DE DESIGN DESI ES SIG GN FO GN F FOR OR OR IM I IMPACT MPA MP PAC ACT F CT FR FRAMEWORK RAM RA AME MEW EWO ORK RK WOR Integrating nt nte nte In eg gra gr gra tin ti at in ng Open ng Op O peen en Data D Daatta ata a and a annd R Ris Ri nd Risk is sk C Co k Communication om omm mmu mun nic ni unic at ca tio ti ioon on for f foor Decision-Making De or D cis ci ec is sio si on-M on io n-M n- Ma Mak akin ki ng ng in SCHOOL 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 ©2018 The World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433, USA Internet: www.worldbank.org Disclaimer This document is the product of work performed by the World Bank and GFDRR with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of any individual partner organizations of the World Bank, GFDRR, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. 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You are encouraged to share and adapt this content for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as full attribution to this work is given. More information about this license can be obtained at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication was prepared by a team comprising Simone Balog (GFDRR), Vivien Deparday (GFDRR), Robert Soden (GFDRR), Mark Harvey (Resurgence), Sunayana Sen (Resurgence), Amy Willox (Resurgence), Jennifer Joy Chua (Resurgence), Javed Ali (Resurgence), and Ricardo Saavedra (Vizonomy). Guidance and advice were generously provided by the review panel comprising Alanna Simpson (GFDRR), David Kennewell (Hydrata), Emma Phillips (GFDRR), Emma Visman (VNG Consulting and King’s College London), Gbnenga Morikenji (Minna State Disaster Management Agency, Nigeria), Hrishkesh Ballal (GeoHub Design), James Walters (Independent Community Resilience Expert), Jim Craig (Oasis Hub), Julie Calkins (Climate-KIC), Lisa Robinson (BBC Media Action), Manisha Aryal (IREX), Medha Uppala (UCLA), Murtaza Okera (King’s College London), Nuha Eltinay (Arab Urban Development Institute), Nyree Pinder (UK Met Office ID Department), Pablo Suarez (Red Cross Climate Centre), Pedro Carrera Pena (Climate-Risk Insurance Expert), Rebecca Guerriero (Oxford University), Regis Desilva (Harvard University), Sarah Barnes (London School of Economics), Sophie Blackburn (King’s College London), Stephen Passmore (The Ecological Sequestration Trust), and Tracy Irvine (Oasis Hub). This publication was supported by the contributors of the case studies included in this publication. We thank them for their time and efforts. The team is grateful to Sibel Gulbahce, Edoardo Buttinelli, Lorenzo Epis, Micaela Ribeiro, Oliver Corps, Jenny Trieu and Jancy Geetha for creating the publication design and graphic elements. Finally, we would like to thank Rebecca Guerriero and Manu Bhatia for providing editorial services. RESURGENCE. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 3: A Deployment Scenario 38 Abbreviations 6 Scenario Context 39 Step 1: Understanding the Guiding 40 Principles Executive Summary 7 Step 2: Scoping the Decision-Making 41 Context Chapter 1: Introduction 11 Step 3: Selecting Collaboration & 44 Learning Tactics Step 4: Selecting Data & Modeling 45 Chapter 2: Design for Tactics Impact Framework 16 Step 5: Selecting Communication 46 Overview of the Framework: Guiding Tactics Principles, Context Elements, and Design Tactics 18 Step 6: Ensuring Application of the 52 Guiding Principles 6 Key Steps for Using the Framework 19 Visualization Analysis of Coastal 53 Step 1: The 10 Guiding Principles 20 City Scenario Step 2: Scoping the Decision-Making Context 23 Chapter 4: Project Mapping: List of Definitions 26 Case Studies 61 Steps 3 to 5: Selecting Project Amari Pari, Bangladesh 63 Design Tactics 27 CIrcle, The Netherlands, USA, Tanzania, 66 Step 6: Ensuring Application Turkey, Canada, Ireland, France of the 10 Guiding Principles 35 FloodHelpNY, USA 70 Flowchart of Design for Impact Framework 37 FUNES, Togo 74 InaSAFE, Indonesia 78 Oasis Platform, Global 82 4 OpenDRI Serious Games, Global 86 UP Noah, Philippines 90 Chapter 5: Project Showcase: Annex 126 Case Studies 95 FEWS-Risk, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Philippines 96 Resources 135 FOREWARN, Global 98 GAR Atlas, Global 100 References 138 I-REACT, Europe 102 InfoAmazonia, Amazon Region 104 Kaikoura GIS Viewer, New Zealand 106 MASDAP, Malawi 108 Resilience.io, UK, Africa 110 Resilient Hospitals, USA 112 RiskScape, New Zealand 114 ROADAPT, The Netherlands, Turkey, Portugal, Paraguay 116 SESAME, Myanmar 118 SMS Lapli, Haiti 120 ThinkHazard!, Global 122 Urban Resilience Platform, France, Syria, Bangladesh 124 5 ABBREVIATIONS CAT Category OSM OpenStreetMap CI Critical Infrastructure QGIS Quantum Geographic CIrcle Critical Infrastructures: Information System Relations and SESAME Specialized Expert System Consequences for Life and for Agro-Meteorological Environment Early Warning DRM Disaster Risk Management SMS Short Messaging Service FEWS Flood Early Warning T+T Tonkin+Taylor System UN United Nations FOREWARN Forecast-based Warning, UNISDR United Nations Office for Analysis and Response Disaster Risk Reduction Network UP NOAH University of the FUNES Functional Estimation Philippines - Nationwide GAR Global Assessment Report Operational Assessment of GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Hazards Reduction and Recovery URP Urban Resilience Platform GIS Geographic Information System GRM Global Risk Model I-REACT Improving Resilience to Emergencies through Advanced Cyber Technologies OpenDRI Open Data for Resilience Initiative MASDAP Malawi Spatial Data Platform MEL Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning MMS Multimedia Messaging Service NGO Non Governmental Organization NMHS National Meteorological and Hydrological Services NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards OASIS LMF Oasis Loss Modeling Framework 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The most effective decision-making takes place when it is informed by reliable data. Pillar 3 of the Open Data for Resilience Initiative (OpenDRI) seeks to support the appropriate use of data in decision-making in a range of resilience planning, risk reduction, financing, preparedness, and recovery contexts. OpenDRI does this by supporting the adoption of tools and processes which support engagement, risk visualization, and communication. Advances in technology are generating unprecedented volumes of data. Governments, international agencies, and scientific institutions are increasingly making their data available to planners, civil contingency managers, and responders as open data. Our knowledge, however, of how best to design projects that take advantage of these new data opportunities to create impact is inconsistent and unconsolidated. A clear and validated framework that relates the capture and analysis of risk data to decision-making is missing. Design for Impact Framework: Integrating Open Data and Risk Communication for Decision- Making represents a foundational first attempt by OpenDRI to address this challenge. It aims to provide project designers with a framework to guide them in developing projects that have a tight handshake between the development of risk data and real world decision-making. The Design for Impact Framework has its intellectual grounding in a review of academic literature related to risk communication, climate information services, civic technology, citizen science, and design for community resilience. It draws heavily on the guiding approaches and tactics used by over 23 successful projects developed to reduce disaster risk and build resilience in an extensive range of geographies and contexts. The Framework has three components: A Set of 10 Guiding Principles that apply to a project at all stages in order to 1 6 ensure that risk data is used effectively for decision-making on an ongoing 2 3 7 8 basis. The Guiding Principles range from: engaging in user-centric, context- 4 5 9 10 based design; information appropriateness based on understanding the users of risk information; co-creating risk data to generating dialogue and debate. A Decision-Making Context Scoping Tool to help project designers identify contextual aspects of a project that can have a determining effect on the suitability of certain project design tactics. These aspects include the disaster risk expertise of the users of risk information, their time availability to engage in the project, and the time criticality of the decisions that the risk data will support. A Tactics Selection Tool to help project designers select from the range of options available for co-developing and delivering a project with users of risk information. These tactics involve collaboration & learning techniques, data & modeling approaches, communication options around visualization of data, and the selection of appropriate communication channels. The Framework has been developed to enable what is best viewed as an informed art rather than an exact science to increase the impact of risk data and information projects. Every project is unique. This Framework is not meant, therefore, to be a ‘color by numbers’ project or a hard and fast prescriptive guide. Rather, it is meant to help the project designer think about the different components and approaches that can support a successful risk information initiative. This first iteration of the Framework has been peer-reviewed by a panel of over 15 experts from the disaster risk management, risk modeling, weather services, and communication sectors. The experts shared a number of insights regarding deployment of the Framework. These insights cover four key areas related to the existing institutional landscape, data and modeling, risk communication, and monitoring, evaluation, and learning. They are relevant to using the Framework both for new projects in their own fields, as well as in many of the sectors that work with risk data. This publication presents a first iteration of the Framework. OpenDRI anticipates further refinement and customization of it following feedback from the Understanding Risk and OpenDRI communities. Design for Impact Framework: Chapter by Chapter Snapshot Chapter 1 introduces the Design for Impact Framework, how it relates to the work of OpenDRI, and how it is reinforced by a number of key expert recommendations. Chapter 2 covers the Framework through a step-by-step project design guide illustrated by examples from impactful projects. Chapter 3 presents a scenario in which the Framework is applied in a preparedness planning context for a coastal city. Chapter 4 features eight projects that use open risk data effectively and are mapped against the Framework. Chapter 5 showcases a further 15 impactful projects in the light of the Framework. 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Introducing the Design for Impact Framework 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 Deploying Open Data 3) Using Data: communicating risk to to Advance the Sendai decision makers more effectively in planning, preparedness, and response Framework activities. OpenDRI works with governments and partners to develop The Open Data for Resilience Initiative accessible tactics, applications, and (OpenDRI) has its operating rationale in software that use risk data to support the Principles for the Implementation of decision-making in a range of 5 the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk contexts. Reduction: Disaster risk reduction requires a multi-hazard approach and inclusive risk-informed decision-making based on the open exchange and dissemination of disaggregated data, including by sex, age and disability, as well as on easily accessible, up-to-date, comprehensible, science-based, non-sensitive risk information.1 Since its establishment in 2011, OpenDRI OpenDRI’s portfolio of projects under the has successfully applied the open data- Using Data program pillar covers based approaches called for in the Sendai collaborative open source catastrophic Framework to address the challenges of risk modeling (InaSAFE), the application reducing vulnerability to natural hazards of civic technology (Code for Resilience), and the impacts of climate change in over and gamification (Serious Games). 50 countries. Open data is data that anyone can access, use, or share.2 OpenDRI has OpenDRI seeks to take full advantage of pioneered new projects and platforms the growing opportunities related to across three program areas, or pillars: placing open data in the service of disaster risk management (DRM) and 1) Sharing Data: increasing public access efforts to build resilience. These to risk information through dialogue opportunities are being created by new with governments on the value of advances in technology, such as satellite- open data through working groups enabled remote sensing, drone based and pilot projects. Many of them have surveying, and internet-enabled evolved into long-term, locally-owned crowdsourcing. They are driving the open data projects supported by production of vast new flows of data. GeoNode3, a free and open source These flows are being matched by the CHAPTER 1 data sharing platform. open release of existing datasets by many governments, international agencies, and 2) Collecting Data: engaging communities scientific institutions. to create accurate and timely data for risk analysis and response planning. 12 These initiatives utilize simple, collaborative, crowdsourced mapping 4 tools such as OpenStreetMap (OSM). A Missing Framework A Foundational Response OpenDRI has identified a number of Design for Impact Framework: Integrating challenges related to strengthening the Open Data and Risk Communication role that data can play in risk for Decision-Making represents a management and resilience. These foundational first attempt by OpenDRI include: to address this issue. It aims to provide project designers with a framework to Low capacity in the governance, guide them in developing projects that management, and curation of local have a tight handshake between the data relevant to exposure and development of risk data and real world vulnerability analysis. decision-making. At the project level, there is a lack of The Design for Impact Framework has engagement with stakeholders to its intellectual grounding in a review identify the problem to be addressed of academic literature related to risk and in the data to be collected and communication, climate information analyzed. services, civic technology, citizen science, and design for community resilience. It A disconnect between data and draws heavily on the guiding approaches modeling approaches and and tactics used by over 23 successful collaboration and communication projects developed to reduce disaster risk techniques, which constrains the use and build resilience in an extensive range of data in decision making. of geographies and contexts. The Framework was designed to assist Many risk information projects are, in fact, project managers (Task Team Leaders) initiated with no clear roadmap as to how inside The World Bank to design new they will support decision-making in DRM projects that involve the use of risk contexts. The impact of these initiatives data. However, it is also aimed at project on decision-making can be difficult to managers in other institutions who ascertain. A clear and validated framework engage with a variety of stakeholders that relates the capture and analysis in disaster risk information. It will also of risk data to decision-making by the assist the wider Understanding Risk (UR) stakeholders is missing. This is not merely Community in creating risk information an issue of investing in risk communication that is informed by decision makers, by but reflects a deeper challenge that goes the context in which they operate, and by INTRODUCTION to the very heart of the design of projects the channels and devices through which CHAPTER 1 that utilize risk data. they communicate. 13 A wealth of practical and technical inputs Expert Insights on from the submitters of the 23 projects has contributed to the development of the Deployment Framework. The most recurrent inputs were validated by a range of academic This first iteration of the Framework has sources. They underpin the 10 Guiding been peer-reviewed by a panel of over 15 Principles for the Effective Use of Risk disaster risk management, risk modeling, Data laid out in Chapter 2. These weather services, and communication principles cover core approaches to experts. project design such as user centricity, information appropriateness, channel The experts shared a number of insights suitability, and the importance of regarding deployment of the Framework. developing shared understanding and These insights cover four key areas related co-creation processes. The Guiding to the existing institutional landscape, Principles also build on and reinforce data and modeling, risk communication, OpenDRI’s existing body of policy work and monitoring, evaluation and learning. and practical guidance.6 The insights are relevant both to using the Framework for new projects in their own fields and to many of the sectors that work with risk data. The experts encour- Informed Art Rather age project designers to: than Exact Science The Framework has been developed to enable what is best viewed as an Institutional Landscape: informed art rather than an exact science to increase the impact of risk data and Create linkages to existing national information initiatives. Every project is government policies and international unique. Technology and culture are frameworks; continually generating new techniques, approaches, and channels of information. Reinforce the capacities of existing This Framework is not meant, therefore, actors and build on existing networks to be a “color by numbers” project, nor a and initiatives; hard and fast prescriptive guide. Rather, it is meant to help the project designer Seek to reinforce the roles of and think about the different components and relationships with regional and options to successfully implement a risk in-country information providers such information initiative. as national science institutions and the official services that supply national hazard, weather, and climate CHAPTER 1 risk data. 14 Data and Modeling: Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL): Place priority on the accuracy and reliability of data and information that is being used to assess risk; Build in MEL planning at the project design stage; Adopt data and modeling standards and ensure that methodologies are Seek to adopt standard approaches to transparent; MEL that draw upon the 10 Guiding Principles and indicators based on Understand the ethical responsibilities them. of data providers and modelers towards the users of their data and This publication presents a first iteration models. of the Framework. OpenDRI anticipates further refinement and customization of it following feedback from the Understanding Risk Community. Risk Communication: Consider risk communication as an integral component of project design by incorporating elements of risk communication from the beginning of the project, rather than as a supplementary appendage; View the generation of dialogue and debate between stakeholders as both a guiding principle and a key indicator of impact; DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK Place emphasis on the value of the effective communication of actual or potential financial losses under various risk management scenarios. 15 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 CHAPTER 2 Design For Impact A step-by-step project design guide illustrated by examples from impactful projects 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 The Design for Impact Framework seeks creators and users of risk information, to help a project designer utilize and com- including senior policymakers, insurance municate open risk data and information and reinsurance brokers, civil contingency to support informed decision-making by managers, engineers and infrastructure the users of risk information. The Frame- managers, investors, national and local work does so by presenting: media, and community members and leaders. 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 Users of Risk Information 10 Guiding Principles to guide all risk information projects. Users of risk information are defined as groups or individuals who make decisions based on risk data and information. Users of risk information includes terms used in DRM such as “end users” and “decision makers”. It may include those in formal positions of authority, such as government A Decision-Making Context Scoping Tool officials, but can also refer to members of to help understand key elements of a the public who are being encouraged to project. take action in light of the risk information available to them. There can be multiple audiences for any given DRM project, and each audience should be considered separately. For example, communicating with governments as opposed to local community leaders will inevitably require A Tactics Selection Tool to help match very different risk communication DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK these contextual elements to appropriate strategies, even if the underlying risk data project tactics to deliver impact. is the same. Who is the Framework for? The Framework is designed for project designers in DRM who use risk data and information for real-world decision- making. This includes, for example, technical staff in international, national, or local organizations. The Framework 17 also has direct relevance to broader Overview Of The Framework: be making; and their access to data, internet, and media systems. These Guiding Principles, Context elements can be selected and combined to Elements, and Design Tactics develop, use, and communicate risk data. Project design tactics are the specific range of options that are available for The Framework has three components: co-developing and co-delivering the project with the users of risk information. 1 6 2 7 Project design tactics include approaches 3 8 A Set of 10 Guiding Principles 4 5 9 10 from collaboration & learning to data & modeling to communication. Using the Framework and its tools enables A Decision-Making Context the development and implementation of Scoping Tool projects to maximize the impactful use of risk information. Impactful use is defined as the effective development and commu- nication of data or information in ways A Tactics Selection Tool that result in decision-making that reduce the consequences of disaster risk. The 10 Guiding Principles are the Definitions of Context Elements and overarching approaches or considerations Project Design Tactics are listed at the end that apply to a project at all stages in order of this chapter in Tables 2.2 and 2.3 on to ensure that risk data will be used pages 26 and 28. effectively for decision-making on an ongoing basis. These principles are based on the growing consensus regarding the steps involved in the process of developing Using The Framework decision-relevant information from risk Involves Six Key Steps: data. The Guiding Principles cover considerations such as cultural, social, and psychological appropriateness; inclusivity; sustainability; financial viability; and the 1) Understanding the 10 Guiding Principles generation of dialogue and debate as a critical indicator of impact. 2) Scoping the Decision-Making Context Decision-making context elements are 3) Selecting Collaboration & Learning Tactics aspects of a project that can have a CHAPTER 2 determining effect on a specific set of 4) Selecting Data & Modeling Tactics project tactics. These elements include objectives of the project; characteristics of 5) Selecting Communication Tactics the users of risk information that the project is engaging with and supporting; 6) Ensuring application of the 10 Guiding 18 time related aspects of their engagement Principles in the project; the decisions that they will Project designers do not have to select areas that cover collaboration & learning tactics from all three tactic areas. It may and communication. However, working be the case that some tactic areas do not through the tactics step-by-step will cre- apply to their risk information project. For ate a more systematic understanding of instance, in cases where a project has the key tactic areas and options available already developed and modeled its data, to use risk data for effective it will be more relevant to focus on the decision-making. Figure 2.1 The six key steps for using the Design for Impact Framework 1. UNDERSTANDING THE 2. SCOPING THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES DECISION-MAKING CONTEXT (1) User Centricity (2) Inclusivity (3) Shared Understanding ECT OBJECTIVE L PROJ CA (4) Co-Creation F LO IA D EX D PE IS R O E OBJ A EO E M ST TI (5) Open by Default S M C IA S ER F US OR TEN S A D RI ERS IS EX SK EX E (6) Information Appropriateness M P ET (7) Channel Suitability T & MOBILE INTERNE ACCESS TO INTERN USER GROUP SIZE WEB (8) Sustainability SIZE (9) Reflexivity (10) Dialogue & Debate DA TA GA T Y GE DA OR A L V EN B I L I IN AIL AV A TA M F A R O IL A R A BI T I I S K C RIT AV S T DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK O LI O N E TY T I M SE R TIM U E C RI T I C A LIT Y OF O F D E CISIO N 6. ENSURING APPLICATION OF THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 5. COMMUNICATION TACTICS: 4. DATA 3. COLLABORATION CHANNELS & MODELING & LEARNING & VISUALIZATION TACTICS TACTICS 19 See more detailed flowchart of the Framework at the end of this Chapter. 