DRAFT E756 Volume 2 MAHARASHTRA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT II ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS STUDY APRIL 15, 2003 Submitted by Naresh Tankhiwale FAO Consultant With Assistance from PPM1U, GSDA Mr. JVR Murty (WSP-SA) LIST OF ACRONYMS USED ADD - Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases ARDWS - Accelerated Rural Piped Water Supply BC - Black Cotton BC(Soil) - Black cotton (Soil) BPL - Below Poverty Line BW - Bore Well CBO - Community Based Organizations CEO - Chief Executive Officer cm - Centimeter CRSP - Central Rural Sanitation Programme DC - Design Consultant DDU - Domestic Defluoridation Unit DGM - Department of Geology & Mining DFTD - Department for International Development DH & FW Dept. - District Health & Family Welfare Department DHL - District Health Laboratory DPMU - District Project Manager Unit DRA - Demand Responsive Approach DSU - District Support Unit DWSM - District Water & Sanitation Mission EA - Environmental Assessment / Analysis EE - Executive Engineer EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment / Analysis EMP - Environmental Manager Plan FC - Fully Covered FD - Finance Department GE - Gastroenteritis GIS - Geographical Information System GOI - Govemment of India GOM - Government of Maharashtra GP - Gram Panchayat GR - Government Resolution GSDA - Groundwater Surveys & Development Agency H & FWD - Health and Family Welfare Department Ham - Hectare Meter HC - House Connection HH - Household HP - Hand Pump HSHE - Health, Sanitation and Hygiene Education ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research TEC - Information Education Communication JRY - Jawahar Rojgar Yojana KfW - German Bank KVIC - Khadi and Village Industries Commission LPCD - Liter Per Capita Per Day LPD - Liter Per Day MCM - Million Cubic Meter MJP - Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran mm - Milli Meter MNP - Minimum Need Programme MOEF - Minister of Environment and Forests MPCB - Maharashtra Pollution Control Board MWS - Mini Water Supply MWSSB - Maharashtra Water Supply & Sewerage Board NAR - Net Amount of Recharge NAU - Net Amount of Utilisation NC - Not Covered NGO - Non Governmental Organisation NPBD - National Project on Bio-gas Development NPIC - National Programme for Improved Chulhas O & M - Operation & Maintenance OHT - Over Head Tanks OP - Operational Policies PCH - Partially Covered Habitation PHC - Primary Health Center PI - Public Health Institute PMGY - Prime Minister Gramodaya Yojana PPMU - Project Planning and Monitoring Unit PR - Panchayat Raj PRI - Panchayat Raj Institution PSP - Public Stand Post PWD - Public Works Department PWS - Piped Water Supply PWSS - Piped Water Supply Schemes RDD - Rural Development Department RGNDWM - Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission RWS - Rural Water Supply RWSS - Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SGBCVC - Sant Gadgebaba Clean Village Campaign Sq.km - Square Kilometer SSF - Slow Sand Filter (Filtration) SSI - Small Scale Industries TDS - Total Dissolved Solids ToR - Terms of Reference TPPF - Twin Pit Pour Flush (Latrine) TSC - Total Sanitation Campaign USD - United States Dollar VWP - Village Water Person VWSC - Village Water and Sanitation Committee WB - World Bank WBM - Water Bound Macadam WQM - Water Quality Monitoring WSSD - Water Supply & Sanitation Department WTP - Water Treatment Plant WTP - Willingness To Pay ZP - Zilla Parishad CONfENTS CHAPTER Page No. Executive Summary 1. INTRODUCTIION 1 1.1 < First Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 1 1.2 DFID Project 1 1.3 GOM Kfw Project 1 1.4 Second Rural Wlater Supply and Sanitation Project 2 2 PROJECr SETTING 4 2.1 Project Objectives 4 2.2 Project Components 4 2.2.1 Community Development and Infrastructure 4 2.2.2 Pilot Project for Holistic Developrnent 5 2.2.3 Pilot Technical Studies 5 2.2.4 Infractructure Building 5 2.2.5 Institutional Strengthening 6 2.2.6 RWS Sector Strengthening Programme Component 6 2.3 Project Polic Plarameters 6 2.3.1 Village Level Arrangements 6 2.3.2 District Level Arrangements 6 2.3.3. State level Arrangements 7 2.4 Project Area 7 2.5 Project Period 7 2.6 Project Cost 7 2.6.1 Fund Flow 7 3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 8 3.1 Population 8 3.2 Physical Features 9 3.3 Rivers 10 3.4 Land Use 11 3.5 Rainfall 12 3.6 Soils 12 3.7 Water Resources 14 3.7.1 Irrigation potential 14 3.7.2 Tank Irrigation 14 3.7.3 Groundwater 14 3.7.4 Groundwater Extraction 16 3.7.5 Impact of Sugarcane Irrigation 19 3.7.6 Silting of Resenroirs 20 3.7.7. Water Resources in Tribal Area 21 3.7.8 Demand for Drinking Water 22 3.7.9 Present Utilisation 23 3.8 Groundwater for Drinking purpose 23 3.8.1 Borewells for Rural Water Supply 24 3.8.2 Present coverage 25 3.9 Water Quality Issues 26 3.9.1 Fluoride 27 3.9.2 Nitrate 28 3.9.3 Salinitv 28 3.9.4 Arsenic 29 3.9.5 Iron 31 3.9.6 Microbiological Contamination 32 3.9.7 Industrial Pollution 32 3.9.8 Bacteriological Contamination of Water Resources. 34 3.9.9 Use of Contaminated Sources 36 3.10 Trend Analysis for Disease Attack 36 3.11 Special Studies in Yavatmal District 36 3.11.1 Drinking water Sources 37 3.11.2 Water Quality Problems in Yavatmal District 37 3.12 Sanitation and Hygiene 38 3.12.1 Lessons Learnt 40 3.12.2 GOM Initiatives from Year 2000 40 3.12.3 Sant Gadge Baba Campaign 40 3.12.4 Total Sanitation Campaign 41 3.12.5 Emerging Challenges in Environmental Sanitation 43 3.12.6 New Sanitation Strategy of GOM 44 3.1 2.7 Long Term Objectives 44 3.12.8 Medium Term Objectives 44 3.12.9 Key Principles for Achieving Sanitation 46 3.12.10 GOM's Approach under proposed Project 46 4 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 49 FRAMEWORK 4.1 National Water Policy 49 4.2 Ministry of Environment and Forest 51 4.3 State Level Provisions 51 4.4 Maharashtra Groundwater ( Regulation) Act 1993 52 4.5 Chemical Laboratories 52 4.6 Bacteriological Analysis 53 4.7 Effectiveness of Current Programs and Policies 53 4.8 Evaluation of Policies and Institutions 53 5 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 59 5.1 Public Consultation At Nagpur 59 5.2 Water Related Issues 60 5.2.1 Source of Water 60 5.2.2 Water Availability 60 5.2.3 Time Spent on Fetching Water 60 5.2.4 Rain Water Harvesting 60 5.2.5 Hygiene 61 5.2.6 Water Storage 61 5.2.7 Disposal of Kitchen waste 61 5.2.8 Waste Water Discharge 61 5.3 Latrines 61 5.4 Open Defection 62 5.5 Health 62 5.6 Effects of Groundwater Draft 62 5.7 Source Protection 63 5.8 Watershed Management 63 5.9 Environmental Monitoring Indicators 64 5.10 Environmental Sanitation 64 5.11 Key Institutional Policy Issues 65 6 HOT SPOTS AND ISSUES 69 6.1 Hot Spots 69 6.1.1 Over Exploited and Critical Area 69 6.1.2 Areas with Progressive Decline in Water levels 70 6.1.3 Trend Analysis 72 6.2 Water Quality 73 6.2.1 High Fluorides 73 6.2.1 (a) Water Quality Problem in Yavatmal 74 6.2.2 High Nitrates 76 6.2.3 High Iron 76 6.2.4 High Salinity 77 6.2.5. Water Quantity and Water Quality Situation in Different Districts 77 6.3 Personal Hygiene 78 6.4 Environmental Sanitation 79 7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 80 7.1 Without Project Scenario 80 7.2 Program for Rural Water Supply 81 7.2.1 Minimum Needs Program and ARWS Program 81 7.2.2 Implementation of RWS Component under Prime 81 Minister Gramodaya Yojana 7.2.3 Allocation of Funds 81 7.2.4 Operationalisation of Scheme 82 7.3 Shivakalin Pani Sathavan Yojana 82 7.3.1 Norns for Implementation 82 7.3.2 Availability of Funds 83 7.4 Swajal dhara Rural Water Supply Project 83 7.5 Total Sanitation 84 7.5.1 Objectives 84 7.5.2 Strategies 84 7.6 Kfw Project 84 7.6.1 Project Implementation 85 7.7 GOM, DFID, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 85 8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS 86 8.1 Identification and preparation of Project 86 8.2 Execution of Works 86 8.3 Operation of Scheme 87 8.4 Impact Identification 87 8.5 Execution Phase Impact 89 8.6 Operation Phase Impact 89 9 STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 90 9.1 Strategy for Water Quantity issues 90 9.2 Strategies for Water Quality issues 90 9.2.1 Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 91 9.2.2 Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 91 9.2.3 Institutional Arrangement for Water Quality 92 Monitoring 9.2.4 Monitoring of Pure Water Supply, Epidemic Control 93 9.2.5 Management Information System 93 9.3 Water Quality Monitoring Strategy for Yavatmal 95 District 9.3.1 Suggested Action 95 9.4 Household Sanitation 96 9.5 Environmental Sanitation 96 9.6 Technology Options. 97 9.6.1 Fluoride 97 9.6.2 Nitrate 98 9.6.3 Iron 99 9.7 Treatment for Bacterial Contamination 99 9.7.1 Chemical Method 100 9.7.2 Non - Chemical Method 100 9.8 Groundwater Recharge 100 9.9 Household Sanitation Issue 100 9.9.1 Hot Spots 100 9.9.2 Strategy for Hot spots 100 9.9.3 Technology Options for Household Sanitation 101 9.9 Technical Options for Environmental Sanitation 102 9.9.1 Sullage 102 9.10.2 Soak Pit 103 9.10.3 Leach Pit 103 9.11 Kitchen Gardening 103 9.12 Open drains 103 9.13 Bio- degradable waste 104 9.14 Indoor Air Pollution 104 9.15 Region wise Appropriate Sanitation Technology 104 Options 9.15.1 Human Excreta Management 105 9.15.2 Anaerobic Digestion based 105 9.16 Garbage Management 107 9.17 Sullage Management 107 9.17.1 Individual Sullage 107 9.17.2 Community Sullage 107 10 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 118 10.1 Water Quantity Issue 118 10.1.1 Groundwater availability 118 10.1.2 Declining Water Table 118 10.1.3 Mitigating Measures 118 10.1.4 Rainwater Harvesting 119 10.1.5 Harnessing Springs 119 10.1.6 Increase irrigation efficiency 119 10.1.7 Reduction of Water loss in domestic supply 119 10.1.8 Repairs to Tanks and Ponds 120 10.1.9 Groundwater Monitoring 120 10.2 Water Quality Issue 120 10.2.1 Salinity 120 10.2.2 Fluoride 120 10.2.3 Nitrate 120 10.2.4 Iron 121 10.3 Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Issues 121 10.4 Monitoring Performance Indicators 127 10.5 Institutional Arrangement 129 List of Annexures Annexure Particulars I Government Resolution on Sant Gadge Baba Village Sanitation Campaign II Government Resolution on Total Sanitation Campaign In.. I Maharashtra Zilla Parishad and Panchayat Samiti Act, 1961. (Portion relevant to Environment) III. 2 Maharashtra Drinking Water Supply Source Requisition Act, No XX of 1983 IV Maharashtra Groundwater ( Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act No XXVIII of 1993 V Public Consultation Workshop at Khopadi in Nagpur District VI. Government Resolution on Implementation Of Shivkalin Pani Sathavan Yojana VII .1 Technical Options for Treatment of Fluoride in Drinking Water VII.2 Technical Options for Treatment of Nitrate in Drinking Water VII 3 Technical Options for Treatment of Iron in Drinking Water VII 4 Technical Options for Treatment for Bacterial Contamination VIII. Technical Options for Source Sustainability IX. 1 Technical Options for Sullage and Garbage Management IX 2. Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines X. Review of Water Quality Problems and Mitigating Measures in Yavatmal District by Consultant (Water and Environment Sanitation) MAHARASHTRA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITATION PROJECT 11 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS STUDY EXCUTIVE SUMMARY Preamble Maharashltra is the first state in the country to adopt the holistic reforms approach to cover entire State in the Reform Process and approached the World Bank for assistance for 26 districts of Maharashtra, excluding the districts covered under GOI and KfW project based on similar reforms practices. With the objective of strengthening the democratic process of decentralization planning, and participatory decision making and development at grass root level, GOM proposes to promote demand responsive approach with active involvement and participation of PRI and beneficiaiy communities through all stages of the project implementation and its sustained operation and maintenance will be the key features of the proposed project Project Setting The project will assist Government of Maharashtra in improving the quality of life in rural areas by raising the service standards of environment and sanitation. The project will be a major step towards scaling up reformns statewide. These objectives will be achieved through a) adopting a Demand responsive approach and use of participatory process for delivery of sustainable service to project communities b) Phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms for changing the role of government from provider to facilitator c) Establishing financial viability and sustainability of rural water supply and sanitation services; and d) Promoting integrated resource management; improving environment and hygiene behavioral changes. Project Area GOM has taken the policy decision to implement the Sector Reform Program state,wide. The Bank investment support will be for the entire State except the districts already covered under KfW and GOIs sector reform program) It is estimated that project would cover about 3750 Gram Panchayats in the first phase which will be one in a series of such phases and the number of which will depend upon the commitment of Government to reforms and the demand generated. It will be a continuous partnership between the World Bank and the State government in their joint efforts to ensure sustainiable community owned development. Project Components Components of the Maharaslhtra Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 11 are: 1. Community Development The successful outcome of the proposed project depends on a participatory planning process, effective community organization and development of skills of Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) and the GP. This includes i Capacity building of users group/Women group/VWSC/GP/CBOs in social technical and management aspects of planning, implementation and operation of RWSS infrastructure in a sustainable manner i. Women empowerment fumd that would enhance participation of women in the project leading to their social and economic empowerment. Two major areas to be looked into are a. Development of skills of women especially poor women in technical and managerial / leadership qualities. b. Empowennent find to help women to improve livelihoods and link them to networks of women and federations Enterprise training skills will be imparted to enhance their household income. 2. Water Supply This includes o Rehabilitation/ rejuvenation of the sources/ up-gradation of infrastructure for existing water supply schemes by improving their technical sustainability. o Undertake ground -water recharge measures for strengthening/augmentation of ground water sources and rainwater harvesting o Suitable options for quality affected sources i e. fluoride, salinity, nitrate and Iron. o New drinking water supply schemes in scarcity affected areas; tanker fed villages and wvhere availability of water per capita is less than 10 LPCD i.e. villages not covered. o School water supply 3. Sanitation This component compfises: o Creating awareness and IEC for construction of household latrines and community. o School sanitation, o Women sanitation complexes, o Garbage and compost pits o Drainage and road improvement in the village 4. RWS Sector Strengthening Program Component The project will be implemented over a period of six years (2003-2009). All the physical activities are planned to start and complete during first five years and the last year will focus on consolidation issues. Govemment of Maharashtra has envisaged a long-term partnership between the State and the World Bank, which would be implemented in a phased manner synchronizing with reformns In the first phase an investment of approximately Rs 1000 crores (nearly 200 million US Dollar) is estimated of which 10% would be contributed by the beneficiaries. In addition, 100 % O&M cost has to be contributed by the beneficiaries. Activities taken up under the pilot project from May 2002 onward till signing of the Project would be eligible for retroactive finance. ii Baseline Environmental Status Location Maharashtra State with a geographical area of 307713 sq km compnses of 35 distncts and 353 talukas (taluka and block are co-terminus in the State) Out of these 2 distncts (MuLmbai and Mumbai Sub-Urban) are completely urban where as remaining 33 distncts are rural / semi-urban There are 336 cities and towns out of whichi 40 have population more than 100,000. There are 40785 villages and 45528 hamlets (also termed as Wadi, Vastl or Pada). Population of the State is 96.7 milion (2001) of which 41 million is urban and 55 7 million rural. Land Use Maharashtra is mainly an agriculture State with 82% of rural population relying on agnculture, though in the recent past there is migration of 2% population from rural to urban areas. Out of total area of 30.77 million ha 22.5 million ha (73%) is cultivable and 5.3 million ha (17.6%) is under forest Average annual agriculture productivity of the cultivable land is Rs. 16000 per ha. Rainfall State experiences extremes of rainfall ranging from 3000 mm in the Konkan region to less than 500 mm in central parts of State. About one third area of the State falls in a rain shadow zone Konkan region receives more than 3000-mm rainfall in the Ghat areas and 2500 mm in the plains. Rainfall decreases rapidly towards eastern slopes and plateau areas where it is less than 500 mm It again gains towards further east in Marathwada and Vidharbha region and is up to 1250 mm. Thus, the central part of the State always reels under drought Variability of rainfall over the State is generally high ranging from 20 to 35 %, except in coastal areas where it is less than 20%. Low rainfall and its high variability causes drought There are 89 talukas in the State that is chronically drought affected of which 65 are included in the project area. Soils Soils in Maharashtra are mainly Vertisols (Black Cotton soils) in almost all districts except in Konkan and in parts of Chandrapur where it is mainly Alfisol and partly Vertisol type Texture and Thickness of soil directly controls rainfall infiltration and moisture holding capacity which are relevant to water availability and agriculture. Soils in the State are fuirther classified into Coarse shallow, Medium Black, Deep Black, Latentic and Coastal Alluvial. Groundwater Realizing the importance of groLndwater for agriculture and drinking water, Government of Maharashtra established a separate Directorate of Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency in 1972, as a nodal agency for groundwater planning and development GSDA has been estimating groundwater potential in the iii State from time to time. GSDA has divided the State into 1505 group watersheds for groundwater assessment and development planning. Norms for groundwater estimation are discussed and finalized at National level by the Central Groundwater Board, Ministr) of Water Resources, Government of India and are refined penodically as more research and field data flows in. Groundwater Estimation Committee constituted by GOI in 1997 recomnmended new methodology for groundwater estimation GSDA further subdivided the 1505 group watersheds into 2415 sub units based on irrigated and non-irrigated areas as per GEC (1997) and estimated the potential. The gross replenishable groundwater recharge is 28751.30 MCM. Groundwater Extraction Groundwater extraction structures are through open dug wells bore wells and dug- cum bore wells. As per the minor irrigation census carried out by the State, there are 20,00,000 irrigation wells of which 12,00,000 are installed with mechanical pumping device. Average extracton from an open well varies between 8000 m3 and 12000 m3 per year. Total extraction of groLndwater is estimated at 7768.91 MCM including 7095.87 MCM for irrigaton and 673.04 MCM for drinking which is 36 % percentage of the utilizable recharge Table 1. Table 1. Groundwater Potential for the Project Districts. (Position as on March 2002) Sr District Annual Annual Gross Groundwater Ground- Domestic water No Replenis Withdrawal (MCM) water supply Demand by hable Balance 2030 (MCM) Ground- (MCM) water recharge (MCM) i Irrigati Dnnking Total Demand Avail- i on water able I Akola 715.02 205.87 26.32 232.20 483.48 52.64 51.05 2 Beed 1471 18 651.52 46.93 698.46 773.67 93.87 90.12 3 Bhandara 1050.80 69.90 50.51. 120.42 931.69 101.03 99.32 4 Buldhana 641.02 170.11 29.49 199.6 443.24 58.99 53.84 5 Chandrapur 885.83 69.46 45.68 115.14 770.68 91.36 90.81 6 Gadchiroli 1240.72 18.03 13.71 31.74 1208.97 27.43 27.31 7 Gondia Data Included With the Data for Bhandara District. 8 Hingoli Data Included With die Data for Parbhani District 9 Jalgaon 1208.78 623.93 55.95 679.89 582.75 111.91 89.10 10 Jalna 809.94 340.27 6.94. 347.22 462.72 13.88. 13.88 11 Kolhapur 1245.25 182.12 13.97 196.10 1049.14 27.95. 27.95 12 Latur 1029.50 330.73 16.33 347.06 683.04 32.66 31.63 13 Nagpur 1046.28 421.48 58.64 480.12 613.54 117.29 88.17 14 Nashik 1929.47 714.03 29.90 743.93 1233.08 88.60 77.46 15 Nandurbar Data Included With the Data for Dhule District. 16 Osmanabad 1062.12 538.87 1 7.75 556.63 1 505.49 35.51 35.51 17 Parbhani 3471.06 381.27 18 90 400.18 3070.88 37.81 37.81 iv 18 Ratnagin 229.67 3.64 40 11.27 1 14.92 124.75 22 55 1 22.55 19 Sangli 838.03 561.07 25 27 586.35 259.73 49.02 42.56 20 Satara 5070.46 615.04 51.23 666.27 4772.70 102.45 96.67 21 Sindhudurg 87.05 25 39 17 81 43.21 43.83 35.62 28.56 22 Solapur 1720.67 656.94 51.50 708.44 1059.80 103.00 90 41 23 Thane 363.86 44.06 12.31 56 37 307.49 24.62. 24.62 24 Washim Data Included With the Data for Akola Dist¶wt. 25 Wardha 1364.09 240 19 16 81 257 00 1109.45 1 33.62 1 32.34 26 Yeotmal 1270.39 231.83 55.71 287.54 982.84 111.43 111.29 Total 28751.3 7095.9 673.0 7768.9 21473.1 1373.4 '263.0 Source: Provisional Grotndwater assessment By CGWB and GSDA as per GEC-97 Between 1988 and 2002 ground water extraction for irrigation has increased in all the districts.. Maximum increase in the groundwater draft is of 222 % in Jalgaon district. Table 2. Table 2. Percentage Change in Net Groundwater Draft in the Project Districts. (Position as on March 2002) Sr. District 1988 1 1993 2002 No I 1 Akola 14.45 17.63 32.47 2 Beed 19.18 32.43 47.48 3 Bhandara 18.27 8.07 11.46 4 Buldhana 27.40 29.61 31.14 5 Chandrapur 7 00 4.74 13.00 6 Gadchiroli 16 01 | 1.57 14.30 7 Gondia Included in Bhandara District 8 Hingoli Included in Parbhani District 9 Jalgaon 23.33 21 85 55.53 10 Jalna 20.84 29.88 42.87 11 Kolhaur 32.65 30.41 15.75 12 Latir 22 60 23.27 33.71 13 Nagpur 23.33 21,85 45.88 14 Nandurbar 41.99 35.29 40.94 includes Dhule 15 Nashik 50.82 49.41 38.56 16 Osmanabad 31 67 48.92 52.41 17 Parbhani 19 04 13.71 11.53 18 Ratnagiri 7.54 8.08 6.50 19 Sangli 49.20 41.94 69.97 20 Satara 47 03 32.03 12 28 21 Sindhudtirg 12.90 10.14 49.64 22 Solapur 41.16 48.68 41.17 23 Thane 15.03 6.97 15.49 24 Wardha 28.80 35.83 18.84 25 Washim Included in Akola 26 Yeotmal 13.01 10.80 22.63 v Source: Provisional Revised Groundwater Assessment by GSDA and CGWB as per GEC-1997 Groundwater Development Based on the stage of ground water development and pre and post water level trends, watershed units are categorized into Over-exploited, Critical, Semi-critical, Poor quality and safe. Out of 1766 watershed units in the project area there are 69 over exploited, 40 critical, 170 semi-critical, 59 poor quality and 1428 safe watershed units. Table 3. Table 3. Number of Watershed Units in Different Categories in Project Area. (Position as on March 2002) Sr. District Total No. No of No. of No. of No. of No. No numbe of over critical Semi- poor of r of water exploite waters critical GW safe water shed d hed waters Quality water sheds units watershe wiits hed watershe shed |___ _ ______________ d units units d units units I Akola 65 100 0 1 7 12 80 2 Beed 48 81 3 2 14 0 62 3 Bhandara 54 93 1 0 2 0 90 4 | Buldhana 57 102 4 1 8 11 78 5 JChandrapur j58 76 0 0 0 0 76 6 Gadchiroli j83 88 0 0 0 0 88 7 Gondia Data included With the Data for Akola District 8 Hmgoli I Data included With the Data for Parbhani District. 9 IJalgaon 166 112 24 8 26 0 54 10 Jalna 152 74 0 1 14 0 59 I I Kolhapur 40 80 0 0 0 0 80 12 Latur [39 _ 69 1 1 2 __ 0 65 13INagpur 54 84 8 4 4 0 68 14 Nashik |80 137 18 9 28 0 82 15 Nandurbar |_0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Osmanabad [41 74 0 1 6 0 67 17 Parbhani 151 81 0 0 0 0 81 18 Ratnagiri '20 30 0 _ 0 0 0 _ 30 19 Sangli68 2 5 12 7 42 20 Satara 50 72 4 3 12 0 53 21 Sindhudurg 11 15 0 0 1 0 14 22 | Solapur 64 114 2 3 20 29 60 23 Thane 34 50 0 0 0 0 50 24 Washim Data included With the Data for Akola District. 25 Wardha 139 58 2 1 6 0 49 261 Yeotmal 64 108 0 0 8 0 100 _ Total: 1108 1766 69 40 170 59 1428 | State Total 1505 2415 130 55 276 80 1874 Source: Provisional Revised Groundwater Assessment by GSDA and CGWB as per GEC-1997. vi Impact of Sugarcane Irrigation About 1 8.8% of the total irmgated area is under sugarcane. As per prevailing irrigation practices for sugarcane irrigation, supplementary water requirements are 195 cm against actual consumptive use of 160 cms. There are 77 operating sugar factories in the project area each with a crushing capacity of 1250 to 5000 tons per day. In addition 41 new factones are umder erection and proposals for 142 new factories are pending for licensing. Area under sugarcane in 26 project districts is 349600 ha Concentration of sugarcane and its excessive irrigation in Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, Nashik, Latur, Beed, Osmanabad and Solapur has caused over extraction of ground water, which is manifested in progressively decline of water table and deterioration of groundwater quality affecting drinking water supplies. Status of Rural Water Supply Present position of water supply As on April 2002, 64.3 % of the villages and 72 3 % of the hamlets are successfully provided with clean and potable quality of water,at the rate of 40 LPCD perennially through a public drinking water source/system based on groundwater. The position of the coverage is shown at Table 4. Table 4. Progress of Drinking Water Supply (Groundwater) Program (Position as on April 2002) Village / Hamlets | Progress of Drinking water Supply No. of /0 No. of % villages . Hamlets Total Nwnber 40785 45528 l Number where successful and 26215 64.3 32925 72.3 adequate GW source is created at 40 LPCD Number where GW source is created 10511 25.7 8242 18.1 but supply is less than 40 LPCD specially during surmmer Number where groumdwater has 2936 7.2 2987 6-6 been survey conducted but needs detailed studies for siting of safe and reliable source Number where groundwater source 74 1.8 1374 3.0 could not be identified for various reasons viz. poor quality, difficult geology, no hydro- geological survey _ l Number where supply source is 377 0.92 0 0 surface water l_l Source: WSSD, GOM. vii Ground water Quality Quality of groundwater in the State is generally good and potable. However, there are hot spots where concentration of Fluoride, NO3, Iron, and salinity is high. Fluoride Chemical analysis of water samples from wells and bore wells by GSDA, CGWB and PHD shows that in project area, ground water in parts of 52 talukas in 17 districts has higher concentration of fluoride than permissible limits and most of the affected areas are in Yavatmal, Chandrapur, Satara, Beed, and Solapur districts. Concentration of fluoride is more in deeper aquifers tapped by bore wells than at shallow depths. Nitrate High concentration of Nitrate in groundwater is reported mainly in Sangli, Solapur, Satara, Nagpur, Yavatmal, Bhandara, Beed, Osmanabad, Thane and Parbhani districts where large areas are irrigated under paddy, sugarcane banana, cotton, orange and grape. Excess chemical fertilizer application is the major source of Nitrate contamination. High concentration of nitrate in groundwater at shallow depths is due to contamination from untreated sewage, composting close to the water supply source. Salinity Salinity in groundwater is observed in 3 different areas of Maharashtra i Tapi-Purna river alluvium, ii. Water logged areas in the canal command iii. Coastal areas Groundwater in the areas covering southern parts of Puma alluvium in Amravati (Daryapur, parts of Achalpur and Anjangaon talukas) Akola (parts of Akot, Akola, Murtizapur and Telhara taluka), Buldhana (Nandura, Khamgaon and Mehkar talukas) have high salinity, making it, unfit for drinking purpose For these villages, drinking water is supplied from surface water sources. Arsenic Chemical analysis of water sample from different drinking water sources tested during April - May 2001 at the chemical laboratory of Indian Bureau of Mines, Nagpur showed presence of Arsenic in water samples from 12 villages in Hingana and Ramtek talukas of Nagpur districts and 11 villages from Gadchiroli, Kurkheda and Wadasa talukas of Gadchiroli districts. Concentration of Arsenic was found to be high in few cases. Alarmed by this, water samples from same sources were analyzed at the laboratory of Public Health Dept. during July 2002 which showed only traces of Arsenic much below permissible limit It was necessary to revalidate the water quality analysis for Arsenic at an independent qualified laboratory. This has since been done by the Radiant laboratory to whom the work was assigned. The water quality test results for 13 samples from Nagpur district shows that the Arsenic concentration in drinking water sources is much below the permissible limits. Iron High concentration of iron is present in groundwater in Ratnagiri, Chandrapur, Sindhudurg, Gadchiroli, Bhandara, Solapur, Nagpur, and Kolhapur districts due to high iron mineral in the geological formations. Bacteriological Contamination Sampling of drinking water sources by PHD across the State shows that large number of sources is contaminated and cause health hazards. Reports from PHD also show that on an average 1.2 million (1.2%) are affected every year and about 350 people die of bacteriological contamination of drinking water. However, the trend analysis of attacks and deaths due to water borne diseases between 1997 and 2002 indicate progressive decline This is due to availability of clean drinking water and health services provided by GOM under various programs. Sanitation and Hygiene Presently out of 1 10 lakh rural families about 24.6 lakhs have been provided latrines by GOM under different programs. Thus the current coverage is about 22.5%. But t only about 11.5% of the families in the rural areas are using their own latrines and others continue to practice open defecation. This project therefore, aims at achieving zero open defecation in rural Maharashtra. Out of 53171 primary schools 27% haye sanitary facilities. Use of Contaminated Drinking Water Where ground water is contaminated or polluted, GOM's first priority is to find new sources with good quality water to meet the demand. Second priority is to provide limited quantity of good water for drinking and use poor quality water for other purposes like batling, washing etc Where it is difficult to identify and create a fresh water source, preference would be for rainwater harvesting and roof top rain water harvesting. Policy, Legal And Administrative Framework Constitution of India enjoins the States to take measures to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the natural resources including fauna and flora. Article 51 (g) of the constitution makes it ftmdamental duty of the individual citizen to protect and improve the environment. National Water Policy Recognizing that water is a primary precious natural resource and a basic human need, the policy provides for following guidelines in planning and operation of water ix resource project, wlhich are of relevance to the Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project o Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved as such and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the needs of the State o Water resources development project should be as far as possible planned and developed as a multipurpose project. Provision of drinking water should be a primary consideration. o In the planning implementation and operation of the project the preservation of quality of environment and the ecological balance should be primary consideration o In the planning and operation of the system, water allocation should be broadly as following priority o Drinking water o Irrigation o Hydro power o Navigation o Industrial and other use. Thus drinking water has first priority in any water resources development project and efforts would be to achieve this. Legal Framework Ministry of Environment and Forest is the nodal agency at National level, which monitors the environmental impact of different projects. The provisions in the following Acts ensure protection of environment Forest (Conservation) Act (1930) Wild Life Protection Act (1 972) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 Air (Prevention and Control) Act 1981 Environment (Protection) Act 1986 The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 State Level Provisions Government of Maharashtra has passed followmg Acts dealing with protection of Environment and natural resources. o Maharashtra Act XVI of 1970 viz. Maharashtra Prevention of Water Pollution Act 1969 o Maharashtra Act XLVIII of 1976 viz. Maharashtra Water Supply and Sewerage Board Act 1976 (as amended twice). o 73rd Amendment to the constitution decentralization of powers to the Rural Local Bodies. Other important statutes and Acts related to water supply and sanitation sector in Maharashtra are: 1. Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samnities Act 1961. x 2. Maharashtra Village Panchayat Act 1958. Powers to levy taxes on drinking water supply by Gram Panchayat. 3. Maharashtra Ground water (Regulation) Act 1993 for protecting drinking water wells 4. Maharashtra Act No XX of 1983 for Drinking water Source Acquisition 5 Employment of ManLal Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition ) Act 1993 prohibition to (a) engage in or employ for or permit to be engaged in or employed for any. otlher person for manually carrying human excreta or (b) construct or maintain a dry latrine 6. Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission Act- 998 recommending electricity tariff charges for RWS Schemes on metered basis at Rs. 0.99 per unit. In the meantime till meters are installed , the Gram Panchayat would be charged at Rs. 20 per HP per month for RWS Schemes 7 Criminal Procedure Code (Portion relevant to regarding Protection of water bodies) 8. Bombay Police Act (relevant portion regarding punishment for spoiling environmental sanitation) 9. Government Resolution for Compulsory construction of toilets in new houses in rural areas 10. Government Resolution for construction of community toilets Administrative Framework Framework for Drinking Water Supply Government of Maharashtra has been implementing drinking water supply schemes under various programs like Accelerated Rural Water supply Program, Minimum Needs Program, Rajiv Gandhi Dnnking Water Mission. During ninth five-year plan period, approach to drinking water programs was modified to include • Control on over extraction of Ground water * More funds for repairs and rehabilitation * Increase in people's participation * Reserve 20% fumds for states promoting Sector Reforms Feedback from the monitoring of the current programs shows that the traditional supply-driven approach to water supply is not cost-effective, is not capable of giving sustainable solution, and that a demand-driven approach to sanitation is necessary if visible, sustained and meaningful success is to be achieved. The challenge is to provide a program design that would mainstream such an approach in a sustainable way. GOM Initiatives from Year 2000 Learning from the expenence of the implementation of massive toilet program and the new demand driven policy of Government of India, the state government currently has adopted a new policy and new program, in the year 2000 named as 'Sant Gadge Baba Clean (SGBC) Village Sanitation Campaign all over the state'. The SGBC has since gained momentum and has grown in strength and has now become a leading example for other development programs. xi Sant Gadge Baba Campaign (SGBC) The Sant Gadge Baba Campaign is not a program or scheme but is a campaign to educate and motivate rural communities. Villages participate in the competition and implement various specified works that lead to an environmentally clean village. The village through their own resources and labour undertakes all the works. The villages are then evaluated by independent committees on the specified criteria and other aspects like equity, innovations etc. The total award money offered by the GOM at all levels is about 6.6 crores every year. The major lessons emerging from the initial stages of this campaign are: o Communities (led by the Gram Panchyats) can do better when 'truly enabled' o Sanitation drives need 'community focus' o Incentives for self-action rather than direct subside, prompt people to act. Gadge Baba Campaign is an innovative program with a paradigm shift for implementation of village level development program evolving new principle of "People gnitiate Government Participates" Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Recognizing the urgent need to increase the effectiveness of sanitation facilities, the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under the Restructured Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Program was launched in by the Central Government in 1999. The campaign has now been integrated with the sector reform program in water supply. Maharashtra has 13 TSC districts. This program correctly recognizes the importance of a demand-driven approach with a greater emphasis on household involvement than on the element of subsidy. The program not only provides funds for awareness building (IEC) activities but also a sustainable and replicable approach for effective utilization of these funds remains elusive. The TSC is in the early stages of implementation and no major activities have been undertaken under this program. The SGBC and the TSC are the current environmental sanitation related programs in the State. Key Principles for Achieving Total Sanitation The proposed strategy is based on the following key principles: o A paradigm shift in the approach to sanitation promotion, from construction of latrines to a focus on behavioral change leading to the elimination of open defecation. o A shift in focus from targeting individuals and households to targeting the community. o Related to this, the shift from individual construction subsidies to community rewards. o Greater emphasis on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation as essential prerequisites for achieving Total Sanitation. o A shift in the responsibility for implementation and scale up from the Central/State Government to lower tiers of Government. The GOM has developed this new strategy during the last quarter of year 2002 and decided to field test the same in selected districts (Ahmednagar and Nanded, both having TSC grants). Based on the lessons emerging from the field test, the strategy would be refined and made applicable to all the districts in the sate xii GOM's Approach under the Proposed Project It is expected that this new strategy would replace the current TSC format and would run in parallel to the Sant Gadge Baba Campaign. Both the new strategy and SGBC compliment each other well and the new strategy is almost a concentrated sub-set of the SGBC. As explained in thc objectives, the open defecation by human beings is the single largest component that influences the rural living environment across the state Other issues like solid waste, liquid waste etc affect the environrment only in the larger and denser settlements and are not a universal problem like the open human defecation. The new strategy would encourage and facilitate all rural communities to focus on elimination of 100% open defecation and adoption of hygiene practices in a given settlement through their own efforts, in a way they want to An underlying assumption is that those comrmunities that would solve their open defecation aspects would also be motivated to solve the other environmental sanitation aspects through their own collective action. Public Consultations Public consultations were held in 4 villages from each of the 5 districts. A minimum of 11 and maximum of 80 people attended each consultation In addition one more consultation meeting was held in Nagpur district to obtain people's response and suggestions to GOM's proposed project. The participants included villagers from all sections, men and women, poor and rich, farmers and land less, self employed and unemployed and old as well as young. Villagers from satellite hamlets and Vasties were invited and attended the Consultation meetings. All villagers put forth their views and expressed their opinion on all aspects like drinking water supply, sanitation, health, hygiene, environment, school sanitation and peoples' contribution towards capital and O&M cost. During the consultation meetings various issues related to quantity and quality of drinking water, as well as sanitation, and hygiene were discussed. Following inferences have been drawn based on the People's views. * Acute scarcity of water in summer months * In water scarce season consumption water decreases by] 5 to 20 percent due to short supply * About 2 to 5 hours are spent on fetching drinking water • Space constrains and lack of water supply are the major factors contributing to low * house hold latnne coverage * Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste due to absence of compost pits * Reoccurrence of Diarrhea , Cholera and Gastro.cases * Improper drainage system for discharging waste water * House hold who do not have latrne facility use open defecation and very few use public toilets. Notwithstanding these constraints the consultation meets revealed that there is willingness amongst the villagers to participate in the program for improving the water supply, sanitation and environmnental conditions, if their consensus opinions are considered and implemented. It also revealed that contribution towards capital and O&M cost and availability of land would not be a bottleneck if people are involved in the project design and implementation xiii Hot Spots and lIssues From the review of the baseline environmental data for the project district and the issues that emerge during public consultations reveal that there are difficult situation where special action plans are necessary to manage specific problems that have spatial and temporal applications Thcse hot spots relate to groundwater quantity, quality, sanitation, hygiene and environment. Water Quantity issues Over exploited and Critical Areas Review of groundwater assessment by GSDA and CGWB indicate that as of March 2001, groundwater is over exploited in 109 watcrshed units in 15 out of 26 districts covered in the project. Groundwater availability for water supply schemes in over exploited/critical watershed units is at risk unless recharge measures are taken. Declining Water Levels Water table monitoring data for 10 years indicate that in 67 talukas water table are progressively declining at times at an alarming rate of 0.57 m per year. Over extraction of ground water and declining water levels have affected availability and sustainability of grotmdwater for drinking water supply schemes. Trend Analysis Projections for water availability and water level behavior for the next 1 0 years based on the available data show that if the present situation continues i. An additional 107 watershed units, which are presently in safe category, would cross over to critical or over exploited category where availability of groundwater for drinking water supply schemes may not be adequate or not available. ii. Water table would progressively decline at a much faster rate than at present in additional 168 watershed units that might affects the existing hand pumps and bore wells. Water Quality Issues Fluoride In parts of 56 taluks in 18 districts concentration of fluoride in groundwater in more than permissible limit ranging between 1.5 ppm and over 15 ppm mainly because of geological formations. Use of groundwater with high concentration of fluoride has already caused health hazards like fluorosis, mottled teeth etc. Nitrate In parts of about 61 talukas in 18 districts included in the project, groundwater is contaminated with high concentration of nitrate. In these areas irrigation intensity xiv and fertilizer application are high whicli could be the possible reason for nitrate contamination Iron In 10 districts covered mainly by laterite and crystalline fomiations groundwater is contaminated with highl concentration of iron above I ppm except in case of Wardha where it is due to local conditions Salinity Groundwater is saline with high TDS of more than 2000 ppm in parts of 60 talukas in 19 districts High salinity is because of (a) Natural reasons as in Puma river basin (b) Coastal area of Thane/Ratnagirl/Sindlidurg. (c) Induced salinity because of excessive irnigation. Districtwise Position Above observations with regard to water quantity and water quality indicate that some districts water quality problem is more pronounced while m some districts water quality issues are more important . District wise position of water quality and water quantity issues is given in Table 5 below Table 5 Position of Water Quantity and Water Quality Problems in Project Districts Distnct Total No of Overexploited No of Talukas No of Talukas(part) water /Critical %water showing Water with higher than shed shed Units Level Decline permissible Units concentration of Present Likely Present Likel) F N03 Fe TDS l_________ I Future Future Akola 10(l l 7 5 7 0 2 0 6 Includes Washim Beed 81 5 14 2 14 5 4 0 3 Bhandara 93 1 2 3 2 4 2 7 0 Includes Gondia ___ Buldhana 102 5 8 3 8 0 0 1 4 Chandrapu 76 0 0 3 0 6 4 8 2 r __,_I Gadchiroli 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 3 Jalgaon 112 32 26 6 25 1 3 0 3 Jalna 74 1 14 4 14 0 2 0 0 Kolhapur 80 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 2 Latur 69 2 2 3 0 1 3 0 3 Nagpur 84 12 4 7 4 10 11 5 4 Nashik 137 127 28 2 26 0 2 0 5 Osmanaba 74 1 6 4 9 2 2 0 1 d Parbhani 81 '0 0 3 0 4 4 0 3 Includes H ingoli _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ratnagiri 30 0 0 0 n 1 3 7 3 xv Sangli 68 17 1 2 3 10 I 2 0 4 Satara 72 17 {12 1 12 4 3 3 1 S.ndhudur 15 I O 5 { O 7 2 Solapur 114 15 20 6 !'a 4 6 5 Thane 50 J O 2 10 l 4 5 4 Wardha 58 3 6 3 6 O 2 3 O Yavatmal 108 0) 8 6 8 3 5 Total _ 109 170 168 168 (i2 60 Source Data from GSDA, CGWB, WSSD, NEERI, PHD It is evident that the major Hot Spot districts from both groundwater quantity and quality considerations are Nagpur, Jalgaon, Beed, Sangli,Satara, Solapur, NashikThane, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Yavatmal and Chandrapur. Hygiene and Environmental Sanitation Only 22.4% households have access to latnnes. Only 69% schools in rural areas have urinals and 5% schools have toilets. In most of the villages disposal of sullage, waste water, cattle dung is improper causing sanitation problem. Thus considering current situation entire project area could be considered as hot spot. Analysis of Alternatives Government of Maharashtra is implementing various rural water supply programs such as Minirnum Needs Program, ARWSP, PMGY. In addition rural water supply schemes are also implemented under KfW, DFID Projects. Most of these programs are supply driven except under KFW. Out of 86313 villages and hamlets, 59140 villages and hamlets are fully covered with adequate source of drinking water supply at 40 LPCD. 18753 villages and hamlets are partially covered where source created is not adequate and needs strengthening. Remaining 8420 villages and hamlets are not covered and do not have safe drinking water source. This project is trying to address drinking water supply needs of 3750 villages/hamlets. In such of those villages where the quality of drinking water supply is not potable due to high concentration of fluoride, salinity and nitrate, GOM. has planned to provide fresh drinking water supply from alternate sources, or promote dual use of fresh and poor quality water. Besides above mentioned programs, GOM. is also implementing rural water supply scheme under Swajal dhara program recently launched by GOI. Above altematives indicate that all the available alternatives are not sufficient to meet the needs of the rural commmnities in the 26 districts. Secondly, these sources of funding are directed at select villages and do not encourage any institutional building for effectively implementing reform agenda of the state. The second RWSS project addresses these issues and contemplates support for capacity building. It is implied that the project if implemented will lead to maximurm health benefits to rural population. The major anticipated environmental issues as a result of project interventions are addressed and mitigatory measures are also integrated m the proposed project design. The xv, project is expected to bring about a holistic improvement in the quality of life leading to "prospenty" Besides the decentralized democratic process imbibed in the project objectives would enable the stake holders inparticipatory decision making process and women participation in VWSC would empower women in rural areas.. The RWSS II Project also aims to address resource sustainability issues which would be attempted thirough integrated water resource management by Aquifer Management Groups. Another important aspect envisaged in the RWSS II Project is that it integrates and emphasizes on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, besides drinking water and sanitation This would be achieved through intense IEC program, which would bring behavior changes. Thus the proposed project is different from other ongoing project implemented currenitly and it would bring positive results in sector reforms. The Second RWSS Project encompasses all these issues and would bring positive results. Impact Identification and Analysis The potential environmental impacts consequent to the project interventions durng different phases have been identified and categorized into positive and negative and are presented in a matrix form. The analysis indicates overall impact of the project is positive resulting in improving health and environment of the people in project area. There are no negative impacts of the project Strategies and Technology Options Considering the nature, type and seventy of the problems in hot spot areas, a set of strategies are evolved to addressed various quantity quality hygiene and environmental sanitation issues. A multi prong strategy action plan is required to tackle problems and suggest a range of technology options for location specific situation in the project area. Strategies for Water Quantity issues * Rejuvenation and rehabilitation of existing sources * Augment groundwater recharge through conventional measures like percolation tanks, weirs, check dams, bandhara etc * Improve yield of drinking water wells by unconventional measures like hydrofracturing, bore hole blasting, fracture cement sealing etc * Rainwater harvesting and roof top rain water harnessing * Create supplementary source * Promote aquifer management groups and educate communities in total water resources management * Regular monitoring of ground water Strategies for Water Quality Issues * Provide drinking water from alternate sources * Preference to shallow open wells where quality of ground water is comparatively good than from deep bore wells xvii o continuous chlorination of water supply to maintain a minimum residual concentration at each stand post and individual connection. o Mixing contaminated water with fresh water to lower the concentration of fluoride, nitrate, iron and salinity o Provide household or community treatment system o Continuous water quality monitoring mechanism o continuous IEC programs Water Quality Monitoring Strategy The water quality monitoring in rural areas is carried out through a strategy involving following four factors. I) Water Quality Control: By the agency responsible for providing water. (Water Supply & Sanitation Department) 2) Water quality: By the agency responsible for mitigating the effect Surveillance of surveillance bad water quality (Public Health Department) 3) Water Quality Survey: Periodically by all the agencies involved 4) Management Information By the coordinating authority Systemn Monitoring of Pure Water Supply and Epidemic Control i At district level, The Chief Executive Officer and District Water supply Officer are responsible for such health and water quality survey. Ii .The Divisional Commissioner should monitor at the Divisional level, water quality surveys and shall send a consolidated report to the state govemnment eveTy month. In case of any epidemic, Secretary (Health), Secretary (Water supply and sanitation dept.), Director General (health) shall review the situation and report to the Chief Secretary regarding implementation of appropriate measures for the control of epidemic. Management Information System It is very important that the factual information of the water quality monitoring work at every level is made available in the prescribed formats to the appropriate authority for taking mitigating and remedial measures. This facilitates taking important decisions on future planning of work, works to be taken up urgently, removing of deficiencies experienced, monitoring and co-ordination of work of different departments, making financial provisions etc. The organizational flow chart for the water quality testing, surveillance and for information management is prepared and given in the report xv ii Household Sanitation The strategy is to stop open defecation include * Community based incentive for constructon of toilets o Effective IEC through Sant Gadgebaba campaign e Propagate safe and low cost technology options for poor stake holders * Inclusion of more districts in Total Sanitation Campaign program Environmental Sanitation This includes I. provide sullage and storm drains with proper disposals 2 insist on individual/household compost pits for household wastage disposal in using the compost for backyard garden 3. identify suitable sites away from drinking water source for disposal of community waste village garbage and cattle dung 4. construct internal roads and pavements 5. effective IEC campaign for peoples participation and attitudinal change for good sanitation and hygiene Technology Options 1.Treatment for Fluoride The options include Defluoridaion techniques like * Nalgonda Model ---Complexion Method * Ion Exchange Method * Domestic Defluoridation * Fill and draw defluondation plant technology for rural water supply * Fill and draw defluoridation plant for small community e Alternate source * Dilution with low nitrate water * Supply of limited fresh water for drinking 2.Treatment for Nitrate This include following technology options a. Ion exchange method b. Bio-chemical denitrification c Altemate source d. Dilution with low nitrate water e. Supply of limited fresh water f. Reverse osmosis including safe disposal of rejected sludge from the plant Treatment for Iron Removal of iron is simple and can be achueved by aeration of water and settling of the iron oxide sludge. Two technology options are i. Package developed by NERRI for 1000 liters per hour capacity pump ii Plants for large community xiK Treatment for bacteriological contamination is possible through chemical and non- chemical methods, which are given in the Annexures to the report. Ground'water Recharge Large areas in the project districts, where ground water levels are progressively declining or where availability of the resource itself is dwindling require ground water recharge. This could be achieved through various conventional and non- conventional measures. Selection of one or a combination of a set of more than one technology depends on the local situation. A matrix for ground water recharge for different districts is prepared and given in the report. Technology Options for Hoousehold Sanitation Primaiy consideration for technology options is users preference and choice of what people want and what they are willing to pay for. A range of technology options recommended to be to the commnunity for selection should be such that it is low cost, easy to construct, easy to clean and maintain, and suitable to climate and soil. The report recommends various technology options for household sanitation that include trenching methods and pit latrines. Details of these are given in the report Technical Options for Environment In the report technology options are recommended for Sullage drains, soak pits leach pits, open drains, household and community garbage, disposal of biodegradable wastes through Verniculture and control of indoor pollution by promoting changes in design of Kitchen and house. Region wise appropriate sanitation technology options are also recommended for human excreta management, animal dung management, garbage management and sludge management. Environmental Management Plan Critical analysis of the baseline environmental data, feed back from the public consultations, information gathered through MIS for the current schemes as well as the issues emerged during discussions with various functionaries and organizations participating in the rural water supply program has brought out key environmental issues that need to be addressed along with mitigated measures while designing and implementing the project. The important environmental issues are classified into four different categories. 1. Water Quantity issues relate to Over extraction of ground water and progressive decline of water levels 2. Water sources management for holistic approach for integrated resources management to protect drinking water sources by the aquifer management groups. 3. Water quality issues pertaining to high salinity, higher concentration fluoride, nitrate and iron. 4. Environmental sanitation and hygiene issues to achieve zero open defecation, improve the sanitary condition through network of sullage drains. Highlights of environmental Management Plan are given in Table 5. xx Table 5. Environment Management Plan Project Environmental Positive Negative Mitigating Measures Interventions Issues Impact Impact Water Quantity Issues 1 .Rejuvenation 1 .Drinking water I Adequate i Augment water and scarcity and safe supply by conventional and rehabilitation 2 Inadequate water unconventional of Existing water during supply groundwater recharge dnrnking water summer 2.Saving in methods supply souLrces 3 Declining water time for ii. Encourage Irrigation and 2. level fetching Agriculture departments to Reconstruction I Silting of water organize IEC programs to and tanks/ponds 3 Additional advice farmers on rehabilitation 2 Wastage of income due controlling excess of already rain water to utilization irrigation by switchmg over created for of saved to micro irrigation systems drinking water time in iii. Observe distance criteria sources other to protect drinking water 3.Provision of economic sources new drinking activities iv Revival of defunci water supply 4 Prevention systemfrom ofIIY waevente n soutrces by conventional and system from of water ucnetoa esrs among a mix washed and .unconventional measures. of the water bone v. Rainwater harvesting ofollon is .ea se including roof top rain water following diSeases. harnessing at private and options 5.Better public buildings environment vi. Harnessing natural i. Open through springs in hilly areas well, proper water vii. Create supplementary ii. Hand Pump, handling source to strengthen existing iii. Bore well, and oe iv. Tube well economic ones v Mini water utilization viii. Conservation of water supply practices both in agnculture and schemes domestic sources. Education vi. Piped water in schools for water use supply scheme sanitation and hygiene vii. Source ix. Requisition private well protection for water supply by Gram /strengthening Sabha/GP meastrengthes g x. Tanker water supply measures weeaalbe Viii. Inculcate h where no source available. raii Inculcater xi. Formalize water source harnessing ownership and water uses _____________________________ n___________________ rights for groundw ater. xx; culture . l i. Organize IEC for I educating community on water resource management Water Quality Issues High Salinity I.Limited Availability i. Alternate source of fresh availability of of fresh and water supply from surface fresh water in safe water saline area diinking 2. Saline water water ii. Dilution of saline water below 5 m depth iii. Limited supply of fresh due to sea water water for drinking and saline ingression in water for other uses like coastal area washing, bathing iv. Prefer shallow open well to bore '#1A as seirce of water suppy in coastal area High Fluoride Health problem Improvemen a. Alternate source of fresh due to fluorosis, t in health water supply from surface mottled teeth, and hygiene water knock kInee and due to clean b. Dilution of high fluoride calcified and safe water with fresh water with ligaments water low or no fluode c. Prefer shallow open welf to deep bore *well as a source of water supply d. Defluoridation techniques for treating fluoride infested water e. Use high fluoride water for other uses and provide limited quantity of fresh water for drinking f. Promote the knowledge about healthy diet that has adequate calcium and vitamin C to counter the effects of fluoride on human health High Nitrate Blue baby Provide a. .Aftemate source for fresh syndrome in clean and w water supply from surface infant babies due fresh water -w_ water xxii to high nitrate b. Mixing of contaminate water with fres ground/surface water c. Promote use of orgawv fertilizers md reduce application of nitronn fertilizers dose through IEC d. Select site for wat( supply source away froi irrigated fields and sewag( garbage disposal sites e. Treatment for denitrification High Iron Corrosion and [mproveme a. Allow iron in drinking encrustation of nt in health a. to iron in the water supply bore and quality container/delivery cistern well/tube well of life due coreaine/ldistristion to supply of before use! distribution clean and b. Treatment for removing clsafe Iron before distributon drinking water High Arsenic Provide Arsenic free Serious health rvdAsecfe hazards drinking water from alternate source Bacteriological Contamination High incidences Reduction i. Continuous chlorination c of attack of in medical water supply to maintain ofiarrhack,of exensmedl minimum residual chlorine diarrhea, expenses ii. Educate through IEC for hepatitis, cholera, Reduction lctn ae upysuc gastro and in loss of locating water supply soure typhoid man-days 500 meters away frvi he due to and loss of animal shed, and vWage contaminated income due garbage disposal pitS water to Illness iii. IEC program for locatinl animal shed and drainage end pDint 500 meters away from the source iv. Intense IEC for zero open defecation v. IEC campaign for stopping washing, bathing, cleaning and other domestic activities near source xx iiV 1 -- vi. Monitoring of water quality through community especially involving women, student and youth. vii. Promote safe water handling practices at household level through IEC School water Lack of water Instill good i. Roof top rain water supply and supply and toilets hygiene ad harnessing for water supply sanitation in school required sanitation besides bore wells for health and habits ii. Group toilets in school hygiene. among separate for girls and boys children iii. Provide hygiene educatton to school children for behavioral changes Source i. Over-extraction a. Increased i. Water conservation and sustainability of groundwater availability ground water recharge and and drying of of adequate through a range of Strengthening drinking water drinking technology options suitable through water wells water even for the area conservation ii. Lesser or non- during ii. Implementation of and availability of summer Shivkalin Pani Sathwan groundwater drinking water b. Ensures Yojana for scientific recharge especially during source estimation and planning of techniques summer. sustain- water. iii. Progressive ability. iii. Monitoring of decline of water groundwater uses by Para- level. professionals at village level and the DFT at the district level and GSDA/PPMU at State level. iv. Periodic review and revision of groundwater assessment. Integrated Holistic approach Adequate Constitute Aquifer Water for water and Management Groups to Resources resources sustainable manage groundwater for Management management oni supply of different uses on sustainable aquifer basis drinking basis and balancing water groundwater recharge and extraction in an aquifer XXI Environ- a. Large scale i. Creates I i. Intense [EC for attitudinal mental practice of open clean changes in sanitation habits Sanitation defecation sanitation of individual and b Constructed and hygiene community leading to 100% 1. Household latrines are not conditions stopping of open defecation Sanitation used. ii. Protects ii. Community latrines for Open defecation drinking women to be constructed as causes water an option in the process of bacteriological sources elimination of open pollution. from defecation outbreak of bacteriologi iii Locate Larines away epidemics and cal from water supply source. health disorder. contaminati iv. Develop and promote low on. rzost.Wriom design, iii.Realizatt x Jncmnti'e to community on by through rewards and community recognition for stopping m and open defecation in2divWmaa17 of self esteem 2.1mprove- i High dust l Create all Construct main village lanes ment of conditions cause weather amd pavernemits. internal lanes allergies and lanes for Ptovide for drains and storrr and drainage bacterial attacks smooth drains. movernent ii. Temporary of people increase in and vehicles ambient noise with less level during chances of construction. accidents ii Improves intra and inter village connectivity which brings economic changes. fmproves sanitation and creates clean environment Construction Construction of i.Brings i. Construct sullage drains.. of sullage sullage drains cleanliness . ii. Convert sullage into drains. reduces problem in village. compost-manure. of ii.Proper iii. Cementing of walls ponding of water disposal of could prevent leakage from xxv and piling of sullage sullage disposal sites sullage become protects particularly during breeding places drinking monsoon. for mosquitoes water source. iii.use of sullage as fertilizer through safe disposal Individual i. Creates Protect kir i. Identify sites for waste and unhygienic and and wter dispsa) in pit% avay ftm Community bad sanitation env%VQrUnm.ist wa-ter s%pp1) souvce. Compost pits. conditions due to ii. Composting catle dung collection of Additional into organic matter. cattle dung. income iii. Waste disposal by ii. Creates generation mdidvidual household for mosquito- by zero management of breeding centers composting. community waste. that cause iv. Household waste epidemics. disposal in backyard would iii. Contaminates be used for kitchen garden. surface and v.. Encourage Verrni- groundwater. l___ cvimpostrg It may be noted that the project of its own does not envisage any negative impact on the environment due to the proposed interventions. However, the project would be regularly monitored for any such negative impact that might occur due to improper implementation of any of the interventions and same would be immediately mitigate the negative impact, if any, through appropnate measures. Environmental Monitoring and Performance lindicator A mechanism to monitor the peiformance of various interventions envisaged under the project is evolved and institutions responsible for monitoring at different levels are suggested in the report. Institutional Arrangements The project envisages to build on the existng PRI based institutional model that enables demand driven community action. A three tire institutional arrangement at village level, district level and state level is suggested under the project. The proposed model encourages a complete bottom up process and also provides full scope for the communities to play a vital role and ultimately own the project. This will also compliments the national agenda of strengthening the grass root level PRI organizations. A potential drawback to this approach will be the lack of required capacity at the district and the GP level for implementing an enabling approach. However, this will be addressed by way of. xxqi * Implementing the project in phases. Only a Few districts and OPs would be taken in the first phase so that adequate attention to building their capacity could be paid. * The project cycle at the village level envisages sufficient time for capacity building of the GPNWSC members. * The project also builds in appropriate finds for capacity development agenda. * The current approaches for capacity building in the SRP districts would be used here also. The Environmental Analysis shows that the proposed Second Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project itself will not cause any adverse environmental impacts. The project will bring positive health and environmental benefits to the project stakeholders, through supply of safe and adequate dnnking water and creation of necessary environmental sanitation facilities in the project villages. The recommended environmental mitigation measures appropriately integrated in the project design would have a net positive effect on the environment. The facilities created in the project village will be operated and maintained by the beneficiaries and the GPs through necessary capacity building to ensure the sustainability of the services. xxvii 1. INTRODUJCl'WION Maharashtra is one of the progressive states in India, having a geographical area of 3.07 lakh sq.km. Which is 9.4% of the Indian geographical area. Maharashtra state was formed on Ist May 1960. Despite the high levels of urbanization, Maharashtra had a large rual population of over 55.7 million according to 2001 census. This is spread over 86313 villages and wadis (habitations) in 33 Districts (excluding 2 urban districts of Mwunbai i.e. Mumbai City and Mumbai Subub). During past four decades, Government of Maharashtra has taken up, large number of measures to improve the water supply and sanitation scenario in rural areas, and still the water supply and sanitation related problems are on increase. State Government since its fornation has spent nearly Rs.39, 000 million on various programs to provide water supply to rural areas till the "White Paper" on drinking water was published during1995. Maharashtra Government was the first state to publish WHITE PAPER to assess the status of water and sanitation scenario. After the publication of the White Paper, Master Plan was prepared in 1997, detailing the extent of problem, future policy to provide safe water supply by 2000 and construction of 2 million toilets in rural area. Cost estimate was to the tune of Rs. 122690 milHion to cover 53462 villages/wadis. Of this total estimated cost of Rs. 122690 million, amount spent is Rs. 47000 million. The cumulative amount spent on water supply and sanitation program in the State is Rs. 86000 million. Meanwhile externally assisted projects were implemented 1.1 First Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Maharashtra Rural Water Supply Scheme covered 560 villages in 10 districts at the cost of Rs.5042.5 millions. This integrated project was covering water supply, environmental sanitation, health education and community participation aspects. The project was implemented between 1991 and 1999. Population of 783000 was benefited. 