf o6naCTM) coKpau.eHwe nnow.aw4 3eMelnb Ha RyWy HaceneHUs Bbipa)KeHO B 6onbwer CTeneHL BcneACTBMe MMMkIrpawL1I, Torga KaK B KweBCKOA 1 HepHMrOBCKOr o6nacTsix nnouWaJb, npmxon3iuwaScsI Ha AYWY HaceneHL4i, npaKTIqeCKI yBeni4LiWnaCb 3a c4eT 3MmrpaLumm. CenbcKoXo3sIAcTBeHHoe nPO43BOgCTBO 2.16. CenbCKOX03FoACTBeHHoe npOM3BOACTBO B YKpawHe, KaK 1 BO BceM CoBeTCKOM C01o3e, o6ecne'IBanocb J,BYMFI TmnaMM KpynHbIX o6o6wAecTBneHHbIx X035I1CTB: KonneKTIBHbIMI (KonXo3bl) U rocyjqapCTBeHHblMM (COBX03bl) C UAeHTpanW30BaHHblM ynpaBnieHLeM. nocne 1932 r. B U,eHTpanbHbIX 4 BOCTO4HbIX o6nacTFx YKpal4Hbi npaKTIHeCKI He 6bino eJMHOnHqHbIX X03RACTB U 4aCTHOrO cepBUca (eAwHonm4'Hbie X03RACTBa B 3anafHbIX o6nacTsIx 6binr YHM4To)eHbi nO3gHee, Bcnef 3a mX npwcoeni4HeH4eM K YKpawHe nocne BTOPOA M1pOBOA BOAHbl). Er1MHCTBeHHbiM npo5iBneHmeM 'aCTHOO 14H14LJ.aT1Bbi 6bin He6onbwlme npmycaxte6Hble y4aCTKM cenbCKHx )KlTeneVI, a TaK*Ke carjbl 1 oropoIqbl, Bo3LenblBaeMbie ropo*KaHaMM 3a ropojnoM. Ypo*art c 3TLX yLaCTKOB npmHarine*an 'aCTHbIM nfwaM, XOT9 3eMnef Bnageno roCyi3apCTBO. 2.17. HecMoTpsl Ha He6onbwt4e pa3Mepbl, nM4Hbie np4ycaJe6Hble Xo35ACTBsa Bcerga 6binw Ba*KHO '4aCTbIO cenbCKoXo3RACTBeHHoro npoH3BOQCTBa B YKpawHe. TpaJamLw4oHHo OHM gaBanw 6onee 25% BanoBoro cenbCKOXO3F>CTBeHHoro nponyKTa, KaK B CpeJHeM B PoccwM i CCCP (Ta6n. 2.1). ICToppHeCK1I Me)Kgy npmycane6HbIMM 1 KpynHbIM1 o6o6u4ecTBneHHbIMM X03RACTBaMm CyLLLeCTBOBana TeCHasl Hepa3pblBHaS CBS3b. flpmycare6Hble X039>CTBa Bcerna nonyL4anf OT 6onbW14X X035iACTB 6ecnnaTHO 4M1 KaK onnaTy HaTypO1 3a BbinOnlHeHHYIO pa6oTy 3HaHMTellbHYIO 4aCTb MaTepmanbHO-TeXHM4eCKWX peCypCOB, B OCo6eHHOCTM, KOpMa Xnfls *MBOTHblX, MOn1OgH9K jiomaWHero CKOTa, ygo6peHWFI, TeXHM4eCKyiO nOMOW.b. B3aMeH Xo03eBa npmycarie6HbIX y4aCTKOB nponaBanw KpynHbIM X03R>CTBaM 3Ha%4TenbHyIO LaCTb cBoero ypowa%, a nocneflH1e, B CBOIO o'epejlb, nepenpoiaBanll OTy npOjlyKLA4IO - 33 - rOCy,3apCTBeHHblM 3aKyrIo'HblM OpraHM3MALs1M (B nlpOwn1OM KpynlHbIe X03RCTBa mcnonb3OBanf4 ee KaK 4aCTb o6f3aTenbHbix noCTaBOK rocyqapCTBy). OpraHw3aLt"aH nonHOL4eHHbIX 4aCTHblX X030FICTB B BH11e He3aBI4ClMMbIX CeMeClHbIX coepm V cenbCKOX03f1CTBeHHbIX KOOnepaTMBOB BHe KOnXO3HO-COBX03HOA1 CHCTeMbI CTana B03MO)KHOA TonbKo nocne npWHflTMIR COOTBeTCTBYIOLLOerO 3aKOHO8aTenlbCTBa B 1991 w 1992 rr. nep"oQ nocne 1990r. TaKKe xapaKTepM3yeTCR 3HaIHTenbHbIM yBsenHeHHeM BKnaqa 4acTHoro ceKTOpa Iv npHycaJIe6HbIX X035RACTB B CenbCKOX03Rri1CTBeHHOe npOH3BO,ICTBO B YKpaHHe (Ta6n. 2.1), B OCHOBHOM 6naroqapR pacnpeneneHMIO nononH0f TenbHoA 3eMriH JnFi pacwmpeH1w5 npmycajle6HblX y4IaCTKOB (M, B HeKOTOpOIA CTeneHH, 6naronapf opraHM3aL.Wu HOBbIX 4aCTHblX X03F5ACTB). Td6Sm 2.1.) CenbcKoxo3sAcTBeHHo npom3BoAcTBo B YKpaues, o6ecnesmaeMoe Xo3gRCTBTMUi paubHix TUsOB (o6uiw o6heM fnpOAyKLIM B MUnloMHaX py6neh B 46HUX 1983 r. |- 06UL" 06iboM | vS4"&6Ten2HIH | aCT CoxKTOp nfOHOlCTma bl CIKTU npMycane6Ios X03RftTCTF 1982 44,7 71,4% 28,6% 1985 47,1 71,5% 28,5% 1988 48,4 74,6% 25,4% 1990 49,0 73,3% 26,7% 1991 42,5 69,6% 30,4% 1992 39,0 62,7% 37,3% 1993 39,6 60,0% 39,9% HcTO4NUKM: A8HHIb 3a W-1 rr. nOnyMeHbi OT MUHUCTOpCTBa 3CONOMUKM YKpaMbi: "AHarCKNO AOKYMeHThl Arlm Miposoro 6aHKa", KmUB, 1992; AMH*bI. 3a 1990-1993 rr. nony'4SNbI OT HHcTryyTa arpapHoA 3KOHOMUKU, K&mB, 1994. 2.18. CenbcKoXo03acTBeHHoe npOf380CTBO B YKpaHHe coCpe6OTO0eHo ,rnaBHbiM o6pa3OM, B LAeHTpanbHOR A I0)KHOA arpoKnfMaTHMeCKHX 3OHax (CTenb H necoCTenb), KOTOpble COCTaBnlIOT 80% cenbCKOX03flr4CTBeHHbIX yrogmA B YKpaMHe; BCe nO4Bbl B 3TVIX 3OHaX RBfOTCR 4epHo3eMHbIMm. Ha qonio 3TUX qByx perHoHoB npmXo;qTCI, cooTBeTCTBeHHo, 6onee 80% 3epHa, MCca U MOnOIHblx npoqYKTOB B YKpaHHe (Ta6n. 2.2). IOwKHbioi CTenHOri perHoH AaeT 6onee Tpex HeTBepTe8 ypoxKaFi noaC0nHeHHKa H nofTH BeCb ypo)K>a sHHorpajaa B YKpaHHe. LUeHTpanbHbIR necocTenHorl perwoH cnefLUaflM3wpyeTcs Ha npoH3BOgCTBe H nepepa6oTKe caxapHoA cBeKrlbl: 3AeCb nPOf3BOJIHTCR 6onee 70% caxapHoS CBeKnbl H caxapa B YKpaH4He. CpaBHHTenbHO He6onbWOAI CeBePHbISl PerVIOH CMewaHHbiX neCOB (nonecbe) HMeeT MeHee nnOJOpOgHbIe no4Bbl (aepHoso-noA30nt4cTbie H cynecLaHbie), xapaKTePM3yeTCR BbICOKK0 3a6onO4eHHOCTbIO (50% Bcex 6onoT YKpa"Hbi) H nOKpbIT ryCTblMm necaMH (neca nOKpbiBaIOT 30% nnouAaLIH). OCHOBHbIMM cenbCKX0X3F1LCTBeHHbIMH KynbTypaMH B 3TOM perHoHe FBsFlIOTCS rieH (90% npoH3BOACTBa B YKpaMHe) H KapToc4enb. 2.19. CenbcKoeXo3S1CTBOYKpa4HbITpaAB4HoLLHHoxapaKTepH3OBanoCbc6anaHCHpOBaHHbIM COOTHOweHHeM npo0YK4HH paCTeHUeBOgCTBa H >KHBOTHOB0)CTBa C HeKOTOpbIM yKnOHOM B CToPoHy npo0jyKLAHH s)KBOTHOBOJQCTBa (npHMepHo 45% npoLyKi4HH paCTeHt4eEsOICTBa npOTHB - 34 - 55% npOInyKLL1LI )KMIBOTHOBO1CTBa, 3a IICKniO4eHmeM 1993 r., Korqa PaBHOBecUe HapyUwL4lOCb B CTOpOHY paCTeHl4eBOflCTBa). YnOp Ha Pa3BlTVIe )KMBOTHOBOJqCTBa OTpa>KaeTCI Ha 3eMnlenonb3OBaH4 : LtenlbIX 38% nlOCeBHb6X 3eMenb B 1993 r. HaXOflji41oC6 no,q KOpMOB61MVI KynbTypaMm, eL,e 45% 6binO 3aHfITO 3epHOBblMIt, 4aCTb KOTOpblX TaK)K0e I4CnOnb3yeTCFl B Ka,ieCTBe KOpMa (rocyJnapCTBeHHbie 3aKflKL 3sepHa COCTaBnRIOT B Cpe,JHeM 30% npOVl3BOJ.I.MOrO o6 beMa, OCTaJlbHasl 'aCTb nOTpe6nFieTC5I B X035uVICTBax). OCTanbHbIe nnow.apwil nOPOBHY pacnperieneHbi Mm)e>KY TeXHIIeCKLIMLI Kyn1bTypaMI (caxapHor4 CBeKnOPl, nlojqCOnHeHHLIKOM 11 nlbHOM, KOTOpblr4 3aHLMaeT OqeHb He6onbWyto nnouAaJIb), a TaK,KqaTb 3eMnio 4epe3 KoMMep8eCKHe onepaumm. EJQIHCTBeHHOR yCTynKOI B HanpaBneHIH pa3BMTFI4 pblHKa 3eMnf B 3eMenbHoM KojqeKce 1990 r. 6bino nono)KeH4e, nfsonmOlWee rocyqBapCTBY C,AaBaTb 3eMnliO B apeHAy npoH3Bo"l4TenRM. 3.6. 3eMenbHbII Ko,qeKC 1990 r. CO BCeMM HeBfOCTaTKaMm orpaHMLITenbHoro xapaKTepa 6bin nlepBbIM warOM Ha nyTH K C03fnaHM10 HOBbIX 3eMenbHbIX OTHOweHH1. OJHaKO noHago6HnoCb 6onee roga, HT06bi nosBHnaCb HOBUR Bexa B 3aKOHoQaTenbCTBe: B fleKa6pe 1991 r. 6bin npfHSIT 3aKoH "0 KpeCTbPHCKOM (4epMepCKOM) X035>CTBe", B flHBape 1992 r. - 3aKOH "O cpopmax co6CTBeHHOCTM Ha 3eMnlo", H B MapTe 1992 r. - HOBbIl 3eMenbHbik KOgeKC. 3TH 3aKOHbl CTaBmnm CBOeR LenblO "I$eHaLHoHaom3aw4o"l' cenbCKoxo3RICTBeHHblx 3eMenb nOCKOnbKy npf3HaBanH 4aCTHyIO 1 KOnneKTHBHYIO Co6CTBeHHOCTb H BbilBHranf ycnoBHe npHBaTH3aLkM4 3eMnf "TeMM, KTO ee o6pa6aTblBaeT". 3.7. B COOTBeTCTB1H C 3THMM 3aKOHaMm OCHOBHaR 4aCTb rOCy8apCTBeHHbIX 3eMenb JnonKHa 6bina neperaeaTbC$i B KOnlneKTHBHYIO co6CTBeHHOCTb CenbCKOX03$LiCTBeHHbIM npeflnpHiTH9M, KOTOpbie B TO BpeMs o6pa6aTblBanlH 6onbWylO 4aCTb CenbCKOX03Fl>CTBeHHbIX 3eMenb B YKpawHe. nlpaBoM CO6CTBeHHOCTH HaxeflnslnCb, OJHaKO, He TO)lbKO Te, KTO nonb3oBanci 3emnel Ha TOT MoMeHT: npaeo CO6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eM1iO gnni BegeHHR xo3FIICTBa H apyrmx onpejieneHHbIx Lhener nony4anM Bce rpa)KlqaHe. 3aKoH npegycmaTpwsan mcnonb3OBaHme cenbCKoXo30l3CTBeHHbIx 3eMenb qnJf CO3gaHMsI He3aBMHCMbIX 4aCTHblX, nf4HblX noflco6HbIX XO35UACTB, CaAIOBOJCTBa H OrOpOUHH4eCTBa. 3aKoH TaK)Ke nperiycmaTpwBan mcnonb3OBaHMe 3eMenbHbIX y4aCTKOB anlf HmecenbCKOXO3CRCTBeHHbIX Hy)Kr, B TOM 4mcne j,ns CTpOHTenbCTBa qa4 (MHJ3HBHflyaTIbHbIX )KH,nbIX JOMOB B CenbCKOA MeCTHOCTm), rapa)KeA H XO3sACTBeHHbix noCTpoeK. nlpaBoM Ha cenbCKOXo351ICTBeHHoe Hcnonb3OBaHme 3eMenb nonb3yiOTCI p,Be KaTeropww nmfl: 4aCTHbie nHLAa, lBrsnOu.LHecn fneHaMm H pa6OTHMKaMH cenbCKOX039tCTBeHHbIX npextnpHMITHm (OHM HMeiOT npaBO Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMniO gn5l BeBeHm14 n4qHoro noqcO6HOro XO3RACTBa) H 4aCTHbie nfHLa, He MmeiOLLHAe OTHOWeHHfl K CyuLeCTByIOLULHM CenbCKOXO3l4CTBeHHblM npeAnpaHTMFIM (4epMepbt, xo03eBa caroB w oropoaHbix y4aCTKOB). 3.8. HTO6bl.o6ecne4MTb BO3MO)KHOCTb HafenITb 3eMnef HOBbIX nOnb3oBaTenef4, ao 10% 3eMn 1, o6pa6aTblsaeMoA KOnneKTHBHbiMm, rocyHapCTieHHblMM U fpyrlMm CenbCKOXO3$IACTBeHHblMH npeanpH,ITH9MH, H3blManOCb B rocyAapCTBeHHblC 3eMenbHbIlI - 39 - pe3eps (no nepeJqaHm ee B KOnneKTwBHyIO Co6CTBeHHOCTb). 3ToT pe3epB, Mnw CPOHJ nepepacnpe,qeneHR, CO3,QaH KaK COBOKynHocTb 3eMenb gns pacnpeneneHHs 4acTHbIM fnHLtaM, He RBnsiioLLtHxc;i 4neHaMm HmH pa6oTHHKaMH cyL4ecTByIoLtJHx cenbCKox03RACTBeHHbX npeJnptsITHA. "Hyxwe" nony4aloT 3eMnio H3 4PoHna nepepacnpegeneHus ,Inni sefleHM c,epMepcKoro Xo3FrCTBa, ca.UoBoACcTBa H oropogHH4ecTBa, a TaKX(e fqaqHoro CTPOITenbCTBa. "CBO0", T.e. 4neHbl 1 pa6oTHHKH cenbCKOXO3RrCTBeHHblx nperinpHRTrw, nony4aIoT 3eMnio qnR BegeHHP nwMHblx nogco6HbIX X03PrCTB 13 cneL4UanbHoro pe3epBa, CO3gaHHoro nyTem H3 bITHMF JiOnOnHHTenbHbIX 15% cenbCKOXO3srCTBeHHbIX 3eMenb, OCTaBWHXCR B nOnb3OBaHtH KOrir1eKTHBHbIX H rocy,qapCTBeHHbIX XO35IACTB. 3.9. 3emnsq, ocTaB3waRcFi nocne H3bRTHt B rocyJqapCTBeHHbII pe3epB, nepenaeTCH B KOnneKTHBHOe nonb3OBaHHe. KOnneKTHBHOe 3eMnenonb3oaaHHe paccMaTpHBaeTcR KaK nepeXOJ,HaR CTaami Me)K,ny rocyjlapCTBeHHOA H 4aCTHOA CO6CTBeHHOCTbKO Ha 3eMnKo. B npHHL4Hne 3eMrIs, HaxoqRUAa4CR B KonneKTHBHOM nonb3OBaHHH, npeflHa3Ha4eHa gnR pacnpe,qeneHH Mee)Kjly 4neHaMH KOnneKTHBa, BKnioL4aR neHCHOHepoB, )Kt4BYwLHX B cene. Ha npaKTHKe, O,HaKO, He BCR 3eMnr, Haxo iLL&aRcR B KonneKTHBHOM norlb3oBaHm, nofqne*KwT pacnpeleneHuw1: 4acTb 3TOA 3eMnm o614UM co6paHHeM 4neHOB KonneKTHBa o61b'aBnReTcR HegqenHMoA (KaK npaBsuno, 3TO 3eMn5l, Haxo quAaFICS1 B o6LLeM nonb3oBaHHH 4nu nog o6U.LeCTBeHHblMW 3iJaHWIMH), H TOnbKO OCTanbHa, LiaCTb 3eMnm nonne)KHT pacnpeneneHWu 4neHaM KonneKTHBa. 3.10. TaKHM o6pa3oM, 3aKoHonaTenbcTBo no 3eMenbHou pecpopMe npH3HaeT npaBo Ha 3eMnIlO Tpex OCHOBHbiX rpynn 3eMnenonb3oBaTeneIl a HMeHHO: cenbCKOXo3RuCTBeHHbIX npegnpWRTHA, B3naqenbL4eB nfHHblx noqco6HbIx X03RACTB U HOBOU rpynnbl 4acTHbIx cpepMepoB. 3aKoHogaTenbcTBo npH3HaeT cyLueCTBoBaHHe pa3nJHqHbIx CpOpM 3eMnenonb3oBaHws: 4aCTHOA Co6CTBeHHOCTM, rocynapCTBeHHOA Co6CTBeHHOCTH, KOnneKTHBHOA Co6CTBeHHOCTH, BnageHN H fnOnb3oBaHHR. 3aKOHOgaTenbCTBO YCTaHaBnUiBaeT npHHLHin paBeHcTBa npaB jinR pa3nMHHbIx opraHH3at4HoHHbIx CpOpM B paMKax nio6oro H3 yKa3aHHbIx THnOB 3eMnenlonb3oBaHHR. 3aKOHOJqaTenbCTBO He nooLL4pReT OTKpbITO CO3,qaHme 4aCTHbIx X03RACTB H, npuH 3TOM, He HUHUT liopHIIH4eCKHx npenRTCTBUI ganbHeLweMy CyLLteCTBOBaHHKO KOnneKTHBHbIX X035iACTB. 3eMnsu u o6uasi nporpaMMa npHBaTM3amuu 3.11. CcpopmynHpoBaHHbie BbiLue npuHHunbi npHBaTH3atAmm 3eMnti OCHOBaHbI Ha 3eMenbHoM 3aKoHonaTenbcTse 1991-1992 rr., KacaloU4eMcR MmeHHO cenbcKoXo3RrcTBeHHbIx 3eMenb. nlapannenbHo, B paMKax o6LLero 3aKOHOnaTenbCTsa no npHBaTW3aLAmm, 6bin pa3pa6oTaHbl pR,q npOTHBope4au.iHx qlpyr ,pyry nptHH4noa, B TOM mHcne KoHL.enL4HR geHaLAtoHanH3aLAHH H npHUaTU3ammH npeJqnpH4ITHI4, 3eMnJ )Ku L nbi, npuHHTaR B HOR6pe 1991 r. (no COOTBeTCTByoLL&erO 3eMerIbHoro 3aKOHogaTenbCTBa), 3aKOH o npiBaTH3aUHOHHblx LteHHbIX 6yMarax, nPlHHTbIA B MapTe 1992 r., H rocyxqapcTBeHHa,i nporpaMMa npHBaTH3aLAHH mMYLL,eCTBa rocySapCTBeHHblx npeInpHRTHUi, YTBep)KfeHHaR B aarycTe 1992 r. B COOTBeTCTBHH C o6UJ,UM 3aKoHogaTenbcTBoM no npHBaTH3aLAmm, ace B3pOCnbie rpa)KJqaHe YKpaHHbi tMIeOT paBHoe npaBo Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha y4aCTOK 3eMntI - 40 - tpuKCup0BaHHoh nnowagu, paBHOA cpeJHeMy n0Ka3aTenlo Ha Aywy HaceneHMs no cTpaHe. 3To npaBo nOgiTBep)KrBaeTCFI BblAa4eA cneLL4anbHblx npmBaTM3aLAMOHHbIX L4eHHbiX 6yMar (TaK Ha3bIsaeMbIX KynOHOB nu "60Ho) BceMy B3pocnoMy HaceneHWIO. 3.12. CerojHFI B YKpaMHe CpeJHsi nnow.agb CenbCKOX03RFlCTBeHHb[X 3eMenb Ha pywy HaceneHWs cnMWKOM mana gnsF npaKTw4eCKoro BeOBeHHL45 xo3suFcTBa. Ha Jiywy HaceneHwF B cTpaHe npwXo0WTCc 0,8 ra, a B 3alnaQHbIX o6naCTRX 3TOT nOKa3aTenb COCTaBns1eT MeHee 0,4 ra Ha flyWy HaceneHMSI (Pwc. 3.1). lo3ToMy, XOTS npMHLtUil paBHorO HaRleneHHUI 3eMnle1 BCerO B3pOCflOrO HaceneHlw B paMKax o6wero npmBaTM3aBLLoHHoro 3aKOHogaTenbCTBa ocTaeTC1 B cone, Ha npaKTMKe npu ero npMmeHeHMM Ha6nioflaeTCFI TeHneHLLI4H OTXOfla OT nlOnllTUKU pacnpeAeneHMS4 3eBMf Ha TaKOA OCHOBe. BMeCTO 3TorO B3pocnoe HaceneHwe, nO-BIlUMoMy, llonyWUT rOCyRjapCTBeHHbie LLeHHbIe 6yMarm, CTOUMOCTb KOTOpbIX 3KBMBaneHTHa BenJ.IHe AonM Ka)KgorO enoBeKa B rocyRapCTBeHHOM UMyL4eCTBe, BKnio'4aFl 3eMnlIO, 1 3TU LLeHHble 6yMarm 6yJyT nofne)KaTb Kynne-npoxta)Ke Ha CpOHgoBoBi 6mpKe unu mcnonb3olaHbi janFl nOKynKi aKL4UA pa3nw4HbIX KOMnaHMU. OHM He 6YAYT gaBaTb npaBa Ha MaTepUanbHOe mmyLueCTBO unu y4aCTOK 3eMnf. OOpMbi co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMnUO 3.13. 3aKOH 0 coopMax CO6CTBeHHOCT. Ha 3eMniO, M3JaaHHblU B SHBape 1992 r., npf3HaeT TpU tpOpMbI CO6CTBeHHOCTM: * rOCyyAaPCTBeHHyIO co6CTBeHHOCTb; * KO M KneKTUBHyIO co6CTBeHHOCTb; * L~aCTHYIO Co6CTBeHHOCTb. 3.14. KaTeropwM 3eMenb B paMKaX KaKQ0aor U3 ctOpM CO6CTBeHHOCTH OnpeensilOTC5 3eMenbHbIM KofeKCOM 1992 r. PacnpeneneHn e cenbCKOXo3FICTBeHHbIX 3eMenb cpeAu nonb3OBaTenefl no COCTOHMUO Ha RHBapb 1994 r. npfLBeAeHO B Ta6n. 3.1. TaKoe pacnpegeneHue sBnseTcs 6a3o0u gns nocnepyiomer nepega4m npaBa co6CTBeHHocTM Ha 3eMn1o OT rocyjtapCTsa KOnneKTUBHbIM U 4aCTHbIM CO6CTBeHHMKaM Ha OCHOBe 3aKOHOB 0 3eMelnbHOA pecoopMe. TaK, B COOTBeTCTBUU c Ta6n. 3.1, 13,4% cenbCKOXo3F1LICTBeHHbIX 3eMerib mCnOnlb3yeTCR CO6CTBeHHMKaMm nfHHblX nOnCO6HblX X03S>CTB, U 3TH 3eMJU B KOHe4HOM UTore npeilnonaraeTcq nepeilaT B LIaCTHYIO co6CTBeHHOCTb. TaKoe paCnpeneneHte, OJlHaKO, He COOTBeTCTByeT HbiHeWHeMy CTaTYCY BlanaeHS1 3TUMU 3eMl5iMU, noCKonbKy npo0Lecc npmBaTM3aBI4I 3eMnu e8Le He Ha6pan nonHy1I cwny. 3.15. rocynapCTBO HaMepeHO COXpaHUTb B CBOer4 co6CTBeHHoCTM cneJlyioLLLLe KaTeropww CenbCKOX0391CTBeHHbIX 3eMenb: * 3eMnf CenbCKOX03Flr4CTBeHHbIX HayL4HO-CCnerOBaTenbCKMX y4pe8)KeH14u u y4e6HbIX 3aBeBeHMA U UX OnblTHblX X039;CTB, y4e6HbIX X03RUCTB y4e6HbIX 3aBe,aeHMA; * raCyrcAaPCTBeHHbIX COpTOUCnblTaTenbHblX CTaHLS4U U COpTOy4aCTKOB; 3nfTHO- - 41 - ceMeHOBOfHeCKHX H ceMeHOBOJq4eCKHX X03F1&CTB; * ~nneMeHHbIX 3aBOJoB, nneMeHHbIX COBX030B 4 KOHe3aBOJqOB; * X03SIRCTB no BbipaLLJABaHHIO xMenI, 3cpMpo-MacnM4HbIX, neKapCTBeHHbIX paCTeH1&, CppyKTOB H B6HorparBa. 3.16. 3Tw 3eMJ¶4 COCTaBnJsOT 6onee 6% ceJ1bcKOXo3RAcTBeHHblx 3eMenb, H OH4 ocCTaHyTc B nonb3OBaHHH rOCy,qapCTBeHHbIX X03FIACTB, o6O3Ha4eHHbIX KaK "XO3SICTBa, He noxInewKamwe peopraHM3aULm". Pe3epeHbie 3eMJmH wCPOHabl nepepacnpeqeneHMR TaK)Ke OCTaIOTCSI B rocy,napcTBeHHOA Co6CTBeHHOCTH, HO TOnbKO BpeMeHHO: B KOHe4HOM WTOre OHM lOflo)KHbl 6blTb pacnpenerieHbl B 1aCTHyIO CO6CTBeHHOCTb MHHlMBmJyanbHblM nOnb3oBaTen1M. EiOnbwMe nnow.aJM 3eMenb necHoro H BOfHOrO CtOHfOB OCTaHYTCI B nOCTOFHHOA rOCyAapCTBeHHOi Co6CTBeHHOCTH. 3.17. Bce 3eMnH, mcnonb3yeMbie B HaCTOsW8ee BpeMR KOnlneKTMBHblmM, rOCyJaPCTBeHHbIM4 XO3$iACTBaMm H Ipyr"MM cenbcKoXo3RrLcTBeHHbiMw npeJnpfmTHMRMM, 3a MCKnioweHMeM 3eMerlb, M3-bFTbIX B pe3epB H 3eMenb rocy;IapCTBeHHbIX XO35;ACTB, He nognewaKtx peopraHH3aLAmm, nepexoarT B KonneKTuBHyIO co6CTBeHHOCTb (6e3 BblKyna). OHM COCTaBnRlOT 75% cenbcKoxO3AACcTBeHHblx 3eMenb, KOTOpbIe Mcnonb30Ban4Cb BceMM cenbCKOXo3viACTBeHHbiMH npeqnpFITHMH MjO Haqaria npoBeaeHM5 3eMenbHO1l pecpOpMbi (3a MCKnfO4IeHweM 3eMenb J1H'4HblX nOacIo6HbIX XO3f1&ACTB, CM. Ta6n.3.1). Ta6da 3.1. Pacnpe,AeneHu cgnbcKOXO3IlACTBOHHbIX 3eMenb CpsAl nonb3oBaTeneA no COCTORHUO Ha 1 RHBapSl 1994 r. _~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ M Pll6TaX OT BCep "Man KonnsKTump%e xo3gRcTsa 60.8 rocyRApcT3emmhSo xo3sicTBs, noAnemauw)4 14.2 nplaTmaaUwI rocyRapCTB.IHHb xoawfCta, He noAniwauNue 6.4 poprai&mamu I Csr2cKoX03Wa7crMe6H. KoofnbpBTWhl 0.2 TosapI4zecra i axuwoepHbi. o,6ucma 0.5 X03aACTsa, 11.9 B TOM HUCfle: 3SMInHbIO y4aCTK" Arm BRSiH WA.ioro &2 nowco6woro xosACTBa 3aMenSHbW yMaCTKw AnR BsAmHuR CaWAoOOC-Ma M 1.1 OropoarH'wcma 3eMWeebI6 yMbCTKM ARi CSHOKOUMU IA Obanaca 2.6 CKOTI MepMOpbl 1.5 flpyrs nombaOBaTeml 0.5 3em B o6uom nonbwoeaHu 0.6 rocynapcmuaH" samenb. pw.pa 2.6 (OWOKOXO=TDI 4NbIS 34MnI) MOCTHB pO3pBbW (Cam.cKOXoMaacTn.HHw 3eunA) 0.8 Pk ro'a4HciW LUH4M1Ka 3OM.IbNOrO c4OHqa YKPaUH, rOCYAPCTBSeHHbiA KoM"TwT riO 39Mn1aOmb30BaHUO, KUeB (1994 r.); 3eMeru.blA KFaacTp YKpaSH, rOCyAapCT.HHbA KOMUTr Trno 3SMfn9nOnbOB8HIUO, KiwB (1994 r.). - 42 - 3.18. B KOnneKTHBHYIO co6CTBeHHOCTb nepeqaiOTCcI: * 3BMlmn o6utero nonb3oBaHMS; * 3eMnf CenbCKOX0351CTBeHHOrO Ha3Ha4eHui. 3.19. flnsi nocneyiyot.ero pacnpeP,eneHUfi Me)KAy qneHamM KOnneKTUBa npeAHa3Ha4eHbl TOnbKO 3eMnJ cenbCKOXO3RC4CTBeHHorO Ha3HaqeHmg. 3eMnsi B o6weM nonb3OBaHML OCTaeTCs HeAenwMorl. 3To 3eMMli non BHYTpMX033r4CTBeHHbIMA noporamm u npoe3jlaMm, o6LLL,eCTBeHHbtMM 3MaHMIMMU, MenJOpaTWBHbIMW coopy)KeHMRMM, nO4BO3aBLLLTHblMw nonfiMM U T.J. B xone nonHoL peopraHL13awum X039lPICTB B nonHonpaBHbIe xo3FAcTBeHHbie erw1Htu4bl unu o61beAwMHeHMFI 4aCTHbIX X039rCTB 3eMnf o6u,ero nonb3OBaHI41 neperaaIoTcs MeCTHOMY CoBeTy, 1 HeKOTOPbIM HOBbIM o6pa3OBaHMIM Mo)KeT 6blTb OTKa3aHO B npaBe CO6CTBeHHOCTU Ha 3eMnIO, Ha KOTOPOU OHM noCTpoeHbI, ecnJ 3TO 3eMnsi o6uero noJ1b3oBaHk1F. 3.20. 3eMnU cenbCKOXO35IACTBeHHorO Ha3HaQeHws nePBOHaqanbHO jlenSfTCI Me)KlCy 4aCTHblMm nfU,aMI B cpOpMe 3eMenbHoro naz, nOjlTBep)KrleHHOrO cepTw4OMKaTOM Ha npaBo co6CTBeHHoCTm. BTOpbIM 3TanoM npoL,ecca pacnpeneneHMwI FiBnsieTCFI HenocpeMCTBeHHas nepe,ia'a onpeJleneHHb[X y4aCTKOB mHHjlBmmyanbHbiM nah1IJuKaM. 3To He o6R3aTenbHoe MeponpwSTIe; OHO npeiIyCMOTpeHO TOnbKO B cnyqaRx, KorJa 4aCTHbie nuLua BbIXOJJT U43 KonneKTIBa, 4To6bl OCHOBaTb qaCTHoe X0351ACTBO. nlocKonbKy 3eMna, Haxo RLLLaRcsR B KOnneKTWBHOA co6CTBeHHOCTM, 1fenMTC5I Ha nau, jlawe 6e3 HenOCpejJCTBeHHOC4 pa3,qa'4 3eMenbHbIX y4aCTKOB, OHa CTaHOBMTCR COBOKYnHOCTbIO 3eMenbHblX naeB, HaXOpARUW,UXCR B ,4aCTHOA CO6CTBeHHOCT14. XOTS npsMo o6 3TOM B 3eMenbHOM KOiPeKCe He rOBOpt4TCR, 3TO nOHsITHO U3 JjOCTaTO4HO WI.pOKOrO nepe4HR npaB BnaqenbLueB MHJWIBW4yanbHbIX 3eMenbHbIX naeB, OnpeAeneHHOrO CTaTbeL 5 3eMenbHoro KO,qeKCa: * npasa nepeiaBaTb 3eMenbHbI1i naR no HacnerlcTBy; npaBa nony4eHMR 3eMenbHoro naR HaTyPOR nnR ocHoBaHtsR 4acTHoro X03RACTBa, He6onbworo npOI43BOflCTBeHHOrO KoonepaTusa, o6'beAWHeH&lR U T.A.; * npaBa mcnonb3osaHMR 3eMenbHoro nai Ains o6ecne4eHmsi Jonra; * npasa npoJla)KH 3eMenbHoro nas nocne u4CTe4eHusi WueCTuneTHero cpoKa 3anpeTa Ha npola)Ky. 3.21. PacnpeileneHwe 3eMenbHbIX y'aCTKOB B KOnneKTUBaX RBnReTCR nePBbIM warOM Ha nyTU K 4aCTHOA CO6CTBeHHOCTW Ha 3eMniO Pa3Mepl 3e2MnbHbIx y4acTKoB, npefocTaBfnleMbIX B '4acTHyio CO6CTBeHHOCTh 3.22. 3eMns xfnS seAeHmR nfqHoro nonco6Horo Xo3shCTBa, MHntsBMjayanbHoro caJ1oBOJACTBa u oropoAHM4ecTsa, a TaKwe Anf BegeHui. cpepMepCKoro Xo3RACTBa 4aCTHblMW cpepMaMH nepeAaeTCS9 B 4aCTHY10 co6CTBeHHOCTb npu onpeileneHHblX orpaHW4eHm49x (Ta6n. 3.2). ans BeaeHmm nJ4HOrO nOfCo6HOro XO391CTBa B '4aCTHYIO CO6CTBeHHOCTb rpa)KAaH nepenaIOTCs y4aCTKI4 B pa3Mepe He 6onee 0,6 ra. 06uLas nnoLLuaib 3TUX y4aCTKOB He On)KHa nPeBbIwaTb - 43 - 1 ra; no cornacoBaHlIo C BflaCTHMI pa3mepbl 3eMenbHbIX yqacTKoB MOrYT 6blTb yBenmJ eHbl ,no 2 ra. Pa3Mepbl 3eMeflbHbIX yqaCTKOB gnfl BeqeHMI4 c4epMepCKIx XO3s1CTB He flOn)KHbl npeBbiwaTb 50 ra cenbCKoXo3R5iCTBeHHbIX yrognA wnu 100 ra BceX 3eMenb (HanpMmep, BKnIoLiaSi yHaCTOK neca). Ta6mua 3.2. Pa3Mspb 3eMenHbHX y4acTKOB, npeAocTasBmeMbix B 4aCTHyIO 006CTBBHHOCTh 4cnonbaoaaHw 3B5Menb MaKcMarnbHbige P3M§RbC nnaTa 3a aMIno | UCTO4K dXpMepcKco X03RACTBO 50 ra SBCalnaTH no CpDwuuiH 3eMebHblhI na CrbcKOXO3IRkCTBOHHbIX BenJ4w4i samenbhoro naR 6biswero mrisHa yroawu 100 ra WcEx B paRoHl, C onnaToR KOnnrcKTVa, 3eMenb nnowaau cabiwe cpeAHeA rocyRapcTBeHHbIA BIU1%nm4mH 3SMenbHoro nag pe3eps Jl*moe noAco6&oe 0.6 ra EecnnaTHo 30Mns4 BbiAensHHaBf XO3RACTBO CUnbCKOXO39ACTBIHHbi M npflan5flMWM UHAuzuIyarlbHoe )KxuM4e 0.25 ra B COIhCKO 6ecnnamTo rocyDapcTeHmHbem CTPOIr6nbCThO MOCTHOCTU, pe3Sps 0.1 ra B ropoAax Y'4acTKm wnn caRoBoAcTsa 0.12 ra ecrnano rocyAapcTBlHNI pesaps Y4acThm nsi 0.1 ra BecnnaTo rocyAapcmTeHHb mu.IufayarbHoro IaLHoro pe3epS CTpoI4Ten6cTa Y'acncKm wu rapasiHoro 0.01 ra BecnnaTo rocynapcTBemr CTpoUTSnbCTBa pO3DB UCrO4HWU: UHcTUTyT arpapHoA 3KOHOMUKI, Kies. 3.23. Ha HbIHeWHeM sTane pecoopMbI nonyHaTenw 3eMnf npaKTILeCK4 HIHerO He nnaTTFIT 3a CBOIO nonlo. 