1 Step 1: The 10 Guiding Principles for Effective Use of Risk Data Applying the 10 Guiding Principles at all underpin the principles are listed at the stages of a project ensures that risk data is end of this publication.7 They build upon effectively used. These principles have the growing consensus on the steps been compiled from over 40 years of involved in the process of developing academic research and experiences of decision-relevant information from risk expert DRM project designers. A number data. The 10 Guiding Principles are as of academic and reference papers that follows: 1. Developing risk information that is grounded in the needs of specific decision makers at relevant geographic and time scales ENGAGE IN USER-CENTRIC through accessible and understandable formats and channels 8 CONTEXT-BASED DESIGN increases the likelihood of its uptake and impact on decision-making. 2. Addressing the decision-making needs of those people most directly impacted by natural hazards through active collaboration will 9 ENGAGE INCLUSIVELY ensure appropriate prioritization of concerns across social groups. 3. Consensus among the providers and users of risk information about the core problem that a project is seeking to address CREATE SHARED will support the development of understandable, decision-relevant UNDERSTANDING risk information. 10 4. The generation of data and information with the users of risk information strengthens long-term risk data creation, builds trust, CO-CREATE RISK 11 CHAPTER 2 and increases ownership of the risk information being developed. DATA 20 A policy of ‘open by default’ for data sharing, coding, and innovation 5. processes will support local open data infrastructure, local ownership of risk information, local modeling capacity, and scalability of the risk PROMOTE OPENNESS information project.12 Not all users of risk information are the same. Over 70 years of 6. risk perception and communication research has highlighted the importance of cultural, social, cognitive, and psychological factors UNDERSTAND THE that influence how individuals receive and respond to risk USERS OF RISK information. Effective risk communication needs to take this into INFORMATION account through the appropriate use of visualization formats and channels covered in the Tactics Selection Tool.13 7. There is no single best channel to communicate information. SELECT APPROPRIATE Channels should be accessible, trustworthy, interactive, scalable, COMMUNICATION and resilient to natural hazards.14 CHANNELS 8. The effective use of risk data requires a viable and sustainable ENSURE THAT business model combined with support from local communities STRATEGIES ARE and networks.15 SUSTAINABLE The ongoing relevance of a risk information project will be 9. determined by its reflexivity, or the degree to which it develops a project culture of ongoing learning, review, and self-assessment to DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK PROMOTE REFLEXIVITY identify what is working and what is not. It should further identify new and emerging risks dynamically.16 10. The key indicator of the impact on decision-making is the degree GENERATE to which it generates discussion by the users of risk information via DIALOGUE AND channels that are appropriate and credible.17 DEBATE These principles should be applied during the project design phase as well as during the project implementation and assessment phases. Applying Steps 2 to 5 of the Framework will help you ground a risk information project in these principles. 21 2 Step 2: Scoping the Decision-Making Context Once the Guiding Principles have been The Decision-Making Context Scoping discussed and understood, the next stage Tool lays the groundwork for selecting is to scope and assess the decision-making project tactics and facilitates application context of the project. The Scoping tool in of the Guiding Principles. The Scoping Figure 2.2 captures the key elements and Tool involves deploying user-centric sub-elements related to the decisions that context-based design, engaging the project will support. It also indicates inclusively, and understanding the users the sequence in which the Scoping Tool of risk information. should be followed. For definitions of Context Elements, see Table 2.2 on page 26. In 2014, InaSAFE users said that they ‘want to be able to use their own data and generate reports relevant to their organization.’ We listened to that feedback and targeted the software development to ensure it supports disaster manag- ers to make decisions and communicate information in the way they need. Charlotte Morgan, Geoscience Australia CHAPTER 2 22 Figure 2.2 Decision-Making Context Scoping Tool OBJ ECT OBJECTIVE PROJ MEDIA CAL LO EX D F DIA ITIGATION PE IS O E RISK M RT A EXP M AS E VIORAL LO BEHA ST OF M NC S IS AN GE W ER US CH E OR STE OTHER HI RI ERS GH I OBJECTIVES SK EX M IX W ED LO GH T& HI MOBILE INTERNET SS TO INTERNE USER LIMIT LARGE WEB GROUP SIZE ED SIZE HIGH LOW ACCE H IG M H IU W ED LO M E F DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK HI AG Y O DA F OR LA GH IN V AI LO TA M N ILIT A W S E N SITI V E R O B LA G A RI I S N O N -S E N SITI V E E BI TIO K VA TO DATA LI N A E RS TY TIME TIMUSE AVL CRITICALITY OF D E CIS I O N CRIT 23 What are the project objectives? Project objective: What types of decisions does the risk information project aim to support? It is important to have clarity on the purpose of OBJ the risk data that is being produced. This involves understanding whether the project objective is to mitigate risk, promote behavior change, or any other objective. It is possible that the project involves a combination of objectives. Who are the target users of the risk information and what are their characteristics? Disaster risk expertise: What is the disaster risk expertise of the users? Consider their disaster risk expertise – how high or low is the level of EXP knowledge of risk concepts, analysis, data, modeling, and understanding of probabilistic risk? Many decisions around risk will involve a range of users of risk information with a mixed level of disaster risk expertise. Group size: How many users of risk information are there? Is it a limited number of users who will use the information to make a decision, or it is SIZE a large number of (or groups of) individuals who will make the decisions? Are they congregated in one geographic area or is the project trying to reach a more geographically dispersed group of users? What are the time constraints of the users of risk information? Availability to engage with the project: How much time does the audience(s) have to engage with, receive, use, or understand the AVL information? Is their availability low; for example, less than half a day? Is it medium; for example, over a period of days? Or is it high; for example, are the users able to engage with the risk information on a regular basis? Time criticality of decision-making: Consider the time criticality of decisions supporting the risk information. Project design selection tactics should take into account the likely time frame a decision maker will have CRIT to use the risk information to make a decision. Is the decision time-sensitive, CHAPTER 2 such as an early warning or emergency alert, or non-sensitive, such as a planning decision that involves risk mitigation? 24 What is the availability of risk data and information? Data or risk information availability: Consider how much access the project has to existing risk data and information to inform the decision-making. Is it DATA low, which means that data does not exist or is not accessible? Is it high, which means that data exists, is largely complete, and is accessible? Keep in mind that data may exist but may be of poor quality. It may not be open and accessible to the project for technical, commercial, security, or political reasons. What types of communication channels are available and accessible? Internet and mobile internet availability: There are several ways to develop and communicate risk information, depending on the project objectives and who the users of risk information are. One of the most WEB important communication systems for risk data and information is (mobile) internet. However, internet does not always have to be present or of high-quality for the successful implementation of risk information projects. One should consider whether the project users have access to internet, and/or mobile internet. If so, how reliable is it? Is reliability low with no or very limited access, or high with virtually unrestricted access? Local and mass media: What are the existing local and mass media channels that are widely available and used? Will the project have access to them? Will the access be low or high, with access to a wide range of local or mass media systems? It is important to understand which local MEDIA media networks are most trusted by the users of risk information. Consider how accessible these media channels are (e.g., are they free-to- air?) and how open they are to collaboration. Similar to internet, mass media does not always have to be present or of high-quality for successful DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK implementation of risk information projects. How does contextual understanding affect the project objectives? Project objective: Does understanding the decision-making context in these ways affect the original project objectives? Does it validate them? Should the project objectives be modified or possibly extended in light of this analysis? Should the geographic scope of the project be modified to take into OBJ account high data availability in some areas but not in others? The accessibility of local media channels along with access to internet, for instance, could lead to adding a project component to change attitudes and beliefs or to promote behavior change. 25 Table 2.2 Definitions of project context elements RISK MITIGATION LOW The prevention of new, and reduction of existing Less than half a day. disaster risk, and the management of residual risk. Time available for TIME AVAILABILITY the decision-maker MEDIUM TO ENGAGE WITH to engage with RISK FINANCING Up to 5 days continuous availability. PROJECT the project. The objective that the Measures to support financial resilience to the PROJECT OBJECTIVE(S) project is aiming to economic losses caused by disasters through HIGH achieve. instruments, such as insurance and social More than 2 days available on a regular protection. period basis. BEHAVIORAL CHANGE NON-SENSITIVE The encouragement of personal behaviours Time-sensitive nature Decision-making may not be time critical but of decisions to be key cut-off dates may be necessary. or actions that help reduce personal, family, TIME CRITICALITY made about actions to or community risk. OF DECISION be taken to mitigate, SENSITIVE prepare for, or Decision-making will be time critical such as LOW respond to disasters. inearly warning contexts. No or little prior knowledge of risk concepts and analysis. LOW Information or data does not exist or is not Availability of risk DISASTER RISK Level of knowledge HIGH AVAILABILITY accessible. data, level of access OF/ACCESS TO EXPERTISE and/or experience in Good-to-advanced knowledge of risk analysis, and ease of access to DATA OR RISK OF USERS Risk Analysis and DRM. modeling, and understanding of probabilistic risk. this data. HIGH INFORMATION Information or data exists, is largely complete, and is accessible. MIXED Combination of low, medium, or high levels of LOW knowledge of risk concepts and analysis, The intended user's or ACCESS TO Almost none or very limited access. modeling, and understanding of risk. decision-maker's level INTERNET & of access to mobile MOBILE INTERNET internet or internet HIGH DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK LIMITED in general. Has nearly unrestricted access. Restricted number of individuals making a The number of . such as the heads of infrastructure decision USER GROUP SIZE individuals involved in services of a city LOW The project's access to making the decision. EXISTENCE OF Limited access to local or mass media channels. mass communication LOCAL OR MASS LARGE channels and tools to MEDIA CHANNELS reach users of risk HIGH A large number of (or groups of) individuals information. Has access to a wide range of local or mass media making a decision. channels and tools. 26 3 4 5 Step 3 to Step 5: Selecting Suitability of Tactics Project Design Tactics Tactics are either optimal, suitable, or not- suitable, depending on the context After identifying the project’s decision-making elements of the project. context, select the appropriate project tactics based upon the context in which the risk Optimal tactics - refer to the most information project will operate. appropriate choices in specific contexts. For definitions of Project Tactics, see Table 2.3 Suitable tactics - those which are on Page 28 appropriate for general use in many different contexts. Core Tactic Areas Not-Suitable tactics - considered inappropriate or unsuitable in a The horizontal rows in Figure 2.3 indicate particular context and should be the context elements and sub-elements of avoided. a risk information project. The vertical col- umns indicate a range of tactics that can be used. These tactics have been clustered under three core areas (listed below) based on their similarities and purposes: Importantly, designers of the most effective projects have not restricted Collaboration & Learning themselves to a single optimal tactic. They Tactics that involve a process of learn- have selected and combined a number of ing or knowledge transfer by bringing optimal tactics that work well for their together various stakeholders. project and reinforce each other. It may be that only some of the context sub- Data & Modeling elements apply to a particular risk Tactics aimed at data collection, data information project. It is not necessary to modeling, and data sharing. have at least one tactic from each category, i.e., collaboration & learning, Communication (visualization and data & modeling, and communication. channels) The process of going through Steps 3-5 Tactics aimed at communicating risk should result in the selection of a variety information to the users. of project-specific tactics that CHAPTER 2 complement and reinforce each other. 27 Table 2.3 Definitions of project design tactics CORE AREA TACTICS DEFINITIONS A group of people engaged in a purposeful discussion WORKSHOPS with a common or particular subject or area of interest. TRAINING & Formal and structured transfer of knowledge or skill MENTORING or sharing of advice. COLLABORATION & LEARNING TACTICS Gamification is the application of game design elements in non-game contexts or representation of real-world situations to improve user engagement and GAMIFICATION/ understanding of decision dynamics. Serious games are SERIOUS GAMES explicit and carefully thought out games for educational purpose—not intended to be played primarily for amusement. In-person representation, imitation, or enactment of SIMULATION anticipated events or preparatory actions. CHALLENGE- A collaborative, short, time-bound event that engages BASED EVENT experts from various fields who come together to (e.g. HACKATHON) create solutions addressing a particular challenge area. Transfer of knowledge and skills between professional PEER-TO-PEER peers, community, family members, and acquaintances LEARNING through demonstration, observation, or group discussion. Data is sourced from multiple agencies and COLLABORATIVE non-professional scientists that have pre-compiled DATA COLLECTION data or datasets. A data sourcing model wherein members of the general CROWDSOURCING public contribute to the collection and analysis of DATA & MODELING TACTICS data. Using open datasets available from non-local external USING NON-LOCAL sources such as regional, national, or international OPEN DATA agencies. CHAPTER 2 A process that engages stakeholders in the development COLLABORATIVE of an analytical model to aid them in better MODELING decision-making and enhance their awareness and knowledge. The publishing of data licensed for free use and reuse DATA SHARING via an open data portal or geospatial data platform 28 such as GeoNode. A drawing of the earth’s surface, or a part of that surface, showing the shape and position of different countries, MAPS political borders, and natural features, such as rivers and mountains and artificial features such as roads and buildings. VISUALIZATION GRAPHICS Visual representations of information, data, or knowledge. ILLUSTRATIONS Visual explanation or interpretation of a concept or process. AUGMENTED/ Integration of digital information with the user’s VIRTUAL environment” to be more reader-friendly. REALITY Display of information in public places through notice OUTDOOR boards, billboards, bulletin boards, etc. COMMUNICATION TACTICS Paper-based media used to disseminate information PRINT to members of the public or end-users. The expression of risk information in imaginative and ART visual forms such as sculpture, paintings, etc. Websites and applications that enable users to upload SOCIAL MEDIA and share content of various types and communicate with each other. Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Messaging CHANNELS Service (MMS) are text messaging platform that allows SMS/MMS cellular and smartphone users to communicate with one another by transmitting text, photo, and video messages DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK via a central messaging center. MOBILE An application software designed to run on a mobile APPLICATION device i.e. smartphone or tablet. Web-based applications that run on the web and are WEB PLATFORM often independent of operating systems. Electronic means of communication that transmit BROADCAST information in audio or video format to a large, MEDIA dispersed audience. Data-informed reporting that makes use of numerical data JOURNALISM 29 as means of analyzing and presenting potential news stories. PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS Figure 2.3 The Tactics Selection Tool COLLABORATION & LEARNING DATA & MODELING COMMUNICATION VISUALIZATION CHANNELS COLLABORATIVE DATA COLLECTION AUGMENTED / VIRTUAL REALITY USING NON-LOCAL OPEN DATA COLLABORATIVE MODELING CHALLENGE-BASED EVENTS PEER-TO-PEER LEARNING TRANING & MENTORING BROADCAST MEDIA CROWDSOURCING WEB PLATFORM DATA SHARING ILLUSTRATIONS GAMIFICATION SOCIAL MEDIA JOURNALISM SIMULATION MOBILE APP WORKSHOP OUTDOOR GRAPHICS SMS/MMS MAPS PRINT ART LOW DISASTER RISK HIGH EXPERTISE OF USERS MIXED LIMITED USER GROUP SIZE LARGE PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS LOW TIME AVAILABILITY OF USER TO ENGAGE MEDIUM IN PROJECT HIGH NON-SENSITIVE TIME CRITICALITY OF DECISION SENSITIVE DATA OR RISK LOW DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK INFORMATION HIGH AVAILABILITY LOW ACCESS TO INTERNET & MOBILE INTERNET HIGH EXISTENCE OF LOW LOCAL OR MASS MEDIA SYSTEMS HIGH OPTIMAL TACTIC KEY SUITABLE TACTIC 30 NOT-SUITABLE TACTIC Using the Tactics Selection Tool To use the Tactics Selection Tool, go through each context element that applies to your risk information project and consider each tactic in turn. Consider each core area of tactics as a step. Keep in mind that the whole step might not be applicable in the end. Projects featured in Chapters 4 and 5 highlight how certain tactics work well with specific project- context elements. Understanding the choices made by the designers of these projects will help to select the most appropriate tactics for most risk information projects. The following examples demonstrate a general approach to selecting tactics for the context elements that apply to the project. A few optimal tactics are highlighted for each context element, as well as the rationale for their selection. Keep in mind that ultimately, the tactics that best suit the project will be determined by a combination of factors, including available resources. Risk expertise of users: The optimal tactics for various levels of disaster risk expertise leverage the existing level of risk expertise in an inclusive way to create a shared understanding of risk information. When there is low level of risk expertise, gamification and peer-to-peer learning are optimal collaboration tactics. When there is mixed level of risk expertise, users with low EXP risk expertise can work with users with higher expertise to define what information they require for their decision-making, as well as contribute to data collection. Optimal communication tactics are cognitively and culturally appropriate, accessible, and understandable by users of risk information. For instance, higher level of specific technical information can be communicated to users with high risk expertise through technical maps and handouts. Resilience.io used a range of optimal and suitable tactics to engage users with mixed risk expertise from across sectors and geographies. Resilience.io chose workshops, simulations, and games that are usable by a range of users to help identify local priorities for resilience developments. The project used collaborative data collection, non-local open data, and collaborative modeling to engage communities in contributing data, information, and knowledge to CHAPTER 2 build trust and ensure existing culture and heritage is embraced (see page 110). 31 User group size: The user group size determines the level of engagement and coordination required. Tactics like workshops, gamification, simulation, and challenge-based events require a high degree of coordination, which is most optimal in a limited group SIZE setting. With a large, more geographically dispersed group of users of risk information, data & modeling tactics that promote large-scale engagement such as crowdsourcing and data sharing are optimal. Similarly, for large groups, communication tactics such as social media, web platforms, mobile apps and mass media are optimal. ROADAPT elected to use roundtable sessions to bring relevant but limited number of stakeholders from district government to discuss the potential impacts of climate change on road networks in the Netherlands. Due to the limited number of stakeholders, the project effectively used a collaborative modeling approach and collaborative data collection. ROADAPT produced a guideline report/handout for its specific user group in which the results were visualized through vulnerability maps (see page 116). Time availability of users: The time availability of the users who will be engaged in the project is a key context element that can make certain tactics not-suitable. When time availability is medium, an optimal collaboration & learning tactic is a challenge-based event, where the task is to complete a risk-related challenge against AVL the clock. Collaborative data collection, crowdsourcing, collaborative modeling, and data sharing are all optimal data & modeling tactics where users of risk information have a high level of time to engage with the project on an ongoing basis. Graphics DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK and virtual reality are optimal communication tactics to engage users when the time available to engage is low. Oasis Loss Modeling Framework engaged the global insurance and modeling community through workshops, seminars, online training, and collaborative modeling. As there was high time availability to effectively engage with the platform, Oasis was able to collaboratively build datasets and models and a community for sharing expertise (see page 82). 32 Time criticality of decision-making: The time criticality of making decisions based on risk data and information makes certain learning and collaboration tactics not- suitable. When time is non-sensitive and a decision is not required to be made within limited time, all tactics are optimal. In contrast, when time is sensitive and a decision is required to be made within a limited time, collaboration & learning tactics such as training, gamification, simulation, and challenge-based events are not-suitable. CRIT Crowdsourcing and data sharing are optimal data & modeling tactics in time- sensitive scenarios, such as early warning or response contexts. Social media, SMS, mobile phone applications, and local and mass media are optimal communication tactics for time-sensitive decision-making contexts. UP NOAH enables citizens and local governments to take protective action based on real-time information in a sensitive timeframe. UP NOAH utilized workshops and peer-to-peer learning to develop a culture of preparedness. Through crowdsourcing and collaborative mapping, it developed a web tool to aid faster dissemination of geospatial information, thereby contributing to the shared data environment. UP NOAH used a range of communication tactics such as maps, illustrations, social media, and SMS to provide timely data to users (see page 90). Data/information availability: The existence and availability of reliable data impacts the selection of tactics, particularly those directly related to data collection, analysis, and modeling. DATA When there is low availability of data, use challenge-based events to identify and generate data in a collaborative and innovative way. All data & modeling tactics are optimal to generate the data required when there is low availability of data, as they support the generation of the data required for the project. Optimal communication tactics in this context leverage the existing data and information to communicate in a way that is culturally, cognitively, and psychologically appropriate. FUNES relies on collaborative processes due to the low availability of data. CHAPTER 2 FUNES trained over 1000 Red Cross volunteers to collect and transmit data through mobile phones and mobile apps. Through collaborative data collection FUNES integrated data from across different government agencies as well (see page 74). 