1.2 DFlID Project DFID assisted project covering 3 districts and 180 villages costing Rs.743 million was completed in the year 2000. The above two projects, though integrated, were supply driven in nature and were not creating the ownership aspect amongst the community, which made them unsustainable. Lesson learnt under these projects were to involve the community in planning, implementation, O&M. and make them participate. Top down approach needs to be reversed. 1.3 GOM- KfW Project Government of Maharashtra is now following the policy of Government of India and Sector Reforms were introduced based on new Demand Driven, community participatory policy with 100 % responsibility of 0 & M at beneficiary level. The project is being implemented in 4 districts of Maharashtra under sector reforms program. In addition, the KfW funded Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project is also being implemented in 3 districts namely Ahrnednagar, Aurangabad and Pune and has a provision for sustainable rural drinking water supply, environmental sanitation, health and hygiene promotion, watershed interventions and human resource development. The project period is between 2001 and 2007. 1.4 Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Government of Maharashtra is the first to adopt the holistic approach to cover entire State in the Refonn Process and approached the' World Bank for assistance for the remaming 26 districts of Maharashtra (excluding GOI and KfW districts.) With the objective of strengthening the democratic process of decentralization planning and development at grass root level. GOM proposes to promote demand responsive approach, active involvement and participation of PRI and beneficiary communities through all stages of the project implementation and its sustained operation and maintenance will be the key features of the proposed project. The project is in the preparation stage and aimed at improving the quality of rural water supply and environmental sanitation service delivery through community action to achieve sustainability of investment,and generate health and income benefits. The key components of the project include: * Financing of lEC activities for water supply and sanitation * No direct financing will be provided for individual toilet construction, but incentives will be given to villages for achieving "Zero Open Defecation" * 80% financing for women's community toilets with 20% contribution coming from the commumity * Soak pits for non-excretal waste will be financed * Women's development initiatives will be undertaken with the aim to promote women's empowerment * Integrated groundwater development by undertaking three mini watershed projects (increased to six watersheds) covering approximately 10,000 hectares each. * Village Development Fund will be set up under the project for support to villages exhibiting a high level of motivation and preparedness in implementing sector reforms as per revised project objectives. This will be given to 150 selected Gram Panchayats, each receiving Rs 5 lakhs for holistic development * Financial support to 3 Zilla Parishads for holistic development and capacity building. * 90% financial support for building, rejuvenation, source strengthening of water supply schemes including rainwater harvesting and roof top rainwater harnessing, will be provided under the project with community contributing 10 % in the form of cash or partial voluntary labor and 100 % 0 and M by the Commtnity Besides the project would also address other related issues such as sullage/storn drains along the roads, sanitation and hygiene promotion, awareness campaign, handling of drinking water, sanitary disposal of sullage, solid and liquid waste; school water supply and sanitation and environmental sanitation. The project would also address other issues with respect water quantity issues such as decline of water tables, watershed development, over extraction of ground water etc water quality issues such as high concentration of fluoride, nitrate, salinity, and arsenic in ground water along with required mitigation measures. The proposed project will cover nearly 3750 Gram Panchayat with the estimated cost of USD200 million (Rs.1000 crores) and is phased over a period of 6 years (2003-2009). 3 2. THE PROJECT SETTING Second Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project is designed on the premise of sector reforrns and community's participation. The project would be implemented in 26 districts. This is the first project after the 73rd Amendment to the constitution empowering the local bodies Therefore, the success and learning from the project would be path setting for future planning. 2.1. Project Objectives Overall development objectives of the project are: i. increase rural community's access to improved and sustainable drinking water and sanitation services; ii. institutionalize decentralization of rural water supply delivery through three tiers PRI. The project will assist Government of Maharashtra in improving the quality of life in rural areas by raising the service standards of environment and sanitation. The project will be a major step towards scaling up reforms statewide. Sustainable health and hygiene benefits to the rural population, empowerment and inclusion of community in general and rural poor and women in particular, through strengthening the democratic decentralization process is going to result in sustainable development and poverty reduction. These objectives will be achieved through: * Adopting a demand responsive approach and use of participatory process for delivery of sustainable service to project communities; * Phased implementation of appropriate policy and institutional reforms for changing role of the Government from provider to facilitator; * Establishing financial viability and sustainability of nral water supply and sanitation services; and * Promoting integrated resource management, improving environrnent and hygiene behavioral changes. 2.2. Project Components 2.2.1. Community Development and Infrastructure 1. Community Development The successful outcome of the proposed project depends on a participatory planning process, effective community organization and development of skills, inclusive and responsible Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) and the GP in the village. i. Capacity building of users group/women group/VWSC/GP in social, technical and management aspects of planning, implementation and operation of RWSS infrastructure in a sustainable manner. 4 ii. Women empowerment fund: The objective of this component is to enhance participation of women in the project leading to their social and economic empowerment. Two major areas that would be looked into are: a. Development of skills of women especially poor women in technical and managerial/leadership qualities. b. Empowerment fund to help women to improve livelihoods and link them to networks of women and federations. Enterprise training skills will be imparted to enhance their household income. 2.2.2. Pilot Project for IHolistic Development. a. 150 willing Gram Panchayat to be selected on the basis of their performance in water supply and sanitation schemes for holistic development of the village through community action. These villages could be provided with support to build their capacity to take up any developmental activity at village level through community action b. Three Zilla Parishads would also be selected for holistic development in a similar manner. 2.2.3. Pilot Technical Studies Three (increased to six) mini-watersheds for assessment and management of integrated water resources through community action 2.2.4. llnfrastructure Building: a. Water Supply: 1. Rehabilitation/ rejuvenation of the sources/ up gradation of infrastructure for existing water supply schemes by improving their technical standards and sustainability 2. Undertaking groundwater recharge measures for strengthening/augmentation of ground water sources and rainwater harvesting by integrating with technical options available 3. Suitable technical options for quality affected sources i. e. fluoride, salinity, nitrate and iron. 4. New drinking water supply schemes in scarcity affected areas; tanker fed villages and where per capita availability of water is less then 10 liters i.e. villages not covered. 5. School water supply b. Sanitation This will include 1. Drainage and road improvement 2. School sanitation 3. Women commnunity sanitation complexes 4. Garbage and compost pits 5. Awareness creation and IEC for construction of household latrines, personal hygiene and community latrines complexes. 2.2.5. Institutional Strengthening The component includes 5 sub-components i. Strengthening of the Gram Panchayats to be accountable, responsive, inclusive and effective ii. Building capacity of the Zilla Parishad as district level agency to facilitate and supervise and also support broader decentralization by creating robust local government It includes restructuring and redesigning, HRD, providing support services to GP, infrastructure of IT and MIS systems iii. Strengthening of state level agencies hke Policy and Implementation Support Unit (PISU) Restructuring of MJP and GSDA. IV IEC for Hygiene and sanitation promotion and communication v. Monitoring and learning systems that will emphasize on strengthening of the institutions, to empower women, to improve efficiency, to create strong linkages amongst stake holders, and community development It will develop key performance indicators. 2.2.6. RWS Sector Strengthening Program Component This component would support GOM to strengthen its capacity for implementing Sector Reforms holistically and in improved management of RWSS sector. The changing role of govermnent would require better information and knowledge of understanding of sector reforms at grass root level. Knowledge Management system which is intended to develop customized electronic and paper based packages of information for each client to suit his specifications. Database will be maintained on the website, on which report card/accountability will also be available. 2.3 Project Policy Parameters The policy parameters for the project implementation as conceived by the Government of Maharashtra are: 2.3.1 Village level arrangements. * GOM has decided to institutionalize the decentralization by strengthening the PRIs to deliver services at the village levels * GP will be the focal point for project implementation and will be responsible for planning, procurement, construction, and 0 & M of the water supply and sanitation schemes. 2.3.2 District level arrangements: ZP will be responsible for the final sign off on scheme proposals (Administrative approval and appraisal process), providing technical sanction for the schemes and for providing technical assistance and capacity support. 2.3.3. State level arrangements: Project Planning and Monitoring Unit (PPMU) will support and momtor the progress. The project will strengthen the State level agency (Proposed) Policy and Implementation suppoit Unit (PISU) to help implementation of the reform program effectively. 2.4. Project Area GOM has taken the policy decision to implement the Sector Reform Program statewide, the Bank investment support will be to entire State (in 25 district excluding KfW and GOI's sector reform program) It is estimated that project would cover about 3750 Gram Panchayats. 2.5 Project Period The project will be implemented over a period of SIX years (2003-2009). All the physical activities are planned to start during first five years and the last year will focus on sustainability issues. 2.6. Project Cost Government of Maharashtra has envisaged a long-term partnership between the State and the World Bank, which would be implemented in a phased manner synchronizing with reforms. In the first phase an investment of Rs.1000 crore (nearly 200 million US Dollar) is estimated of which 10% would be contributed by the beneficiaries. In addition, the GOM has passed an order to streamline administration and management of O&M to be contributed 100% by the beneficiaries. Activities to be taken up under the pilot project from May 2002 onward till signing of the Project would be eligible for retroactive finance. 2.6.1 Fund Flow State Level Govemment of Maharashtra will transfer the finds (as per the budgeted allocations) in installments into the PL Account maintained by the Project Director PPMI9U. The PL account would be operated on day-to-day basis to meet the state level project expenditure and transfers for district level operations. ZIP Level Fund from the state level PL account will be transferred to a dedicated separate bank account in the scheduled bank maintained at the district level. The DPMU (District Project Management Unit) will meet the expenditures of the facilitation and supervision teams and transfer of funds to the GP/VWSC dedicated bank account as per agreed terms and conditions, documented in the agreed installments. GP/VWSC Level GP/VWSC will open separate bank account for managing the project funds. The bank account will be operated by the office bearer of the GPNVWSC, as applicable. 3. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS Introduction Maharaslhtra State has an area of 307713 sq kms. and covered within N latitude 150 40' and 220 O' and East longitude 720 30' and 800 30'. The State is bounded by Madhya Pradesh in north, east and northeast, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the south, Gujarat State in the northwest and Arabian Sea: on the west. It is the third largest State in the Indian Union by population. Administratively, the State has 6 Divisions with headquarters at Belapur (New MLumbai), Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad, Amravati and Nagpur. It is further divided into 5 socio econormic regions, namely Konkan, Marathwada, Vidharbha, Western Maharashtra and Khandesh. 3.1. Population The State comprises of 35 districts and 353 talukas (taluka and block are co- terninus in the State). Out of these 2 distncts (Mumbai and Mumbai Sub-Urban) are completely urban where as remaining 33 districts are rural / Semi-urban. There are 336 cities and towns out of which 40 have population more than 100,000. There are 40785 villages and 45528 hamlets (also termed as Wadi, Vasti or Pada). Population of the State is 96.7 mnillion (2001) of which 41 million is urban and 55.7 nillion rural. (Table 3.1) Table 3.1. District wise Po ulation (2001) Sr. District Total Male Female Population in No population Poor GW Quality area in Project districts 1 Amaravati 2606063 1343572 1262491 - 2 Akola 1629395 840883 788422 104644 3 Beed 2159841 1120664 1039177 - 4 Bhandara 1135835 573184 562651 - 5 Buldhana 2159841 1120664 1039177 51975 6 Chandrapur 2077909 1059875 1018034 84052 7 Gadchiroli 969960 490809 479151 38281 8 Gondia 1200151 598447 601704 9 Hingoli 986717 505188 481529 10 Jalgaon 1612357 825977 786380 11 Jalna 3679936 1904437 1775499 12 Kolhapur 3515413 1803746 17I11667 13 Latur 2078237 1074321 1003916 14 agpur 1309135 662764 646371 565348 15 Nashik 4987923 2591980 2395943 16 Nandurbar 1309135 662764 646371 17 Osmanabad 1472256 762947 709309 18 Parbhari - 1491109 761937 729172 19 Ratnaglri 1696492 794431 902051 20 Sangli 2581835 1319267 1262568 21787 21 Sindhudurg 861672 414900 446772 22 Solapur 3855383 1990661 1864722 125267 23 Thane 8128833 4377806 3751027 24 Washim 1079725 525806 493919 25 Wardha 1230640 635751 594889 26 Yavatmal 2460482 1267117 1193365 428099 27 Nanded 2868158 1476301 1391857 28 Ahimednagar 4088077 2106501 1981576 29 Aurangabad 2920548 1521632 1398916 30 Pune 7224224 3768001 3465223 31 Raigad 2205972 1116821 1089151 32 Dhule 1708993 878538 830455 33 Satara 2796906 1402301 1394605 34 Mumbai 3326837 1875141 1451696 35 Mumbai 8587561 4702761 3884800 (Suburban) I Total for the 96752247 50334270 46417977 1419453 State Source www.censusindia. Between 1991 and 2001 urban population increased from 32.5 Million to 41 million (26.0%), whereas nrual population increased from 55.2 million to 55.7 million (10%). The tnbal population in the State is 7.32 million (1991) concentrated in 16 districts viz. Pune, Thane, Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Dhule, Nandurbar, Nanded, Gondia, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Yavatmal, Amravati, Jalgaon, Wardha, Nagpur, and Raigad. 3.2. Physical features Agroclimatically the State is divided into 9 zones depending on climate, rainfal, soil, topography and agriculture. Table 3.2. A r maific Zones of Mahnarashtra Sr. Agroclimatic Elevation Rain- Districts covered. No Zone above MSL fall (m) (mm) I Very High Below 500 2000 - Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigad parts rainfall zone with 3000 of Kolhapur and Satara laterite soil 2 Very High Above 500 2500 - Thane, Raigad, Parts of Nashik, rainfall zone with 4000 Ahmednagar, and Pune. non-laterite soils. 3. Ghat Zone 500 toI500 2500 - Parts of Nashik, Ahmednagar, Pune 4000 Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur 4 Transition zone 1 500 to 1000 1250 - Parts of Dhule Nandurbar, Nashik, 2500 Ah-mednagar, Pune, and Satara. 5 Transition zone 11 300 to 1000 700- Parts of Dhule, Nandurbar, 1200 Ahmednagar, Pune, Nashik, Satara, Sangli, and Kolhapur. 6 T Scarcity Zone 600 500 - Parts of Dhule, Nashik, Ahmednagar, 700 Pune, Satara, Sangli, Jalgaon, Solapur, Beed, Osmanabad, ____ Aurangabad, Latur, and Buldhana 7 Assured rainfall _ 700- Parts of Jalgaon, Osmanabad, Beed, zone Below 900 r Nanded, Parbhani, Hingoli, Akola. 600 Washim, Aurangabad, Buldlhana, and i____ ___________________ ______________ A mnravati 8 Moderate to 600 900- Wardha, Nagpur, Yavatmal, and Moderately High 1250 parts of Amaravati rainfall Zone 9 High rainfall zone 600 700- Chandrapur, Bhandara, Gondia, covered with 1250 Gadchiroli, and parts of Nagpur rocks of mixed origin . . Source. Department of Agriculture, GOM. 3.3. Rivers About 7 5% area of the State is drained by east flowing rivers viz. Godavari, Krishna, and the remaining 25 % area is drained by west flowing rivers like Tapi, Narrnada and the Konkan coastal nvers. Broad features of the major nlver basins of the State are given in Table 3.3. Table 3.3. Major River Basins of Maharashtra Sr River basin Area %oof Major Drainage Districts covered No ( Total sq.km) State area 1 Godavari 151094 49 55 Godavari, Auranagabad, Beed, Penganaga, Osmanabad, Latur, Vainganga, Nanded, Jalna, Wardha, Hingoli, Nashik., and Pranhita, parts of Ahmednagar Indravati 2 Krishna 69420 22 76 Krishna, Satara, Sangli, Koyana, Kolhapur, Solapur, Panchganga, Pune, parts of Warna, Bhima, Ahmednagar Sina, Man. Ghatprabha 3 Tapi 51250 16.8 Tapi, Pturra, Amaravati, Jalgaon, Chandraprabha, Dhule, Akola, and Gima, Panjara Buldhana, Nandurbar Moma, Aner, ______ _________ Waghur 4 Coastal 31650 10.38 Vasisthi, Mumbai, Thane, Konkan Savitri, Raigad. Ratnagiri, river basin Vaitama, Pinjai, Sindhudurg, Ulhas, Amba, Kundalika, Bhatsai, Sashtri, Kalu 5 Narmada 1540 0.51 Narmada Parts of Nandurbar Source: Second Maharashtra Water and Imgation Commission, GOM 3.4. Land Use Maharashtra is mainly an agriculture State with 82% of rural population relying on agnculture Out of total area of 30 77 million ha 22 25 million ha (73%) is cultivable and 5 3 million ha (1 7%) is under forest Average annual agriculture productivity of the cultivable land is Rs 16000 per ha Land utilizationi pattern in tle State is given in Table 3.4. Table 3.4. Land Utili:ation Pattern Sr No Land Use Area in Ha I Forest 5306000 2 Not available for cultivation 2997000 3 Uncultivated excluding fallow 2470000 4 Fallow land 2350000 5 Net Sown area 17636000 6 Area sown more than once 4620000 7 Gross cropped area 22256000 Source: Statistical Abstract of Maharashtra, GOM 3.5. Rainfall State experiences extremes of rainfall ranging from 3000 mm in the Konkan region to less than 500 mm in central parts of the State. One-third area of the State falls in a rain shadow zone. Konkan region receives more than 3000-mm rainfall in the Ghat areas and 2500 mm in plains. Rainfall decreases rapidly towards eastern slopes and plateau areas where it is less than 500 mm. It again gains towards further east in Marathwada and Vidarbha region and is upto 1250 mm. Thus, the central part of the State always reels under drought. Intensity of rainfall plays a vital role in the water resources in the State. Intensity of rainfall is high in coastal area as also in parts of eastern Maharashtra. As a result much of the rainfall is lost to the sea. Variability of rainfall over the State is generally high ranging from 20 to 35 %, except in coastal areas where it is less than 20%. Low rainfall and its high variability causes drought. There are 89 talukas in the State that are chronically drought affected of which 64 are in the project area. Chronic drought prone talukas of different districts in the project area are given in Tablle3. 5 (Also see map) Table 3.5. Chronic Dr ught Prone Areas in lProject Districts Sr.No District Talukas affected by Chronic Drought 1 Nashik Chandwad, Nandgaon, Sinnar, Malegaon, Yeola, Niphad, ___ ___________ Kalwan, Dindori, Baglan, Nashik, Igatpuri, Peth, Surgana 2 Buldhana Malkapur (Motala), Khamgaon 3 Nandurbar Nandurbar 4. Jalgaon Edlabad, Amalner, Chalisgaon, Parola, Pachora, ____ _________ _Badgaon, Ja_n_er 5 Sangli Jath, Atpadi, Khanapur, Miraj, K Mahankal, Tasgaon. 6 Solapur Akkalkot, Barshi, Karrnala, Madha, Mangalwedha, Mohol, Sangola, Solapur (N), Solapur (S), Pandharpur. 7 Jalna Ambad, Jafrabad. 8 Parbhani Kalamnuri, Hlngoli, Gangakhed, Jintur. (Including Hingoli) 9 Beed Gevrai, Patoda,-Beed, Majalgaon, Kaij, Ashti. 1 0 Satara Koregaon, Man, Khatav, Khandala, Phaltan I I Osmanabad Bhium, Kalainb, Paranda Tuljapur 12 Latur Ahmadpur, Udgir, Nilanga, Ausa Source: Department of Agnculture (GOM) 3.6. Soils Soils in Maharashtra are mainly Vertisols (Black Cotton soils) in almost all districts except in Konkan and m parts of Chandrapur where it is mainly Alfisol and partly Vertisol type Texture and thickness of soil directly control rainfall mfiltration and moisture holding capacity which are relevant to water availability and agriculture. Soils in the State are further classified into Coarse shallow, Medium Black, Deep Black, Latentic and Coastal Alluvial. Soil classification of the State is given in the Table 3.6. Table 3.6. Soils in Maharashtra Sr. Soil Type Districts Covered 'N,o I Coarse Shallow Part areas of Thane, NanduLrbar, Dhule, Nashik, Jalgaon, Aurangabad, Buldhana, Amravati, Washim, Yavatmal, Wardha, Bhandara, Gondia, Parbhani, Beed, Latur, Osmanabad, Solapur, Sangli, Kolhapur, Satara, Ahmednagar. 2 Medium Black Part areas of Nanded, Dhule, Nashik, Jalgaon, Buldhana, Akola, Amaravati, Wardha, Nagpur, Chandrapur, Nanded, Hingoli, Jalna, Parbhani, Latur, Beed, Sangli,.Solapur, Satara 3 Deep Black Part areas of all the districts in the State except Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts. 4 Latentic Part areas of Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Pune, Satara, Kolhapur and Gadchiroli districts. 5 Coastal Alluvial Western most part of Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sidhudurg districts along sea coast Source: Department of Agriculture, GOM. 3.7. Water Resources State is bestowed with numerous rivers and streams flowing westward and eastward These are grouped into 5 major river basins namely Goadvari, Krishna, Tapi, Narmada, and Konkan sub basins in coastal areas. Three major nvers i.e. Godavari, Knshna and Bhima, originate in the State. All nvers in the State except in Konkan region are inter State rivers and their water availability and water use are governed by the Inter State River Tribune Awards. In Konkan region surface water utilization is according to the recommendations of the Dr. M. S. Swaminathan Committee on Water Resources Planning in Konkan region (1981) National Commission on Irrigation has estimated surface water availability as also per capita availability in the 5 major river basins of Maharashtra (Table 3.7) Table 3.7. Availability of Surface Water in Different River Basins of Maha rashtra Sr. Major River i Sub-basin Water Population Per Cultiva | Avail No Basin allocatio (1991) capita ble area J ability n as per (In availa (ha) I of - - - Tribltnal Thousands bilitv water Award ) (m3) in (MCM) m3/ha 1 Godavari Upper Godavari, 7267 5443 1335 1719 4227 (West) North (upto Paithan) Maharashtra 2 Godavari Lower Godavari, 3576 6729 531 3231 1107 (West) Puma, Dudhna, Marathwada remaining Godavari 3 Godavari- Manjra 1547 3010 514 1337 1157 Manjra 4 Godavari Penganaga, 21795 13799 1579 4969 4386 (East) Wainaganag, Wardha, Central and lower Wainganaga 5 Tapi Purna-Tapi, 5415 11355 477 373 1 1451 Gina, Panjra, Central Tapi 6 Narmada Narmada 308 161 1913 64 4813 7 Upper (Upper) Krishna 7718 6293 1233 1542 5031 Krishna (West), UJpper Krishna (East) 8 Krishna- Upper Bhima, 7957 8604 925 2268 3508 Bhima (Remaining) Bhima 9 Krishna- Sina, Bori, 1103 3734 295 1517 727 Sina Bentura 10 Konkan Damanganga 69210 19794 3497 1864 37130 Sub basins Par, North Konkan, Central Konkan, Vashishthi, South Konkan, Terekhol, Telhar Total 125896 78922 1596 22242 5587 Source: Second Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission, G.O.M. 13 Unlike lower nparian states like Karnataka, Andlhra Pradesh, haniessing of water in the State is constrained by hlilly and uniduLlating topographlic conditions As a result, most of the districts in the State often experience floods during monsoon and drinking water scarcity durinig summer Average availability of dninking water per annL1um for the total population of the State is 1 596 m3. As per intemational standards this should be 1700 in3, for considering it to be satisfactory. Availability of drinkinig water is scarce to acutely scarce in most parts of the State. excepting the areas occupied by westerly flowing rivers and Nanrada basin 3.7.1. Irrigation Potential - Ultimate irngation potential m the State is estimated at 5.56 million hectare of which 3.647 million hectare is already created of which only 78 % is being utilized due to inefficient irrigation system which has caused water logging and land degradation over 17000 hectares mainly in imgated areas of Knshna and Godavan basins Water logging besides, loss of agncultural productivity has affected drinkLng water quLality due to salinty. In water logged areas malaria epidemic is common. 3.7.2 Tank irrigation: Minor irrigation tanks and village ponds are major source of irrigation. There are 26050 tanks constructed and controlled by different agencies. Ex-Malguajan tanks in Vidharbha region continue to urrigate small areas. Most of these tanks are also used for drinking water supply. About 45% of these tanks have become abandoned or semi-abandoned due to neglected 0 & M, which has reduced availability of water for agriculture and drinking. Table 3.8. Number of Tanks in Maharashtra (As on 2001) Sr. Ownership Number of Tanks No. 1 Irrigation Department 1777 2 Zilla Parishad 12861(micludes 6819 Ex Malgujari tanks taken over by ZP during 1963) 3 Municipal councils 46 4 Private, Village Ponds 10796 5 Gram Panchayat, Forest, Railway and others 570 Total 26050 Source: 2" Maharashtra Water and lmgation Commission, G O.M., Water Resources Department, G.O. M 3.7.3 Groundwater Resources Geological formations in the State range in age from Archaean to recent alluvium About 82% of the area is covered by Deccan Basalt lava flows (249934 sq. kim) followed by metamorphic rocks (32284 sq. km), alluvial deposits (14526 sq kin) mainly in Ptumna and Tapi nver basins, and senm-consolidated sedimentary formations (11018 sq. km.) like sandstones, lime stones and coal, etc. Groundwater I A in hard rock occurs mainly under water table and semi-confined conditions. Confined aquifers in hard rocks are isolated and have limited areal extent as these are controlled by fractures, joints /fissures and faults. In semi-consolidated and sedimentary fonnations, grotndwater occurs both umder semi confined and tnconfined conditions. In alluvial formations groundwater occurs both under unconfined and semi- confined conditions The decadal average depth to water level dunng post monsoon season is generally in the range of 3-6 m below ground level but in certain areas it is 9-12 m or more. In alluvial areas of Tapi nver basin the groundwater table is 9-40 m below ground level whcreas in Purma nver basin it is 9-22 m below ground level. The post monsoon water level trend over the past 10 years indicates that water levels are declining in about 68 talukas in the State while in the remaining parts it is stabilized-or nrsing Table 3.9. (See Hlydrographns). Table 3.9. Declining Trend of Groundwater Table in Project Districts (position as on March 2002) Sr. No District Pre Post Number of Talukas Monsoon Monsoon showing progressive Period Period decline (mt/yr) mnt/yr) _- 1 Akola 0.46 0.17 5 2 Beed 0.35 0.14 2 3 Bhandara 0.13 Rising 3 4 Buldhana 0.32 0.17 3 5 Chandrapur 0.16 0.14 3 6 Gadchiroli 0.21 0.15 2 7 Gondia Nil Nil 0 8 Hingoli Nil Nil 0 9 Jalgaon 0.28 0.20 6 10 Jalna 0.38 0.17 4 II Kolhapur Rising Rising 12 Latur 0.31 0.28 3 1 3 Nagpur 0. I9 Rising 7 14 Nashik 0.23 0.1 2 1 5 Nandurbar Nil Nil O 16 Osmanabad 0.44 Rising 4 17 Parbhani 0.48 0.31 3 18 Ratnagiri 0.26 Stable 0 19 Sangli 0.45 Rising 3 20 Satara 0.22 0.27 1 21 Sindhudurg 0.16 Rising 0 22 Solapur 0.44 0.20 6 23 Thane 0.12 Rising 2 24 Washim Nil Nil 0 25 Wardha 0.13 Stable 3 26 Yavatmal 0.28 0.13 6 Source: Water table monitored by GSDA and CGWB between 1992 and 2002, Hydrology Project Data. 16 Realizing the importance of groundwater for agriculture and drinking water, Goven1ment of Maharashtra established a separate Directorate of Grotndwater Surveys and Development Agency in 1972, as a nodal agency for groundwater plamiing and development GSDA has been estimating groundwater potential in the State from time to time. GSDA has divided the State into 1 505 group watersheds for groundwater assessment and development planning Non-ns for groundwater estimation are discussed and finalized at National level,by the Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India and are refined periodically as more research and field data flow in. Rainfall contnbutes 20 to 30% of total grotmdwater recharge. Supplementary recharge from other sources like recycled irrigation, seepage from surface water storages and canals, etc. contributes slgnifiCantly Ministry of water Resources constituted a Groundwater Estimation Comnmittee during 1997 to review, revise and recommend new methodology for groundwater estimation, which was deliberated and accepted by all the state groundwater orgamzations. GSDA has revised the estimation of groundwater potential m the State as per GEC (1997) norms. GSDA further subdivided the 1505 group watersheds into 2415 sub units based on irrigated and non-irrigated areas as per GEC (1997) and estimated the potential. The total replemshable groundwater recharge as per recent groundwater estimation in the project area is 28751 30 MCM 3.7.4 Groundwater Extraction Despite innovations in the groundwater extraction structures like bore wells and dug-cum bore wells, open irrigation wells continue to prevail. As per Minor lmgation census carried out by the State there are 20,00,000 irrigation wells of which 12,00,000 are installed with mechanical pumping device Average extraction from open well varies between 8000 m3 to 12000 m' per year. Subsidized powers tariff and cross subsidy for diesel and easy access to credit encouraged construction of large irrigation wells in the State particularly after the green revolution. Total extraction of groundwater is estimated at 7768.91 MCM, including 7095.87 MCM for irrigation and 673.04 MCM for drinking, which is 36 % of the utilizable recharge Table 3.10. (Also see Pie charts) Table 3.10. Groundwater Potential for the Project Districts. (Position as on March 2002) Sr District Annual Annual Gross Groundwater Ground Domestic water No Replenis Withdrawal (MCM) -water supply Demand by hable Balance 2030 (MCM) Ground- (MCM) water recharge __ ~~(MCM) Irrigati Drinking Total Demand Available on water 1 Akola 715.02 205.87 26.32 232 20 483.48 52.64 51 05 2 Beed 1471.18 651.52 46.93 698.46 773.67 93.87 90.12 3 Bhandara 1050.80 69.90 50 51. 120 42 931.69 101.03 99 32 4 Buldhana 641.02 170.11 29.49 199.6 443.24 58.99 53.84 5 Chandrapur 885 83 69.46 45 68 115 14 770 68 | 91.36 90.8; 6 Gadchiroli 1240.72 1 8.03 13.71 31.74 1208.9 27 43 27.31 LI 7 274 7 Gondia Data Included With the Data for Bhandara District. 8 Hingoli Data Included With the Data for Parbhani District 9 Jalgaon 1208.78 623.93 55.95 679.89 582.75 11 91 g9.10 10 Jalna 809.94 340.27 6.94. 347 22 462.72 13.88 13.88 11 Kolhapur 1245.25 182.12 13.97 196.10 1049.1 27.95. 27.95 I 4_ 12 Latur 1029.501 330.73 - 1633 347.06 683.04 | 32.66 31.63 13 Nagpur 1046.28' 421.48 5.64 480.U2 6?3.54| 117.29 88.17 14 Nashik 1929.47 714.03 29.90 743.93 1233.0 8&.60.1 77.46 I - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ j _ _8 15 Nandurbar Data Included With the Data for Dhule District. 16 Osmanabad 1062.12 f 38.87 f7.75 556.63 505.49 35.51 35.51 17 Parbhani 3471.066 381.27 1 8.90 400.18 3070.8 37.81 37.81 _ _____ _ 8 __ __ _ 18 Ratnagiri 229.67 3.64.40 11.27 14.92 124.75 22.55 22.55 19 Sangli 838.03 561.07 25.27 586.35 259.73 49.02 42.56 20 Satara 5070.46 615.04 51.23 666.27 4772.7 102.45 96.67 I_ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ° l__ _ _ I__ _ _ _ 0 1 21 Sindhudurg 87.05 25.39 17.81 43.21 43.83 35.62 28.56 22 Solapur 1720.67 656.94 51.50 708.44 1059.8 103.00 90.41 II 1 010 23 Thane 363.86 44.06 12.31 56.371 307.49 24.62. 