3eMnri Jnnf BCeX XO3FrCTBeHHbIX HY)Kn (yqacTKw 3eMnm JInFi BeneHM1 MLMHoro nonco6Horo X03RACTBa, CanOBOgCTBa, X035URCTBeHHOro CTpOMTenbCTBa) BblaenseTCH 6ecnnaTHo 3eMnsi gn1M BegeHiSi xo3HIAcTBeHHoO neBTenbHOCTI BHe KonneKTHBHbIX XO3sikCTB TaKwKe BblnenIeTCi 6eCnnaTHO, XOTS1 neACTBYIOW.LM 3aKOHOJaTe)lbCTBOM npe,aycMaTpHBaeTCs1, LiTO cpepMepbl UMmeOT npaBo nonyJlt4Tb 6ecnnaTHO TOnbKO yqaCTOK nnoLLIa,fblO ,qo cpenlHeri (no pavioHy) BenJ4MHbl 3eMenbHoro nas 4neHa lnm pa6OTH"Ka XO3FUACTBa (no cTpaHe CpenHHA 3eMerJbHbIL naPi COCTaBnBeT 6 ra). HJneH xo3H81icTBa, >KenaioW.Mr4 BblviTu 13 KonneKTHBa C TeM, 4To6bl CO3,naTb qaCTHoe XO35lriCTBO, WMeeT npaBo Ha 6ecnnaTHoe nonyHeHie CBoerB nonM KonneKTABHOA 3eMnw. 3eMni nnolLLtabIo CBblwe YCTaHOBneHHbIX npegenoB MO)KeT 6blTb nonyieHa B nOnb3OBaHme mnw cqaHa B apeHqy U3 rocynapcTBeHHoro pe3epBa. B nanbHer4weM, LiaCTHbIM cpepmepam 6yneT pa3peweHo nOKynaTb 3eMnlo y rocynapcTBa ufnu qpyri4x CO6CTBeHH14KOB 3eMnJ B pa3MepaX, He npeBblwaKlowIX yCTaHOBneHHO0O 3aKOHOM MaKcIManbHoro npegiena ,nRn 3eMenbHbIX y,4aCTKOB - 44 - Ans' B8eeH14 n4Horo nogco6Horo xO3sRCTBa. ferCTByIOUX%AI cef4.ac 3anpeT Ha Kynnio- npoAaKy 3emnM 3anpefLLaeT npoNa)y 3eMnm B Te'eH1e WeCTm neT. 3.24. TaKMM o6pa3oM, B TmnMLIHOM USM YKpawiHbl LaCTHOM XO31IPICTBe pa3MepaMm 20 ra B 4aCTHO CO6CTBeHHOCTm no 3aKOHY Mo*eT HaXOAMTbCS BCH 3eMnfl (pa3Mep y'aCTKa MeHbwe yCTaHoB1neHHbIX 50 ra 3eMnu). TeM He MeHee, HiaCTHOMy c)epMepy, B03MO)KHO, npIAeTC$ nnaTMTb 3a 4aCTb 3eMnJi, npeBbiWaioLLKel1 3eMenbHbIi nari CeMbU. B ceMbe 43 Tpex unu 48TblpeX B3pocnblX MX 3eMenbHblx naeB, BepORTHo, 6yJeT JOCTaTOHHO, 4To6bl o6ecne4HTb 6ecnnaTHoe nony4eHle 3eMnf. B X03RACTBe C nBYMI B3pOCnblMm npI nony4eHMM o6oMM" 4neHaMm ceMbM 3eMenbHoro nas OT cBoero 6blBwero KonneKTIBa, B COOTBeTCTBMM CO cpeAHeA BenM14HOfl 3eMenbHoro yiacTKa no cTpaHe, OHM 6yJyT MmeTb npaBO Ha nony4eHme 12 ra 3eMnm 6ecnnaTHo, a OCTanbHbie 8 ra mM npfleTCs BbiKynaTb y rocyItapCTBa. rlOCKonbKy ceri4ac cpepMepbi nony4aIOT BCIO 3eMnIO OT rocynapCTBa 4paKTM4eCKw 6ecnnaTHo, nocne ynpo'eHMS cBoero nono)KeHMSI B 6ygywgeM, pepMepaM, B03MOKHO, npmAeTCS nnaT1Tb rocyjIapCTBy 3a 'iaCTb 3eMnL, KOTOpyIO J1o 3TorO BpeMeHM OHM CH4TanI 6ecnnaTHo1. A6conIOTHbIX OrpaHIHeHUA Ha YCTaHOBneHHbie pa3Mepbl 3eMenbHbIX y4aCTKOB AnXI BeeHMSI 4aCTHbIX X03fIACTB, no-BM9MMoMy, He 6yneT, no3TOMY cpepMepbl MoryT paCWIp9Tb CBOM Xo3RACTBa CBbIWe npejaenoB, yCTaHOBneHHbIx npm nepeJia4e 3eMnm B 4aCTHyIO co6cTBeHHocTb, 3a cHeT apeHjrbl 3eMnm y rocyjlapCTBa, MeCTHbIX KOnneKTMBHbIX npeAnpt4SiTHA unu y fpyrux 4aCTHblx n1ML, HanpMmep, neHCHOHePOB Tex XO3R4CTB, rge 3eMnvi 6bmna HenOCpe8CTBeHHO po3JaHa Co6CTBeHHMKaM. 0 C C" x C, in C, cm 'WI W% in 0 do x 39 CL m le 0 0 >1 L: L: L: 0 z co 0 m (.) 0 F- C.) 0 .0 L. C% C 0 0) x m %C 'a) I I 0 >. X a D- 5 0 C[ CL (1) = m Co L: F- 0 (L) e I I R. XC,) CE co 0 0 S 0 m CXL le m m 4) 0 0 (I. 0 :2 I C a C'z co C, co ag 0 m CL he a a co C-L z m 0 0 cy) r= 'x cx 'O X C) x o 3z CV) a a cl 0 2 rL 1-- L: F-" 0- a § 0 & 4 C I'll I L. CL C.) le 10 pi CL 0 0 o MO o o ox o o 0 o O' 0 0 0 C (L) L) - 46 - SAKOHOaAATSLCTBo 0 EE |flocTaNoBnm ri no rnpocas, CUU2IaHIoM c npawm co6cTBWmuCTo Ha 3sMero 12pS/1990 n3c o SUffnbNOA pe4>opme 12/18/1990 nBc S3fM3MIA KOAOKC YKpafIs 12/18/1990 3Y 3aKoH "O KPSCTbNOCKOM (IpepMGpCKOM) Xo3uRcTBe" 12/20/1991 3Y o 4ropMax COOCTB8HHOCTU Ha 3eMFO 1/30/1992 3Y 3aKoH 0 KolUIKTMUHOM CUnbOKOXOZACTSHHNOM npeAnpwanm 2/14/1992 3Y O opMax rocynapccTeHwblx RoKyeMeHToB o npaBe co6cfTBeHHocT Ha 3sm41o U npasm rnocTomHHoro nonbru BaHMA 3IMnfl 3/13/19n2 nac O BH6C6HWI H3MIHOHSH U gonomHeHU B 3meIububiA KOA9IC YKpaIbI 3/13/1992 3Y 3aKoH "O nnaTe 3a 36MJ10" 7/03/1992 3Y O BH6C0HUS H3MhH6HW7 1 AornorIHFU4e B 3aKOH "O KOJ1nJSTisHOM C6LbCKOXO3flACTB6HHOM 5/04/1993 3Y InPOAnPu"Tuu" O BHOCIHUU H3MSHeHWA U gonorueH$7 B 3a8cOH "O KpSCTRbHCKOM (e4epoKoM) xonAcTBe" 6/22/1993 3Y flpiaTa3auws 3eMenbIbIX y'4acTKoB 12/26/1992 nnl I O BMHeceHuu 3MeH6H1* H Aonor*ieHiV a 3aKoH "O nnaTe 3m 3OMfo" 12/16/1992 3Y O npouegype mBOAa B leAcTBae 3eMenbHoro Kagacpap YKpambi 1/12/1993 nnlf O HeOTflONHbIX Mepax no nogrOTOBKOe UL npoaeAeuo 3SMUribHoM pecpopmbi 5/07/1993 nn 06 yTBep86N eHI npOrpaMMbI MoHHTopmUrU 3eMWm 8/22/1993 nnlf 06 OUOHKO noTepb U KoMneecaLu* co6cTBsHHLKaMH U nonb3oBaaTrmMnu 30Mn 4/19/1993 nn O HeKoTopblX BonpoCax P33BWTSH KPOCTbhHCKHX (4epMepcK1ix) 3/14/1993 nn I X039UACTB O npo4teaype yCTaHoBnesHI CTSBOK Hanora Ha 36M110 9/16/1992 nn - 47 - 4 CoSAaNNO 4acTHoro ceiropa 06u,asi xapaKTepiCTlKa 4.1. B 1991 r. 3aKOHOM "O KpeCTbFlHCKOM (cpepMepCKOM) X0351>CTBe" B YKpawHe 6bino cpOpManbHO npf3HaHO cyu.eCTBOBaHme HaCTHoro cepMepcKoro X03RACTBa BHe paMOK KOnneKTUBHOrO XO3FIACTBa. XOTS1 nepBble IaCTHbie X03HIACTBa 6bilwM C03JqaHbI y)Ke B 1990 r., OCHOBHaF wx Macca 6bina 3aperMCTPUPOBaHa B 1992-1993 rr., nocne Toro, KaK BepxoBHbIM CoBeTOM 6binw npfHHTbI COOTBeTCTByIOLaHe 3aKoHbl (Ta6n. 4.1). K 1 iiions 1994 r. B YKpawHe 6blno 6onee 30.000 cepMepoB, Bnaaeiou8O x cenbCKOXo3R>CTBeHHbIMH yrOJbœML4 o6ULek nnouLa,biO OKono 650 ra. CeroJHI B YKpaUHe CpeWHis nnowaab 3eMenb B cpepMepCKOM X03siCTBBe COCTaBnBeT 21 ra (B POCCMW, K npwMepy, oHa paBHa 40 ra). HecMOTpI Ha BneqaTnlKio0Li,l pOCT qucna '4aCTHbIX X039RCTB 3a nocnegHwe Tpi.i rojia, nocneJIHIe 3aHHMalOT 1,6% Bcex cenbCKoxo35WACTBeHHbIX yroJuvi B YKpaUHe (jaaHHbie Ha SHBapb 1994 r.), ToriIa KaK B 5IHBape 1993 r. - 0,8%. TA6m 4.1. POCT IMCna 'aCTHbIX X03flACTB B YKpaMe B 19901993 rr. | BH&pb |Hmpb m|apb | .Iaapb |UO! 1991 r. 19 92r. 1993 r. 1994 r. 1994 r. Komi4i'Tro 'acTHiX xoaAcT 82 2096 14,681 27,739 30,895 flnow.awb CenbOKOXO3R6BHHblX yrOa B LaaTHbix 2.0 39.7 2SQ3 558.2 657.5 xoa31CTBaX, TmC. ra J1OJ OrbOaxc3xo TicamuaX yroA a '4acTmblx - - 0.8% 1.5% 1.6% xo0RCfTBx, % CP.AHi Paap4epbacTHo xo3ACTBaara 24.4 18.9 19.9 20.1 21.3 4cTo'HUK: MUeTcryr arpapHoA UcoHOwwi KmUB 4.2. XOT$I B 3anaflHbIX o6naCT$IX, KoTopbIe noQBeprnMcb KonneKTHBI43a4LIH TonbKO B 50-e rofbl, )IByT BOCnOMMHaHH5I O HaCTHOl Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMfl1o 1 CeMeBHbIX 4epMepCKHX xo3Fl>CTBax, 'Icno 4aCTHbIX X03FICTB 3feCb paCTeT CpaBHITen1bHO MeglneHHO. B HacTosLLee BpeMP KaK no Hwcny HaCTHbIx X03FrCTB, TaK U no COOTHOWeH"iKo nnoLWaqe1 cenbcKoXo3R>CTBeHHbIx yroLWim, OTBegeHHbIx nof 'aCTHbie XO3FWACTBa, nfHHPYIOT LeHTpanbHbie H BOCTO'HbIe CTenHbie o6nacTM (Ta6n. 4.2). Ha ceMb 3anafHbIX o6nacTeA npmXOfH"TC TonbKO 13% Bcex 'aCTHbIX X03F11iCTB B YKpaHHe, Torna KaK 50% UX pacnorioKeHo B ceMw iorO-BoCTo04Hbx o6nacTrFx (3anopo*cKoC1, foHeLtKoA, .QHenponeTpoBcKoPI, flyraHcKoA, KmpoBorpaAcKor, HHKonaeBCKOA H XepCOHCKOrI). B CB5I3H C HH3KOI nnOTHOCTbIO HaceneHH5I B CTenHbIX o6nacTrIx MO)KHO CO3jaBaTb CPaBHUTenbHO KpynHbie 'aCTHbie XO3ShCTBa (cpeUHerl nnow.aQbio 6onee 30 ra B 3anopoxcKoA, KMpoBorpasqcKoA, JlyraHcKoR, XapbKOBCKOr1 U XepCOHCKOrI o6naCTrix). B 3anaflHbIX o6nacTAx L" x A m x x x -Ph, -0- c m 0-0 0 0 0 m s m Ln to = "e %< -1 0 w M 0 w -C)o0 0 0 = 0 cr m CD :3 T f -iSnfWOXM==FWnt33XOX K -1 -1 -4 x SI = CD ID CD x x 0 0 S x rb D) tr 0 0 A -0 r.3 n A x OD IX i <1 - I A I 8 T w 0 0 I 0 g 0 0 AM, )i -4 w 0 Wx C) ml -0 x 7c 0 0 0X 0 5 0 co 302 0 W x o -1s op 7c H M m 0 CD r;j 0 A 0 F n - 0 x o 0)0 cc) 0 0 0 CD t3 0 -1 7, -4 S 30W co 0 0 M 0 0 U. ;K St X x 0 0 w 0 rh 0 ;K go 0 o -o m 0 0Ln 0 13 0% CD (D CD -0 23 m -1 cr X 0 w x n tr = 0 la 0 0 m E :3 --i S,0 m 0 0 s x X W cr A I :3 0 o m E 0 0 0 :3 Lr w o St 9 F (A) CD 0 M r) JO JO W W W 4P, $b 3 I 0 x 10 o o 0 -co -0 O. 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TaKHM o6pa3oM, npoLtecc perlcTpalL-H 3eMJ1 HaXOIMTCa nOKa Ha HaYanbHOM 3Tane, 1a)cKe KacaTenbHo HaCTHbIX X03FfCTB. 4.5. 41epMepbl MoryT nony'L1Tb 3eMnio W3 rByX MCTOHHMKOB, a MmeHHO: MHHJMBHj1yanbHOrO 3eMenbHoro Harlena, KOTOpblri BnpaBe nonylHTb Ka)Kjabl HneH KOnXO3a mn pa6oTHAK COBXO3a aJIJ1 CO3jaaHt*1 HaCTHoro XO3FIACTBa; rocy*apCTBeHHorO 3eMenbHoro pe3epBa, cny)KawLero HCTOIHWKOM aononHHTenbHbIX 3eMenbHbIX yHaCTKOB janS 6blBWwX qJieHOB KonXO3OB mnJ pa6OTHMKOB COBX030B, >KenaioW.Hx yBen4H"Tb CBOM Ha8enblI, H eJWHCTBeHHbIM MCTO'HHKOM 3eMn1 jAnfl Tex, KTO He BFBnFieTCI fneHoM KonXO3a mnf pa6OTHMKOM COBXO3a 1, TaKIM o6pa3oM, He mmeeT 3emenbHoro Hanena. 4.6. B npwHLulne, 3eMnIo M3 o6omx 3TWX WCTOHHMKOB nonyLHaIOT B HaCTHyIo co6CTBeHHOCTb 6ecnnaTHo B pa3Mepax, orpaHIlqlBaeMbIX cpeAHeI BenM'4HOA1 3eMenbHorO HaAena B naHHOA MeCTHOCTH. OfOnonHMTeflbHbIA yHaCTOK 3eMnf MO)KeT 6bITb nonyqeH B apeHJy nMJ B apyroA cpopMe 3eMnenlonb3OBaHHF 3a COOTBeTCTByIOLL,yiO nnaTy (XOTs B fler4CTBMTenbHOCTH nnaTa 3a 3eMnio nOKa He yCTaHOBneHa, He C4MTaR Hanora Ha 3eMnIo). flpmo6peTeHme 3eMenb cenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHorO Ha3Ha4eHt4g y rocyiapcTBa Hfn japyrmx co6CTBeHHMKOB 6yjqeT pa3peweHo no WCTe'eHmm 6 neT. 4.7. FocyqapCTBeHHbI1 pe3epB B HacTOFuJ.ee BpeMR RBnJieTcFI OCHOBHbIM 3aKOHHbIM MCTO4HIKOM 3eMnfL jAnsH cpepMepOB. 3To 6bIlJo npejayCMOTpeHO B 1992-1993 rr. M3TbWTmeM OKOnO 10% CeflbCKOX03Flr4CTBeHHbIX yroaAw KOJlXO30B H COBX030B. CerOjqHS1 pe3epB COCTO0IT npMmepHO 13 1,1 MnH. ra cenbCKOXo3R"CTBeHHbIX yroimh (MaKcmManbHasi SenMIHLHa pe3epBa 6bina 2,5 MnH. ra), KOTOpblX Oqn)KHO XBaTITb AnJf HaAeneHM 3eMnef 50.000 c4epMepoB npH HeW3MeHHoM cyLiueCTByioL.eM cpegHem pa3mepe cpepMepCKoro xo351AcTBa. ECnM Bce 3Th 3eMnf 6yfyT paCnpejleneHbl TaK, KaK npegnonaraeTC5I, KOrl4'eCTBO qaCTHbIX X0351ACTB B YKpawHe yBenMJHTCa nO'T1 BTpoe no cpaBHeHHIO C 5IHBapeM 1994 r. TeM caMbIM 6yneT CLIcepnaH HMeiOWHI4CAi pe3epB jan5l CO3faaHHif qaCTHbIX X03RrCTB npfH OTCyTCTBI44 iopHmH'-eCKMX MeXaHM3MOB anFl Toro, HTo6bi npoLAecc C03JaHHR 4aCTHbIX X03q>CTB npo,non>ancais ianbwe. 4neHbI KonneKTHBHbIX X03F>CTB, )enatoW.4e CTaTb coepMepaMm, no- npe)KHeMy 6yjyT MmeTb B03MO)KHOCTb BbIlTM 143 HHX C 3eMelnbHbIMH Hanenamm, HO 3TH Hagenbi 6yrayT HaMHOrO MeHbwe, LHeM CpeIHH4I pa3mep yHaCTKa 1nH BegeHMR HaCTHoro Xo3510CTBa (22 ra). flaHHbir4 MexaHM3M, OJ1HaKo, He pacnpocTpaHseTCa Ha "Hy)KMX", KOTOpbIM Nnfl C03JnaHMR HaCTHoro XO3RACTBa nOTpe6yeTCR 3eMnJl 13 npyri4x "CTOlHHtKOB. Ecnw pa3BMTwe HaCTHbIX X03RACTB B YKpawHe H ganbwe nokneT faOCTaTOHHo 6blCTpO, HOBbIM cpepmepam nOHaiao6MTCR QOlolnHMTefnbHbIl MCTOLH1K 3eMenb: n1L60 pbIHOHHbIe onepau4H J1On)KHbi 6blTb pa3peweHbl J1O MCTe'eH145 CpOKa weCTIneTHero 3anpeTa, nm60 13 KOnXO30B H COBX030B B pe3epB gOn)Hbi 6blTb nepeJiaHbl rlOnonHHTenbHbie 3eMnIH. - 51 - 4.8. HeCOOTBeTCTBHe pa3MepOB yHaCTKOB jann1 BeneHMP qaCTHoro xo3flr4cTBa, YCTaHOBneHHbIX B HaCTOLLee Bpemi pa3mepam yIaCTKOB, KOTopbIe 6ynyT PO3jqaHbl B 6ygqywgeM, CTaBHT BonpoC rapaHTMrl 3eMnenonb3oBaHwI. BynyT nw ocpmLAL4anbHo npH3HaHHble cpepmepbl B COCTOFHHH CXopaHHTb CBOH CpaBHHTenbHO 60nbwwe X035BACTBa B 6yJyw,eM, Kor,aa HOBbie BnaaeHWFi 6yayT OrpaHH'4BaTbCVI CpemHM pa3MepOM 3eMenJbHorO Hanena (oKono 6 ra)? 3ToT Bonpoc npencTasnsieT He TOJ1bKo aKageMmHeCKMO wHTepec c y4eToM Toro, 4TO TOflbKO He6onbwaF 4aCTb 3eMenb 4aCTHbIX X03FirCTB 3aperMCTpMpOBaHa KaK 4aCTHaFI CO6CTBeHHOCTb, a oCTanbHaq 3eMnfl HaXOflHTCSI B nonb3OBaHHH nMn BnaneHmH. YcKopeHme nepena4H 3eMnf B 4aCTHYIO co6CTBeHHOCTb H ycKopeHwe perMcTpaLtu" H BblaHw1 nOKyMeHTOB, yCTaHaBnMBaIou.mx npaBo Co6CTBeHHOCTH, HecoMHeHHO, 6yqyT BbiroJHbi Biaj1eJ1bLAaM ywe C03JqaHHbIX 4aCTHbIX X03FWICTB; 3TO, OaHaKO, Mo0KeT yCyry6bTb npO6neMbl, KOTOpbIe B03HHKHYT B CBFI3L4 C TeM, 4To 6ynyuw.e cpepMepbl, KaK o'KHJqaeTCFI, nony4aT yIaCTKH MeHbwero pa3Mepa. 4IaCTHbie X03RC4CTBa I cpepMepCTBO: pe3ynbTaTbi onpoca 4.9. TaK Ke, KaK m B LAenom no CTpaHe, 6onee 80% X03FIACTB B BbI6opKe 6binO 3aperwCTpMpOBaHO B 1992 m 1993 rr., a Ha X03FWICTBa, C03JIaHHbie B 1991 r., npwxogLiTcR meHee 15%. KaK 14 B PoccHM, 4HCJ1O 3aperLCTpIpOBaHHbIX 4aCTHbIX X03HW1CTB pa3flHYHO B pa3Hoe BpeMS roja: 60nbwaF 4aCTb X039aCTB 6bina 3aperMcTpmpoBaHa 34MO& 4 paHHei BeCHori, Korqa cpepMepbl CpaBHHTenbHO CBo6oJHbl OT nOneBbIX pa6oT (Pwc. 4.1). Bonee 80% 4aCTHbIX X03F11CTB B YKpaHHe COCTaBnJIOT OaHoceMeClHbie 4iepMepCKLie X03FI1iCTBa, H OKOnO 10% XO3FIrCTB C03JlaHbi 2-3 ceMbFMA. 3To He COOTBeTCTByeT pe3yJ,bTaTaM HCCjieqoBaHHW1, npoBegeHHoro B Pocc4M, rge MHorocemerHbie cepMbi BCTpe4alOTCs 4aw.e. 4.10. 4PepMepaMH CTaHOBITCs, rnaBHbIM o6pa3oM, 6bIBwwe pa6oTHMKH KonneKTIBHbIX Xo3iRACTB (65% onpoweHHbIX), rqe 6onbWHHCTBO H3 HHX pa6oTanw pYKOBOA1HTenFiMm, cnefLHanHCTaMH MnM KBanCPlHL4HpOBaHHbIMM pa6o4imm. 3HaHlTenbHyIo 4aCTb coepmepoB CoCTaBn5IoT, oJqHaKo, 6blIBwe )HTenH ropoqoB (20%) m pa6OTHHKH cena, He CBH3aHHbie C cenbCKHM X03RACTBOM (10%). (DepMepbl MmeloT cpaBHHTenbHO BbICOKHI"I ypoBeHb o6pa3oBaHHocTr: 6onee 40% HmelOT Bbicwee o6pa3oBaHme, H TonbKo 4% 3aKOHL4nH 9 KnaCCOB H MeHbwe (cooTBeTcTBytouL.e nOKa3aTeBJ1 qnsf pa6oTHHKOB KonneKTHBHbIX H rocy.qapcTBeHHbIx XO3FiACTB - 22% m 12%). Bo3pacT cpeQHero 4epMepa COCTaBnfeT 42 ro,qa, ero *eHbl -40 neT. COCTaB cpeI1HeA ceMbH - 3,7 4enoBeK, OJ1HaKo 5% oepMepoB He *KeHaTbl. CpeJqHI CeMbH *KHBeT B co6CTBeHHOM OTgenbHOM noMe, nOCTpOeHHOM 10 H 6onee neT Ha3ag, XOTI 14% coepmepOB WHBYT B MHorOKBapTHpHbIX poMax. 4.11. B YKpaHHe 4acTHbie Xo3FiCCTBa o6ecne4WHBaoT 70% goxoia CeMbLI, Torjqa KaK nMHHoe noqco6Hoe X03HII>CTBO pa6oTHMKa KOnneKTHBHOrO tinm rocynlapcTBeHHoro X0351CTBa jiaeT OKono 40%. KaK H cnenyeT O)HKmaTb B He6naronpRITHbIX BHeWHIX yCnOBHS;X, JqPyrwMm MCT04HHKaMm aoXona B 4aCTHOM X035SICTBe FiBnseTCR pa6oTa no COBMeCTHTenbCTBY H pa6OTa, He CBF3aHHai C CenbCKHM X03S11CTBOM, npH4eM 3TO oco6eHHO xapaKTepHO qnR *eH. TeM He MeHee, cMepmepbl B 6onbweri CTeneHM 3aBHCFT OT qoxoqa, - 52 - npfHOC1MOrO MX X03F11CTBaMm, HeM CeMbM pa6OTHMKOB KOnneKT1BHbIX 1 rOCyjaapCTBeHHbIX XO3SIV4CTB, y KOTOpbIX HaMHOrO 6onbWyIo 'aCTb noxoga COCTaBnfieT 3apnnaTa, nony4aeMas B KonneKT1Be. 3eMnSl 4aCTHbIX XO3flf4CTB 4.12. 3eMenbHbie y4aCTKM HaCTHbIX X03 >CTB 3aHWMaKOT nnoW.anb OT 1 nO 100 ra, a B cpeAHeM - 26 ra (4TO He HaMHorO Bblwe cpeQHero noKa3aTenF no cTpaHe). XOTS 65% XO331CTB B Bbi6opKe 3aH1MalOT nnowagb MeHee 30 ra, cpaBHMTenbHo 6onbwasF 'IaCTb X03I1rlCTB (6onee 20%) 3aHwMaeT 3eMenbHbie yqaCTK&4 OT 40 Ao 50 ra, 4TO HaMHOrO 6Onbwe, HeM cpenHmA nOKa3aTenb no YKpawHe (Pmc. 4.2.). BonbwaFi HaCTb 3eMenb HaCTHbIX X035UACTB (23 113 26 ra B cpegHem xo3Fi14CTBe) npeJCTaBnFieT co6or naXOTHbie 3eMn1. nnoutag" nog cagaMw, ceHoKocaMm m naCT61wuaMM B cpeAHeM oHeHb ManbI (Pmc. 4.3). 4.13. CTpyKTypa 1 pa3mep H4aCTHbIX XO3IAiCTB 3aMeTHO OTnfHaiOTCFI B 3aBMCt4MOCTM OT o6naCTM (Ta6n 4.4.). AHariorwMHO TOMY, KaK 3TO xapaKTepHO j1nfl CTpaHbI B LIenoM (Ta6n. 4.2), nnOW,aJb 3eMelnbHbIX y'4aCTKOB B 3anaJHbIX o6nacTFIx C 6onbweLi nnOTHOCTbIO HaceneHMS (IABaHo-4)paHKoBcKasf 4 BonblHcKasl) MeHbWe nnogag&4 3eMenbHbIX yHaCTKoB cpejaHMX XO3ROCTB (10 14 18 ra, COOTBeTCTBeHHO). XO3FIICTBa B BOCTO4HbIX o6nacTFIx (XapbKOBCKOI, XePCOHCKOA m HwKonaeBCKOO) HaMHOrO KpynHee (30-35 ra). B HLeTbipex o6nacTSIx (KweBcKor4, 4epKaccKOr, B1HH1L,KOVi 1 HMKoneBcKo4) naXOTHble 3eMnf COCTaBnSiOT 6onee 90% nnoLLaw yLaCTKa cpeQHero XO3FIAiCTBa. B ipyrmx o6nacTFIx (KaK Ha 3anaJle, TaK 1 Ha BOCTOKe) nlaXOTHbIe 3eMnJ COCTaBnIFIOT TOnbKO 80-85% nnouAaam yHacTKa, a ocTanbHbie 10% np14XOgMTCS Ha ceHOKOCbl 1 nacT6mLLa. 4.14. B LJenoM cpepMepbl He Y3MOBneTBOpeHbM pa3mepam CBO1X snaneHMLi. Bonee 60% cpepMepoB XOTenf 6bI yBenflHWTb CBO1 BnaAeHHFI Ha Ben14MLHY OT 1 Ao 600 ra. Tpi HeTBePTw 143 H1X KenaIOT, 4To6bi npfPOCT COCTaBJn go 50 ra. CpeJHRs nnoWAaQb Kenaemoro npfpOCTa 3eMnm paBHa 60 ra, HTO B ABa C lolnOB1HOfi pa3a npeBbiwaeT cpeUH14rI pa3mep yHaCTKa 3eMnf cpepMepCKoro XO3MICTBa. XOTFI cpepMepbl, MmeioLLLme yLiaCTK1 6onbWwX pa3MepoB, npeTeHqyIOT Ha 6onb wee npwpaW.eHi4e B a6conloTHOM Bbipa)KeHAM, Ha Ham6onblwee OTHOC1TenbHoe yBenfmeH1e CBO14X yLaCTKOB npeTeHJ1yIOT Bnaaen6bLIbi 6onee MenK1X XO3SCTB nnowagbIo go 10 ra (Pmc. 4.4). Xo3seBa He6onbWMX y'aCTKOB XOTenJ1 6bi paCW1P4Tb CBO1 Bnaj1eH14i 6onee 'eM B 5 pa3, Torga KaK Xo3sesa yLaCTKOB nnoLuanblO 6onee 10 ra - TOnbKO B 2 pa3a. npwBaTw3aI.WoHHbie Bay'epbl moryT o6ecneI4Tb, np1 Heo6xogMMOcT14, MeXaHM3M npmo6peTeHMR giOnOnH1TenbHbIX nnoLLageR. QeACTBMTenbHO, nOHT1 60% cpepMepOB YTBepKJaIOT, HTO OHM 6b1 XOTenm wcnonb3OBaTb CBOM Bay'epbl AnFl nOKynK1 3eMn1, XOTFI B HaCToReeBpeMFl He onpeqeneHO, MO*HO nm i4cnonb3OBaTb BayLepbl TaK14M o6pa3OM. -53 - Ta6,ma 4.4. 0pMepcTso a YKp&HHG: cp.AHMs pa3MpW '4acTHbix XO39fCTh U CTpyKTypa 3SMSFb B Bbl6OpKe O6nacTm | Pa3Mme!b CocTas 32mrnb. % 4STHoro naxoTm&,e sMnm racTu U Can reca U . xoaUUTna. ra COHOKOCbl BiW B 4ao 2EL1 8%9% 7,1% 460 XapbKOaCKaa 32,7 80S 8,7 10A X.pCOHCKiaS 37,0 808 13,3 5,9 40pHUOBCKaU 24,6 83,8 14,4 1,8 LBaNo- 10,5 84,7 9,2 6,1 (1paHKOBCKawi Bonbru aFc 18,2 87,0 8,8 4,2 KieacKasi 23,7 91,1 5,5 3,4 LIpKaCCKa,i 20,4 94,4 3,3 2,3 BuoHunaxa 28,2 95,0 2,4 2,6 HmanaecBcKas 34,6 980 1,0 1,0 4.15. HeMHorMm 6onee 30% XO3FrCTB B BbI6OpKe MMelOT, no KpahHehl Mepe, 4acTb 3eMnfl B flnmHOr Co6CTBeHHOCTm. B 6onbWMHCTBe cnyHaeB, OQHaKo, 3eMnFl M4cnonb3yeTcI B paMKax TpaJMLIMOHHbIX COpM 3eMnenonb3oBaHms: no)KM3HeHHoM HacneriyeMoM BnaneH4M (50% Xo3SUhCTB) 4 nonb3oBaHWM (13% XO3Sl1rCTB). la)Ke B XO3SIr1CTBax C 3eMneA, HaXoJ[iLLterlCFI B LaCTHOI co6CTBeHHoCTr, OKOnO 10% BnageHUh mCflOflb3yeTCFI B paMKax 3TMX ABYX COpM 3eMnenonb3oBaHwB. CTpyKTypa 3eMnenonb3oBaHMR B CpeJHeM 4aCTHOM XO3FILCTBe Ha y4acTKe nnou.,aQbto 26 ra cneqyiouLai: 51% 3eMnf B nO)KI43HeHHOM BnlaIeHHM, 17% - B nonb3OBaHWM, 30% - B 4aCTHOrl Co6CTBeHHOCTM, U 2% - apeHgyeMas 3eMnsi (Pwc. 4.5). TonbKO 12 13 810 XO3SUICTB B Bbi6OpKe apeHnYIOT 3eMnlO, HO pa3Mepbl 3TUX XO3HhCTB 6onbwe cpeJHMX (59 ra, TorJa KaK B XO3S1CTBax C jpyrwMM BmJaMA 3eMnenOnb3OBaH"14 - 25-26 ra), m apeHqyemasf nnoLLtagb cpaBHMTenbHo 6onbwasi (B CpeJHeM 42 ra). B TOM o6beMe, B KOTOpOM np1MeHFieTcFi apeHJia, OHa oTIeTnMBo CnyI)KMT CBOMM M3Ha4anbHbIM LtenFiM, nO3BOn 4cpepMepaM yBenflMLIBaTb CBOM BnaqeHFI na)Ke npmOTCyTCTBMM CBo6oqHor4 Kynnw-npojla>K 3eMnr. OTCYTCTByeT3aB14CMMOCTb Me)Ky pa3MepaMM BnafeHi4A m romom C03,qaHis Xo3shCTBa. O?aKTm4eCKH BCe cpepmepbl (96%) mme8OT o4pLAmanbHblr qOKyMeHT, YnOCTOBepsiouwmri Mx npaBO Ha 3eMnro, 1 noLTH 60% Bbipa)KaIOT yBepeHHOCTb, HTO OHM coxpaHSIT 3eMnIO B 6yywueM. TonbKo 8% onpoweHHbIX He yBepeHbiB coxpaHeH"M1 3a HMMM npaBa Ha nonb3oBaHMe 3eMneA, a 6OnbW1HCTBO OCTanIbHbIX coepMepOB (OKOno 30%) He MmeeTonpe,aeneHHoro MHeHAFl.Y coepMepoB,mcnonb3yeow,1x 3X3eMn1o BpaMKaxpa3HbIX BM1jOB 3eMnenonb3oBaHi4R(4acTHasi co6CTBeHHOCTb, no)KM3HeHHoe BnajqeHwe mnm noJlb3OBaHme), He pa3niM4aeTCR CTeneHb yBepeHHOCTH B coxpaHeH"M 3a HMmm npaBa Ha nonb3oBaHme 3eMnerh. c)epMepbl, oYeBMqHO, He OCO3HaiOT BO3MO)KHbIX OCnO)KHeHMA H Hanp5DKeHHoCTM, KOTOpbIe MoryT Bo3HMKHyTb,ecnr3eMenbHbl pe3epB 6yJeT MCToLLteHB6yuyLwteM, a nnow,aJb 3eMnM, nonyt4aeMoA BceMM HOB114KaMl, 6ygeT orpaHwleHa pa3MepaMm cpeQHero 3eMenbHoro naz. 4.16. rFnaBHbIM MCTOIHMKOM 3eMnm qn15 4bepMepOB FlBnFlIOTC5I 3eMnm, HaxonsLLecsi B pacnopFDKeHM cenIbCKMX CoBeTOB (62% BnaneHM") 1 parlOHHbIX COBeTOB (35%). 3eMns, - 54 - Haxo,qsL1WaRCS B HaCTHOA co6CTBeHHOCTM, B HacnenyeMoM BnajleHi.i M B nonb3oBaHM4, npOmCXOJaMT 13 3TMX ICTO'HMKOB. XOTFI nperlnonaraeTC5I, 'TO coepmepbi nonyLialOT 3eMnIO npM BbiXo0e 13 KonXO3a, KOnXO3Hbie 3eMnfl FlBmnl4Cb 1.CTOHH1KOM 3eMnm jinPi oHeHb He6onbworo H1cna XO3s>CTB B Bbi6opKe. QeCiCTBMTenbHO, TOnbKO 20% 6blBWwX HneHOB KOnXO3OB cperim onpaWMBaeMbix cpepMepOB nonyLmn4 peanbHO y'acTKM 3eMnM nocne BblXO,Na 43 CenbCKOXO35IACTBeHHOrO npefnpmRTMSI (9 ra B cpenHeM). Bonee 40% 6blBWMX HneHOB KOnneKTMBHbIX XO3SICTB OTMeTMnM, OJHaKO, 4TO B Mx 6blBWMX XO3FIICTBax pacnperieneHwe 3eMnJ eLWSe He 3aKOH'eHO, nO3TOMy, B03MO)KHO, B 6yrnyujeM OT KOrineKT1BHbIX X03srCTB MX 6blBWMM HneHaM nOCTynsFT OfOnnHt4TenbHbie yHaCTKH 3eMnr. KonneKTwBHbie XO3FUPCTBa Cny)KaT OCHOBHbIM MCTO4HMKOM 3eMnM, CqaBaeMOA B apeHqy: OHM o6ecneHmBaloT noL4TM 30% 3eMnM, cqaBaeMoA B apeHjy HaCTHbIM XO35>CTBaM (ocTanbHafl 3eMnfi nOCTynaeT OT rOcygapCTBa). nOKa He npaKTMKyeTCS apeHJa 3eMnM, npMHaqne)KaUi.er1 HaCTHbIM nMuLaM MnM npyrMm cenbCKOXO3FlrCTBeHHbiM npejqnpMFITMFIM. CTpyKTypa MCTOHHMKOB 3eMnM npMBeJeHa Ha PMc. 4.6. 4.17. B YKpaMHe cpepMepbi nonb3yiOTCc 3eMneA 6ecnnaTHo. Bonee 95% cpepMepOB 3a nonb3OBaHme CBoeh. 3eMnef He nnaTfIT HMHero, Ja)Ke HanoroB. fO3TOMY TaK Pe3KO OTnJMalOT OTBeTbI cPepMepOB OT OTBeTOB pa6oTHMKOB cenbCKOXO35IICTBeHHblx npefqnpMFTMr4, 65% KOTOpblX nnaTfIT Hanor Ha 3eMnio. BO3MO)KHO, npenocTaBneHHoe 3aKoHoM "O KpeCTbFlHCKOM (cpepMepCKOM) XO3FIWCTBe" OCBO6o)KgeHMe Ha 5 neT OT ynnaTbi noiaoXOqHorO Hanora HeBePHO MCTOnKOBaHO cpepMepaMM KaK OCBO6o>)KeHme TaK>Ke OT ynnlaTbI Hanora Ha 3eMnlO. nO 3aKOHY cpepMepbl o6ff3aHbi nnaTMTb Hanor Ha 3eMniO HapFiny c apyr"m 3eMnenonb3OBaTenflmM. 