33 Access to (mobile) internet: While most tactics can be used without internet access, some tactics are made more effective by the internet. The benefits of using the internet are multifold - it increases the geographical reach of the risk information project, makes data and information interactive, creates access to various open data WEB sources, and allows people to engage in dialogue and debate. Optimal collaboration & learning tactics in this context, such as training and mentoring across geographies and sectors, impact access to expertise and other user information. When there is high access to internet, sharing data with various agencies and stakeholders becomes possible. This tactic is optimal to encourage data openness and sharing. High access to internet makes some tactics optimal to use, such as interactive maps and mobile apps. In contrast, where this is low access to internet, tactics that are independent of the internet are optimal, such as outdoor media and SMS. CIrcle aims to help users understand the impact of natural hazards on critical infrastructure. It does so by using an online tool where there is high access to internet and a non-digital board game (CIrcle-Bao) where there is low access to internet. Where there was high access to internet, Circle developed an online knowledge database to share data and used interactive modeling supported by videos and animated graphics. Several offline communication channels were used as well, such as handouts and booklets (see page 66). Existence of local and/or mass media: Trusted local and/or mass media can help develop shared understanding of risk concepts. The best choice of local and/or mass media would be those that are accessible, trustworthy, interactive, scalable, and resilient to disruption from natural hazards. Peer-to-peer learning is an especially optimal collaboration & modeling tactic to use. It can significantly extend the credibility, reach, and impact of risk information DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK MEDIA as peers act upon the information in concrete ways. Calls for data can be promoted by local radio and TV stations, resulting in higher rates of data collection from communities. The selection of communication tactics, particularly regarding how the risk information will be visualized, is dependent on the type of mass media systems available. For instance, when there are few local and/or mass media available, outdoor media can reach a large number of people. BBC’s Amrai Pari worked with TV broadcasters in Bangladesh to create a reality TV show which showcased communities learning from their peers. Amrai Pari held workshops for the staff of community radio stations to enable a deeper understanding of local problems as they would be creating context- specific programs. Social media channels were also used to broadcast a series 34 of short films on various urban-specific risks (see page 62). Working through Steps 3-5 should have increase the impact of risk data and generated a range of tactics across information initiatives. collaboration & learning, data & modeling, and communication. Case studies presented A way to ensure that a risk information in this publication highlight how project project is grounded in the Guiding designers have not restricted themselves to Principles is to use a checklist of indicators a single optimal tactic but have combined a for each principle. To reinforce the number of optimal and suitable tactics that application of these principles, Table 2.1 work well in their project context and presents an indicative set of questions to reinforce each other. help evaluate the project design against these principles. These indicators are broad and universal and can be adapted to a wide range of decision-making contexts. While going through the indicators under 6 each principle, consider whether the project meets this requirement. If it does Step 6: Ensuring not, consider ways to include it in the Application of the 10 project design. Guiding Principles Finally, these 10 Guiding Principles should be applied throughout all phases of the project: the project design, the project After assembling the collaboration & implementation and the project assessment learning, data & modeling, and phases. Additional checklists for project communication tactics through the implementation and assessment phases are Context Scoping and Tactics Selection included in Annex B of this publication. Tools, revisit the 10 Guiding Principles to ensure that the risk information project is grounded in these principles. These steps and tools, along with the Guiding Principles, have been developed to Table 2.1 Checklist to ensure the application of the 10 guiding principles 10 PRINCIPLES FOR THE CHECKLIST TO ENSURE THE APPLICATION OF THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES EFFECTIVE USE OF RISK DATA i) Has the project analyzed the decision-making context through 1. the Decision-Making Context Scoping Tool? CHAPTER 2 USER CENTRICITY ii) Has the project established an understanding of the risk informa- tion requirements of the intended users of risk information and the decision-making process? 2. i) Has the project assessed the specific information requirements of 35 those most directly impacted by natural hazards across social groups? INCLUSIVITY i) Has the project developed a shared problem definition, and, where possible, has it engaged those most directly at risk in defining the 3. problem through a range of collaboration tactics? SHARED UNDERSTANDING ii) Has the project established common ground by strengthening scientist/modeler appreciation of the decision-making context and decision-makers understanding of risk information and how it can support decision-making? 4. i) Has the project taken steps to ensure that project partners recognize and respect the knowledge of both the providers and users of risk CO-CREATION information? i) Has the project developed an open data and open source approach 5. to technology and software? OPEN BY DEFAULT ii) Has the project developed an open approach to its innovation processes by documenting and publishing all its methodologies? i) Has the project used the Tactics Selection Tool to assess which channels and forms of visualization best promote understanding 6. among the intended users of risk information? INFORMATION ii) Has the project assessed which forms of communication APPROPRIATENESS and visualization are most culturally, socially, cognitively, and psychologically appropriate among the intended users of risk information? i) Is the project selecting communications channels with reference 7. to their trust and interaction with the users of risk information? CHANNEL SUITABILITY ii) Is the project selecting channels on the basis of their scalability and resilience to natural hazards? DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK i) Is the project developing a business model that covers the costs of all partners and ensures that the users of risk information can access information affordably? 8. ii) Has the project assessed existing capacities and mechanisms for SUSTAINABILITY supporting effective use of risk information, such as communities of practice, networks, and peer support groups, so that the project can usefully link with, support and strengthen them? 9. i) Does the project support open and critical self-assessment, and does it build in regular opportunities for review and revision? REFLEXIVITY 10. i) Have the opportunities to generate dialogue and debate been 36 maximized across all tactic areas within the project? DIALOGUE AND DEBATE Figure 2.4 The Design For Impact Framwork THE DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK Integrating Open Data and Risk Communication for Decision Making ECT OBJECTIVE L PROJ STEP 1: UNDERSTANDING STEP 2: SCOPING THE F CA LO IA D EX D PE IS R DECISION-MAKING CONTEXT O E OBJ A EO THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES E M ST TI S M C IA S ER F US OR TEN S A D RI ERS IS EX SK EX E M P The 10 Guiding Principles are the overarching approaches and The next stage is to assess a range of local ET T factors - including geography, technology, & MOBILE INTERNE ACCESS TO INTERN considerations that apply to a project at all of its stages to USER GROUP SIZE ensure that risk data is used effectively for decision-making. data and time availability - that WEB SIZE determine the context in which your project will operate. (1) User Centricity (6) Information Appropriateness The Decision-Making Context Scoping Tool lays the groundwork for selecting DA (2) Inclusivity (7) Channel Suitability TA GA TY project tactics and facilitates application GE D A OR A L V IN AIL EN ILI AV A TA M F O AB (3) Shared Understanding (8) Sustainability of the Guiding Principles. R O IL A R A BI T I I S K LI ON C RIT E AV S T (4) Co-Creation (9) Reflexivity TY TIM T I M SE R U E CRITICALITY OF OF DECISION (5) Open by Default (10) Dialogue & Debate STEP 6: ENSURING APPLICATION STEPS 3-5: SELECTING PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS OF THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES After identifying the project’s decision-making context, select the appropriate project tactics based upon the context in which the risk information project will operate. After assembling the collaboration & learning, data & modeling, and communication tactics through the Project design tactics are the specific range of options that are available for DESIGN FOR IMPACT FRAMEWORK Context Scoping and Tactics Selection Tools, revisit co-developing and co-delivering the project with the users of risk information. These the 10 Guiding Principles to ensure that the risk tactics range from workshops and peer-to-peer learning, crowdsourcing and information project is grounded in these principles. collaborative modeling, to illustrations and mobile apps. 5. COMMUNICATION 4. DATA 3. COLLABORATION TACTICS: CHANNELS & MODELING & LEARNING & VISUALIZATION TACTICS TACTICS 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 37 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 CHAPTER 3 A Deployment Scenario Applying the Design for Impact Framework in a preparedness planning scenario for a coastal city 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 Scenario Context: Coastal City Of A Small Island Developing State City Profile Project Snapshot Residents of a coastal city in a small island To address this gap, local government developing state are at risk from the officials are developing a city-wide increasing occurrence of hurricanes. evacuation plan and community Intense rainfall and storm surges are engagement program with the goal to placing many residents at risk of severe increase awareness of flood evacuation flooding. The most vulnerable procedures. populations are those living in high- density, low-income areas in poorly The evacuation planning and community constructed buildings and are unaware of engagement project is divided into two their level of risk. elements: With no formal city-wide evacuation plan, 1) Risk modeling and visualization by past events have left residents confused local government officials to prepare about what action to take and where they the evacuation plan (User Group 1). can seek safe shelter. Although public buildings have been used ad-hoc in the 2) Engaging local community leaders past for evacuation, there are no and communities to raise awareness designated shelters or evacuation routes. about risk modeling and the appropriate evacuation procedures (User Group 2). A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO 39 1 Step 1: Understanding the 10 Guiding Principles Using the 10 Guiding Principles checklist, User Centricity each principle is considered by the local Inclusivity government officials. These principles Shared Understanding will influence the final selection of tactics. Co-Creation They will revisit the Guiding Principles in Open by Default Step 6 to ensure that they are being Information Appropriateness applied. Channel Suitability Sustainability Reflexivity Dialogue & Debate The Debris Tool is not a static machine. We redevelop and adapt for the differ- ent situations we meet, ensuring we can incorporate new data and formats, new considerations, and content. Self-reflecting after every implementation has allowed us to keep our tool up-to-date and relevant. Aiden Short, Urban Resilience Platform CHAPTER 3 40 2 Step 2: Scoping The Decision-Making Context USER GROUP 1: USER GROUP 2: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS COMMUNITY LEADERS & COMMUNITIES PROJECT OBJECTIVES RISK MITIGATION COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS OBJ The project aims to establish Develop community flood a city-wide evacuation plan. response plans. DISASTER RISK EXPERTISE HIGH LOW EXP The users of risk information are the The community leaders and members local government officials who are have little prior knowledge of risk technical experts within their own concepts and analysis. respective fields. They have good, if not advanced, knowledge of risk analysis, modeling, and understanding of probabilistic risk. A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO USER GROUP SIZE LIMITED LARGE SIZE A limited number of individuals Multiple communities spread across various agencies within the . across the city. local government will be involved in evacuation planning. 41 USER GROUP 1: USER GROUP 2: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS COMMUNITY LEADERS & COMMUNITIES TIME AVAILABILITY OF USERS TO ENGAGE IN THE PROJECT HIGH LOW/MEDIUM AVL The users are able to meet regularly The communities do not have much to establish a plan in time for the time available to engage with the subsequent hurricane season. project. However, the community leaders do have reasonable time to engage with the project. TIME CRITICALITY OF DECISION NON-SENSITIVE CRIT The decision-making within the planning phase is not time-critical; however, these decisions will influence how time-sensitive decisions will be made around early warning and response. DATA OR RISK INFORMATION AVAILABILITY HIGH DATA There is high data available to access. Local hazard data (wind/floods) is openly available through the GeoNode platform. Key vulnerability data on population and density is also available through GeoNode. Local residents and communities have previously generated local data on communities and transport networks through OpenStreetMap. CHAPTER 3 42 USER GROUP 1: USER GROUP 2: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS COMMUNITY LEADERS & COMMUNITIES INTERNET & MOBILE INTERNET AVAILABILITY HIGH LOW WEB The local government authorities Some community members have have high access to internet and are access to smartphone and internet able to connect to the web through cafés, however, generally, access to mobile phones. internet is low. Community members predominantly communicate using basic mobile phones. EXISTENCE OF LOCAL & MASS MEDIA HIGH HIGH MEDIA There are multiple national and local There is high trust in local media media systems. This is not relevant to systems (radio stations) and the the decisions of the local authorities national television channel. Most themselves but pertinent to how households have access to a radio they will engage with their and television. local communities. RECONSIDER PROJECT OBJECTIVE RISK MITIGATION COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS The scoping tool has identified what The scoping tool has identified what OBJ data and information is available and data and information is available and A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO validated the project objective. validated the project objective. Therefore, the project objective has Therefore, the project objective has not been altered. It has, however, not been altered. It has, however, been refined to specifically support been refined to specifically support evacuation planning decisions evacuation planning decisions through: through enabling understanding community understanding of: (i) identification of areas exposed to flooding; (i) emergency evacuation procedures; (ii) designation of emergency shelters (ii) where to evacuate to; and evacuation points; (iii) what routes to use; 43 (iii) identification of safe evacuation (iv) when to evacuate. routes (or identification of impassable routes). 3 Step 3: Selection of Collaboration & Learning Tactics Figure 3.1 Step 3 - Selecting Collaboration & Learning tactics for User Group 1 (left) and User Group 2 (right) USER GROUP 1: USER GROUP 2: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS COMMUNITY LEADERS & COMMUNITIES PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS COLLABORATION & LEARNING COLLABORATION & LEARNING CHALLENGE BASED EVENTS CHALLENGE BASED EVENTS PEER-TO-PEER LEARNING PEER-TO-PEER LEARNING TRANING & MENTORING TRANING & MENTORING GAMIFICATION GAMIFICATION SIMULATION SIMULATION WORKSHOP WORKSHOP PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS EXPERTISE HIGH EXPERTISE LOW USER GROUP SIZE LIMITED USER GROUP SIZE LARGE TIME AVAILABILITY HIGH/ TIME AVAILABILITY LOW TIME CRITICALITY NON-SENSITIVE TIME CRITICALITY NON-SENSITIVE DATA AVAILABILITY HIGH DATA AVAILABILITY HIGH INTERNET HIGH INTERNET LOW MEDIA HIGH MEDIA HIGH OPTIMAL TACTIC OPTIMAL TACTIC KEY SUITABLE TACTIC KEY SUITABLE TACTIC NOT SUITABLE TACTIC NOT SUITABLE TACTIC Under the context elements outlined, the The Tactic Selection tool indicated to the Tactic Selection tool indicates that for this local government officials that workshops CHAPTER 3 context, workshops are the most optimal and gamification are also optimal tactics tactic due to the limited group size of local to engage with community leaders and government officials and their availability representatives. Peer-to-peer learning to meet regularly. Gamification and will also be used as it is shown to be an challenge-based events have also been optimal option for users with low disaster selected by the local government officials, expertise. A constraining factor for these 44 whereas training and mentoring has not tactics is the limited amount of time been selected due to limited resources. available to engage with the community members. 4 Step 4: Selection of Data & Modeling Tactics Figure 3.2 Step 4 - Selecting Data & Modeling tactics for User Group 1 (left) and User Group 2 (right) USER GROUP 1: USER GROUP 2: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS COMMUNITY LEADERS & COMMUNITIES PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS DATA & MODELING DATA & MODELING COLLABORATIVE DATA COLLECTION COLLABORATIVE DATA COLLECTION USING NON-LOCAL OPEN DATA USING NON-LOCAL OPEN DATA COLLABORATIVE MODELING COLLABORATIVE MODELING CROWDSOURCING CROWDSOURCING SHARING DATA SHARING DATA PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS EXPERTISE HIGH EXPERTISE LOW USER GROUP SIZE LIMITED USER GROUP SIZE LARGE TIME AVAILABILITY HIG TIME AVAILABILITY LOW TIME CRITICALITY NON-SENSITIVE TIME CRITICALITY NON-SENSITIVE DATA AVAILABILITY HIGH DATA AVAILABILITY HIGH INTERNET HIGH INTERNET LOW MEDIA HIGH MEDIA HIGH OPTIMAL TACTIC OPTIMAL TACTIC KEY KEY A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO SUITABLE TACTIC SUITABLE TACTIC NOT SUITABLE TACTIC NOT SUITABLE TACTIC The Tools present collaborative data Crowdsourcing is selected to engage with collection, crowdsourcing, collaborative community members to groundtruth, modelling, and data sharing tactics as validate, and collect further data. optimal tactics. Although there is already Both collaborative modeling and data high availability of the required data, sharing are less optimal tactics for collaborative data collection tactics will be community members as they have lower used to build upon existing sources. internet access and limited time available to Local government officials will also use engage with these tactics. However, collaborative modelling and data sharing. community leaders who have more time 45 available can engage with the project through collaborative modeling with local government officials. Step 5: Selection of Communication Tactics Figure 3.3 Step 5 - Selecting Communication tactics for User Group 1 (left) and User Group 2 (right) USER GROUP 1: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS COMMUNICATION VISUALISATION CHANNELS AUGMENTED / VIRTUAL REALITY BROADCAST MEDIA WEB PLATFORM ILLUSTRATIONS SOCIAL MEDIA JOURNALISM MOBILE APP SMS / MMS OUTDOOR GRAPHICS PRINT MAPS ART PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS EXPERTISE HIGH USER GROUP SIZE LIMITED TIME AVAILABILITY HIGH TIME CRITICALITY NON-SENSITIVE DATA AVAILABILITY HIGH INTERNET HIGH MEDIA HIGH OPTIMAL TACTIC KEY SUITABLE TACTIC NOT SUITABLE TACTIC CHAPTER 3 The Tactic Selection tool shows web platform, mobile app, and journalism as optimal communication channels; and maps, graphics, and augmented/virtual reality as optimal visualisation channels. While journalism is shown as an optimal channel, the local government officials decided that it is not appropriate for this phase of the project as the user group 46 is limited and there is no requirement to communicate with the public. Similarly, augmented/virtual reality is not suitable due to resource constraints. USER GROUP 2: COMMUNITY LEADERS & COMMUNITIES PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS COMMUNICATION VISUALISATION CHANNELS AUGMENTED / VIRTUAL REALITY BROADCAST MEDIA WEB PLATFORM ILLUSTRATIONS SOCIAL MEDIA JOURNALISM MOBILE APP SMS / MMS OUTDOOR GRAPHICS MAPS PRINT ART PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS EXPERTISE LOW USER GROUP SIZE LARGE TIME AVAILABILITY LOW TIME CRITICALITY NON-SENSITIVE DATA AVAILABILITY HIGH INTERNET LOW MEDIA HIGH A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO OPTIMAL TACTIC KEY SUITABLE TACTIC NOT SUITABLE TACTIC As per the Tactic Selection Tool, the most optimal communication channels for community users is a combination of outdoor, print, art, mobile app, SMS, and broadcast media. The most optimal visualisation tactics are illustrations and maps. 47 Figure 3.4a Project design tactics used for User Group 1 TACTICS AT A GLANCE COLLABORATION & LEARNING DATA & MODELING COMMUNICATION WORKSHOPS COLLABORATIVE DATA COLLECTION WEB PLATFORM GAMIFICATION COLLABORATIVE MODELING MOBILE APPS GHALLENGE-BASED EVENTS DATA SHARING MAPS GRAPHICS Figure 3.4b Project design tactics used for User Group 2 TACTICS AT A GLANCE COLLABORATION & LEARNING DATA & MODELING COMMUNICATION WORKSHOPS CROWDSOURCING OUTDOOR GAMIFICATION COLLABORATIVE MODELING PRINT CHAPTER 3 PEER-TO-PEER LEARNING ART MOBILE APPS 48 SMS/MMS BROADCAST MEDIA Combination and Assembly of Tactics Collaboration & Learning Tactics: Specific workshops will be held to bring Gamification will be used at workshops to together multi-sector actors within the familiarize local government officials with local government. Workshops with the dynamics of decision-making around community leaders will occur at the early an evacuation response plan. The data stages of the project to generate a shared collected will inform a second iteration of understanding and definition of the core the game. A serious game will be used in problem. Further joint workshops will community workshops as a way to have occur strategically to provide feedback on focused discussions around location- visualization outputs and other aspects of specific disaster preparedness and the evacuation plan. This feedback will evacuation points. The act of playing and then be integrated into the evacuation the simulation of consequences will planning process. Aspects of peer-to-peer demonstrate how certain forecasts and learning will be used through facilitating early warning alerts are linked to workshops by community leaders. These protective actions. These sessions will also workshops will discuss localized flood risk allow for input into planning from groups maps and engage inclusively with most at risk. community members to understand the priorities and concerns of different groups. A challenge-based event will be held by local government officials to explore existing datasets and identify missing or outdated data. This will identify what data should be collected. A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO 49 Data and Modeling Tactics: Communication Tactics: Collaborative data collection and crowd- A combination of maps and graphics is the sourcing will build upon and enrich most optimal visualization output to existing datasets. Community users will present city-level flood risk. These