24.62 24 Washim Data included With the Data for Akola District. I 25 Wardha 1364.09 f 240.19 16.81 257.00 1109.4 33.62 32.34 26 Yavatmal 1270.39 231.83 55.71 287.54 982.84 111.43 111.29 Total: 28751.3 7095.9 673.0 7768.9 21473. 1373.4 1263.08 ~ 1 11 1 I I I Source: Novisianrl Qrrcu=d'&ter sses=e.W By CGWBUDa GSDA s per GEIC-97 Between 1988 and 2002 ground water extraction for irrigation has increased by a maximum of 223.26 % in Jalgaon district. Tablie 3.11. TABLE 3.11. Percentage Change in Net Groundwater Draft in the Project Disricts. (Position as on March 2002) Sr.No District 1988 1993 2002 1 Akola 14.45 17.63 32.47 2 Beed 19.18 32.43 47.48 3 Bhandara 18.27 8.07 11.46 4 Buldhana 27.40 29.61 31.14 5 Chandrapur 7.00 4.74 13.00 6 Gadchiroli 16.01 1.57 14.30 7 I Gondia Included in Bhandara District 8 Hingoli Included in Parbhani District 9 Jalgaon l 23.33 1 21.85 1 55.53 10 Jalna j 20.84 29.88 42.87 I I Kolhapur 32 65 30.41 | 15.75 12 Latur 2260 23 27 33 71 13 Nagpu 23.33 21.85 | 45.88 14 Nandurbar 41 99 35.29 i 40.94 includes Dhule _ 15 Nashik 50 82 49.41 38.56 16 Osmanabad 3167 48.92 52.41 17 Parbhani 1904 13 71 1153 18 Ratnagiri 7 54 8.08 6 50 19 Sangli 4920 41 94 69.97 20 Satara 47.03 32.03 12.28 21 Sindhudurg 12.90 10.14 49.64 22 Solapur 41.16 4868 41.17 23 Thane 15 03 697 15.49 24 Wardha L 28.80 35.83 1 18.84 25 Washim Included in Akola 26 Yavatmal l 13.01 10.80 22.63 Source: Provisional Revised Grotndwater Assessment by GSDA and CGWB as per GEC-1997. Based on the stage of ground water development and pre and post water level trends watershed units are categorized into over exploited, critical, semni-critical and safe Out of 1766 watershed units in the project area there are 69 over exploited, 40 critical, 170 semi-critical, 59 poor quality and 1428 safe watershed units. Table 3.12. (Also see Pie charts) TABLE 3.12. Number of Watershed in Different Categories in Project Districts. (Position as on March 2002) Sr. District Total No. No. of No. Of No. Of No Of No. No numbe of over cntical Semi- poor Of r of water exploite water critical GW safe water shed d water shed . water Quality water sheds units shed units shed water shed units units shed units Iulnits 1 Akola 65 100 0 1 7 12 80 2 Beed 48 81 3 2 14 0 62 3 Bhandara 54 93 1 0 2 0 90 4 Buldhana 57 102 4 1 8 1 1 7R 5 Chandrapur 58 76 0 0 0 0 76 6 Gadchiroli 83 88 0 O O 0 3S 7 Gondia Data included With the Data fA AkRola Di.strict 8 Hingoli Data included With the Data f& Pftbhar; DisAict. 9 Jalgaon 66 112 24 ___ 26 L 0 54 10 Jalna 52 74 0 1 14 0 59 11 Kolhapur 40 80 0 0 0 0 80 12 Latur 39 69 I 1 2 0 65 13 1apur | 54 1 84 18 4 4 0 68 ,P ~ b _- _ 4 __ _6 __ ______ 14 |Nashik 80 137 18 9 28 082 1 5 1Nandiirbar 0 o o 00 n 0 67 16 bOsmanabad 41 74 0 1 6 Q 67 17 Parbhani 51 81 0 Q 0 O &1. 18 Ratnagiri 20 30 0 0 0 0 30 19 |_Sangli 38 68 2 5 12 7 42 20 1 Satara 50 72 4 3 12 0 53 21 Sindhudurg it 15 0 0 a I 0 ?4 22 Solapur 64 114 2 3 20 29 60 23 IThane i _34 50 0 a 0 O 5j 24 Washim I Data included With the Data for Akola District. 25 Wardha 139 I8 i2 |f i6 io 49 26j Yavatmal 64 108 0 0 8 0 1100 _ ITotal. |1108 1766 69 40 170 59 1428 l StateTotal 1505 2415 130 55 276 80 1874 Source. Provisional Revised Grotmdwater Assessment by GSDA and CGW1B as per GEC-1997. 3.7.5 impact of Sugarcane Irrigation About 18.8 % of the total inigated area in the State is under sugarcane. As per prevailing irrigation practices for sugarcane irrigation supplementary water requirements are 195 cm against actual consumptive use of 160 cm. - There are 77 operating sugar factories in the project area each with a crushing capacity of 1250 to 5000 tons per day. In addition 41 new factories are under erection and proposals for 142 new factories are pending for licensing. Area under sug-cane in 26 project districts is 349600 ha. Excessive irrigation for large area under sugarcane has caused over extraction of groumdwater even in command areas where groundwater is used conjunctively with surface water. Concentration of sugarcane and its over irrigation in Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, Nashik, Latur, Beed, Osmanabad and Solapur is manifested in over extraction of groundwater (109 number of over exploited and critical watershed umnts) progressively declining water table in these areas and also deterioration of groundwater quality affecting drinking water supplies. Table 3.13. Impact of Sugarcane Irriga on on Groundwater Sr District Number of Sugar factories Area No. of 1 Parts of No I I Proposed under Over affected it Unde Pr Sugar- exploited/ talukas ng l erection & | cane critical (OOha) watershed I _______________ _ I_I _ I_I_I_I u n its 1 Akola 2 0 5 21 1 Akola 2 Beed 5 4 15 195 5 Ambejogai, Gevrai, Majalgaon | 3 t Bhandara I 0 2 7 1 Bbandara 1 4 } Buldhana I 1 9 [26 5 D Raj4i, I ,______________ _________B uldhana 19 5 Ch_ndraurO 0 3 2 0 Gadchiroli 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 Gondia Nil Nil Nil Nil 0 0 8 Hingoli 1 0 0 NA 0 0 9 Jalgaon 4 2 9 185 32 Raver, Chopda, Yawal, Edlabad 10 Jalna 3 1 7 201 1 Jalna 1 1 Kolhapur 12 9 8 855 0 0 12_ Latur 3 3 15 185 Latur,Ausa 13 Nagpur 1 2 3 7 12 Mauda, Saoner 14 Nashik 7 2 0 309 27 Nashik, Niphad, Sinner, Chandgaod _______________ ______ _________ Y eo la 15 Nandurbar 2 0 0 62 0 0 16 Osmanabad 2 2 10 191 1 Osmanabad 17 Parbhani 4 0 11 126 0 0 18 Ratnagiri 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 Sangli 9 7 12 361 7 Sangli, Tasgaon, Walwa, Jat, Shirala 20 Satara 8 4 10 413 7 Satara, Koregaon, Karad 21 Sindhudurg 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 Solapur 10 3 13 380 5 Malshiras, Akluj, Mohol, Pandharpur 23 Thane 0 0 1 0 0 0 24 Washim 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Wardba 1 1 1 I1 3 Deoli, I___ I________ Seloo 26 Yavatmal 4 0 5 21 0 0 Total for 77 41 142 3496 109 Project area State Total 117 59 182 6870 185 Source: Commissioner of Sugar, District Statistical Abstracts, GOM, NABARD 3.7.6 Silting of Reservoirs Almost all reservoirs are getting silted at much faster rate than estimated during designing, due to soil erosion and change in catchment's charactenstics. This has reduced their live storage and has affected- water supply both to irrgation and 2O drinking water supply schemes based on these. Studies on a few reservoir storages in the State camed out by Central Board of Irmgation and Power has revealed that the loss of storage capacity is at the rate of 0.1 % to 0.77 % per year Table 3.14. Result of study on silting of Irrigation Projects in Maharashtra Project Basin District Estimated Silting Actual Silting (Ham,' 100 Kl,2) (H,m,q(@Km2) Major Irrigation Project Koyana Krishna Satara 5 05-7.94 8 1 Yeldanr Godavan Parbhani 3.57 5.77 Ramtek Godavai Nagpur 2.06 9.65 Medium Irrigation Projects: Ekrukh Krishna Solapur 1 54 5.35 Asola Mendha Godavari Chandrapur 9.94 15.92 Mhasvad Krishna Satara 1.76 3.56 Nalgaon Tapi Buldhana 1.90 6.24 Visapur Krishna Ahmednagar 3.57 6.35 Mangi Krishna Solapur 0 5 3.54 Minor Irrigation Projects: Khanapur Krishna Osmanabad 1.2 3.12 Nazare Krishna Pune 2.38 3.21 Bindusara Godavari Beed 3.02 7.92 Khelvan Godavari Aurangabad 1.26 2 07 Mukti Tapi Dhule 0.07 3.16 Polegaon Godavari Ahmednagar 1.14 7.7 Source: CBIP Publication 224 3.7.7. Water Resources in Tribal Areas The tribal areas in the State of Maharashtra are concentrated in parts of Ahmednagar, Thane, Amaravati, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Dhule, Nandurbar, Nanded, Nashik, Pune, Yavatmal, Raigad, Parbhani and Wardha districts. Tribal population in the State is 73,18,281 (1991), which is 9.27 % of the population in the State. The tribal population generally lives m inhospitable terrain characterized by mountainous and sub-mountainous region and practice shifting cultivation. Groundwater though prolific, provides most of the water needs besides, springs. Groundwater resource potential in tribal areas is given in Table 3.15. Table 3.15. Groundwater Resources in Tribal Areas of Project lDstricts (Position as of March 2002) Sr. No District Area in Utilizable GW Present Balance GW Hectares Resources GW Draft for use (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) I Thane 674100 25834.65 4002.75 21831.90 2 Nashik 599700 73319.86 28269.34 45050.52 3 Jalgaon 4800 483.51 271.95 211.56 4 Yavatnal 190500 17785.46 4025.70 13759.76 5 Nagpur 361 00 4185.12 1920 42 2264.70 6 Chandrapur 170700 13287 45 1727.10 11560 35 7 Gadchiroli 1340400 1 15387.59 2952.68 112434.91 Total 3016300 250283.64 431 69.97 207113.70 Source- Based on Groundwater Development Prospects in Tnbal Areas of India, CGWB, GOI, GSDA Finding favorable sites in tribal areas -for sustainable source for water supply is challenging due to adverse geographic situations and necessitates use of GIS maps Harnessing springs, which are abundant in hill areas, is the best alternative for water stupply 3.7.7 Demand for Drinking Water Present demand for drinking water in the State is estimated at 2767.52 MCM of which 1705 46 MCM IS for urban and 1062.06 MCM for rural population. The projected demand for dnrnking water at year 2030 is estimated at 6183 57 MCM, which includes 4240.47 MCM for urban area and 1943.10 MCM for rural areas. These projections show that by 2030 the demand for urban supply would increase by -148 % and for rural water supply by 82% compared to present. This difference would increase further due to faster industrialization and urbanization. Although total natural availability of surface water in the State is estimated at 125896 MCM, the Second Maharashtra Irngation Commission has considered the actual availability of surface water at 107683 MCM. Between 1992 and 2002 total availability of water (both surface and groundwater) has increased from 139227 MCM to 154137.16 MCM due to changes in ground water availability from 31544. MCM in 1992 to 46454 MCM as per revised ground water assessment (provisional) by GSDA and Central Ground Water Board. Table 3.16. Water Utilization V/S Demand in Maharashtra Type of Use Present Utilization Projected Demand by 2030 (in MCM) (m MCM) Utilization % Demand % 1. Irrigation a Surface water 24093 76.8 69161 77 b. Groundwater 7253 23.2 20501 23 Subtotal l 31346 89662 100 11. Drinking Water l a. Urban 1705.46 (4.1 crores 61 6 4240 47 (8 45 crores 68 5 population) population) b Rural 1062.06 (5 57 crores 38.4 1943.10 (9.67 crores 31 5 poptulation) population) Ill. Livestock 746 33 998 IV. Industries 1241 3 3254 V. Power Generation l a Hydro 3112 3112 b. Thermal 271.5 495 | Subtotal V 3383.5 3607 Grand Total 39484.65 103704 57 Total Water Availability a. Surface water 107683 107683 b. Groundwater 46454 16 46454 16 Total water available 154137 16 154137.16 % Utilization to 26 67 availability Il I Source Second Maharashtra Water and lnigatinn Commission, GOM 3.7.9. Utilization of Water Resources by Different Sectors Unlike urban areas dnnking water in rural areas is confronted with severe competition with imgation water supplies. Estimates by Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission (1999) shows that by 2030, out of total water resources estimated at 154137 MCM including surface and ground water, about 89662 MCM (58 %) would be utilized by irrigation and 10435.57 MCM (7 %) by drinking and industry. However, except in KonkaD region, in other parts of the State, irrigation needs would exceed the available water resources. Therefore, providing drinking water by controlling irrigation demands becomes formidable in future water planning. Out of total wL.f,,r resources estimated at 154137.16 MCM, utilization by different sectors by 2030 would be as under: It is evident that by year 2030 only 67.3% of the available water resources would be utilized and by proper planning and judicious use by different sectors, availabilty of water for drinking purposes would not be a constraint. Sector Projcted Demand by 2030 % Utilization of Total (MCM) Resource Availability Irrigation 89662 58.17 Drinking 6183.57 4.1 Live stock 998 0.65 Industries 3254 2.1 Power 3607 2.3 Total 103704.57 67.32 3.8 Groundwater for Drinking Purpose In nmral areas ground water is the main source of drinking water supply. Demand for drinking water supply in rural areas is estimated at 1062 MCM at present and 1943 MCM at year 2030. Revised ground water estimates by GSDA shows that presently 855.20 (673 MCM for project area) of ground water is used for drinking water which is 80.5% of total requirement and balance 19.5% is from surface water. The requirement ground water for drinking water at year 2030 is estimated at 1706-80 23 MCM (1373.36 MCM for project area), but because of non-availability or limited availability of groundwater in over exploited and cntical areas, only 1560 98 MCM (1263 08 MCM for the project area) would be available for actual use Thus groundwater available for fuiture utilization can meet only 80 3% of the demand and balance requirement needs to be provided from surface water sources. As regards surface water, though it is expected that the entire projected demand of 4240 MCM for urban water supply schemes could be fulfilled from surface water sources, the Second Maharashtra Water And Irrigation Comnuission has observed that the probdble supply would be about 3292 MCM. The shortfall of 848 MCM for urban water supply may have to be met either from groundwater, if and where available, or from rainwater harvesting or by recycling 2713 MCNW f sewage-waste water that would be generated by then. 3.8.2 Bore wells for Rural Water Supply In the project area, by March 2002, GSDA has drilled 2,00,842 bore wells and 2,480 tube wells for dnnking water. Out of these 1,58,389 Bore Wells and 2,418 Tube Wells are successful and are mstalled with Hand Pump or a Power Pump. Distnct wise progress is given in Table 3.17. Table 3.17. Bore wells and Tube wells Drilled for Drinking Water Supply in the Project Districts. (Position as on March 2002) District No of BW No of No of No of NoofBW/ No of BW/ Sr. drilled TW successful successful TW fitted TW fitted No drilled Borewells Tubewells with Hand with Power Pumps Pumps 1 Akola 7180 368 5532 368 4765 309 2 Beed 11718 0 9320 0 8264 806 3 Bhandara 10483 88 9239 88 8523 275 4 Buldhana 7835 305 5725 300 5235 344 5 Chandrapur 6934 523 6117 504 6198 167 6 Gadchiroli 6182 221 5819 206 5577 172 7 Gondia 1015 0 969 0 968 0 8 Hingoli 1076 0 989 0 897 7 9 Jalgaon 7672 565 5479 558 4673 642 10 Jalna 8448 0 6050 0 5416 338 11 Kolhapur 7425 0 5726 0 4985 626 12 Latur 11103 0 9293 0 6748 1754 13 Nagpur 7334 78 6283 72 5628 411 14 Nashik 11071 4 7576 4 6472 643 15 Nandurbar 776 173 684 171 736 38 16 Osmanabad 8676 0 7445 0 6112 1048 17 Parbhani 11639 0 9546 0 8808 555 18 Ratnagin 4760 0 2946 0 2512 177 19 Sangli 9308 0 7422 0 6543 723 20 Satara 13661 0 10210 0 9184 631 21 Sindhudurg 3605 0 2607 0 2384 193 22 Solapur 18007 0 14923 0 13875 756 23 Thane 11075 0 7521 0 7244 246 24 I Washiim 282 0 246 0 220 3 25 Wardha 4450 0 3507 0 3159 237 26 I Yavatmal 9127 155 721 5 147 655 296 Total 200842 2480 158389 2418 135781 11397 _ State Total 268839 3709 208088 3633 186789 15059 Source: GSDA Hydro-geologists of GSDA having a long experience in hydrogeology of hard rocks select sites for water supply sources Presently success rate is 80 %. This may appear reasonable though below desirable. 3.8.2. Present Coverage Adequacy of source is determined at 40 LPCD norm (reduced to 20 LPCD in summer in some cases). One bore well generally services 200 population. But in many cases the population coverage is more than 200 per bore well. Where the population is more than 2000, piped water supply or multi village water supply schemes are implemented. Bore wells are also drilled to supplement existing inadequate supply schemes. Program of bore well and tubes well for dnnking water is implemented by GSDA, ZP and piped water supply scheme with bore well/ tube well as a source by Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran. Based on the source, its adequacy and population covered water supply schemes are categorized as Hand Pumps, Power Pumps, Mini water supply schemes, individual piped water supply schemes. Regional-Rural water supply schemes and open dug well schemes (mostly by ZP). There are 176692 Hand Pumps, 14797 Mini Water Supply Schemes, and 16683 Individual Piped Water Supply Schemes. 47922 Open Dug wells, 337 Regional Rural Water Supply Schemes zid 1950 Water Supply Schemes executed by MJP. Progress of drinking water schemes of State is given in Table 3.18. Table3.18. Progress of Drinking water Supply (Ground Water) Program (Position as on April 2002) Village / Hamlets Progress of Drinki ng water S pplly No. of % No. of % villages _ HamDets Total Number 40785 45528 Number where successful and adequate 26215 64.3 32925 72.3 GW source is created at 40 LPCD Number where GW source is created 10511 25.7 8242 18.1 but supply is less than 40 LPCD specially during sunmmer (These sources require strengthening or augmentation of supply) -Number where groundwater survey has 2936 7.2 2987 6.6 been conducted but needs detailed studies for siting of safe and reliable source. Number where groundwater source 746 1 8 1374 3.0 could not be identified for various reasons viz, poor quality, difficu]t geology, no hydrogeological survey Number where supply source is surface 377 0.92 0 0 water Source WSSD, GOM 3.9 Water Quality Issues Quality of groundwater for water supply is continuously monitored by GSDA, CGWB and PHD Besides, durnig 2001 GOM has taken up bolck wise random sampling for chemical analysis of drmking water souirces as per directives Issued by GOI This water quality analysis is only a one-time,analysis In those districts wher-e water quality is severly affected due to chemical contamination, 100% sampling of drikinig X ater sources is being carimed out by assigning the task to NEERI NEERI has already conducted 1005 sampoling in Yewatmal districts and similar sampling is being carried ouit in Bhandara and Nagpur distncts Out of total 200842 drinkmg water sou,rces 25314 sources were tested for Flotuide, iron, Salanity and Nitrate Number of souirces affected by water quality problems are given in Table 3.19 Table 3.19: Number of Sources Affected by lloor Water Quality Problem in Project Districts Sr. Distct Total Actual No. of Number of samples affected by higl No No of ntunber Villages concentration of sources of covered samples Fluoride Iron Salinity Nitrate tested I Akola 7180 412 27 - 2 0 14 0 2 Beed 11718 161 77 0 0 0 0 3 Bhandara 10483 324 5 13 18 35 0 4 Buldhana 7835 1285 37 66 13 0 X SChandrapur 6934 1111 20 461 16 0 108 6 Gadchirolh 6182 938 23 73 2 18 196 7 Gondia 1015 1267 NA 153 82 8 36 8 Hingoll 1076 87 NA 0 0 0 0 9 Jalgaon 7672 722 79 14 0 37 0 IO Jalna 8448 100 146 1 0 7 0 11 Kolhapur 7425 492 30 0 5 1 0 12 LatLr 11103 503 13 - 0 0 0 0 13 Nagpur 7334 1015 27 92 19 0 295 14 Nashik 11071 870 78 0 0 17 0 15 Nandurbar 776 967 NA 4 0 105 0 161Osmanabad 8676 112 146 0 0 0 0 17 Parbhani 11639 481 68 0 0 19 0 18 Ratnagiri 4760 834 19 0 0 14 0 19 Sangli 9308 883 59 4 0 8 0 20 Satara 13661 1011 70 127 0 6 0 21 Sindhudurg 3605 652 32 44 21 3 4 22 Solap¢T 18007 140 91 13 3 48 0 23 Thane 11075 480 83 2 3 17 2 24 Washin 282 148 NA 0 0 0 0 25 Wardha 4450 930 24 8 1 9 34 26 Yavatmal 9127 9389 all 877 796 91 1709 Total 200842 25314 1154 1954 979 457 2385 SoLurce: Report on water quality of 10 % samples by NEERI; WSSD, GOM Results of water quality analysis by vanous agencies are compiled, collated and discussed below Areas affected by contamination of grotmdwater by various elements like Fluoride, Nitrate, Iron and Salinity are also discussed below (Please see pie charts) 3.9.1. Fluoride Chemical quality of groundwater in the State is generally good and potable However, in parts of areas covered by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and in coastal areas ground water has high concentration of fluoride. Chemical analysis of water samples from open wells and bore wells by GSDA, CGWB and PHD indicate that the concentration of Fluoride increases with depth and is less in shallow aquifers. Table 3.20. Table 3.20. Distribution Of Fluoride ln Drinking Water Wells District No. of vi lages No. of DW No.of BW Analyzed lF>1.5 Analyzed F>1.5 Analyzed F>1.5 mg/l ~~~ ~~mgtl m g/1 Akna 2. s.5 4 254 2 26) 9 Beed 345 . sn 5s 1 438 Rhandara t109 l 3 406. n8 37 7 Bjildhana 231 5 |2 12 27& . Chandranira 471 li1 736 1 n |.51 4() ('Tadchiroli 314 3 1319 3 1 427 2 GTondia Inchinded in Bhandara hin2oli _nc3iided m Parhamni Jalgann 21 n 2S l20 1J9 245 13 ialna 388 .5 a3 2 549 S 7 Krilbaniir 4Rs -3666f 1 -827 ~ 3 9 Latuir 320 13 s 4 n 5 16 2() Nagnir 293 l 9 i 39 i 368 1 7 Nandiirhar 430 25 293 9 513 30 Nasik 229 9 l 91 2 2SPb 1 1 Osmanahad 3J74 49 4S 1 489 26 Parhhani 348 47 169 7 537 S 4 R atna2iri 4422 53 2 7.37 26 Snnpli 3?7 2k 16 hhL L I , Sata- S7.S 39 -16S 186ll 48i6 Sindhiudinrg 345 4 6h32 6 1035l 104 Solanuir 474 64 L35 5 & 981 78 Thane - S22 J8- 1L 2- h6 494 13 Wardbha 207 14 93 1 330 14 Washim Incilded in Ak la YavatmaL 295 ILdi26.1 LL l 1 3h Source: Reports of chemical analysis between 1988-2002 by GSDA, CGWB, PHD and NEERI 3.9.2. Nitrate High concentration of Nitrate in groundwater is reported in distncts where large areas are irngated under Paddy sugarcane, cotton, orange, banana and grapes Excess use of chemical fertilizer is the major source of Nitrate contamination. High concentration of nitrate is more in shallow aquifers than in deep bore wells Chemical analysis of drinking water samples by GSDA, CGWB and PHD shows high concentration of Nitrate in ground water m Sangli, Kolhapur, Jalgaon, Beed, Nashik, Nagpur, Osmanabad, Solapur, Parbhani, LatLr, Wardha, Chandrapur, Bhandara and Akola distncts where area under sugarcane, paddy, orange, banana is more. 3.9.3. Salinity Ground water in southern parts of Puma alluvium m Akola, Buldhana has high salinity rendering the groundwater unfit for drinking. Salinity in Purna river alluvium in Amravati, Akola and Buldhana districts is location specific and there are no similar examples elsewhere in the country Salinity due to seawater ingression is common in coastal belt of Thane, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts. The effect of salinity due to seawater mgression is observed up to 2 Km. inland from the west coast. In this belt fresh ground water floats above the saline water and could be used for drinking purposes from open wells of up to 5 meter depth provided rigorous control on groundwater withdrawal for irrigation is exercised to avoid disruption of fresh water - sea water interface. Table 3.21 gives distribution of TDS in groundwater in project area Table 3.21. Distribution of Total Dissolved Solids in Groundwater District No. of villages No. Of DW No.of BW Analyzed I TDS Analyze- TDS>2000 Analyzed TDS I >2000 d mg/l >2000 mg/l- mg/l Ak la 2X21 41 776 20 869 114 seedl 8fg oI8 i242 3 594 20 3hanidAr - -34D |li 7-51- 12 746 7 B3ildhana 254 329 7 30 2 86 }Thandranni- 5 S AS 626 47 50l9 1 () Gafbihrl 345. 5 . 498 - 2 682 5- GTondia Incilided in Rhandaim Hinaoli Inchluded n Parhhani _ Jalpann___ -253 16 nx 9 ~ -413 1 1 .Jalna 427 13 .36i 3 597 1 Q Knihan'ir 5 4M 2L3 9h6 43 113iS 17 Lahjr __ 352 - 6-66 ---lI IMD _1()7 f Namnuir :322 31 3fiR 1 9 49 & 21 A6rr 1 4 44S9{ 5 9:? 116 Na-ik 9s5 l 2- 181 Osmanaah.ad- 41 1 6 . 1352 _ () 5 A8, 6z Pa,Rhhani 39 i 651 M 7 6279 14 Rarnamiri 486 .6 .59? 6 922 2 Ranh .360 ?4 2 5 6 fi . 863i 215 Sa atra 59n ?S5 1056 _ 2n i3897 ?2 Sindlhilidvr 3R1 7 662 2 11 6 9 SnlantIr 521 49 942 22 ~ J-f96 42 Thane 274 70 JO9 729 LI Wardha 22& 14 3 &, . 7 499i Washirn | |Inciludled in Akola Yavatmal 325 17 11 l83 14 Source: Reports of chemical analysis between 1988-2002 by GSDA, CGWB and PHD) 3.9.4. Arsenic Chemical analysis of water samples from different drinking water sources tested during April - May 2001 at the chemical laboratory of Indian Bureau of Mines, (IBM) Nagpur '.howed presence of Arsenic in water samples from 12 villages in Hingana and Ramtek talukas of Nagpur district and 11 villages from Gadchiroli, Kurkheda and Wadasa talukas of Gadchiroli district. Concentration of Arsenic was found to be high than permissible limits in a few cases. Alarmed by this, water samples from same sources were analyzed at the laboratory of Public Health Dept. during July 2002 which shovwd only traces of Arsenic much below permissible limit (Table 3.22.A). Table 3.22. A. Results of Water Quality Analysis for Arsenic in Nagpur and Gadchiroli Districts (Position as on august 2002) T[aluka | Village | Source | As Tested by As Tested by Gadchiroli District Gadchiroli Katli OW 0.18 0.009 Amirza BW 0.10 0.011 Madetukum HP 0.15 0.012 Vasa HP 0.06 0.009 Kurkhed Chinchtole BW 0.24 0.005 Salaitola OW 0.69 0.019 Maldugi OW 0.16 0.007 Arattondi BW 0.27 0.014 Gothangaon BW _0.23 0.012 Koshi OW 07 0.0l9 Wadasa Usegaon BW 0.05 0_026 Nagpur Districts Hingna Salaimendha | OW I 0.55 I 0.019 Ramntek |Mansar OW 0.053 0.014 rManisar OW 0 065 0 01 Mansar BW !°0 055 .-NIL Mansar BW 1 0 057 0011 I Mansar 13W i 0059 NIl - M Mansar 13W 0 055 0 012 SoLirce. Zilla Parislhad and GSDA at Nagpur and Gadchiroli In view of the wide difference bet-ween the two test results it was considered necessary to revalidate the water quality analysis for Arsenic independini;ny at a third qualified laborato-y GOM assigned this task to Radiant Laboratory Nagpur. Tile Laboratory has since submitted the results of chemical analysis of water samples from 13 sources from Nagpur district, tested for Arsenic contamination. Thie analysis was done adopting Silver Diethyl Dithicarbonate method, using spectrophotometer at 535 mrn with 1 cm light cells, using Gwtzet Arsenic generator The results are given mn Table 3.22.B The third test results confinii that Arsenic concentration in groundwater sources in Nagpur distrct is much below the permissible limits. Results for water samples from Gadclhiroh district are awaited. Table 3.22..B. Results of Chemical Analysis Of Drinking Water Samples From Nagpur District Tested for Arsenic Taluka Village Source Concenrtration of Arsenic (mg/ ) Hingna Salaimedha Open well 0.016 HRngna Salaimedha Opem well 0.016 Ramtek Mansar Bore well with 0.018 hand pump Ramtek Mansar Bore well with 0.010 hand pump l Ramtek Mansar Bore well with 0.0o d hand pump _ Ramtek Mansar Bore well wit]h Not detected hand pump Ramtek Mansar Bore weJl wxtth 0.0ll hand pump Ramtek Mansar Bore well withi 0.009 hand pump Ramtek Mansar Bore well wi 0. Not detected hand pump Ramtek Mansar Open well 0.012 Ramtek Manisar Open well Nde.c010 Rarntek Mangrul Open well Not detected Rtamitek Mangrult Openi well 0 006 Source WSSD Based on Reports from Radiant Laboratoiy, Nagpur (Jan 2003) 3.9.5. Iron Chemical analysis of water samples from groundwater sources for drinking water in Ratnagri, Raigad, Sindhudurg, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts shows presence of iron This is due to geological formations like Laterites in Konkan region and Hematite Quartzite in Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts, whicih have higil iron minlerals that leach in grouLidwater. Distributioll of Iron in groundwater in different distncts in project area is given in Table 3.23 TABLE 3.23. Distribution of Gron in Groundwater in Project Districts District No. of villages No. of DW No.of BW Analyzed Fe>1.O Analyzed Fe>1.O Analyzed Fe>_.O mg/I mg!I _ mg/l Akola ?81 S | 776 n 869 S Reed_ 3l80 2 2i?42 n 594 1 Blhandiara -3 40 n 37 1 755- is 746 32 -lBildhanapI4 6 1 713 ? 1f&7L 4 Clhandraniir 58 29 6 26 5 .S iA I n CladchirolI _ 345 39 498S -1 6R2 29 Gondia Inc'indesj in Bhandara Hinoli _ hIddes in P1 arhhani lalaonn 253 2 708l 4 32_ .lalna 427 24 361 1 n97 12 Knlhanih. 534 65 966 39 1135s 54 I .atiir i352 2 6f04 1 11)7) 2 Napmur 1? l9 3f68 9 498i 16 Nandurbar 460 12 267 5 h29 _ 7 Nasik 252 1 9 523 1 6 738 9 Osmanahad 411l 4- f34L .4L3 2 n 58 4 Parhhani 393 2 I 635 0 n fL76 I Ratnaoiri 4Rf 279 9) S9; 9?? 244 Sangili 360 23 ---35i 5 863. 25 Satara 4s8n 3. 22& 6 783 37 Sintdhnd(iirz 38L 461 6f6f 1144 Il l86 Solaninr S?l 41 942 f 1.841 Thane 274 1f38 129L3 Is f69 59 Wardlha 2.& I 31& 11n 49& I Washirn Inciudes in Akola ____I____ Yavatmal 1L 82 1 1 i3917 n 2 1I Source Reports of chemical analysis between 1988-2002 by GSDA, CGWB and PHD 3' 3.9.6. Microbiological contamination The microbiological analysis was started a decade ago. The sampies are analyzed for colifonn and 1,. coli The analysis of data is shownA in Fig. 1. An examination of histograplhs reveal that both shallow and deep aquifers show contamination, but shallow aquifer is more contaminated as compared to deep aquifer -- Fig.l Microbiological content in groundwater 4.1000< 800< 600- 400< 200V i- l l_!___I_~ _ _ ;:cS, I I I I ,T,C1t I I ,.:j ~ [,- E ~.. - ------- 4 ____I__ 3 It is interesting to note that the level of contamination is maximum duiring monsoon and subsequently diminishes during post monsoon period. Further the reasons of contamination of groundwater are badly damaged platform, dumping of animal waste in the vicinity of source, mixing of contaminated surface water without being thoroughly filtered through soil mantle, leakages from septic tanks, compost pits and cattle sheds located m close proximity to the drinking water sources and open field defecation. 3.9.7. Industrial Pollution Industrial growth in the State is high causing contamination of ground water. Chemical analysis of water sanples collected by vanous organizations show that ground water is highly polluted near and around industrial areas. Examples at I-lingna, Kalmeshwar talukas in Nagpur, Tbane-Belapur belt in Thane district, Lote Parshuram, Chiplun and Ratnagiri in Ratnagiri distnct, Ballarshah, Chandrapur in Chandrapur district where ground water has high TDS, COD, BOD, Ca, Cl, S04 and traces of other elements. There are about 1 7 sugar factories in the Stateconcentrated mostly in Nashlik, Sangli, Satara, Kolhapur and Jalgaon distrcts. These sugar factories have ancillary units of distillery, acetone, paper etc. These factories and industrial uMits let off their effluent in tanks constructed for treatment before disposal in near by areas or in the streams However, in many cases in Sangli, Kolhapur, Nasik districts lack of foolproof disposal of spent wasil and other effluent from sugar factones, distillenes and paper mills has contaminated grounidwater Chemical analysis of water samples for industrial effluent and groundwater is given in Table 3 24A Data on water quality status downstream of indistries is given in Table 2 24B Table 3.24(A). Chemical Analysis of l[ndustrial Effluent and Groundwater. In Select Industrial Areas in Project Districts -Distnc Loca Type SamI PH TDS Total Chlo i BOD I COD | Trace t tion of ple Hard ride i ppm l ppm elements Indus sou- ppm ness ppm ppm try rce _ppm I Ratna Lote Efflu 2.8 3840 740- 1363 552 Not gin' Parsh Chemi enit 1600 I tested uram cal Grou 7.1 112 85 11 1 32 Nil nd water Ratna MID Grou 6.7 1930 345 14.2 |Nil Nil Nil gin C Chem nd l Mirj ical water ole Ratna Wam| Efflu 6.2 900 65 67 Nil 56 Nil giri gami PVC ent Grou 6.2 400 180 67 Nil 28 Nil nd water Thane Bela Chemi Ef1u 7.7 608 143.9 1.29 1250 608 0.05 pur cal ent Nag- HFing Effiu 8.6 2630 860 472 Not pur ana Chem ent ___ __ _ tested ical Tank 11. 2065 1650 1106 0.042 water 3 __ Grou 8.8 1320 860 486 N- Not nd tested water ___ Nag- Kalm Efflu 6.8 3200 2815 1936 Not pur eshw Chemi ent 8 _ tested ar cal Grou 8.0 4965 4200 177 - - Not ndwa j tested ter Kolha Kolh Sugar Efflu 7.5 220 - 12 1250 2112 Nil pur a factor ent 6 putr y Kolha Hatk Sugar Efflu 6.8 564 - 60 6300 1280 Nil pur anag factor ent 8 0 ale Y _ __________ __________ _________ __________ _________ _________ _________ _______ __ _________ __________ __________ _________ __________ __________ ______ __ __________ ____ i ___ _________ ____ _____ __________ _________ Kolha Radh Sugar Efflu 12 1896 - 26 2450 1 3960 Nil pur a factor ent 12 nagar y Sangli Sang Sugar Efflu 5.6 5452 - 430 1100 2208 Not II factor ent 0 D 0 tested Distill Source Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board (2002), CGWB Table 3.24 (B). Data on Quality of Surface Water Downstream of Select Industrial Areas in Project Districts Sr. Distnct Taluka River Chemical Analysis of water samples No pH BOD COD DO Total (ppm ) (ppm) (ppm) Corf 1 Thane Shahpur Bhatsa 7.4 7 32 5 7 378 Kalyan Ulhas 7.6 5.3 29.6 6.8 204 2 Satara Wai Krishna 7 5 5.69 25.3 6.38 265 Karad Krishna 7.6 5.9 5.3 6.3 281 3 Kolhapur Hatkanagade Krishna 7.4 5.8 35.6 6.3 377 4 Nashik Nashik Godavari 7.3 16.2 49.6 4.7 443 ___ Malegaon Gima 7.7' 6 04 31 o.6 256 5 Jalgaon Jalgaon Girna 7.9 6 3 33.3 6.05 324 Yawal Tapi 7.9 57 29 62 388 6 Wardha Pulgaon Wardha 7.8 5.2 30 6.4 463 7 Chandrapur Rajura Wardha 7.7 63 29.3 6.09 256 8 Sangli Sangh Krishna 7.6 6.1 39 6.4 351 9 Solapur Solapur Bhima 7.7 7 3 33 6.2 340 Source. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (2002) 3.9.8. Bacteriological Contamination of Water Sources': In addition to chemical analysis PHD, GASDA and NEERI cany out bacteriological analysis of water samples from drinking water sources. However, thls analysis does not represent State level situation. Bactenological contammation shows rapid variation and there is no consistency in data for consecutive years The analysis also shows that shallow aquifers are more contaminated than deep aquifers and that bacteriological contamination is maximum during monsoon and rapidly decreases soon after. Sampling of drinking water sources by Public Health laboratories across the state shows bacteriological contamination. In the curtent year from January to August (2002), seven districts in the state showed bacteriological contamination in over 32 % of the samples analyzed. Table 3.25. Sector Status Study (Draft Final report), M/s Scott Wilson ant 3PS Assovaes, Decel,dor 2002 '4 Table 3.25. Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water Samples Sr District T Durng 2000 During 2001 2002(u toAugust) No o of No of % No.of HNoOf 1% No Of No. Of % Samples Contamii Samples contamin Sample contami Analyses nated Analyze ated , s iiated wsamples d samples Analyze samples f d I Akola 12445 5281 42 15084 6494 I43 10043 4481 45 2 Beed 14249 3910 27 14789 3168 121 9146 2715 30 3 Bhandara 12946 5730 44 18573 6912 37 12532 3838 31 4 Buldana 1 7741 5690 32 15078 6238 41 8075 3293 41 5 Chandrapur 15187 6884 45 15093 6716 44 9217 3741 41 6 Gadchiroli 7706 2259 29 7780 2308 30 5986 1455 24 Jalgaon 17906 3251 18 18563 3289 ' 8 13778 2601 19 8 Jalna 14552 5140 35 15725 5515 35 9581 3514 37 9 Koiliapur 15021 4449 30 15007 3797 25 9860 2428 25 10 Latur 18910 8322 44 19286 7102 37 12674 4382 35 11 Nagpur 16915 4743 28 20618 4515 122 15087 4051 27 12 Nasik 11279 3216 29 11376 2311 [20 7717 2837 37 13 Osmanabad 16493 6014 36 14583 6501 45 9184 3923 43 14 Parbhani 19795 6866 35 20962 5974 28 10316 3737 36 15 Ratnagiri 19728 9334 47 19203 6722 122 13121 4447 34 16 Sangli 11032 2833 26 11308 2535 123 6566 1355 21 17 Satara 11516 2677 23 13624 3070 I 27 9027 1797 20 18 Sindhudurg 13050 3748 29 14970 3982 [46 10662 3230 30 19 Solapur 18195 8271 45 17511 7986 146 12803 4946 39 20 Thane 7135 2215 31 7808 2100 27 5590 1429 26 21 Wardha 12779 2702 21 11807 2788 24 7651 1555 20 22 Yavatmal 18754 8496 45 21586 8304 38 15547 5284 34 Total 323384 112031 34 320334 108327 32 224163 71039 32 Source PHD, NEERI Chemical and bacteriological contamination ofground water has severe and serious health hazards as would be seen from the n-unber of cases reported from niral areas between 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 by the Public Health Department on Gastro, Diarrhoea, infective Hepatitis, Typhoid, and Cholera. Table 3.26. Table 3.26. Year wise Attacks and Deaths Due to Waterborne Diseases in Rural areas Disease 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 Attacks Deaths Attacks Deaths Attacks Deaths Gastro 65,067 68 82,479 128 67.295 119 Diarrhoea 10,23,194 18 11,46,395 31 11,04,841 16 Inf. Hepatitis 16,159 289 13,343 197 12,066 142 Typhoid 13,079 3 15,438 5 13,320 7 Cholera 348 1 1,043 4 1,326 3 Total 11,17,847 379 12,58,662 365 11,98,848 287 Somme; PHP12, 00M The above table indicates that an average of 1 2 million people (1 2%) are affected every year and about 350 people die due to bactenological contaminationi of drinkinig water Distrctwise details are appended. The following are the GOM's estimate of villages and persons affected by diarrhoeal diseases and the impact on lost lives and lost productive human-days dunng the period 1998-2001 - Affected Villages - 1657 - Affected Persons - 34 Lakhs - Deaths - 2753 Persons - Loss of hulmlani days - 168 Lakhs 3.9.9 Use of Contaminated Sources All such villages where the quality of water is poor and dnnking water from hand pump and borewell is unsuitable for dnnkmg eitlher due to hlgh concentration of Fluonde nitrate or bactenological contamination these are classified as difficult villages notwithstanding the availability of water from the source created Government first prnonty is to find new sources with good quality water to meet the demand. Second priority is to provide limited quantity of good water for drinking purposes and use contaminated water for bathing, washing, cleaning, etc Where it is difficult to identify and create a fresh water soturce preference would be for rainwater harvesting through ponds, tanks as also rooftop rainwater harvestmg GOM has already drawn plans on these lines in Yavatmal and other districts with financial outlay of Rupees 9 Crores. This Prograrmne is however "Supply driven" instead of demand driven" and people participation is opti.nal. 3.10 Trend Analysis For Disease Attack Data collected by Public H4ealth Department regardipg attacks and deaths due to water borne diseases like Typhoid, Gastro, Diarrhoea and Jaundice show that between 1997 and 2001 there is progressive decline m number of attacks and deaths due to these diseases except Typhoid. The reduction in the nunber of cases attacked by water borne diseases could be attributed to Government's successful endeavor in providing safe and clean dnnking water. As regards Typhoid although there is increase in the number of attacks, the niunber of deaths due to Typhoid has declined during past five years. This is because of good health service provided in rural areas (see Graphs on Health). 3.1 I.Special Studies in Yavatmal District At the request of the Water Supply and Sanitation Department (WSSD), Government of Maharashtra (GOM), special studies were conducted dunng January2003, for Water Quality problems and mitigation measures in Yavatmal district in Maharashtra and to review the existing water quality situation and mitigation strategy adopted by Zila Parishad to address water quality problems and make recommendations for improvements 3.11.1 Drinking Water Sources There are nearly 9,500 public drinking water sources, which can be broadly categonzed as under Hand pumps on bore wells 3,813 Dugwells 4,739 Reponal water supply 275 Piped water supply 673 3.11.2. Water Quality Problems in Vavatmal GOM and United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) sponsored a water quality assessment of community sources jointly in 2001. The Natonal Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEER1), canied out the assessment However, The chemical water quality problems encountered in the district are: fluonde, nitrate, iron and total dissolved solids (TDS) Arsenic was not detected in any water sample ( Annexure X) a. Fluoride The analysis of NEER] report indicates the following trend in fluornde concentration in Yavatmal district. Only 1922 (20.5%) sources are witlin the desirable limit of fluonde (< 1 rng/L) 6590 sources (70%) are between 1-1.5 mg/L fluonde concentrations 877 (9.3%) sources have fluoride concentration > 1.5 mg/L Out of 877 sources 406 sources have fluoride concentration > 2 but < 5 mg/L Out of 877 sources 1 7 sources have fluoride concentration > 5 mg/L The following table gives details of incidence high fluoride in drinking water, dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis in Yavatmnal district. Table 3.27. Distribution of Fluoride in Water Sources in Yavatmal - - ' - b;ustbution og - -L!Cie : ., -_ ; - urnbarCzncetrafion In Wait-i, Wocama tal . ; . _ :of WlJater..__ i' S - 5> Flu orosgs Mameaof Taluk : Sources 1 5 mg/L). This could be because people do not use fluonde contaminated water for dnnking and brief inter-action with Pnmary Health Center (PHC), Swale confinns this b.Nitrate As per NEERI report one thousand seven hundred and nine (20% sources) water soturces have mtrate concentration m excess of the permissible limit of 100 mg/L c.Total Dissolved Solids As per NEERI report ninety-five (1% of sources) water sources have TDS concentration in excess of the maximrum permissible limit of 2000 mg/L This is not seen as a major water quahty problem. d. Bacteriological Pollution This parameter was not covered under in the NEERI report. However, the heath departrnent reports suggest that Bactenological quality of water is the major water quality problem in Yavatmal district. The following health related data confirms this. Gastro Attacks 1430 Nos Clholera Attacks 28 Nos Dirrhoea Attacks 30,508 Nos. Hepatitis Attack 109 Nos Typhoid Attacks 120 Nos. 3.12. Sanitation And Hygiene The sanitation policy for the rural areas of the state of Maharashtra was initially confined to the construction of physical infrastructure i.e. toilets and drainage The implementation was target oriented, prescriptive and supply driven. The role of the State government was to provide the subsidy and support the creation of physical infrastructure Till 1997 only 6 lakh families, 6.25 % of total of 96 lakh rural families, had toilet facilities. Of these about 81000 toilets have been constructed using subsidies provided under the government programs. 38 To address the poor coverage, the state government had set up a target of providing toilets to 20 lakh rural families in a penod of 3 years between 1 997-2000. The construction cost was fixed at Rs 4000 per toilet (for a prescnbed design) for which an amount of Rs 3500 was provided as subsidy from vanous State and Central govemment programs. As a result of this effort, by the year 2000, about 16 61 lakh toilets were constnicted with huge subsidy expenditure of approximately Rs. 4.56 billion. Subsequently, surveys indicated that at best, only 57 % of the toilets constructed under this program were being used for the purpose for which they were built. The rest were using it for other purposes, highlighting the importance of education and awareness creation as cntical ingredients-for a successful sanitation program Currently out of the 110 lakh population of rural families about 24.65 lakh have been provided latrines by GOM under various schemes. Thus the current coverage is about 22.5 %. However, considering the large non-use of latrines (about 43%) the families using their own latrines could be only 11.5 % This is corroborated with the primary survey data from 30 villages m5 districts where it was observed that about 85% of the communities in these vllDages defecate in open areas. This aspect of open defecation is now sought to be addressed in the proposed project as per the new strategy adopted by GOM in 2002 Table 3.28. Out of the 53 171 primary schools only about 5% are covered with latrines and about 69% have only urinal facilities. About 27% of the secondary schools have sanitation facilities Table 3.28. Progress of Construction of Toilets in Rural Areas of Maharashtra No. of Toilets Constructed Year CRSP MNP Total Upto 1996 600000(includes 81000 under CRSP and MNP) 1996-97 75135 320954 396089 1997-98 128538 332510 461048 1998-99 57538 410957 468485 1999-2000 72440 263092 335532 Total 333641 1327513 2261540 Latrnes in use out 57% of the above 2000-02( under 53400(TSC) 150,000 (withouit 203400 various schemes) subsidy) Total No. of 2464940 latrines constrLcted Source WSS Dept GOM Achievements on the education and awareness front is even lower. The concept of total environmental sanitation and the need to sensitize and educate communities for better health, personal hygiene, clean environment and overall quality of life has not been effectively ingrained in the population. Although the importance of this is now well understood by policy makers and implementilng agencies, this aspect has not been well integrated into the policy framework. It is also understood that mainstreaming this aspect of the efforts is far more difficult than implementing a subsidy program and building infrastructure. This reflects on the status of contamination of water sources and the subsequent health impacts on the rural communities. 3.12.1. Lessons Learnt The major lesson from this is that the traditional supply-driven approach is not cost- effective and that a demand-driven approach to sanitationi is necessary if visible and meaningful success is to be achieved. The challenge is to provide a program design that would mamstream such an approach m a sustainable way. 3.12. 2. GOM Initiatives from Year 2000 Learning from the experience of the imnplementation of massive toilet program and the new demand driven policy of Government of India, the state governrment currently has adopted a new policy and new program, in the year 2000 captioned as 'Sant Gadge Baba Clean (SGBC) Village Sanitation Campaign all over the state' The SGBC has since gained momentum and has grown in strength and has now become a leading example for other development programs. Besides the SGBC, the GOM has also been umplementing the 'The Total Sanitation Campaign' (TSC) supported by the Govermnent of India (GOI) in 13 districts since the year 2001 3.12.3. Sant Gagde Baba Campaign (SGBC): The Sant Gadge Baba Campaign is not a program or scheme but a campaign to educate and motivate rural communities Interested villages register to participate in the competition and implement various specified works that lead to an environmentally clean village All the works are undertaken by the village through their own resources and labor. The villages are then evaluated by independent committees on the specified critena and other aspects like equity, innovations etc. The villages that score highest marks are awarded 'pnzes' at different levels - block, distnct, region and State Three villages are selected for awards at each level. The rest of the villages do not get any prize money or subsidy from the Government. Annexure I Following are the salient features of SGBC I is a competition for 'clean village' award where villages participate voluntarily The Gram Panchayats take the lead in mobilizing communities and deciding the actions to be undertaken. There is no pre-designed extemal input and which is provided only as per demand. o Communities undertake work on their own with their own resources/ labor- no subsidy from the State o The competing villages are evaluated by a 'Neutral Committee' at 4 levels block, district, region and state The evaluation committee is from the -other block, district and region so as to ensure impartiality in the process. o Award money -given as a token of appreciation of the comLunimty's Loilective action towards building a positive physical and social environment in the villages. This has to be used for village development activities o No award for other participating villages, if they do not fall in the first three ranks This program has gained momentum and has been welcomed by all the sections in the state. What started as a rural campaign in the year 2000 has now been extended to the urban areas also since the year 2002. About 20CO villages participated in the 2 cycles during last two years and the participating vlllages have implemented vanous works worth Rs.200-300 crores each year. These works include constriction of about I lakh latrines, besides drainage, soak pits, garbage bins, compost pits, solar lights etc. The total award money offered by the GOM at all levels is about Rs. 6.6 crores every year The major lessons emerging from the initial stages of this campaign are: o Communities (led by the Gram Panchayats) can do better when 'truly enabled' o Sanitation drives need 'community focus' o Incentives- rather than direct subsides- prompt people to act. o SGBC- 'is a Peoples initiative in which Government participates' 3.12.4. Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Recognizing the urgent need to increase the effectiveness of sanitation facilities, the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under the Restructured Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Program was launched by the GOl in 1999. The campaign has now been integrated with the sector reform program in water supply. Maharashtra has 13 TSC districts. This program correctly recognizes the importance of a demand-driven approach with a greater emphasis on household involvement than on the element of subsidy. The subsidy to the BPL famnilies for the construction of toilet has been reduced to a maximum of Rs.500 per BPL household out of which Rs.375 is provided by Govemment of India and Rs.125 by the State Governnent. However, the program is confined to reaching out only to the BPL families and does not target the entire community. The program also provides funds for awareness building (IEC) activities but a sustainable and replicable approach for effective utilization of these ftnds remains elusive. Annexure II Ralegan Siddhi: A Story of Rural Transformation through People's Participation "If every village puts in practic'e five principles of Nashahandi (no alcohol), Nashandi (Family planning), Kuranhand, (ban on open grazing) and Kuradhandi (ban on tree felling) and Shramdan (voltntary labor for community) nation will progress very fast" said Mr. Anna Hazare, a man of vision and -.nspiration to hundreds of villages and fanners in the State after untinng efforts of 25 years to change the socio- economic and environmental conditions of Ralegan Siddhi, a village on border of Pune and Ahmednagar disticts Twenty-five years before the village wore a gloomy situation when agnculture was rain-fed and women and rual folks bad to trav'el miles to fetch two buckets of drinking water and collect firewood for cooking on way. Entire Eco systems that support soil and water destroyed. Shortage of water led to poor hygiene and water contamination caused wide spread jaundice, gasto ententis, and otber water borne diseases. Unhygienic disposal of garhige and smtlage caused malana epidemic Dependence on government to fulfill their needs, destroyed their responsibility towards their own welfare and will to *vork for tbeir betterment. Today Ralegan Siddhi is a changed village and bears a picture of prosperity and no longer caught in the aftermath of development process that encourages destruction of local resources. It has risen above its problems. Its inspiration and enlightenment have pierced the shrouds of malaise that hung over the village. Lush green fields full crops outlined with trees. Water seen gushing into fields and small water storages dot lands everywhere. Key to change was through watershed development and conservation practices and self-regulation in water use. Water is common property resource and used equitably by the users' cooperatives. Water is used scientifically. Irrigation passbooks are distributed to members and water supplied in turns. Recovery of water charges is by willful payment. Drinking water is available through bore wells. Community has imposed restriction on irrigation bore wells. Hand pumps and water supply taps are provided to households and stand posts installed. No woman walks more than 100 meters to fetch drinking water. Community and household toilets are constructed improved sanitation and hygiene conditions. Illnesses are under control. Entire community cleans and sweeps village streets and toilets regularly More than 400,000 trees are planted to protect environment. Villagers are proud to narrate their success stories to neighbors who visit them to learn and emulate. The message is spreading countrywide and Mr Anna Hazare has turned into a legend. 42. The TSC is in the early stages of implementation and no major activities have been undertaken under this program. The SGBC and the TSC are the current environmental sanitation related programs in the State Table 3.29. Table 3.29. Comparative Analysis of Different Sanitation Programs in Maharashtra Components Past Programs Current Programs (2000 onwards) Pre-1997 1997-1999 TSC (in 13 Gadge Baba (State districts) wide) Approach Household as Household as Village as target Voluntarv participation target - - target Focus unit Household household HH/Village Village Subsidy Medium. High. Low. Nil Community To all To all only BPL families incentives. Promoter State State ZP/ NGOs Village Elements household household household/comm No prescription latrine latnine unity/ school latrines IEC Low Low High stress, but High low in execution Technology Single Single Multiple Multiple I[nstitutions State/ NGOs State/ NGOs ZP/ NGOs/ State/ ZP/GPs and VWSCs others as requested by ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ G Ps. Sustainability Low Low Yet to experience. Yet to expenence. *E.I-Physical Not significant Not Yet to experience. +Ve in some villages significant and not significant in I ~~~~~others. *E.ISocial Not significant Not Yet to experience. +Ve in most villages. significant Return on -Ve -Ve Yet to experience. +Ve. (State) investments Note: E.1 = Environmental Impact -- 3.12.5. Emerging Challenges in Environmental Sanitaton Despite huge investments and efforts by GOM in the past the current environmental sanitation situation in the State is not encouraging. The SGBC launched two years ago is showing signs of being fiuitful, but is yet m its initial years and needs to be carefully monitored and strengthened, as needed. One of the biggest development challenges in the present millennium is the provision of hygienic sanitation facilities for all. The past and the current policies and programs have thrown open the critical issues that need to be addressed in order to provide safe sanitation to all in a realistic time frame. The challenge is to find appropriate approaches to addressing the issues enlisted below: * How to trigger the mindset change that will lead to a change in deeply rooted traditional sanitation practices (ex Open defecation etc)9 * What are the vanous interventions -required to effect changes in sanitation behavior (ex Non-lhand washling etc)? * What factors promote deimand for improved sanitation facilities'? . What factors motivate or discourage people from investing in improved sanitation and hygienic practices? * How can subsidies be most effectively used to facilitate and tngger the change? * What is the role of individuals, households, communities and local governments in this effort9 * What is needed to ensure sustainability of the changed practce? WVha.cdoes it take to scale up successful sanitation programs? 3.12.6. New Sanitation Strategy of GOM: In order to find appropriate answers to the above challenges the GOM has studied vanous successful projects in the country and abroad and held discussions with vanous stakeholders The key messages that emerged in this process are listed below and form the basis for development of the new sanitation strategy of GOM. The key emerging messages are * The focus should be to stop open defecation rather than building latrmes. This approach requires a community commitment and recognizes that enforcing good sanitation behavior requires collective and individual comrnitment * Focus on creating the demand for sanitation services at the conmimnity rather thar. at the individual level * Provide and pernit a vanety of technological options. * Self-realization rather than a fiscal subsidy provide the sustainable trigger. * If fiscal incentives are to be used, it should be targeted at the community level. * Involvement of (Local) Government in strategic partnership with NGOs/CBOs is critical for success at scale. 3.12.7. Long Term Objective Total sanitation goes beyond the installation and use of latrines. It means encouraging commumnties to change existing habits and behavior pattems by using and maintaining hygiemc latrines, washing hands, keeping food and water covered, using safe water, and maintaining a clean environment. Total Sanitation can only be successful when every member of the village community participates, and the commumty recognizes that there are negative externalities from non-participants and that 100% participation is essential for success. 3.12.8. Medium Term Objective Although it is well understood that Total Sanitation is the ultimate goal, the critical first step is to get people to move from open defecation to fixed-point defecation, even if it is at the bottom of the sanitation ladder using simple makeshift latrines. In this context, it is important that commtunities understand the adverse consequences of current open defecation practices and the implications of poor disposal of faeces, and switch to fixed-point defecation and adopt improved hygienic practices 44 Framework for Collaboration. In India the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission is a Government initiative aiming to transform the water and sanitation sector by replacing hard engineering attitudes by social objectives It has succeeded in increasing both water and sanitation coverage, and yet many new water sources are now not working due to unclear ownership and inadequate maintenance. The lesson is that while chansmatic leadershlip and political will at the top can start a process, its sustainability will ultimately depend upon effecive empowerment processes. These processes can help people to successfully contend witlh age-old attitudes and practices, and with the vested interests that are threatened by change. The role of the State remains indispensable to provide an enabling legal and regulatory envwromnent and foster access to safe water and sanitation to all citizens; the partnership between the household or community and the other factors is based on clear roles and responsibilities of each partner and fair rules of the game; community involvement is a gradual learning process that must be envisaged with a long-termn perspective The principles are: o Partner communities will be consulted before any watsan schemes are formulated; o When undertaking watsan schenmes, the stakeholders will put an emphasis on a process rather than on a project oriented approach; o Sanitation will receive equal importance and made integral part of watsan schemes; o Women must be involved in all stages of watsan schemes to ensure effective management; o Community organizations will get a legal status within an enabling environment allowing them to operate in security, own the assets or control the source; o All stakeholders, particularly partner communities will have access and right to all infornation concerning the scheme to achieve an equal and transparent relationship in watsan scheme; o Indigenous leadership wherever available will be strongly encouraged and supported in all stages of watsan schemes; o The stakeholders will incorporate traditional/local knowledge, skills and socio- cultural practices available in the comnmunity to maximize the effectiveness of watsan schemes; o The stakeholders will strongly take into consideration the views of partner communities in choosing the most appropriate watsan technology and level of services; o Water prices and tanffs based on equitable and non-discriminatory water consumption patterns between users will ensure sustainability of community watsan schemes; o The assets created will be owned and maintained by the partner community; o The stakeholders will respect the watsan needs of the rural communities first before exploiting water resources for urban, agribusiness and industrial purposes; o The stakeholders will actively promote the protection and conservation of natural sources when undertaking watsan schemes. 3.12.9. Key Principles for Achieving Total Sanitation The proposed strategy is based on the following key principles * A paradigm shift in the approach to sanitation promotion, from construction of latrines to a focus on behavioral change leading to the elimination of open defecation * A shlift in focus from targeting individuals and households to targeting the communitv * Related to this, the shilft from individual constru6tion subsidies to community rewards * Greater emphasis on personal hygiene and enviromnental sanitation as essential pre-requisites for achiieving total sanitation * A shift in the responsibility for implementation and scale up from the Central/State Govermnent to lower tiers of Govermnent GOM has developed this new strategy during the last quarter of the year 2002 and decided to field test the same in selected districts (Ahmednagar and Nanded, both having TSC grants). Based on the lessons emerging fTom the field test, the strategy would be refined and made applicable to all the distncts m the state, GOM has intimated this new strategy to the GOI and requested for flexibility to use the TSC grants for the same, in the TSC distncts. 3.12.10. GOM's Approach under the Proposed Project: It is expected that this new strategy would replace the current TSC formiat and would nim parallel to the Sant Gadge Baba Cleanliness Campaign. Both the new strategy and SGBC compliment each other well and the new strategy is almost a concentrated sub-set of the SGBC. As explained m the objectives, the open defecation by human beings is the single largest component that mifluences the rural living environment across the state. Other issues like solid waste, liquid waste etc affect the enviromnent only in the larger and denser settlements and are not a universal problem like the open human defecation. The new strategy would encourage and facilitate all rural coununumties to focus on elimnination of 100% open defecation and adoption of hygiene practices in a given settlement through their own efforts, in a way they want to An underlying assumption is that those communities who solve their open defecation aspects would also be motivated to solve the other environmental sanitation aspects through their own collective action. The SGBC, in any case encourages communities to solve a range of environmental sanitation issues as enumerated in the list. Thus, both the new strategy and the SGBC compliment each other well and would encourage the rural communities to address their environmental sanitation issues on their own. The GOM would provide and educate the communities about a range of technology choices that the communities could afford and adopt, as per the given social, economic; climatic and geographlic conditions The GOM would also encourage the private sector / local market sectors to identify local technologies and make available the know-how and requisite skills and materials for implementing and maintaining these technology choices. Further, the GOM would monitor the effectiveness of these technologies and advice the communities and local markets as necessary The expected impact on the environment through the proposed interventions and possible mitigation measures where needed are summanzed below: Intervention Expected +ve Expecced -ve impact Mitigation measures impact _ _ - Social Physical Social Physical Shift from open Nil 4 (if in- Communities would defecation to fixed appropriate be advised on point defecation pits used appropriate pit -construction of technologies with pit latrines as per respect to the hydro- affordability and geological choice conditions in the area. Adoption of key 4/ Nil Nil Nil Communities would hygiene practices - be advised to wash hand washing, hands with soap or -nail cutting etc. _ ash. Safe management 4j 4 Nil 4 (if Advise communities of solid waste appropriate on appropriate (including animal technologies technologies with faeces) are not used) respect to the hydro- -Garbage bins geological and -Compost pits climate conditions in -bio-gas plants, etc _ the area. Safe management 4 v Nil 4(if Advise communities of liquid waste appropriate on appropriate -Drains, technologies technologies with -lane paving are not used) respect to the hydro- -Soak pits geological and -Kitchen gardens climate conditions in etc. the area. Safe management 4 v Nil 4 (If Advise communities of indoor air appropriate on appropriate pollution technologies technologies with are not used) respect to the local -Smoke less stove architecture and -Bio-gas plants climate conditions in -Solar energy, etc. the area. The Basic Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Requirement. Field experience and studies suggest that there is a minimum quantity of safe water required for a person to dnnk, prepare food, ensure personal cleanliness and hygiene and use of an effective latnne. Drinking and cooking need 10-15 liters per day. Hygiene and sanitation needs are less precise and vary between cultures typically 20-35 liters per day. Thls gives a total basic requirement of 30-50 liters of water per day, for a person who tnderstands their personal hygiene needs and uLses a latrine. For clanty and consistency, a single basic figureais very usefiul, even if some people may dispute the precise figure tused and even if actual usage is higher in pLaces with an increased level of development It is suggesu'd that each person in the world, as a minimum, needs a 40 liters of water per day. This figure corresponds well to the figures currently used by the World Health Organization and other development agencies and governments. In addition to a minimum of water, each person needs adequate hygiene education and the use of a latnne. Sanitation is one of the most important interventions in improving the human condition. Similarly, hygiene plays a critical role and must be seen as a major contributor to human well being. Many agencies do not include hygiene and sanitation in the Basic Requirement, and consequently hygiene and sanitation are neglected. The Basic Water, Saniitation and Hygiene Requirement for a person is therefore defined as adequate personal hygiene, use of a latrine, and 40 liters of water per day. - 72*tr--ia-- - . . ~~~ - - Maharashtra state 'A., - - * X W r;,fwJO -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - ~ ~ ~~~~ = - ;~%#4 PIE CHARTS FOR WATER QUANTITY ISSUES KOLHAPUR LATUR NAGPUR 28% 38%, 7 23% - .~~~~~~~~~~;' ~~~~~~ 44 %A 14% 1 1% 13% 2% 16% Maharashtra state NASHIK OSM'NAA 26% 32% 1% 15% PARBHANI RATNAGR SANOU 11% 25% % 41% 44% 4' % G 9 %~~~49 445>0% 24% 50A0%5% 2% ANNUALGWRCHARGE(farr4 O I'IGATIONDRAFr O3DOME& NDU DRAFT ciGROSSEDRAFT ONErGWBALANCEASONDATETHam) SOLAPUR 24% ThPNE SINDHUDURG 44% 20% 38% 45% 22Y o 6% 19% IWhharashbto state 8% 11% 3256 - 6 11% 1% 110° VVARDHA YEOTMAL 36"A47Yo 34% 8%J% 8% IG% 2% 8I/a ANNLUAL GW RECHARGE (Ham) 91IRRGAION DRAFT o DOME &NWD. DRAFT O GROSS DRAFT U NETGW BALANCE AS ONDATE(~Ham) AKOLA 2ID/2 42 BHANDARA 28% rX 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 MA 17 AXc 3% 5 2%5 12% PAFN-AI1HTA STATE CHANDRARJ 2WIo~~~~~~~~2 13% 20/0 511%320/ GADCHIROLU JALGAON 18% 23P/ 46% 21% 2% 19% MBANNUA L GW RECHA RG E (Ham) NASHIK MGRJR OSMANMBAD 918 48 6 28 82 e 67 BEi3D 55 128 79 2 3 27 0 - 62~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MahLrQshtra state JA L i!~~~~~~~~~ ~65 KOLHAPUR J ALGAON 14 1 80~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 26 | P OOR QUALIT Y UNIT S O SAFE UNITS O SEMI CRITICALUNITS 0 CRITICALUNITS * OVER EXPLO-ITED UNITS PLOT VoFDA AJCOLA 7 1 12 a e 1 2 80 100 49 SANGLI SOLAPUR 2 55 128 79 5 2 7 20 32 29 M Aaharashtra state flONDHLUG RATNAGIR - 14 30 PO O R Q U A LIT Y U N IT S SA FE U N IT S C SE M I C R IT IC A L U N IT S CR IT IC A L U N IT S OVER EXP LO -IT E D U N IT S PARBHAN CHANDRAPUR 76 55 128 79 1875 B131LH Maharashtra state GADCaRLI 8 1 4 11- 78 MPOORQUALITYUNITS M SAFE UNITS OSEMICRITICALUNITS El C RIT IC AL UNITS SOVEREXPLO-ITEDUNITS PIE CHARTS FOR WATER QUANTITY ISSUES Jalna Nasik VARIOGRAM OF FLUORIDE Nandurbar 12%, 3% 4 1 % 80%~~~~~~~~~~~5 Parbhani Jalgaon Maharashtra 5% 7% 2 4 25% ',% 70%~~~~4% 0 1.0mg/i _ 1.0-1 5mg/I3 >.5 i Osmanabad Latur EBod 5% 3% 16%0%4 s ' 39%61X 56%~~4~ in61 44% Kolhapur Ratnagiri VARIOGRAM OF FLUORIDE 18% 3% 83% Maharas htra 5% 1Thanlt 2 5% Sangli 1% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~%5% 23 28 ca i.Omrg/i 0 1.o-1i5mTgll a >1.5mgAIl Sindhudurg Satara ~~~~~~~~~~~Solapur Sa%ara 1% 6% 9%z No 11% 8 l i~~~~~~~. VARIOGRAM OF FLUORIDE Nagpur Bhandara Wardhn 1% 4% 5% 82%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 Maharashtra Chandrapur Akola 5% 1?% 5% 25° 13% x 87% GadchiroJi Buldhana Yeotmal 1 3% 0% 23% 2 8-5% tasik VAR1OGRAM OF NITRATE Nandurbsr 7% 2% 8% 0% 91% 92% Jalgaon Parbhanl Maharas htra 6% 3% 7% 15% 78% aI 45mg/I El 45-100mrg/i 0 >10rr0il Osmanabad Latur Beod 10% 5% 7% 85% Kolhapur Rmtnagirl VARIOGRAM OF NITRATE 93% Maharas htra I'hans 7% Sangali 78% 2 s l | l l | 2 1~~~ 45rTl U 46-1OOrrwi e -1Ongi Sindhudurg Satara 804apur 6% 96% VAR1OGRAM OF NITRATE Nagpur Wardha Bhandara 1(0% 10% 15% 016 15% Chandrapur Maharashtra Akola .7% 17 4 X 1% 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~88% Em45mg11l g45-103mg/I D -1 0Omgfl Gadchiroli Buldhana Yeotm a 10% 9% 0% 81%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 Nesik VARIOGRAM OF IRON Jalna Nandurbar 10% 2% 8% 0% PSrbhanl Jalgaon Maharashtra 8% 1% 12% 2% 7 4, 20% El 0.3rrwII e 0.3 1.0q 13 >1. 0A Osmanabad Latur lo% 1% Seed 11% 2% 89% 87% VARIOGRAM OF IRON Kolhapur Ratnagirl 23% 8% 32% Maharashtra 7% Thano 20 f o% Sanun 11% - - - 73% 4% 33% 56)5%_- ;13 0.3mg/Il O 3 - 1. 0mg/I0 >1 Sol8pur Sindhuduro Satan 12% 32 %y 18% 4 14% 4%7 32% %o~~~~~~~~ Z ... . .-t Ilc kouoco; ugv eto a W~~ WIM MO>TI t~I pIV7M and6aN aJepu¢IOIAOwVDOV VARIOGRAM OF TDS Nagpur Bhandara Wardha 1%~~~~~~~1 39o 47% 52% 51 46 9 MaharAshtra Akoa Chandrapur 75 OA160A 7% 4Y D 500 rr%A * 50b4000 mgI q '3Oo mgi Gadchiroi Eludhana Yeotmal 0% 19% 0% 440A 4496 41% Ratnaglrl VARIOGRAM OF TDS Kolhapur 1% 4% Maharashtra Thano 15 7o Sangli 8% 3% 41%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 t%- )51 % ~~~~~~~78% 39 w 500 rgIl U 5003000 q/1I Lj >3000 41 Sindhudurg Solapur 1% Satara 5% 0 2% 34% 96%709 VARIOGRIAM OF TDS Jama Nasik Nandurbar 1% Maharashtra Parbhani Jatgaon 74v4 49%~3 2%4 59%z1Pw ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 5@-. [ 500 rril 5OO>3OOO_mg/l § 3i istur Osmanabad Bead 1% 2% 41% Number of Attacks of Cholera in last 5 years 4000 - 3500 -3000 2500 - 2000 1500 1 1000 50032 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Deaths due to Cholera in last 5 years 12 - - 11 10 8 - 6- 4 2 - 0 - - -- -'------'-'-' '..'' 