4.18. nlofaBnsnow.ee 6onbwMHCTBO cPepMepoB (90%) nOnO)KMTenbHO OLteHMBaeT HaCTHYIO co6cTBeHHocTb Ha npOM3BOqCTBeHHbie CpOHIbI, 3a MCKniO4eHMeM 3eMnM. 4TO KaCaeTCR 3eMnM, 50% npe,qno'MTaeT 3HaKOMYKO CTapyio CPopMy "nO)KM3HeHHOrO Hacneqyemoro BnageHM5" (6e3 npaBa KynnM-npoqa)lKM), H TonbKo 30% npegno4MTaeT LaCTHyIO co6CTBeHHOCTb C npaBOM HenOCpe8jCTBeHHOA KynnM-npOria)KM. no1HTU 90% OnpOweHHbIX, OJlHaKO, npwgeP)KMBaeTCFI MHeHM4I, HTO 3eMnfi AOn)KHa mCnonb3OBaTbCS MHJMB4BmyanlbHO, a He KOnneKTMBHO. OnpoweHHble TaKwKe CHMTalOT, HTO Heo6xonMMo CO3,qaTb yCnOBMFl jNns Kynnm-npoga>KM 3eMnfM, 1a)Ke ecnM oHa npVlHaarie>)KT rocyjqapcTBy (50%) MJm HaXOJqMTCS B KOnneKTMBHOA Co6CTBeHHOCTM (80%). WHOCTPaHLUbl He 1on0)KHbl MMeTb npaBa nOKYnaTb 3eMnio (90%), HO Ha BOnpOC 0 B03MO)KHOCTM pa3peWMTb MHOCTpaHL,aM apeHay 3eMnf OTBeTbI pa3enfnMfMCb nOPOBHY. HaKOHe4,, nOnOBMHa OnPOweHHbIX CWMTaeT, 4TO 3eMn1 ,qOn)KHa nOKynaTbCSI M npOnaBaTbC5i 6e3 BCFIKMX nOCpejIHMKOB, nyTeM npflIMbIX neperoBopoB Me)Kjay nOKynaTeneM M npoJlaBLsOM. OcTanbHble ronoca pa38JenmnLCb Mee)KAy TeMM, KTO CW4TaeT, HITO B Ka4eCTBBe nocpeJHMKa npH Kynne-npoga)Ke 3eMnM qon)KeH BbICTynaTb paAOHHbi4 WMm CenbCKMC4 COBeT, M TeMM, KTO ymaeT, HITO 3TM CpyHKUSMM iOn1)KeH BbinlOnlHSTb 3eMeJlbHbIl 6aHK. - 55 - flpOM3BOACTBO B 4aCTHbIX Xo3nRCTBaX 4.19. B 4aCTHbIX xo3RFcTBax CnOKHfnOCb coOTHOweHHe Me)Kjly npom3BoICTBoM npoyKL%HM )KHBOTHOBOACTBa H paCTeHHeBOLCTBa, OTnM4HOe OT TpaAWI4MOHHOrO B YKpawHe (55% npoJIyKL4HH )KHBOTHOB0ocTsa 1 45% npOnyKL.HM pacTeHmeBOjqcTsa). no4Tr 90% cpepMepos B BbI6OpKe 3aHRTO B paCTeHmeBOACTBe, 1 TOnbKO 35% npoM3BOlHT npoyKU4110 )KHBOTHo0o0CTBa. B COOTBeTCTBMH C 3TOPi nponopLAt4ek Bblpy4Ka OT peanM3aL4L1 npOQYKLt4t pacTeHHeBoJcTBa cocTaBnReT 75%, npoJyKLtMM )KHBOTHOBOnCTBa - MeHee HeM 20% (ocTanbHble5% o6ecne4mBaloTcRHecenbcKoxo3sAcTBeHHoAneRTenbHocTbio).npow3BoflcTBo npOJIyKL41H )KlBOTHOBO9CTBa pa3BMTO Bblwe cpenHero nOKa3aTenf Ha 3anaje (oKono 80% X03RACTB B WBaHO-ItpaHKOBCKOA H BonblHCKOA o6naCTsAX) H B KHeBCKOI o6naCTH (50% X03RACTB). 4.20. B Ka4ecTBe OCHOBHbiX npfHLH TOrO, 4TO OHM He gepfKaT ) B X03Rr4CTBe CKOT, cpepMepbl Ha3bIBalOT mse: HejOCTaTO4HaR nnomaAb (6onee 20%) 1 HH3Kme LteHbI Ha npOqyKLtt4IO )KHBOTHOBO,cTBa (40%). CBs3b Me*gy pa3mepaM h13em H fnpoJyKL48LAe )KHBOTHOBOUCTea nORTBepXNaeTCS TeM Ha6nmoJeHmeM, HTO 6onee 85% 4epMepoB, KOTOpbie nepxaT CKOT, caMH npOM3BOQ3T KopMa, U MeHee 10% 3aKynalOT JAO nOnOBHHbl Heo6xoj3Moro KonJmeCTBa KOpMOB y gpyrHx. C jpyrou CTOpOHbl, HM3KaR peHTa6enbHOcTb, BcneACTBHe HU3KMX L4eH, He cnoco6cTByeT KanHTanOBno)KeHi5RM B cenbCKOXo3RACTBeHHbie CTpyKTypbl H o6opynosaHme, Heo6xoqgMoe fnl )KMBOTHOBOa4eCKMx X031IrICTB B ropa3,po 6onbwueA CTeneHH, HeM ,qnR pa3BATHFI paCTeHmeBOJCTBa. 4.21. OCHOBHbIMU KynbTypaMH B paCTeHHeBOACTBe B 4aCTHbIX XO3Rr4CTBax RBnRIOTCR 3epHOBbIe (50% X035>CTB B Bbi6OpKe, rge BbIpaLLkMBalOTCR, B OCHOBHOM, R4MeHb, nleHW4Lta H rpe4mxa), KapTocpenb (25%) H caxapHai cBeKna (20%). KopMoBble KynbTypbl (cBeKna, O,QHoneTHme H MHOrOneTHHe TpaBbI) npOM3BO0RTCI, B OCHOBHOM, B )KHBoTHOBOfl4eCKMX xO3RWCTBax. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B 80-90% X03R>CTB, 3aHRTbIX BbipaLLtHBaHHeM 3TMX KynbTyp, TaKKe fep)KaT CKOT. 4.22. CpeJHSR ypO)KXaHOCTb B paC4eTe Ha O;HO XO3RACTBO cocTaBnRna 50 TOHH 3epHa, 125 TOHH caxapHoA CBeKnbI, 6onee 25 TOHH KapTOcpenR, 30 TOHH ceHa H TpaB H 30 TOHH CBeKnbI Ha KOpM. 3TH cpeUHHe nOKa3aTenf 6binm paCCHuTaHbl OTfenbHO AnH X03RrICTB, BbipaLUHBaiOW"HX onpexeneHHbie KynbTypbl, np44eM 3TH X03RfWCTBa He O6R3aTenbHO On)KHbl BbipaU.mBaTb BCe 3TH KynbTypbl B cpeaHmx o6 beMax. CpaBHHTenbHo B HeMHorHx XO3R;CTBax (oKono 10%) BbIpa2LLtBalOTCR OBOLUL H KyKypy3a, HO B Cpej3HeM 3TU X03RACTBa CO6mpaIOT ypo>KaP B 30 TOHH OBOuWer H 15 TOHH KyKypy3bl. Ypo)KaAHocTb pa3nwHHblX KynbTyp, AOCTHrHyTaR coepmepamw , He Bbiwe Cpe8HHX 3Ha4eHHI7, MCTOpHLIeCKH CnO>KM3BWUXCI B YKpaHHe H B 6bIlBweM COBeTCKOM CoJo3e (Ta6n. 4.5). 4.23. B )KWBOTHOBOJ4eCKAX X03RUCTBaX COgep*MTCR B cpeUHeM 5 ronOB KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa (BKnlo4aR 1,5 KOpOBbI), 5 CB3HeA, 2 OBlAbl H 20 Kyp. He B KaK9OM xo3RAcTee, OgHaKO, BbipaLLHBalOTCR BCe 3TH )*4BOTHble. Ecnu HeKOTOpbIMH BHmaMm )KMBOTHOBOQCTBa 3aHFITbi 35% 4aCTHbIX X03RACTB, KpynHbIA poraTblr CKOT iep*aT B 30% X03Rr1CTB, CBMHerl - - 56 - B HeMHOrUM 6onee q4eM 30%, goMaWHioio nTILty - B 25% (Ta6n.4.6). OBeLt B 4aCTHblX XO3FIr1CTBaX BbIpaLLLLBalOT TOnbKO B OAHOA o6naCTU B Bbi6opKe, re CpaBHWTenbHO 6onbWO0 COCTaBHOA 4aCTbIo c4epMepCKHX X039>ICTB FiBnFlIOTCfi nacT6mL4La (XePCOHCKasl o6naCTb Ha ioro-BOCTOKe, rme nacT6muLa cocTaBnIlOT 13% cpen.Her nnoLuanam Xo35hCTBa). 4.24. B Ta6n.4.6 nPHBOASTC51 HeKOTOpbIe CBeleHt4fl 0 )KMBOTHOBOKCTBe B H4aCTHbIX XO3RACTBaX YKpaUHbi. PacnpegeneHme nOrOnOBb5I CKOTa B Ka)KAO1 KaTerOpUU B 3HatMTenbHOI CTeneHI aCIMMeTpM4HO B CTOPOHY COaep)KaHIflI He3HaH4TenbHorO KOnf4eCTBa KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa u oBeL4. TaK, ecnu B HeKOTOpbIX X03S1IUCTBaX MmeeTcsl 6onee 50 ronoB KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa uinu 6onee 50 CBMHer, TO B 75% X0351CTB IMeeTCfI go 4 rOnOB KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa, no 2 KOPOB mnu nO 5 CBMHeA. TaKMM o6pa3oM, cpenHUe BenfH'4Hbl He sBnFlIOTCR xapaKTepHbiM nOKa3aTeneM 'mcna )KHBOTHbIX BH aCTHblX XO35IIUCTBax, U B Ta6n. 4.6, cOOTBeTcTBeHHo, npBBOAfITCs nOKa3aTenJ noronOBb5 cKOTa B 25%, 50% u 75% XO3SIACTB. Ta6nmua 4.5. OepMepCTO B YKpaIU: iPOAYKWg pacTsemBoAcTBa M Cp AHfI ypONIt*a00CTb Ip OpKOe CpelYpowa o ToHa eA B WbaGOpKS nnoianm a ypOiCAt mo 810 n r ypoOa 6 uTOMa. ________ 4p % MudpK, I A PaM(b 4 8,8 17,2 2,4 1,8*" nmumu.s 30 12,S 37,2 3,0 3,0'' 5Hb 65 13,0 35,7 2,8 2,9' OBOc 9 5,5 10,3 2,2 1,40" Kykypyla 12 6,2 16,0 2,9 3,40" rpS.4Ma 25 6,7 8,0 1,3 0,6"0 poco 3 9,9 1I,3 1,4 1,1'" 340ZMM 50 18,1 49,7 2,7 3,1" Caxapmag ceKna 21 4,8 25u 25,8 28,80 rOAzonuoe 12 7,1 8,9 1,3 1,r7 KapTrO42 25 17 27,8 16,0 12,1- Oouw" 13 1I' 2B,3 14,0 1v4 UPYKT¶n 2 4b4 235 42 _ KopMosa. CeeKnU 14 1,0 34,5 37,7 31,2-- Cm 19 3,8 24,8 8,9 CP AH.R ypOPa4HOCTm no YKPa sa nrPMoA1988-1990 rr. ma1Ta ms cnpbw4o'a "HapoAHo. xoaeaCTso CCCP, 1990 r. **CpsAHrsi ypoKaAHocTb no 6bmueMy CoeTCKOMY COYosa rnp.moA 1981990 rr. B3sTa m cnrpaso9Ua"HapooeO. xomCTo CCCP, 1990 r." x XCZ x tv CZ 0 le 0 C)OAOOxcto Cps= en Cc L- r 0; 0 V 1. 0 C f m 0 a m 0 C) 0 L. 0 a X x Ct M m In x X .0 s 0 0 0 s 0) X CZ CM A r_S,,,OX-^ be 0 s ID I a m X m m x s 0 0 0 0 X X F- 0 C.) F- 0 a) L. xo 4) In C x 0 )s 0 Cy 0: a m CZ 3i mr-L 0 0 x 0 C14 0 >. )s 0 X X X 52 m m CL 2 x co Sm 0 o cm w C.) Mm s x in A s a. x m Er a- o x El co C aR X M M r-E r- C9 CZ C.)S C.) co La. CO co ;Clr 0 f M F- ct 0 -0 cr cr m s - 11 F. S 0 'D 0 CL CL m 0 CO ct CX a m 0 34D C.) s 0 oF- 0 0) S 0 9 0 0 aR ZR ZR x - )s >, CZ 0 m n A A C.) =f 7 CL M 0 x 0 EL im 0 0 Mr O- r- C.) 0 0 0 le 0 x x x xf 0 M n m x m CZ x r- SrL 0 s 4n a) he :1 =r o v 0 s le 's x CO S M LV X C.) 0 >, 0 X CZ CZ IC CZ C.) he X L- m 0 o CM a) )S >, C.)M 0 El CL s C[ a 0 0- CZ 0 -C he A C = M 2 s le 0 le 0 S 0 co 0 F bme cJ co m he 0 CM I CZ sCL S L- -r X 4) X 0 m M I co co- IC .0 3 M X.0 0 a) CZ CE (D 0 o o0 m o 0 0 W - 0 Q I O.- 0 0 0 0 X xS .0 X F- F- a) F-I g (9 0 CZ 0. 0 0 m CV) F- 0; 0 .2 In co F.0 x 0X C-4 C.)co co a) 0 .0 X0- a x s m a - 58 - 4MUCnOM XO35ACTB. flpoM3BOACTBo npOIyKL4L4 )KMBOTHOBOICTBa HaXOJgMTCS Ha gOBOnl6HO yHI3KoM ypOBHe (noKa3aTen4 1993 rr.): OKono 1.000 Kr rOBSIJMHb6, 500 Kr CBMH4Hbl, 3.000 sULA w 5.000 Kr MOnOKa B pacHeTe Ha OJHO XO39iCTBO. Hagom MOnOKa OT OJ1HOA KOpOBbI - OT 1.200 jo 9.000 Kr B ron, 3.400 Kr B CpegHeM. 3To HaMHOrO 6orlbwe cpeJHero nOKa3aTensl no YKpawHe (oKono 2.500 Kr OT OjHOA KOpOBbl B roA) 3a nOCnegHee jqeCHTneleT"e. nlpOryKTUBHOCTb B YKpawHe B LenlOM CXOr1Ha C npOAYKTMBHOCTbIO B Poccuu: C OgHOV CTOpOHbl, OTCyTCTByIOT cyllueCTBeHHbie pa3n&4,imR B paCTeH4eBOQCTBe, HO, C gpyroA CTOpOHbI, 3HaHMTenbHO 6onee BbICOKM Hagom MonOKa, HTO o6ycnoBneHO, nO-BMrIMOMy, 6onbwevi 3a6oToA coepMepOB 0 CBOeM OHeHb He6onbWOM CTane. 4.27. 4DepMepbl, 3aHMMaioLAwIecF )KMBOTHOBOACTBOM, B OjWH ronoc YTBep)NqaiOT, HTO MX npOJIyKLt4R peHTa6enbHa (OT 80 Ao 90% npoM3BoJWTeneA). OepMepbl, 3aHIMamOLm8C KaK paCTeHMeBO;CTBOM, TaK U )KMBOTHOBOQCTBOM, He HaMepeHbI pe3KO MeHITb nponopoLuM B npOM3BOgCTBe npOfYKLU4M B 6yJyw.eM. HeT OCHOBaHMUl CHIUTaTb, HTO 4epMepbl, He BbIpauLwBaBwme onpeneneHHblX KyJnbTyp B 1993 r., cTaHyT 3aHmMaTbC$l ux BbipaWIIBaHmeM B 1994 r. hInoCKe pecypcb 4.28. OepMepbl B YKpawHe nonaraioTCB B OCHOBHOM Ha pa6oLiyio cmny co6CTBeHHOA ceMbM H pOJ1CTBeHHHKOB: qneHbl CeMbM pa6OTaioT B 90% XO351ACTB, a POaCTBeHHMKM pa6oTaioT no BbIXOgHbIM H BO Bpems OTnYCKOB B 60% XO3suOCTB. B cpeuHeM X0351CTBe 3aHFITo 2,5 'neHa ceMbu (1,5 qneHa CeMbH nOCTORHHO H 1 HneH CeMbM - no COBMeCTHTenbcTBy). TonbKo B 3% Xo3FIICTB mcnonfb3yeTCI pa6oHaFi cmna Ha noCTOsHHOA OCHOBe, a B 17% Xo3FIICTB - ce3oHHble pa6o4me. Xo3RcTBa, rge mcnonb3yeTCS HaeMHaa pa6o'asv cwna (nocToSIHHai Mnfme3oHHas), cymeCTBeHHo 6onbwe cpeJHMx: 34 ra B CpaBHeHMW C 24 ra y X035IVCTB, nonaraiouAwxcs TonbKO Ha ceMeAHbIA Tpyn. Pa3nHMM5 B BwgaX CKOTa Mewny J1ByM9 3TUMM KaTeropU.iMM X035ACTB HecywuecTBeHHbI. HecMoTpsI Ha 3Ha4MrTenbHbie pa3nmHTm B pa3Mepax, qTO npejnonaraeT HanY'Me TeHjIeHLWU K npOM3BOJCTBy npOAYKLHM paCTeHmeBOCTBa, jqor1n paCTeHmeBOJJHeCKMX X0351CTB (paBHo KaK H )KABoTHoBogHeCKWx), mcnon6b3YIOAWX Ton6KO ceMeAHyIO pa6oqylo cny, noTr paBHa gone paCTeHeBoeCKX Xo3ICTB cpenw Xo35cCTB, gononHJHIOWMX ceMeRHyiO pa6o'yio cmny HaeMHbIM TpyAoM. 4.29. nOCKonbKy OCHOBHOA ynop neenaeTcS Ha mcnonb3oBaHme ceMeAHHoV pa6o'eA CJn6l, BaWHO 3aMeTrTb, HTO B Bbi6opKe npaKTM'eCKt4 OTCyTcTByIOT 6e3pa6oTHble, H 80% 4neHOB cemeo pa6oTaloT B CBOUX 4aCTHbIX XO351ACTBax (45% nOCTOIHHO u 35% - no COBMecTHTenbCTBy). A3 Tex 20%, KOTOpbIe COBCeM He pa6OTalOT B CBOUX xO3ICCTBax, no'ITr Bce - CTyqeHTbl. fla*e cpenm neHCMOHepoB (LineHoB cemeP cTapue 55 neT) 6onee 90% pa6oTaloT B XO351ICTBax nOCTOSHHO mJi no CoBMecTrTenbcTBy. 4.30. )KeHWwHbi B epmepCKXceMb6X HMetoT 6onee pa3HOo6pa3Hble uCTO'HHuKMu oXOoB, HLeM MyWK4LHbl. Cpegn JnByx nepBbix ineHoB ceMbl (My)Ka u *KeHbl), 80% MyxKHMH sBnSlOTCF TonbKO cpepMepaMH, Torjqa KaK nflWb 40% )KeH4WUH nOCTORHHO pa6OTalOT B CBOUX xo351ACTBax, a OCTanbHbie 60% MmeiOT pa6OTy BHe CBOMX XO31IPiCTB (nOCTOSIHHyIO uHM no - 59 - COBMeeCTTenbCTBy). KaK npaBelno, 3TO HeKBan4cuMW4pOBaHHas pa6oTa B KonneKTuBHbIX Xo3uR>cTBax Lun B ajlMMHWCTpaTl4BHbIX 4 coLU4anbHbIX cny)K6ax B KonneKTI4BHbIX X03s>CTBax unM Ha cene. 04HaHCb U KpeIUT 4.31. B KoHLte 1993 r. CpepMepbl o0LeHIn. HaqanbHbIe KanMTanOBno>KeHHMF B CBOU XO3H1LiCTBa B pa3mepe 4.000-5.000 nonnapoB CWA, a OCHOBHbie CPOHqbl - B 6.000-8.000 nonnapoB CWA. OcHoBHbie CpOHJgbl, KaK oKa3anoCb, Lcnonb3ylOTCS1 nOCTaTOHHO 3ct4eKT14BHo, nOCKOnbKy eJquHmLAa OCHOBHbIX cPOHgOB qaeT 2 eRAHL4Ltbi o6 beMa peanu3am4u. AHanw3 pacXOnoB 14 gOXOnOB, nBeKnapUpOBaHHbIX cpepMepaMm, nOKa3blBaeT, HTO BanOBaR npl6binb OT BceX BlnOB geRTenbHOCTM COCTaBnIeT OKono 20%. Bonee 40% cpepMepOB C4MTalOT, HTO peHTa6enbHocTb MX X03RFICTB B cnenqylowueM rogy yBenuMuTC a MeHee 20% neccHMMCTW'4eCKI oLLeHIBalOT 6ynyuLu.e JqOXOlbI. 4.32. YKpaUHCKIe CpepMepbi nOKpblBaIOT OTHOCUTenbHo 6onbWyiO 4aCTb OCHOBHblX CpOH,gOB 3a cHeT co6CTBeHHorO KanrTana B Bmne CBO4X c6epe)KeHwH (Pwc. 4.7). X1onri co6CTBeHHoro KanwTana B KanMTanOBno)KeHMFHX CO BpeMeHeM ymeHbwaeTCFI (c 80% OCHOBHbIX CPOHQOB B 1990 r. go 55% B 1993 r.), noCKOnbKy c6epe)KeHmFi nornow.aIoTCF ranonwpyiouweL MHcpnR,LLeA, a mcnonb3oBaHme 3aeMHblX CpegCTB, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, yBenl44MBaeTCH (c 20%-o 3a8fon>KeHHOCTM B CTPYKType CpeJCTB B 1990 r. no 6onee 40% d 1993 r.). TeM He MeHee, gonH co6CTBeHHoro CpWHaHCMpOBaHmR, ocyLLteCTBfnleMoro coepMepaMw, OCTaeTCI Ha yn4BneHme 3HaHMTenbHOA. HaCTb CpenCTB, nonyqaeMaHi OT rocynapcTBa nu60 B cpopMe cy6cmHAm, nu6o B Cpopme nLCKpeLi4OHHbIX (npeQOCTaBneHHblX Ha YCMOTpeHMe nonyHaTenFI) Kpenl4TOB U3 FocynapcTBeHHoro cPOHna nopnep)KKM cpepMepoB, oHeHb Mana. fonFH OCHOBHbIX CpOHnOB, KOTOpybo nonyHaeT 4bepMep npu BblXOge M3 KOnneKTU4BHOrO XO35IrCTBa, COCTaBnMleT He3HaL4TenbHyIO HaCTb o6uAeA CYMMbl OCHOBHbIX CpeACTB XO3RiCTBa (Ta6n. 4.8). 3TO cornacyeTCcI C TeM Ha6mogeHmeM, HTO meHee 20% 6blBWI.X HLeHOB KonneKTuBHbIX X03FUACTB B Bbl6opKe c$epMepoB nonyHmn1 nonio OCHOBHbIX CpOHflOB, U TOnbKo noJ1OBIHa U3 HIX cmorna nonyH.Tb peanbHyIo ponico OCHOBHbIX CPOHnOB npu Bblxoge (10%) unu BbIKynfTb nonlo OCHOBHbIX CpOHnOB 3a HaniqHbie (2%). Bonee 40% 6blBWMXLIJ,neHOB KonneKTIBHbIX X03HUCTB yKa3anL, OgHaKO, HTO pacnpeqeneHI4e 3eMni4 14 OCHOBHbIX CpOHnOB B U4X 6blBWwX xO3sSCTBax euAe He 3aBepUWInOCb, U B 6ynyuLeM 6biBwme H4neHbl Ko.nneKTu4BHbIX X03R5CTB CMOryT nOnyHUTb OT HWX gononHMTenbHbie CpOHRbI. 4.33. 3agon>KeHHocTM He npeLCTaBn$IIOTCs 6onbwol npo6neMoA nni cpepMepoB. XOTsI Benl4HWHa gonra noKynaTeneAi no OTHOwBeH410 K o61beMy peanw3aw4*m OCTaTO4HO Benl4Ka gnSI X03R>CTB C ne6MTopcKoA 3aqon)KeHHOCTbIO (ux ne6MTopCKafi 3aAonYKeHHOCTb npencTaBnsieT 8-MecsqHbl1 o6beM peanuL3a4u), TonbKO 10% onpoweHHbIX uMeloT ne6rTOpCKylO 3anornKeHHOCTb. Bonbwas5 HaCTb 3TOU 3anon0KeHHOCTm npMXOQWTCFI Ha rocyNapCTBeHHble 3aKyflOLHbie opraHM43a4M, KOTOpbIM nponaHbi CefnbCKOX03SIrICTBeHHbIe nPOMYKTbI (70% o6uero o6IbeMaae6MTopcKoA 3anonAeHHoCT[4). OcTanbHbIMMnon)KH4KamM S]BnhIIOTCsi nepepa6aTblBaiou.we npennp1s5T1SM, KOiIneKT14BHbie 4 rocynapCTBeHHbie X03RrCTBa, TOprOBbie CpUpMbI 4 gpyrwe cpepMepbl (Pwc. 4.8). - 60 - Ta6ma 4. 14CTO'4H1UcM mBeCWTOBaHU 'iaCTHhlX X039CTB* I IM r. | 1991 r. | 1992 r. | 1993 r. Co6CTBSHHble c66p.meSH 81,0% 51,3% 56,2% 55,2% ,orm OcHOBHbiX 4mAos - - 0,5 0,2 KpeATbi OT pOCTBhHHUKOB 4,7 3,3 5,3 5,8 OT KOIrilSKTIUHbIX - 3,7 0,5 1,0 X039UClTB| or 6aHXa 14,3 24,0 34,6 34,3 rocygApaPc-eM.Nb - - 0,1 0,1 cy6c-Au rocyAapcTBeHHbIA OoHA - - 1,0 0,6 flOAQSPNKK14 4)pMepOB Fund flpyrmse mCTo'Hw4 - 7,7 1,8 2,9 KorecTso Xo3RACTs 7 32 237 555 *- 3HaqaeT a6comTomijA HOnb (He coo6uLanoCb 0 KaKux-nU6o CyMMaX) 4.34. OtepMepbl MoryT 6paTb KpenWTbl, 14, B TOM '*cne, no-npe*KHeMy 6paTb nonrOcpOHHble KpefMTbI, HecMOTpSI Ha BbICOK1e TeMnbI WHCHnFlAi4m1. OKono 30% coepmepoB nonyHanw fonroCpOLlHble Kpegt4Tbi B 1993 r., H TaKoe we KonfmeCTBO cpepMepoB nony4ano KpaTKOCpOHHbIe KpeqMTbi. B 1993 r. no4TI nonOB1Ha cpepMepoB nonyHanH KpeQATbl B TOO wnfi 1HOoH cpopMe, 14 TOnbKO 15% 3aFiBwnm, HTO OHM MMelOT HenoraweHHbiLi jonr. KperWTbi 1993 r., a TaK)Ke 3aFBneHHblV1 ypOBeHb HenoraweHHbiX qonroB COCTaBn"f OKono 40% OCHOBHbIX dpOHQOB XO3SUACTB. flonrOCpOHHaf 3a,Onl)KeHHOCTb HeCKOnbKO t ,aopo)KeD, HeM KpaTKOCpoHHa5i 3aLlon*KeHHOCTb: cpeqHIRs CTaBKa no KpaTKoCpo4HbIM Kpe mTaM COCTaBnfleT 80%, Torqa KaK no ,fonroCpOHHbIM KpeJBTaM - 100%. B 6onbwMHcTBe cnyiaeB npo4eHTHas CTaBKa no Kpe,QTaM COCTaBnJeT meHee 150% B ron (Pmc. 4.9), a camas BbICOKaq CTaBKa He npeBbIWaeT 400% - 1 3TO B CTpaHe, rne TeMnbl 14HCPnJF1A41m 6onbwe 2.000% B ron. 4.35. Bonee 50% cpepMepoB, 6epyw,14X KpaTKOCpOHHbie KpeqWTbi, Vl 40% 4epMepoB, 6epyw,mx qonroCPO'Hbie KpenMTbI, He npefCTaBnBlOT o6ecne'eHme 3aqon)KeHHoCT14. OCHOBHbie BW9bl o6ecne'eH4Mfl 3aon0O*KeHHOCTH BKniO'4aIOT rapaHTHM YKpa1HCKOA accoLt4au,WM cXepmepoB i4 rocyrlapcTBeHHoro CoHfqa nongep)KKM cjepMepOB (oKono 30% cnyHaeB B KaWKOI KaTeropMM). MaWwHbi m o6opyQOBaHMe mcnonb3yiOTCFI fnn 3Toro npMmepHO 10% cpepMepOB, 6epyL4tlx KpeQMTbi. QoMa (KOTOpble B 6OnbWMHCTBe clnyHaeB HaXO,q5TCFI B qaCTHOOI CO6CTBeHHOCTM) 14 MMyLLeCTBO XO3R1CTBa (CKOT U 3epHO) He MCnOT1b3yKOTCR qnfl o6ecne4eHWR 3agonJeHHOCTm. He mcnonb3yeTCFI nnl 3TorO TaKwe nepeaaqa 3eMnJ nofO 3anor B 6aHK, XOTI OKOno 30% 3eMenb B XO351CTBaX y)Ke HaXOni4TCS B LiaCTHO1 CO6CTBeHHOCTM (CM. PNC. 4.5). MHeHMFI 4cepMepoB no npaBOBOMY BOnpOCy nepeqa4m 3eMnm noja 3arior pa3flenwnMCb, 1 50% onpoweHHbIX He HaMepeHbi 3aKnafblBaTb CBOIO 3eMnlIo,aKe ecnW 3TO er14HCTBeHHbII cnoco6 nonyLIMTb KpeAWT. 4.36. OKOnO 80% cfepMepoB >anybOTCI Ha TpyAHOCTM c nony'eHueM Kpef14TOB, KaK - 61 - KpaTKOCPOHHbIX, TaK H ponroCPO0HbIX. XOT5I peanbHbie nPO4eHTHble CTaBKH nony4aIOTCSl OTPIALaTenbHbiMm, 40% cPepMepOB CH'TaIOT, HTO BbICOKUe nPOL4eHTHbie CTaBKH npenfl TCTBYIOT nonyqeHlIo KpeLIHToB, a eL4e 40% C'4TalOT, H4TO 06beMbl KpenMTOBaHMI4 HeBen4KH He3aBICHMO OT Benl4'Hbi npOL4eHTHbIX CTaBOK. HecMOTPsI Ha TaKOVI neCCHMMCT"qeCKr4W B3rn5lf Ha COCTOsHMe KpejaITHOrO PbIHKa, OKOnO 40% ctepMepOB C4WTaPOT, HTO B cny4ae Heo6XOAMMOCTM OHM MOryT nOnyH'Tb 6aHKOBCKHe KpeJUTbI. TaKaFI HeCOrnaCOBaHHOCTb B OTBeTaX, B03MO)KHO, nOKa3blBaeT, HTO HOBbie cpepMepbl He nlOHMmalOT B geACTBHTenbHOCTH KpeAITHOA H 6aHKOBCKOI CHCTeM, HTO He yLIB"TenbHO, YHATblBaFi ycnOBHFi, B KOTOpbIX KOMMepHeCKHe 6aHKOBCKt1e cny)K6bl HaxOnIn"Cb B Te4eHMe JneCFiTwneTHL. LIpyriM OTHOCHTenbHO Ba>KHbIM HCTOLiHHKOM Kpe9MTOBaHMs l'nsl 4pepMepOB *IBnIeTCI FocynapCTBeHHblA CpOHu nOqgep)KKM cpepmepOB (15% OnpOweHHbIx). TOnbKO oKono 20% cpepmepoe onacaK)TCR, HTO y HHX He 6yJqeT HCTOHHMKOB KpejaITOBaH.FI B cnyLae Heo6XO9MMoCTH. KoonepausMf 4.37. OKono 80% cpepmepoe yHaCTByIOT B 4pepMepCKMX o6 berMHeHMIX, B OCHOBHOM B MeCTHbIX cpepMepCKMX o6 beqMHeHMFIX 14 B HaMHOrO MeHbWeM LiIcne - B YKpa"HCKO1 accoLa4HLa H cepmepoB (70% H 20%, COoTBeTCTBeHHO). OKono 10% cpepMepoB yKa3bIBaIoT, 'TO OHM RBflFIIOTCFI 4neHamM c4epMepCKHX KoonepaTtlBOB, LITO MO)KHO o6IbFICHMTb pOnbIO 3TLX opraHM3aiAmI B MaTepmanbHO-TexHwIecKoM CHa6eKeH4Hm H c6blTe (CM. pa3,pen YcnyrnH no c6blry £4 i4HcppacrpyKTypa). KoonepaTrBHaFi JeFiTenbHOCTb BKnlOLaeT 6onbWyio HaCTb OCHOBHOA cenbCKoXo3FiRiCTBeHHoA neFlTenbHOCTH, KaK, HanpiMep, COBMeCTHOe mCnOnb3OBaHme cenbCKOXO3HACTBeHHbIX MaUWIH H o6opyQoBaHMFI (45% cpepMepoB), o6wJee CenbCKOXO3FICTBeHHOe npOM3BOJICTBO (34%), c6blT (24%), MaTepwanbHo-TeXHMHeCKoe CHa6)KeHme (20%) H KOOnepaTHBHOe KPeaMTOBaHme (16%). Koonepawui mrpaeT oco6eHHo Ba*KHyIo pOnb B cc4epe OKa3aHmR npocpeccHOHanbHbIX KOHcanTHHroBbIX ycnyr (64% cpepMepoB). KoonepaLit.si B nepepa6OTKe mrpaeT MeHee Ba)KHYIO pOnb (6%), B03MO)KHO H3-3a TOro, 'TO cpenq XO35ieB BHOBb CO3gaHHbIX cpepMepCKMX X03FIICTB JeF5TenbHOCTb no BTOpHLIHoi nepepa6oTKe FiBnFieTCFI peflKOCTbIO. YPOBeHb )KM3HM u OLUeHKa nepcneKTlB 4.38. Sonee 60% 4pepMepOB yTBep)KnalOT, ITO CeMeIHbIA JlOXOj COOTBeTCTByeT fnOBCe,JHeBHbiM nOTpe6HOcTsIM, HO He JaeT B03MON(HOCTH nOKynaTb TOBapbl JqnfTenbHoro nOJ1b3oBaHMFI. MeHee 10% >KanyIOTCFI Ha TO, LTO UX JQOXOfl HeqOCTaTO4eH JfF nogqepwaHMFI MMHHManbHOrO YPOBHFI )KM3HM. 3TOr rpynne cpepMepOB C HM3KHMMM OXOJqaMH npOTHBOCTOHT ,npyraf rpynna B 10%, yTBsep>K1aiouLaFi, 'TO He mcnbITbIBaeT HHKaKLX MaTepHanbHbIX 3aTpy,QHeHMA. TonbKO 10% OnpOWeHHbIX neCCHMMCTm4eCKH CMOTPFIT B 6yjiyw.ee, OKOnO 40% - onTWMMCTHIeCKw, a 50% He onpegenMnMcb. 4.39. CTeneHb ynoBneTBopeHHOCTH YPOBHeM )KH3HM y c8epMepOB B Bbi6OpKe CyW8eCTBeHHO BbiWe, HeM cpeam pa6oTHMKoB HaCTHbIX XO3frICTB. B nocnegHek KaTerOpHM OKOnO 30% - 62 - )KanylOTCFI, 4TO HX AoXOI1 HeMOCTaTO4eH An1S nO 8ep>KaHHIR MIHUManbHoro YPOBH9 *KH3H", 1 TOnbKO 1% npM3HaIoT, HTO OHM He mcnblITbiBalOT HMKaKLX MaTepuanbHbIx 3aTpyuHeHml4. B pe3ynbTaTe TOnbKO 8% OnpOweHHbIX OnlTHMMCTM4eCKM CMOTpFT B 6yj3yu4ee, a nO'4T 30% - neccWMICTM4eCKM. Ha Puc. 4.10 4CepMepbl U pa6OTHMKI 4aCTHbIX XO3FIICTB CpaBHUBaIOTC9 no ypOBHIO )KW3HM 1 CTeneHm onTUMM3Ma. - 63 - 5 PeOpraHmalpa CBIIbcKOXX RCTBOHHbIX npB pNTMi L4CrnOnb3oBaHme 3eMenb u npOM3BOgCTBO 5.1. PaHee npefnplpITFTH B Bbi6opKe 6bIn4 opraHI3oBaHbl B COOTBeTCTBML C TpaIJ.MLOHHblMM cpopMaMm o6o6u.tecTBneHmFl KaK KonneKTMBHbie X0351ICTBa (KonXo3bl, 67%) H rOCyJqapCTBeHHbie X03F1MCTBa (COBX03bl, 30%) npf CyLLLeCTBOBaHIH HeKOTOpbIX Me8KX03UIACTBeHHbIX H japyrmx npegnpHmTHM. 3TH nponopwLwm npaKTHMeCKI CoBnagaIoT C TeMH, KoTopbIe 6bInw xapaKTepHbl gO HaHana pecbopM AnJ1 YKpaHHbi B LtenoM. B cpenHem XO3FilVCTBe nnow.aEbio 3.000 ra HMeeTcfl 80% naXOTHbIX 3eMenb w 6onee 10% naCT6utL ' ceHOKOCOB (Puc. 5.1). 3eMnH o6pa6aTblBaeTcSI HenocpeCTBeHHO cenbCKOXo3FICCTBeHHbIM npe.qnpMFlTHeM, XOTSI OflHa TpeTb pyKOBOgMTeneA yTBep)KaeT, HTO OHM cjaaoT 3eMnJo B apeHily pa6OTHMKaM mnw rpynnam pa6oTHMKoB. Cna4a 3eMnf B apeHjy He pa6oTaIoLWrM B JmaHHOM XO3FWICTBe npaKTHKyeTCR MeHee 4eM 5% pyKOBOJIMTenei, Tor-a KaK 3anor w npo,qa>Ka 3eMnfl nOBceMeCTHO He mcnonb3ylOTCS. 