outputs validate existing datasets via crowd- allow various local government officials to sourcing. There is commitment to promote explore the dynamics between flood openness of data through the collation scenarios and exposure of population and and sharing of datasets and information assets. Maps are selected to geospatially on a single platform. indicate the extent of areas at flood risk under various flood scenarios (100 Year, Collaborative modeling will take place 500 Year, and Hurricane Category 4). In during select workshops where multi- addition, graphics and infographics are sector officials and community leaders will selected to clearly summarize key exposure jointly define, prioritize, and visualize the data (infrastructure assets, demographics, key information required from the model. and buildings at risk) and both direct and This will relate to questions around the indirect economic losses by flood scenario project objectives such as: and geographic area. The visualzation analysis table at the end of this chapter [Table 3.1] demonstrates how maps and (i) Who is exposed to floods and who graphics have been combined to meet the is exposed to storm surges? project objectives. (ii) Which public buildings earmarked The local government officials decided the as potential shelters are at risk and visualization outputs will be accessible which are not? through a web portal, tablet, and mobile app, thereby capitalizing on their access to (iii) Which roads would be impassable internet and mobile internet. These and which would be intact? communication channels also allow for interactive analysis of multiple layers of (iv) Which telecommunications and data. The communication outputs will be media installations are at risk and developed through collaborative modeling which are safe? workshops and will be used to support dialogue and discussion on risk A key part of the collaborative approach assessments in follow-up workshops. will be the inclusion of community leaders and local information to help inform the model. CHAPTER 3 50 Figure 3.5a Communication outputs for User Group 1 1 3 Get correct image from Lorenzo 2 1 - Tablet interface, 2 - Mobile app interface, 3 - Web portal interface Local area flood maps will be used, along run on reliable and trusted local television with various illustrations, to demonstrate and radio channels to reach multiple com- to the communities the location of the munities. Longer weekly feature radio nearest flood evacuation center and the programs will also be used to promote the safest evacuation routes. The illustrations sharing of information between commu- will draw upon the datasets used in the nity members to prepare for a flood event. collaborative risk modeling to visualize the probable storm surge heights in rela- SMS is optimal to reach community mem- A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO tion to a street scene. These illustrations bers with no mobile internet access. It will will reference storm surge water heights be used to inform them of the location of against people and familiar buildings and their local evacuation point and where objects. they can find more information about the flood event. Critical information and tips Maps and illustrations will be shown on for preparedness can also be sent. SMS outdoor community notice boards and also has the potential to develop into an distributed via printed handouts. For com- alert channel as part of an early warning munity members with access to the system for the communities. internet, this information will be available on web platforms and mobile apps as 51 well. Public service announcements will Figure 3.5b Communication outputs for User Group 2 4 1 5 6 2 3 1 - Public service announcement, 2,3 - SMS, 4 - Community notice board, 5 - Web portal, 6 -Handouts Step 6: Ensuring Application of the Guiding Principles To ensure that the project is grounded in User Centricity the 10 Guiding Principles, the local Inclusivity CHAPTER 3 government officials used the checklist for Shared Understanding the scoping of the decision-making Co-Creation context to consider each principle in turn Open by Default against the set of indicator questions. This Information Appropriateness reinforces that the selection of each tactic Channel Suitability 52 was informed by these principles and that Sustainability the use of data and information by the Reflexivity project will be impactful. Dialogue & Debate Visualization Analysis This section showcases a range of visualization types and how they have been used to answer of Coastal City Scenario different questions within the scenario. Table 3.1: Visualization Analysis of Coastal City Scenario QUESTION USER DATA VISUALIZATION CONCEPT Who is exposed to Government/ Demographic Flood map showing pie charts floods in your area? Civil Contingency Data, (percentage of population affected by Managers 100YR Flood, age) for each district within a city. 500YR Flood, Cat 4 Hurricane Flood A How many Graphics and donut chart to emphasize people? proportion by demographic profiles. B Who is most Pie charts indicating gender and age of vulnerable? population affected. May also include income level, disabled population, languages spoken, etc. C Where are Map with multiple flood and storm they located? surge (hurricane) scenarios. A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO 53 QUESTION USER DATA VISUALIZATION CONCEPT What public buildings Government Building data, Flood map with point chart overlay for potential shelter Infrastructure 100YR Flood, indicating exposure value for assets use are at risk and Managers 500YR Flood, at risk. which are not at risk? Cat 4 Hurricane Flood A What is the Stacked bar chart showing exposure economic exposure count and value per asset category of assets at risk to and flood scenario. flooding? B What is the flood Radar chart indicating vulnerability, risk of a specific exposure, hazard, and adaptive public building? capacity. C What are the Bar chart indicating exposure count by characteristics of wall type (other categories such as buildings exposed foundation type, occupancy type, year to flooding? built, etc. may also be relevant). PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND FLOOD EXPOSURE Shelter 1032, Address: 2343 Floodway Ln, Capacity: 512 Peopl e Country Region Regional Exposure The following statistics show flood exposure for public and shelters across all districts in the Region. Data source : Country Ministry of Planning and Emergency Response. A Economic Exposure of Assets at Risk 100YR, 500YR, and STORM SURGE SCHOOL 7 ($5.3Million) SHELTER 4 ($2.1Million) HOSPITAL 3 ($11.7Million) B Flood Risk of a Specific Public Building Flood Scenario Overview 100YR 100 Year Hurricane Cat. 4 Exposure (Coastal Fld.) 500 Year Vulnerability 1/Capacity Impassable Roads CHAPTER 3 Sized by Exposure Value ($) Hazard 175 141 C Characterisitcs of Exposed Buildings 106 AVG: 88 by Wall Type (Pcnt) 70.5 Concrete/Brick/Stone 32 % 1 54 QUESTION USER DATA VISUALIZATION CONCEPT Which roads would Transport Roadway data, Flood map with impassable roads and be impassable? Infrastructure 100YR Flood, exposure of key infrastructure hubs. Managers 500YR Flood, Cat 4 Hurricane Flood A Which roadways Infographics and totals for impassable are at risk per roads and exposed asset value. flood scenario? B What is the length Bar graph showing length exposed of impassable by roadway category. roadway per flood scenario? C How many Bar graph showing exposure count transport hubs are by infrastructure sub-category. exposed per flood scenario? Which roads would be impassable and which are intact? Independence Road: Impassable 472m for 100YR Flood and 682m for 500YR Flood Country Region Roadways at Risk to Flooding from: A Roadway at Risk 2ft Storm Surge showing 1.75km (3.5%) $4.5 Million Roadway Impassable Asset Value B Length of Impassable Roadways (km) Local Distributor A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO Arterial Freeway 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 C Transport Hubs Exposed Transport Hubs Bus 14 Flood Scenario Railway 8 100 Year Hurricane Cat. 4 (Coastal Fld.) Airport 4 500 Year Ports/Terminals 9 Impassable Roads 55 QUESTION USER DATA VISUALIZATION CONCEPT Which telecommuni- Infrastructure Infrastructure Flood risk map with icon overlay cation and media Managers/Civil (Telecom) showing location of exposed installations are at risk Contingency data, . telecommunications infrastructure. and which are intact? Managers 100YR Flood, 500YR Flood, Cat 4 Hurricane Flood A What is the expo- sure value of tele- Bar graph showing exposure count communications by infrastructure sub-category. assets? . Which telecommunucations and media installations are at risk / intact? WLTZ 5 TV Station: 0.45m 50YR Flood Depth Country Region Public Assets at Risk to Flooding from: 50 Year Flood 24 7.8Million USD Assets at Risk Exposed A Exposure Value of Telecommunication Assets Infrastructure Internet Server Farm 14 TV stations 8 Radio Stations 4 AM/FM Antennas 9 CHAPTER 3 56 QUESTION USER DATA VISUALIZATION CONCEPT How high would Community Public Building Illustration indicating storm flooding reach your Members Data (Schools, surge heights home/school? sports facilities, community centres etc.) 100YR Flood, 500YR Flood, Cat 4 Hurricane Flood 12 FEET 9 FEET 6 FEET SCHOOL SCHOOL A DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO 57 QUESTION USER DATA VISUALIZATION CONCEPT Where are the Community Demographic Data, Localized flood map with designated Members Roadway Data, Public the location of evacuation Buildings Data (Schools, evacuation points and points? sports facilities, safe road routes. community centres etc), 100YR Flood, 500YR Flood, Cat 4 Hurricane Flood. Where is the closest evacuation shelter to our community? Which roads will be safe to use per flood scenario? CHAPTER 3 58 2 3 4 5 The projects in this chapter reference and demonstrate the six steps, various tactics, and guiding principles of the Design for Impact Framework. 1 2 3 4 1. UNDERSTANDING THE 2. SCOPING THE 5 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES DECISION-MAKING CONTEXT (1) User Centricity (2) Inclusivity (3) Shared Understanding ECT OBJECTIVE L PROJ CA (4) Co-Creation F LO IA D EX D PE IS R O E OBJ A EO E M ST TI (5) Open by Default S M C IA S ER F US OR TEN S A D RI ERS IS EX SK EX E (6) Information Appropriateness M P ET (7) Channel Suitability T & MOBILE INTERNE ACCESS TO INTERN USER GROUP SIZE WEB (8) Sustainability SIZE (9) Reflexivity (10) Dialogue & Debate DA TA GA T Y GE DA OR A L V EN B I L I IN AIL AV A TA M F A R O IL A R A BI T I I S K C RIT AV S T O LI O N E TY T I M SE R TIM U E C RI T I C A LIT Y OF O F D E CISIO N 6. ENSURING APPLICATION OF THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 5. COMMUNICATION TACTICS: 4. DATA 3. COLLABORATION CHANNELS & MODELING & LEARNING & VISUALIZATION TACTICS TACTICS 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 CHAPTER 4 Project Mapping: Case Studies Eight impactful projects mapped against the Design for Impact Framework 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 Amrai Pari Together We Can Do It BBC Media Action Bangladesh Project Snapshot Figure 4.1 Project context elements applicable to Amrai Pari Despite high levels of awareness and pock- ets of proactiveness within Bangladesh, Risk Mitigation research conducted by BBC Media Action OBJ Behavioral Change found that many people were still not responding to the environmental challeng- EXP Low es, changes in the weather, and related resource availability they were facing. The SIZE Large Climate Asia research study, undertaken across seven countries on “where, why and how people would be moved to take AVL High action,” found that inaction stemmed from a lack of knowledge of risks and CRIT Non-Sensitive associated adaptive action. In addition, DATA perceptions were that solutions were Low expensive and required government intervention. WEB Low BBC Media Action’s Amrai Pari (Together We Can Do It), a reality television show in MEDIA High Bangladesh which ran from 2013-2016, sought to entertain and amplify a number of resilience drivers identified in the study, the face of disasters. Extensive audience such as perceived risk, self-efficacy, collec- segmentation allowed the project to tar- tive efficacy, and discussion. The aim was get local communities that were highly to raise awareness and build networks to vulnerable to the effects of climate CHAPTER 4 share information and showcase afford- change. Target audiences include those able, achievable solutions to everyday experiencing drought and unpredictability challenges around extreme weather. In in the north-west and frequent cyclones addition, it focused on providing commu- and salinity in the south-west, as well as nication support to communities to work cities with populations of over one million 62 together to become more prepared, recov- (i.e., Dhaka and Chittagong) who experi- er more quickly, and adapt effectively in ence distinct concerns such as inadequate electricity and water supplies. Interview with a local resident from the village of Baldahar in north-west Bangladesh. Picture credit: BBC Media Action Encouraging discussion was a key aim of the project. We know that, when aiming to change behaviors, combining the provision of information with spaces for discussion can greatly increase the impact of a project. That’s why our program model (encourages) communities to discuss and debate with each other with a particular focus on ensuring that women and other marginalized groups have space within those discussions. We were pleased that over a third of viewers said that they had discussed the program with others. Richard Lace, BBC Media Action Bangladesh Design Tactics Collaboration & Learning: The project growing different types of vegetables, PROJECT MAPPING used peer-to-peer learning by showing adapting their houses, and storing food. examples of communities working togeth- Training and mentoring programs and er with their neighbors and local disaster workshops were organized for the crew management committees to inspire peo- of Amrai Pari to ensure their understand- ple with low disaster expertise to take ing of risk information, as well as for the protective action. The reality TV show fea- staff of community radio stations who cre- tured communities and local experts ated context-specific programs for a sharing knowledge around safeguarding particular local area. Together, these their welfare and livelihoods by adopting enabled a deeper understanding of local- 63 simple and cheap “techniques” such as level problems within communities, Figure 4.2 Project design tactics used in Amrai Pari The project empowered residents to take including agriculture, water, sanitation, action to develop proactive solutions and shelter. The show became a vital tool together to build resilience for their for government agencies and NGOs to communities. facilitate information dissemination to more than one million affected people by Data & Modeling: As the project was extreme weather conditions. geared towards changing behaviors, it drew from risk perception data previously More recently, Bangladeshis have gained collected through the Climate Asia improved access to mobile internet which research study. Data & modeling tactics brought further opportunities for Amrai were decided as less applicable to meet Pari. Internet availability has increased the project objectives. audience participation, particularly of younger people in urban areas. Communication: In Bangladesh, nearly In response, BBC Media Action developed 90% of the population has access to tele- a series of films for social media channels vision and consider it a credible mass (Facebook) was developed on earthquake media system. BBC Media Action decided preparedness, heatwaves, fire, and other that broadcasted media was the most urban-specific risks. optimal channel to showcase the project. It was included as three eight-episode sea- An interactive toolkit was also developed CHAPTER 4 sons of a reality television program, to widen community reach and launch a broadcasted by Bangladesh Television large-scale outreach partnership with the (BTV) and a cable and satellite channel, Bangladesh Red Crescent Society and oth- AV Bangla. They also had public service er NGOs. In remote areas with limited announcements (“Working Together”) on internet and mobile connectivity or access 64 TV and two community radio stations that to local and mass media, BBC Media provided simple, practical advice on topics Action supported the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society to run community screen- The project’s Facebook presence continues ings of Amrai Pari. To ensure continued to grow as more and more Bangladeshis build-up of knowledge exchange across gain internet connection, particularly in various communities, the Amrai Pari tool- smaller cities and semi-urban areas. kit consisting of discussion guides, games, inspiring stories, and all the TV content was rolled out to community centers Lessons Learned across the country. Inspire cooperation between leaders and communities. Communities who felt there Impact and Challenges was support for their concerns from the local government and had confidence to Over the course of this three-year project, act independently (i.e., those with higher BBC Media Action’s resilience program levels of self or collective efficacy) had a reached 22.5 million people in Bangla- better record of taking action to improve desh. Over time, risk perception among resilience. Bangladeshis increased from just 34% (2013) (among Climate Asia research It is important that audience needs are respondents who felt their area was at well understood and interventions are rel- high risk of experiencing a disaster) to evant to the local context. Understanding 46% (2014) and 48% (2016) respectively. people’s behavior and needs at scale are necessary to identify sustainable and A large majority of the audience (78%) impactful interventions and can bring felt Amrai Pari improved their under- forth the required output to change standing on how to prepare for extreme behaviors among communities and influ- weather conditions and make adaptable ential stakeholders. changes to their lifestyle and livelihoods in order to cope with longer-term impacts Showcase more economic benefits. Indi- of environmental challenges. Almost half viduals are motivated to take action (47%) of Amrai Pari viewers reported they triggered by a risk perception that could had taken action (such as storing food, affect them at the local level. They are learning a new skill, and diversifying the especially interested in learning tech- crops they grew) as a result of watching niques that are affordable, easily the program. Those who watched Amrai replicable, and make their daily lives more Pari regularly (69% watched five or more comfortable, especially with the potential programs) were more likely to take for increased income. PROJECT MAPPING action. Advanced analysis showed that even after controlling for other factors Amrai Pari was funded by the UK Govern- such as age, education, or income level, ment’s Department for International Amrai Pari viewers were more likely to Development (DFID) and the European Com- take action than those who did not mission Office for Humanitarian Aid and Civil watch. Protection (ECHO). You can learn more about the Amrai Pari 65 project from here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/where-we- work/asia/bangladesh/humanitarian CIrcle Critical Infrastructures: Relations & Consequences for Life & Environment Deltares The Netherlands, USA, Tanzania, Turkey, Canada, Ireland, France Project Snapshot Figure 4.3 Project context elements applicable to CIrcle Climate-related hazards have the potential to destroy or significantly reduce the func- tionality of infrastructure in the critical OBJ Risk Mitigation sectors of health, water, energy, transport, and communication. The failure of critical EXP Mixed infrastructure (CI) can cause devastating social and economic losses beyond the SIZE Limited direct impact of a climate-related event. It can have indirect impacts or cascading Low AVL effects on sectors or geographic areas oth- er than those directly affected. The considerable uncertainty surrounding CRIT Non-Sensitive these cascading effects means they are DATA often not considered in planning decisions. Low The Critical Infrastructures: Relations and WEB High Consequences for Life and Environment (CIrcle) tool developed by Deltares in close cooperation with their research partners, MEDIA High water authorities, universities, and emer- gency responders, was designed to facilitate stakeholder engagement to assess the vulnerabilities of CI and learn CIrcle has been used predominantly for about the dependencies between infra- flood-related risk assessments and has structure sectors. The main strategic been recently extended to other hazards CHAPTER 4 objective of CIrcle was to plan integrated, and multi-hazard risk assessments. resilient infrastructure networks that are prepared for today’s natural hazards and the changing climate. 66 Workshop participants engaging with the CIrcle tool. Picture credit: Deltares. When Deltares started CIrcle, we noticed that network owners and operators were very willing to discuss vulnerabilities of their networks to climate change hazards with us. Data, however, was difficult to obtain as this was seen as sensitive data. We decided to bring the different network owners and stakeholders together to discuss these vulner- abilities in a workshop setting and use open data instead of detailed network models. Andreas Burzel, Deltares and Micheline Hounjet, Deltares Design Tactics Collaboration & Learning: The users of the workshops were held for stakeholders to PROJECT MAPPING CIrcle tool were infrastructure network verify the identified interdependencies operators, decision makers, and emergen- and impacts of potential risk reduction cy service providers who have specific measures. These sessions supported ‘non- sector expertise and a mixed level of sensitive decisions’ on the preparedness of disaster risk expertise. Workshops and CI systems and prioritization of integrated peer-to-peer learning were utilized to planning strategies. share expertise and knowledge between users and explore a shared understanding of interdependencies of CI. Follow-up 67 Figure 4.4 Project design tactics used in CIrcle Data & Modeling: Datasets and informa- Communication: The data gathered was tion on CI are sensitive, often classified, visualized through an interactive model- and difficult to access. To overcome this, ing technique, supported by maps, videos, Deltares utilized available open data and animated graphics. The visualization sources such as OpenStreetMap to screen tool enabled users to interactively explore existing CI in the area and integrated it the interdependencies between CI. A digi- with expert knowledge from users. Data tal version of the CIrcle tool was used in was gathered collaboratively at work- locations with computer (touch-table/tab- shops through interviews with let) facilities. A simplified, non-digital participating users. Through collaborative board version (CIrcle-Bao) was also devel- modeling, different network owners, oped for use in contexts with limited stakeholders, and authorities identified access to technical facilities and low and assessed the interdependencies internet. between the CI networks. A knowledge CHAPTER 4 database was developed to share data Several communication channels such as from past CIrcle sessions for further handouts and booklets and a web plat- research on risk perception. Past events form were also optimal means to convey can be modeled in order to verify the out- information to a range of users. come predictions of the CIrcle tool. 68 Impact and Challenges Lessons Learned CIrcle aimed at increasing resilience Risk perception varies tremendously for against natural hazards by identifying and different sectors, even within the most protecting the most critical elements in CI developed countries. networks. For example, a case study proved that a drinking water supply facil- A holistic overview of the system is abso- ity was the most crucial infrastructure of lutely necessary to develop long-term risk the city. In a previous flood event, the fail- reduction strategies. ure of this facility led to the breakdown of schools and other public buildings for Stakeholders were not always open to several weeks, and the residents had to be share information, but when they realized provided with bottled water. The CIrcle the motive of the workshop and heard workshop also found that protecting the what other stakeholders were willing to water supply facility will lead to a sub- share, they started to open up. stantial increase in the entire area’s resilience. When open data and knowledge are com- bined through processes of collaborative One of the biggest challenges encoun- modeling, there is a reduced need to tered during the project was proving the access closed datasets. added value of bringing stakeholders together in a workshop. Initially, the You can learn more about the CIrcle stakeholders were reluctant to partici- project from here: pate, but once they attended the www.deltares.nl/circle workshops and met other experts, they were very open to share information and collaborate with each other. This interac- tion between the stakeholders continued beyond the workshops, which led to long- lasting collaborations between different sectors. PROJECT MAPPING 69 FloodHelpNY Preparing New Yorkers for Future Flooding Center for NYC Neighborhoods and IDEO USA Project Snapshot Figure 4.5 Project context elements applicable to FloodHelpNY In the face of increasing tides, many New York City (NYC) residents are not aware of their flood risk, or that they should even be thinking about it. A flood insurance Risk Mitigation OBJ Behavioural Change policy can protect homes and properties from the financial damages of flooding. EXP Low Yet with rising flood insurance rates and rising sea levels due to climate change, more than 400,000 people who live within SIZE Large NYC’s floodplain are at physical and eco- nomic risk. AVL Medium FloodHelpNY helps NYC residents to learn Non-Sensitive CRIT what flood zone they are in, or will be in, how that impacts their insurance rates, DATA and how to prepare for future flooding. High The FloodHelpNY web platform was designed to assist homeowners to make WEB High changes to their property to mitigate their risk. It provides consumer-friendly MEDIA High information about flood insurance and how to take advantage of benefits from the government, such as free engineering consultations and elevation certificates, which may also be able to lower rates. It CHAPTER 4 aims to encourage two groups to take action: those individuals that have been affected by storms and are fatigued with the insurance system that has failed them; and those not yet affected by flooding. 