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Attacks of Diarrhoea in last 5 years 1200000 - 1088922 . . fi X F l w ~~~~~~~1050692 1057892 6000000 400000 600000 400000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Deaths due to Diarrhoea in last 5 years 160- 140- 123 120- 2 100 60 - 20 - 12 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Attacks of Gastro-entritis in last 5 years 140000 124718 120000 - 100000 60000- 40000 0 1 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Deaths due to Gastro-entritis in last 5 years 1000 _ 889 900 800 -; 700 - 600 - _ _ 500 - - - - - 400 - 300 - 200 - 156 19971998999000 0101 100- - 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Attacks of Inf. Hepatitis in last 5 years 12000 r 10848 10000 - M 6000 4000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Deaths due to Irf. Hepatitis in last 5 years 250 --_ 204 200 - 150-- -- 110 100 _ 500 __1.........5 0 1 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001, Number of Attacks of Typhoid in last 5 years 14000 - 12000 11545 10000 I 6000 4000 - 2000- 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Deaths due to Typhoid in last 5 years 12 -_____. _ __ 10 A 8- 7 6- 4 4 2~~~~ - 0 - 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Outbreaks of Malaria in last 5 years 300 _____. 250 200 - 10s]" W WS~~~~~10 100 0 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 (Upto Oct) Number of Deaths due to Malaria in last 5 years 120 -_ 100 80 60 40 -_ 22 20= _ __20 10 20 3 p O 0 .- - . . - - . . ,. .1..._, _....,,l 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 (Upto Oct) Number of Attacks of Dengue in last 5 years 12000 - 10000 - 8000 6 4000 2000 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Number of Deaths due to Dengue in last 5 years 14- 12 12 - 10- , 8 - 6- - -- \ 4 -4 4 2 -- 0/ 0 -- --t I 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 -2 - . . Statement showing districtwise and yearwise Cholera Attacks and Deaths ___________ _______(January to December) ____ Sr itc il99 1998 1999 2000o ~2C00 (No D AI1A D A Q Q A) 0 2 Ra-tlag. irI 01 ( 421 0 0 (2 (2 0 F3 Thar,e____ 34 I2 8 0; 10 03 2 7 o 31 . ..4 Thane Corp ~ 2__ 0 6 01 0 0 ' 0'3 c 2,) - Kaiyan Corp ______2 31 01 I___ 6 Ulihasnaaar o rp 0! .0 01 0 0 1Q21I 1 e 7FNew Mumba Cot 0 ; 2 OI - o C 810 r.Murnbat Corp 0l el 0 -l 0 1 C 0 0 0 011111 9Dhule 1 19 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 21-0 1 3 __0 2 2 ci, 3 10(Nandurbar { 0' Ao 1 _ o, o or 0 11i Jalgaon 0 01 2 Oi 1 4,L 12 Ahm ednaQar 3 () 23 __ ___ ____3 _ ___ ___I __ ___ ___ __4 J13 Nasik 81 _______ 41 Di 1 4 NaikGo 9' 1 51Satara 2~ 9n 2 1o 1 3; 16 Sofapur 0 94 1 331 ,1~ 3 S 17 Soiapur Cor . ______ 2u 19PuneC20 0' 8 50 S 9Purne C r22 D 7C j 12 ~ __ __ __ _ __3_ 20 PCMGCoM f p3 ___ ___ 871f C571 2 1 San-i 19 I 0 105 -- -- 0_ 251 __ 22 Sangli Corp 0 10 -0 o Tt___ 2"; Sindhuciurg 0 0 1 174, 1. 16 _____ 24 Kolhapur I 9 8! Ii 0 471 25JKoTiapur Cor 551 O, I 112 4 261 0 201 0 2 261ed 8 74 0f 0 01 131 Of O _ 27IJaIna 4 1 C T4 0. o Y V0 2,1 01 1 28'Nanoed 4 2 0OL 0 0 6 I 0 7 2~ Nanoed Corp 0l 0 0 0' 0 o 1 0 30 Latur_ 0l 0 24, 0 7 1 o I 31 Osmanabad 3 01 7 0 0 321 32 Parbhani 15, 0 23 0 63 ol 6j 0J 71 c ~4 Aurangabad T4 i22I! 0 3 0 21, I' '1 C. 35 Atad Corp 7 0o 821 0 10 0 le)" 0 __ 36 Amravati 1 0, 3 172, 01 53 0t54 113 ;7 AmrwavatCc'rp 7 _____ O 8 01 1 04, ~8 Bu dh5na , 120 oi 3 ____171 ____ 10 tg Yeotmnai 1 3. t 51 2i 7 0 278 --r W Was h im __II____- __7____ ijAkola 28 108 C 3' 1/i 0, 48 C) 2 Bhandara 6~~~~~~~~~4 01 240tI Iii 17 C 29 3handara Of 0 0 01 0 ' 0 22 4handrapr 58 40 0 O 7 T 1 5 Gadch,roli 1 D 30 0~ 01 o0 fTh of 5 Wardha 78f ii 137, O 5t 0 6;J 0 141 0 7Na2pur liO 01 140T 01 43017UV 73~ C 3fNagpur Corp t66~ 0 42j 01 13 j 0iZIi ZiTiT1 lThtal OQr Q7 I 'r Q7 i1 1~07l tQA71 Al -1 Statement showinq districtwise and vearwise-Uiarihoea attacks and deaths (January to December) r. District 199 1998 1999 2000 2001 D is - * A _ D A D A D A r A o 1 Raiqad 42779 0 57658 6 48899 0 4D486 -3 4"35 I 2 Ratnagin _ 30047 1 43842 0 40725 0 36414 0 28407 0 3 Thane 61001 1 65322- 4 42406 0 45604 0 40743 4 Thane Corp 3192 0 2279 0 4105 . 0 4725 0 4S78 Q Kalyan Corp 12463 0 15046 11 10630 0 11708 0 12973 0 6 Ulhasnagar Corp I_2481 0 8036 0 6529 0 7 New Mumbai Corp 112 0 199 0 89 0 28 0 8 Gr.Murnbai Corp 0 0 141 1 28 0 299 0 31 0 9 lhule 6075 0 5257 0 15271 0 38097 0 38362 1 10 NancJurbar A0282 _ I q515 0 29570 0 11 Jalgaon 71883 0 96714 1 89720 0 89497 0 85832 0 12 Ahmednagar 30205 0 38738 1 37535 0 40026 0 35930 0 13 Nasik 29481 0 30426 4 25647 0 26770 0 27792 1 14 Nasik Corp 8555 0 6934 0 5321 0 5729 0 6788 0 15 Satara -20061 _ 21 23171 1 29035 0 21259 1 61466 0 16 Solapur 43775 1 87588 5 61507 0 57442 1 34815 0 17 Solapur Corp 4486 0 3167 0 2 0 0 0 1144 0 i8 Pune 118101. 4 140387 2 114275 0 179174 1 1 67935 0 19 Pune Corp 100 0 124 0 36 0 352 1 183 1 ?O PCM Corp 9898 0 10833 0 13779 2 30365 1 29934 1 ?1 Sangli 17984 1 31944 0 17575 0 18613 0 35456 0 '2 Sangli Corp I _ 191 O 570 0 10560 O '3 Sindhudurg 23477 0 27008 2 32054 Q 35285 0 35410 0 !41Kolhapur 22868 1 28697 3 27463 0 31366 0 27790 0 ?5 Kolhapur Corp 15316 1 11107 1 8916 1 6612 4 7136 0 ?6 Seed 488 0 1805 01 14193 0 17657 0 6706 0 '7 Jalna 1 12767 0 22319 0 17574 0 25680 0 18469 0 i8 Nranded 36907 0o 51121 0 45105 0 4195 0 38703 0 !9 Nandled Corp I______ 1067 0 _ __0 0 0 0 30 Latur 31030 0 49607 0 32444 0 32403 0 33794 0 S1 Osmanabad 995 0 3960 0 2386 0 6055 0 5072 0 Q2 Parbhani 6478 0 .13507 - .A0 13021 0 15002 0 11013 0 33 Hingoli I I _ 1 0 0_ 3313 0 14 Aurangabad 41026 0o 57191 1 50345 0 44044 .0 43433 0 35 A'bad Corp 0 l 0 0 2 0 3 0 12 0 16 Amravati 50428 64 47093 53 36664 1 1 32288 18 23330 5 17 Amravati Corp 3874 0 5029 1 3718 0 2112 0 2532 0 i8 Buldhana 57218 1 652761 0 39360 1 33347 0 34946 2 19 Yeotmal 23085 6 278611 0 27790 - 0 24108 0 30508 0 10 Washim _ - 10685 0 9792 0 13479 0 H1 Akola 46991 101 53775 17 21305 0 18737 0, 27057 3 [2 Shandara 1871' 0 3316 3 2915 0 1539 0 1981 0 W3 Gondiya _ 1 _ 0 0 29081 0 14 Chandrapur 6713 31 6878 0 6306 0 6192 0 89441 0 [5 Gadchiro i 14888 5 17203 16 16615 0 37803 2 49060 1 16 Wardha 1895 1 3306 4 2676 0 1771 2 1318| 0 [7 Na pur 3672 0 6055 C| 11159 0o 13811 0 124100 i8 Nagpur Corp 483 0 487 -C 3831 01 495 0 158 0 Total 91,2547, .02, 1144181 1271 993795 151 1121787 34 1133274 17 Statemant showing districtwise and Mearwise Gastro Attacks and Deaths (_o anuar to c ber_ Sr. . 1997 1998 1999 2000 2Otn No. Dst A D A - - A 0 A D 1 Raigad 978 10 2690 33 1515 6 993 5 561 4 2 Ratnagiri 191 6 347 19 79 2 200 4 347 0 3 Thane 5351 19 5011 41 1209 1 2714 4 2610 3 4Thane Corp 89 0 150 2 23 0 56 0 720 0 5 Kalyan Corp 524 3 632 1 337 0 479 0 501 0 6Ulhasnagar Corp 0 0 0 0 24 0 853 1 531 0 7 New Mumbai Cor 0 0 319 0 247 12 284 1 190 1 8 Gr.Mumbai Corp 8209 141 7451 50 5415 23 7297 9 4586 11 9Dhule 1191 1 3131 37 1881 1 1872 1 1315 1 10 Nandurbar 0 0 0 0 47 3 28 0 520 14 11 Jalgaon 1218 6 3703 fi 40 1028 5 668 2 862 2 12 Ahmednagar 357 3 1084 34 571 1 407 6 169 2 13 Nasik 4963 7 12729 54 3703 4 1366 8 325 10 14 Nasik Corp 229 0 885 0 267 0 74 0 67 0 1 SSatara 2366 2 5717 27 1091 0 877 2 489 1 16 Solapur 448 7 2603 51 587 2 1814 3 505 6 17 Solapur Corp 428 0 1316 1 619 0 981 0 590 0 18 Pune 663 10 2680 49 519 0 1877 10 471 7 19 Pune Corp 1311 9 2936 15 1654 3 2124 0 1308 0 20 PCM C!fT 1 0 4 0 12 2 1748 1 729 0 21 Sangli 620 2 1774 7 561 1 460 4 199 2 22 Sangli Corp 0 0 0 0 84 .0 302 1 123 0 23 Sindhudurg 258 1 499 9 362 0 502 a 388 1 24 Kolhapur 149 1 1471 2 128 0 1055 3 233 1 25 Kolhapur Corp 506 3 1170 11 481 2 734 4 424 2 26 Beed 2235 11 3280 21 2738 0 3401 1 2189 0 27 Jalna 1973 0 4006 20 1056 1 2000 -1- 1390 0 28 Nanded 5509 7 11650 27 4622 0 5697 6 2447 4 29 Nanded Corp O 0 O - 0 1198 0 1968 0 1714 0 30 Latur 2673 2 8584 14 4733 ;O 6095 3 4739 2 31 Osmanabad 2445 1 2274 24 1979 0 - 301 4 2474 0 32 Parbhani 5350 2 11365 25 6124 0 6051 1 5597 33 Hingoll 0 0 C . 0 . 0 0 0 0 .617 0 34 Aurangabad 400 2 2267 57 '619 0 1272 3 725 35 A'bad Corp 657 1 1495 7 927 0 1041 0 987 1 36 Amraveti 1463 11 834 5 1336 1 1279 1 1622 3 37 Amravati Corp 0 0 0 0 0 0 1643 0 1129 C 38 Buldhana 4048 9 10956 42 4407 0 3822 2 3275 3 39 Yeotmal 1489 4 5911 '-48 2072 0 2127 6 1430 7 40 Washim 0 0 0 0 220 a0 463 0 222 2 41 Akola 593 2 3530 22 2806 2 2591 2 3603 1 42 Bhandara 2892 7 8573 96 .2240 2 3150 10 1807 2 43 Gondiva 0 0 0 0 °0 0 0 a g54 3 44 Chandrapur 1457 5 5290 18 1137 _ 1265 0 15671 3 45 Gadchiroli 43 1 991 33 308 1 .462 14 553 2 46 Wardha 137 1 355 9 224 0 150 1 278 4 47 Na§pur 1285 16 1413 25 978 1 1362 2 878 9 48N B Cotp 4415 4 5061 11 3154 6 4903 3 10251 0 ToWt 691121 31711461371 987 65322 82 82524 129 69211 1161 Statomont showinii districtwise and yearivise Tyvphoid Attac~ks and Deaths (Jnayt December) Sr. ict1997 1998 1999 .- 2000 2001 No.___ A 0 A D A D A I D A I D Ra_gad87 0 305 1 380 0 2071 0 891 0l 2RaVwqM3 12 63 ____210__ 125____54_ 4_ hneCr 3 __ 2__ 1 02 5KatystniCorp 85-8 0 1028 0 331 0 1023 0 906 2 *6 Uhasnaoar Corp 0 0l 0 0 246 0 44 0 264 0 7 New Mumbai COT 0 0 40 0 59 1 .55 0 8 0 8 Gr.MumbaiCorp 750 1 491 4 221,5 0 S45 1 459 0 *-9Duh-UIe 453 0o 489 0 348 0 955 0b 347! 0 1 ONandurbar 0 0 0 0 34 0 218 0 149 Oj 1 1Jaigaon 412 0) 822 0 511 0 524 0 2-03 12 Ahmen~Naar 51f 01 79 0 93 0 250 0 ~240 1i3Nasik 133 DI 2983 0t 195 0- 4.44 0 416 0I 14 Nas7 ~2 7 0 267 0 163 1 -2881 ?0 20311C 1 5 sataza 1856 21 265' 3 524 I 981 1~ 2721 0 *16S §oW ~26>4 0 223 0 B66 0 806 0 352' 01 17 Solamr fp~ 153 0 347 0 2111 0 325 0 316 0 lB Pune 102 2 135 1 26 0. 5 0 17 0 1i Pune C 2. 0i1 0 1 0 0 0l 0 0 20 PM op 324 0 326 0 246 0 795 'D 772. 01 21 Sangli 99 0 515 0 6 0 31 0 141 0 2 Sangh_Corp 0 0 0 0 .4 0 9 0 12 0 -3 Sindhuduir 152 0 288 0 3571 0 135s 0 103 ____ 24 Khau 2091 0 174 0 1ll 0f 214 0 153 25Klarg 211l 0 128 0 34 0 60a 0 51 Cl 26 Beed- 146 0f 331 a 130 (3 2261 0 80J 01 27 Ja)na 9 0l 22___________03 0 44_ _ _ 81 G 28 NarKled 0 0f 10 0 0 0 16 0l 7 o 29NarKld op 0 0 0 0 0 00 2 0 ___ 3Latur 124 0 266 0 5751 1 591 1 345 01 *31lOsmfanaba 129 0 483 01 351 0 429.1 0 298 0 32 ParbfMni 323 0 637 01 481 0 393 0 351 0 Hhgob 06 o 6 o I o 0 ____0 0 11 0 34 Aurarngabad __0 0 3 J,_ 4 0 Is__ 0 19 0 ~~5A'bad ~~~~0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 .0 0 36 Amravati 429 0 691 .0 300 0 588 1 :657 0 37 C4xp 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~1 1 2101 0 38 Budhana815 'I 1027 0 917 0 - 1262- 0 6511 0 :;Yeobmal 99 0 537 0 575 0 64.71 531 0I 4 Washirn 0- 0 0 0 83 Of - 82 0-0 120 0 41 Akole 10441 2 104:Z 1 1237 -1 1325' 0 -1812 0 42 Bhandars 1381 0 116 o0 216 0 87 0 156 0 :Good"y 0 0 0 .-0 0 322- 0 30 01 Chadr9 u 243 1 170 0 273 .1 0, 0 108, 0J 45 Gadchiroli 4 0 50 05 721 0 223! 0. 421 01 46Wardha 83 0 192 0 314 0 148 -0- 121 1 .. Nagpw 52 0 1131 0 200 0 208 0 93 481 aprCO 92 0 791 0 63 01 129 0 107 0 ITota 63 t 12B721 1l 10454 61 15624 5 129641 6 Sta'amenishov&in-gdistrictwiseandyearwisel.KepatitisAttacksandDeaths (January to 93scomber) Sr. Dtst'tct 1997 1998 1999 - - 2000 200r1 No. I D -A 0 A 0 A D A Li Em- 113. 21 84 1 1109 7' 1000 3 47 0 2 RaUisgin 162 4! 238 2 82 1. 74 0. 289 0 3 Thane 228 118 1 49 0 150 0 92 0 4 Thane Corp 1 3 0 4 0 8 0 42 0 6 0 5, Kalyan Corp 340 0 602 3 248 0 286 0 369 i 0 6Ulhasnager Corp 0 0 01 0 1 33 0 51 0 .56 0 0 1 7New Mumtai Corld 0 0 341 30i 0 25 131 9 0 8Gr Mumbei Clom 345-41 2071 2929 192 1955 131 3524 1-221 26-41 831 9Dhule 4581 oi 455 0 505 0 346 11 185 01 1 0 Nandurbar 01, 0 1 0 0 47 0 26 0 411 0 1 1 Jalqaon 466 121 212 2 32-2 1 233 0 279 0 12 Ahmednagat 215 91 357 61 429 2 476 0 448 1 13INasik 109 0 114 2. 1198 0 654 10 619 2 141 NaSIK Com, 231 41 138 7 0 185 4 379 0 1 Satars 2831 81) 95 a I 3 81 I 170 0 16 Solapur 1061 51 57 0 0 14 1 86 17 Sdagur Cofp 1 931 01 1771 4 V91 1 178 0 190 0 1 Pune 1 7971 I 1 .173i _12 491 0 6931 0 245 1 19 Pune Corp I I 871 1 1 841 0 911 0 71 20 PCM Corp 232 ol - t -6-.5 1 0 185 1 01 4811 0 21 Sarygli 149 2 1 -55 3 1 2 0 37 I 1 5 01 2.2 Sanqli Corp ol 0 0 5 0 11 0 4 0 23 SindhuduM 67 0 199 0 55 011 72 0 238 1 24 Kolhopur 1139 101 296 1 246 6 321 0 215 0 251 Kolhapur Corp 1 58G4 161 6691 I 1 603 3 584 21 1 1093 191 807f 81 614 4 516 1261 Beed 3 564 4 1271 Jains 310 191 1061 3 1 509 1 0 221 1 431 1 1 128 1 Handed 171 171 16411 1 0 627 5 1251 41 2281 01. I29 I Nanded Corp 0 0 1 ol 0 3.3 4 18 2) 269) 1301 Latur 741 21, 411- 0 51 0 35 01 30 0 31 Osrnanabad 107 Oll 25i 0 55 0 30 11 28 32 Parthani 386 281 356 i 386 2 273 ol 247 12ROli 0 01 0 0 o o 0 0 64 Aurangabad 360 241 153 16 902 32 414 12 377 1 35 A'bad Corp 67 01 208 14 275 13 216 0 1991 13 36 Amrwati 375 2 1 120, 0 468 14- 123 i 2081 0 37 Amravati Corp 131 9 9c) 4 119 71. 113 13 148 4 38, Buldhana 752 1 0 461 7 920 a 1 600 6 350 3 391yeow1w 2 & 0 177 0 125 0 1?0 0 109 0 40)Washim 0 0 0 0 147 1 35 1 86 0 41 lAkola 551 1-0 310 6 260 -4 2701 4 350 01 1 421 Bhanders SIF 0 79 1 12751 7 100 4 143 1 1 4 31 Gon&ya 0 0 0 0 ol 0 0 0 8 0 1 "IChandE!pur 7 T 6 44 7 40 0 59 1 42 2 45 1 Gaachiroli 1 7 0 50 0 72 3 114 0 1181 0 46 Wardha 36 1 36 1 70 0 22 1 231 2 47 Na9pur 39 0 22 1 65 0 34 0 41 0 48 Nagpur Corp 708 4.4 535- 17 531 40 403 3 4281- 0 Total 00241 4841 113q 337, 153031 311113661 2011 118621 4. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMISISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK This chapter bnefly discLIsses the environmenltal aspects of the project and the measures envisaged to protect the same while ensuring sustainable and safe drinking water to rural areas of the State Providilg adequate drnnking water guarantees good sanitation, hygiene and health. However, it is imperative that the project does not cause any adverse environmental impact, and wherever it has a negative impact corrective measures need to be built into the project design. Govermnent of India and the State government have already laid down environment protection clauses under various Acts and Rules. 4.1. National Water Policy Constitution of India enjoins the States to take measures to protect an-d improve the environment and to safeguard the natural resources including fauna and flora. Article 51A(g) of the constitution makes it fundamental duty of the individual citizen to protect and improve the environment. Recognizing that water is a prirnary natural resoLirce, a basic human need and the precious asset, the policy provides for following guidelines in planning and operation of water resource project which is of relevance to the Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project * Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned developed and conserved as such and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the needs of the State * Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfer from river basins on a national perspective * Water resources development project should be as far as possible planned and developed as a multipurpose project Provision of drinking water should be a primary consideration. * The study of the impact of the project during construction and later on human lives, settlements, occupation and economic and others aspects should be an essential component of project planning * In the planning implementation and operation of the project the preservation of quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration * There should be an integrated and multi disciplinary approach to the planning formulation clearance and implementation of the project. * A special effort should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in or for the benefits of inhabited or tribal areas. * In the planning and operation of the system, water allocation should be broadly as follow * Drinking water . Irrigation * Hydro power * Navigation * Industrial and other use Thus dnnking water has first pnonty in any water resources development project and efforts would be to achieve this. 49 NATIONAL WATER POLICY National Water Policy (1987) emphasizes the role of water as a prime natural resource and stresses the need for the national perspective m water resource planning and development. It recognizes the need to provide adequate drinking water fecilities in both urban and rural areas and sanitation facilities to 80% of urban and 25% of rural population. For maximnizing water quality, the policy recommends observation, augmentation, maximizing retention and minimizing loss of resource. On groundwater development, the policy recommends integrated and coordinated development of surface and groundwater and their conjunctive use. Importance of fixing the water rates to convey the scarcity value of the resource especially laid down in the policy. The policy further sates that the water rates should be fixed so as to cover the annual operation and maintenance charges and part of the capital cost. Involvement of farmers in management of water system and in correction of water rates is encouraged. The policy also touches upon the issue of water quality and states that both surface and groundwater quality should be monitored regularly and improved in a phased manner. Other important recommendations of the policy are to develop water zones atlas of the Country to restrict economy aspect based on constraints imposed by water availability and improvement of water efficiency through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives. It is claimed that between 1000 and 1700 cu. meters per person! per annum water availability, the region confronts water stress, where water shortages are more permissive, and water management becomes formidable. With less than 1000 cu. meters per person availability a region becomes water scarcity, and where chronic water shortages threaten economic development and human health and well-being. Below 500 cubic meters per person a region crosses water barrier and region faces water scarcity. India is among the Countiy to form into the water stress category by year 2025 4.2. Ministry of Environment and Forest Ministry of Environment and Forest is the nodal agency at National level, whiclh monitors the environmental impact of different projects. Thle provisions in thie following Acts ensure protection of environment. Forest (Conservation) Act (I 930) Wild Life Protection Act (I1972) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Air (Prevention and Control) Act, 1981 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 If the polluter pollutes the water in the area, beyond the permissible limits as laid down in the dnnking water standards, the MOEF has powers to control through punitive measures if required. MOEF has also declared certain areas as notified where clearance is required for taking any activity that has relevance to the environment. Further, consequent to the Supreme Court judgment GOI has constituted Central Ground Water Authority, which notifies areas where ground water is polluted or over exploited. 4.3. State Level Provisions Government of Maharashtra has passed following Acts dealing with protection of Environment. * Maharashtra Act XVI of 1970 viz. Maharashua Prevention of Water Pollution Act, 1969 * Maharashtra Act XLVIII of 19.76 viz. Maharashtra Water Supply and Sewerage Board Act, 1976 (as anended twice). 73rd1 Amendment to the constitution on decentralization of powers to the Rural Local Bodies. Other important statutes and Acts related to water supply and sanitation sector in Maharashtra are: (a) Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samities Act 1961. Delegating powers and duties to CEO, with regard to sources of water supply, powers to set apart public springs, tanks, wells etc for certain purposes to promote health, cleanliness, comfort, convenience; closing of places for disposal of dead, that become injurious to health; notify places for washing and disinfecting articles exposed to infection, powers to levy penalty for obstruction and encroachment upon street, lanes and roads. Annexure IILI (b) Maharashtra Village Panchayat Act 1958: Powers to levy taxes on drinking water supply by Gram Panchayat. (c) Maharashtra Act No XX of 1983 for Drinking water Source Requisition provides for requisitioning of water supply source like wells, tanks and storage of water during scarcity for drinking purposes. Annexure 111.2 (d) Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act 1993 prohibition to (a) engage in or employ for or permit to be engaged in or employed for any other person for manually carrying human excreta or (b) constmict or maintain a dry latrine. (e) Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission Act 1998 recommends that electricity tariff charges for RWS Schemes on metered basis at Rs 0 99 per uLut. In the meantime till meters are installed, the Gram Panchayat would be charged at Rs 20 per HP per month for RWS Schemes (f) Criminal Procedure Code( Portion relevant to Protection of water bodies) (g) Bombay Police Act (relevant portion regarding ptmishment for spoiling environmental sanitaton in public palaces) (h) Government Resolution for compulsory construction of toilets in new houses in rural areas (i) . Government Resolution for construction of community toilets Maharashtra Ground water (Regulation) Act 1993 for protecting drinking water weDls. Annexure IV. 4.4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking water) Act 1993: Government of Maharasbtra is the only state in the cotmtry, which has enacted Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking water) Act, 1993 applicable to entire State for protecting drinking water wells. The Act provides for i. Prohibition on construction of wells within a certain distance unless certified by appropriate authority ii. Declaration of water scarcity areas every year, depending on rainfafl pattern for such a period as may be specified iii. Declaration of over exploited water sheds and prohibition sinking of wells in over exploiied watershed except for drinking water wells iv. Prohibition of extraction of water from existing wells or closing down existing wells for a certain period with suitable provisions for payment of compensation. 4.5. Chemical Quality Laboratories Well established chemical quality monitoring system exists both for groundwater and surface water. Samples are routinely collected and analyzed by GSDA, and CGWB under Hydrology Project. GSDA has established Level II+ and Level II laboratories at 6 regional centers besides testing kits at each district. These laboratories have a capacity to test 600 samples each i.e. 3600 samples every year. By increasmg the number of Chemists this could be increased to about 6000 samples a year. CGWB has laboratory facilities to test about 1200 samples a year. Special samples are collected during epidemic period and in affected areas as industrial pollution. GSDA has established a net work of 3370 key wells as Base line stations and groundwater samples are collected once a year. Out of these 3370 key wells 975 wells are selected as Trend Stations and 578 as Trend cum Surveillance stations where water samples are collected and analyzed 4 times a year. Further after setting up of all the laboratones, GSDA has analyzed one round of samples during 2001. For further strengtlhening of existing water quality testing facilities and setting up of Mini Labs, GOM has issued a circular No. WQM 200l/PK/237/PP/12 dated 10' September 2001 lI is planned to create infrastrLctLire for water quality testing at village level or nearby Pnmary Health Center and even utilize the lab facilities at schools and colleges 4.6. Bacteriological Analysis Public Health Department of the state government collects about 7.5 lakh samples on routine and about I lakh sampie un specific basis These are tested and analyzed at their regional and districts level laboratones. Public Health Department has planned to set up 30 chemical labs at each Primary Health Centers for quick water analysis of water samples. Besides National Environmental Engmeering Research- Institute (NEER1) also conducts sampling and analysis for specific pollution studies. Thus about one million water samples are collected and analyzed annually in the state. 4.7. Effectiveness of Current Programs and Policies Government of Maharashtra continuously morntors water quantity, water quality and enviromental sanitation issues while implementing various programs and corrective measures are taken wherever required based on the feedback from monitonng system where the drinking water availability is less than 20 LPCD, three pronged action are taken: a) Increase the supply through rejuvenation of the source by conventional and unconventional measures b) Augment the existing source by increasing the groundwater recharge through rainwater harvesting, and c) Create supplementary source to meet the demand. Government of Maharashtra msists 100% cost contribution for individual connections and provides 30% subsidy for stand post connections. Data on chen;ical and bactenological analysis of water samples by GSDA, Public Health Department, CGWB and NEERI is considered while preparing the master plan for providmg safe drinking water. In Chandrapur, Amravati and Ahmednagar Districts, Government of Maharashtra is implementing 29 Regional Rural Water Supply schemes based on surface water since good. quality ground water- is not available, with financial outlay of Rs. 300 crores from HUDCO. In other areas where groundwater from deeper aquifers has higher concentration of fluoride / nitrate, limited quantity of good quality ground water from other sources is supplied to meet drinking water demand and poor quality water is used for other purposes. In such areas, Government policy recom-mends adoption of Rainwater Harvesting. However, m the event where this is not possible, regional rural water supply schemes based on surface water as sources are planned, as in case of Yavatrnal. The above measures, although based on supply driven policy, nevertheless address the issue of adequate supply of good quality drinking water. 4.8. Evolution of Policies and Institutions Summary of the historical evolution of Government of Mahrashtra's policies and institutions that implement these policies on the ground are given in Table 4.1. 53 Table 4.1. Policies and Institutions for Water Supply and Sanitation by Government Of Maharashtra. No. Period m Major policies Institutions 1. Pre 1962 Policy was of a social GOM through Minor intervention to break the caste Irrigation department. barriers through provision of a 'common public well' for fetching drinking water for all the groups in the village. No other major water supply policy or program. 2. 1962-71 Same policy as above The ZPs were established in GOM had only social 1962 and the responsibility interventions and no technical for providing the drinking interventions. water well is given to ZPs. Environmental Engineering Department was mainly looking after urban water supply and no rurtl 'a1ten'wemns. 3 1971-73 Landmark year. Drilling of BW Minor irrigation technologies were introduced. department in ZP Maharshtra was a pioneer in continued to be the developing the borewell implementers of dug wells. technologies along with UNICEF. Mark 1 and Mark 2 Groundwater Survey and hand pumps came into Development Agency existence. (GSDA) was established in 1973 mainly for This period also coincides with a exploration and drilling of major drought across the state BW for groundwater during 1972. sources. 4. 1976 ZP act amended to allow the ZPs The Env. Eng Dept was to implement water supply transfonned into a schemes up to capital cost of Rs 'corporation'- Maharashtra 5 lakhs. Water Supply and Sewerage Board. This was No major demand for rural fimctioning under State water supply schemes. They Urban Development were mostly hand pumps or dug Department and was wells. mostly for urban water supply works. The Minor Irrigation Dept. in ZP still continued to look after rural water supply works and new works of rural public water | supply upto Rs 5 lakhs. 54 5. 1980s Policies and programs to take ZP is the responsible body care of operations of the bore to do this through Minor wells/ hand pumps came into Irrigation Dept in ZP. existence owing to increasing Three tier system put in number of drinking water bore place to address O& M wells. It is popularly known as aspects. 'Three Tier System' * Dy. Engineer (GSDA) at Dist GP to give Rs 500 for hand level on deputation pump and Rs 2500 for power to Minor Irrgation pumps per annum, to ZPs for dept in ZP OandM aspects. This money * Mobile units in could fefrDm any source (GP each block with budgets, donors etc). one Jurmor Engitneer. The concept of piped water v Trained Village supply schemes also started Repair Worker. during early 80s. About 80,000 such workers were trained but were scarcely engaged in repair works. Villages relied on mobile units orhy 6. 1992 ZP act again amended to allow The MWSSB started ZPs to implement water supply getting more rural piped schemes upto a limit of Rs 15 water supply schemes lakhs, instead of existing limit of above the capital cost of Rs 5 lakhs. Rs 15 lakhs for implementation. 7 1993 Maharashtra Groundwater Act - Institution of 'District 1993 was formulated. The main Cotlector' was entrusted aim of the act was to protect with the responsibility of public groundwater supplies the implementation of the mainly those used for drinking provisions in the Act on water and domestic use. the advice of Geologist from GSDA. There was no involvement of community. In total this Act failed to address the issue of over abstraction of groundwater. 8. 1996 GOM prepared a White Paper to Water Supply and address the rural water supply Sanitation Department' needs across the state This led was created as a separate to development of a Master Plan departnent to take care of aimed at making the State urban and rural needs in 'Tanker Free'. water supty and saniitation aspects. The Master plan aimed to cover 27, 553 villages at a cost of Rs. The MWSSB has been ss 7200 crores in 3 years renamed as Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) The MJP, GSDA and the ZPs and is given responsibility were envisaged irnplementers of of both urban and nmral the Master Plan with respective water supply aspects. cost share of 90 %, 1% and 9%. MJP was manly responsible for A separate Water Supply regional schemes, while ZPs Department was also were responsible for Individual created under the ZPs to schemes below Rs 15 Ja!bh- implement the master plan. [o enhance the reach of MJP and ZP new Divisions (3D) and Smb-Divisians (108) have been 9. 1997 GOM adopted a high subsidy There is no separate rural sanitation policy in order to departnent that was enhance the coverage A target responsible for sanitation of 20 lakh latrines has been promotion at the Districts fixed and an amount of Rs 700 and The Dy. CEO (Village crores earmarked for this. The Panchayat) was the Nodal cost of each latrine was fixed at Officer for this prograrn. Rs 4,000/ and the state subsidy Local NGOs have been was87% of this cost. It may be roped in for construction noted that the sanitation activities. coverage till 1996 was only about 6% (6 lakhs out of 96 lakhs families). 10. 1999-2000 The GOI adopted a new The institutional onwards 'demand-driven approach' for a arrangements have been few pilot districts in the country re-arranged to enable a under the 'Sector Reforms 'bottom-up demand- Program (SRP)'. Maharashtra driven' approach. This also has selected four districts for strengthens the water supply and 13 districts for implementation of the 73,d Total Sanitation Campaign and 74k" amendments to under sector reform approach in Indian Constitution that 1999. The main stay of this establishes the three tier approach is: Panchayat Raj governance Community ownership of across the country. schemes through: -participation in all stages of The structure is: planning and decision making, -Village Water and -10% capital contribution Sanitation Committee and (VWSC), a group of -100% 0 &M representatives selected by responsibility. the Gram Sabha (electorate of the village) to act as GOM adopts the same approach | 'sub-comunittee' of Gramr 56 as the State Policy through a Panchyat (elected body of Government Resolution in the village) September 2000 The only state to have such a 'demand-driven' -VWSC to lead the need policy in the country. This identification, plan policy is the mainstay for the formulation, execution proposed World Bank project. management and OandM of the scheme. -ZP to facilitate the process through the WSD and NGOs as needed Evalua._ the proposals coming from VWSC and grant 90% to VWSC accounts -WSD at the State level to formulate necessary guidelines, build capacities at all levels and guide ,hei process. -MJP, GSDA and praute players to act as 'consultants' as demanded Iby e WSC. 11 1999 onwards In order to promote commtnity This is also 'demand- action towards clean villages the driven' 'bottom-up' GOM launched a new approach' campaign- Sant Gadge Baba Campaign (SGBC). Through the The GPs are the leading SGBC the GOM has been agencies that will mobilize encouraging GPs to act in a their residents for collective manner to make their collective planning and villages clean and environmental action. friendly. GOM evaluates the work of competing villages and Block and Distnct awards cash and recognition provided non-cash rewards to first three villages at: assistance as per demands Gat (Cluster), Block, District emanating from the GPs. and State Level. Besides, awards are also given to outstanding WSD at the State Level Blocks and Districts. There are designs the promotional no subsidies involved in this campaign, organizes campaign. evaluation at vanous levels. 12 2000 The GOM launched another To be planned and program: Shivkalin Pani implemented by GPs, Sathavan Yojana, aimed at supported by ZP and _________________ encouraging community led GSDA and others as measures for protecting / demanded by the GP. augmentino the groundwater resources, especially the sources used for dnnking water pulposes 1 3 2002 GOM adopted a New Rural The GPs to take a lead role Sanitation strategy for in promotion of promoting the concept of 'elimination of open 'eli-iination of open defecation' defecation' supported by rather than 'building of latrines'. the ZP and other actors as This strategy follows the SGBC needed through contracf and plans to reward the villages arrangements. _ _ that achieve total elimination of open defecation in their settlements. 14 2000 Water Quality issues: This is monitored by the onwards. The GOM has a policy of Health Department random testing of 10% of all the through District health drinking water sources every laboratories. year. In addition the GOM is also conducting 100% testing of all the sources in the Districts that have been identified as having large-scale quality problems. GOM is also providing simple to use water quality test kits to the villages that have quality problems and also those villages that won awards in the SGBC. Once the villager's find that water is not potable ('no go') they will send the sample to the nearest PHC for testing and ____ advising on remedies. 