5.2. KpynHbie CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHbie npegnpUfITHR B YKpaMHe 3aHIMmaoTCA OgHOBpeMeHHO paCTeHmeBOJCTBOM H )KMBOTHOBOJCTBOM, llpUmeM 06beMbl nlpOH3BOACTBa npOtiyKL4HH paCTeHmeBOJCTBa H )KHBOTHOBOflCTBa OIIHaKOBbI. BanoBo npOqYKT cenbCKOXo3R5CTBeHHbIX npegnpis4rTMA 3a nepHon c 1990 no 1992 r. yMeHbLuHncs no'4TH Ha 30% (B nlOCTOHHHbIX L4eHaX), HTO OTpa)KaeT o6LLtIA 3KOHOMmLeCKMA cnag H Kone6aHHI4 B Ha4ane nepexogHoro nepwoga. B 1993 r. o6IbeM npOM3BOgCTBa HeCKOnbKO B03pOC, H pyKOBO,qMTenm, y4aCTBYIOLLIme B onpoce, o)KHi4aIOT ganbHeAwmA pOCT B 6nmwafweM 6ygyLLeM: npennonaraeTCH, ITO B 1994 r. no cpaBHeHHIo C 1992 r. ypoeeHb npOM3BOJCTBa yBenfHLHTC Ha 15% (Pwc. 5.2). Yny'.IweHme CHTyaLtHM B 1993 r. u Hamewgbl Ha 1994 r. CBF3aHbl, B OCHOBHOM, C yBenmefHIeM npOM3BOCTBa npoIyKLA4HH paCTeHmeBOCTBa nplH pocTe B 1993-1994 rr. gOnf 3TOri npOflyKLtHH B o6meM o6beMe npOH3BOgCTBa go 55%. 5.3. OCHOBHbIMM KyrTbTypaMH B CenbCKOX03FrCTBeHHbIx npeanp4rTMRX RBnJKIOTCI 3epHOBbie, KOTOpbIe 3aHMmaIOT noLTH 60% o6pa6aTblBaeMblx 3eMenb (Ta6n. 5.1). BTopbIM no 3HaLIMOCTH cnoco6oM Hcnonb3OBaHHHI 3eMnf4 iBTnFieTCFI BbipaLLWIBaHme Ha KOPM CKOTY OJHOneTHHX U MHOrOneTHIX TpaB, KOTOpbIe 3aHMmalOT nO4TH 4eTBepTb o6pa6aTblBaeMbIX nnoLLLajeo. CaxapHas CBeKna H I1OACOJ1He4HMK B COBOKYnlHOCTH 3aHHMmaOT MeHee 15% o6pa6aTblBaeMblx 3eMenb, a Ha OCTanbHbIX nnoLLtajRx xo3F>CTBa BbipaLLLHaalOT KapTo4penb, OBOL4U, CppyKTbl H KOpMOByIO cBeKny. OCHOBHbIMH 3epHOBbIMH KynbTypaMH, BbipaLLW.BaeMblMH B CenlbCKOXO3CTBeHHbIx npeinpfpHITH1X, FBnFlIOTCs nLeHtHLAa H F14MeHb: OHM 3aHHMalOT, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 50 H 25% nnow.age; non 3epHOBbIMH (Ta6n. 5.1). CpeJH IM ypO>Kar4HOCTb B pac4eTe Ha OAHo X03R&CTBO H ypO>KaC4HOCTb pa3nIHLHbIX KynbTyp npPBegqeHbi B Ta6n. 5.2. Ypo)KaAHOCTb pa3ntILIHbIX KynbTyp B paCTeHmeBOQCTBe, KaK npaBHnO, paBHa cpegHerl no CTpaHe, 3a MCKniO4eHmeM 3epHoBbIx, YPO)Ka>HOCTb KOTOpbIX B XO3Fl>CTBax H3 BbI6opKH HeCKOnbKO BbIWe cpePHeA. - 64 - Ta6ima 5.t CrpyKTypA npOiaACTBa fllpOARK paCTrMBORCTBa CSIbCKOX03oSftSSHHW rp WWnpMM p 49mom o6u&%A 4wam Ky,Typw nrucuu i 3amwmr 3*p*gbm nnouanW% AMR*41 aeHaTafi KyIbTyp%A, % 32pHOO_ % B. KyIbTYpb 100 &e a0.pem1 100 KylbTyppU 3sp_os 58 rhuu1ka 50 C*X&pM&s CMKfU 7 R*.s_ 30 rbAco uI.c 5 Kyrypysa 7 KapT4oqwr 2 Pob 4 OBMU&i 2 OBsC 4 dzpYxma 1 rp.sxa 3 KopmoaucsfKrm 2 fpoc* 1 144O*OJUTHM Trpal 24 5.4. B CPe8HeM XO39hCTBe MmeeTCSI 1.600 rOnOB KPYnHoro poraToro CKOTa, O,3HY TPeTb KOTOpblX COCTaBnlIOT KOPOBbl. KpoMe Toro, MmeeTC%i 650 CBMHeA, 350 OBeWL U K03 LI 6onee 6.000 llTU4. OaKT&4qeCKH KpynlHblA pOraTbl CKOT (KaK MSCHbiX, TaK U MonO4Hblx nopoji) MmeeTCFI B Ka)KflOM xo351LIcTBe, uI nOHTU B 90% X03FICTB BbipaU.LLBalOT CBMHer4. OBeu 14 K03 BbipaLLLuBalOT, oAHaKo, TonbKO B 30% X03P1CTB, a goMaWHioio nTU4Y - MeHee, 4eM B 20% X03SIACTB. HeKoTopbie U3 X03R>CTB, rge pa3BOP.IT jjoMawHioio nT4Ly, uMelOT OTHOCITenbHO BbICOK1H. YPOBeHb cneLauanM3aLum. B Ka)lCgOM U3 HUX Co0ep)KaT 6onee 150.000 nTI4L. 5.5. no4TM 85% X03SBCTB nlPO&3BOAIT KOpMa caMOCTOFITenbHo, a OCTanbHble nPOLI3BOAflT He MeHee nOnOBUHbI Tpe6yeMoro KopMa. PYKOBOJiTenm npejinoL4TaIOT npoM3BOXQTb KOpMa B CBOUX XO3FIACTBax no nplm.He: (a) KparHe BbICOKOLI CTOUMOCTU KOpMOB (70% onpoWeHHbIX) L (6) HeJAOcTaTO'HorO KonfIeCTBa KOpMOB He3aBI4cUMO OT LAeHbl (20%). nlOLTU 90% pyKOBOAHTenef1 HaMepeHbi yBenf4MTb npOM3BOACTBO KOpMOB flfns nOBbIweHLIU peHTa6enbHOCTH )I( BOTHOBO ICTBa. 5.6. B Ta6n. 5.3 npWBeaeHbi O6beMbi npOM3B0aCTBa nlpOJ1yKLAL )KLBOTHOBOJ1CTBa CenbCKOXO3SICTBeHHblMm nperlnp14S1TMSIMW. CpeslH&4e HaOa MOMnOKa COCTaBnSUOT 2.300 Kr OT OAHOI KOpOBbI B roil. 3To COOTBeTCTByeT cpeAHLM OKm3aTensfM no YKpaWHe, HO Hml)Ke HaijOeB, 0 KOTOpblX coo6LLkaIT ctepMepbl U pa6OTHWKM npeanpwlTWA, M4meoLL&me KOpOB B CBOUX nUIHblX nloACO6HbIX X03,irCTBaX (COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 3.400 U 3.200 Kr B ron). PyKOBOAMTen8 XO3RACTB oco3HaIOT HtI3Ky1O 3cpIeKTMBHoCTb *KUBOTHOBOACTBa: 6onee 95% OnpOweHHbIX XOTen4 6bl yBenH4MTb npOgyKTHBHOCTb CKOTa, a 85% HaMepeHbI yny4LWUTb nneeM. TpeTb OnpOWeHHblX paCCMaTp4BaeT BO3MO)KHOCTb npUMeHeHUi4 nepeJIOBblX 3anafHbIX TeXHonorwZ. - 65 - T&6 a 5.2. PyKoBoAWrnSH cShOKOXoc0T31eHHb:x npAIp ariTS s YKpame: npomsBoacTro npoAyK4u paCTOH1oACTsB i CpOAHRM ypO*a.HOCTh Konmv- Cpamm makm YP(ToHH/ra) Kymfypa _m nnouaAb, ra |. o o6i wA 1w1T j nPOOOACTB, BIlh6Ip POio 61 064 s15 2,3 j,Bw nwua 822 522 2050 3,4 3,0-- A4MM 810 321 973 2,9 2,9-- O*aC 734 50 163 3,0 1,4*m KyKypy3a 458 135 376 2,8 3,4- rpome 582 46 67 1,4 0,6* rpoco 362 30 57 2,2 1,10 30pmHl 794 1115 3840 3,5 3,1* KynbTyphi CmXapHa coKns 616 171 4405 24,2 28,Bm flojWoMH 457 174 235 1,4 1,7- KapTO4mhb 623 40 495 11,1 12,1 OBOIUa 693 41 488 11,2 14,2- (IpyKKTU 186 94 441 3,2 - Kopma. ComKnu 7m 43 1565 36,5 31,2U Camo 66 436 7579 17,0 - * CpeAH"a ypoNcaAiocTm no YKpame 3a 1986-190 rr. no qaHbIM cnpabo'aa HapooHoe xoasIATmo CCCP 3a 1990 r. **CpeA, ypo*sAHocarb no CCCP aa nepiioA 1986-1990 rr. no Aaw.mwM cnpaso'oiwa HagonHOe xo3iftTO CCCP aa 1990 r. 5.7. HecMoTps Ha cpaBHWTenbHo HM3Ky?o *44eKTMBHOCTb, nonoBWHa PyKoBo0uTeneA npIjlep)KMBalOTCSI MHeHmFi, 4TO npOM3BOflCTBO OCHOBHOA npoYKL4uu )K;4BOTHOBOACTBa (roB$sqHHbl, CBUHUHbi, MOnOKa 1 wepCTI) peHTa6enbHO. nlpoM3BOACTBO FLA w nT[qbero MFIca c'MTaeTcFI peHTa6enbHblM no MHeH410 MeHee qeM 40% onpoweHHb1x, Torpa KaK 6apaHuHa 3aHIMaeT MeCTO B HW)KHeA 4aCTcM WKanbl peHTa6enbHOCTM: peHTa6enbHbiM ee npOL43B0oCTBO C4.4TaIOT 24% onpoweleHHbIX. nlpoaa)Ka npOQyKTOB rOCyfqapCTBeHHbIM 3aKynO4HblM OpraHH3aLU*M e8nUHOflIWHO npM3HaeTCSI MeHee BbirOJNHOoI, 4eM BCe OCTanIbHbIe BUQbi peanm3a4., 'TO geMOHCTpt4pyeT npetHmyLLIeCTBa Mcnonb3OBaHMu sanbTepHaTuBHbIX KaHanoB c6blTa. fOCTaTO4Ho 6onbwaR 4aCTb pyKOBOJHTeneA npennpSITMA (oKono 40%) npe,anonaraeT B 1994 r. yBenl4ITb npoH3BOQCTBO CpaBHITenbHO BbICoKopeHTa6enbHoA flpOflyKW4MM (rOBSlI,Hbi, CBUHl4Hbl U MonOKa), a B OTHOwBeHm4 npO43BOQCTBa MeHee peHTa6enbHoAl npOaYKLJ141 (sHUL, nTH'Ibero MPlCa U 6apaHHHbl) '4CnO pyKOBO0w1Tenekl, nnaHuMpyboLu.x yBeflHLIHTb npOM3BOj3CTBO, nfoTW ypaBHosewBsaeTCR '4CnOM KenaBioLux COKpaTMTb npOt43BO|lCTBO. - 66 - Ta6haw 5.A. 11pomoo npOAyK4Wl mmoTeoAcTu CeIbCKOXO3asAcTsBImbH rlpOApMTM AOM npraA- CPSWe 25% 50% 75% rlpoRK"-Ru CpGA- npwwr% noronosbe npe- r npm- Hall CKOTl a npU nm-ffI npul- npOAyKT xaAre_ un wn . npw KpyruHbid 98 1624 860 1353 2102 rOBfUAW 210 pOrarTbI CKOT KopoBbi 97 506 278 410 650 MOnoKo 119 CBmHm 89 753 125 427 864 CB4mw 62 OBwa*kO3a 33 1083 .omUHRW 17 33091 1000 1740 4037 M.&a 6017 TpynoBbae pecypcb 5.8. LIwcneHHOcTb pa6oTalOu.wx B TIIllI'HHOM cebl6CKOXO3FU1CTBeHHOM nperinp.lllTMl.¶ V3 Bbi6opKU - 6onee 400 4enoBeK: TPI4 HeTBePTH V3 HUX 3aHRITbl HenOCPeP,CTBeHHO B CeJ1bCKOM xO3R>CTBe, a OCTanbHbIe nOpOBHY 3aHRTbl B cdpepe HecenbCKoXo3RsCTBeHHoro npOI.3BOriCTBa (KaK, Hanp4mep, B cXepe nepepa6OTK&. npOXIyKLutM4, CTpOITenbCTBa, peMOHTa) m arMIHWCTpaTMBHbIX U coLU4anbHbIX cnyw6 (Pwc. 5.3). C 1990 no 1993 rr. o6uwas LiIcneHHoCTb pa6oTalow.kx B pacL.eTe Ha OnHO X035RCTBO yMeHbWUfnaCb Ha 10% (PHc. 5.4; COKpaL.eHIe cperiHei HwcneHHOCTM pa6OTaioutwx B XO3RICTBe C 460 no 410 HenOBeK CTaTWCTMteCKW 3Haqmmo). TaKoe yMeHbweHile qmcna pa6OTaioLWI.x CBR3aHO B TOM quIcne C COKpaWLeHmeM WMeioLLLL4uXc nnoLaqeh (CM. BbIWe). 5.9. 4aCTqH4o yMeHbweHWe qIcneHHoCTI pa6OTatoutwx o61bFscHaeTcsi npo.4eccoM eCTeCTBeHHOro CTapeHuI: BbIXOgF5Lw.Me Ha neHCI410 He 3aMeHsnMCb HOBbIMM pa6OTHIKaMW, L fOnnRi neHCIoHepOB HeCKOnbKO Bblpocna ( c 15 no 19% o6LLek qLcneHHOCT&I HaceneHWSI, CM. Pwc. 5.4). flpyrwM CpaKTOpOM, BUpUAMO, 5iBnRieTCRI pOCT nl"lqHbiX nflOco6HbIX X03FRCTB 3a CqeT pacnpefleneHuiR 6biBwUwX KOnXO3HbIX A COBX03HbIX 3eMenb. C 1990 no 1993 rr. nnouJ,ajb nJqHoro XO3R1CTBa B Bbi6opKe yBenqmlnaCb Ha 45% (c 0,36 ra nio 0,53 ra), qTO, B03MO)KHO, CT&4Myn1poBano paHHMrl BbIXOf Ha neHCHIO HeKOTOpbIX pa6oTHMKoB C 1enblIO BO3JenblBaHWI nl44HbIX yqaCTKOB 6onbwer nnouLarA. B 1994 r. Mo)KeT npOW30ITm ranbHer4wee coKpaLeHl4e qucneHHOCTI4 pa6OTaiouLtx: nonoB1Ha pyKOBOruTenegi o)KIuaeT yMeHbweHMS4, a npyras nonoBIHa He npegnonaraeT U3MeHemHm. 5.10. HeKoTopble pyKB00I4Tenlml coo6U4aIOT, HTO UMelOT V136bITOK pa6oqer4 CVII1bI. B npOwJnOM PYKOBOriWTen8 KonnJ1eKTLBHbIX Vl rOCyg,apCTBeHHbIX X03FIr4CTB coo6uLanu o nOCTOIHHOIl HeXBaTKe pa6Oqe;i Cunbi, HO cer4qac nono)KeHme 3MeHt4noCb. MeHee 20% PYKOBOnMTene B BbI6OpKe c006LualOT 0 HeXBaTKe pa6oqer4 cunbl. OKono 40% - 67 - ygoBneTBopeHbl MmeloLL4MMtc TpYJyOBbIM14 pecypcaMt4, a npyrwe 40% i4cnbITbIBaloT HeXBaTKY pa6o'4e cInbI TOnbKO BO BpeMsi cTpanbl. 3ToT HegOCTaTOK pa6o'eh Cu4fnbi nOKpblBaeTCS 3a c4eT HaAMa BpeMeHHbIX pa6oTHMKoB. 3To npaKT14KyeTCFi nOBceMeCTHO m nPfHMmaeTCsl 70% pyKOBOjwiTeriefl. 5.11. XOTFi 6onee nonoBBWHbi npennpmFTl.rl He Mmen8 B03MO)KHOCTM CBoeBpeMeHHO BbinnaTt4Tb 3apnnaTy nepcoHarly, KaK MI4H1MyM, 0JWH pa3 B TeHeHwe 1993 r., rnaBHbIM o6pa3oM, 143-3a OTp4LtaTenbHoro 6anaHca Ha cLeTax npennpHRTMA, PYKOBOJM8fTenl npernoHMTanf He npoM3BOfI4Tb COKpaLL8eH1R pa6oTaiou.Wx 1nm yMeHbwaTb 3apnnaTy (70-80% onpoweHHblX). PyKOBOnWTenM TaKwe C HewenaHmeM BCTpeIaIoT wneio nepe8ona pa6OTalOwy,IX Ha BbirOflHbie HeCenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHbIe pa6OTbl (65% onpoweHHblX). npenno4TMTenbHbIM cnoco6oM peweHmR npo6neMbl HeXBaTKI CpeICTB JnnH BbilnnaTbl 3apnnaTbt SlBnJieTCR nonyHeH&4e KpeaWTa B 6aHKe (50% onpoweHHblX) Mnw 3aQepKKa BbinnaT (80%). I3MeHeHme 4pOpM opraHU3aai4U 5.12. K KOHLty 1993 no4TI4 TpW 4eTBepTM (72%) npeanpmRTiWf B Bbl6OpKe cpopManbHO npowni npoLAecc peopraHW3aL .. Xonls KOnXO3OB U COBX030B B Bbl6opKe COKpaTHnaCb C no4TM 100% B 1990 r. no 30% B 1993 r., w 60% X03Rr&CTB 6bin 3aperMCTpLposaHbl KaK KonneKTIBHbie X03RACTBa mn&4 npOt43BoACTBeHHbie KoonepaTt4Bbl (Ta6n. 5.4). HM OlHO 13 npennpmRTMrl B Bbl6opKe He pacnanoCb Ha HeCKonbKo 6onee MenKIX X03FlACTB MnM He3aBl4C14MbIX XO3R&CTBeHHblx eJUHULL, 1 Uonf COBepweHHO HOBbIX CTpyKTYP (aKLt4OHepHble KOMnaHMM, cpepMepCKue o6'benMHeHMR) OCTaeTCFI He3Ha4LTenbHOI. 5.13. Konw4ecTTo pa6OTHMKoB, noKt4aioLLt4x npenpuITMI c Ltenblo Co3,aHMR HaCTHbIX X03FIACTB, no-npe)KHeMy oqeHb HeBenJKo. B 6onee HeM 80% cenbCKoxo3RrICTBeHHblx npe8fnpUlPTt4PI HU O1UH U3 pa6oTaloLLu&x He BblwJen U3 COCTaBa, 4To6bl CTaTb CpepMepOM. B 6onee HeM nonoBIHe oCTanbHbIx npennpW1TMA Li4cnO BblXOlRUU4X 43 UX cocTaBa 6biro OT 1 no 3, U 6binO TOllbKO HeCKOnbKO Cny4aeB, Korja 6blBUWiMM pa6oTHWKaMw npegnptRTMA 6blno CO3IaHo 6onee 20 IaCTHbIX X03RUhCTB (Puc. 5.5). 5.14. 26% COBX030B B Bbi6opKe cTani4 KOnXo3aMt4, a euLe 53% CTanu4 KonneKTL4BHbIMM u KoonepaTMBHbiMt4 npennpt4FTt4RMM. PeopraHw3aLwsf CoBxo3a B KOJ1X03 BKnlO4aeT nepenqaiy npaBa co6CTBeHHOCTW Ha 3eMniO U npoI43BOnCTBeHHbIX CtOHAOB OT rocynapCTea KOnneKTt4By, U 3TO RBnReTCI npennoCbinKor jIni nanbHeAiwero npeo6pa3oBaHmsi 6blawero rocygapcTBeHHoro npennpMRTHR. 5.15. B 6onee Hem 80% KOnXO30B B Bbi6opKe npWHRTO peWeeHue o peopraHN43aL14, Torna KaK AnR COBX030B 3TOT nOKa3aTenb COCTaBnRn TonbKO ABe TpeTi. B o6eux rpynnax peopraHW3aLMRl, BepOSITHO, BhBnReTCR TOnbKO BonpOCoM speMeHI, nOCKOnbKy 6onee nOnOBUHbI npeqnpmRT141, B KOTOpblX euie He npMHRTO peweHt4e o peopraHML3aU14, coo6LuAaIOT, HTO Bonpoc eu.Le He paccMaTpMBancR" (22%) 1 "Bonpoc paccMaTplBancRs, No pewueHue He npmHRTO" (31%). TonbKO 12% npegnpl45lTMHr, KoTOpbie He 6bin noKa peopraHu30oaHbl, He - 68 - nOje*)KaT peoprammtMM B COOTBeTCTBHI4 C r8eACTBYIOLL&MM 3aKOHOAaTenbCTBOM (3TO, B OCHOBHOM, COBX03bI), a 22% yKa3blBalOT, 4TO OHM HMaepeHbI coxpaHMTb cyLI&eCTByIOW.ylo CpOpMy (KaK KonXO3bl, TaK U COBX03bI). 5.16. nlpoLtecc peopraHMU3aLutm npegnpflPTr npmBen K HeKOTOPOMY 3aMeLUaTenbCTBY cpenw pSJOBbIX 4neHoB. B COOTBeTCTByiOLLJer4 Bbi6opKe U3 756 PyKOBOXIMTeneA H pa6oTHMKOB Tex )Ke CeJlbCKOX03R1CTBeHHbIX lpepAnplHpTMU TOllbKO 82% npennpMFITmh, B KOTOpblX npmHSTO peweHue o peopraHw3atAmm, npf3HaHbl pa6OTHAKaMm peopraHM3oBaHHbIMM. OcTanbHble 18% pa6oTHWKOB C4MTalOT, HTO HMKaKHX peWeHMHO 0 peopraHm3aLAHM Ha MX npe8nlpHRTMPX npUMHITO He 6bino. 06e rpynnbl onpoweHHbIX maiOT cornacyioutyiocs o0UeHKY cpOpM opraHH3ais4i MX npe8QnPMRTM1 B 1990 r., Ao pecpopmmpoBaHis. ropa3Ao MeHbwe cornacyloTcs AaHHbIe pyKOBOAMTenJiMm U pa6OTHMKaMm XapaKTeplCTMKH CpOpM opraHM3aLtm npeAnpMFTHR B 1993 r., nocne peopraHU3aLmm. TaK, nO4TH TpU 4eTBepTM (74%) PYKOBOAMTenef onpenen%IoT peopraHM30oBHHoe npegnpuflTme KaK "KonneKTwaHoe npegnpMFSTMe", H TOnbKO 15% coo6LLtalOT, 4TO X03FIICTBO coxpaHMno cTapyio cpOpMy". CpenM pa6OTHMKOB TeX we npennpMusTIu, oflHaKo, TonbKO 54% CO3HaBanm, 4TO X0351ACTBO M3MeHmno CBOA CTaTyC U CTanO KonneKTMBHbIM npe8npMRTHeM, Torna KaK 43% nonaraeT, 4TO OHM Bce e8uLe pa6oTaloT B COCTaBe KonXO3a unm COBXo3a. 3To Ha6nmoneHme yKa3biBaeT Ha TpyAHOCTM B pacnp0CTpaHeHMM uHcpopmaLRu no Xo3,Fl4CTBaM. O4eBMAHO, peopraHM3aiAms npe8npmATMH 3a4acTyio npoXOgWT 6e3 WUPOKoro npmBine4eHMuS pa6oTHMKoB, H PYKOBOgMTenH npMHMmalOT Ba)KHeAw8e peuweHHI caMoCTORTenbHo, TaK, KaK OHM 3TO nenanw npu cTapoA CHCTeMe. 3eMnesna,qeHue 5.17. npaBo Co6CTBeHHOCTM Ha 3eMnlIO o6bl4Ho nepeXOAMT OT rocynapCTBa K KOnJneKTHBy. ,fonsF 3eMenb B rocyCapCTBeHHO4 Co6CTBeHHOCTM Ha npegnpUpTHfIX, OXBa4eHHbIX OnpOCOM, CHM3mnaCb Co 100% no 1990 r. no 35% B 1993 r. (PMc. 5.6). OcTanbHasl 3eMnsi ceA4ac 6onbweA maCTbIO HaXOAMTCS B KOnneKTMBHOU Co6CTBeHHOCTw. nlpemMyu&eCTBeHHOA CpOpMOU 3eMnenonb3oBaHMS (55%) RBns1eTCI o6mafl KOnlneKTMBHaP Co6CTBeHHOCTb, 6e3 peanbHoro Ha3Ha4eHWR oT8enbHbIX y4aCTKoB, u TonbKo 6% 3eMnm, no coo6UXeHMFIM, HaXORUTCS B pa3fenbHOA KonneKTMBHOr1 co6CTBeHHOCTH, Korna y4aCTKM, BblAenhaeMb6e Ha Ka)Kg6bif naA, pa3Me4alOTCF Ha none. He6onbwal '4aCTb 3eMnu (2%), KoTopas, no coo6ULeHMSM, HaXOAMTCR B MHHMBMgyanbHO1 Co6CTBeHHOCTm, npegCTaBnmeT co6o0h y4aCTKm nM4Hblx nogco6Hblx X03ShCTB. HeCMOTpSI Ha WHpOKoMaCWTa6HyIO peOpraHMULtmio H nepena4y 3eMeflbHOLI co6CTBeHHOCTH, TonbKo 20% pa6oTHMKoB HMe8OT ocpuuLAanbHbli nOKYMeHT, YgOCTOBepsuouLA1 Mx npaBO Ha 3eMnio. 5.18. npoL%ecc ocyuWeCTBneHISH 3eMenbHOh pedpOpMbI H peopraHM3aLUM CenbCKOX039ACTBeHHbIX npe8fnpM51Tu1h BKnIO4IBeT M3'bFTMe 3eMnf y KOnneKTHBHbIX H rOCynapCTBeHHbIX X039rI1CTB H ee nepena4y HOBbIM BnaAenbL4aM. C 1990 no 1993 rr. 6onee 85% TpaAuHLLOHHbIX 3eMneBnaq8enbLBes nHwmJnHCb 4aCTM CBOMX 3eMenb. CpegHme pa3Mepbl XO3SIICTB (no BCeM X03IR1CTBaM B Bbi6opKe) c 1990 no 1993 rr. yMeHbWHfnlCb 6onee HeM Ha 10%, c 3.300 go MeHee 4eM 3.000 ra (CTaTMCTMLieCKH 3Ha4mmoe u3MeHeHHe). Bonee 20% M3bgTbIX 3eMenb 6bino mCnlOFb3OBaHO Ha yBelM48HmHe nJMHblX InOACo6HbIX X03FI1CTB, caAOB -69 - u oropo5JoB, npt1HaxjnexKauLmx pa6oTHMKaM npeanpt4slTrw. EuLe 20% OTOwfno cpepMepaM. 6onbwaR 4aCTb t43bITOC4 3eMnJ, OqHaKO, OTOWna B rOCyiapCTBeHHbIA 3eMenlbHbI pe3epB U MeCTHble CpOHJjbi nepepacnpegeneHt4R (Puc. 5.7), KOTOpbIe RBnlIOTCS ICTO4HMKOM nocnegybou.,ero pacnpeaeneHu5 3emni MHII14BmyanbHbiM nonb3oBaTenrM (rocyjaapCTBeHHbilI pe3epB npeplHa3HaqeH JnR 4acTHbIx, a CpOHi nepepacnpeaeneHMR - QnS nH4HblX nOgCo6HbIX X03RACTB). TadSpo SA PacnpeneHus cOpM opraHIm4m npwinp Bi1 19 Ii 1993 rr. (no coote&iMw pyKoBOA e npAnpRTw^) BOO IAPeTIMn B Peopramaoeah 1990 r. 1993 r. 1990 r. 1993 r. |Tpah.Iq.~ cmpywryTa p!xoaRCra* § Kor.xoa, 66,7% 76,4% 0 CoeS289% 31.1% 212% 6,4% |MsNcxoagAom.H..NhI 0,8% 0,2% HOBU ILyKil XO3SlICTB ToBapmwcTBa- - 60,6% - 82,9% AAKwepm - 2,5% - 3,3% 44 McKKe - 1,2% - 1,3% Arpo_mpmb 0,4% 1,2% 063% 1,5% D.pyr 3,2% 3,4% 2,1% 4^ *BKM~~4aR KoflflKl1MHi H KoonlepaTIeH.bie nlp@InpIImT 5.19. PYKOBOJq1Ten8 XO3RACTB, nO-B14LMOMy, He nbITaloTcI KOMneHCMpOBaTb COKpauJeH1e CBOU4X X03PACTB U yBenwM4Tb o6pa6aTbIBaeMbie nnofuaQW 3a c4eT apeHqbl 3eMnm 43 rocyqapcTBeHHoro pe3epBa. MeHee 5% PYKOBOQWTeneA coo6u.taloT, 4TO OHM mcnonb3yloT apeHQy 3eMnf. 3To, OfHaKO, Mo)KeT C03,qaTb no)KHoe Bne4aTneHMe M3-3a cnefL&4uMci4ecKoro ABOAHorO y4eTa 3eMenb rocyqapcTBeHHoro pe3epBHoro CpOHna. C OQHOC4 CTOpOHbl, 3TH 3eMnJ 143b5iTbl y CelnbCKOX03PhCTBeHHbiX npeqnpMFlTMA, TorQa KaK, C QpyroA CTOpOHbl, cenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHbiM npernpmsITMSlM pa3peweHo 14 qanee mcnonb3oBaTb 3eMnm 43 pe3epBa B CBOU4X LAenRx PO TorO, KaK 3TU 3eMnU OTOAflyT CpepMepaM. nlOCKOnbKy Me)KQy roCyJ4apCTBOM U cenbCKOX035lACTBeHHbiM npeqnp1l5TmeM He 3aKnlo4ancR gorOBop apeHQbl Ha Mfcnonb3O0aHme 3eMnf 13 pe3epBa, PYKOBOQwTenm npeqnpmRTWA He C4MTaloT ee llapeHnOBaHHOA", XOTSI OHa 6bmna ogHo3Ha4Ho MCKMloLeHa 143 CPOHQa "3eMenb, HaXO,QUSIwXCR B KOnneKTUBHOM nor1b3oBaHMM". 4)aKTM4ecKoe yMeHbuieHwe o6pa6aTbiBaeMblx nnfouaRek MOweT 6bITb MeHbwe, 4eM CoKpaw.eHme 3eMenb cenbCKOXO3Rf4CTBeHHblx npemnpmITMA. 5.20. OKorio 70% PYKOBOQ&4Tener yKa3blBaloT, 4TO OHM nnaTIT Hanor Ha 3eMnK). CpeqHFsI BenJ4l4Ha Hanora Ha 3eMnio, no coo6LLteHMflM 3TUX PYKoBoqwTeneA, COCTaBnfleT OKOJ1O 3.700 KynoHoB, u4nu 20 UeHTOB, 3a reKTap. BenM4MHa Hanora Ha 3eMnJo cyyW8eCTBeHHo pa3nwmaeTcSI no o6nacTSM (Ta6n. 5.5). - 70 - Pacnpex,eneuee 3aMem M 4mOH,nB CerlbcKOXo3sFwCTweHHIX npennplsmA 5.21. B npoLtecce npoBeAeHH9 3eMenbHOA pe4)OpMbi npe)Kne Bcero ilonKHa 6biTb pacnpeAeneHa 3eMns janni nf4Hblx nojjco6HbIx X03,IRCTB. flM4Hble noilco6Hble X03,lIlCTBa scer,qa 6b11w Ba)KHOr4 4aCTbIO COBeTCKOrO cenbCKoro X035ACTBa, H pa3nf44Hbie nporpaMMbi yBenM4eHH9 3eMenbHbIX y4aCTKOB nflHblx nogco6HbIX X03Sr4CTB npe8IWeCTBOBanfL o6w.eMy npoLAe8cy npoBereHMw 3eMenbHO1 peCpOpMbi B YKpaWHe U gpyrux CTpaHax 6blBwero CoBeTcKoro Como3a. 13 Pwc. 5.7 BMgHO, 4TO B YKpaWHe B nonb3y nH4Hblx noAco6HbIx X03RACTB y KonneKTuBHbIX 1 rocyIapCTBeHHbIX X03SCCTB M3bRTO OKono 20% CenbCKOX03flr4CTBeHHbIX 3eMenb. CpenHwe pa3Mepbl y4aCTKa nfH4HOrO noAco6Horo y4aCTKa yBenuu4nMCb c 0,36 ra B 1990 r. go 0,53 ra B 1993 r. (CTaTCTHM4eCKH 3Ha4MMOe yBenHMeHme). PyKOBOAHTenF cenbCKOX035IACTBeHHbix npe8npfSlTHH H Hx pa6oTHwKM naIoT HJ4eHTW4HyI0 mHCpOpMa4KiO pa3Mepax 1 yBenfleHt4t4 y4aCTKOB nH4HblX nocoN6HbIX X03s4CTB. C 1990 no 1993 rr. o6uasi nnowfarlb 3eMenb, o6pa6aTblBaeMblx BnaenbiJaMm nf4Hblx nonco6HbIx XO3NUCTB, yBenwHwnacb c 200 ra (oKono 6% Bcex Xo3RuCTBeHHbIX BnageH41A) go 265 ra (oKono 9% Bcex Xo3aACTBeHHbIX BnageHMA) B cpe6HeM B paC4eTe Ha OAlHO X03fIHCTBO. 5.22. nlocKonbKy 3eMnsf, o6pa6aTbIBaeMasi cenbCKOXO3l4CTBeHHblM npegnp"SITMeM, nepeilaeTc9 H3 rrocyIaapCTBeHHOr4 co6CTBeHHOCTH B KonneKTHBHyIo, cneAyiouAJM waroM Ha nyTtU peOpraHm3aiUH sBianieTCFI pacnperieneHUe 3eMnf U CpOHIO1B, HaXOPlsiLLtHXC51 B KOnneKTMBHOr4 Co6CTBeHHOCTM, 4aCTHblM nfLLaM. 3To pacnpegeneHwe nepBOHa4anbHO OCyWLLeCTBnJeTCI B cpopMe "ycnoBHbIx naeB", KOTOpbIe npefCTaBnSIOT co6orh npOCTO cepTu4uKaTbl Hnu 3anfcl Ha cleTax cenbcKoXo35uAcTBeHHblx npegnplffTTM, 03Ha4aloW.HX HaJ8eneIHe onpeAleneHHbIX 4aCTHbix nflL HeKOTOpbIM KonuMeCTBOM 3eMfl H HeKoTOpOA BeflHM4HOA4 4OHAOB (He B BMAe 3eMnIH). Ha cneyioukem 3Tafne 3eMnJ1 H 4OHAbl, CTOULLkHe 3a yCnOBHbIMH nlaRMH, MOryT 6blTb npaKTtH4eCKt4 nepenaHbi 4aCTHblm nULaM B BHJe y4aCTKOB 3eMnJ u peanbHbIX 4POHJIOB (mnH Hx geHe*Horo 3KsEsBaneHTa). B onpoce OCHORHoe BHMaHme ygensieTcs AByM onpefeneHHbIM 3TanaM 3Toro npoLAecca: pacnpeneneH"io ycnOBHbix naeB HL npaKTt4eCKoA nepeAa4e 3eMnJ H 4OHAOB. 5.23. nloArOTOBKa K pacnpegeneHuIo 3eMenbHbIX HanenoB y)Ke Ha4aTa nO4TM B 50% X039RCTB, rAe COCTaBneHbi cnMCKH nony4aTener4. KonWHecTBo 4aCTHblx n1Ut, KOTOpbIM npejlOCTasneHo npaBo nony4eHms 3eMenbHbIx naeB, COCTaBnsIeT npm6nm3HTenbHo 700 4enOBeK B paC4eTe Ha OAHO X0351ACTBO, npH'M OKOnO nOnfOBHHbl H3 HHX pa6oTalOT, a 45% - neHCHOHepbl. Pa3Mepbl3aMeenbHbIX naeB npaKTH4eCKH OnpegeneHbl TOnbKO B OAHOU TpeTH X03RACTB, OXBa4eHHbIX onpocom, a 4aCTH4Hag pa3ga4a 3eMnt4 npowrna B 12% Xo39hCTB. 5.24. B TeX X0391ACTBax, B KOTOpbIX paCC4HTaHbl BenHL4Hbl 3eMenbHbIX nlaeB, CpeAH$P BeflH'4Ha naR, npwXogsuAerMoc Ha OAHoro pa6oTHMKa, CoCTaBnJieT 3,7 ra (pyKoBonHTeni u pa6OTHWKH Tex 6e npeAnpusTuu coo6LLaloT mAeHTH4Hbie cBegeHHs o pa3mepax 3eMenbHbIx naeB). £11 nefcHoHepoB OHa TonbKO HeMH0orM MeHbwe (3,4 ra, npWueM pa3HMLAa COCTaBnReT CTaTHCTH4eCKH He3Ha4HMylO Bentl4'Hy). KOnW4eCTBO X0390CTB, B KOTOpbIX 3eMenbHbIe nau npeflOCTaBn$IIOTCI pa6OTaioW.HM B coUtianbHOR ccpepe, o4eHb HeBenHKO: B - 71 - 15% X03fl>CTB cpeRw Tex, KOMy BblJen$sIOTCl seMenbHbIe nam, 4mcnC1TC9 pa6OTHMKH npeJinpmRTHU, 3aH9Tbie B COLtmanbHOA c4bepe, a B 10% X03RrnCTB - pa6oTHMKH CcenbCKMX U nocenKOBblX coLilanbHbIX cny)K6. Pa6oTHIKH coamanbHOA Co4pbi nony4aIoT B cpegHem 3,0 ra 3eMnm. Ta6m& 5J BSl m manora me aewo no o6n*oTme (nro coo8u&mu pyKoeozwr.i xoS711s) Oonm I 'bi, xaaoi Hur, a moopeu KO KynIOmax nroTRTHl yap 70% INS Xepoou.cian 45 GM9 Kbowuc 84 4330 4 73 4200 HImogICKaa 54 3813 X.aa4Kau 82 3659 kbaw2~ 34 32 BOrIhKSR 50 30 LIgp.