70 FloodHelpNY - Outdoor media encouraging citizens to visit the FloodHelpNY website to gain more insight into their flood risk. Picture credit: Twitter.com Design Tactics Collaboration & Learning: To gain insight they wanted in place the next time a into their larger user group, IDEO hosted storm hit. This process of co-design interviews and community workshops at allowed for the development of a user- neighborhood meetings. They regularly friendly platform that reduces the engaged with a limited group of residents complexity surrounding decisions about who had previously been affected by flood insurance. IDEO learned how it flooding. To encourage behavioral could communicate information most change, peer-to-peer learning was uti- effectively through understanding how lized through first-person accounts of residents contextualized their individual how storms affected the community. risk, what their prevalent questions were, and what type of information they priori- PROJECT MAPPING Data & Modeling: A high availability of tized to receive. risk information and data made it difficult for users to navigate, process, and trust the information available to them. In response, IDEO and the Center for NYC Neighborhoods (CNYCN) decided to syn- thesize and communicate information in a clear and user-driven way. Utilizing collab- orative modeling, flood-affected residents 71 created paper prototypes of the platform Figure 4.6 Project design tactics used in FloodHelpNY Communication: A web platform was an insurance rates. This serves as the main optimal communication tactic, as there channel to connect home and property was high availability of internet and a owners to free audits to assess how resil- large number of users to reach. The ient their homes or structures are to CHAPTER 4 FloodHelpNY.org website features interac- flooding and future storms. In addition to tive flood-risk maps integrated with a the website, FloodHelpNY also distributed first-of-its-kind flood insurance rate calcu- thousands of postcards and flyers to NYC lator, built from multiple disparate public homeowners and developed a mobile- datasets. It also provides address-specific optimized site for those accessing 72 information on mitigation options that information from their smartphones. homeowners can use to lower flood Residents with a low disaster risk exper- Lessons Learned tise and limited awareness of their flood risk were engaged through maps and To communicate information without con- graphics on notice boards at pop-up sta- fusing users or oversupplying information. tions in Manhattan. They were offered a This provides people with guidance they virtual reality viewer that simulated water can trust, easily grasp, and act on without flooding into the surrounding streets, giv- leaving the website or even the page. The ing a visceral understanding of flood risk. website provides information incremen- The aim was to stimulate discussion about tally to prevent cognitive overload and flood recovery and direct viewers to the provides an FAQ on every page to guide website. To convey flood risk in a captivat- users through each activity. ing manner, the FloodHelpNY homepage featured an animated graphic that used tidal data to simulate the current sea lev- You can learn more about the FloodHelpNY el, relative to the height of Superstorm project from here: Sandy. https://www.floodhelpny.org Impact and Challenges The FloodHelpNY website has attracted 120,000 users with 33,000 profiles and has helped more than 700 people sign up for the flood risk and insurance audits. The main challenge of the project has been to create a financially sustainable platform over the long-term, while ensur- ing that content remains up-to-date as flood insurance undergoes reform and flood maps change. Furthermore, a critical design consideration was to simplify com- plex user processes that were fatiguing program participants. FloodHelpNY mini- mized documentation burdens on PROJECT MAPPING homeowners and made more hands-on services available to assist individuals and reduce drop-off in participation. 73 FUNES Functional Estimation Model Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre Togo Figure 4.7 Project Snapshot Project context elements applicable to FUNES The Togo Red Cross uses an innovative flood risk forecasting tool, called FUNES, Risk Mitigation OBJ Risk Financing to trigger early action and the release of funding necessary for rapid risk reduction before the flood hits. FUNES (for “func- EXP Mixed tional estimation”) uses a self-learning algorithm to predict flood risk in the pop- SIZE Limited ulous Mono River basin. It enables the Togo Red Cross to prepare communities to AVL Low anticipate and absorb flood risk and to make a timely, accelerated request for Sensitive and Disaster Relief Emergency Fund assistance. CRIT Non-Sensitive FUNES helps the government, Togo Red DATA Cross, and communities make three key Low decisions: Early release of flood water from the WEB Low binational Nangbéto hydropower dam on the Mono River. MEDIA High Alert and prepare downstream communities. risk triggers a specific set of actions in spe- cific localities, which Togo Red Cross Disbursement of funds for anticipatory initiates before the anticipated level of and pre-defined actions. flooding begins. It also triggers authoriza- CHAPTER 4 tion to release the amount of funds necessary to carry out the standard oper- The FUNES hydrometeorological flood ating procedures (SOP) from a designated prediction tool shows a two-day forecast contingency fund. With seed money from of risk levels specific to a locality, updated the German Federal Foreign Ministry and 74 daily. For each location, the preparedness assistance from German Red Cross, Togo actions corresponding to the daily level of Red Cross established a preparedness fund risk are shown on the map. Each level of and defined a fiscal management FUNES - Detail of the cylindrical DataSculpture poster depicting how the FUNES self-learning algorithm can support Forecast-based Financing in Togo. Picture Credit - climatecentre.org We looked into the practical exigencies of the Red Cross, the dam, the government technical services, and also the aspirations of a weak nascent disaster management pol- icy process. As a result we were able to make a much more valuable contribution along with GFDRR’s Code for Resilience: facilitating a dynamic process in which all of these stakeholders are defining their own vision and goals in a roadmap for taking over the maintenance and development of Funes. Janot Mendler de Suarez, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre protocol to allow the release of funding exercises of the SOP with the local DRM for pre-costed early action based on fore- committees and selected communities to PROJECT MAPPING cast triggers. prepare for floods. In addition, a work- shop was conducted to define the Design Tactics strengths and weaknesses of each of the key actors and generate a collaborative Collaboration & Learning: Since there was roadmap defining their respective goals mixed disaster risk expertise among the and next steps (2016-2018). project’s stakeholders and low availability of data, Red Cross volunteers were trained in data collection at the ground-level. The 75 volunteers underwent simulation and Figure 4.8 Project design tactics used in FUNES Data & Modeling: With the objective of impact data directly from communities led flood risk mitigation, the project used to a large and rich dataset. Given the collaborative modeling with the Togo Red extremely low initial availability of rele- Cross and Communauté Electrique du vant datasets, this approach to data Benin’s binational Nangbéto hydropower collection was transformative. Togo’s dam, funded through GFDRR’s Code for national disaster risk reduction platform Resilience project. FUNES integrated data has been considering how FUNES and its that was collected collaboratively by key data collection, validation and sharing actors. For instance, dam operators pro- that might benefit other actors such as vided daily flow data; upstream rainfall Ministries of Agriculture and Health. observers transmitted readings via SMS; and Togo Red Cross provided flood impact data during each annual flood season. Communication: The FUNES hydrometeo- Rainfall data was collected through rological flood prediction tool provides an crowdsourcing. Over 1,000 Red Cross vol- interactive web-based map that shows a unteers were trained by the national five-day forecast of flood risk levels. The CHAPTER 4 meteorological and hydrological services FUNES user interface also displays annu- to collect and transmit daily rainfall and ally updated associated preparedness river level observations through an SMS- actions and sends automated daily risk based data entry and management forecasts to the relevant end-user groups. system. Togo Red Cross also conducted While internet access for the general pop- 76 mobile-based household flood impact sur- ulation is low, the web-based maps are veys in communities downstream of the primarily used by national risk manage- dam. Furthermore, crowdsourcing flood ment actors and Red Cross teams on the ground. Engaging communities in data represents a new level of end-user focus collection using mobile devices has also and opens the prospect for further devel- been a method of communicating disaster opment of climate services. risk, as it has significantly raised their awareness and understanding of the val- ue and meaning behind the data they are Lessons Learned collecting. Furthermore, Red Cross ground staff use FUNES forecast triggers to inform A key lesson was the development of flood risk reduction programming and FUNES as an iterative process. This live interview sessions on local radio. This requires support for facilitated engage- enables vital information to flow to local ment of key actors and a realistic time communities, leveraging high levels of horizon with adequate funding support trust in local-language mass media. to allow for uptake and learning by each agency. It has to be coordinated and con- solidated as a “change management” Impact and Challenges process. FUNES has significantly increased the Although the FUNES flood prediction tool lead time, extent of flood preparedness, and associated SMS data collection system and development of forecast-based is effectively a “free gift,” the govern- financing by the Togo Red Cross. In mid- ment actors requested further support for September 2016, when the Nangbéto “technology transfer.” While GFDRR pro- dam reservoir was rapidly approaching vided additional technical assistance to the mandatory overspill level, FUNES accu- automate data collection through the rately predicted flooding levels. This SMS system and entry into FUNES, there triggered the release of funding necessary was not sufficient time or funding to to carry out pre-planned risk reduction accommodate the pace of learning and measures, such as rapid procurement and uptake required by each of the agencies. distribution of non-food items like chol- era prevention, water purification, and The project failed to capitalize on syner- hygiene kits, as well as other evacuation gies between other projects supported by site supplies. the World Bank. The project team  was not fully cognizant of the wider potential With 65,000 members, Togo Red Cross of the FUNES flood prediction tool to has transformed into an engaged improve wider government policy and collector and informed daily consumer strategic planning to reduce flood PROJECT MAPPING of data collected for FUNES. This has impacts. introduced accountability and learning through new data-driven monitoring and evaluation which is fundamentally changing the way Togo Red Cross manages flood risk. In addition to consid- ering expanded use of the SMS system as a content management system You can learn more about the FUNES for ALL national data by the meteorologi- project at this link: 77 http://codeforresilience.org/2016/09/30/togo- cal Service has begun to provide weekly funes.html rainfall forecasts to Red Cross. This InaSAFE Better planning saves lives BNBP, Geoscience Australia, and GFDRR Indonesia Project Snapshot Figure 4.9 Project context elements applicable to InaSAFE In almost every disaster-related event reported in Indonesia, planning and coor- dination of aid distribution has been a OBJ Risk Mitigation major challenge. Humanitarian response effectiveness may be enhanced if there is a Mixed EXP better way to estimate the number and location of affected people prior to deliv- ering aid. SIZE Large InaSAFE is a free software that produces AVL High realistic natural hazard impact scenarios for better planning, preparedness, and CRIT Sensitive response activities. It was jointly developed by Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Ben- DATA cana (BNBP), the Australian Government, Low and GFDRR. InaSAFE provides a simple but rigorous way to combine data from com- WEB High munities, local governments, and scientists to help assess the possible impact of a MEDIA High disaster event. InaSAFE allows users to assess the possible impact of disaster events on a community, its assets, and infrastructure. It can calculate the resourc- es required to support affected populations based on age, gender, vulner- CHAPTER 4 ability, and location. The InaSAFE toolkit consists of a QGIS called GeoSAFE. These InaSAFE toolkit com- (Quantum Geographical Information Sys- ponents support many stages of disaster tem) plugin on the desktop, an online management and are underpinned by the 78 near-real-time component (in Indonesia), same InaSAFE concept. and a soon-to-be-released web version QGIS2.14 with the InaSAFE dock showing a map and indicative results for an assessment of the impact of flooding in Jakarta. Picture credit: InaSAFE.org. We needed a platform that would be open to all users in terms of being usable in their own environment (e.g., places where there is no internet), in terms of being free to install and use, and in terms of being extensible and customizable by any interested developer. Based on this prerequisite we built InaSAFE as a desktop application using the open source QGIS software. Charlotte Morgan, Geoscience Australia Design Tactics Collaboration & Learning: InaSAFE can be workplace. Through these collaboration & used by anyone who has computer skills, learning tactics, different users (i.e., dis- PROJECT MAPPING knowledge of GIS, and mixed disaster risk trict/provincial officials, academics, expertise. Different types of workshops students, civil society groups, faith-based and trainings were conducted to intro- organizations, NGOs) developed the skills duce the concept of realistic disaster and an increased capacity to use credible scenario development and help partici- hazard science and exposure information pants understand how to obtain and use to prepare contingency plans for priority suitable data to estimate the impact of a regions and response plans following disaster event. Participants in workshops disaster events. and training events were then mentored 79 as they applied their skills in the Figure 4.10 Project design tactics used in InaSAFE Data & Modeling: InaSAFE is capable of their response activities. The results were integrating a wide range of datasets from shared on a GeoNode. The sharing of data multiple sources. Where local agencies and knowledge by scientists, govern- have published open data through data ments, and communities supported the sharing platforms, InaSAFE users can refinement of the InaSAFE scenario and combine data sharing (from Indonesian the ability of disaster managers to priori- government, science, and disaster tize their response and recovery planning. management agencies) and crowdsourcing The support offered to disaster managers (OSM data) to develop credible scenarios through this disaster has led to better affecting multiple sectors. Where local understanding of the relevance of InaSA- agencies have limited data, required data FE to support disaster planning, as well as can be obtained from a non-local open greater confidence to use it in future. dataset such as WorldPop or through collaborative data collection. Communication: The InaSAFE toolkit used a variety of communication channels, such Following the 2016 Pidie earthquake Aceh as print media for maps, reports, flyers, in Indonesia, the combination of real-time and postcards; social media to share proj- hazard data with modeled population ect updates and communicating with data was rapidly assessed and shared on users in their own language; YouTube to CHAPTER 4 a website so that the information was share promotional videos and training available to disaster managers and the materials; and a web platform to share community. Subsequent analyses of the the results obtained from InaSAFE same hazard scenario and local population Realtime. census data using InaSAFE desktop tools 80 provided disaster managers with estimates The desktop version of InaSAFE was of affected populations at village-level, designed as a standalone system for users allowing disaster responders to prioritize with low internet connectivity. PDF versions of maps and reports remained the Disaster managers who are not familiar best communication channel for remote with the InaSAFE toolkit may lack confi- users. These were produced in multiple lan- dence to use the results. However, guages and included maps, tables, and training and implementation at the sub- infographics with both generalized and national level in Indonesia has led to a detailed results. The rich analysis of data greater level of engagement within the was stored so that users could easily pre- national organization. pare further analysis and products to suit their own requirements. PDF reports from Limited availability of country-level consis- InaSAFE realtime can be viewed online and tent datasets that conform with national downloaded from their web platform. data sharing policies may make some Reports for earthquake events in Indonesia users reluctant to use the system or trust are linked directly to the hazard event in the results. InAWARE, which is the BNPB supported early warning and decision-support plat- form. Following the Pidie earthquake of Lessons Learned 2016, these PDF reports were shared online A consistent and easy-to-use interface and through a GeoNode instance. The allows users – even those with little train- reports were promoted to the InaSAFE ing – to quickly and easily upload new community through social media. hazard and exposure data, run an analy- sis, and generate maps, reports, and Impact and Challenges action lists. Using a participatory approach, the com- The effectiveness of risk assessment and munity prepared a number of contingency preparedness activities increases when the plans and identified evacuation routes community is directly engaged through which were signposted in the affected participatory mapping and has access to area in Maluku Province. Following the open and accessible tools. application of InaSAFE in OSM ‘mapathon’ exercises, the BNPB embraced the use of The openness and scalability of a tool can open data and open source technologies save time and resources in developing a to map 136 priority districts in Indonesia risk assessment methodology and hazard and prepare 20 contingency plans in 2017. impact modeling tools. Disaster managers used InaSAFE Realtime The effectiveness of such programs can be to estimate the number of people affect- greatly improved by working with local PROJECT MAPPING ed immediately after the Pidie earthquake partners to address their needs rather in 2016. InaSAFE desktop analysis and than taking a top-down approach. maps were used to show the location of affected people, helping first responders to locate the most affected communities. The InaSAFE Minimum Needs Tool was used to calculate resources required to support displaced people once actual You can learn more about the InaSAFE numbers were collected from evacuation project from here: 81 http://inasafe.org centers. The results of all analyses were shared on a GeoNode. OASIS Platform Open and Commercial Data for Climate Insurance and Adaptation Planning OASIS Global Project Snapshot Figure 4.11 Project context elements applicable to OASIS Platform As the frequency and severity of natural disasters increases as a result of climate change, the impact and cost of a cata- strophic event to governments, the private sector and to citizens are also expected to OBJ Risk Mitigation increase. Insurance, in the context of disas- ter risk management, can help increase EXP High communities’ climate resilience and reduce the impact of disasters. SIZE Large Oasis is an open source platform that pro- vides catastrophic risk assessment and AVL High financial modeling to help a range of users, including (re)insurers, cities, and industries CRIT Non-Sensitive to better understand and financially plan DATA for disaster mitigation and response. It High encourages open access and increased availability of risk data through the Oasis Hub, an online portal in which free and WEB High commercial datasets can be uploaded, Depending on accessed, and crowdfunded. It also provides MEDIA geographical contex an open source calculation software - the Oasis Loss Modeling Framework (LMF) - to calculate damage and financial risk from catastrophic events. CHAPTER 4 Oasis Hub acts as a marketplace to connect practitioners looking for data with publish- ers of data. With the aim to address the challenges of sourcing, reviewing, and 82 licensing environmental data, as well as tools and services for a growing community Hurricane Harvey flooding footprint (August 29, 2017). Picture credit: oasishub.co Design Tactics of practitioners, the Hub manages the Collaboration & Learning: Oasis offers licensing of, payment for, and access to support through a range of online learn- the data. The focus of Oasis LMF is to ing tools, such as the ongoing Massive make it easier for the insurance and rein- Open Online Course (MOOC) and webi- surance industries to identify and quantify nars which assist users in developing or risks in developing countries. LMF enables securing risk data needed for catastrophic more accurate risk assessments, improved risk modeling and climate adaptation reliability of data, more models, and the planning. In addition, specific training on the use of the Oasis LMF is provided for those users who have less expertise in risk PROJECT MAPPING modeling. Similarly, one of the ways to engage with Oasis LMF is by attending workshops and seminars to help improve existing tools and data within the platform, as well as the wider sector of catastrophic risk modeling. 83 Figure 4.12 Project design tactics used in OASIS Platform Data & Modeling: The datasets available between actors to satisfy a particular on the Oasis Hub are provided by a need which was previously not number of commercial partnerships with commercially viable. academic, government, and specialist organizations, as well as building upon The Oasis LMF was created through a pro- openly available data. For contexts with cess of collaborative modeling and high internet access, an online engagement with members from within marketplace allows these datasets and the global insurance and modeling com- tools to be shared either openly or pur- munity. The open source software can be chased directly through the site. used for the development and deploy- The Hub assists data providers in getting ment of catastrophe models, with “plug their work to market quickly and and play” components packaged in stan- cost-effectively by reducing the challenges dard formats, allowing for flexibility to associated with licensing, payment, and support a wide range of deployment access of data. options. By bringing together expertise from across the EU and the broader mod- Country, region, and worldwide datasets eling and services sector on catastrophe are available on Oasis Hub, with and climate change risk, Oasis LMF pro- availability varying across multiple hazard vides a range of tools on mapping categories. In order to combat gaps in (Quantum GIS), meteorological (WCT- CHAPTER 4 data availability, the Oasis Hub has devel- NOAA’s Weather and Climate Toolkit), oped a crowdsourcing application where hazard scenario (CAPRA Probabilistic Risk practitioners could request or offer data, Assessment), vector (MMQGIS), statistical as well as tools or consulting/advisory (R-project), programming (PYTHON), and services across the Oasis community. hydraulic (HEC-RAS) services. 