14. 1999 onwards Power reforms: Electricity Tariff This would be monitored charged on metered supply. by MERC. 5. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS Public consultations were held by ERM India Ltd, private consultants appointed by GOM, in 4 villages from each of the 5 select distncts. A minimum of I I and maximum of 80 people attended each consultation The participants micluded villagers from all sections, men and wornen, poor and nch, farmers and land less, self employed and unemployed and old as well as young. Villagers from satellite hamlets and Vasties were invited to attend the Consultation meetings. All villagers put forth their views and expressed their opinion on all aspects the project componenets Besides, officials from Gram Panchayat, Zilla Panshad, GSDA, Water Supply Dept of Zilla Parishad and MJP were present during each consultation meetings in all 20 vilUages in 5 districts. District wise dates of Consultation Meetings are given below Schedule of Consultation Meetings Held in Five Districts Sr No. Distnct Name of Village Date of Number Of Consultation Participants Meeting 1 Yavatmal Waki road Sept 22, 2002 40 2 Uti Sept,23, 2002 55 3 Ghubadi Sept 25, 2002 80 4 Bori Khurd Sept 24,'2002 35 5 Nagpur Salwa Sept 29,2002 60 6 Parsodi Kate Sept 26, 2002 25 7 Mohagaon Zilpi Sept 27,2002 40 8 Borujwada Sept 28, 2002 50 9 Osmanabad Bhogi Septl9, 2002 30 10 Borgaon Raje Sept 18, 2002 20 11 Javalgaon bet Sept 26, 2002 40 12 Kharki Sept 22, 2002 25 13 Satara Wakeshwar Septl 8, 2002 20 14 Degaon Sept 22, 2002 1 1 15 Dare Sept 24,:2002 40 16 Rui Sept 20, 2002 30 17 Thane Sajal --Sept 5,2002 25 18 Mahapalli Sept 3, 2002 25 19 Maniveli Aug 28,2002 50 20 Ashagad Sept 6, 2002 70 During the consultation meetings various issues related to quantity and quality of drinking water, as we]l as sanitation, and hygiene were discussed. People's views were collected on these. 5.1. Public Consultation at Nagpur A special public consultation meeting was organized at Nagpur on February 03, 2003 where about 133 people including 37 women and 10 BPL family members from village Khopdi in Mouda taluka participated. During the meet the different project components were explained and people's views for their participation and 59 involvement were invited. The participants enthusiastically expressed their views on each of the project componenits. The villagers opined that since ground water in the area is polluted and inadequate dunng summer, they would prefer dual use of fresh water for drinking and poor quality water for other uses Participants mentioned that quality monitoring is needed and that they would be willing to do this at GP level. As regards sanitatnon and hygiene, there are very few toilets and practice of open defecation continues. There are no soak pits nor sullage drains, villagers prefer individual toilets to community toilets, want good roads, soak pits and sullage drains. Interestingly all the participa1ts including those belonging to BPL families are willing to pay their contribution in ..sh and labor required under the project. Highlights of the deliberations at all the consultation meetings held including the one at Nagpur, are discussed below. Details of the public consultation meeting at Nagpur are given in the Annexure V. 5.2. Water and Related Issues 5.2.1. Source of Water In all the 5 districts ground water is the main source of water supply. In Thane and Satara districts where groundwater quality is poor surface water is used for drinking and ground water is used for other pturposes. Open wells are the main source of water supply in Yavatmal, Satara and Thane districts while hand pump and borewells are common in other districts. Individual and private connections are maximum in Nagpur. Water supply through tankers is prevalent in Osmanabad and Yavatmal. 5.2.2. Water Availability More than 70 % of the households in Osmanabad and 42 % households in Yavatmal consume less than 2OLPCD. More than half the households in Nagpur, Thane and Yavatmal consume 20 to 60 LPCD and 24 % households in Satara use more than 80 LPCD. This reflects the status of availability of clean water in these districts. In water scare season consumption of water decreases by 15-20 % and use of water for other than drinking are curtailed due to short supply. 5.2.3. Time Spent on Fetching Water About 2 to 5 hours are spent on fetching of drinking water in most of the districts. In Yavatmal (388%) and Satara (26%) households spend more than 5 hours in collecting water. Except in Nagpur and Thane, men are involved in collecting water. In Nagpur and Thane, men collect water in case of less than 25% of the households. 5.2.4. Rainwater Harvesting Very few households practice rainwater harvesting at household level except in Nagpur and Satara. In Thane and Yavatmal districts a few households do rainwater harvesting. In Osmanabad a relatively high percentage of households have reported that they do rainwater harvesting which is a crude method of storing rainwater. 60 5.2.5. Hygiene In all 5 distncts respondents surveyed follow good hygiene practice like washing hands before and after defecation In Osmanabad and Satara 100 % of households wash hands before and after eating 5.2.6. Water Storage Households store water at more than one place, in kitchen and bathroom. Some house holds store water in front of the house or open yards in small cement cistern Villagers are not careful about not contaminatmg drinking water by using ladles or any other device to take out water from the container. About 88% of households use glass or mug to take out water. In Thane more than 60% households use ladles. 5.2.7. Disposal of Kitchen Waste Except in Yavatmal more than 50% households throw kitchen waste out side the house. Very often pits are dug outside the house for disposing kitchen waste to be used later as compost. In villages where there are designated waste disposal areas, wastes are segregated into kitchen waste and other waste. Most of the households use bins or containers tc dispose other household waste and throw it in a garbage place. 5.2.8. Waste Water Discharge Most villages do not have proper drainage system and as such very few household discharge their wastewater into the drains For majority of households the wastewater is allowed to flow on the roads. Soak pits are small 2x3 ft. shallow structures constracted outside the bathroom/kitchen. These soak pits are normally covered but kept open during monsoon to allow storm water to wash away wastewater. 5.3 Latrines Percentage of house holds having latrines is quite low and lowest in Yavatmal and Satara and highest in Osmanabad (32%). In case of Osmanabad after the earthquake in 1993, during rehabilitation program, latrine is constructed in each house. However, most of these latrines are not used and wherever they are used, they are used by both men and women. More than 75% households in Satara, Nagpur and Thane are having latrine facilities and are actually using these. In Osmanabad and Yavatmal actual use of latrines is low mainly due to scarcity of water for flushing and improper construction and drainage. In Nagpur, Osmanabad and Yavatmal districts most of the latrines are individual while in Thane and Satara these were constructed by Gram Panchayat and cost of each latrine ranges between Rs 3000 and Rs 10000/-. Large percentages of latrines are constructed under various State and Central government's schemes like Indira Awas Yojana, Gram Shouchalaya Yojana and in Osmanabad under the earthquake rehabilitation program. 5.4 Open Defecation Households who do not have latrine facilities practice open defecation and very few use public toilets. People, especially the women complain many problems in using open defecation. They have to get up very early and have no privacy. During rainy season defecation areas become slushy 5.5. Health There are no reports of any outbreak of major illness. However, incidences of water related diseases like jaundice, diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, and cholera are reported in almost all villages in all districts. Maximum number of households suffering from water borne diseases are mn Yavatmal (85.7%) and Nagpur (68.6%). People are aware of water borne diseases and their symptoms but are not taking adequate precautionary measures. Interestingly, significant expenditure is on health in most of the villages. In Yavatmal, Satara, and Osmanabad average expenditure of the household on health is Rs 500 per year while in Thane it is Rs. 500 to Rs 1000 per year and in Nagpur it is more than Rs 1000 per year. Majority of the households do not have PHC in the village though auxiliary nurses and PHC doctors visit the village once or twice a week. Private clinics are available but they are costly. 5.6. Effects of Groundwater Draft - Conflicts between Users In the drought prone area of western Maharashtra, over exploitation has taken place to support sugarcane and horticulture including grape cultivation. In Sangli and Satara district 25% and 21% of the total irrigated area is under sugarcane cultivation. In case of Kolhapur, 68% of the total area is under sugarcane cultivation. Many villages experience drinking water scarcity during the summer months. Paradoxically, the problem is acute in districts with high rainfall because of water intensive cropping pattern. While rice accounts for 71.68% of the total irrigated area in Ratnagiri and Thane, wheat, jowar and sugarcane are the major crops grown in other districts. In the five sample districts, since agriculture is mostly rain fed, there are no conflicts regarding usage of water. However, in Ashagad village of Thane district, there are distillery units and pharmaceutical units, which get water from a nearby Raithali Dam, through an exclusive pipeline, thereby not affecting the drinking water resource of the village. Thus the only conflict is between irrigation and drinking water. This could be resolved by adopting micro-irrigation for water intensive crops like sugarcane, banana, grape and orange. 5.7. Source Protection Most of the villages do not have any measure for source protection and the wasted water flows into the nearby open fields where it stagnates and forms a water pool, which can be a source for mosquito breeding However, in a few villages Gram Panchayat / self-imposed restrctions are in place This range from not allowing bathing and washing activities around the source. 5.8. Watershed Management In Osmanabad the Agriculture Department and Irrigation Department have carried out civil works like Contmuous Contour Trenches (CCT) underground bandharas, cement bandharas, KT weirs (Kolhapur Type), percolation tanks, storage tanks, nallah bunds etc. for groundwater recharge under watershed development program In Nagpur District the Salwa GP has checked some small 'streams through small earthen check dams for rainwater conservation. In Mohgaon Zilpi also Vanrai bandharas (small earthen check dams) have been initiated and a proposal for roof top water harvesting has been mooted by the GP to ZP. Young Men Work for Water And Environment At Hiware Bazar Yashawant Krishi Gram and Panlot Vikas Sanstha at Hiware Bazar a small village 17 Km from Ahmednagar, was launched by a group of youngsters led by Mr. Popatrao Pawar, who was obsessed with the drean to reverse socio-ecological degradation, and worsening village conditions. Afforestation and water conservation were the key issues that haunted the group. Tree planting covers all hillocks and all streams plugged and depleting ground water resources recharged by percolation tanks, contour bunding, Nalla bunding and even small tanks. This assured drinking water to entire community even during summer in drought years when rainfall is just 60 mm. Self-regulated crop husbandry practices and crop selection ensured income to all. Dry land horticulture crops replace sugarcane. Animal waste is converted into biogas and village garbage into compost. The village has put ban on all activities that affect water availability and environment. Do drilling of bore well that affect shallow drinking water wells, no sugarcane and banana cultivation that require more water and results water depletion in drinking water, and no selling of land to outsider or land lords. Low cost latrines are constructed to protect sanitation. Hygiene habits are inculcated through extension, group discussions and education to adults and children. Twenty- five Women groups are formed for diversified activities. Fear of drought and wait for govemment help are matter of history. Hiware Bazar has taken the legacy of Mr. Annasaheb Hazare of Ralegan Siddhi to further heights and now the village itself has become a role model to emulate.. No rainwater harvesting is done in Nagpur and Satara sample villages as per the surveyed households. In Thane and Yavatmal there is a marginal proportion that do rainwater harvesting. Conversely in Osmanabad more percentage of households have reported that they do rainwater harvesting, but it must be noted that these are not the conventional techniques of water harvesting 5.9. Environmental Monitoring Indicators The Health Department is responsible for carrying out periodic monitoring of drinking water However, in practice the frequency was abysmally low (once a year) in many cases. Recently, the Government of Maharashtra carried out chemical analysis of water samples from all the villages selected for sample study. The Health Department issues 'Red' cards and 'Green' cards to villages based on the maintenance of source, regular chlorine dose, maintenance of water supply scheme appurtenances, etc. Red Card is issued for poor performance and green for Good Chemical analysis is not mandatory but bacteriological analysis is mandatory and has to be done once in a month. The PHC is assigned the responsibiliy of collecting the sample from the villages covered under its jurisdiction. Multi Purpose Worker (MPW) collects the sample on behalf of PHC. The Health Department/Distnct Health Laboratory/State Public Health Laboratory, Pune, does the bacteriological analysis. Chemical analysis is carried out only when complaints regarding contamination are received by the PHC. Dismfection is carried out periodically by the Gram Panchayat under the supervision of PHC through MPWs. Tri-chlorate (TCL) powder, medi-chlor, etc are used as dismfectant with varied frequency. * Once / Twice a day durng monsoon. * Once / Twice a week during other seasons. 5.10. Environmental Sanitation More than 83% of the villages have roads up to the village settlement. Quite a few villages of Latur, Buldhana and Nagpur are not connected by road. Almost all villages do not have nucca internal roads. The intemal roads normally are a mix of pucca and kutchha roads. Almost all the villages do not have a planned storm water drainage system. At best, roadside drains have been/are being constructed under government schemes, partially covering the village. In villages where such drains exist, maintenance is poor due to disposal of waste in the drains, which thereby chokes it. In case of Bhogji in Osmanabad, wastewater was found to be flowing on the road in spite of presence of drains. It is pertinent to note that Osmanabad had suffered a massive earthquake in 1993, which had altered the topography of various villages and the region. However, in Bojurwada village of Nagpur district most of the internal roads are metalled and storm water drainage system in the village are well kept. In Mohgaon Zilpi of Nagpur district also, the internal roads and storm water drainage system was pucca and well maintained. As most of the villages are pre- dominantly agrarian in nature, the solid waste generated in the village is used as manure. Many villages use the kitchen waste for cattle feeding. Generally, the well- to-do families have a disposal pit in their backyard and they use the manure in their own farms. The others have a common disposal pits and sell the manure produced to the farm owners. The money earned is shared based on the number of cattle. No segregation is practiced but plastic and paper component is insignificant. The wastewater / sullage discharge is mostly done in the drains or it runs into the road or drains into soak pits or used in kitchen garden. Almost no village has any sewerage system. In quite a few villages, the wastewater is drained close to the 64 water source Wastewater / sullage discharge (and stagnation) is not perceived as a major problem by the villagers It is however, considered a problem if access is hindered. The percentage of households having individual/community latnnes in rural areas is quite low. At many locations, the households do not use their individual latrnes due to shortage of water. Water scarcity also prevents use of flush toilets. The wastewater from the latrine goes to the soak pits and in some cases into the septic tank. At places, where individual latrines exist, but are not used, instead are used as a room for storage purposes. In some districts, construction of latrnes is difficult due to the presence of rocky terrain, thereby making the digging of pits difficult Public / comnmon toilets are not perceived as a solution because of poor maintenance. 5.11. Key Institutional And Policy Issues The field visits brought out many key institutional and policy issues, which would be relevant for the proposed project. Some of the key issues that emerged durng interactions with the institutions at different levels as well as with other stakeholders includmg intended beneficiaries and NGOs are as follows. a. Unclear Mandate and Role of the VWSCs While the current institutional arrangement envisages a central role in water management for the VWSCs, in reality these VWSCs are playing second fiddle to the Sarpanch and the Gram Sewaks who are the more influential people in the village. The VWSC role is limited to providing advice when necessary, to the GP. While in Osmanabad, the formation of VWSC and its role was better umderstood, in other districts, even if the VWSC were forned, they were not active, and few people knew about when they were formed, formation process and their activities. In many places, the selection process, and specially the membership of women, was treated as a mere ritual that needed to be done. In addition the VWSCs were found to have inadequate skills, specially technical and financial, to take up the range of responsibilities expected of them. Osmanabad was different primarily because the villagers were generally more informed and politically conscious in some of the villages. Secondly a local NGO had started preliminary mobilization of the community and was framing clear roles and responsibilities as well as outlining transparent management processes for the VWSCs. This mobilization process had brought the VWSC and its members into focus. b. Poor Operations and Maintenance While breakdown maintenance is being carried out, regular operation and maintenance of schemes was not satisfactory. This has been brought out by various evaluations and reports, and was also witnessed during field survey. In all districts there were several defunct schemes, partly because of poor siting and scheme selection and partly because of poor operation and maintenance, and due to over- emphasis on meeting targets. Lack of funds was often cited as a reason for this state of affairs and was constraining even very small repairs to be camed out in time. The overburdening of the Village Water Person and Gram Sewak and the unclear roles 65 and responsibilities of the VWSC coupled with poor teclnical capacities available locally could be other key reasons for neglect of 0 & M c. Lack of Participation The Zilla Parishad (Water Supply Division) and the Gram Panchayat were aware of the proposed RWSS 11 project and were very keen to bring that project to their village/district. Between themselves (ZP and GP) they had selected the schemes for the village and even prepared rough estimates of costs and per capita contributions. On interaction with the intended beneficiaries it appeared that the scheme selection process was not transparent, nor participative, and very few -villagers -(other than some GP members, Gram Sewaks and influential people) knew any details about the scheine, the service levels to be provided and the shift towards a community-demand driven approach. In many cases, these selected options were not the most appropriate or viable, nor were they based on any assessment of "willingness to pay". Another example of this rather unilateral approach was the fact that in some of the villages, some hamlets located at a distance from the main settlements were not being considered within the opted scheme, primarily to reduce costs, even though those hamlets were a part of the GPs. While the scheme selection process is intended to be initiated afresh within the proposed project, this issue is being highlighted to focus on the challenge ahead to convince and consequently build capacities of these institutions to adopt a community-centered demand driven approach. d. Participation of Women and Marginal Communities Both in the VWSC and in the Gram Panchayats, the number of seats for women were duly filled. However, whether women effectively participate is the key question. The picture that has emerged is mixed. In some villages, there is active participation of women and the mandatory reservation of posts has provided avenues for women to be heard and participate in decision-making. In the remaining villages, women remain "passive" participants, and their participation being used to fill a procedural need to be eligible for projects like RWSS II. As far as marginal communities go, distance of hamlets is the primary constraint for participation in GPs and the VWSC as well as in information sharing and awareness. Perhaps one needs to look at separate VWSCs for hamlets that are located far away from the main settlement. e. Role of Iformal Institutions In the districts visited, there were very few informal institutions. Amongst them one existing Mahila Mandals was the most prevalent. In addition some of the villages had Self Help Groups, charitable and religious organizations. However, these informal institutions were either non-finctional or irregular or have been ftmctioning without any focus and understanding of their mandate and roles. Saving, thrift, investment and income enhancing activities have been initiated in some villages. These groups have also been in the decision processes in the village. But in their own ways these forums have provided women an opportunity to meet, interact and discuss issues important to them and have the potential to play a more dynamic role. The RWSS 1I sees a key role to be played by women in the Women Development C6't program, in the VWSC (wlhichi is to have majority women) and in monitoring and evaluation. These activities/initiatives could be galvanized through these formts f. Need to Build Capacities In all the districts, it was evident that the existing Institutions, both formal and informal, would need a sustained capacity building and support for them to take Up the roles and responsibilities envisaged for them withun RWSS ll. Capacities would need to be built in different aspects (legal, financial, technical, managenal, comnmunity mobilization and development, documentation and reporting as well as monitoring and evaluation) at all levels and in different stages of the project. A critical component would be interaction with other villagers and cross leamings as well as field based training programs and a sustained communication campaign. In addition to building capacities, a certain amount of support, preferably through local NGOs, would be essential for the village to go through the learning experience and emerge confident and able to handle the project implementation and 0 and M independently. g. Cost Recovery and Willingness to Pay Cost recovery was one of the key isssii of concern in RWSS I and the proposed RWSS II hopes to not only improve cost recovery, it also aims at the community contributing "at least 10%" of capital cost and 100% of the 0 & M cost This contribution should ideally be based on the community's ability and willingness to pay. However, the field survey revealed that the beneficiaries were already informed, through various sources, that they had to pay only 10% of the capital cost. On the other hand, ability to pay was a big concern for marginal communities and BPL families who wanted to see a more flexible approach for community contribution in the project vis a vis cash and labor. It was revealed that wherever stake holder from BPL / tribal families are unable to contribute 10% of the capital cost and 1005 or O&M cost, well to do people in the village have agreed to pay the shortfall. h. Monitoring For monitoring and surveillance of water quality, chemical analysis is not mandatory but bacteriological analysis is required to be done at least once in a month by the PHC. In practice the frequency of monitoring the water quality was extremely low (once a year) in many cases. Chemical analysis is carried out only when complaints regarding contamination have been received by the PHC. The monitoring and surveillance is done by the PHC, whose primary responsibility is providing health care services to the villages covered under its jurisdiction. The samples get analyzed and the results are sent to the District Health Office for compilation, thereby loosing valuable time in alerting the authorities responsible for water supply. Regular monitoring and evaluation of state and central programs, schemes, operation and maintenance is weak, especially at the village level where the people/institutions responsible are not adequately trained for the task. 67 i. Source Sustainability Although Maharashtra's position in terms of macro ground water availability appears satisfactory, many areas have problems of progressive decline of water tables, mainly due to over-exploitation of ground water for agnculture purpose. Food security considerations have resulted in manifold increase in the number of irrigation wells leading to over-exploitation of ground water. Practice like charging for power on horse power basis rather than metered supply for agriculture purposes, poor collection of electricity charges, direct subsidies for wells, cheap credit for pump- sets have all worsened the drinking water situation but has helped the agriculture production. With most of the state being dependent on groundwater for rural water supply, their sustainability could be a major concern. In general, the implementation of Grotndwater Act, 1993 has been ineffective. The GSDA does not have the mandate for implementing the Groundwater Act (GWA) 1993 and it can only advice the District Collector for implementing restrictions under the Groundwater Act 1993. With no clear-cut definition of "water scarce" area the district authorities responsible for implementing the Groundwater Act, 1993 face political difficulties from strong and influential farmers' lobbies. There is a lack of awareness amongst people regarding the sustamability issue and issues like cropping pattern, withdrawal only up to the safe yield and better management rather than development of groundwater needs to be addressed. A sustainable water management practice with local community participation needs to be adopted. 6. HOT SPOTS AND ISSUES Govemment of Maharashtra has been implementing Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program in large scale in the State to alleviate drinking water scarcity and improve sanitation conditions in the rural areas. There are difficult situations where special action plans are necessary to manage these special problems These hotspots relate to groundwater quantity, quality, samtationi, hygiene and environment Different strategies and technological options would be evolved and implemented for hot spots. It is necessary to understand and identify the hot spots 6.1. Hot Sjzts From the review of the base line environmental data for the project distncts and the issues that emerged during public consultations in 20 villages from 5 pilot distncts, it is observed that the main and focal issues relate to water quantity, water quality, sanitation and hygiene. 6.1.1. Over Exploited and Critical Areas About 82% of the rural water supply schemes are based on the groundwater. Groundwater assessment by GSDA shows that presently 27.02 % of the annual replenishable recharge is utilized. As per revised groundwater assessment by GSDA/CGWB, norms out of 1108 watershed units in the project area, 69 units (6.2%) are over-exploited and 40 units (3.6%) are in critical category. TABLE 6. 1. Number of Watershed Units in Different Categories in Project Districts. (Position as on March 2002) Sr. District Total No. of No. of No. of Talukas with over No number watershed over critical exploited/critical of units exploited water- watershed units water- watershe shed sheds d units units 1 Akola 65 100 0 1 Akot, 2 Beed 48 81 3 2 Beed, Patoda, Asthi, Mazalgaon Ambejogai, 3 Bhandara 54 93 1 0 Pauni, Lakhandur 4 Buldhana 57 102 4 1 Buldhana, Motala, Sindkhed Raja, Malkapur, Jalgaon Jamod, Sangranpur. 5 Chandrapur 58 76 0 0 Nil 6 Gadchiroli 83 88 0 0 Nil 7 Gondia Nil Nil Nil Nil 8 Hingoli Nil Nil Nil Nil tS9 9 Jalgaon 66 112 124 18 Jalgaon, Raver. Yawal, Jamner, Parola.1Bhusawal, Chalisgaon, Pachora, Erandol ____ ,__________ __Choida,Bhadgpon, 10 Jalna 52 74 0 1 I Bhokardhan II Kolhapur 40 80 1 0 Q Nil 12 Latur 39 69 11 1 Chakur, Nilanga A J___dpUwr LatUr, 13 Nagpur 54 84 8 4 Nagpur, Kamthi, Narkhed, Savner, Kalmesiiwar, I I Umred,Parshivani, i__________ _____ _ K' ui, K ato6 14 Nashik 80 137 18 9 Dtin&6ri, Nashik, Niphad, Sinner, Chandwad, Yeola, Malegaon, Baglan, 15 Nandurbar Nil Nil Nil Nil 16 Osmanabad 41 74 0 1 Osmanabad 17 Parbhani 51 81 0 0 Nil 18 Ratnagiri 20 30 0 O Nil 19 Satara 50 72 4 3 Man,Patan, Karad, Phaltan, Khatav, 20 Sangli 38 68 2 5 Jat, K'Mahankal, Khanapur, Miraj Tasgaon, Sangali, 21 Sindhudurg 11 15 0 0 Nil 22 Solapur 64 114 2 3 Madha, Karmala, Mohol,Pandharpur Malshiras. 23 Thane 34 50 0 0 Nil 24 Washim Nil Nil Nil Nil 25 Wardha 39 58 2 1 Seloo, Sanudrapur, Asthi, Karanja 26 Yavatmal 64 108 0 0 Nil Total: 1108 1766 69 40 State Total 1505 2415 130 55 Source: Provisional Revised Groundwater Assessment by GSDA and CGWB as per GEC-1997. 6.1.2. Areas with Progressive Decline of Water Levels Consequent to excessive Groundwater Extraction, water tables are declining in many areas, which has impaired the existing drinking water wells. As per the water table data monitored by GSDA/CGWB, water tables are declining in 67 talukas. 70 Table 6. 2. Areas with Declining Trend of Groundwater Sr. No District Declining trend of Talukas Covered water table Pre Post Monsoon Monsoon Period Period (mt/yr) (mt/yr) I Akola 0.46 0.17 Akola,Balapur, Murtizapur, Akot, Telhara 2 Beed 0.35 0.14 Keij, Ambejogai, 3 Bhandara 0.13 Rising Pavani,Arjuni,Morgaon 4 Buldhana 0.32 0.17 Nandura,Malkapur,Deulgaon Raja(0.57M/year in Pre Monsoon) 5 Chandrapur 0.16 0 14 Gondpimprn, Mul,Bhadravati. 6 Gadchiroli 0.21 0.15 Chamorshi,Aheri, 7 Gondia Nil 8 Hingoli Data included m Parbham District 9 Jalgaon 0.28 0.20 Raver, Yawal, Chopada, Erandol, Jalgaon, Chalisgaon 10 Jalna 0.38 0.17 Bhokardan, Jafarabad, Jalna, _ ~~~~Ambad, 11 Kolhapur Rising Rising 12 Latur 0.31 0.28 Latur, Ahrnadpur, Ausa (0.66 M/ Yr in Pre monsoon). 13 Nagpur 0.19 Rising Parsivni, Rarntek, Kalmneshwar, 1, _Hingana, Savner, Narkhed. 14 Nashik 0.23 0.1 Kalwan, Baglan. 15 Nandurbar Nil 16 Osmanabad 0.44 Rising Umraga, Osmanabad, Kalam, Tuljapur. 17 Parbhani 0.48 0.31 Parbhani, Jintur, Gangakhed. 18 Ratnagiri 0.26 Stable Nil 19 Sangli 0.45 Rising Miraj, Atpadi, Khanapur 20 Satara 0.22 0.27 Karad 21 Sindhudurg 0.16 Rising Nil 22 Solapur 0.44 0.20 Barshi, Akkallcot, Mohol, Malshiras (0.61 Ml Yr in Pre Monsoon), Karmala, Mangalwedha. 23 Thane 0.12 Rising Jawahar, Mokhada, 24 Washim Nil 25 Wardha 0.13 Stable Deoli, Selu, Karanja. 26 Yavatmal 0.28 0.13 Wani, Bhabulgaon, Malegaon, I_____ ______ ______ ______Darwha, Digraj, Pusad. Source GSDA, CGWB. Based on data monitored between 1988 and 2002 -77 Over-extraction of groundwater and declining water tables are causing C environmental concems as these have affected availability and sustainability of groundwater for dnnking purposes. 0 - O 6.1.3. Trend Analysis If the present situation of ground water extraction continues without any corrective 0 action, it is likely that additional 170 watershed Lnits would cross over to critical or over exploited.category. Trend analysis of behavior of water table for past 10 years and the likely rainfall pattern in the State indicate that if the present situation 0 continues, ground water table would progressively decline at a much faster rate than 0 present in additional 168 watershed tunits. Table 6. 3. The declining trend of water levels is arrested after implementation of water conservation and watershed 0 development programs in these areas and water levels are showing rising trend. - Table 6.3. Areas Likely To Be Affected By Over Extraction ° And Declining Water Table C Sr District [No of ws No. of ws units Talukas likely to be affected No. units likely with likely by over extraction and 0 to become progressive declining water levels C) critical decline 1 Akola 7 7 Akola, Akot, Telhara, Takali 0 2 Beed 14 14 Beed, Ashti, Gevrai, Kaij, Q Manjalgaon 3 Bhandara 2 2 Mcihdi 4 Buldhana 8 8 Motala, Khamgaon, O Sangrampur, Maikapur 5 Chandrapur Nil Nil Nil 6 Gadchiroli Nil Nil Nil 0 7 Gondia Nil Nil Nil O 8 Hingoli Nil Nil Nii 9 Jalgaon 26 25 Yawal,Chopda Erandol, (0 Amalner, Bhusaval 0 10 Jalna 14 14 Jalna, Badnapur, Ambad, 0 Bhokardan, GhansavYi 11 Kolhapur Nil Nil Nil 0 12 Latur 2 Nil Nil 0 13 Nagpur 4 4 Kamthi, Nagpur O 14 Nashik 28 26 Dindori, Chandwad, Yeola, Nandgaon, Surgana 0 15 Nandurbar Nil Nil Shahada 16 Osmanabad 6 9 Tuljapur, Osmanabad 17 Parbhani Nil Nil Nil 0 18 Ratnagiri Nil Nil Nil 19 Sangli 12 10 Tasgaon, Atpadi, Jat, Miraj, 0 Khanapur 20 Satara 12 12 Khatav, Man, Khandala 0 21 Sindhudurg 1 5 Nil O 22 Solapur 20 18 Barshi, Karmala, Malshiras, ( 0 0 .12 0~~~( ,____ .___________ _____ _____Pandharpur_ __ - 23 Thane Nit N, Nil 24 Washim Nil Nil Balapur 25 Wardha 6 6 Ashti, Karanja, Seloo 26 Yavatmal 8 8 Ner, Pusad, U markhed, Maregaon, Digras Total 1 70 168 555 Source Based on data by GSDA, CGWB for hydrographs stations for 1998-2001. 6.2. Water Quality Quality of Groundwater in the project area is generally good and potable However, there are some hot spot areas where concentration of total_dissolved solids, fluoride, nitrate and iron are beyond permissible limits. 