(aCcu 84 1S23 5.25. B TeX Xo35AcTBaX, r,qe npowino pacnpeAqeneHue 3sMenu, BnaAenbLtaM 3eMenbHbIX naes pacnpei3eneHo OKono 70% o6uwer nnoL.tanu yronwu. OcTanbHble 3eMnm, COCToR4uMe H3 y4aCTKOB 3eMnfl, nox, o6beKTaMm COL41fanbHOA ccpepbI U flpyroMm o6beKTaMM couaanbHoro Ha3Ha4eHMU, neCaMm 14 T.X., O4eBH:HO, OCTaHYTCS He8en84MbIM. Bcs, pacnpe:ieneHHaa 3eMns, OJHaKo, no-npe)KHeMy o6pa6aTbrBaeTcS KonneKTIBHO. 0aKTM4eCKM He npom3owJno pa3,Qau4 3eMni gnsJ MH1 UBUyanbHOU o6pa6oTKl, sa 14CKnlO4eHi4eM 3eMnm anSi nUl4HblX nOAco6HbIX X03MACTB. 5.26. YCnOBHbie 3eMenbHbIe nau onpegeneHbi B 50% cenbCKoXO351ACTBeHHbIX npe8jnp4flpTmA B c4opMe 6yMa)KHbIx cepT14fpMKaToB, B KOTOpbIX yKa3blBalOTCA neHe)KHble BbinllaTbI Ka)KQOMy 4aCTHOMy nfLy. nlpoLecc onpeAeneHu J Aonm CpOHiOB He cBR3aH C npoUteccoM onpejgeneHuf 3eMenbHbIx naeB: 3eMenbHble nau npaKTM4eCKtl paCC4MTaHbl TOnbKO B nonOBMHe npexinp&IFITMA, B KOTOpbIX y)Ke paCC4ITaHbl Onfl CpOH,QOB, a CnS4CKI4 4aCTHblX nJLL, KOTOpbIM npeXIOCTaBneHo npaso nony4eHN 3seMenbHbIX naeB, COCTaBneHbl e 70% npep1npfmRT1f, B KOTOpbIX paCC4MTaHbl ZOnfH CPOHqOB. Co3naeTcSI BneL4aTneHHe, 4TO npoL8ecc pacnpeqeneH1.R 3eMnfI, B aNKe B cpmeyCnO9HblX naes, 6onee cno)KeH, 4eM pacnpejleneHHe CpOH1iOB, nOnHOCTbIO OCHOBaHHOe Ha nOKa3aTenfix 6anaHcoBoro OT4eTa. 5.27. Bo BCeX CenbCKOX03SACTBeHHblX lpejnpUFlRTMfX CpOHJbl paCnpei3eiRIoTCS KaK pa6oTalouLwM, TaK U neHCHoHepaM. Bbiswwe pa6oTHHK4 XO3FlsCTB y4aCTByIOT B pacnpefeneHlHt CpOHJOB TonbKO B 15% npeAnpHIsT14r, TorAa KaK pa6oTHtKH coAm8anbHOA c4bepbl He nony4alOT npasa Ha nony4eHme Aonf CPOHjNOB npeJjnpM5TMl4. He Bce nony4aioT OLIMHaKOBbie ,nonm 4)OH9OB: BenW4WHa Ka)KnoA ,qonu 3aB4C4T OT TpyqoBoro SKnaJa, oTpamaemoro 3apnnaToA (96% npeJgnpmsITHA), TpyJoBbIM cTaxKeM (57% npejanp&4FITM4), -72 - Konu4eCTBOM pa6O.MX jaHeA (36% npegnpWslTHA); B 6onbFWUHCTBe X0354CTB 3Ta BenM'IMHa 3aBMCMT OT HaBbIKOB H KBanMCpMKatLmm nFiWb HaCTOnbKO, HaCKOJnbKO OHM OTpa)KalOTCP B 3apnnaTe. CpenHwis xona CpOHi1OB CenbCKOXO3SlACTBeHHblX npennpHITMA, nepeo eHeHHa9 K KOHLLy 1993 r., COCTaBnflieT OT 8 go 8,5 MnH. KynoHOB, MunM OKono 400-450 ionnapos CWA. KaK HM CTpaHHO, HeCMOTpS Ha rmnepmHcon5ItmIo U 6onbwme nOrpeWHOCTM B AeHeBKHbIX nOKa3aTenIX, 3TOT pe3ynbTaT CpaBHmM C BenW414HOA CpefHeri JOFoM CpOHAOB Ce8lbCKOX03RACTBeHHbiX npeInnpUl9TM41, OXBaIeHHbIX OnlPOCOM B PoccuW B 1992 r., KOTOpaa COCTaBnIeT 540 jaonnapoB CWA. BenM'MHa Aonm cdoHgoB cenbCKOXO3SlrCTBeHHbIX npegnpM5ITM;i, 0 KOTOpOA coo6LalOT pa6OTHMKM, COCTaBnsieT nlpMMepHO rIBe TpeTM BenM4MHbl, 0 KOTOpOA COo6WhalOT pyKOBOAMTenU Tex Ke npeAnpM9Tmr. 3To nonHOCTbIO COOTBeTCTByeT npeAenam norpe8WHOCT4, C y4eTOM TOrO, 4TO pyKOBO3MTenm coo66LLalOT nepeoLieHeHHbie BenMI4Hbl Aonei CpOHJaOB CenbCKOX03flr4CTBeHHblX npejanpMSITMA Ha OCHOBe 6yxranTepCKO' QOKyMeHTaUHm npefanpMUITU4, Torga KaK pa60THMKM B CBOHX OTBeTaX nyTaioT CTapbie H nepeouAeHeHHbie HOBbIe 3Ha4eHMU. 5.28. nlpaKTM4eCKA HM B OJtHOM X03RACTBe nocne pacnpeaeneHusw ycnoBHbIX jioneci CpoHJoB CeJlbCKOX03RACTBeHHbiX flpegnlpMFITM He npOmCXOgIm1o peanbHoro paCnpeneneHM5 CPOHAOB, BbinnaTbl HanM4HbIMM MX CTOMMOCT MunM Ha3Ha4eHuF 3aMeLwaiow,ero HmyW.eCTBa (KaK, HanpMmep, 3ameHa nonm cooHmo npeAoCTaBneHmeM )KmnnnoLLtaXim). A3 846 CelnbCKOX03RACTBeHHbiX npegnpMflTUM TOllbKO B 7 (MeHee 1%) HeKOTOpble 4aCTHble nML4a nony4mnm peanlbHbie CpOHfbl B Ka4eCTBe CBOerL iOonM (4aCTHbie nmiHa B KOJ1M4eCTBe OT 2 Aio 48 4enoBeK), H B 28(3%)HeKOTOpbie4aCTHbie nmua nony4nM HanuMHbIMM CTOMMOCTbCBOeA nOniM (OT 1 Ao 58 4enoseK npM cpejaHeA BenM4MHe B 13 fenOBeK Ha XO3$lCTBO). 5.29. Pa6OTHMKM H pyKOBOfMTenm npejFnpM Tm no-pa3HOMy noHMMaloT npo4tecc pacnpeneHeus naeB, TO4HOTK TKe, KaK no-pa3HOMy OHM nOHtMMaOT npoLecc peopraHM3a4LLm CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHbIX npegnpMFITMA (CM. BbIwe). B Bbi6opKe M3 pyKOBOgMTeleA H pa6OTHWKOB Tex )Ke CenbCKOX03SICTBeHHbiX npefnpfMSTMr4, B KOTOpblX 6bino npMH'ITO peweHwe o peopraHM3aumm, 60% pa6OTHMKOBcoo6wLaIoT,4ToMxceMbM Hu14eroHe nony4mn" B pe3ynbTaTe peopraHM3aLmm, a 35% yKa3blBaIOT, 4TO OHM He 3HalOT, Ha 4TO OHM MmelOT npaBO B pe3ynJbTaTe peOpraHM3aL4MM. C gpyror4 CTOpOHbi, ABe TpeTM PYKOBOrMTenleA 3TUX )Ke npegnpfMTMA coo6utaloT, 'TO CpOHfabI cenbCKOXO3fICTBeHHblx npegnpMSITMA B BMBUle ycnOBHb[X none1 43OHfOB pacnpeneneHbi cpegVu 4aCTHblx nMLA, TaKa5l We 4aCTb pyKOBOXIMTe8Jer coo6uaaeT, 4TO y)Ke COcTaBneHbI cnMCKM 4aCTHblx nu4M, KOTOpbIM npefOCTaBneHo npaBo nony4eHMu 3eMenbHbIx naeB, H 6onee 40% pyKOBOfMTene8i yKa3bIBaIOT, 4TO y)Ke paCC4MTaHa senH4MHa MHAsBMAyanbHoro 3eMenbHoro naR. 3TM Ha6nIo,qeHMu OnllTb feMOHCTPHPYIOT HeygoBneTBOPMTenbHYIO B3aMMOCBF3b pyKOBOn3TeneA H pa6OTHMKOB npeqnp4flf TMA B TOM, 4TO KacaeTCSI Ba*)Her4wMX aCneKTOB npo4ecca peopraHM3aLtmm. - 73 - Tainma 5.6 npaBa, CBS3aHHbIO C 3eMeFbHbiMI nl8aMb 4 AOfleA cOHIOB CSnbCKOX03ARCTBOHHbIX npsjAnpHRTrH (gorm pYKOBOAt4Tenleh% yKa3biBniOwmX, 4TO cOOTi8TcTByTOyuee npaBO npHMlHfI6TCH B HX CenbCKoXo3UAcTBIHHb,x npennpHTumx, %) 3eMenbHbiA h nto m4AOS naA CenibCKOX03thCT a*HHoro _ yg;eHflbl C npmObIir csnbcKoxo3XwCTBeHHoro npeAnplsTHW 32 58 PacnpeAenemUm HarypoA 21 - fnponawa csooe Aomu npeAnpHrTulo 14 28 rlpoAaKa cBoeA nonH 1pyrim pa6oTIoIaM 5 14 rpoaawa caosA Aomu ApyrHM - 4 flony4emme CyMMbi cw e4 Aorl npu BbiXoAe Ha neoHCUo 10 36 flony4eHme cyMMbi cBosoi Aorm npu4 riIpexoiSe ma npyryio 8 28 plOorY flonyI4Hme coosA norm npu BbXOne U3 COCTaBa np.AnpuMTMs C 23 39 L46lbO C03qaHHfl '4aCTHOrO X03aA&iC-B nony'4ehe cooe.& xOpm HaTypOA npu nepexoae Ha Apyryo 6 _ pa6ory OMei' 3MeribHoro nasi Ha Aorso "HAoB 5 4 CInbCKOXO3tACTBUNHorO npegrT.nsT. wim Hao60poT MCnonb3oBaHwe CBOeh nonu nnHn noKyriKu Aoma - 27 nfpeva'a CBOeA n OnM no HaCnenCTBy KoMy-nm6o 8 12 nepesa49 cBoeh Xonm no HacneacTBy TorbKo 4maNy 25 37 cenbcKoXx3oAcTBeHHOrO rlpeflrpMRT 5.30. nlpaBa, CBF13aHHbie c nonyLaeMb6MM 3eMenbHbILMM nafMM m gonFiMm COHP0OB CenbCKOX03F CTBeHHblX npegnp rSTMr , npFlB8eeHbl B Ta6n. 5.6. flono mOHfOB CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHbiX npegnpARTMA B LLenOM, KaK OKa3blBaeTCFI, CpaBH14TenbHO 6onee "IlO9BM)KHbl", HeM 3eMenbHbie nal: B 6onbweM HWcne npeJ1npMSTMri TeM, KTO BbIXOfUT A3 UX COCTaBa, pa3pewaeTCFi npOnaBaTb CBOM ponf, nonylaTb MX B Bmfe HanH'lHbIX Cpe8CTB Mnu HaTypO¶. BnanenbLtbl 3eMenbHbIX naeB, KaK npe9CTaBnaeTCSI, B 6onbwe& CTeneHk CTpagalOT OT MX oHenofBM.KHOCTH t, TOnbKO B 23% cenbCKOX03UrICTBeHHbIX npef nplmFTL4i 6ygyLLtUM c$epMepaM pa3pewaeTCFi nOfly4aTb CBOA 3eMenbHbll nai (B HapyweHle nOriO)KeH4o 3aKOHa Ha 3TOT C4eT). XOTS Ha BIIfHOM MeCTe B nepe4He npaB BnanenbLAeB naeB 43LrypmpyeT npaBo Ha nony4eHwe JMB1IeHAOB, HopMa amB4feHLIOB OnpeneneHa MeHee 4eM B 30% CenbCKOX03Ro1 CTBeHHbix npefnpMUsTMI. CpeqHHi BenFl4MHa HOpMbl gMB13feHqOB TaM, rne OHa onpe,neneHa, COCTaBnReT OKonlo 15% npw6blnul. - 74 - Ta6mup 5.7. B3rn9nbi pyKOBonHTsrflS Ha TpyfHOCT4 B XOfO pe4OpM (gonsi PyKoBoAt4T9neP; yK3biBaIOUWX Ha TpyAHocT4 pa3rmlNoro poAa, %) C8pbS3Hsre | CpeAni | OTCYTCTBYT flOCTyn K WHI4Oph1Ui. 0 HOBbIX SaKoHax 24 31 24 HsnoHUMaHHe pa6oTHmKaMH HOBbiX saKOHoe 30 40 9 PacnpeAensHMe 3eMenbHbtix naes 43 23 12 OnpeAenemme gonruA 4oHIo cenbCKXo03ffiCTSUHHUX 25 34 18 npegnpnwTuh PeanbHoe pacnpeAeneHme 4)oHAoB 34 31 12 cuInbCKOXa39MCTSeHHbIX npeAnpmqThU noraweNbie AonroB 33 18 24 Cy6cUAUU B co¶alnbHy.o ccepy 32 19 21 PacnpeAeneHkle naes cpeam nfHcCoHepos 22 31 23 PacnpeAensHt4e nass CPSAW pS6OTHWCOB, BbIXOAflUL 31 22 21 U3 CocTaBa ceSIbCKOX03SOUCTBhHHbIX npefnpm l 4 PacnpegensHke naes cpeAui pa6oTmuoB com4anbHom 31 23 20 c epbl nlepesawa cOLLManbHbIX cny)x6 B BsAeHHe MeCTHbIX 24 25 25 COBeToB lpmsaTu3aA4f )KurbR 19 21 34 TpyIiHOCTH B xo,e peopraHH3aLuu cenbcKoxo3sucTBeHHbix npeAnpHSTuu 5.31. PyKoBo0wMTenL cenbCKOXO3S*cTBeHHbix npeffnpLSITI B YKpaWHe coo6ukaIoT 0 Han~MIi TPYQHOCTeO Ha BceX 3Tanax npoL.ecca peopraHM3aumm (Ta6n. 5.7). npLi ero peanw43atAmm LMmeOTC5I TpyjfHOCTW C pacnpeaeneHmeM 3eM1im U CpOHflOB cenbCKOXO3R1CTBeHHbIx npefnpLs4T41, pa3MeLLeHmeM COLfmanbHbiX Crly)K6 w nOKpblTLeM HenoraweHHbix floJiroB. B LenoM MHorme pyKOBOflLTerim (55%) >KanytOTCS Ha TPYAIHOCTL JlOCTyna K WH4opMaumml 0 HOBbIX 3aKOHax, i emse 6onbwee KonmHeCTBO PYKOBOqWTeneifi (70%) coo6agaeT O TOM, HTO Iwx pa6OTHIKHI C Tpy,fOM nOHt4MalOT HOBble 3aKOHbl. CpaBHWTenbHO HeMHoro >CTBeHHbIX npejanpwwiTHi - npIMepHO B nOnIOBHHe X03RACTB, a 3eMnJ - B OjIHOA TpeTH). 5.34. OnHa TpeTb pyKOBOt4Tener o)KmaeT, HTO peopraHiamwsi gaCT HOBbrl1 MmlnylbC aianbHeViweMy pa3BHTHio npeJnpmFlTMA, Torga KaK 20% He O)lKCTBeHHbIx npefnpl45TMr4 B BMHHuLKOrI, wBaHo-40paHKoBcKoR U 4epHmrOBCKOA o6nacTFxX(6onee 80% cenbCKOXo3SPCTBeHHbIx npegnpMFlTMA), Torga KaK BHMKonaeBcKo4, XepcoHcKo;i M XapbKOBCKOAo6nacTFIx peweHwe o peopraHW3aLwi4inpMHFITO BceroB 40% CenbCKOX03FrCTBeHHbIX npeqnpwlTrlh. XOTsi BHHHMLLKasi 1 WBaHO-0paHKOBCKaFi o6nacT&4 - 3T0 3anaJHbie o6naCTI, KOTopbie noJBeprnl4Cb KonneKTMBM3aLu4M y*e nocne BTOPOr1 MIpOBOr1 BOHbl, 3Ta Bbi6opKa He noPTBep)KnaeT npefnono*8eHwe, 4TO 3anaAHbie o6nacT npI4BepKeHbipeopraHL43aLJ4 B 6onbweI cTeneHI4,eM LLeHTpanbHbe U4 BOCTo0Hbie. - 77 - ,lons cenbCKOX03flHCTBeHHbIx npenpfTpHMTHM, B KOTOpbIX nlpHHITO peweHie o peopraHM3aLMm, B TpeTbeA 3anaiHo0 o6naCTH (BonblHCKOr1) COBnaqaeT CO CpeIHHM no cTpaHe noKa3aTeneM, Torna KaK B LteHTpanbHOA 4epHHrOBCKOA o6naCTT, paCnOnO)KeHHOA K CeBepO-BOCTOKy OT KweBa, Ha rpaHHiLte c Benapycblo w PoccmeA, peweHwe o peopraHM3aLwim npfHHITO B 85% CenbCKOX03RUCTBeHHbIX npeqnpH5ITL4I. Pe3ynbTaTbl 3THX 4ccnenoBaHi4ri no Bonpocy peopraHM&Awm CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHblX npeqnlpWRTH4r B Bbi6opKe COOTBeTCTBYIOT npmBe,neHHbIM paHee CTaT4CTImeCKMM JaHHbiM no C03JIaHIO '4aCTHbIX X035lACTB (CM. rnaBy Co3,faHwe 'aCTHOrO CeKTopa), KOTOpOe He OHeHb 6biCTpo npOXOqHT B 3anaaHbIX o6naCTRX. 5.38. OKono 85% peopraHM3YILXCS cenbCKOXO35ir4CTBeHHblx npennpH5IT&4w B Bbl6OpKe 3aperMCTplpoBaHbl KaK "KOnneKTHBHOe npeanpUiTHe", HTO B LenlOM COOTBeTCTByeT TpaJW1LAMOHHOA KonXO3HOr4 CTpyKType nof HOBbIM HaMmeHOBaHMeM. Twnbi X03Ilr4CTB, C03,aaHHbIX B npoLAecce peopraHMM3atw B 3anafHbIX o6naCTTIX, HeCyw.eCTBeHHo OTnImaiOTCsI OT THlnOB X03FWICTB, CO3jqaHHbIX B qpyrmx o6nacTRx. TaK, B BAHHHLKOA o6riaCTc4 cfaKTrHeCKM BCe CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHbie npeanpl4wrTMi npeo6pa3oBaHbl B KOnneKTHBHble npejnpWiFTMwI (99%); B BonblHCKOrI o6naCTw 65% cenbCKoXo3shCTBeHHbIx npeJfnpLITL4 CTanH KOnneKTHBHbiMH npeJinpL1TL4SIM4, Torna KaK 11% "coxpaHnH npe)KHioi Cpopmy opraHm3aLk4W"; B LBaHO-0paHKOBCKOA o6naCTM NBe TpeTI4 CenbCKOX03FlICTBeHHbIX npejanpHmTMA - KOnneKTHBHbie npegnpHWTsi, a 20% yKa3aHbi KaK mmeioLuwe "Japyrme" (HeonpegeneHHbie) CpOpMbI opraHm3aL41. KaK OKa3anOCb, XepCOHCKaFI o6naCTb Ha lore CTpaHbl -e3MHCTBeHHaSi, B KOTOpOP1 Ha6niojaeTCR 3HaHMTeflbHOe pa3Hoo6pa3He CpOpM opraHwaLtmw pecpopmtpyeMbIX cenbCKOXO3SlrUCTBeHHblx npeqnpMFITMr4: 60% COCTaBnFhIOT KonneKTHBHbie npepnpM5TSI, 15% - cpepMepCKwe o6 beAWHeHw4I (cpaKTwIeCKw, 3TO ejWIHCTBeHHaFi o6naCTb, rge coo6w.aeTcsI o TaKOA 4popMe opraHW3aLwmH), a 13% - aKLW4OHepHbie KOMnaHMH 3aKpblTorO THna. 5.39. B HwKonaeBcKor4 H XepcoHcKoA o6naCTFIX camaS 6onbwaFl nons KpynHbIX CenbCKOX035uACTBeHHbIx npennpt4FITHm, 6biBwwe pa6OTHIKH KOTOpbIX BblWflH M3 lX COCTaBa C L4enblO Co3ijaHM1I 4aCTHbIX X03PILICTB (45% m 32% npefnp8fITHA B Bbi6opKe, COOTBeTCTBeHHO). ,EOnf CenbCKOX03FrCTBeHHblX npefnpMlpTHM4, fneHbIl pa6OTHMKI4 KOTOpbIX C03JianH 4aCTHbie X03r4CTBa, CpaBH14TelbHO HeBenL4Ka B 3anafl1HblX o6naCT5lX (8% B ABaHO- cIpaHKOBCKO4, 11% - B BMHHMHLKOr4 H 21% - B BonblHCKO>). 5.40. B 50% cnyL4aeB H3 COCTaBa CenbCKOX03sBACTBeHHbIx npegnpHITHMA C LJenblO C03J1aHMS1 HaCTHbIX X03FIICTB BbiWnlm 1-2 pa6OTH4Ka, a B 90% cnyHaeB H4HCneHHOCTb LiaCTHbIX ni1LA, BbIXOJJI.5LWHX H3 COCTaBa KpynHbIX CenbCKOX03R>CTBeHHbIx npegnpHITHA, He npeBbiWaeT 10. TOnbKO B 3% cnyHaeB 113 COCTaBa KOnlneKTHBHbIX HnH rocyJapCTBeHHbIX Xo3FI1iCTB c LtenbIO CO3,qaHM9I HaCTHbIX X03FIACTB, KaK coo6uaeTCsI, BbiWJnm 20-30 qenoBeK. 3TH cnyHaM HMenJH MeCTO B HHKOnaeBCKOA (3 13 5 CnyIaeB), XePCOHCKOA H HepHHrOBCKOr1 o6naCTsIX. CpeIHee KOn1HmeCTBO qaCTHbIX X03S11iCTB, C03gaHHbIX 6blBWHMH pa6OTHHKaMm CenbCKOX03R>CTBeHHblX npe1npH5ITHM, COCTaBnJieT 4 B paC'eTe Ha KpynHOe CenbCKOX03R>CTBeHHoe npe8npHMITHe B Bbi6opKe. Haw6onbwee KOlHt4eCTBO HaCTHbIX X03fl>CTB, C03,aHHbix 6blBWHMM pa6OTHMKaMH CenbCKOXO35ACTBeHHbIX npe8jnpHFITHr1 (COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 9 H 5 B pac4eTe Ha OqHO KpynHoe - 78 - cenbcKOXO3RFcTBeHHoe npeJlnpLslTLe) - B HwKonaeBcKoi H XepcoHcKoi o6nacTFIx Ha iore cTpaHbI. B 3anaJHbIX o6naCTFIX KOnJ4eCTBO 4aCTHbIX X03FIIlCTB, Co3JqaHHbix 6blBWMMM pa6OTHWKaMm CenbCKOXO3Fl"CTBeHHblX nlpennpmlITMPl - OT 1 B OBaHO-4tpaHKOBCKorl o6nacTM go 3 B BonblHcKoi o6nacT14. 5.41. HecMoTpsl Ha cpaBHLTenbHO MenneHHoe co3,naHme HaCTHbIX XO351ICTB B 3anaflHbIX o6niaCTRX, WBaHO-OIpaHKOBCKas o6naCTb OTnM4aeTCSI OT OCTanbHbIX no cTeneHM COKpaw.eHLIR KaK nnow.a,qL cenbCKOXO3FrCTBeHHbIX yroa1l1, TaK A 4LcneHHOCTW pa6oTalo.wmx B cenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHbIX npegnpL4ITL5x. C 1990 no 1993 rr. cenbcKoXo3RricTBeHHbie npejlnplITL5 B MBaHO-cDpaHKOBCKOA o6naCTm nfWfnlCb 35% CBOMX 3eMenb L 20% pa6oTaiouWLx (B CpeCHeM no Bbi6OpKe o6a 3TWX nOKa3aTensi yMeHbWLniCb npm6n"3"TenbHO Ha 10%). BonbwaFl 4aCTb M31bRTOA 3eMnJ (Tpw 4eTBepTM, Torna KaK no Bceri Bbl6opKe - OQHa TpeTb) nowna Ha yBen14eHme 3eMenbHbIX y4aCTKoB nJIHbix nonco6HbIX XO3Fl>CTB, cpenHme pa3Mepbl KOTOpblX no o6nacTm nfoTM ynBomnMCb: c 0,35 ra B 1990 r. ,qo 0,68 ra B 1993 r. (cpeJnHFIsI Benf4MHa nplpocTa yIaCTKOB noaco6HbIX XO3ariCTB B Bbl6opKe COCTaBmna 45%, c 0,36 ra ,qo 0,53 ra). Onpoc He jiaeT OCHOBaHMLA AnJ BbIBOj1OB 0 TOM, nO4eMy HaCTOnbKO yMeHbwUinaCb 4LcneHHOCTb pa6oTalo.Wtx B WBaHo-4tpaHKoBcKori o6naCTM, HO MO)KHO npelnOflO)KMTb, HTO 311eCb BenlLKO KonW4eCTBO nO)KMnblX nliOe, OTOWeJIWIX OT aKTLBHOM pa6OTbl B KOnneKT14Be C TeM, 4To6bl cocpeJOT04LTbCs Ha pa6oTe B CBOWX yBenHlBWlHXCSI B pa3mepax nf4Hblx noJco6HbIX xO3TAcTBax. 5.42. MHeHWSI pyKOBOi1LTeneA o nepcneKTwBax BeBieHLIR HaCTHbIX X03UIACTB OTHeTnMBO M33MeHFIOTCR B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT o6nacTM. PyKoBoJi4TenM B KLeBCKOA o6naCTM Ham6onee OnTLMMCTM4HO OLUeHLBaIOT nepCneKTLBbI 4aCTHbIX X03FIACTB (55% nOnO)KlMTenbHbIX OTBeTOB), TorJa KaK PYKOBO,MTeni4 B BOCTO4HbIX L LUeHTpanbHbIX o6naCTFIX (XapbKoBcKoil, XepCOHCKorI, HepKaCCKO1 L H4epHLrOBCKOA) HaCTpOeHblIOBOnbHO neCCHMHCTm4eCKM (OKono 40% OTpmLLaTenbHbIX OTBeTOB). 3anajiHaFi L4BaHO-c?paHKOBCKaFi o6naCTb BblernieTCSI He6OnlbWWM 4MCnOM OTpmLLaTenbHbIX OTBeTOB (MeHee 15%), a gonFi OnTHMMCTOB - OKOnO cpeJnHer4, Torja KaK nO4TW nonOBLHa pyKOBOAMTene He MmeeT onpejeneHHoro MHeHH5I. CpeJam jipyrwx 3anaJHbIX o6nacTeA, B BMHHMLLKOr4 o6nacTM PYKOBOqHTenW cenbCKOXO3RiIlCTBeHHbIX npegnpMRTH pa3JlenRIOT B3rnFiQbl, xapaKTepHbie Jnnf CTpaHbI B Lenom, a B BonblHCKOS - HeCKOnbKO 6onee onTLMMCTM4Hbi, HeM B L,enOM no CTpaHe (6onee 40% lonlO)KMTenbHbIX OTBeTOB). 5.43. flonsi cenbCKOXO3FIACTBeHHbIx npejanpmRTMr4, B KOTOpblX npo&i3oWno pacnpelqeneHtie 44OH,qOB, B 3aBLCt4MOCTM OT o6nacTm npMmepHO coenaNaeT C nonerl npegnpuITHrl, B KOTOpblX nllpHRTO peweHme o peopraHtl3aLti4m. EcnL B cpe8qHeM no CTpaHe npMmepHO B 50% CenbCKOXO35ACTBeHHbIX npeallpMFITMl paCnpejeneHbi COHnbl (nO4TM MCKnlOHlWTelbHO B BLJe 6yMa)KHbIx cepTLC"qKaTOB), 3Ta ,qons0 CyLWeCTBeHHO Bbiwe Cpe8HeA B BMHH14LtKOC4 (75%), WBaHO-OpaHKOBCKOr4 (cpaKTM4eCKM 100%) L 4epHHrOBCKOI (70%) o6nacTFIx. B BonblHCKOL o6naCTM, TpeTbe8l 3anaJHOr1 o6naCTm, rAie peWeHUI O peopraH0 aum npfHflTbI B cpaBHLTenbHO He6onbwOM 4Icne cenbCKOXO3S1CTBeHHbIx npeAnpiFITMr4, TOnbKO B 60% Bcex npejinpHSTMA pacnpegeneHbi MX CPOHabl. CpenL cenbCKOXO39ICTBeHHbix npelInlpITLL B BonblHCKOh o6naCTM, B KOTOPbIX npfHFITO peweHwe O peOpraHM3aLtmm, CpOHJbl pacnpereneHbi - 79 - 6onee HeM B 80%. flonf CenbCKOX035IOiCTBeHHbIX npeanpHSTHM1, B KOTOpblX pacnpejeneHbi IX CO0HJbl, cyuLAeCTBeHHO HA)Ke cpeQHero no cTpaHe nOKa3aTen8F B KHeBCKOh (38%), HMKonaeBCKOA (24%), XapbKOBCKOh (30%) w XepcoHcKohI (14%) o6nacTSIx. 5.44. nlo-BHAMMOMY, pacnpeneneHme CpOHnOB cenbCKOX03S>CTBeHHbix npelnpmrITHA He CnJWKOM TeCHO CB13aHO C OTHOWeHmeM pyKOBOJJHTeneB K LaCTHOI Co6CTBeHHOCTII CaMasi 6onbWafI jions pyKOBOqMHTener, nOqJepPJtHBaioLLtwx HaCTHYIO Co6CTBeHHOCTb, B WBaHO- 4)paHKOBCKOA (86%), KWeBCKOh1 (77%) w BonblHcKoh (68%) o6nacTIx. 103 TpeX 3TMX o6naCTeA TOnbKO WBaHO-4tpaHKOBCKas; MMeeT YPOBeHb pacnpeneneHMS 4OHnOB cenbCKoxo3FACTBeHHbix npefnp4ITMlh BbIWBe cpeJHero. C jpyroil CTOpOHbI, B HepHHrOBCKOA L BIHHHL.KOh o6naCT5IX, rqe ypoBeHb pacnpeneneHMR CpOHJIOB CenbCKOX035ACTBeHHbIX npe,fnpM5ITMA BbLWLe cpeqHero, aOnFI pyKOBOJWTeneA, noaaep)KLBaIOLLkLX 'aCTHyIO co6CTBeHHOCTb, HM)Ke cpejqHeA. - 81 - 6 BowAecme peopraMHsaamN Ha pa6oTHHKOB CSIIbCKOX03RACTBHHUX np.InPMRMT 6.1. fneHbl H pa6OTHMKM KpynHbIX cenbcKoXo3FWcTBeHHblx npeqnpWFITLI1, KpoMe pa6omi B cenbCKOXO3I1OCTBeHHOM npeqnpWiFTLi, 3aHmMaIOTCFI TaKwe o6pa6oTKoA yqaCTKOB nfHHbIX nojqco6HbIx X035ACTB, pa3Mepbl KOTOpbIX paHbwe orpaHLHiBanLcb BenLHWHoLI 0,6 ra Ha ceMblO. flw'HHbie nonco6Hbie X03FICTBa B YKpaLHe TpaJLAM4OHHO o6ecneqMBanm 25-30% BanoBoro cenbcKoXo3lLcTBeHHoro npOJyKTa. npoqyKwLAM, npOM3BOgmMMaF B J1M'HbIX noJaco6HbIx x03RAcTBax, npeJHa3HaqeHa, B nepBYIO oqepejRb, ans co6cTBeHHoro noTpe6neHwS, L o6ecneqMBaeT 9O 0jHO1 TpeTH cemeAHOro 6ioqpKeTa, OnHaKO qaCTb ee npo,naeTcI Jim6o MeCTHOMY cenbCKoXo3FuAcTBeHHoMy npeJnpTIoTH l, nf60 Ha pbIHKax cenbXo3npof0yKTOB B 6nM3neKaumx roponax. KpynHble cenbcKoXo3?dkcTBeHHbie npefnpmiSTiIA nOJnep)KWBalOT 3TH n"qHble noJaCO6HbIe X03SWCTBa, o6ecneqMBaH LX MaTepmanbHO- TeXHW4eCKWMW pecypcamL L, npH Heo6xoJWMOCTH, KaHarfaMm c6blTa nponYKLAL4L. flt'HHbie nonco6HbIe X03HLCTBa 6bnlL Ba)KHbIM lOnOnHeHmeM KOnneKTWB"3"pOBaHHOrO cenbCKOro X03FILCTBa C MOMeHTa C03jAaHLiI KOnXO30B B Haqane 30-x roiaoB, a B oco6eHHOCTH - nocne Xpyu.eBCKMX peCO8pM B 60-x roAax. Cpaw.a a coe pa6onwa ce9noxoa_cTw.uoo 'peuwhm B YKpame CpeAHecTaTMcT'MecKK4 pa6oTH( )KeHaT, uMSST 1,7 HwRHBeHLeB, eMy 42 roAa, OH *1(BOT B CenbCKOR MOCTHOCTH C pOKAeHHS% 4M.ee TcpeHee Hmum Bbicwee o6pa3oBaHHe. Ero cynpyre 40 neT, oHa UMIeeT TaKo6 *e o6pa3oBaHie. CeMbu npO)Km(aeT B OTAISJbHOM 4aCTHOM XlOMe, nOCTPOOHHOM He MiiHS 10 nST Ha3an. lonOBl4Ha L4fnHOB CeMbM (c yHeTOM AfTeR H neHCOMHePOB) nOCTO3HHO 3aHSTa B CenbCKOM XO3RRCTBO, 10% 3aHHTO B COlbCKOM X03lACTBe no coBMScThTInbcTBy, a ocTanbHble 40% Hi pa6oTalOT B ConbCKOM X03"ACTBse Boo6ue. 3To, rnaBHbIM O6pa3OMK 56TM u CTYASHTb, He6onbwylao goro cocTasBnsloT necHaoHepbh pa6oTmHuKi cow4anbHoA cepbi cena, ppyrms pa6ooTmwp HO 3aHRTbIe H6nOCPiACTB6HHO B CenbCKOM X03SICTBe. BfAeHN6M AOMaWHero XO3rnlICTBa 3aHrTa He3Ha'4TenbHasi AonO H4n6HOB COMbU. rpynna CTapwo 55 niT, KOTOpaf COCTOUT Ha 60% M3 eKHUL*H U Ha 40% - U Myxc'41H (TorAa KaK B Bbl6OpKe UX MPOpBHY), COCTaBnJeT B CpeAHiM 0,3 CTapIwX LJneHoB CSMbU. XOTS 60nee rOiOBnebI B 3TOR rpynne COCTaBnFlOT neHCUOHeph4 OHM no-np. )KHOMY aKTMBHO 3aHSTbi B COnbCKOM X03flRCTBO (nocToiNHo nmm no COBM.CTwreJbcTBy). 3eMnU nHNHblX noj:ico6HbIX XO3SCIUCTB 6.2. YL1aCTKH nHHHbIX nOjqCo6HbIX X03FWICTB B YKpaWHe HeBenJKL L He npeBbiWalOT 2 ra. I1oHTU 80% nHHHbIX noqco6Hb[X X03IICTB UMmeOT yHaCTKU jio 0,6 ra, a 20% - meHee 0,2 ra. Cpe,nHsF nnoLaab yLaCTKa B 1993 r. 6bina 0,50 ra, Torga KaK B 1990 r. - 0,33 ra (CTaTHCTHIeCKLI 3HaHMoe yBenmLeHme). 6.3.Pa3Mepbl yHaCTKOB 3HaHMTerlbHO MeHF1OTCI B 3aBWCHMOCTH OT o6nacTM. B 3anafHbIX BonblHCKOVi W I4BaHO-)paHKOBCKOA o6naCTFIX C 1990 no 1993 rr. cpeAHUe pa3Mepbl nOflCo6HbIX yHaCTKOB yBenmHLnLCb Ha 75%, HTO HaMHOrO BbIWe cpeiaHero nOKa3aTenFl no CTpaHe, PaBHOrO 50%. B pe3ynbTaTe cpeQHme pa3mepbl yNLaCTKa B 3TUX o6naCTFIX CTanf CyLL,eCTBeHHO 6onbwe, HeM B cpenHem no YKpauHe B 1993 r. (Ta6n. 6.1). B TpeTbe, 3anaJqHOA o6naCTU, BMHHMLtKOr4, pa3Mepbl yiaCTKa U Ber1MwlHa ero npLPOCTa 6binm noqTH PaBHbI CPeAHUM wOKa3aTenrsM. Ha BOCTOKe, B XapbKOBCKOr1 o6naCTr, yHaCTKU nW4HbIX - 82 - noJqco6HbIX X0351ACTB BbIpOCnJ 6onee qeM B)Boe, L M3HaqanbHO o0eHb ManeHbKIe yqaCTKu B 1993 r. yBen"qmnLcb no cpenHero noKamaTens no cTpaHe. 