84 Crowdsourcing facilitated collaboration Communication: To share data and the LMF software with a large and widely dis- persed membership/user group, the Oasis Hub and Oasis LMF are delivered through a web platform. Oasis recognized that the areas most vulnerable to the impacts of extreme weather events are those that are least able to cope. It is also these areas where the telecommunications infrastruc- ture is not the fastest or most reliable. Oasis fulfills requests for the sharing of data and tools though a physical ship- ment of USB hard drives. Impact and Challenges Oasis Hub has over 500 datasets from over 40 organizations. Oasis LMF consists of over 12 suppliers. The Platform is estimated to reduce mod- eling costs by 25-50% by lowering transaction costs and enhancing competi- tion, thereby opening up the use of risk models to users beyond the re/insurance industry. The Platform could indirectly facilitate an additional US $1.4-6 billion of property insurance coverage in the three potential pilot countries. Proponents of the Plat- form have begun to develop strategic partnerships, such as with the Insurance Development Forum. PROJECT MAPPING You can learn more about the Oasis project from here: https://oasishub.co and https://oasislmf.org/ 85 OpenDRI Serious Games Simulating disaster risk management decisions through interactive games OpenDRI Global Project Snapshot Figure 4.13 Project context elements applicable to OpenDRI Serious Games In order to stimulate collaborative and integrated approaches needed for urban flood risk management, the Innovation OBJ Risk Mitigation Lab at GFDRR has developed two experiential learning games to engage EXP High diverse stakeholders in a way that is both serious and fun. These “Serious Games” Large SIZE allow participants to connect to the emotional and visceral decision-making process that drives real-life preparedness AVL High decisions. Each game has been designed as an interactive immersion in a complex CRIT Non-Sensitive system, and the game mechanics are underpinned by specific learning and DATA High dialogue objectives. The goal of the OpenDRI Toolkit Game WEB High was to demonstrate the contingency plan- Depending on ning process and the effect of planning MEDIA geographical context decisions on outcomes in the event of a disaster. Additionally, it was developed to complement technical training on Open- DRI tools. Participants learned OSM, in decision-making, while exposing the GeoNode, and InaSAFE through gameplay need for open data to drive shared analy- of a simulated flood scenario for the city sis and negotiation over resource CHAPTER 4 of La Plata, Argentina. Participants were allocations. able to make decisions around managing school investments related to flood resil- ience and the evacuation of school children. This game balanced theory and 86 practice to highlight the importance of free and open-source geospatial software Participants actively engaging in a serious game aimed at better resource allocation. Picture credit: understandingrisk.org The Urban Urgencies Game was Design Tactics developed in connection with the global Urban Flood Community of Practice. It Collaboration & Learning: As a training was piloted at the Understanding Risk method for a limited set of users, Forum 2016 among 40 risk identification gamification was used to enhance the professionals representing various understanding of government officials governments and development partners. and technical experts and to draw in non- It focused on improving the ability of expert users. With only a short time frame users to process flood early warning infor- to engage with users, the immersive mation and make strategic investment nature of these games fostered bidirec- decisions under real-world budget tional dialogue. This made training PROJECT MAPPING constraints in order to keep residents safe. sessions more effective than the usual uni- Through this immersive game, users were directional presentations. required to consider the importance of early warning information, as well as the costs and uncertainty associated with natural hazard impacts. 87 Figure 4.14 Project design tactics used in OpenDRI Serious Games Gamification was selected as an optimal Data & Modeling: Through the principles choice to understand the dynamics of the OpenDRI Toolkit game, participants around risk mitigation decisions as it deployed different open data software. allowed users to experience the outcomes This enabled access to open data to drive and consequences of investment decisions on risk mitigation. To simulate decisions. Within the Urban Urgencies collaborative data collection, participants game, users became familiarized with used OpenStreetMap to collect new geo- interpreting geospatial data. This enabled spatial data. GeoNode, a data repository them to weigh trade-offs in flood man- for storing and sharing geospatial data agement and explore how to the balance was also employed, as well as InaSAFE, a investments in warning systems. Options disaster scenario impact tool that helped include improving warning systems out- to visualize and collaboratively model right or investing in enhanced inclusion risk. Participants actively engaged with measures, such as reaching the “last these open-source toolsets before mile”. applying newly acquired skills to non-sensitive decisions around disaster Serious games encouraged peer-to-peer risk management. They worked on a learning among users with different common challenge of ensuring that backgrounds, experience, and mixed resources are spent wisely. They had to levels of disaster expertise. Through a find a balance between retrofitting the CHAPTER 4 collective experience of gameplay, users schools that were most vulnerable to shared moments of confusion and flooding versus outfitting other schools revelation, which generated deep discus- with computers and food/water stock- sion and focused dialogue. In addition, piles, or some combination of both. they enabled diverse stakeholders to 88 network and build rapport by exploring new ways of working within the Communication: Maps and graphics were “real-world fiction” of the game. used to increase the realism of the game. Impact and Challenges Based on feedback from players during the Understanding Risk forum, demand was expressed for the greater use of seri- ous games as engagement tools. The games are time-intensive to develop. They can be too complex for all users to fully comprehend due to language barriers and differences in disaster expertise. There have been requests to translate the game into other languages and to adapt it into a simplified version for local government application. You can learn more about the OpenDRI Games project from here: https://understandrisk.org/ simulating-disaster-risk-management-decisions- through-interactive-games PROJECT MAPPING 89 UP NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards UP Disaster Resilience Institute Philippines Project Snapshot Figure 4.15 Project context elements applicable to UP NOAH Extensive damage and devastation from natural disasters in the Philippines over Risk Mitigation the past 20 years has led to the creation OBJ Behavioural Change of the Nationwide Operational Assess- ment of Hazards (NOAH), a flagship Mixed EXP initiative from the national government. NOAH was founded to minimize the impact of disasters and make best use of SIZE Large science and technology by addressing the need to share information and knowl- AVL Medium edge. With the aim of building an “army of disaster scientists” (Lagmay, A.M., CRIT Sensitive 2017), the project has focused on opera- tionalizing outputs of the academic DATA community on DRM. Low Working in collaboration with communi- WEB High ties, government agencies, and private institutions, NOAH has developed a set of High MEDIA tools for preparedness, early warning, and response to disasters. The project provides detailed hazard maps to enable citizens and local governments to understand their risk and take protective action based on real-time information. CHAPTER 4 90 Himawari Satellite Image - Tropical Depression Maring (12th September 2017). Picture credit: UP NOAH Center. We need to understand the mindset of the Filipino people in order to effectively communicate. To do this, it is not only physical scientists that need to work on disaster preparedness but also social scientists. Creative ways to engage and encourage the Filipinos is critical. Alfredo Mahar Francisco Lagmay, UP NOAH Design Tactics Collaboration & Learning: NOAH utilized Data & Modeling: Within the context of workshops, training, and peer-to-peer mixed level of disaster risk expertise, low learning for their field education cam- data availability, and high internet/mobile paigns (i.e., community-based disaster connectivity, NOAH’s risk mapping efforts PROJECT MAPPING preparedness workshops, multidisciplinary embraced public participation and local outreach programs, conferences with capacity through crowdsourcing and col- municipalities) to create awareness and laborative mapping using OpenStreetMap. develop a culture of preparedness. Since Using crowdsourced geospatial data, the project aimed to work with govern- along with data sourced from satellite ment agencies, NGOs, and local applications and other mapping technolo- communities, education campaigns were gies, NOAH generated a comprehensive the most optimal tactic to engage target and multidisciplinary assessment of haz- users with mixed levels of disaster risk ards. The WebSafe tool of the NOAH 91 expertise. website was developed to aid faster Figure 4.16 Project design tactics used in UP NOAH dissemination of geospatial information Communication: With the use of different for time-sensitive decision-making. visualization outputs such as maps, graph- Through this modeling tool, local govern- ics, and illustrations, NOAH was able to ment units and members of civic groups provide appropriate, useful, and timely were able to use and share information data to users with mixed levels of exper- for damage assessment and analysis tise. This led to strong relationships and before, during, and after large-scale support from the government (both data emergencies. Other collaborative model- user and data provider agencies), media, CHAPTER 4 ing tools developed by NOAH are LiDar communities, and individuals. maps (topographic maps generated by light detection and ranging), Flood Patrol, NOAH obtained maximum user engage- and ClimateX. Several backend projects ment to a large user group by offering were also used, such as the installation of various options of communication chan- 92 doppler radars, wind projectors, water nels. As the Philippines generally has high level, and landslide sensors. access to internet/mobile internet and high levels of engagement on social One key challenge was relaying informa- media, NOAH developed a web platform tion to areas with limited internet (NOAH website), mobile app (NOAH, connectivity, as well as ensuring that Arko), and social media campaigns (Twit- users with low disaster risk expertise or a ter, Facebook) to promote community language barrier understand the technical participation. In addition, NOAH acknowl- terms used by the scientific community. edged the need for accessibility of risk For this reason, local government officials information by communities in vulnerable and disaster management committees areas with limited internet/mobile con- translated information to local languages nectivity, and used offline channels such and sent them to village leaders via text as TV/radio (radio interviews, video lec- messages. tures), handouts, brochures, and training videos (available in English, Filipino, and Lessons Learned five other dialects). Similarly, SMS was utilized as an extended channel, particu- The initiatives of UP NOAH have changed larly by local government executives, in the landscape on weather forecasting and disseminating information (generated disaster risk awareness in the Philippines. from NOAH) to their residents. Experiences from local government units have shown that technology and close coordination played an essential part in Impact and Challenges preparing communities for disasters. In December 2014, a small coastal commu- Despite promoting an open and free data nity, Daram (Samar), survived a deadly ecosystem in the past five years of work- storm surge caused by Typhoon Ruby ing with both data user and data provider (Hagupit) as a direct result of NOAH. agencies in the Philippines, it has proven NOAH identified Daram as one of the to be difficult to work with some govern- areas where the forecast storm surges ment agencies that have a different view were expected to be highest for that par- on the functionality of open data. There is ticular typhoon. Internet access allowed now a debate about whether data should the town’s disaster management office to be freely open to the public, as well as the monitor updates on rainfall and wind extent by which government agencies speed from state weather bureau Philip- screen data (prior to releasing it to the pine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and public) to ensure its authenticity and Astronomical Services Administration legitimacy. (PAGASA). Storm surge alerts from NOAH PROJECT MAPPING were disseminated two days before the typhoon struck. As a result, local govern- ment officials were able to provide a series of timely and specific information updates via text messaging to the baran- gay leaders (local village chiefs) who, in turn, helped prepare and convince resi- You can learn more about the UP NOAH dents to evacuate. project from here: http://center.noah.up.edu.ph 93 2 3 4 5 The projects in this chapter reference and demonstrate the six steps, various tactics, and guiding principles of the Design for Impact Framework. 1 2 3 4 5 1. UNDERSTANDING THE 2. SCOPING THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES DECISION-MAKING CONTEXT (1) User Centricity (2) Inclusivity (3) Shared Understanding ECT OBJECTIVE L PROJ CA (4) Co-Creation F LO IA EX D PE IS O ED R OBJ A EO E M ST TI (5) Open by Default S M C IA S ER F US OR TEN S A D RI ERS IS EX SK EX E (6) Information Appropriateness M P ET (7) Channel Suitability T & MOBILE INTERNE ACCESS TO INTERN USER GROUP SIZE WEB (8) Sustainability SIZE (9) Reflexivity (10) Dialogue & Debate DA TA GA T Y GE DA OR A L V EN B I L I IN AIL AV A TA M F A R O IL A R A BI T I I S K C RIT AV S T O LI O N E TY T I M SE R TIM U E C RI T I C A LIT Y OF O F D E CISIO N 6. ENSURING APPLICATION OF THE 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 5. COMMUNICATION TACTICS: 4. DATA 3. COLLABORATION CHANNELS & MODELING & LEARNING & VISUALIZATION TACTICS TACTICS 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 1 6 1 2 2 7 2 3 3 8 3 4 4 9 4 5 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 CHAPTER 5 Project Mapping: Case Studies Highlights of key tactics employed by fifteen effective projects 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 1 6 1 6 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 4 9 4 9 5 10 5 10 1 6 1 2 7 2 3 8 3 4 9 4 5 10 5 FEWS-Risk An Impact-based Flood Forecasting Framework Deltares The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Philippines Figure 5.1 Context Project context elements applicable to FEWS-RISK FEWS-Risk (Flood Early Warning System- risk) is an operational flood risk early warning framework which generates real- OBJ Risk Mitigation time flood impact information to enable better informed decisions for emergency EXP Mixed responders during a flood event. Its aim is to support short-term decision-making, SIZE Large such as informing or evacuating communi- ties at risk, preparation and placement of AVL Low temporary flood defenses in vulnerable areas, closing of roads, and protection of endangered institutions and critical CRIT Sensitive infrastructures. Depending on DATA geographical context FEWS-Risk is designed to provide useful forecasted risk information for emergency Depending on WEB geographical context responders at both national and local lev- el, depending on local needs and context. Depending on At the national level, this information MEDIA geographical context gives an estimate of the severity and impact of the forecasted flood event and allows the government to allocate funds and resources. At the local level, decision well. The tool has been utilized in several makers and first responders, such as the studies, including in the Netherlands, local municipality, police, and firefighters, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, and the Phil- CHAPTER 5 can install temporary flood defenses, ippines, across cities and rural areas, and inform communities at risk, and close in both inland and coastal zones. schools and elderly houses based on the information from FEWS-Risk. While the FEWS-Risk framework mainly aims to 96 reduce flood risk for citizens and liveli- hoods, it has benefits for other sectors as Figure 5.2 Project design tactics used in FEWS-Risk Highlights Data & Modeling: The collaborative Communication: A web platform shows design of the FEWS-Risk tool is flexible hazard and exposure maps, graphics, and and modular. This allows for implementa- illustrations that highlight high-risk areas tion dependent on user needs. While local to be evacuated or warned. The visualiza- data is preferred, a combination of local tion of forecasted flood dynamics is data and global open data is possible. In helpful for taking non-structural mea- the case that local data is not available for sures in a highly sensitive timeframe, such hydrodynamic analysis and calculation of as informing the elderly, closing roads, impacts, global models (bold)  or open ensuring sufficient drinking water, and source data can be employed. informing hospitals. One challenge of the tool is presentation of risk information in PROJECT SHOWCASE a way that is culturally and cognitively appropriate and easily understood by first responders and local and national authorities. You can learn more about the FEWS-Risk project from here: www.deltares.nl/impact-based-forecasting 97 FOREWARN Forecast-based Warning, Analysis, and Response Network Start Network Global Figure 5.3 Context Project context elements applicable to FOREWARN The Forecast-based Warning, Analysis, and Response Network, or FOREWARN, is a Risk Mitigation multi-agency network established by the OBJ Risk Financing Start Network. It was initiated to draw the forecast-based financing, anticipation, and EXP High risk-based financing communities together to drive alignment around critical issues SIZE Limited and provide practical recommendations for anticipatory Start Fund alerts. FOREWARN consists of scientists from multiple disci- AVL Medium plines including hazard modeling, Sensitive and behavioral economics, and humanitarian CRIT Non-Sensitive aid. DATA High The Start Fund provides rapid financing to underfunded small to medium scale crises, Depending on WEB geographical context spikes in chronic humanitarian crises, and to act in anticipation of impending crises, Depending on filling a critical gap in humanitarian financ- MEDIA geographical context ing. FOREWARN provides technical advice for each anticipatory alert for the Start Fund. It is the key mechanism to initiate learning from activated alerts and other The anticipation window for the Start risk financing pilots. These are then looped Fund is the first global forecast-based ear- back into technical recommendations for ly action financing mechanism. In the CHAPTER 5 improved project design. FOREWARN is an mechanism: intentional community building initiative, enabling the exchange of risk information Decisions are made collectively by the 42 and best practice, as well as the creation of members of the Start Network based on a space for members to contribute to a col- their assessment of the expected 98 lective public good. emergency. Figure 4.5 Project design tactics used in FOREWARN Independent advice and bespoke Data & Modeling: The FOREWARN group forecasts from FOREWARN and other consists of a limited number of experts technical experts are used to assess the with high disaster risk expertise, such as risk of an emergency and gauge the most early warning experts, scientists, academ- effective measures to respond. ics, risk modelers, responders, and other stakeholders. Experts work collaboratively Funding is released within 72 hours of to conduct inter-agency risk analysis and the alert if the Start Fund agrees that produce bespoke forecasts to aid in antici- intervention is needed. patory interventions. Three main methods are: a) informal information sharing Evidence is gathered using a common through a Skype group; b) survey and dis- evaluation framework which compares cussion to produce recommendations for the effectiveness and assesses the cost- each anticipation alert to the Start Fund; benefit of early action. c) specific analyses of emerging risk situa- tions. FOREWARN also shares data and models with other member agencies of Highlights the Start Network. This enables faster action to make time-sensitive decisions, PROJECT SHOWCASE Collaboration & Learning: The FOREWARN such as anticipatory fund allocations. group has a high disaster risk expertise and medium time availability to engage in this process. These elements allow them to mentor other member agencies on anticipatory interventions. In time-sensi- You can learn more about the FOREWARN tive decision-making, they provide advice project from here: and bespoke forecasts to member https://startnetwork.org/start-fund/ crisis-anticipation-window agencies. 