6.4. YKa3aHHbiW nplpOCT npOmICXOIUT B paMKaX o6w,eik nonfTiKI pacnpeaeneHmg u pa3raaqM 3eMenb cenbCKOX03FlACTBeHHbIX npeanpHSITPI1 Anvi pacwtpeHwFI yqaCTKOB nUHHbIX nOjaCo6HbIX XO3lr4CTB. B AononHeHme K pacwtlpeHPI10 CYLLteCTBYIOW,WAX noloco6HbIX yqacTKoB, c 1990 no 1993 rr. Kon"qeCTBO 3eMneBnarenbLAeB yBenJ4qmnocb Ha 3,5%, nOCKonbKy pa6oTHrKw, He Ime8Bwe paHee cBoeAi 3eMnr, nonyqunu yqaCTKM cpejHei nnow,ajbio 0,40 ra. 6.5. MHorme pa6OTH4KL4 CqVITaIOT, HTO UiX npmyCage6Hbie yHaCTKMI Cnl4IWKOM Manbi. floqTI4I n1On1OB14Ha OnIpOweHHbIX V13 bIBM4nfI )KenlaHme yBenJl4Ll4Tb CBOL4 yqaCTKW B CpeaHeM Ha 4 ra (Torga KaK B 1993 r. cpefHFs nnow,tagb yqLaCTKa COCTaBnflna nHWb 0,50 ra!). qacTHble nhL,a, wKenaiow,Me yBenJ.H44Tb CBOV BnaneHHIS, cerOQHI VlMeIOT yqaCTK14 nnow,aajblO H.yTb MeHbwe cpejQHeA B Bbi6opKe (0,40 ra npOTWB 0,50 ra B Bbi6opKe). B OCTanbHOM 3a9BCMMOCTb Me>Kgy >KelnaeMblM npIlpOCTOM V nnOW,aAbiO yqLaCTKa B 1993 r. oqeHb Mana. Ts6sa 61. Pa3mepbi y4acTKoB nF HblX noAco6iibix X03flACTB no o6nacTmM (1990-1993 rr.) Ko,m- Pa3Mpbl y4aCTXa 0611aCTb 'eCrDo (ra) 1993/1990 ONpO4IJI- 1990 r. 1993 r. Ykcu 878 0633 0440 149 BwU4H4KaR 93 0,38 0,50 1,32 BoroiCas 81 0,43 0,74 1,75 Ba,Ho- 38 0,37 0,65 1,78 4opaI4osas KI.eCKaS 84 0,31 0,45 1,45 Hiona.mBCKa9 97 0,26 0,39 1,50 XBpbKOBCKail 79 0,23 0,47 2,07 XepcoHCKaf 119 0,18 0,28 151 IepKaccKasi 158 0,40 0,49 1,25 'l4pHWwOIIKcR 129 0,39 0,58 1,47 6.6. 3eMn5I B llVH4HbiX nOgCO6HbIX X039Fi1CTBaX HaXOgUTCFI rIpei4MylLu,eCTBeHHO B paMKaX ABYX TpanmLU,IOHHbIX CPOPM 3eM,neBnaaeHVI4: lolnb3OBaHMM (45%) I n1O)Kl43HeHHOM Hacne,ayemom BnaneH1M (26%). 3eMns, HaXOAJ.aLLaqCGI B qaCTHOLI Co6CTBeHHOCTM, COCTaBnseT TonbKO OaHy TpeTb o6w,eA nnoLanu (29%), HO OTO camo no ce6e yKe war Bnepe,q no cpaBHeHMIo c no nHOr rocyj1apCTBeHHO R co6CTBeHHOCTbIO Ha 3eMnIo, CyLLueCTBOBaBweC4 BcerO TpV roga Ha3aq. lonFi apeHIyeMoA 3eMnI B o6LLePi nnofl,aag npwycajae6HbIX yLaCTKOB He3HaqMTeJlbHa (Puc. 6.1). 6.7.XOTSi nOqTU OjaHa TpeTb 3eMe81b nqIHbiX nloqco6HblX X03fl>CTB HaXOJIITCfI B qaCTHOI CO6CTBeHHOCTm, 70% pa6OTHMKOB cenbCKOX035iCTBeHHblX npeqnpMFlTMAl C'ql4TaIOT -83 - Hacnenyemoe BnaqeHme npeqnOnoTMTenlbHOM COOpMOL 3eMnenOnb3OBaHMFI; MeHee 20% npe,qno4MTaIOT qaCTHYIO co6CTBeHHOCTb. C npyroM CTOpOHbI, 6onee 50% onpoweHHbIX nlOflO)KMTenbHO CMOTp'T Ha 'aCTHyIO Co6CTBeHHOCTb Ha CpeUCTBa npOM3BOfCTBa. 3Tm MHeHLMI HaBOJIT Ha MbICnb, HTO HeMHOrme BnlaJenlbLbI nM4HbiX nOJICo6HbIX X03FILICTB npeJlnOnaralOT CyW.eCTBeHHbie nepeMeHbI B nopHwKe mCnOJ1b3OBaHMI. y4aCTKa mnI Lx OTHOweHMSIX C KOnneKTHBOM. 6.8.Cpeiwi XO3ReiB lolOc6HbIX yqaCTKOB, mmMelOW,MX 3eMJlIO B 4aCTHOA co6CTBeHHOCTM Mnw HaCnenyeMoM BnaJeHMM, TOnbKO y 30% eCTb AOKyMeHTbI, YnOCTOBBepsuoL e Lx npaBO Ha 3eMnIo. Cpexw TeX, KTO MmeeT 3eMniO B nOnIb3OBaHMM, meHee 4eM y 10% eCTb TaKme JIOKyMeHTbi. YBepeHHOCTb B COXpaHHOCT l npaBa Ha lolnb3OBaHme 3eMneLi CpaBHHTenbHO BenMKa cpe.iw BnajqenbLAeB nofaco6Hblx X03FIrICTB, rqe 3eMTIF1 HaXOLWTC,I B YaCTHOPI co6CTBeHHOCTLI w Hacnenyemom BnaneHMM: 6onee 50% onpoweHHbIX cpeAw HLX y6e)KjeHbl, ITO coxpaHiT npaBO Ha nolnb3oBaHme 3eMnefL B 6yayweM, Torqa KaK cpeJw BnaaenbLAeB nf4HbiX nOqCo6HbIX X031IPiCTB, mMelOWLX 3eMnIO B nOJlb3OBaHMI, meHee 30% npiaepxHsalOTCI Toro )e MHeHI4I. 6.9.6onbwas 4aCTb 3eMenb npmycage6HbIx y4aCTKOB (74%) 6bina norly4eHa OT CenbCKHX CoBeToB (PLc. 6.2). MeCTHoe CenbCKOX03RI4CTBeHHOe npegnpwwTme Cnly>KMT MCTO4HLKOM 3eMnf eLe gnsi 22% nnoWaageu, a OCTaBwIecFi 4% 3eMnf o6ecne'wBaIoT paroHHbie CoBeTbi. Me>xKy cpOpMaMM 3eMnenOnb3OBaH4I H M CTOHH.KOM 3eMnJ HeT onpeneneHHoi CBFI3I: cenbCKOXo3SWICTBeHHoe npennpmiiTme yKa3blBaeTCI B Ka4eCTBe McTO4HLKa JAnR HeCKOJ1bKO 6OnbweM '4aCT4 3eMenb, HaXOAnWLIAXCR B noflb3OBaHIM (B nOnb3oBaHIM HaXOUMTCFi 27% TaKLX 3eMenb npm 22% Bcex 3eMenb B Bbi6OpKe), a BCs apeHjiyemaH 3eMnfl nony4eHa OT CenbCKLX COBeTOB. 6.10. XOTR 65% pa6OTHIKOB B Bbi6OpKe nnaTFT Hanor Ha 3eMJlIo, euate 20% coo6WalOT, HTO OHM He nnaTHT 3a 3eMniO Hm4ero. CTaBKII Hanora 3a 1 ra, coo6WaeMble onpoweHHbIMM, ne)KaT B O4eHb WMpOKOM Jmana3OHe (OT JeCITKOB go geeC"TKOB TbICFWI KynOHOB, npf CpeJnHeM 3HaHeHMI OKOnO 5.000 KynOHOB, T.e. 20-25 L4eHTOB, 3a 1 ra). C y4eTOM HeM36e)KHbIX TpyJIHoCTeA, Bo3HLKaIOW.Lx npf oLeHKe HOMIlHanbHbIX CYMM B ycnoBBmFx rMnepLHcpnJIL4MM, CTaBKL Hanora, coo6WaeMble pa6OTHMKaMw cenbCKOX03RICTBeHHbIX npeJnpIFITMI, COBnai:alOT C BeJ1LH4HaMm, 0 KOTOpbIX coo6WalOT pyKOBOIqMTenm cenbCKOX03sWiCTBeHHbIX npeJunpM4lTMA, yKa3blBaioWLe B cpeAHeM CTaBKY B 3.700 KynOHOB 3a 1 ra (CM. BbIWe). flpOM3BOriCTBo nPOJYKUHM B nUmHbiX nOJqCO6HbiX X03flUCTBaX 6.11. Y4aCTKm nf4HblX nojaco6HblX XO3SrICTB o6ecne4wBaloT B cpegHem 6onee 40% coo6buaeMoro moxona CeMbL. npoAyKI.MwI )KLBOTHOBOJCTBa jqaeT ABe TpeTM nOCTynneHLL OT BeqeHIFi noqco6Horo X03RHICTBa, a npOayKLAWI5 paCTeHmeBOqCTBa - OAIHy TpeTb. HeAaBHMA onpoc, npOBeqeHHb6l B Poccww, nOKa3bIBaeT, HTO pa60THIKM cenbCKOXO3Hu>CTBeHHbIX npe,npRTHr B PoccHM TaKwe nOrly4aIOT 40% qoxojqa CeMbM OT nfIHblX nOACO6HbIX X03RPICTB, OJIHaKO npOJyKLALIS )KLBOTHOBOKICTBa B Poccmw gaeT 6onbWylo 4aCTb ioxona (6onee 80%), HeM B YKpaMHe. KaK pa6oTHMKM cen6CKOXO3R>CTBeHHblX npeJinpUlTHL1, TaK - 84 - U cpepMepbi nonyfalOT JoXO 13 pa3nlMHbIX MCTO4HMKOB, BKJ04asi 3apnnaTy, JAOXOAbl OT nepeJiaLM mMyw,eCTBa, a TaK)Kwe noCTynneHlF OT BeaeHM5I 4aCTHbIX X031IACTB. Bnajenbubl nM4Hblx noaco6HbIx X03FIICTB, pa6oTaioume B cenbCKoX03oACTBeHHbix npeqnpmFlTM5IX, nony4aloT 6onbrWyIo 4aCTb CBO4X AOXOAOB B BmIe 3apnnaTbl, He)Kenm cpepMepbl, H B YKpaWHe cPepMepbi coo6U4aIOT, 4TO MX X035UACTBO o6ecne4MBaeT Mm 6onee 70% AoxoAa CeMbM (CM. rnaBy Co31qaHwe YacTHoro ceKTopa). Taf6a 6.L CpsHU o06beM nlpOw3BOfCTBu C6nbCKOX03SCTB6HHOA nlpOAyKLim B rlU4HbiX nOACO6biX XO3flVCTBaX U cpSAHOO COOTHOWOKIM MOWAY o6beMoM noTpe6nseMoA u peanm3ySMoA npOAyKW4U* Konw XO39hCTsa C TOaPHbIM BMW 4O~~CTrSa 0b flo7p96- Peenw3y- p.oAT rlpOAyKUNi nplpOH3BO- Irfu3rcRa (%) STCH (%) Konifwuono 06b.M AUrjneA CTea (Kr) . nponwoAcTMa 3ePHOBbIe 252 1465 92 8 40 3672 roAconHenHU 75 184 91 9 10 689 K KapToCPeb 752 2648 83 17 361 3649 OWuU4U 674 385 94 6 80 707 4DPYiTc 534 272 93 7 79 654 M9co 751 437 62 38 503 519 MonKo 505 3622 66 34 374 3806 94ua (ur.) 672 1948 91 9 159 2216 WePCTb 58 36 36 64 36 52 * CpeGjHu o06beM npO3BOmCTsa pacc'4wrbBa9TcR Am1 npom3soA.TeneA AaHHOrO BI1Aa npOAyKI4M. 06 bhM nlpOm3BOACTBsa nlpOAyKL4 B X0351ACTB8X C TOBapHbiM nlpOM3BOACTBOM - 3TO Cp6AHIA o6'bM npOM3BOAcTra npOAYK4UM B xo03SAcTBax, peaMm3yliow4x HacTh cooTBeTCTByiouteA nponyKiu.L 06U&,6e KiOiW4eCTSO X03oACTB B sbi6opKe - 878. 6.12. CpeAHMA o6 beM npoM3BOJCTBa Jn'HHoro noaco6Horo XO35UACTBa npMBeneH B Ta6n. 6.2. 06 beMbi npOM3BOnCTBa 3ePHOBbIX H npoIYKLAMM )KMBoTHoBo°CTBa noHTU PaBHbI o6beMaM npOrM3BOQCTBa nHHHbIx noaco6HbIx X03fFIrCTB B PoccMM. KapTocpenb, oJHaKO, npOM3BOMTCI J1HHbIMM noJco6Hb[MM X03FClCTBaMM YKpaMHbI B HaMHOrO 6onbWilx o6ibeMax (2,6 TOHH B roA B pacHeTe Ha OJAHO X03PACTBo npOTMB 1,6 TOHH B Poccw4). KapToCoenb H MICO nPO13BOAsTCf 6onee HeM B 85% nfMHblx noxIco6HbIx X03s1CTB M3 Bbi6opKU (CM. Ta6n. 6.2). OBOWmH m sL9ta npOM3BOa.TCi 6onee HeM B 75% nMHHbIX noAco6HbIX X03FUACTB, a CppyKTbI H MOn1OKO - 6onee HeM B nOnOBMHe X03IACTB. B HeKoTopbIX Xo3shcTBax, HeCMOTps Ha ux He6onbwme pa3Mepbl, Bbipa.HMBaIOTCI TaKwKe 3epHo0b6e KynbTypbl (25%) H noACOnHeHHuK (8%). I'lx mCnOnb3yKIT B OCHOBHOM KaK KOpM qnIS CKOTa. 6.13. XaKTHHeCK4 BO BCeX nJMHblX nonco6HbIX X03FILCTBaX M3 Bbi6opKU coiep)KaT KaKMX- nf6o *KMBOTHblX, npm 3TOM B 90% X03FICTB B 1993 r., no cBegeHMRM, cogepwKaT CBMHer MunM nTl4Ly, a jBe TpeTH X039>CTB MMelOT KpynHblr pOraTbII CKOT. B cpew.HeM nMHHOM no,nco6HOM X03FIlCTBe W3 Bbi6opKU COgeptKMTC1 1,4 ronoB KpynHoro poraToro CKoTa, 0,8 KOpOB, 2,3 CBMHbm, 22 KypMLtbI H 0,5 OBL4bi. B pa3HblX XO3ShCTBaX, OQHaKO, CKOT COnep)KaTCR B pa3nMHHbIX coLieTaHMFIX, H JefiCTBT4TenbHbie cpeaHwe noKa3aTenw no pa3nflMHbIM BMJIaM - 85 - CKOTa B paC'eTe Ha O;HO X03RMCTBO (Ta6n. 6.3), eCTeCTseHHO, OTnM44alOTC5 OT Cpe8HIX 3Ha4eHwA no Bbi6OpKe, npiUBeqeHHbIX Bbiwe. PacnpemeneHme noronoBbS CKOTa B n1H4HbIX noJco6HbIx xo3RIcTBax o4eHb poBHoe: 1-2 ronoBbI KpynHoro poraToro cKoTa, 1-2 KOpOBbI U 1-3 CBUHbM MmelOTCFi 6onee 4eM B 95% X03Fl1CTB. CpaBHeHUe nOKa3aTenefi 1990 U 1993 rr. noKa3blBaeT, ITO nOronOBbe KpynHOrO poraToro CKOTa U KOpOB B paC4eTe Ha OfHO X031IACTBO BbipOCnO Ha 30%, KonI44eCTBO C8H4HeCB yBenfH4nOCb Ha 25%, a Kon4HeCTBO ,oMaoWHx nTIu - 6onee HeM Ha 15% (Ta6n. 6.3). Bce 3TH 3m8eHeHH9 CTaTHCT14eCKH 3Ha'4Mbi. TaGiw 63 noronobe cKoTa a iux nowco6m.x oS31CTTOX Ko,nwomo nuomx CpW. nolmsb. axOTm w fwqco*IX x Toh (%) 19 r. K 1893 i1 1993 r. 6so0 r. I9 r.0s KpynT 50 46n 2,0 1,9 +31 OKOT Kopoom 533 440 13 1,2 +29 CBMWU 821 m 2,5 2,1 +25 Ouw 109 84 4,2 4,4 +23 LIpui. am 780 23 21 +16 * KonicTBo nolHmx noroo6Hx xaomnAm 12 u&a6opri B 878 xosaftr coo6wuAaouuu 0 Ha34'1 y HiX COOTBOTCTBy1OUerO BR8a CKOTO ** SMmeHOHs o6utro nlOrOflOBbR OKOTa B Bm&6OKO. 6.14. CpeAHme Ha3jo0 MonOKa B XO35ICTBaX U3 Bbi6opKH CoCTaBnleT 3.200 Kr OT OjqHOA KOpOBbl B roA. 3To cpaBHHMO C HaBJ3OSMH B HaCTHbIX X039ICTBaX (3.400 Kr, CM. rnasy Co3gaHle facTHoro ceKTopa) u HaMHoro 6onbwe cpejHero nOKa3aTens no YKpaWHe B LtenoM, COCTaBenIBWerO B 1993 r. 2.200 Kr. no-BUw,MoMy, 6onee Ba)KHO cpaBHeH"e He Co CpeBjHHM nOKa3aTeneM no CTpaHe, a C HagOSIM B KOnneKTHBHbIX XO3RIACTBax, pacnono)KeHHbIX TaM )Ke, riAe U nJHHbie nogco6Hbie XO3SCTBsa 43 Bbi6opKU: B 3TUX KonneKTuBHbIX XO3 - 1CTBax B 1993 r. HaAOH MonOKa COCTaBmnt 2.203 Kr OT OIHOh KOpOBbi, TorJla KaK B nuH4Hblx noqco6HbIX XO3RIACTBaX - 3.161 Kr. flpOM3BOACTBo npoAyKUHH KMBOTHOBO0CTBa B LuenoM B 1993 r., nO-BsfMMOMy, 6bino peHTa6enbHbIM. OKono 70-80% npOM3BOgHTeneA Coo&6LaOT, HTO peHTa6enbHblM 6bino npOM3BOACTBO MOnOKa, CBUHHHbI, nTMHbero M1ca H œ,u H HeCKOnbKO MeHbwaS '4aCTb (50%) coo6LuaeT, HTO peHTa6enbHbIM 6bino TaK)Kwe nPO43BOCTBO rOBRAUHbI. 6.15. 60% BnagenbueeB nH4Hblx nonco6HbIX X03lr4CTB mcnonb3ylOT o6uLeCTBeHHbIe naCT6muta, nnoutanb KOTOpbIX, COrnaCHO OTBeTaM OnpOWeHHbIX, COCTaBnfIeT OT MeHee HeM 10 no 2.000 ra (cpefH%isf nnoLLaJb naCT6mu4 a cene CoCTaBsnieT MeHee 200 ra). B 0qononHeHme K o6uAeCTBeHHblM naCT6mutaM, 6onee HeM s 30% cny4aeB KopMa nnsl CKOTa B nOnHOM o61beMe BbipallJ,uBaIOTC9I Ha Co6CTBeHHbiX nogco6HbIX yHaCTKax. TeM He MeHee, ani - 86 - 60% n14HbIX XO3s1CTB He MeHee nonOBuHbI KOpMOB o6ecneL4BaeTCH KOnneKTuBHbIMu X039>CTBaMU. Pa6OTHMKM CenbCKOX03FlrCTBeHHblx npefnp1SITIr4 He mcnoflb3ylOT An1S cHa6)KeHMA KOpMaM14 HUKaKUX Apyrmx UCTO4HHKOB, KpOMe KOnneKTMBHblX u CBOMX co6cTBeHHbIx X03flrUCTB. 6.16. Pa6OTHIKW CenbCKOXO391CTBeHHbIX npefnpfl ITMA, nO-BMjU1MOMY, YAJOBneTBOpeHbI COOTHOweHMeM npO143BOJI1MOr B MX xo3flrCTBax nponyKL414 u L,eHaMU Ha Hee. 06uLasi TeHJIeHLAMFi 3aKnio4aeTCS B TOM, 4T06bl B 1994 r. COXpaHUTb nPpOM3BOJ1CTBO He43MeHHbIM (OT nonoBsHbl Ao Tpex HeTBepTbIX onpoweHHbIX, B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT BMqa npOAYKLrUU), a 20-30% OnpOweHHbIX YTBep)KjlaIoT, HTO OHU nnaH1PY4OT yBenf4eHme npoM3BOZCTBa TO )Ke npOJIyKu414. Bonbwasl 4aCTb OnpOWeHHblX nnaHupyeT yBenf4HTb npOM3BOJZCTBO 3epHOBbIX U Msica (40% npOM3BOJjMTener). flw*Hbie nOflC06Hbie X03R&CTBa C TOBapHbIM NrOM3BfCTBOM 6.17. nlpoJAyKLAi, nPOM3BOUMma F nl4HblMm nOnCO6HbIMM y4aCTKaMU, nPeAHa3HaHeHa He TOnbKO An9 o6ecne4eHw9 co6CTBeHHblx nOTpe6HoCTeu. OHa TaK)Ke ilononHeT npOAyKLL1410, npOM3BOJI1MyIO Tpaj114ULOHHbIMU KpynHbIMU CenbCKOXO3FlACTBeHHblMU npejanpMSTU4IMU U 4aCTHbIMU XO3RACTBaMm. XOTSF 6onbwaSl 4aCTb npOAyKLtm4, npOM3BOAMMOA B nH4HbIX nojaco6HbIx xO3AACTBax, noTpe6nFieTCSI B ceMbe (Ta6n. 6.2), 6onee Tpex HeTBepTblx nH4HbIX noaco6HbIx X03RUCTB 13 Bbi6opKU, no coo6uAeHMFsM, npogalOT OAUMH unu 6onee 13 BUJOB npOM3BOAwMoA npOfyKUMM. MIco, MOnOKO U KapTOCfenb FiBn1SIOTC51 OCHOBHbIMU B14aMam TOBapHOA npO3yKL UU, npOM3BOfMo1 n114'4HbIM nogco6HbIMM Xo39ICTBaM1 B YKpawHe. LIMm TOpryeT 50-70% npOM3BOIAUTeneA. 06beM npOJAaBaeMOA )KMBOTHOBOg4eCKOA npO3YKLm41 npeBbIWaeT 30% o6uAero o6IbeMa npoM3BoAcTBa, a npoiaxKa KapTocpens OXBaTbIBaeT 17% o6beMa ero npOM3BOj4CTBa (Ta6n. 6.2). Pa6OTHAKM cenbCKOXO3FIACTBeHHblx flpe1flpMFITMA B YKpa1He npogaloT 6onbWylo 4aCTb OCHOBHOA TOBapHO¶ nPOAYKLH41 (Msfca, MOnOKa U KapTO4penls), Hem MX KonnerM B Poccwu, OAHaKO OHU MeHee opueHTMpOBaHbl Ha TOBaPHOe npOM3BOJICTBO, 4eM cpepMepbl. 6.18. YPOBeHb npOM3BOgCTBa B XO3SWACTBax, npogaiouAMx HaCTb CBOeA nppOAyKULIM, Bblwe, 4eM B Cpe8jHeM B Bbi6opKe (Ta6n. 6.2). Pa3Mepbl y4aCTKOB B 3TUX XO3CTBaX TaKwe 3Ha'4TenbHO 6onbwe: B cpe,NHem OHM COCTaBnJlIOT 0,54 ra, Torna KaK pa3Mepbl y4aCTKOB B X03s>lACTBax, npOM3BOPlFiL9X fnpOj1yKLUMIO TOnbKO jAns co6CTBeHHoro nOTpe6neHMS1 - 0,31 ra. 6.19. npOAyKLLMI lMl4HblX nOJCo6HbIX XO3suCTB peanm3yeTCF 4epe3 pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie KaHanbI c6blTa. KpoMe mcnonb3OBaHtv pbIHKOB cenbXo3npOJyKTOB, BnaJenbLA6I nJMHbIX nonco6Hblx XO3FUCTB nporaloT CBOIO npOJyKL4UIO MeCTHbIM CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHbIM npeI1npM4T145M, B rocynapCTBeHHYIO ceTb noTpe6MTenbcKOA KoonepawU M pean13ylOT ee 4epe3 gpyrme KaHanbI (CM. Ta6n. 7.5 B rnaBe OpraHs3auHR c6biTa H HHcbpacTpyKTypa). - 87 - TpyAOBb.e pecypcbi u AoxoAu 6.20. Pa6OTHWKL CeflbCKOXO3FILCTBeHHblX npeanpwRTMA coo6uAalOT, HTO 7 4aCOB B jeHb OHM pa6OTaIoT B KOnneKTUBHOM XO3ShCTBe, a 5 4aCOB B AeHb - B JMlUHOM noncO6HOM XO3BACTBe (50% OnpOweHHbIX). KonM4eCTBO pa6o4Wx AiHeA B KOnneKTUBHOM XO3RACTBe - 290 B roz. CpeAHsII 3apnnaTa 3a pa6oTy B KOnneKT14BHOM XO35IICTBe B OKTfl6pe 1993r. 6bina 160.000 KynOHOB, Mun 8 gonnapoB CWA, HTO CpaBHMMO Co CpegHeA Ben4H4MHOA 3aplnaTbI B CeFIbCKOM Xo3shCTBe no cTpaHe. B LtenOM, 3apnnaTa BbinnaI4BanaCb cBoeBpeMeHHo, HO 30% pa6OTHwKOB )KanOBanMCb Ha 1-2-MeCsl4Hbie, a 10% - Ha 3-4-MecS4Hbie 3agepWKK. 6.21. I1OHTM TpM 4eTBepTM OnlpOWeHHbIX 3apa6aTblBaeT jIOCTaTO4HO AJ1n O6eCne4eHti nlpO)KMTO4HOrO MIHmMyMa, XOTFI OHM He MOryT nO3BonITb ce6e nOKynKy MHormx npe8aMeTOB AnITenbHoro noflb3OBaHlsl, TaKMX, KaK Me6erlb, XonoIfnbHMK, TeneBL3Otp unu aBToMo6mnb. Bonee 25% pa6OTHMKOB yTBep)KjlalOT, HTO UX JAOXOAOB HeBOCTaTO4HO AJ1S O66Cne4eHwR npO)KHT04HOrO MmHmMyMa, XOTR CeMbM B 3TOL rpynne He OTnJHa1OTcCi no KaKmM-nI6o cyLLIeCTBeHHbIM xapaKTep4CTHKaM (TaKMM, KaK pa3Mep, BO3paCT, 3apnnaTa, pa6o4ee BpeMSl 1 T.A.) OTr pyrmx. nO4TM 90% OnpOWeHHbIX CH4TaIOT OCHOBHbIM cpaKTOpOM, BJniU9OLUM Ha UX ypOBeHb )KM3HM, 3apnnaTy. TaKoe )KeKonJleCTBO pa6OTHMKoB O4eHb Ba)KHbIM 4paKTOpOM Lx 6naroCOCToFHfrI C4MTalOT 3KOHOMM4eCKYIO CTa6&4nbHOCTb. Sonee nonOBMHbI onpolWeHHbIX XOTenm 6bl ynyLWUMTb ycnOBMsi pa6OTbl U WM3Hm, 6blTOBOro o6cnyxWBaHMSI, TOprOBnM 14 cHa6KeHm5 npoJyKTaMw, TpaHcnopTa ja)Ke MeAf4HLHCKoro o6cny)KMBaHmR. TaKoe we KOJn4eCTBO pa6OTHMKOB C4MTaeT BaBKHbIM cpaKTOpOM O6eClleeHmsi 6narOCoCTOs9HM9 pOCT KOFIM'eCTBa nlOJCO6HbIX XO3RACTB, HO, B OTnJ1mMe OT 3apnlJaTbI U 3KOHOMtLIeCKOL CTa6mnbHOCTM, pOCT KOnJ1eCTBa nloqCO6HbIX X03SrCTB He BblJenIeTCS cpej:A BCeX Apyrtx cpaKTOpOB. 6.22. TonbKo 8% pa6OTHMKOB oLeHMBMIOT nlepCneKTMBbi OnlTUMMCTUHeCK , 30% - necc1MMCTM4eCKm, a 6onee 60% He LiMeIOT onpei3eneHHoro MHeHmR. MX OLAeHKa nepCneKTMB 3aMeTHo 6onee neccHMMCTM4Ha, HeM y pyKOBOJQMTenerh cenbCKOXo3F1hCTBeHHbIX npejanpmRTMA A cpepMepOB (CM. Puc. 4.10). 6.23. MeC$54Hbi eAOXOAbl pa6OTHAKOB CenbCKOXO3SlCTBeHHbIX npeflnpURTUA AOonOriHRIOTCR OnnaTOA HaTYPOA, B OCHOBHOM B BMge 3epHa (nony4eHo 85% onpOweHHbIX), caxapa (59%), KOpMOB gnRS CKOTa (28%) U paCTUTenbHOrO MaCna(15%). 50% XO3RhCTB nony4tinM B Cpe8aHeM 1250 Kr 3epHa, 1500 Kr KOpMOB, 100 Kr caxapa 1 9 Kr PaCT14TenbHoro macna (Ta6n. 6.4). CpegHsR CyMMa OnnaTbl HaTypOl, nOny4eHHaF B 1993 r. 50% XO3RACTB, OtAeHmBsaTCR OnlpOweHHbIMM B 500.000 KynOHOB, T.e. OT 25 xo 50% rojloBorO 3apa6OTKa, C y4eTOM 6biCTpOA mHcbn1Lw41. CaMM OnlpOWeHHbIe OLAeHt4nt1 CyMMy OnnaTbl HaTYPOA B 1993 r. B 20% ro3OBoro 3apa6OTKa, Torga KaK B 1990 r. oHa cocTaBnsna 10% 3apa6OTKa. - 88 - Ta6mum 1 Onnarla MaTypOc nony'aeMafl pa6oTmm cenbcloxo3AoCTBHX nipenP-T. norm nwix nonC6X xo3sPTM fny m ro.p, Kf lPORyKI4lu nPAYK4W KaK 50% xOwt | 25% xaOaTBM 75% xo3aCTB mrrypOnnaSy, % 3sPHO 85 1250 700 2400 Caxap 59 100 S0 240 KOpMa 28 1500 80D 2000 PacTwenHOOe 15 9 4 15 Macito Maco 7 30 12 68 Kap¶T4ean 5 500 200 1350 OBOUw 5 200 too 300 MsA 4 2 1 4 aDpYKTx 3 260 100 700 Moroi 3 280 200 500 MPsl60 2 7,5 5 10 Y'iacTme pa6oTHWOB B npeo6pa3oBaHUU CelnbCKOXO3SlACTBwHmIX npefl nptSlTl4r 6.24. KpoMe yBenmIeHI4I yYiaCTKOB nJ4'HblX nOACO6HbIX X03fIr4CTB, peopraHM3aui4I.I CenbCKOX03IICTBeHHbIX npeJ1npuITu1 OXBaTbIBaeT TaKwe pacnpegeneHue 3eMnf, HaxorIsuLteICl B KOllneKTHBHO11 CO6CTBeHHOCTOI, V qpyrmx cpezCTB npOI43BOQCTBa OTgenbHbIM HneHaM U pa6oTHWKaM X03sACTB. nepBbiM warom no nyTu nepeinaLu Co6CTBeHHOCTH OT KonneKTIBOB HaCTHblM l14LtaM fiBnsmeTC5I pacnpepienemme yCFOBHbIX naeB 3eMnf U ,qoneu CPOHJIOB. YcnOBHble nau - 3TO qOKyMeHTaJ1bHoe nojlTBep)K3eHH4e npaBa OTgenbHblX HneHOB U pa6oTHMKOB KOnneKTUBOB Ha nony'.eHue HaCTH 3eMnf u OCTanbHbIX COOH,lOB, KOTOpoe nepBOHaHanbHO cpuKCupyeTCI B 6yxranTepcKwx JOKyMeHTax cenbCKoxo3s1CTBeHHoro npennPHATmi, a 3aTeM MO)KeT 6blTb BbiplaHO B BU,ne CepTMCpt4KaTa. PeanbHasf pa3,naqa 3eMnJ 1 CpOHJ1OB, npeflCTaBneHHbIX ycnOBHbIMH nafiMH, MO)KeT 6blTb ocyLLLeCTBneHa Ha cnef8yfioueM GTane, a Mo)KeT 1 He npoHcXOqITb CoBceM: 'aCTHoe j1mLLo MO*KeT peanbHo nOnyfMTb CBOIO flonio 3eMnf 1 cPOHqOB npe8npflplTH5i npf4 BbIXOme U3 COCTaBa KOnneKTIBa C L8enblO Co3AaHIu45 4aCTHOrO XO3F4CTBa. 6.25. PacnpeJneneHwe YCn1OBHbIX naeB npOMCXO,.HT HaMHOrO MegneHHee, '4eM perHCTPaLJU.4 peopraHlV3OBaHHbIX CenbCKOXO351UCTBeHHblX npefnpmATL4L. 1OH4TU B TPeX 4eTBePTbIX CenbCKOXO3RUCTBeHHblX npePnlI4SITL4 4lnpHHITO peweHUe O peopraHI3aLAm4H lnpH 3TOM TOnbKO 27% pa6oTHMKOBn penp4pHFTI4l, B KOTOpblX npUHHlTO peweHIe 0 peopraHt43aLtl4L, coo6uLLaloT, 44TO onpegieneHbi HHJIMBL4jlyanbHbie 3eMenbHbie nau, a 54% coo6u,alOT, 14TO onperieneHbi 30onJ COOHaOB npefnpMFITm1. KonM4ecTBo nonyLsMBWHX CBOIOono10 C OHAOB HaTYPOA unu HanW4HbIMM He3Ha'4TenbHo. YAW1BwTenbHo BenfKa xionsi coo6LuMBWMXo peanbHOM nonyf4eHAM y4aCTKa 3eMnl: noHTH 'eTBepTb TeX, KOMy nonaranoCb nonyuHTb 3eMenbHbl1 Hajlen, - 89 - peanbHo nony'H441 B cpe8HeM 2 ra (3TO, O;HaKO, MeHbWe 4% 'aCTHbIX nMLL M3 Bbi6opKM). 6.26. CpeJHFsI Ben'H4MHa 3eMenbHoro na%, npegHa3Ha4eHHoro Inns pa6oTHMKa cenbCKoxo3FhCTBeHHoro npe1npM1TMR, COCTaBnseT 4 ra, 1 OHa He 3aB4CMT OT qaTbl npMHSITLFI peweHHMF O peopraHM3aL414. lOilFl CPOHJOB, C jNpyroo CTOpOHbi, oLteHmBaeTcSI B KynOHax, 4 cpe8Hee 3HaLeHme ee 83MeHSleTCFI B 3aBACHMOCTM OT roja peopraHM3aLrnw: oHa nOCTOIHHO yBenMHL4BaeTCI C 1989 no 1994 rr., XOTP M HaMHOrO MeflneHHee, HeM MHcpnsJLtmF1 B YKpaMHe (Pwc. 6.3). CpegHsns BsenHHMHa goni COOHROB, paBHas, no coo6%eHMSIM, npM6JnM3ITenbHo 3 MnH. KynOHOB fnsl cenbCKoXo3FsCTBeHHbix npegnpMsTMI, peopraHM3oBaHHblX B 1992-1993 rr., 3KBMBaneHTHa npMmepHo 300 JionnapaM CWA, ITO COOTBeTCTByeT cpe8HeA BenHlMHe, 0 KOTOpOrl coo6LMaIOT PYKOBO,MTenM cenbCKoxo3RAcTBeHHbIx npeqnpM"STi4A (400 nonnapoB CWA no nepeoLteHKe K KOHLAY 1993 r.). 6.27. B OTBeT Ha Bonpoc o nnaHax Ha 6yjqyu.ee 40% pa6OTHMKOB coo6uLalOT, HTO OHM HaMepeHbI OCTaBMTb CBOIO 3eMnJo H 0onio CpOHJOB B KonneKTI4BHOM X03SFICTBe A nonb3OBaTbCl JMBwjIeHJIaMm, a eLe 40-50% no clx nop He mmeIOT onpexleneHHoro MHeHMu. Xlpyrwe CpaBHITenbHO pacnpOCTpaHeHHbie BapMaHTbi BKnfioalOT BnO)KeHMe gOnM B HOBYIO cenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHyio opraHM3aIUio (6%) w yBenM4eHwe nf4Horo nogco6Horo XO35IICTBa (3%). OKono 5% pa6oTHMKOB HaMepeHbi nepegaTb CBOIO J10nio HacnegHMKaM, XOTI OHM He cTapwe cpeitHero BO3paCTa no Bbi6opKe. HaMepeHUlR pa6OTHMKOB B OTHOweHMU npMBaTW3aL4IOHHOrO cepTMCpMKaTa, KOTOpblIl OHM paCC4MTblBalOT nOnyHMTb OT roCyJapcTBa, pa3nrqHbl: 40% HaMepeHbl KynMTb aKL414 npuMaTBT3MpOBaHHbIx nepepa6aTbIBalOWMx npexjnpm$lTmA, 25% npeqnonaraloT KynMTb 3eMnJo (y rocyiiapcTBa nr6o y MeCTHoro cenbcKOxo3sACTBeHHoro npegnpM5TM4F), a 10% npeinonaraloT o6MeHSFTb 3TOT 9OKyMeHT Ha 4POHJbl CenbCKOX03Fl&CTBeHHOrO npeInpMUITMsi. TonbKo 6% onpoweHHbIx npeqnOHMTalOT npOjqaTb CBOA CepTMCP1KaT. 6.28. B cOoTBeTCTBMM Co CBOUM HaMepeHmeM OCTaBMTb 3eMenbHbIA Hagen M nonlo CPOHnOB B KOnJieKTMBHOM X03SlACTBe, 80% pa6oTHMKoB 3aRBnlIOT, HTO OHM He HaMepeHbi B 6yIyLLIeM CTaHOBMTbCS cpepMepaMU. FOTOBHOCTb pa6oTHMKOB paCCMOTpeTb BO3MO)KHOCTb CTaTb cpepMepOM 3HaHMTenbHO M3MeHieTci no o6naCTSIM (PMc. 6.4), HO He npocne8KMBaeTc8C ee yBenUmeHwUi C pOCTOM KOnrqeCTBa 'aCTHbIX X03$IACTB B qaHHOr4 o6naCTm. TaK, B HMKonaeBcKoA o6naCTM KonmqeCTsO onpoweHHbIx, coo6Laioux 0 HaMepeHMM CTaTb cpepmepaMw (14%), HaMHoro HM)Ke cpexHero noKa3aTens no cTpaHe (20%), XOTI B 3TOA o6naCTM KOnUmeCTBO qaCTHbIX X03F1LCTB U4 Onf cenbCKoxo3Flr4CTBeHHbIx yroJIu4A B HaCTHbIX X0301CTBaX CaMble BbICOKL4e B YKpawHe (CM. Ta6n. 4.2). OHM Hm*e, HeM B cpegHeM no KMeBCKOr1 M BonblHCKOh o6nacTRM (30% 4 32% OnpoweHHblX, COOTBeTCTBeHHO), rje KOnJmeCTBO 'aCTHbIX X03S;;ICTB M qonFl 3eMnf B 'aCTHbIX X03FI1CTBaX CpaBHMTenbHO HeBenfKm. Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHMI MO)KHO, nlO-BMrWMOMy, YTBep*KiaTb, HTO CTpeMneHHe K CO3gaHMIO 'aCTHoro Xo3FIlCTBsa mc4epnano ce66F B nlepegOBbIX o6flaCTFIX 14 He MCnOJlb3OBanO AO KOHLta MeCTHbIA nOTeHLA4an B OTCTaiOLULMX. 3To yTBep)KJeHMe, OJHaKO, BbirnFimT He COBceM o6OCHOsaHHbIM, TaK KaK KonMqeCTBO IaCTHbIx nu4L, BbIXOAPLLLUX 143 COCTaBa CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHbIX npegnpMulTWA c LLenblO CO3naHMwI HaCTHorO X03sUCTBa, OL4eHb Mano BO BceX o6naCTrSX (CM. PMc. 6.5). - 90 - Ts6mw 65. BErimlA Ha ss4eIA -4acToro xo3mcTma t4n6Hos U pa60THWUoB canbcKoXo2OTB6meIbix npeAnpMnTwn noqamy Bi we HaMS UIh OTaHOBCTbCR dti6OMe? nlo2MV Bb H _ma" CThIHmTbCU WeDOM7 OcHoBHble npW4mwI, rpl A eHH6 TM, KTO NO OCHOBHb6 np~U4H, ripUBen HH TOMM, KTO HSMpSH HaMepSH CTaHO1TbOCl 4pepmepoM (78% U3 Bbi6opKx) craHoBmTbcs cpupMSpoM (21% m Bbm6opKU) TpyAHocTm co cHmaftesIM 84% 06.one 6ynyuwo AeT A 86% MaTepUaIbHo-TSXHH46cKuMu pecyp0aMH Howename pbCKo0aTh 72% YmeWuuHi iioXowe 81% HeAocTaTo'HbIA Kanwran 71% He3aawCMOCTc, OT yTcTBHO KOHTpOrf 66% OTcyTcTBU iopCAwKmX rapawrrS 65% CaMoBbpae 61% HaanasHu Mm4HW o6pa3 KUHUm 58% p.CTMOWTm 54% 6Onee CTa6HnbHbme qoXo0Abl B 48% HeO6XOGAMOCcM: pacna,J KOnnIsll.uTM 24% KOeIKTHuB OnaceHwe bwUMTbCs co4HanbHbix 6nar 46% OTcyrcnmse 3KOHOCMWWCUKU 14 43% IOP1WUOCKMX MaBbiKOB Co06paeWwt, CBR3aHHbM C B03paCTOM 34% 1 COCTOaHNMM 3ApPOUbS OrpawHweHl Ka Kynnro-npoaowy aemm 34% HexBaTKa aUMIm 34% Hxernarue CeMbU 3zaj.MTbCS 33% BSA HueM 4aCTHorO xor3sCToa Son. BbICOKNA 3aapa60ToK B 30% KonneKTuB OTpHaUTenbHoe OThUWHi6 K 3TOMy B 28% cone 6.29. OCHOBHbIMMc caKTopaMm, yg1ep)KWBaIOLJ,IMm qneHOB KOnneKTIIBHbIX npeJ1nPHL1TwIk OT opraHH3aLAuw4 iaCTHOrO XO35lCTBa, FiBnJlIOTCSI HeCjOCTaTOK KanwTana, TpyJHOCTM C 3aKynKOA MaWWH, o6opynOBaHmsi i4 MaTepLanbHo-TexHWqeCKkx pecypCoB, a TaK)Ke PWCKOBaHHOCTb TaKoro npegnp1HITi1I. 3TU caKTOpbI CHITaIOT Ba)KHbIML4 mnu oqeHb BaxKHblMI. 6onee 70% pa6OTHWKOB, He HaMepeHHbIX CTaHOBuTbCI cpepMepaMm (Ta6n. 6.5). OnacHocTb yTpaTbI pa3nFHHbIX 3neMeHTOB coLtanbHoro o6ecne'eHwFi mewaeT CTaTb c2epMepOM B HaMHOrO MeHbweA CTeneHW, qeM npyrwe coo6paxeHWsF (oHa yKa3bIBaeTCS OKono 45% pa6OTHWKoB). ,D,ns 20% pa60THWKoB, pacCMaTpWBaIOLU.¶X B03MO)KHOCTb CTaTb coepMepOM, OCHOBHOA npUBnleKaTenbHOU CTOpOHOU cpepmepcTBa sBnfeTCI nepcneKTlBa o6ecneHMTb 6ygyuL,ee CBOUX geTeLh U B03MO)KHOCTb 6onbwe 3apa6aTbIBaTb (Ta6n. 6.5). 6.30. Cperu TeX, KTO He Hm8epeH CTaHOBMTbCI c4epMepaMM, Ham6onbwaFi HaCTb npe,qnoq1TaeT nlpOnOn)KaTb pa6OTaTb B TOM we KonneKTI.BHOM xo3-hCTBe (80% OnpOWeHHbIX B 3TOUl rpynne). HaMHoro MeHbwe (20%, BTOpOU pe3ynbTaT) )KenaeT BCTynI4Tb B HOBYIO CenbCKOX039>CTBeHHYKO opraHUL3aj4o (KoonepaTMB npOM3BOXj1Tener4, TOBap4uLeCTBo, aKL4uOHepHaFI KOMnaHs). Bonee caMocTosITenbHbIM BsuaM neiSTenbHOCTu, TaKuM, KaK BnajeHue unu apeHia npegnpHSTHF cepsuca, pa6oTa no HaUMY B CenbCKOM XO3FICTBse unl BHe ero, OTaeT npejanoLiTeHue MeHee HeM 5% onpoweHHblx. -91 - 6.31. flBe rpynnbl pa6OTHMKoB, Te, KTO He HamepeH CTaHOBHTbCR 4pepMepoM (80%), U Te, KTO paCCMaTpMBalOT 3TY BO3MO)KHOCTb (20%), He pa3nH4aIoTCR H1IKaKt4Mm CYLLeCTBeHHbIMM XapaKTepMCTMKaMM, TaKHMMU, KaK pa3mep CeMbW, Bo3paCT, nnou4aXb y4aCTKa nf14'Horo nogco6Horo XO3RACTBa, poA 3aHST1*A B CenbCKOM XO3MUCTBe, TMfn U npaeo CO6CTBeHHOCTH Ha )KMJnbe. a8K6e o6pa3oBaTenbHbIA ypoBeHb o6eux rpynn pa6oTHMKoB cxoxjeH, KpoMe Toro cfaKTa, HTO ctepMepbl, OXBa4eHHbie OnpoCoM, nO-Bi4AMOMy, 6onee o6pa3OsaHHbl, HeM pa6OTHMKM CenbCKOXO3RUCTBeHHbiX npeJnlpHRTHA (CM. rnaBy 3 CognaHHe wacTHoro ceKTopa). - 93 - 7 OpraHNaL4M c6a N NH4 CpaCTpyKTyp 7.1. B 6blBweM CoBeTCKOM Co0o3e X03HIrICTBa Tpanmo4wHoH nonaranMcb Ha agMMHHCTpaTHBHO-KOMaHgHyIO CMCTeMy, KOTOpas o6ecneH&Bana cenbCKOX03RACTBeHHoe npoW3BO,CTBO BCeMH HeO6XOJUMbIMM MaTepHanbHO-TeXHtH4eCKK4MH pecypcamt w nony4eHme rOTOBo0 rlpoJyKLW1lM y BOpOT xo35l>cTBa. 3aMeHa AeHTpanM3oBaHHoro nnaHHpoBaHHF pbIHOYHbIMW OTHOwHeH"MIMM npMBepeT K I43MeHeHI4O TaKO1 CHCTeMbI. TeM He MeHee, Ha npaKTHKe, rocyjapcTBo noKa ew,e coxpaHseT 3a co6oi BeRywLyio ponb B o6ecneqeHt4m nlOCTaBOK MaTepwanbHO-TeXHwHecKxx peCypCoB H c6blTa npOJyKUwI., XOTHI yKe eCTb npfMepbi noflsyBeHMfI HOBbIX anbTepHaTHB - YaCTHblX noCTaBLL,HKOB. nOCTaBKM X035lfCTBaM MaTep&ianbHO-TexHWieCKMx pecypcoB 7.2. KpynHble X039HCTBa, B 3HaMTenbHOA CTeneHH, nonaraioTcI Ha CBOH c1nbi B o6ecne4eHMM ce6H MaTepHanbHo-TeXH;H4ecKWMM pecypcaMM, B HaCTHOCTH, ceMeHaM", KOpMaMm, nfieMeHHbIMM )KMBOTHbiMm, a TaKwKe MHor0MH japyrMmH ycnyraMm. MaTepwanbHo- TeXHM4eCKHe pecypcbl U ycnyrM, He o6ecneHMBaeMbie ctfnaMH X035>CTB, npHo6peTaIoTcFl no rocynapCTBeHHbIM KaHanaM H y ipyrHx npeqnpHFITH1I. qaCTHbIM nocTaBLLtHKaM OTBOgHTCI He3HaqOTenbHa l pOnb B o6ecneM4eHu nOCTaBOK anl KpynHbIX X03R>CTB (Ta6n. 7.1). KopMa jqnfi wHBOTHbX, BbipaLWkBaHme Moono)HFlKa, npoM3BOqCTBO ceMF1H H BbipaULLBaHHe paccajpbi, a TaKwe, 6e3yCnoBHo, BHeceHt4e ygo6peHmmf npoM3BOgMTCA B 80-90% cnyiaeB B CaMwX Xo3WiAcTBax. TaKwe ycnyrw, KaK HanpHMep, TeXHHmeCKoe o6cny*K4BaHMe U peMOHT, MexaHH3amHi norieBbIX pa6oT, CTpOHTenbCTBO U BeTepMHapHaFl nOMOU4b TaKKe o6ecneqmBaboTcF criaMw caMwx X031IACTB (no CnOBaM 60-70% onpoweHHblx). MexaHw3aLtMFI nOneBbIX pa6OT o6ecneqmBaeTCA 3a cqeT HCnonb3oBaHlM co6CTBeHHOA TeXH4KH (75% Xo3RACTB); JononHHTenbHaR nOMOW.b B TeXHHKe Tpe6yeTcR TOnbKO B nepHOj3bI MaKCHMaribHOI HarPY3KH (OCTanbHble 25% OnpOweHHbIX). XOTFI B CPaBHeH"" C COBeTCKHM nepHojioM XO3FRCTBa cTanr 6onee CaMOCTOF1TenbHb[MM B Bbi6ope nOCTaBUA4KOB MaTepHanbHO-TeXHUqeCKHX peCypCOB, pOnb rocyjapcTBa KaK OCHOBHOrO nOCTaBLUALKa 3aKynaeMbIx jqnF X03qIACTB peCypCOB He H3MeHMnaCb. Me>CTB TOnniUBOM H CTPOHTenbHbIMH MaTePUanaMU (COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 70% H 60% X03ShCTB). OKorio 40-50% PYKOBOLIHTe,lne X03FWICTB 3aKnioIaIOT 6apTepHble onepa4Luu Ha npHo6peTeHHe MHCeKTHMLHAjOB H rep64LUAMJOB, CenbCKOXO3FIrnCTBeHHOiA TeXHHKH H 3anaCHbIX HaCTeA. 1/4 - 94 - X03SUICTB nonyfalOT Ha OCHOBse 6apTepHblX cornaweHMh yAo6peHWs 14 ceMeHa. 7.4. ctepMepOB, nonaraiOLitMxcs Ha nOCTaBKM OTeHeCTBeHHbIX MaTepHanbHO-TeXHMLecKMX pecypCOB m ycnyr, Mano, npm 9TOM OHM, KaK npaBwno, caMOCTORTenbHO o6ecne4MBaIOT CBOM X03SOCTBa KOpMaMM. rOCynapCTBO OCTaeTC5I OCHOBHbiM nOCTaBwMKOM MaTepLanbHO- TexHm4eCKMX pecypcoB 4aCTHOMY CeKTOpy; BTOpblM no 3Ha4eHMIO Ba)KHbIM MCTOHHMKOM noCTaBOK RBnFlIOTCFI MeCTHbie KpynHble XO3srCTBa (Ta6n. 7.1). Ha TpeTbeM MeCTe HaXOITC5I HOBbie 4aCTHbie nOCTaBLAMKm. TaKMM o6pa3oM, ceMeHa, rep6ML.wjbl H MHCeKTMU"Mjlbl, cenbCKoX03sCTBeHHYIO TeXHMKy H 3anaCHble 4aCTH nOKynalOT 8epe3 rocyaapCTBeHHbie KaHanlbI 60-70% cpepMepoB. Ygo6peHmFi H TOnln¶Bo - nO4TH 80% cpepMepoB. C npyroR CTOpOHbI, KOJlXO3bi n1OCTaBnJ1lOT 3TH MaTepHanlbHO-TeXHmLeCKme pecypcbl 10-40% X03FIACTB. PeMOHT H TeXHM4eCKOe o6cny>KmBaHme cenbCKOXO3flUCTBeHHOI TeXHMKM panpeiensieTC Me)Ky rOCyjiapCTBeHHblMH npejanpHsTH5MH H KOnneKTHBHbIMM XO3SIRCTBaMm nOpOBHY (no 30% 13 KamKnorO HCTOIHHMKa). KonneKTHBHbie XO35IICTBa mrpaloT ropa3ro 6onee Ba)KHYIO ponb 4eM rocynapCTBO B o6ecne4eHHM MexaHM3ULtHm noneBbIx pa6oT jqnfl 4aCTHbIX X03FIACTB: CBbiwe 40% cpepmepOB o6paW.alOTC5I 3a 3THMM ycnyraMM B KonXO3bI H MeHee 25% 3aKynaeT MX y rocyriapCTBa (no-BHJMMOMy, B KOMnneKCe C ygo6peHMsIMM, rep6mLAmgaMm H HHCeKTHu1HraMM, 3aKynaeMblMm npemMyW.eCTBeHHO 4epe3rocyaapCTBeHHbie KaHanbi nOCTaBOK). 7.5. ct)epMepbl )KHBOTHOBOA4eCKHX XO3FlACTB 3aKynalOT neKapcTBa anIF BeTep"HapmH, rnaBHbIM o6pa3OM, M3 rocyaapCTBeHHblX MCTO4HIKOB (CBblwe 50% npoM3BO9MTeneA npOgyKTOB )KMBOTHOBOQCTBa), HO 3a BeTep8HapHbIMH ycnyramm o6pawaIOTCPI npeHMyWLeCTBeHHO B MeCTHbie KOnneKTHBHbie XO39IACTBa (40%) H B MeHbweh CTeneHm K rocyiapcTBy (30%). 0epMepbl He coo6LalOT 0 TpyjHOCTIX B nOny4eHMM BeTepmHapHbIX ycnyr: 70% npOM3BOaMTeneA npOJIYKTOB *MBOTHOBOQCTBa 3amBnRlOT, HTO OHM He HcnbITbIBalOT npo6neM c nony4eHmeM BeTepMHapHbIX ycnyr. OJHaKO, 4TO KaCaeTcl JneKapCTB .cns BeTepMHapmm, 50% *anylOTCI Ha o4eHb BbICOKme LieHbi. 7.6 4aCTHbie nOCTaBW.MKH, B TOM 4Mcne cpepMepCKme KOOnepaTMBbI, mrpaiOT Cyu.eCTBeHHyIO pOnb B o6ecne4eHHH cpepmepoB CeMeHaMM, ygo6peHwMm, CenbCKOX03RACTBeHHO1' TeXHHKOL, 3anaCHbIMM 4aCTFIMM H..., 4TO yjamBmTenbHO, TOnnMBOM (3TM KaHanbI BMeCTe o6ecne4MBaIOT o6cny*mBaHme CBbiWe 50% 4aCTHbIX Xo3RACTB). 4aCTHbie nOCTaBLLkMKM BHOC9IT TaK*e CyuAeCTBeHHbl1 BKnaJ B o6ecne4eHMe TeXHMHeCKOrO o6cny'HBaHws H peMOHTa CenbCKOXO35lACTBeHHOA TeXHKHIK M8exaH3auLm noneBbIX pa6OT: 25-30% 4aCTHb[X Xo3shCTB 3aKynalOT Bb uweynoMrHytbie ABa Bmga ycnyr y 4aCTHbIX nOCTaBW,MKOB H cpepMepCKMX KOOnepaTMBOB. KpoMe TOrO, nOCneJHme s1BnFIIOTCsI OCHOBHbIM HCTO4HMKOM nOCTaBKM CTpOITenbHbIX MaTepwanOB H ycnyr, KOHKYPHpysF C rOCypapCTBOM H KonneKTBHbHIMM Xo35hCTsaMH (Ta6n. 7.1). CBblwe 20% 4aCTHbIX )KMBOTHOBO,q4eCKMX X039hCTB 3aKynalOT MonofHFIK y 4aCTHblx noCTaBLLuMKOB, a 40% - y MecTHbLIX KonXO30: qonfl rocyplapCTseHHbIX 3aKynOK He npeBbiwaeT 15%. - 95 - Tajuua 7.1. KaH.arn nloCTaBOK MaTepMarbHO-ThXHW40CKHX POCYPCOB I yCnyr (B % Ann Bbl6opKU MU 846 xoRcm.tneHwibx npe.inpIwrTm m 810 macTHbix Xo3nfCTs, ucnonb3ylou4ux cooTse?CTByIoupe KaHanbU) Co, oIoxo3aCIuTeeewa nflnpwv 4acTHhIe xo3pfPTiJn rOCYAapCTB aipyriu 4IacTH CofcTumH rocyA Konx 4IacTH 0.epM.pc _lp eHfe lpeRnp&in big Mo ap- 03 bl6 KuO y_ KaNaIl' ThU np0BUOAC CTa N KOOnepUT rm TBQ H46b6 ISb e COMSHM, 26 60 2 78 63 45 11 14 4 pacoana KopMa 4 26 1 93 12 13 2 0 2 MoAmsw.i 2 39 20 85 7 15 10 0 1 Opral*4. 4 4 1 92 14 21 12 11 3 YAQ06PGHH MwuHpanbi 69 42 1 0 78 9 11 11 1 yno6pSl*1f 1IHCeKT&4a 68 50 1 0 73 8 4 3 2 Am6 C,orbXo3. 89 54 2 2 67 37 9 15 3 TOXHfraC ToxHw4ecx 55 54 4 66 33 30 20 11 6 oe o6cnymxusa pSMOH-r 3anactl61e 93 65 18 13 70 29 36 4 6 LlacTr Tonnuo 90 72 21 1 78 25 41 13 6 MexamaLa4 HO nonesbiX pa6oT 30 48 4 62 24 42 19 7 3 fle.apc-ma 63 43 1 2 23 13 3 0 1 A1T BeTepmeap 22 29 1 62 20 24 3 0 1 Hble ycnyrm CTposmaTe pmanbi 44 79 8 21 49 26 20 10 4 CTpowrenb Hycenyrl4 9 49 25 66 22 12 18 10 2 lBoImWl.KBa 9 23 2 9 16 3 3 12 2 rw4iucaw.lI B TOM m 4unf nOAKOHTPOnbHaa rocyAapcTBy ceTb npeAnpuwTrs noTp96KoonepaiAwL - 96 - 7.7. KonneKTLBHbie m HaCTHbie Xo3shCTBa 5lBnFIIOTC5 nOCTaBLIIMKaMH MaTepmanbHO- TeXHM4eCKHX peCypCOB, JOnOnHfH Tpa;l4%0HHbie rocyAapCTBeHHble KaHanbi nOCTaBOK (Ta6n. 7.2). no Coo6&LeHmsM pyKOBOWTenerL KpynlHbIX X03RACTB, nocnefHtle npoRaloT pa3nM4Hbie MaTepmanbHO-TeXHM4eCKme pecypCbl japyrLM XO39ICTBeHHblM npefnpL4ITLsIM. KpoMe Toro, pyKOBOJMTenh XO3ACTB 3aFlBnFlSOT, HTO OHM o6ecne4meaIoT MaTepmanbHo- TeXHM'eCKMMM pecypcamL L ycnyraMl L MeCTHbte 4aCTHbie X03FIlCTBa. npogaKa CeMFIH Ll paccanbl, CenbCKOX039ACTBeHHOA TeXHKLM Lio6ecne4eHme MexaHM3aLt4" noneBbIX pa6oT FiBnFlIOTCI OCHOBHbIMI KaHanaML B3aWMogeLcTBMS eMKjly KpynHbIML Li MeCTHbIMM IaCTHbIMM Xo3FltcTBaML. no coo6m4eHMiM CBblWe 20% pyKOBOA3Tener I X03r4CTB, nocnefHMe IlHorga npogaBanm OTpa6OTaBWUylO TeXHLKY 4aCTHbIM X03S>CTBaM. 4aCTHbie npeAnpLiITLsI TaK)Ke $iBnFl1OTCFl nOCTaBW.WKaMM KOpMOB, MOnOJHsKa, peMOHTHblx, a TaKwe BeTepMHapHbIX ycnyr cpepMepaM, L, KpOMe TOrO, Ba)KHbIM MCTO4HMKOM n1OCTaBKL CTpOLTenlbHbtX MaTeptianOB L ycnyr. npaKTLMecKM Bce Xo35UCTBeHHbie npeunpMFTMR o6ecne4nBaloT nOCTaBKL MaTepwanbHO-TeXHM4eCKMX pecypcoa L ycnyr BnafenblAaM nfMHblx nojqco6Hblx XO3sICTB. Ta6,mta 7.2 Xo3PAcTsa-nocTaBWulW MaTpuHarHo-TTx6HW4CKWX pecypcos (Aronr u3 Bbi6opKU 846 CenbCKOXo3ftCTBsHHMX npeAnpHwn4A m 810 4aCTHBIx x03onCT3) CenbcKoxos9ftTems4e Mwenzwtnnu _______ C@llbCKOX03ZCTl m T | OT seACm lpyrwm | epMepawM BnaAlsbuaM I1hx flpyrwA _p__M_ _ || flR0061Ix X03STU CSMOH, pacoana 44 35 78 23 KopMa 27 12 89 5 MonDoHuK 40 17 89 2 OpraHmecIue 11 10 59 11 yAo6poHw MweHpam.HbM 3 7 14 11 yAa6paimn HC.SKT,W 5 7 65 11 CenCKOXO3M0T- 23 23 46 30 B*HHafl T.XHMK Taxo6cnywusaHim u 10 13 25 22 psMowr 3anacHhe 'aCTh 14 7 12 21 Tonrmo 11 8 24 19 Mxa.*maai 37 34 88 26 norebx pa6oT JlcKapCTiB AnR 5 7 50 1 *6TSpi4apuM B.Tp.4apHbis 6 14 84 1 ycnyruL C1pouWrJuwe 14 12 83 2 MaTlpIarba CTpo°TnbHha 10 10 64 1 yonyrn Ibsbui 4 6 16 6 KBaIM4IIaLUu - 97 - 7.8. HeKoTopble dpepMepbl TaKwKe ssnB5OTCs nOCTaBW.14KaMW MaTepmanbHo-TexHM4ecKWx pecypcoB jpyrmm c4epMepaM (Ta6n. 7.2). CornacHo coo6wLeHt4RM, 20-30% cpepMepoB npeJOCTaBfsiIOT cnenylomue OCHOBHbie ycnyrM: o6ecne4eHme MexaHl3a4Im noneBbIX pa6oT, TexHwmecKoe o6cny)KMBaHme " peMOHT, nOCTaBKY CeMRH m paccanbl, 3anacHbIx 4acTePl w, npe14MywecTBeHHO, ceribCKox0o3FlCTBeHHOIR TexHMK1. flOHTr 20% cpepMepoB noCTaBnfIoT TonlnIBO w HecbTb, HTO CBmaeTenbCTBYeT o6 OTMe4eHHOr4 BbiWe BbICOKOA ponr HaCTHbIX noCTaBW.14KOB B nOCTaBKaX TonnMBa. 7.9. PyKoBoAMTenw X03RACTB H cbepMepbl He coo6W,aIOT 0 HeXBaTKe MaTeparanbHO- TeXH1'4eCKMX pecypcOB. np14 3TOM, BCe OnpoweHHbie *anylOTCF Ha BbICOK1e LAeHbI Ha MaTepa4anbHO-TexHMHeCKMe peCypCbl, OCo6eHHO Ha CenbCKOX03P"CTBeHHYIO TeXHLIKy, 3anaCHble qaCT4, TOnriMBO, X14M1IKaTbl 1 CTpOTenbHbie maTepwanbi (Ta6n. 7.3). OKono 15- 20% pyKOBOfqlTenef4 X035IPiCTB H 10% cepMepoB 3aRBmnM, 4TO y H1X HMKOrma He BO3Hl4Ka.nI npo6neMbl c npmo6peTeHi4eM MaTepwanbHo-TexH[44eCKMx pecypCoB. Ho gaKe onpoWeHHble 3TOA rpynnbi 6binw, TeM He MeHee, o6ecnoKoeHbl BbICOK14MM L4eHaMM Ha CenbCKOX0351CTBeHHYIO TeXH14Ky. npmo6peTeHme MaTepa4anbHO-TeXH144eCKMX pecypcoB CjIep)Kl4BaeTCSi HeXBaTKOf co6CTBeHHbIX CpeeCTBH CP1HaHCMpOBaH1R; CPM3[44eCKaa HeXBaTKa pecypcoB, KaK npaefno, He sHBnJfeTCSi npo6neMoC4. 7.10. 5ecnoKoNcTBo Bbl3bIBaeT npo6bneMa nOBbiweHl4R KBanrIMcKaLu4t4. nfWb He6onbwaR ponfl c4epMepOB nOBbIWaeT KBanfC41KaBLWIO Ha 6a3e KaKoro-nm6o ACTO0H"Ka (Ta6n. 7.1), TeM He MeHee, 80% 3aiBnFlIOT, 4TO fnOBbIWeH1e KBaJn1Cp1KaLL4 He RBn;ieTCvi npo6fneMOA (Ta6n. 7.3). Pe3ynbTaTbl onpoca moryT cBsmeTenbCTBOBaTb o6 OTCYTCTB1H n4fOH14MaHW1 TorO, 4TO co6oi npeqcTaBnFieT noBbIWeH1e KBanflc wKaw41 U KaKoe Ba)KHoe 3Ha4eHme OHO mmeeT Jn1l BeqeHi4R coBpeMeHHoro cenbCKoro Xo351CTBa. PyKoBo:nTenH KpynHbIX Xo3FIACTB He CH4TaKOT noBbiweH1e KBan1cpfKaLrnH Ba*HOA ycnyrof1: no 1x coo6LueHl4RM, eio nOnb3yeTCF OTHOCUTenbHO manaR flOnH PYKOBOJMTeneR 3THX X03RhLCTB. KpoMe o6bl4Horo nepeHHR nepeL4cneHHbIX B Ta6n. 7.1 1CTo0H1KOB, 14% pyKOBOJ914Tener XO3flCTB coo6ut"n", HTO OHM nOBbIWaKOT KBanf1cpKatLrIO Ha 6a3e "npyrwx" 1CTO4HHKOB, npennono)K1TenbHo, Hay'4H0-1ccneJoBaTenbCKMX 14HCT&4TyTOB. C6MIT npOAYKLtIMH 7.11. rmnepwHcpnRLtm4 H KpI43MC t4HcppaCTpyKTypbl, KOTOpbIe RsnBlIOTCSF xapaKTepHoA 4epTOI nepexow.Horo nepmoga B YKpa1He, no-B14J14MoMy, moryT np4eBeCTM K nepeop1eHTaLA14 X03F11CTB 1 nepexony OT jaeHe*HbIX KoMMep4eCKMX onepaLrnA 14 npO143BOQCTBa K YJIOBneTBOpeH41KO BHYTpeHHMx nOTpe6HOcTeI KOnneKTeBa &4nf ceMb1. TaKoA nepexoj noKa He npom3ow0en. HecMoTps Ha yMeHbwaIow.eecf JOBepme K neHbraM, yKpat4HCKme npo[43BO,qMTerim npOqOri)KaIOT npoi3aBaTb CenbCKOX0351LCTBeHHbie npOJyKTbi Ha KoMMepHeCKO1 OCHOBe. 7.12. KpynHble xO3qRCTBa RsBnIIOTCi no cBoeA npMpoge KoMMepIeCK1Mm npot43Bo0ul4TenFiM&4, nO3TOMY HeY,MB14TenbHO, ITO 80-90% nPO13BO14I8Tenefl Ka)KJO9 KaTeroplM TOBapa npogaKOT npoM3BegeHHbie UMm npOgyKTbI Ha OCHOBe KOMMep4eCKMX onepaisr4u (Ta6n. 7.4). Ew4e - 98 - 6onbwe YJ1BnlseT TOT cpaKT, 'TO 4aCTHbie X0351ICTBa B YKpaWHe (no KpaAHe1 mepe B3sITbie 43 Bbi6opKI) MmelOT TaKwe CTpOryIO KOMMepLeCKYIO opmeHTaLUo10. OCHOBHbIMU KynIbTypaMU, peanf43yeMbIMM 'aCTHbIMM XW39UCTBaMm, 5iBflSIOTCSI caxapHaFi ceeKna m nOjaCOnHe4Ht4K (90% ypoKasi ugeT Ha npoga)Ky), BTopoe MeCTO 3aHIMaeT 3epHO (npoIaaeTcsF TpU 4eTBepTI ypo*asi). Sonbuasi qaCTb KapTOcpensi u oBoLueo noTpe6nJieTcR ceMbePi, npw 3TOM, OKOnO 40% ypowas uiaeT Ha npona)cKy. HTO KacaeTCs npOj1yKTOB *MBOTHOBOACTBa, nportaeTCFI nonOBlHa MFica 14 MonOKa. Ta6mnaa 7.& TpyAHoci' CBSR3HHI9 C 3aKyflKOA MaTepmanbHO-T9XHm49CKIX pecypcos U ycnyr (Aoni nonb3oBaTeneA no Ka)AOMY BuAy pecypcom/yonyr) CenbcKoxo03"cTSSIwI. npemirni"u 4aoTHbl XC3RftTIrB MaTepurabHo- TOxHuqacluM PeCYPebC/ycnyr CnuZKoM BUA HOT npo6ne4 CumwoM Bua HeT u BbICOKaB pecypcaBjycny BbicoRaa pecypcom/ycn npo6neM usHa r OTCyTCTByeT L4ea yr oTCyTCTByOT CoMea, 44 6 50 41 15 44 paccaaa KopMa 29 14 57 Mon:)AKSIK 31 10 59 OpraHmmecKue 32 44 24 21 49 30 yAo6poHmu Mw4epanbHbws 71 8 21 68 21 10 yno6peHNw M,ucKT4ImAbl 74 11 16 78 8 13 CenbcKoxo3n- 88 6 7 90 5 5 cTBeHHas TexHMKa TexHeMcKoe 57 5 39 o6cnym.eaHme Li pSMONT 3anacHbMe 65 19 15 73 19 8 mcTm Tonruwo 67 17 17 81 14 5 Mexab.l3awi 43 19 39 nOnbeBbX pa6oT JeKapc'rBa Ar 50 26 24 43 14 43 BeTepuHapuU B.TapI.apHble 17 11 73 ycnyrm CTpouThnbIe 72 17 11 78 9 13 MaTepuanbi CTpITe,nbHbha 50 17 33 yonyru fobe M3 8 79 K3aft44Uaub -99 - 7.13. CenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHbie pa60THUKU, Bylaneiouttle nUlHIHbIMU nOACO6HbIMU XO35lLCTBaMw, Ha KOTOpbIe npmXOqMTCSi 30% BanOBoro cenbCKOXo3P,CTBeHHoro npO,YKTaI B YKpawHe, TaK)CTB 3a5iBn1SIOT, HTO OHM npOgalOT no rOC3aKa3am BeCb aCCOpTMmeHT CBOeA npOAyKL4M, TO Mepmepbi nponaloT no roc3aKa3am TOnbKO 3ePHO (CBblwe 60% onpoweHHblX) M, B MeHbWeh1 CTeneHm, caxapHYIO CBeKny (MeHee 20% OnpOweHHbIX). XOTs flnpO3BOrlMTenm cenbCKOXO3F>CTBeHHOA nPOflYKLLMM B YKpaMHe 6e3ycnoBHO OCBenOMneHbi C KOHL4enL48eh rOC3aKa3a, OHM, O4eBMfHO, HenpaBL4nbHO nOHMmaKOT CYTb Bonpoca. PYKOBOAMTenm XO351CTB BePOflTHO UCTOnKOBanm BOnpOC He KaK 'lo65l3aTenbHbie" roC3aKa3bi, a, CKopee, KaK Bce 3aKynKM y rocynapcTsa mnu Bce npotaB)KM rocygapCTBy. Heo6xoflmmo 6onee rny6oKoe M3yIeHme CTeneHm npOHMKHOBeHM4I rOC3aKa3oB B CMCTeMY c6bITa CenbCKOXO3P1CTBeHHOL nPOgYKLkM4 B YKPawHe. M PYKOBOA4Tenm XXO3F4CTB, - 103 - 4 cjepMepbl 3asiBnR1OT, 4To rOcyjiapCTBeHHbie u.eHbI H4HYTb He Hm)Ke LteH, YCTaHaBnt4BaeMbiX gpyrt4MA KaHanaMm. OCHOBHblMtI CT14MynaMM K BbinOnHeHmKO rOC3aKa3OB IBJnRIOTCR i:OCTyn K MaTepwanbHO-TexH1HeCKHM pecypcaM, rIbrOTHOe Kpe,lMTOBaHt4e 4 xopowme B3aMMOOTHOWeHFi C BenaCT$IMM (40-60% cpepMepOB A PYKOBOJMTeneA XO3$RCTB). 7.19. B L.enoM pyKOBOJI1Ten61 X03RACTB HeyqOBnleTBOpeHbi COCTORH14eM C6blTa B YKpa1He: CBblwe 80% )KanYKOTCI Ha KpariHe H143KIe LLeHbI, KOTOpbIe YCTaHaBnmBaKOTCI Ha WX npOnYKL41iO. HeyaOBneTBopeHHOCTb npeBaJmpytO.LuM1m LeHaMtl 5BnfleTC5I OCHOBHOR *ano6or KaK pyKOBO,jqTeneA X03FUACTB, TaK 1 cpepmepoB H KacaeTCFI BceX KaTeropmA cenbCKoxo3Fi&iCTBeHHOL npOJYKLW14 (Ta6n. 7.7). KpoMe Toro, PYKOBOaMTenTm X03IICTB *anyIOTCR Ha npo6neMbl, CB13aHHbie C npOCpO4eHHblMt4 nnaTe*aaM;4 B TO )e speMR 3Ta npO6neMa H1BnJeTCI MeHee OCTPOA Jnns coepMepOB. MmeHHo rocyqapCTBeHHble 3aKyno4Hble OpraHM3aL41 He nnflaTT B CPOK (CMOTpU Ta6n. 7.5). £1eACTBMTenbHO, HTO KacaeTCI npo6neM, CBF13aHHbIX C npOCpO4eHHblMm nnaTe*aMt4 B nepBYIO OL4epeib 3a 3epHO, caxapHyio CBeKJly 1 nonCOnHeH14K, TO c)epMepbl )KanIyOTCfi, rflaBHbIM o6pa3OM, Ha roCyqapCTBeHHble 3aKYnOHHbie OpraHWU3aw4, SIBnKoLU4eCp OCHOBHbiMU nOKynaTenw 3TOri npOnYKLtH4. HaATO nOKynaTersl npOJIyKTOB mnf o6ecneI4Tb nepeBO3KY 1 noCTalBKy npoJqyKL414 He FiBnTeTCI cyw.eCTBeHHo1 npo6neMor qaKe unFi cpepMepoa, XOTv1 nepeso3Ka 3epHa 1 caxapHOi CBeKnbl Bce >e npeqCTaBnsfeT flnR H14X onpeneneHHyio npo6neMy. LIeHbI Ha npo0yrKcUmi0 cpepMepoB 7.20. nlpoaHan43WpoBaTb LeHbI Ha npoaYKLtUHO qpepMepOB, B yCnOBx nHX pHCpni4HU flOBOnbHO TpyJHO. 3To 3aBICI4T He TOllbKO OT o6beKT14BHOr 143MeH414BOCT1t UeH, HO TaK)Ke 1 OT HeHaiet)KHOCTM Cy61beKT14BH01 lolnbiTKU nioxier1 BCnOMHITb nOKa3aTen&4 6blCTpO M3MeHflKOW.AXCSI L4eH ga)Ke no npOweCTB414 OLieHb He6onbwOrO npOMeKyTKa BpeMeHM. B xone onpoca cpepMepbl H pyKOBO)I14Tenm X03fl>CTB LOnJHbi 6binf Coo6JL14Tb LLeHy, no KOTOPOA nocneIH14A pa3 npoQaBaanfCb Bce KaTerop1mt npoEIYKTOB H yKa3aTb MecRL, Korna TaKaR npoqa>Ka CocTovinaCb. Pe3ynbTaTbi no MecsiLiaM, Ham6onee '4aCTO BCTpea.IwmmcMF B OTBeTax (MeclLtbl TaK Ha3biBaeMor4 "no4KOBo npona)K14" 3a nepton aBrycTa-JneKa6pR), npMBeIeHbi B Ta6n. 7.8. 7.21. CbIpbie naHHbie no 4AeHaM OTnm4aKOTCSI cyLLteCTBeHHbiMu norpeWHOCT5IMW, TaK KaK peCnOHJIeHTbI 4aCTO yKa3blBanf LIeHbl B TbIC$4aX KynOHOB, onycKaR Hynl, un1, Hao6opoT, yKa3blBanw L,eHy 3a K1lnOrpaMM BMeCTO UeHbI 3a TOHHy. BCnenCTB1e yKa3aHHbIX norpeWHocTeC1, a TaK*e He6onbWroro LI1cna pecnOHJeHTOB no OTfenbHbIM MecFlLAaM U KaTerop1siM npOryKTOB, Cpe8HFIsi npoma)KHas L4eHa siBnsieTC5I HeHajae)KHbiM noKa3aTeneM, jqaKe ecnu oHa 6bina paCCL4TaHa OTI8enbHo no Ka)KnoMy MecRCLy npoga*m. COOTBeTCTBeHHo, Ta6n. 7.8 naeT cpeP1HHYIO LteHy no Ka*)KoMy MecsUy (T.e., UeHy no KOTOpOo 50% OCyLLeCTBneHHbIX TOproBbIX onepaLu.1i He nPeBbIWalOT 9TOT nOKa3aTenb) 14, TaK*e, "pe*UM pacnpegeneHMsi L4eH", T.e., HaM6Onee L4aCTO coo6U4aeMybo 4.eHy. B 3TOM cny,iae HeToLHOcTb yKa3aHHbIX cTaTMcTm4ecKMx j3aHHbIX yMeHbwaeTcR. 7.22. faHHble Ta6n. 7.8 CBM4,eTenbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 4TO CenbCKOXO3FIACTBeHHbie - 104 - npeafnpMS;Tws nojl4MHSIIOTCFI OAHWM 4 TeM )Ke npaBlnaM LeHoo6pa3oBaHi4l; ecni4 MOHonCOHM lBnlseTCSl npO6neMOA, TO 3TO npo6neMa nni Bcex KaTeropIA npogaeL4OB 3epHo, 6yryLm OCHOBHOA peanH3yeMoPl KynbTypoI4, npm MaKcMmanbHOA 'aCTOTe ToprOBbIX onepaL4Mh B CpaBHeHHI4 CO BceMI npyriMmi nporIyKTaMI, nporiaBanoCb qaCTHbIMI4 XO3M CTBaMw I KpynHbIMM CenbCKOXO3S;rCTBeHHblMm nlpefnpMFITMS;MM B Te4eHwe Tpex MeCi4leB ofln1KOBOA npo,na)K" (aBrycT, ceHTsi6pb H OKTsi6pb 1993 r.) no npaKTw4eCKM O1LHaKOBbIM LteHaM. OriwHaKOBblMm 6blnM TaKwe LAeHbi Ha caxapHyiO CBeKnly, KapTOcoenb 1 OBOW,w. U.eHbi Ha MOJ1OKO B HaCTHbIX XO3S;CTBaX 6binU CyLLteCTBeHHO H4)Ke L%eH Ha 3TOT npOJYKT B KpynHbIX X035ACTBax (B fleKa6pe 1993 r.), B TO )e BpeMs LAeHbl Ha MaCO (neKa6pb 1993 r.) " nornconHeIHAK (OKTs6pb-Hosi6pb 1993 r.) 6binw HeMHorO BbIWe (pa3HmL.a CO CTaTWCTWqeCKOh TOIK4 3peHIR CyW,eCTBeHHas, HeCMOTP5I Ha ManylO BenlM4Hy). TeM He MeHee, HTo6bl cjqenaTb TBepIIbie BbIBOnbl 0 pa3Hwu,e L4eH Ha npofyKL4MlO HaCTHbIx U KpynHbIX X0351ACTB, Heo6xoruMMbi 6onee TO4Hble NaHHble. MccfneJOBaHme, npOBegeHHoe Ha ,AaHHOM 3Tane, B LAenoM CBmIQeTenbCTByeT 0 B03MO)KHOCTM CpaBHITenbHOrO alHanM3a L4eH Ha npOrIyKU,h410 pa3HblX npoM3BOnMTenerl. Ta6nt4I,a 7.7. nlpo6neMbl, CB53aHHbie co c6blToM npofyKTOB cenbCKOXo3SUCTBeHHbIMM npegfnpHmITWIM14 4 4aCTHbIMM XO35uACTBaMm (jionsi XO3S;ACTB, KOTOpble npO43BOjaIT 1 npoilalOT yKa3aHHblI npoJnyKT) Li,r,na YYcasambie npo6nmbni flpOAyKT npo"3BoAITs npoopo'ef | Hvuau Lisoa 0rcyTomme r nPO6rb b c Llpyrue noR ~ ~ aT 0 nnaTenR nOKn r orCTaBKaMM 3epHo 826 73,6 89,3 8,1 37,7 7,9 CaxapHau 612 77,5 82,7 1,9 44,9 8,7 cBeKna fluconu4a 449 70,8 82,6 8,0 40,8 9,6 NM Kapiroc4en 618 51,1 75,6 36,1 38,5 8,6 OB4oL4 693 53,8 80,4 37,7 38,2 8,4 0pyxma 253 46,6 70,8 3t6 36,0 10,3 MRCo 830 83,6 906 22,3 38,6 8,2 MOnQKO 807 78,3 91,8 19,2 34,8 7,8 94as 134 44,0 68,4 20,1 23,9 8,2 WepcTb 266 62,4 77,8 19,5 34,6 8,6 4aclMb e xosa%ct5a 30pHo 588 67,7 66,5 19,7 56,1 4,3 CaxapHaK 147 55S,8 81,6 17,0 72,1 2,0 CBOKnaI lomhonmma 96 56,3 72,9 8,3 44,8 2,1 HW Kapjrocen 136 22,1 64,0 33,1 41,2 2,9 OBoUY) 77 13,0 59,7 37,7 54,5 1,3 (bpyxTu 10 10,0 300 20,0 20,0 - Maco 197 23,9 60,9 7,6 32,0 - Monoaw 164 19,5 68,9 7,9 tEi5 0,6 ARma 41 9,8 48,8 7,3 12,2 - LWepCob t0 10,0 10,0 10,0 - - - 105 - Ta6muma 7.8 UNHbl Ha C8lbCKOXO3RfCTTBmHylo nlpOAyKL4U ('000 KyNOHoB, 4X-4aCTHbbe Xo3aCTBa, CnfCOnbCKOX03SOCTBOHHble npeArnpupM,) nPOAYKT Ml "14 nponax 9w146 SCOo _~~~~~~. .. L{F T ~Cn - H4X c-n 3piHO 8,93 420 438 500 500 398 378 1 214 9,93 418 420 418 487 401 415 174 261 10,93 486 460 50 450 520 434 84 96 OsoU41 9,93 300 198 300 198 334 224 15 149 10,93 250 200 200 200 273 377 28 240 KapTac,en 9,93 300 300 300 300 295 328 59 151 b 10,93 300 283 300 190 369 291 31 198 CaxapHas1 10,93 150 150 150 150 13 168 65 251 CBeKna 11,93 150 150 150 150 151 153 18 160 nolconHe'4 10,93 1500" 1000" 1500 1500 1532' 1121* 65 241 11,93 1500 1468 1500 1500 1481 1433 12 55 MonoKcO 12,93 555' 1200' 555 1500 881 1393 116 554 MnCco 12,93 6700' 6650* 6700 9000 16835' 6222* 13 463 CyU&eCTBeHHaq C TO4KU 3peHIR CTaTHCTWH pa3HI4a B nOAC'4TaX L48H Ha npoyX4uWo 4aCTHbX X03HACTl m COnbCKOX03NHCTBSHHMX npeAnpupTWt 3KCnOpT 7.23. 20% PyKoBoJ.TeneR X039>CTB coo6u.tInL, HT° 3KCnOPTLIpyIOT nPOOBOnbCTBeHHble npo0yKTbi B CTpaHbi 6blBwero CoBeTcKoro C0103a; U nfWb 3% - 3a npenenbl 6blBBwero CoBeTcKoro C0103a. 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OKorio 20-25% npOM3BoAMTe,ner B Bbi6opKe IIMelnm MOLLUHOCTm no nepepa6oTKe nonconHe4HMKa, rpe-4mxm u npoca. flepepa6oTKo MFica, MonOKa, 4CpyKTOB L OBOuLLeI 3aHIManocb, no coo6uAeHuI.M, MeHee 10% npOM3BOqMTene1 B Ka,noC4 KaTeropmm. -106- 7.25. B3aMMooTHoweHw5 c nepepa6aTb[BaiouAuMm npeflnpu4TuIM1 4aCTM4HO oCHoBaHbl Ha nnaTe)Kax HaTypoL. lnpoM3BoQHTenm nony4alOT nepepa6oTaHHble npOJIYKThI B BWJm8e 4aCTM onnaTbi 3a Cblpbe, noCTaBnfleMoe nepepa6aTblBaiou%wM npegnpUi9TMlSM. OCHOBHbIMU npoflyKTaMm nepepa6OTKM, KoTopbIe nony'4aIOT Xo3R1CTBa, œBnsIIOTCs caxap (cblbwe 90% npoM3B0ojlTeneiA caxapHoA CBeKnbI), paCTuTenbHoe Macno (55% npou3B0,quTeneu no,qconHe4HHKa) U MOnO4Hbie npOJYKTbI (40% npoW3BOJU4TeneA). KpoMe TOrO, B o6MeH Ha CblPbe HeKOTOPbIe XO3SICTBa nony4alOT OT nepepa6aTblBalOW.IIX npefanpUpITM M9ICHbie npOryKTbl, OBOU4Hbie 1 CPyKTOBbie KOHCepBbI U4 CnfpT. 107 - Co4HanbHbIe ycnyrm cenbcoMy HaceneHmno m popraHH3aL4IJI KOnInKTHmlsHoro COKTOpa 8.1. KpynHbIM Xo3RACTBaM coBeTcKoA YKpaMHbl TpaaWLAHoHHo npMHartneKana Benymasi POnb B npeAOCTaBneH14M CoLHanbHbIX ycnyr cenbcKoMy HaceneHwI0. IoJgweT cenbcKoro CoBeTa noHT' BceLteno nononHRncS 3a cLeT cpeJqcTB MecTHoro cenbcKoXo3RrcTBeHHoro npe,qnpMHTwR. 3aHmMaslcb CTPOHTenbCTBOM nopor, BOqo-, ra3o- H 3neKTpocHa6>KeHMeM, a TaKKe, B onpeJeneHHoiA CTeneHH CTpOHTenbCTBoM, cenbcKoXo3Rr4cTBeHHoe npegnpmRTte npaKTHMecKm 6pano Ha ce6f BbinOnHeHwe CPYHKLW1r MeCTHbIX BnaCTe ri. 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CoLuanbHoe o6ecne4eHtle pa6oTH9KOB cenbCKOXO3RACTBeHHblx npeunpHRT14A 8.2. CoILHanbHaR cC:epa Ha cerie npaKTHL4eCKH He H3MeHHnacb H coxpaHReT YepTbl, npHcyw.me coBeTcKoMy nepmoqy. no coo6LL8eHARM PyKOBoaMTeneA X035rCTB, nocnegHme npe,aOCTaBnSIOT CBOUM pa6oTHMKaM WHpOKMHI Ha6op COLmHanbHbIX nbrOT H ycnyr. OCHOBHbIMM yCnyraMH, cornacHo coo6 WteHHRM 80-90% pyKOBOq"TeneA, RBnRIOTCR KOMneHcaLtHH B CBR3M C yBernlIeHmeM LAeH, BbIfinJaTa noco66H MHoroqeTHbIM ceMbFIM, o6ecne4eHme TonnHBOM JnR o6orpeBa, a TaKioe npOAOBOInbCTBeHHbIMM TOBapaML no ,aOTHpyeMbIM L4eHaM, BO3MO)KHOCTeA qnR OTJblXa H, oco6eHHo, TpaHcnOpTHbIMM ycnyraMH (Ta6n. 8.1). 8.3. HTO KacaeTcFl Ha6opa H nepHo9M4HoCTH npeqoCTaBneHMFI JlbrOT H ycnyr pa6OTHHKaM cenbCKOX03R5CTBeHHbIx npeJInpMFTHVI, OTBeTbi noCneJHHX B L4erJOM COBnlaqaOT C OTBeTaMH pyKOBO,qMTeneA X03RUCTB. 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CO4wunbwe nbroTbI I yCnyru, rnpAocTasBfmbi6 cSnbCKOXO3ifCTB3ObII" np9AMOTnSlo Jbrm7/ycnyru inocTsnouC ycsyrml nmwy'asI Ko _ ncmu a cBm C rwiUUH_M i4 YBww'm nuiiA 35 10 boco6u. woroTwcmb as 40 CYTO'ai 76 19 noTmpooam uscon 80 26 AoT"OsaHme By3oB 85 16 CTpowmbcTO, o6cny_maHe.s p.Tw SAaHS 70 Tonomno n a6orpsea 85 34 06.cne'sHUe rpoonOTbcTB9aeb TOBapam no 81 52 Ar011PYOMI 4LHWM 0 _6cnw'w..u noTpe6wrUenbCKUm ToaapamIa no U 19 AO VYiMbAM L&IIaM lpOnVmim cTrOOCnm Koemylabfx ycnyr 48 13 MewuaieicrcAu now 53 32 fpenOCTaBneHMU BOaMoocTC Arm o3Aopowlen 86 45 )Kwbe 58 12 lOT4oapO CTOiIOCTUh KaapT"o nnamT U 47 16 KOMMyIaIbI&X yCnyr TpamCtOpT 91 62 *Ha OCHOBe npOTmorioCTaBnsHmf BbI60pOK 3 756 pyKoBoxvrsnens U pa6oTHUKOB OR4MX U TOX KO X031ACr. 8.4. Ba)KHOA nbrOTOI, KOTOpOA MoryT nonb30BaTbCF pa6OTHIKM cenbCKOX03F1rlCTBeHHOrO npe,anpmFITWFI, SiBnFieTCS1 OKa3aHIw nOMOUA. B Be0jeH14 nH4HblX nOgcO6HbIX X03FRCTB. CenbCKOX03RUCTBeHHbie npejanpMS;TWi nOCTaBnIIOT BnanenbL4aM nJIHblX nogco6HbIX X03HI1CTB W1pOKM4i Ha6op MaTepmanbHO-TeXHM4eCK14X pecypcoB (CMOTpW Ta6n. 7.2 B FrnaBe OpraHw3au,ui c6blTa u uHC$pacTpyKTypa). KpoMe Toro, no coo6u.LeHwIM pyKoBojI"TeneR X03SIrCTB, nocnegHme nOCTaBnTIOT BnagenbfLaM nM4HblX nOQco6HblXXO35IICTB o6opyJQoBaHme i TeXHuKy jans o6pa6OTKW 3eMenbHbIX yHaCTKOB (98%), o6ecneHMBalOT MX TpaHCnOpTOM (99%), nomoraiOT CO C6blTOM nporyKLWIM (73%) w o6ecneqWBaKoT TonnsBOM Ha co6cTBeHHbie Hy)KJQbi (56%). WMpOKasi nomaep)Ka nlqHblX nOJCo6HbIX X03RUCTB KpynHbIMM X03h1ICTBaMM flBefleTCfI OnHOIl 43 COCTaBnfliioW.4X ycnexa nepBbIX He TOnlbKO B YKpawHe, HO L4 B npyrwx CTpaHax 6bIlBwero COBeTCKoro C0103a. 8.5. Pa6oTHMKM cenbCKOXo3flACTBeHHbix npeqnpmFlTm npeQBMASIT noTepIo HeKoTOpbIX 13 coLL4anbHbIX ycnyr, KOTOpblMU OHm lolnb3ylOTCS; B HaCTOfluwee BpeM5l, B cny4ae BblXOA1a U3 KonneKTMBHoro X035ACTBa m opraHMMamw cBoero 4aCTHorO X035ulCTBa. Pa6OTHWKM cenbCKOXo35lCTBeHHblx npennpMFITmA eAiBa no nJwaTCFI Me0LLAHCKoro o6cnyxuBaHMSl 14 BO3MO)KHOCTM1 y'MTb CBOMX neTeA B WoKne nocne BbIXOjqa 43 KOnneKTUBHOrO X035ICTBa. XOT$l 3TW ycnyrm 14 o6ecneqmBaIOTCFI KOnneKTUBHbIM X035flCTBOM, OHM, npe8OCTaBnflIOTC5 -109 - npemmyOYaeCTBeHHo rocynapCTBOM npH paBHOM npaBe Ha HHX Bcex cenIbCKHX *MITeneti. OTHocHTenbHo Manasi Jon9 pa6oTHMKOB (17%) npefBMfl4T TaKwe nOTeHL4HanbHbIe TpyJQHOCTM c o6ecneHeHHeM )KHnbeM, BepORTHO BCJle3CTBme TOrO, 4TO 6onbwasi HaCTb >Kmnoro cpoHixa Ha cerie y>Ke nppHBaTH3MpOBaHa. CBbiwe 40% pa6OTHMKOB OTMeHaPOT, OjHaKO, 4TO, B criyHae BbiXOqa H3 KonlneKTHBHOrO X035XCTBa, OHM mCnbITbIBanJ 6bl TpyJHOCTU C o6ecne4eHmeM TpaHCnOpTOM H CTpOMTenbHbIMM ycnyraMw, o6cnyKMBaHmeM H peMOHTOM 3J1aHHi. TpaHcnopTHble ycnyrm FBflnlIOTCsI oco6eHHo BaWHOA nbrOTOI, npeQOCTaBnsem pa6oTHHKaM KonneKTHBHbIM XO3sHCTBOM (CMOTpw Ta6n. 8.1). 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B cnyHae BblXo,aa ceMbM H3 KpynHoro XO3ROCTBa fnR CO3JaHMFI cBoero LaCTHoro XO3s1CTBa, oHa npaKTH4eCKH TepseT BO3MO)KHOCTb lonb3OBaTbcFI WHPOKHM Ha6opoM nlbrOT, B HaCTHOCTH, KoMneHcaL4HeR B cny4ae noBbiweH5mi LAeH, BO3MO)KHOCTbio nOBbICHTb neHCHio, o6ecneLeHweM JOTHpyeMbIMm npOJOBOnbCTBeHHbIMM TOBapaMm, J1OTHpyeMbMMH KOMMyHa)IbHbIMH ycnyraMH, a TaKwe )KHJ1beM. O0jHaKo, HeKOTOpbIe He3asBcHMbie cpepMepbi npogonwaloT noJ1b3oBaTbCs pa3nfHHbIMM nbroTaMm. CornacHo coo6meHMSrM, yMeHbwaeTCsI BO3MO)KHOCTb nonb3oBaTbCR cnej3pouwMm JnByMR KaTerop9Mvim nbroT: JIOTaBLAWMH Ha y'aLLW"XCs WKon (BKnio'asI npoe3n B aBTo6yce m nHTaHme) H JOTHPOBaHHbIM MeBJHLMHCKHM o6cny)KMBaHmeM - c 50% peLLmHneHTOB B cenbCKoXo3FICTBeHHblX npeunpMjTFXno 34% peLt4nmeHTOB nocne BbIXOjQa (Ta6n. 8.2). K apyrHM yCnyraM, KOTOpbIe COXpaH9IOTC9 jn9 6onee 4em 20% cpepMepoB nocne wx BblXoaW 43 KonnieKTHBHoro Xo35uAcTBa, OTHOCS1TC9 noco6Hs MHoroqeTHbIM ceMbFlM, CyToLHbie, a TaKwe o6cny>HBaHme m peMOHT 3xnaHAR, o6ecneLieHme TonflMBOM ans5 o6orpeBa H TpaHcnopTHbie yCnyri. 8.8. HeKOTOpble M3 3THX ycnyr, B 'iaCTHoCTH, Me9MLkHHCKoe o6cny)KHBaHme, IOTaLAH4 Ha yHaL&HXcSi WKOn H noco6H9 MHOroneTHbIM CeMbsIM, o6ecneHMBaIOTci He cenbCKoXo3sSCTBeHHblM npejanpWRTmeM, a rocyqapCTBOM, no3ToMy BepoF1THOCTb nLWHTbCI 3TMX ycnyr B cny4ae BbiXOna M3 X039I>CTBa OTCyTCTByeT. TaKHM o6pa3oM, BepO5ITHOCTb BbICOKOLI CTenleHH COXpaHeHLms 3TX ycnyr noHITHa. flpyrHe ycriyrH H nbrOTbl (o6cny>KMBaHme H peMOHT 3paHMH, o6ecneLeHme TOnnmBOM nns o6orpeBa, TpaHCnOpTHble ycnyrw) TpaMfLAHOHHO o6ecneqiHBanMcb cenbCKoXo35uhcTBeHHbiM npefnpHRTmeM H cpepMepbIl, - 110 - npogorniaIoumme nOnb3oBaTbCHI 3TLMM yCnyraMI, onpenenSnOT cenbCKOXO3FICTBeHHoe npeJInpITwe B KaeCTBe MCTOqHI4Ka o6ecneLeHw5 TaKI4X ycnyr. 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PyKoBoJwTenm X03SILCTB nojaTBep)KnaIOT, HTO 1X XO39ICTBa npeaOCTaBnFlIOT 4epMepaM pa3nM4Hbie ycnyrm. nOHT1 nonoB1Ha npef npmFITHrl B Bbi6opKe npeiocTaBnsieT coepMepaM onpejeneHHbie ycnyrm Inii BeAeH1sI cepMepCKoro fnl nf4Horo noAco6Horo XO3S1CTBa. CBbIwe 30% CenbCKOXO3F1CTBeHHbIX npef nplf RT4lI o6eCneH4BalOT cPepMepaM TpaHcnopTHbie ycnyrm, a 6onee 10% npoqa,oT TonnfBo gns o6orpeBa U CTpO1TenbHbie MaTep14anbI. 8.10. Ha npsiMok BonpOC KaKme nbrOTbl m ycnyrl 6yaeT TpyaHo nonyLMTb nocne Bblxoja 13 KonneKTLIBHoro X03FILCTBa, cpepMepbl OTBeHalOT, HTO B03MO)KHbI npo6neMbl C o6ecneLieHmeM TpaHcnopTHbIx ycnyr (40%), ycnyr, CB13aHHbIx CO CTpOWTenbCTBOM, o6cnyWHBaHmeM m peMoHToM 3,qaHMl (30%) w nony'eHmeM TonnMBa qni o6orpeBa (25%). MeHee 15% >KanylIOTCFI Ha TpyJIHOCTtl, CBFI3aHHbie c o6ecneLeHmeM npOJOBOnbCTBeHHbIML TOBapaMm. OTCyTCTByIoT )Kano6bi no nOBOqy F1cenbHoro o6cny)KLBaHmi, fnonyLeH"LFI OTaLAAII Ha yL4au,wxcs, WKon, MeqMqMHcKoro o6cny)KLiBaHMR L, jla'e, o6ecne4eHMR nbrOTHbIX )KLInlWHO-KOMMyHanbHbIx ycnyr. fleneHme Ha KaTeropLI nbrOT L ycnyr COOTBeTCTByeT pacnpeneneHIio CPyHK4"r cenbCKoxo353I1CTBeHHoro npeJnpm4ITms LI rocynapCTBa. B LtenoM, cepMepbl He tIcnbITbIBaIoT TpyPHOCTH C nonyLeHweM nbroT L ycnyr, npeJOCTaBnReMbIx rocynapcTBoM, OjqHaKo, BcneJCTBme cBoer4 He3aBWCMMoCTM, OHM eCTeCTBeHHO nfLWeHbI coLWlanbHbIx ycnyr, npejloCTaBn1eMbIx cenbCKOXo3HI>CTBeHHbiM npegnpMFITeM. PyKoBoJIMTen cenb6CKoXo3RRcTBeHHbix npejfnpLIFIT14r He OCO3Ha,oT, KaKwe TpyNHOCTL mcnbITbIBaloT cpepMepbl: nlIWb 10-15% PyKOBOJI4Tener, KoTopble nopqep*MBaIOT XO3R>CTBeHHbie CBFI3LI C MeCTHbIMLI CbepMepaMm, CHLTaiOT, HTO noCnegHme nLweHbI B03MO*HOCTm nOnb3OBaTbCSI pa3nLILHbIMW ycnyraML H nbrOTaMm, npeQOCTaBnieMbIMm nm6o rocyJIapcTBoM, nm6o cenbCKoXo03McTBeHHbiM npeanpmSITmeM. SpeMsi CoLUianbHbIX ycnyr 8.11. YKpawHcKoe 3aKOHoraTenbCTBo, TaK )e KaK H pOCCHACKoe, npM3HaeT HeO6XO,UPIMOCTb OTqeneHMN COL4LanbHOR Ccfepbl OT npOM3BOfCTBeHHOr JqeaTenbHOCTH cenbCKoXo3RAcTBeHHbIx npennpWITMA. OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a npegocTaBneHme Bcex coLWlanbHbIx ycnyr, a TaK*e COHJbI coLAwanbHoA c4bepbl, 9OfDKHbI B3FITb Ha ce6t cenbcKwe CoBeTbI; )Ktfnbe Heo6xfomMo npMBaTM3MpoBaTb. OnHaKO TaKasi nepenaLa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTO Tpe6yeT accLrHOBaHm1 6onbWIX cpeQCTB L3 6iOJpeTa MeCTHbIX BlaCTeri, HTO nOKa HeBO3MO)KHO. EcnL npMBaTM3aLtmFi Manoi )ionI)KmnbR, nO-BLmjqMoMy, npoQBmraeTcsI Bnepej, qOHJbI coLIanbHoA c4pepbl, a TaKKe coLALanbHbie ycnyrm L nbroTbi 6onbwek qaCTbio no- npe)KHeMy HaXOJ.TC5I B KoMneTeHLIM cenbCKOX03sRCTBeHHoro npeNnpL5TLIH. 8.12. W3 npoBeqeHHoro mccreqoBaHMR BMIfHO, 4TO pyKOBojqMTeneA XO3RCTB, no-BmnIMoMy, He BbIHy)KJqaIOT nepenaBaTb COHJbl coLAmanbHoR c4bepbl B BeneHLie MeCTHblX COBeTOB. B 6onbWLIHCTBe CnyHaeB pyKOBOILTenml coo6wuaIoT, HTO y HLX Ha 6anaHce HMKOrqa He 6binO CPOHJOB coLtmanbHoA ccpepbi. TaKLM o6pa3oM, 6onbwaFi LdaCTb )iKmnbFi B YKpaLHe Bcerna HaxogLnaCb B HaCTHOR co6CTBeHHOCTm, a HTO KaCaeTCFI WKOn1, Kfly6oB, Mara3MHOB, CnOpTLBHbIX COopyKeHLI, BOAO- LI 3HeprOCHa6KeHIffI, a TaK)Ke o6ecne4eHMR TerieCpoHHOA CBF13bIO, 6OflbwaR 4aCTb pyKOBOA14TeneA XO3FrCTB He oTBeL-aeT, no MX MHeHLI,O, 3a 3TL o6IbeKTbI L BbinonHeHLe 3TIUX CYHKL40l (Ta6n. 8.3). PYKOBOAMTenT X03FRCTB, npH3Haiomge CBOIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 4pOHIbl coLAmanbHoA Cc)epbl, nf6O He paccMaTpLBanL B03MO)KHOCTb LX mcnonb3oBaHMR B LanbHe1weM, nm60 npLIHRnM peweHLe 0 TOM, 4To6bi OCTaBLTb LX Ha 6anaHce X03RACTBa. TaKLM o6pa3oM, OKono 15% X03R>CTB HaMepeHbl CoXpaHLTb B CBOeM BeAeHLI BOj1O- L 3HeproCHa6wKeHme, o6ecne4eHme TeneCPOHHOR CBFI3biO L geTCKme flOWKonbHbie yLpe)KweHLI, a Apyrme 25% - MeCTHbIe noporm L tiJnbe B npenenax Co6CTBeHHOCTA X03Fl>CTBa. I - 115 - YKpaHHa: cocTaB n lo'LI Yxpama: cTpyKTypa 3eMeJi (a npa cocTnz os fWA (r nOc oTuso [ rm400,c or or nxooTm3g/d _ noona 3 %5% TeJKaix _ rma - mcrr rc 10% Apc2%7%/ _lEiW rla3r mm_ = ces, iro, 21 % Jlera cyrmcra 12f omao 16% .CBA Jtccs 2% 17%i Gzc. 2.1. COcTa3B D1O'%Bi B YxpamHe ftc. 2.2. CTpyxTypa 3eMjierlOA 3OBaRH B YKpaEme| YKpama: cTpyPr a YKPaHEia BaJOBOAI nOCceBH1 o IroaAef (1993 r.) CenLLCKoxO3SLCTBeHH6& npOjYr 3epBornue xy.Typw cxmoa py6nch, a zteBa1 19S3 r. CaxapBax CBCKura 5 % 0 nIoAcojme~ KaPTOit I 6% KopMosuc LYM6TYpi.a 1990 1991 1992 1903 pIcTcBHHCOAcTBI X2MOTHOBOACtM& Pfc. 2.3. CTpyxrypa noceBiBLU nnrowa,ASeA B YKPaMHe Pac. 2.4. BanoBog Cem6hCKoxoaCTBeHHuA nponyxr, 1990-1993 rr. I' Co ~9 .00 M C g R~~ i H . . b. . .......u.. ............... - 117 - wepMepCTBO B YxpaEne: pericTpaxn '[acTHix X03KHCTB no0 MecMam (1992-1993 rr.) B upoixenTrx 0T o6xero 'icia xo3xkamt, 3&percTpNpomama u rof 20 1* ........../... . . o-~~~- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 mccit 1 992 -0-993 Pic. 4.1. PercTpaBH gacrTzx XO3fACTB [o mecCxIaM B 1992-1993 rr. (B upoJieCTBx OT o6uxero 'Icjza Xo3mtcTB, 3apergcTpHpoBaBaBxx 3a roAi) PacupeAeaeBxe 'acnmux Xo3XHCTB Crpyrupa InoxgaAe* lIO pa3MepaM B IaCTnoM X03AhICTBe oiXeIrr x03xlCTI (nXOU;. yqWru pCM X3T§a, iS) 96~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~faou 3mCMJ ac 23,2 o 20 _ ....................I......................... a oc e n x n ceRo OCI 1,9 .................... ~ ~7% 0-10 11-20 2140 S1-40 4140 5140 >W6 IJo0ma;t yYaCTKa XOSZi*C73, rm Pnc. 4.2. PacnpeArejieie 'iacrTEix XO3SACTB PEc. 4.3. CTpyKTypa naozaAelk no papmepam B 'acTHOM XO3RwCacm - 118 - 4tepMepcTBo: xeiaemoe cZepMepcTBo: xenaeLiA yBemIeHHe pa3MepOB Xo3SLHCTBa OTHocHTeIOCHL1 upHpOCT tCpet=x aezm'na xenaeaoro upupocrs, ra Xcjiacem upHpocr no oTmomcWo x s Wem pa3MCps" 1420 . ........ .................... ........ ............... 12 --- '-- 0|*4l .............................. _ .... 10II .........I......................... ,;..... 4 140 ..... 120 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0-10 1-20 2140 31-40 41-60 5110 0+ 0-1t 11-20 21-0 3140 4160 61460 60o Hhmaseu~ c pa3m1epb x03o3lc-cTa, ra HhWCIHmm PI3MCPWl XOUJ*CT$, M Pac. 4.4. MCenaeMuf npUpoCT B 3SBUCxMOCTH OT HLfeCUHx pa3MepOB XO3aCTBa a6CoomTHoe 3HaqeHme npUpocra, B ra (ieBaa AnarpaMMa), H npEpocT no oTHoIeMOH K C emmm pa3mepam (npaBas jaarpamma) 3emneuojm3oBaHHe HICrom]EUX 3eMn B lacT 6x xo3AcTBax i B 'aacrmx Xo3 iTB8ax (a ia * pa.csere ma ~c zoah*xo ao (a m a pac%c ma cq-cje xo3x0321crs) HaxoATrcx a co6cruEuaocm 7,7 CZCJIbCKHC CoDcTh 30% 16,3 63% Haxox~rc 52% 3UJ3UM >w52us \3 ~~~~~~~~~ ,3 ° 17 %6 j>/ PaAonme CoseaT 9 3S % NJ!c. 4.5. 3eMJenoJm3oBaEme NMc. 4.6. HCTOqRUKH 30Min a qaCTHLix Xm3XaxCTBE B YaCTHLix X03stiCTBaX C)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IC 00 04 W I -~~~~~W 00~~~~~~~~~~0 O R . l g Ssa gm oX...... . 0 toU Ii :,~ ~ 1' . _,' - 120 - YxpacKxe 4epMepu H YKpamHcKme 4mpMepu H pa6oTram pa6oTmax xo3acrs: xoa&crs: oixeKa iepcnerrHB orteKa ceMeHoro 6IoJxeTa 7fpoIeHnmi npoitenm Hue OGccue'w- Aj1enae ...... .. 1.m OGCC3- AA,- M - - -- l -- --- - - -- manOrO UDODUETSBC *o ipea, *4vcpmcpw Pa6ormmizxp(ch e Pa6oelmfx Pzc. 4.10. Oixemca ceMeCHoro 6ioAxeTa H nepcUeKTHB: cpaBHeEme MHeRHf tepmepoa i pa6OTMCMO X03ACTB - 121 - 3emim cemcKoxoasicTBese6X flpoj uz pacreEMeBoArcra H ipe ,mpp s BOTHOBOACTBa, flOH3BOAnm ceiKoxoaskcTsemaLm iPeP 3CHW% -OTUIC. py6. s zleaax 1983 r. \~~~~~~~~~~~~16 161 166 166 , 1000 * 1890 11101 1S 10" 1WS~lc" 4 4 }~~~~~c. 5.1. Crpyrrypa 3eMCJIL xc. 5.2. r1POxya paCreuMen,x~Cra~ H 8B0THOO8,1CTBa, a ~~~~CeJTcKoxO3ItcTBCRX UpCeflpHZTH UPOH3BOZZMSS[ CeJThCK0XO3KCTBCHHL npecp~rznp B BLIt;°PKO B 1990-1993 IT. (4¢arrEeC1CH) H B 1994 r. (no nnaany) | ~~~Coc~ras pa6oaHos H3MeBeJe cneior pa6oaocH * ~~~Ce~1ILCKOXO35EICTBeHaLlx1 B C CKOOZC _Ca IPCAnHTU l ~~~CcemcKoxoazcrcncaoc flpON3So3BOWBBo 76% ~ ~ ~ ~~~~9 C80KOcu 5% 0~ ~~~~~~~lTncouD 3090 1691 1oT ionJle ceimcoxomAcmHrAx peRBACpaThOowAacjLxxoECBHLw pApwRA Nc. 5.3. CocTas pa6oTrMKoB N mc. 5.4. H3Me nec 'ecncnHocrH pa6oTuomox cejbcxoxo3o3rsee TB npeHnpam1x H c eBKoxoaPO B Crw hCKOXO3SkCTBeAIHHCIX B sBI6OpICe flpCznpHX'rrH B 1990-1993 rr. - 122 - PacupeAezieEe xc.ia cny'aeB BiZOxAla H3 coCmhBa KOJIAeKTrBHOrO X03AHcTBa AOfl1 BCCX X0312GT2, S 4 ... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. s l~~~~. . .. . . . . .. . . . . a 4 II 810 II-M) )-0 'HC10 ^Cf 3UXOAA IPs p OpZDEL3 Pc. 5.5. PacnpeCejreEze tmcira cxry'aeB BxxoAa pa6OTHHOB E3 COCMaa KojiZexTaBnoro xo033Aca c ixeix6o C03AH1 qacTEoro xo3tAcTha - 123 - Co6crweHocL Ha 3emmo 8 ceJcO=xO3lCTrBeH Ex upe m 06x ss HtoupceAnewmai 2 S i PwAcngaX ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ sopeccia 6% 33 S Ptc. 5.6. Co6c'rBeEmocm Ha 3CUM~ B CeaMCKOXo3RctmeFmzIEx upe pH! B BI6opice Hsmame 3lmeJT xpy .L cenz6oxoa%lAcTDeHB= npeAnpuzrnfl: 1990-193 rr. 'qaC1ElC X03JlC=3 20% 42% Purcosu A R S~~CaosM yMfacT= 4% 'VoAj UCPeP&CurPCAzAHXx UOAC06BLII X03XICTD 15% 19% Psc. 5.7. H3wrae oeMeJm KPYHaZIEX ceJTCKX03JcACTeHT1Zx fpexap pa zpa.savux iXeAie9( c 1990 no 1993 rr. 0001n IllTa6-KnapTmpa Eoponeaicaoe Biopo TOKCKOe liopo 1818 H Street, N.W. 66, avenue d'lena Kokusai Building Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. 75116 Paris, France 1-1, Marunouchi 3-chome TeAec41oH: (202) 477-1234 TeAecI)oH: (1) 40.69.30.00 Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan (DaKc: (202) 477-6391 (Daic: (1) 40.69.30.66 TeAe4)oH: (3) 3214-5001 TeAeKc: Mci 64145 WORILDBANK TeAeKC: 640651 ODaxc: (3) 3214-3657 MCI 248423 woRLDBK TeAeKc: 26838 TeAerpapHbiw AApec: INTBAJ'AD WASHINGTONDJC 9 78082..332429 ISBN 0-8213-3242-2