99 GAR Atlas Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction UNISDR Global Context Figure 5.5 Project context elements applicable to GAR Atlas The Global Assessment Report (GAR) on Disaster Risk Reduction Atlas, published in Risk Mitigation OBJ 2017, can estimate the disaster risk associ- Risk Financing ated with different kinds of hazards faced by national economies. It is based on the EXP Mixed outputs of a UNISDR-run Global Risk Mod- el (GRM). The GAR Atlas supports larger SIZE Large initiatives, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, the Sustainable Development Goals 2015- AVL High 2030, and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This model has been CRIT Non-Sensitive developed by a consortium of leading DATA Depending on scientific and technical organizations geographical context under the coordination of UNISDR. Initial results from the model have already been Depending on WEB previewed in GAR13 and GAR15, using geographical context robust metrics, such as Average Annual Depending on Loss and Probable Maximum Loss. MEDIA geographical context The GAR Atlas displays the risk associated with earthquakes, tsunamis, riverine flooding, cyclonic winds, and storm with earthquake risk in Indonesia and surges. It does this through a global level flood risk in Colombia and their relevance of observation and a national level of to national economies can now be com- CHAPTER 5 resolution. By using the same methodol- pared, as they have been calculated using ogy, arithmetic, and exposure model to the same methodological framework. In calculate the risk for all these hazards, the this way, the GAR Atlas facilitates a better GAR Atlas provides globally comparable understanding of the global risk land- multi-hazard risk metrics. Users can make scape, estimates the order of magnitude 100 comparisions of risk levels between of probable losses in each country, and countries and regions and across hazard takes into account the risk contributions types. For example, the values associated from different hazards. Figure 5.6 Project design tactics used in GAR Atlas Highlights Data & Modeling: The GAR Atlas presents Communication: The GAR Atlas was the output of the GRM to address risk mit- designed for a large group of users with igation and financing objectives through mixed level of disaster risk expertise. It is state-of-the-art probabilistic approaches intended to be read and explored as an developed by a consortium of leading online version via a mobile application, scientific and technical organisations. The downloadable pdf format from the Risk Data Viewer of the GAR Atlas is a UNISDR website, and a book print format spatial data repository that allows data with augmented reality icons. By visualiz- sharing. Users can easily download or ing risk in cartographic form, the GAR visualize data from the latest GRM pre- Atlas is able to effectively communicate PROJECT SHOWCASE sented in the GAR Atlas. Through the the overall scale, distribution, and pat- “Disaster Risk Implications,” users can terns of disaster risk through a global visualize diverse financial and social indi- level of observation and a national level cators, as well as provide a probabilistic of resolution. representation of hazard events at differ- ent return periods. You can learn more about the GAR Atlas project from here: https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/ publications/53086 101 I-REACT Improving Resilience to Emergencies through Advanced Cyber Technologies Terranea UG Europe Context Figure 5.7 Project context elements applicable to I-REACT The increasing frequency and impact of emergency events caused by natural haz- ards are exacerbated by climate change. OBJ Risk Mitigation In order to reduce the human and eco- nomic impact of such emergencies, there EXP High is a need to have a more comprehensive emergency management system that can SIZE Large enable the utilization of multiple data sources and citizen engagement. AVL Low The I-REACT (Improving Resilience to Emergencies through Advanced Cyber CRIT Sensitive Technologies) project was born to tackle DATA this need. I-REACT aims to create a plat- High form that can provide greater emergency anticipation through accurate forecasting, crowdsourced reporting, and better emer- WEB High gency management. These strategies can integrate real-time data to improve the MEDIA High situational assessment and predict hazard evolution. Highlights CHAPTER 5 Collaboration & Learning: Workshops and tasks through a dedicated mobile field demonstrations promoted knowl- application. edge co-creation and sharing among emergency responders, international advi- Data & Modeling: Collaborative data col- sors, and system developers. In addition, lection integrated data from multiple 102 the project applied gamification tech- sources on a single European-wide plat- niques to actively engage citizens, form. Information from European crowdsource data collection, and validate monitoring systems, earth observations, Figure 5.8 Project design tactics used in I-REACT satellite and risk maps, historical informa- The web platform provides several print- tion, and weather forecasts was combined able brochures, videos, technical with real-time crowdsourced reports. illustrations, maps, infographics, and news articles. Social media platforms such Crowdsourcing engages citizens in collab- as Twitter are used to promote awareness orative data collection and validation via of disaster risk and build a community of the I-REACT mobile application. Addition- digital volunteers. Using two parallel ally, a decision-support system (DSS) social media accounts (one devoted to enables data sharing and supports policy technical information and one of disaster- makers over the entire emergency man- related information) helps to increase PROJECT SHOWCASE agement cycle. decision makers’ disaster risk expertise. Social media analytics detect emergency Communication: I-REACT uses a mobile events, extract information, and app for cross-platform incidence report- classify contents. ing. Advanced technologies provide real-time emergency information, such as drones for detailed mapping, wearables You can learn more about the I-REACT for improved positioning, and augmented project from here: reality glasses for improved information http://www.i-react.eu 103 reporting and visualization. InfoAmazonia Journalists and Citizen Network O Eco and Internews Amazon Region Context Figure 5.9 Project context elements applicable to InfoAmazonia The Amazon rainforest is one of the most pristine and diverse ecosystems in the world, but it is increasingly facing environ- OBJ Risk Mitigation mental and developmental challenges, such as drought and deforestation. The Latin EXP Mixed American public has little information about these challenges, since mainstream SIZE Large media has not conveyed the extent of the threat to the area’s survival. AVL High The InfoAmazonia project began as a part- nership between O Eco and Internews with CRIT Non-Sensitive support from the Climate and Development DATA Knowledge Network and Development High Seed. It encourages journalists across the region to use open data in ways that would enrich and contextualize news stories to WEB High improve public understanding of the threats facing the rainforest. InfoAmazonia MEDIA High is an interactive online data sharing plat- form that provides timely updates delivered by a network or organizations and journal- ists to monitor the endangered nine-country Amazon region. CHAPTER 5 Highlights Collaboration & Learning: Workshops and reporting. Additional training workshops training sessions were held for journalists have also been held for climate and devel- 104 with mixed disaster expertise on how to opment experts, citizen reporters, and create, share, and use digital maps for other knowledge brokers. Figure 5.10 Project design tactics used in InfoAmazonia Data & Modeling: InfoAmazonia uses global news sites. It allows the user to MapBox and Google Earth software to locate data on maps to inform and enable visualize and interpret trends on environ- dialogue about climate change and its mental issues. The visuals are built using related impacts. These maps can be cus- data that is continuously and collabora- tomized and embedded into other tively updated from a wide range of websites and blogs. Social media provides stakeholders. reliable, up-to-date, and accessible data to large user groups. Other features of the A large amount of data had been collect- platform include interactive photo galler- ed about the Amazon region by institutes ies and video mashups for a unique and NGOs, but it had not been made avail- storytelling experience. able to the public. In order to obtain data needed to create maps, the InfoAmazonia PROJECT SHOWCASE team have collaborated and, at times, negotiated with government, civil society, and open-source organizations across the region to utilize and share data on the platform. You can learn more about the InfoAmazonia project from here: Communication: InfoAmazonia launched a https://infoamazonia.org website that offers users open access to a wealth of data, such as satellite images, 105 database informaton, journalist blogs, and Kaikoura GIS Viewer Kaikoura Earthquake Rapid Disaster Mapping Tonkin & Taylor Huruni-Kaikoura, New Zealand Context Figure 5.11 Project context elements applicable to Kaikoura GIS Viewer On November 14, 2016, a complex sequence of 21 fault ruptures with a com- bined magnitude of 7.8 Mw rocked OBJ Risk Mitigation Hurunui – Kaikoura, New Zealand. Slips caused by the massive earthquake blocked EXP Mixed arterial roads and severed rail links. Changes to the sea shore and seabed SIZE Limited rendered the town’s port-its economic heart - commercially inoperable. Kaikoura township, home to approximately 3,700 AVL Low people and its wide rural catchment scattered with many farms and remote CRIT Sensitive communities, was only accessible by air. Lying 250 km to the north of Kaikoura, DATA High the township of Wellington sustained sig- nificant damage to mid-rise buildings and its port. Fortunately, there were no WEB High fatalities. MEDIA Low The Hurunui – Kaikoura event highlighted the immense value of international coop- eration following natural disasters. This is important not only at a local level but in terms of international research and understanding. Tonkin+Taylor (T+T) CHAPTER 5 created a single spatial online viewer - the Kaikoura GIS Viewer - to assist all agencies involved in response and recovery. This viewer incorporated liquefaction, landslide and fault rupture maps, and 106 shaking maps. Figure 5.12 Project tactics used in Kaikoura GIS Viewer Highlights Data & Modeling: Tonkin+Taylor used a augment pre-existing satellite images. collaborative data collection approach, This enabled T+T to provide a comprehen- compiling geospatial data and reconnais- sive report to the Earthquake Commission sance surveys from various sources, which within 17 hours of the earthquake. were regularly updated as more informa- tion became available. The building Communication: The viewer’s “click and portfolio provided an indication of the see” interactive web-based maps, geo- number of buildings likely to be affected coded photos, and damage reports by different levels of shaking, liquefaction, allowed the Earthquake Commission, the landslides, and fault rupture. This infra- Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency structure data went on to inform Management, engineers, scientists, New insurance assessments and responses. Zealand Transport Agency, KiwiRail, and The public was encouraged to add their other first responders to effectively triage own photos and observations as crowd- their efforts with limited time. PROJECT SHOWCASE sourced data. This resulted in constantly evolving datasets, offering improved accu- racy and best possible outcomes for all involved. You can learn more about the Kaikoura GIS Viewer project from here: T+T also used non-local data. With the http://www.tonkintaylor.co.nz/news/2017/6/ kaikoura-earthquake-rapid-disaster-mapping help of the Chinese Government, they and obtained satellite imagery data (at differ- https://epm.projectorbit.com/SitePages/maps/ ent times) on affected areas obscured by Viewer.html 107 cloud cover after the earthquake to MASDAP Malawi Spatial Data Platform Government of Malawi and GFDRR Malawi Context Figure 5.13 Project context elements applicable to MASDAP Scarcity of information after a disaster event may lead to further errors and damages, particularly in time-sensitive OBJ Risk Mitigation scenarios. Scrambling for context-relevant data on areas and assets affected has EXP Low been a common problem in Malawi for several years. SIZE Large Through the collaborative partnership between the Government of Malawi and AVL Medium GFDRR, a spatial data repository – Malawi Spatial Data Platform (MASDAP) GeoNode CRIT Non-Sensitive – was created to promote data sharing DATA across government agencies and improve High resilience by developing a culture of data preparedness. MASDAP was initially developed to allow partners in a flood WEB High risk assessment process to collaboratively share data. Following its success, it has MEDIA High now been used for other kinds of data. MASDAP is a free, open source, and geo- spatial data sharing platform managed by the National Spatial Data Center in collab- optimal medium for engaging the public oration with the National Statistics Office in a non-time sensitive decision-making and other technical ministries. context with high risk data availability. CHAPTER 5 Participatory mapping exercises and a 6-month internship with an NGO has Highlights enabled the collection of exposure data and other geospatial information (i.e., Collaboration & Learning: The collabora- flood outlines, elevation data, soil types, 108 tion between the government and villages land use etc.). MASDAP built a community utilized workshops and training as an of mappers trained on InaSAFE for Figure 5.14 Project tactics used in MASDAP disaster risk reduction and recovery. Other application to Malawi, the project was trainings include the ongoing Post Disas- able to produce powerful visualization ter Needs Assessment (PDNA) and tools. These were used to advance users’ preparedness programs. understanding of risk, to better engage communities, and to ensure that emer- Data & Modeling: GFDRR established the gency first responders and other technical Malawi Spatial Data Working Group who agency groups had access to information have met regularly to update the plat- before, during, or after a disaster event. form, discuss the availability of data, and highlight training needs. This group also PROJECT SHOWCASE looked to increase data sharing across You can learn more about the MASDAP government ministries and other organi- project from here: https://opendri.org/project/malawi zations to catalyze collaboration and inclusive decision-making. Communication: The online web platform utilized maps to engage government offi- cials with high internet and mobile connectivity. By leveraging and customiz- 109 ing existing tools, such as the InaSAFE Resilience.io Enabling Transformational Change The Ecological Sequestration Trust U.K., Africa Context Figure 5.15 Project context elements applicable to Resilience.io Sustainable city development is particularly important for developing countries where Risk Mitigation OBJ the rapid pace of urbanization presents Risk Financing huge challenges to city-level planning. Sim- ulation and optimization models can help EXP Mixed understand socio-technical systems by pro- viding insights on current and future SIZE Large demands under different scenarios. Resilience.io was designed to support regional investment and performance- AVL High based procurement in sustainable city-regions. CRIT Non-Sensitive DATA Resilience.io is an open source computer- High based platform which is built on an agent-based, socio-economic simulation. It includes an integrated view of land use, WEB High agent activity, resource flows, and infra- structure networks. A systems approach was MEDIA High used to understand the interconnectivity of relationships between places, people, and the environment. Systems include transport, housing, energy, water, waste, food and human health, and the associated chemical communities in India, Mongolia, China, and physical changes that function within a Ghana, Beirut, and the U.K. Collaborato- CHAPTER 5 city-region over time. ries helped identify local priorities for resilient developments through a deci- Highlights sion-making culture that encompasses more holistic information. A gaming ver- Collaboration & Learning: Collaborative sion of resilience.io is being produced to 110 ‘laboratory’ workshops (collaboratories) allow school children and students to were held to engage users with mixed risk engage in local decision-making. A global expertise from across sectors and from learning and research network platform was developed to exchange best practices with a global community of users. Figure 5.16 Project design tactics used in Resilience.io Data & Modeling: Resilience.io uses used to create and see the results of proj- collaborative data collection to collate ects through scenario testing. Visualized available data from different local and results supported future investment and non-local data sources, including earth planning. observation satellites, government, and the private sector. In addition, communi- Sector-specific ‘’cockpits’’ of the city-region ties contribute data, information, and model combine visualization with intuitive knowledge to build trust and ensure exist- user interfaces for quick and effective ing culture and heritage is embraced. access to the platform. This allows users can explore how their area is connected to, Using a collaborative modeling approach may impact, or be impacted by other parts PROJECT SHOWCASE allowed communities to inform the of the city-region. design of the local model of both the local economy and its critical supporting ecosystems. Communication: Resilience.io was designed as an open source computer/ You can learn more about the Resilience.io web-based platform for users with high project from here: access to internet/mobile internet. 3D https://resilience.io 111 visualizations, maps, and graphics were and https://resiliencebrokers.org Resilient Hospitals Using Climate Data for Better Healthcare Planning Four Twenty Seven Climate Solutions USA Context Figure 5.17 Project context elements applicable to Resilient Hospitals Hospitals play a critical role in engaging communities to build resilience and respond to patient needs during and after OBJ Risk Mitigation extreme weather events. Extreme weath- er events can cause power outages or EXP Mixed flooding that can threaten a hospital’s ability to stay open, driving up the num- SIZE Limited ber of patients that can overwhelm local emergency rooms. However, most hospi- High AVL tals are not yet able to integrate local climate change projections in their risk management and planning processes. CRIT Non-Sensitive DATA Working with a coalition of healthcare High networks in the USA and the non-profit Healthcare without Harm, Four Twenty WEB High Seven developed a user-friendly dash- board for hospital leadership. The Resilient Hospitals Dashboard is an inter- MEDIA High active, private dashboard that enables healthcare networks to identify hotspots, key drivers of risk, and the specific impacts faced by each of their hospitals. The dash- board provides local climate projections so that hospitals can better understand CHAPTER 5 and assess the risks posed by climate change in their region and on their operations. It also contains sophisticated analytics to help hospitals understand the impact of climate change on their patients 112 and health risk profile. Figure 5.18 Project design tactics used in Resilient Hospitals Highlights Communication: The Resilient Hospitals The dashboard has also helped identify dashboard provides: (1) local climate data the populations most vulnerable to future and relevant patient data, (2) intelligible changes in extreme heat and humidity visuals, and (3) comparability across conditions. Providing these analytics different spatial areas and risk types. through maps at the zip code level is Each dashboard presented through a web both a visually powerful and a practical interface includes local climate way to communicate risks to clinical projections that show changes in average staff and patients who may have lower and extreme weather conditions. It risk expertise. identifies the patients and geographies that are most exposed to heat hazards based on these projections. Finally, it PROJECT SHOWCASE provides a high-level assessment of critical operational systems by examining extreme weather vulnerability and readiness. Hospitals using this dashboard are able to integrate climate risk analytics into their hazard and vulnerability You can learn more about the Resilient Hospitals assessments, strategic communications, project from here: and long-term strategic planning. http://427mt.com/2016/02/10/ resilient-hospitals-dashboard 113 RiskScape Estimated impacts from natural hazards GNS Science and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research New Zealand Figure 5.19 Context Project context elements applicable to RiskScape Effective risk management decision-mak- ing requires tools and a decision support system that facilitates analysis and com- OBJ Risk Mitigation parison of risks from different hazards. RiskScape is a multi-hazard loss modeling EXP Mixed tool developed by GNS Science and the National Institute of Water and Atmo- SIZE Large spheric Research that can be used for a range of purposes including land-use AVL High planning, emergency management, contingency planning, cost-benefit analy- sis, and hazard research. It is intended for CRIT Non-Sensitive a wide user base such as infrastructure DATA agencies, Civil Defense and Emergency Low Management, local government, and central government. WEB High RiskScape is an easy-to-use decision sup- Depending on port tool that combines exposure and MEDIA geographical context vulnerabilities with a range of natural hazards. It draws on decades of natural hazards research to model estimates of damages, casualties, disruption, human displacement, human susceptibility and losses, number of people affected, and CHAPTER 5 reinstatement cost for a region. RiskScape has been designed for New Zealand con- ditions; however, it can be adapted and applied globally, as is being done for where it provided a rapid impact assess- Indonesia and Pacific Island nations. ment for building damages in Lower Hutt 114 It was most recently applied in the M7.8 City, Wellington and a cost-benefit analy- Kaikoura earthquake (November 2016), sis for building retrofitting in Auckland. Figure 5.20 Project design tactics used in RiskScape Highlights Collaboration & Learning: Workshops and Communication: The visualization of trainings were conducted in New Zealand, results from the RiskScape tool includes Indonesia, and Pacific Island nations to risk and exposure maps through a introduce the risk modeling tool. The Risk- web platform. These have been used to Scape team worked with universities and help identify areas likely to be impacted government agencies to identify risk data by hazards, find safe evacuation locations, needs, potential barriers to uptake, and and investigate the effect of changing development of future policies. building standards and mitigation plans to reduce the risk of natural hazards. It Data & Modeling: The RiskScape team can also provide a rapid impact assess- used a collaborative data collection ment for coordinating response efforts. approach to build a nationwide asset database using a mixture of satellite data, model outputs, and ground-truthing, which was shared with users. University students helped collect missing asset data PROJECT SHOWCASE and groundtruth models. The use of tailored tablet-based apps ensured data collection was rapid and as accurate as possible. Fragility models were developed using international data, including impact assessments in post-disaster contexts. You can learn more about the RiskScape project from here: https://www.riskscape.org.nz 115 ROADAPT Roads for today, adapted for tomorrow Deltares, Egis and The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute The Netherlands, Turkey, Portugal, Paraguay Context Figure 5.21 Project context elements applicable to ROADAPT Extreme weather is an important factor in the reliability and safety of road Risk Mitigation OBJ networks. The ROADAPT project devel- Protective Action oped by Deltares in collaboration with the Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Egis, and EXP Mixed The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute has been designed to guide SIZE Limited transport planning for climate change adaptation. ROADAPT provides guide- High AVL lines, methodologies, and tools to enable tailored and consistent climate data infor- mation to be communicated to road CRIT Non-Sensitive authorities. It adopted a risk-based DATA approach using the RIMAROCC (Risk Man- Low agement for Roads in a Changing Climate) framework to identify climate change- Depending on WEB geographical context related risks for roads. This involves conducting a vulnerability assessment and socio-economic impact analysis and devel- MEDIA High oping an adaptation action plan. It is used by road authorities as well as a to other infrastructural assets, such as rail- broad range of professionals including ways or electricity networks. ROADAPT road engineers, asset managers, climate has been applied on a 60-kilometer road change adaptation professionals, and stretch in the south of the Netherlands CHAPTER 5 project managers. The methodology is and is currently being applied to the best applicable on a district-or-sub-state development of an industrial zone in level, but it can also be used for project- Istanbul and a road network in Paraguay. level decision-making. Although the guidelines are focused on roads, the 116 topics and methodology are applicable Figure 5.22 Project tactics used in ROADAPT Highlights Collaboration & Learning: Stakeholders Communication: The output of ROADAPT were brought together in a round-table was a guideline report/handout. The workshop, where they provided input on results were visualized through vulnera- risk identification, and assessment of bility maps which can be combined with consequences, and likelihood and detailed climate change projections. vulnerability. Subsequently, the informa- tion gathered and analyzed to produce risk matrices, vulnerability maps, and adaptation strategies. Data & Modeling: The ROADAPT project used a collaborative modeling approach based on inputs from experienced staff of the road authority and other relevant stakeholders, such as water boards and PROJECT SHOWCASE municipalities. Utilizing existing data, knowledge, and experiences of decision makers, collabora- tive data collection (via the quickscan method) was chosen to develop a struc- You can learn more about the ROADAPT tured ten-step approach that addresses project from here: the needs for selecting an adaptation http://www.rse-egis.fr/en/solution_ egis/roadapt-2 strategy. 117 SESAME (Agro Advisory) Specialized Expert System for Agro-Meteorological Early Warning UNDP Myanmar Context Figure 5.23 Project context elements applicable to SESAME The agriculture, water resource, livestock, and other related sectors within Myanmar’s Dry Zone are highly suscepti- OBJ Risk Mitigation ble to multiple hazards that could impact the loss of livelihoods and hurt the EXP Mixed national economy. SESAME (Specialized Expert System for Agro-Meteorological SIZE Large Early Warning) is an agricultural advisory system developed to address the demand High AVL to improve access to information for farmers. It was built to provide early warning, advisory, and weather forecasts CRIT Non-Sensitive for farmers for effective crop manage- DATA ment and long-term planning. Forecasts High for precipitation, temperature, humidity, and evapotranspiration are integrated WEB High with crop information to generate adviso- ries of risk information for farmers. MEDIA High CHAPTER 5 118 Figure 5.24 Project design tactics used in SESAME Highlights Data & Modeling: The tool was designed Communication: The system provided as a data sharing platform to respond to crop-specific advisories for extreme farmer requirements on information weather and climate conditions based on resource management and risk planning. weather forecasts, crop information, local Capitalizing on local knowledge and reg- soil, and other geographic characteristics. ular time availability from farmers, The information was communicated via a extension workers, and researchers, a web platform and mobile app to agricul- feedback system was developed. Data col- ture extension workers, who in turn lected from the agricultural department discussed the information directly with (Department of Meteorology and Hydrol- farmers. Notice boards and SMS were ogy, NMHS, and RIMES) was enhanced used as feedback mechanisms. PROJECT SHOWCASE with user-generated and crowdsourced information from the farmers. This helped produce location-specific agro-advisories across multiple timescales, informed by local cropping practices. You can learn more about the SESAME project from here: http://sesame-dmh.rimes.int/index. php/login/login_form 119 SMS Lapli “SMS Rain” in Haitian creole GFDRR, Government of Haiti, and Climate Investment Fund Haiti Context Figure 5.25 Project context elements applicable to SMS Lapli Tropical cyclone is the most prominent hazard that affects Haiti and causes severe economic damages to its agricul- OBJ Risk Mitigation tural sector. Much of the disaster risk data in Haiti is only available in hard copy, EXP Mixed distributed in PDF format (which fre- quently results in errors), and suffers from SIZE Large poor record-keeping. This makes it diffi- cult for government agencies to analyze data within a time frame that will allow AVL High them to provide rapid and effective deci- sion-making. In response, the Haitian CRIT Non-Sensitive Government, in collaboration with GFDRR, and Climate Investment Funds’ DATA High Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, aimed to strengthen their capacity to deliver reliable weather information to WEB High protect lives and support the needs of farmers across the country. MEDIA High CHAPTER 5 120 Figure 5.26 Project design tactics used in SMS Lapli Highlights Collaboration & Learning: Assistance from Communication: SMS Lapli can receive the GFDRR’s Code for Resilience Initiative hydromet data via SMS and other mobile provided training for Haitian computer apps. The use of a web platform and science students to develop the SMS Lapli smartphone-based advisories to dissemi- program (a pilot project of the national nate hazard information and seasonal hydromet data platform) in a 48-hour rain forecasts was able to provide infor- Code Sprint challenge. The Code Sprint mation on a timely basis and enhance was developed at a workshop among farmers’ productivity. government representatives from several institutions that produce and use hydromet data. PROJECT SHOWCASE Data & Modeling: SMS Lapli is an open source application developed as an engagement data and modeling tool. It collects, analyzes, archives, and dissemi- nates reliable hydrological and meteorological rainfall data to more than You can learn more about the SMS Lapli 100 agro-meteorological stations across project from here: the country. http://codeforresilience.org/projects/haiti 121 ThinkHazard! World’s hazard data on a single digital platform GFDRR Global Context Figure 5.27 Project context elements applicable to ThinkHazard! Hazard information is often highly techni- cal, difficult to find, and hard to interpret for non-DRM specialists. ThinkHazard! is a OBJ Risk Mitigation simple yet robust analytical tool dedicated to facilitating improved knowledge and EXP Low understanding of natural hazards. It is intended for users who are not experts on SIZE Large natural hazards, specifically those work- ing in the development sector. Users can undertake a rapid preliminary screening AVL Low of a project area for multiple natural hazards and obtain guidance on how to CRIT Non-Sensitive appropriately reduce their impacts in their DATA project planning. It is an open source High online tool that provides information on eight hazards (earthquake, cyclone, land- slide, river flood, coastal flood, volcano, WEB High tsunami, and water scarcity) based on a user’s specified location. MEDIA Low CHAPTER 5 122 Figure 5.28 Project design tactics used in ThinkHazard! Highlights Data & Modeling: ThinkHazard! is a repos- Communication: ThinkHazard! enables itory of hazard geospatial data and users with low disaster risk expertise to information that is flexible to use across visualize hazard levels on a map. It does multiple geographic scales (global, nation- this by translating scientific characteriza- al, and local level). All information is open tion of hazards into easily understandable source and users are able to download all hazard classes. ThinkHazard! aims to information freely, putting information in communicate vital information on natural the public domain that was previously hazards and disaster risk impact by con- proprietary or for expert use only. verting a myriad of different hazard datasets into a simple and consistent interface comprising of maps and text information. In a non-time sensitive decision-making context, it also delivers a series of recommendations on how to reduce risks by providing relevant PROJECT SHOWCASE documents, tools, websites, reports, and previous risk analysis from the DRM community. You can learn more about the ThinkHazard! project from here: http://thinkhazard.org/en 123 Urban Resilience Platform Debris Tool Urban Resilience Platform France, Syria, Bangladesh Figure 5.29 Context Project context elements applicable to Urban Resilience Platform The main objective of the Urban Resil- ience Platform (URP) is to enable a city or OBJ Risk Mitigation a group of cities to ensure that their waste management investments are EXP High “disaster ready” and that their disaster preparedness plans are “waste SIZE Limited intelligent”. AVL High The first priority of URP is to raise aware- ness within the decision-making community that disaster waste manage- CRIT Non-Sensitive ment is a key component of disaster DATA response. Planning appropriately will High allow for huge time savings, economies of scale, and reduced negative environmen- WEB Low & High tal impacts. The types of vehicles chosen or accessible will also be of sizeable Depending on impact. URP has developed the Debris MEDIA geographical context Tool which provides three key phases of information: Predict quantities of waste by compar- ing risk profiles with types of architecture, predicting damage, and CHAPTER 5 calculating outcoming waste from these data points. Model the cost, time, and environ- Propose theoretical scenarios of differ- mental impact of managing waste ent infrastructure and show the 124 using existing waste infrastructure marginal benefits of these possible (landfills, incinerators, trucks, sorting investments. stations etc.). Figure 5.30 Project tactics used in Urban Resilience Platform Highlights Data & Modeling: The main tactics Communication: Maps are used to show employed in URP are collaborative data how the specific location of waste collection and use of non-local open data. management infrastructure, both fixed Data use and collection is completely and mobile, can have a huge impact on dependent on the geographic location. In the disaster waste planning procedure. France, for example, URP uses govern- ment or government-affiliated data on construction, flood risk, and in-house generated factors for disaster waste generation. In Syria, URP has used satellite imagery coupled with a literature analysis of construction types and a imagery analysis of damage assessments. PROJECT SHOWCASE You can learn more about the Urban Resilience Platform project from here: http://urplatform.eu 125 ANNEX Annex A Step 3 to step 5 of using the Design for Impact Framework: Selecting Project Design Tactics After identifying the project’s decision-making context elements, the next steps are to select the project tactics that are most appropriate to the context in which the risk information project will operate. Step 3: Select Collaboration and Learning Tactics PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS COLLABORATION & LEARNING CHALLENGE BASED EVENTS PEER-TO-PEER LEARNING TRANING & MENTORING GAMIFICATION SIMULATION WORKSHOP LOW DISASTER RISK HIGH EXPERTISE OF USERS MIXED LIMITED USER GROUP SIZE PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS LARGE LOW TIME AVAILABILITY OF USER TO ENGAGE MEDIUM IN PROJECT HIGH/ REGULAR NON-SENSITIVE TIME CRITICALITY OF DECISION SENSITIVE DATA OR RISK LOW INFORMATION HIGH AVAILABILITY LOW ACCESS TO INTERNET & MOBILE INTERNET HIGH KEY EXISTENCE OF LOW OPTIMAL TACTICS LOCAL OR MASS SUITABLE TACTICS HIGH MEDIA SYSTEMS NOT SUITABLE TACTICS 126 Go through each context element and consider each collaboration and learning tactic in turn. The time availability of the users of risk information who will be engaged in the project and the time criticality of the decisions that they will be making are the two key context elements that make certain learning and collabo- ration tactics not-optimal. Step 4: Select Data and Modeling Tactics PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS DATA & MODELING COLLABORATIVE DATA COLLECTION USING NON-LOCAL OPEN DATA COLLABORATIVE MODELING CROWDSOURCING SHARING DATA LOW DISASTER RISK HIGH EXPERTISE OF USERS MIXED LIMITED USER GROUP SIZE PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS LARGE LOW TIME AVAILABILITY OF USER TO ENGAGE MEDIUM IN PROJECT HIGH/ REGULAR NON-SENSITIVE TIME CRITICALITY OF DECISION SENSITIVE DATA OR RISK LOW INFORMATION HIGH AVAILABILITY ACCESS TO INTERNET LOW & MOBILE INTERNET HIGH KEY EXISTENCE OF OPTIMAL TACTICS LOW LOCAL OR MASS SUITABLE TACTICS MEDIA SYSTEMS HIGH NOT SUITABLE TACTICS Go through each context element and consider each data and modeling tactic in turn. The time availability 127 of the users of risk information to engage in the project and their access to (mobile) internet are the two key context elements that make certain data and modeling tactics not-optimal. Step 5: Select Communication Tactics PROJECT DESIGN TACTICS COMMUNICATION VISUALIZATION CHANNELS AUGMENTED / VIRTUAL REALITY BROADCAST MEDIA WEB PLATFORM ILLUSTRATIONS SOCIAL MEDIA JOURNALISM MOBILE APP SMS / MMS OUTDOOR GRAPHICS MAPS PRINT ART LOW DISASTER RISK HIGH EXPERTISE OF USERS MIXED LIMITED USER GROUP SIZE PROJECT CONTEXT ELEMENTS LARGE LOW TIME AVAILABILITY OF USER TO ENGAGE MEDIUM IN PROJECT HIGH/ REGULAR NON-SENSITIVE TIME CRITICALITY OF DECISION SENSITIVE DATA OR RISK LOW INFORMATION HIGH AVAILABILITY ACCESS TO INTERNET LOW & MOBILE INTERNET HIGH KEY EXISTENCE OF LOW OPTIMAL TACTICS LOCAL OR MASS SUITABLE TACTICS HIGH MEDIA SYSTEMS NOT SUITABLE TACTICS Go through each context element to consider each communication tactic in turn. The disaster risk expertise of the users of risk information, the time criticality of the decisions that they will be making and 128 their access to (mobile) internet are the 3 key context elements that make some communication channels and visualisation related tactics not-optimal. Annex B The 10 Guiding Principles should be applied to the project during the project design phase, as well as at project implementation and assessment phases. Table 2.4 presents an indicative set of questions to help evaluate the project design of the risk information project against these principles. Figure 2.4 Checklist for the scoping of the decision-making context across the project process: design, implementation, and assessing outcomes and sustainability. 10 GUIDING PRINCIPLES PROJECT SCOPING PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY AND FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION ASSESSING OUTCOMES EFFECTIVE USE OF RISK DATA i) Has the project i) Is the project creating i) Has the project analyzed the risk information that is resulted in risk decision-making actionable, adjusted to information, context through the time considerations visualization or decision Decision-Making and, in appropriate support tools that are Context Scoping Tool? formats ? effective in supporting 1. the intended decision ii) Has the project ii) Does the project making context? USER established an support the CENTRICITY understanding of engagement of risk the risk information information users at all requirements of the stages: during problem intended users of risk definition, project information through- design, development, out the decision-mak- implementation, and ing process? review? iii) Does the project i) Has the project ii) Is the project enable those most assessed the specific ensuring reach 2. directly affected to information and relevance to the inform prioritization INCLUSIVITY requirements of those most directly at risk of risk information most directly impacted across social groups ? initiatives ? by natural hazards? 129 i) Has the project Is the project Is the project commit- developed a shared methodology and ted to collaboratively problem definition approach being identifying new risk and, where possible, implemented in ways information challenges engaged those most that engage intended and beneficial impacts directly at risk in users of risk to reduce natural defining the problem information, as well hazard risks? through a range of as scientists and risk 3. collaboration tactics? information providers, through a range of SHARED ii) Has the project collaboration tactics? UNDERSTANDING established common ground by strengthen- ing scientists apprecia- tion of thedeci- sion-making context and decision makers’ understanding of risk information and how it can support decision-making? i) Has the project i) Has the project Has the project taken steps to ensure developed a resulted in changes that project partners monitoring, in the way that project (individuals or organiza- evaluation, and partners develop risk tions) recognize and learning framework information? respect the knowledge that recognizes the of both the providers differing impact 4. requirements of all partners? CO-CREATION ii) Has the project identified ways to engage local knowl- edge and knowledge systems with external scientific risk data and information? 130 i) Has the project devel- i) Is the project actively i) Has the project oped na open approach developing open created open licenses to data (including sourc- platforms and tools? for its code and its ing and sharing), technol- data? ogy, and software? ii) Is the project making 5. its methodologies open iii) Has the project ii) Has the project devel- to all parties beyond documented and OPEN BY DEFAULT oped an open approach the project partners? published its to its innovation process- methodologies? es by documenting and publishing all its methodologies? i) Has the project used Is the project Do the project’s risk the Tactics Selection employing risk visualization and Tool to assess which visualization and communication channels and forms communication approaches support of visualization best approaches that decision-making that promote understanding support understanding, addresses natural among the intended stimulate dialogue, and hazard risks? users of risk debate? 6. information? INFORMATION ii) Has the project APPROPRIATENESS assessed which forms of communication and visualization are most culturally, socially, cognitively, and psychologically appropriate among the intended users of risk information? i) Is the project selecting i) Are the communica- i) Have the communica- trusted communication tion channels trusted by tion channels used by channels that the users the users of risk infor- the project been of risk information have mation and do they accessed by the ability and the generate information the users of risk technology to interact flows, dialogue, and information and have 7. with? debate ? they generated CHANNEL dialogue and debate ? SUITABILITY ii) Is the project selecting ii) Are the communica- communication channels tion channels used by ii) Have the on the basis of their the project proving to communication scalability and resilience be scalable and resilient channels used by the 131 to natural hazards? to natural hazards? project been scalable and resilient to natural hazard impacts? i) Is the project i) Is the project i) Has the project developing a business trialling and adapting developed a viable model that covers the a business model to business model that is costs of all partners and allow ongoing activity affordable to the users ensures that the users beyond the initial of risk information? of risk information project timeframe? can access information ii) Has it supported affordably? ii) How is the project mechanisms that engaging with existing enable continuation ii) Has the project capacities and mecha- of effective use of 8. assessed existing nisms for supporting risk information capacities and effective use of risk post-project? SUSTAINABILITY mechanisms for information, such as supporting effective communities of prac- use of risk information, tice, networks, and such as communities peer support groups? of practice, networks and peer support groups, that the project can usefully link with, support, and strengthen? i) Does the project Is the project enabling Has the project enabled support open and regular review, and is it spaces for challenging 9. critical self-assessment, sufficiently flexible to attitudes and support- REFLEXIVITY and does it build-in incorporate ongoing ing ongoing changes in regular opportunities learning? behavior and practice? for review and revision? Have the opportuni- Is the project i) Has the project ties to generate generating ongoing generated dialogue dialogue and debate dialogue and debate and debate between all 10. been across all tactic areas providers and users of DIALOGUE AND maximized across all and between all risk information? DEBATE tactic areas within providers and users the project? of risk information? ii) Is dialogue and debate continuing on an ongoing basis? 132 Certain forms of visualization are more appropriate for certain types of data and information. The Data Visualization Guide provides a general outline of what types of graphs or maps are suitable. Data Visualization Guide Patterns - What to look for over time... When looking at data over a long time frame, it is important to discern trends and characteristics of data use. Are there monthly, seasonal, or yearly cycles? Is the discrete data (buiding impacts from hazard) or continuous (monthly high temperature)? Bar Charts and Histograms - ideal for discrete, temporal, or categorical data- sets. Height and color of the bar is visual cue. For example, charts showing agricultural losses from a flood will highlight those bars where drought has also occurred. DISCRETE DATA Stacked bar charts - ideal for categorizing datasets where sum is the most important (e.g., losses per hazard and from all hazards per year). Points or Scatterplot - provides more feeling of flow for temporal data (flood losses per year, with points sized by population affected per event). Unlike bar charts, visual cue is position of point (x,y). Line chart - connect dots to provide appearance of trends. Implies steady CONTINUOUS change from Point A to Point B. DATA Step chart - removes the implication of steady change found in Line Charts. 133 Proportions - What to look over among categories... When looking at categorical data, discern maximum, minimum, and overall distribution. This is most useful when comparing distribution of proportions. For example, how are flood losses attributed to various infrastructure asset types? Pie chart - ideal for proportions that add up to 100 percent (e.g., percent of population affected by age group for a given district). Donut chart - same as pie chart but with space to add a label. Group of donut CATEGORICAL charts can add a temporal element ( e.g., percent annual losses attributed by AND RELATIONAL hazard across five years). DATA Treemap - same as pie chart where all rectangle areas represent 100 percent, but also represent parent categories, where rectangles within the parent rectangles are like sub-categories (e.g., percentage of infrastructure losses by asset type and sector). Spatial relationships - What to look over across Locations... Maps with dots/bubbles - ideal for highlighting x,y locations based on a numerical attribute (e.g. vulnerability index of schools from wildfire). MAPS Multiple Maps - ideal for highlighting patterns over time (e.g. 100YR flood risk in 2010, 2030, 2050, 2080 for a given area). 134 RESOURCES OpenDRI and GFDRR Resources Global Frameworks GeoNode Deployment Guide Sustainable Development Goals https://opendri.org/resource/ https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs geonode-deployment-guide/ Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction OpenDRI Policy Note & Principles http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/ https://opendri.org/resource/ sendai-framework opendri-policy-note-principles/ The International Open Data Charter Open Data for Resilience Initiative http://opendatacharter.net Field Work Guide https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr/files/publica- tion/opendri_fg_web_20140629bs_0.pdf Tools and Platforms Planning an Open Cities Mapping Project ArcGIS https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr/files/publica- tionPlanning-an-Open-Cities-Mapping-Proj- http://opendata.arcgis.com ect_0.pdf CKAN - to streamline publishing, sharing, Other OpenDRI Resources finding and using open data https://opendri.org/resource/ https://ckan.org Understanding Risk Community (UR) Copernicus Emergency Management Service https://understandrisk.org/ http://copernicus.eu/main/ GFDRR Innovation Lab https://www.gfdrr.org/innovation-lab Geodesign Hub https://www.geodesignhub.com/ Google Earth https://www.google.co.uk/intl/en_uk/earth/ InAWARE http://inaware.bnpb.go.id/inaware/ InaSAFE http://inasafe.org/ 135 Global Frameworks Mapbox European Data Portal https://www.mapbox.com/ https://www.europeandataportal.eu/ Oasis Hub GeoNode Platform https://oasishub.co/ http://geonode.org/ ODI - Open Data Certification Platform GFDRR Innovation Lab GeoNode https://certificates.theodi.org/en/ https://www.geonode-gfdrrlab.org/ OpenStreetMap Humanitarian Data Exchange https://www.openstreetmap.org https://data.humdata.org/dataset The Nature Conservancy - Natural Solutions NASA Earth Observations Toolkit https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov http://coastalresilience.org/natural-solutions/ toolkit/ NASA Socioeconomic Data and Application Center The World Bank Readiness Assessment Tool http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu http://opendatatoolkit.worldbank.org/en/ odra.html Natural Earth http://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/ ThinkHazard! http://thinkhazard.org/en/ Open Topography http://www.opentopography.org Ushahidi https://www.ushahidi.com/ UNEP Environmental Data Explorer http://geodata.grid.unep.ch Vizonomy Climate Risk Terminal http://climate.vizonomy.com 136 Guides and Other Resources A Practical Guide to Public Risk Risk Communication and Behavior: Communication: The Five Essentials of Best Practices and Research Findings Good Practice http://www.performance.noaa.gov/wp-con- http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov. tent/uploads uk/20100104184839/http:/www.berr.gov.uk/ Risk-Communication-and-Behavior-Best-Prac- files/file51458.pdf tices-and-Research-Findings-July-2016.pdf Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Smart Cities Open Data Guide Manual http://smartcitiescouncil.com/resources/ https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/resources/pdf/ smart-cities-open-data-guide cerc_2014edition.pdf The Cultural Side of Science Communication Communicating Risks and Benefits: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/Supple- An Evidence-based User’s Guide ment_4/13621.full.pdf https://www.fda.gov/downloads/aboutfda/ reportsmanualforms/reports/ucm268069.pdf The Sciences of Science Communication http://www.pnas.org/content/110/Supple- Data-Pop Alliance Synthesis Report: ment_3/14033.full Big Data for Climate Change and Disaster Resilience Trends in Risk Communications Policies http://datapopalliance.org/item/ and Practices big-data-for-climate-change-resilience/ http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Man- agement/oecd/governance/ Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction Understanding Risk Communication Best http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/ Practices: A Guide for Emergency gar/2015/en/home/index.html Managers and Communicators https://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/ Guidelines for Open Data Policies files/publications/ http://sunlightf.wpengine.com/wp-content/ uploads/2016/09/OpenDataGuidelines_v3.pdf National Disaster Risk Assessment https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/ publications/52828 137 ENDNOTES 1. 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