6.2.1. Iiigh Fluoride In parts of 56 talukas in 18 districts included in the project where concentration of fluoride in ground water is more than permissible limits These hot spot areas are give m Table 6.4 Table 6.4 Areas with High Concentration of Fluoride (>1.5ppm) In Project Districts District Parts of talukas Affected Beed Ashti, Ambejogai, Beed, Gevrai, Manjalgaon Bhandara, Bhandara, Sakoli, Deori and Amgaon including Gondia Chandrapur Mul, Rajura, Bhadravati, Korpana, Warora, Gondpimpn. Gadchiroli Aheri, Sironcha. Jalgaon Jamner Kolhapur Karveer, Chandgad Latur Udgir Nagpur Kamptee, Mauda, Nagpur, Hingna, Umrebi, S3iwapur, Saoner, Parsevni, Katol, Kahmeshwar. Osmanabad Paranda, Tujapur Parbhani Gangakhed, Hingoli, Kalaranuri, Pathri Ratnagiri Rajapur Sangli Khanapur Satara Patan, Man, Khatav, Phaltan Sindhudurg Kudal, Vengurla, Sawantwadi, Malwan, Kankavali Solapur N. Solapur, Mangalwedha, Madha, Barshi Thane Vasai Yavatmal Wani, Pandharkawada, Maregaon. Source: Water Quality analysis by GSDA / CGWBfrom 1988-2002. '73 6.2.1 (a). Water Quality Problems in Yavatmal District The most comprehensive report on water quality assessment in Yavatmnal dist-ict covenng 9,389 drinking water sources was prepared by NEERI. The chemical water quality problems encountered in the district are: fluoride, nitrate, iron and total dissolved solids (TDS). Arsenic was not detected in any water sample. 6.2.1 (b). Fluoride The analysis of NEERI report indicates the following trend in fluoride concentration in Yavatmal distnct. o Only 1922 (20.5%) sources are within the desirable limit of fluonde (< 1- mg/L) o 6590 sources (70%) are between 1-1.5 mg/L fluonde concentration o 877 (9.3%) sources have fluoride concentration > 1.5 mg/L o Out of 877 sources 406 sources have fluoride concentration > 2 but < 5 mg/L o Out of 877 sources 117 sources have fluoride concentration > 5 mg/L Details of incidence high fluoride in drinking water, dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis are given below. Incidence of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water Sources, Dental Fluorosis and Skeletal Fluorosis In Yavatnal District .. ...... . -. -. ; pi ..... .. ibunn . .. . . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~i-13. .. .- ........ .. ....iFnentration in-;.. .. .. .. . .....,Numbr tatar Source -.r. :;.----...-e---= -2. Dental Skeletar Water _ - 1tf-5z Fluorosis Fluorosis iMlame oFi Taluk - - -. . --.. _ - i Cases Cases Armi 507 77 387 43 0 0 Babhulgaon 595 207 373 15 0 0 Darwha 670 184 470 16 0 0 Digras 348 69 250 29 a Ghatanji - 638 1 O 31 7 182 2_2 Kalamb 612 181 418 13 2 2 Mahagaon 531 69 411 51 3 0 Maregaon 469 76 244 149 14 0 Ner 677 166 508 3 0 0 Pusad 566 85 442 39 0 0 Pandharkawada 646 53 485 108 134 21 Ralegaon 782 242 487 53 41 1 Umarkhed 536 105 395 36 3 0 Wani 516 61 347 108 11 0 Yavatmal 830 165 620 45 3 0 Zari Jamni 466 72 322 72 19 0 Total 9389 1922 6590 877 392 26 20.47%70.19% 9 34% Source Report by WSP Consultant, WSSD,GOM -74 The incidence of dental and skeletal fluorosis is based on the annual school children health survey conducted by health department in 2001. (Thils is based on the survey of the villages dunng the period of sample collection The health department has conducted a school health survey in December 2002 that covered 92% of the children and the results are yet to be analysed a) However, in Yavatmal distnct only 26 skeletal cases have been reported whicil also need to be confirmed clinically This could be because (a) people have shlifted to low fluoride sources in affected distnct, (b) there is a substantial reduction in fluoride concentration due to groundvvatzir recharge (c) due to changein dietary habits. It is therefore recommendedc that a comprehensive cluldren survey be conducted in all villages where all sources have been affected by high fluonde and altemate sources do not exist on govermpent records. The survey should capture the following: (1) incidence of fluorosis among children; (2) water sources being used by users; (3) measur,eent of fuoride in all sQurces by field test kits (government/private andL'used by community), and (4) dietary habits. 6.2.1 (c). Iron 801 (9% sources) water sources have iron concentration in excess of the permissible limit of 1.0 mg/L Ninety-five sources out of these 801 water sources have iron concentration > 5 mg/L. 6.2.1. ( d). Nitrate As per NEERI report one thousand seven hundred and nine (20% sources) water sources have nitrate concentration in excess of the permissible limit of 100 mg/L. 6.2.1. (e). Total Dissolved Solids As per NEERI report niety-five (1% of sources) water sources have TDS concentration in excess of the maximum permissible limit of 2000 mg/L. This is not seen as major water quality problem. 6.2.1. (f ) . Bacteriological Pollution This parameter was not covered umder in the NEERI report. However, the heath department reports suggest that Bacteriological quality of water is the main water quality problem in Yavatmal district. The following health related data confirms this. Gastro Attacks . 1430 Nos. Cholera Attacks 28 Nos Dirrhoea Attacks 30,508 Nos. Hepatitis Attacks 109 Nos Typhoid Attacks 120 Nos. 75 6.2.2. High Nitrate High concentration of Nitrate in grotmdwater is reported in districts where large areas are irrigated under Paddy, sugarcane, banana and orange. High concentration of nitrate in groundwater at shallow depths is becoming alarming. Areas with high nitrate in ground water are given in Table 6.5 Table 6. 5. Areas Affected by High Concentration of Nitrate in Ground Water In Project Districts District Parts of talukas Affected Gadchiroli Etapalli. Charmoshi Nagpur All talukas except Umred and Kuhl. Chandrapur Chandrapur, Chimur, Sindewahi, Rajura Sangli Parts of Sangli and Miraj. Ratnagiri Chiplun, Khed, Guhagar Thane Bhivandi, Palghar, Vasai, Thane Solapur N.Solapur, Mohol, Mangalwedha, Malshiras, Barshi, Akluj Nashik Niphad, Dindori, Satara Man, Phaltan, Khandala Jalgaon Raver, Chopada, Yawal Jalna Jalna, Partur Parbhani Parbhani, Pathri, Gangakhed, 'Basmat Latur Latur, Nilanga, Ahmedpur Beed Gevrai, Ashh, Majalgaon, Ambejogai Omanabad Osmanabad, Tuijapur Wardha Selu, Deoli _Rhandara Bhandara, Lakhandur Akola Akot, Telhar Source: Water Quality analysis by GSDA / CGWBfrom 1988-2002. 6.2.3. High Iron High concentration of Iron is observed in certain parts in the project districts. These are given below. Table.6.6 Table 6.6. Areas with High Concentration of liron in Groundwater in Project Districts Sr. District Parts of Taluka with High Concentration of Iron No 1 Kolhapur Gaganbavda, Ajra, Chandgad, Shahuwadi 2 Satara Satara, Mahabaleshwar, Wai 3 Thane Vasai, Talasan, Mokhada, Jawhar, Palghar 4 Sindhudurg Kankavali, Vaibhavwadi, Deogad, Malwan, Sawantwadi,Kudal, Vengurla 5 Ratnagiri Ratnagiri, Lanja, Rajapur, Chiplun, Sangameshwar, Khed, Guhagarh 6 Nagpur Katol, Saoner, Umrer, Ramtek, Parshivani 7 Bhandara Deori, Goregaon, Gondia, Sakoli, Salekasa, Amgaon, Tumsar and Gondia 76 9 [ Gadchiroli Dhianora, Stroncha, Annon IO Wardha Wardha, Hmnganghiat, Samudrapur Source: Water Quality analysis by GSDA / CGWBfrom I 988-2002 6.2.4. Salinity Areas affected by high salinity due to natural causes as-well as induced salinity due to seawater mgression and irrigation are given in Table 6.7 Table 6.7. Areas with High Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids In Project Districts Sr. No. District Parts of Taluka with high TDS in Groundwater 1 Satara Phaltan 2 Kolhapur Hatkangale, Shirol 3 Sangli Atapadi, Jath, Miraj,Tasgaon, 4 Solapur M' Wedha, N.Solapur, Pandharpur, Sangole, S Solapur 5 Ratnagiri Rajapur,Guhagar, Ratnagiri 6 Sindhudurg Malwan, Sawantwadi 7 Thane Dahanu, Palghar,Thane, XVasai 8 Nashik Baglan, Nasik, Niphad, Sinnar, Yeole 10 Jalgaon Chopda, Jalgaon, Raver 11 Parbhani (includes Basmat, Gangakhed, Kalamnuri Hingoli) 12 Latur Latur, Renapur, Ausa 13 Osmanabad Paranda 14 Beed Gevrai, Dharur, Majalgaon 15 Akola Akola, Balapur,Manora, Murtizapur, Patur, Risod (includes Washim) 16 Buldhana Chikhali, Lonar, Mehekar, Nandura, 17 Yavatnal Darva, Digras, Kelapur, Maregaon, Ner 18 Nagpur Kalameshwar, Kuhi, Mauda, Parashivni, 19 Chandrapur Chandrapur, Warora Source; Water Quality analysis b,v GSDA / CGWB from 1988-2002. 6.2.5. Water Quantity and Water Quality Situation in Different Districts. Above observations with regard to water quantity ans water quality indicate that some districts water quality problem is more pronounced while in some districts water quality issues are more important . Districtwise position of water quality and water quantity issues is given in Table 6.8 below. '77 Table 6.8 Position of Water Quantity and Water Quafity Problems in roiect Districts District Total No of No. of Talukas No of Talukas (part) water Overexploited showing Water with higher than shed /Criticalwater Level Decline permissible Units shed Units concentration of Present Likely Present Likely F N03 Fe TDS Future Futuire Akola 100 1 7 5 7 0 2 0 6 Includes Washim ____, Beed 81 i 5 14 2 14 5 4 0 3 Bhandara 93 1 2 3 2 4 2 7 0 Includes Gondia _ . Buldhana 102 15 8 3 8 0 0 1 4 Chandrapur 76 0 0 3 0 6 4 8 2 Gadchlroli 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 3 Jalgaon 112 132 26 6 25 1 3 0 3 Jalna 74 1 14 4 14 0 2 0 0 Kolhapur 80 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 2 Latur 69 12 2 3 0 1 3 0 3 Nagpur 84 j12 4 7 4 10 11 5 4 Nashik 137 27 28 2 26 0 2 0 5 Osmanabad 74 1 6 4 9 2 2 0 1 Parbhani 81 0 0 3 0 4 4 0 3 Includes Hingoli Ratnagiri 30 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 3 Sangli 68 7 12 3 10 1 2 0 4 Satara 72 7 12 1 12 4 3 3 1 Sindhudurg 15 -- 0 1 0 5 5 0 7 2 Solapur 114 5 20 6 18 4 6 0 5 Thane 50 0 0 2 0 1 4 5 4 Wardha 58 3 6 3 6 0 2 3 0 Yavatmal 108 0 8 6 8 3 0 0 5 Total _ 109 170 68 168 62 61 53 60 Source Data from GSDA, CGWB, WSSD, NEERI, PHD It is evident that the major Hot Spot districts from both groundwater quantity and quality considerations are Nagpur, Jalgaon, Beed, Sangli,Satara, Solapur, Nashik, Thane, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Yavatmnal and Chandrapur. 6.3. Personal Hygiene Only 22.4 percentages of the households have access to latrines, which are constructed under different State and central govermnent programs. Thus large number of people do not have access either to household or community latrnnes. Another hygiene issue that emerged dunng public consultationis is inadequate sanitation facilities at school Only 48.5% schools in rural areas have sanitation facilities 6.4. Environmental Sanitation In most of the villages, disposal of sullage, wastewater, cattle dung is improper causing sanitary problems Stonn drains and all weather internal lanes are absent in almost all villages Improper disposals of organic wastes, many times close to water supply source is another hot spot issue. Thus considering the current sanitation and hygiene conditions entire project area could be constrmed as Hot Spot area Strategies for tackling water quantity, water quality and sanitation-hygiene issues in respective hot spot areas would be drawn while implementing the project along with mitigatory measures -79 s c . 120 -$o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UX 12,0 w! u. [s 4. X 88 jt h1~~~~~~~~~~~NAHAPSHTRA STATzE t;g=t-+~~~~~~ CRXo3cx- OUNDWATERQIIALITlY MAP t: t2,0 0. 0 CtDr2O 5 .X<, > g.,.,> 94 t ~~~~~MAHARASHTRA ST4TE _,>tk .................. ,tf, t.jS ROUNDWATRR QUALffY MAP 41~~~ 07 X r- -XX t-J V w~PR t % f, 5< 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' a luka s whe re excess N itratc i sde tc ted | \Uv,) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~In pomt Grotindwater ssou-re. -O.II1IY6 J.l3L:\I5.?TIUtJL) II1JIO 1I Iii* 1, ^ 11.4A 's-)--*n i 8 ~ 7 '- 1 ' A, ^1 ~ 3L¶i ,1.1'-v}-1 tI.4L.'liFM ---_- /< -; < - 'i_t- k r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z~ i S4 L_ -. ; 7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES While considering the launch of any project, it is very important to consider the potential effects of the project. Along witl thlis, we should also consider the alteniatives available in case the project does not get implemented Here we consider the available feasible altematives to the second RWSP: An attempt would be made to analyze the available alternatives with the following points under consideration I. Whether the objective of adequate and sustainable water supply and sanitation delivery services is attained. 2. Whether the environmental impacts have been considered and the necessary mitigatory measures have been initiated. 3. Whether the end result is an improvement in the quality of life of the participating commumlties In order to facilitate comparison on these lines, a "without project" is also considered. 7.1. Without Project Scenario Minimum per capita water supply in rural areas prescnbed by Government of Maharashtra is 40 LPCD. Presently out of 86313 villages and hamlets 59140 villages and hamlets have a safe and adequate source of dnnkmg water supply at 40 LPCD round the year (FC). In 18753 villages and hamlets the source created is not adequate and needs strengthening (PC). In remaining 8420 villages and hamlets no safe ground water source is available and requires recourse to alternate sources of water supply Thus the water quantity problem exists for uncovered and inadequate villages and hamlets. This project is trying to address the needs of 3750 villages. As of now GOM is in the process of completing a large number of water supply schemes, commissioned under the earlier 'Master Plan'. There are about 1907 on- going schemes under the MJP that require about Rs.1750 crores and the same is expected to be completed by year 2006 as shown below in Table7.1 Table7.1. Phasing of Water Supply Schemes in Maharashtra No of Funds Funds Schemes to Balance schemes needed Expected be schemes Rs. crores Rs. Crores completed 2002-03 1907 1750 890 1578 329 2003-04 329 860 400 248 81 2004-05 81 460 400 61 20 2005-06 20 60 200 20 NIL Thus we have a wide spectrum of water scarcity patterns in Maharashtra whose needs have to be addressed. Another significant water supply problem is that of a previously viable water source becoming dry .The problem is compounded by the growth in population of Maharashtra (at the rate of 2.5 % per annwn) which calls for an increase in investments in this sector. 7.2 Programs for Rural Water Supply Currently GOM is implementing a vanety of programs in the sector, which will be able to cater to the needs of some of the above villages. The following is an analysis of the major programs 7.2.1 Minimum Needs Program (MNP) and Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) Government of Maharashtra implements the rural water supply schemes through two mam programs. One is the Accelerated Rural Water, Supply Program (ARWSP) funded by the Government of India and the other is mLe Mininum Needs Program (MNP) funded through budgetary support and raising of bonds and loans from the open market. GOM gets about Rs 200 crores from the GOI and all this and other money raised from the market would be used for completing the 'old baggage' schemes shown in the Table 7.1 above. Central Government mtroduced the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program (ARWSP) in 1971-73 to assist the State Governments. This Program is being implemented in the state of Maharsahtra since then, in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Govermnent. GOM has planned to complete all ongoing schemes being executed by Zilla Parishad by June 2003. The cost involved is about Rs 75 crores. There are about 240 ongoing water supply schemes under execution by Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran. These would take some tune to complete. The State Government of Maharashtra implements the Rural Dnnking Water Supply Program (RWSP) under the Minimum Needs Program (MNP). It is obligatory on the part of the State to provide funds under the MNP, at least on a matching basis in relation to the Central allocations for the ARWSP. In addition, the GOI has started a new initiative in the form of the Prime Minister's Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) starting from the financial year 2000-01 .Rural drinking water is one of the components of PMGY. 7.2.2 Implementation of Rural Drinking Water Component under Prime Minister's Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) The Prime Minister's Gramodaya Yojana envisages an Additional Central Assistance for selected basic minimum services in order to focus on certain priority areas of the Government. The PMGY has two components, i.e., rural roads and other component has five sectors, namely, primary education, primary health, miral shelter, niral drinking water and nutrition. 7.2.3. Allocation of funds Planning Commission, GOI, has fixed a minimum of 15% of the total Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to each sector under the second component, and the States/UTs would be required to decide about the remaining 25% among the 5 sectors. Funds under the scheme would be released to States/UTs as Additional Central Assistance. States tinder general category will be given ACA of which 70 % will be loan and 30% as grant-in-aid. In case of States in special category ACA would be as 1 0 % loan and 90% as grant- in- aid for rural water supply 7.2.4. Operationalization of the Scheme o Funds released unlder the PMGY-Rural Dnnkmg Water can also be used for providing matching share under Minimum Needs Program (MNP) and also for ongoing and new water supply schemes o Under the PMGY-Rural Di-inking Water, minimum 25% of the total allocation for the component has to be uilized on projects/schemes for water conservation, water harvesting, water recharge and sustainability of the drinking water sources in respect of D`PAP/DPP areas, over exploited dark/grey blocks and other water stress/ drought affected areas. Allocation of 25% of the total allocation for sustainability may not be insisted upon in areas where the water table and rainfall is high and ground water development is low. o Further remaining 75% of the allocation could be used for taking up projects /schemes to tackle quality related problems and for providing safe drinking water to Not-Covered (NC) / Partially Covered (PC) habitations. To adopt proper scientific source finding methods for location of hand pumps/tube wells the States/UTs are supposed to revive the Scientific Source Finding Committees set up earlier. o The projects under PMGY-Rural Drinking Water should be preferably implemented by involving local communities/Panchayats. o The concemed Department, which implements rural water supply schemes in the State/UT, should also monitor the progress of implementation of the projects. 7.3. Shivkalin Pani Sathawan Yojana Inspite of crores of rupees being spent on water supply to rural and urban areas, many villages/wadis do not get adequate potable drinking water. The main reason for this is drying up of the original source. Hence there is a necessity of strengthening of drinking water sources through recharging. To fulfill this need comprehensive scheme was made for use of rainwater for strengthening the drinking water sources or storage and use of rainwater at individual or public levels by using the available technology through people's participation. With this aim in mind, the Government of Maharashtra has sanctioned the "Shivkalin Pani Sathwan Yojana" providing for the conventional and non-conventional measures for drinking water source strengthening, roof top rain water harvesting, construction of tanks in hilly areas for storage of rain water and similar other measures for sustained availability of drinking water in the State. Annexure VI 7.3.1.Norms for implementation of these measures: I. Initially the Program is to be taken up as pilot project in 100 villages and after one year, to be implemented in the State on regular basis. 2. Priority to be given to villages, which have been tanker fed for the last three years or wherein various other scarcity measures have been adopted. 3. Out of these, priority is to be given to villages that have received Taluka, District or State level awards in Sant Gadge Baba Cleanliness Campaign. 4. New schemes are to be taken up only if old ones cannot be revived. 7.3.2. Availability of Funds 1 At least 25/oof the funds reserved for Sub-Mission project from Centrally Assisted Accelerated Rural Water Supply Scheme 2. Minimum 5% from funds received as central assistance under sector reforms project in pilot districts. 3. At least 10% from District Maintenance and Repair funds. 4. Funds being made available from by the Eleventlh Finance Commission for augmentation of conventional drinking water sources 5. Funds available under Employment Guarantee Scheme and Assured Employment Scheme to fit the norms prescribed thereof 6. Funds available under the Local D-evelopment Programs of M.P s and M.L.As. 7. Funds received from UNICEF and other international organizations. This is a Program and not a project as such but the interventions purely address water supply problem only. Sanitation is absent in this Program. 7.4. Swajaldhara Rural Water Supply Project Emphasizing the need for taking up commuruty based rural water supply programs, the Government of India has decided to open up refonn initiatives in the rural water sector throughout the country. rhis program called "Swajaldhara", has the following key elements: * Demand driven and community participation approach * . Panchayats/Communities to plan, implement, operate, maintain and manage all drinking water schemes. * Communities have to contribute 10% of the capital cost upfront in cash * Gram Panchayats will have full ownership of the drinking water assets. * The users and Panchayats will be responsible for the full operations and maintenance of the project scheme. Only a one-time 6 months OandM grant is provided to the community. * The eligibility criteria for Swajaldhara projects will be those Gram Panchayats and Blocks adopting the reforms principles. * Any agency as decided by the State or the District could be called as a 'District Implementing Agency'. Swajaldhara, being a relatively newer initiative being applied universally all over the country, there is lack of active support for capacity building, which is a very vital component of the project. Also environrnental concerns are not addressed adequately. The following are the key weaknesses of this scheme: * It is village specific and does not address the needs of a district * Calls for full upfront cash contiibution and many communities would not in a position to take care of such a financial condition. * Does not have any resources allocated for district level support and IEC. 7.5 Total Sanitation Currently GOM is implementing two types of sanitation programs. The Sant Gadge Baba Campaign (state wide) with the flunds for the GOM and the TSC in 13 (8 are in the project area) districts with the funds from GOI. There is no clearly demarcated funding for the sanitation promotion in the other 17 districts proposed under the RWSSII project 7.5.1 Objectives i) Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in rural areas Accelerate rural sanitation coverage. ii) Generate felt demand for sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health education iii) Covers school in rural areas with sanitation facilities and promote sanitary habits among students iv) Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies in sanitation. v) Endeavor to reduce the incidence of water borne and sanitation related diseases 7.5.2 Strategies A "Demand Driven Approach" has to be adopted with increased stress on awareness creation and demand generation from the people for sanitary facilities in houses, schools and for cleaner environments. Subsidy for individual household latrine units has been reduced. Altemate delivery mechanisms, location specific technology options and location specific intensive IEC campaigns, involvement of Panchayat Raj institutions, co-operatives, women groups, self-help groups, NGOs, etc are also important parts of the strategy. This campaign addresses only sanitation. The holistic approach to incorporate water supply and samtation in the sai_.i project is missing here. 7.6 KfW Project Under the Indo-German Financial Co-operation, the Government of Maharashtra will receive financial assistance from KfW for the Rural Water Supply Program to be implemented in Aurangabad, Ahmednagar and Pune districts. The Program is implemented on the following basis: 1. The Program will be implemented in two phases as an open program. It will cover 275 villages and reach approximately 4,00,000 inhabitants. 2. The program will follow a bottom-up, village centered and demands driven approach, including maximum participation of the beneficiaries, starting with problem identification and continuing through to operations and maintenance. 3. The scheme designs will be village-specific, supply-level based on proper assessment of demand and affordability. 4. The Program will offer site-specific solutions for the drinking water problem, with preference for local groundwater based solutions, which are simpler in technology as well as cheaper in operations, and maintenance (O&M) as compared to regional surface water based systems. 5. The cost recovery strategies of the program will be directed towards achieving full 0 &M cost coverage by water tanff as well as partial cost contribution by the beneficianes 6. The program will include capacity building measures to empower Village Panchayats/Village Water Supply and Sanitation Committees (VWSC) to assume fill responsibility of 0 &M of water supply system. 7.6.1 Project implementation The project implementation will be in two phases. In Phase-i, 75 villages (approximately 25 in 2 to 3 clusters in each district) will be covered Thlis phase will be 30 months duration. There will be a nmd term evaluation of Phase I.ln this evaluation, the achievements, impact and shortcomings will be reviewed by an independent consultant Phase It will be of four years. In this phase, there will be a continued support to 0 &M in 75 villages covered in Phase 1. In additlon; there will be implementation in 200 villages (60 to7O villages per district). In this project support is only for water supply and this support is given only when sanitation measures are taken care of by the GOM. 7.7 GOM-DFID Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project: The project was implemented between 1991 and 1999, covering 187 villages m three districts- Jalgaon, Nashik and Dhule. The project also attempted to institutionalize the operation and maintenance of the schemes by setting up Water Management Units(WMU) at the distrct level. 7.0. Conclusion Above alternatives indicate that all the available altematives are not sufficient to meet the needs of the rural communities in the 26 districts Secondly, these sources of funding are directed at select villages and do not encourage any institutional building for effectively implementing reform agenda of the state. The second RWSS project addresses these issues and contemplates support for capacity building. It is implied that the project if implemented will lead to maxunum health benefits to rural population. The major anticipated environmental issues as a result of project interventions are addressed and mitigatory measures are also integrated m the proposed project design. The project is expected to bring about a holistic improvement in the quality of life leading to "prosperity". Besides the decentralized democratic process imbibed in the project objectives would enable the stakeholders in decision-making process and with women participation in VWSC, would empower women in rural areas. The RWSS II Project also aims to address resoturce sustainability issues, which would be attempted through integrated water resource management by Aquifer Management Groups to be set up under the project Another iunportant aspect envisaged in the RWSS II Project is that it integrates and emphasizes on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, besides drinking water and sanitation. This would be achieved through intense IEC program, which would bring behavior changes Thus the proposed project is different from other ongoing projects implemented currently and it would bring positive results in sector reforms 8. IIMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSES Ushering new paradigmn while addressing water supply and sanitation program in the rural areas, Government of Maharashtra has integrated water supply schemes with hygiene and environmental sanitation Ennched by the experience of supply dnven program of drinking water and sanitation, the paradigm shift in the present demand driven project encompasses all activities related to water supply, hygiene, sanitation and environment and endeavors to address this simultaneously thrG;ugh the project It is desirable to foresee the positive and negative unpacts of each of the onterventions, which would be, considered in the project design along with measures to reduce/alleviate the negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. With demand driven objectives, the project aims at people's initiative in identification, implementation and operation and maintenance of the scheme components. This could be achieved during different phases of the project 1. Indentification, planning and prepanng the project 2. Execution of works after following technical and financial proceduLres 3. Operation activities to be provided by the beneficianes 8.1 Identification and Preparation of Project Various activities involve debates, deliberations, cross sharing of strategies with and amongst concemed stakeholders, refining the strategy, understanding the local conditions for socio-economic and water resources for drinking, irrigation; personal/community hygiene, sanitation and environment. This requires a strong IEC campaign, which would be provided by the government, nc.r-government organizations. During this phase relevant capacity building initiatives and establishing various groups like VWSC, Mahila Mandal, etc. would be attempted. During these consultations various alternative options would also be discussed such as rejuvenation of existing sources, groundwater recharge and conservation for source strengthening and sustainability, imbibing hygiene and sanitation habits amongst people for using stmictLures to be created, social responsibility for environmental sanitation. Depending upon the technical advice sites for water supply, public toilets, community dustbins/ garbage - compost pits would be decided. An attempt to acquire required land for the same would be made through discussions and social pressures. 8.2. Execution of Works This includes Water supply schemes: revival of existing sources, new wells/bore wells, recharge stmictures for strengthening and sustainability, construction of delivery cistern, treatment plants, service reservoir, distribution net work for private and public connections Sanitation and Hygiene construction of latrine for the commtnity and by the households sanitation facilities in schools, controlling air pollUtlon in houselhold kitchens by promoting smokeless chullas, protecting dnnking water source pollution from washing, cleaning near the source Environmental Sanitation sullage and storm drains, stonn drains, roads, dust bins, garbage-comlpost pits, biogas plant, sites for disposal of village and cattle waste This requires understanding of various technical, financial and management procedures like preparation of plans and estimates, prepanng tender documents and finalize the same and awarding contract or executing the works by Grain Sabha and procunng the matenal by the VWSC or Mahila Mandal, procurement procedures and uock keeping lEC: wit;. assistance from government or NGOs or engaging pnvate consultant would facilitate this process. 8.3 Operation of Works This includes operation of water source, machinery, pipelines, distribution network, other civil works like piunp platform, treatment plant, storage reservoir/cistern This also includes regular testing and monitoring of water quality at village, distnct level Penodic up gradation for capacity building through IEC or other training programs for VWSC, Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayat and Zilla Parishad level functionaries 8.4 Impact identification Intensive IEC programs would help create a mure positive impact of all project components. However, certain negative impacts, mostly temporary, also need to be assessed. This would help to draw mitigating measures to reduce their intensity These are given in Table I below. Table 8.1 Matrix for Impact Ascessment Project Interventions Positive Impact Negative Impact * EC to create demand for * Supply of safe, clean * Difficulty in acquisition project and adequate drinking of private land for * Public consultations to water community based analyze present situation * Democratization in activities. and new issues. decision making and * Difficulty in 10 % * Prioritize project owning collective contribution towards activities for cormnunity responsibility project cost especially and individual. Tariff * Increased involvement by BPL / tribal families structure of stake holders that * Alternate options for ensures good service source of water, recharge and 0 &M of ground water, control * Transparency in the and regulation of water process use, conversion of waste * Improved hygiene and into energy/manure sanitation ensures good * Acquisition of land for health comnunity structures for * Capacity building for water and sanitation good governance * Capacity Building for * Empowerment of VWSC involving women women, Mahila Mandal, Youth groups other SHiGs and Gram Panchayat __ ____ Execution of works A. Drinking water Source • Rejuvenation of o Availability of adequate o Increased ground water existing sources water on sustainable extraction that might through conventional basis lead to lowering of and unconventional C Saving in time for water table measures fetching water o Increased sullage o Cncating new and o Adequate water ensures supplementary sources good health o Strengthening (iof o Less out break of source through ground diseases water recharge, rain o Improved social status water harvesting village ponds/tanks etc o Treatment of water for fluoride, nitrate, iron B. Hygiene o Construction of o Improved health o Poor maintenance leads community latrines o Reduced attacks of to contamination of and individual toilets water bonie diseases drinking water by household o Less expenditure on 0 Difficulty in -10 % o Chlorination by using medicines capital and 100% O&M bleaching powder and o Employment to local cost contnbution by tablets peopletNGOs BPL and ±nbal families o Use of bleaching o Good child care o Financial burden to powder/tablets o Additional income BPL tribal families o School toilets and generation due to saving sanitation time for fetching of o Roads, drainage, water o Controlling air - Smooth traffic and all pollution in household weather roads with less kitchen dust o Reduced air pollution o Sanitary disposal of cattle dung. Converting waste into manure adds to income and prevent mosquito breeding places o Reduces lung diseases C. Sanitation o Sullage and storm drains o Clean environment o Compost pits/garbage o Good health bins a Reduced air pollution * House hold waste . Employment to local disposal people Operation of Works * Maintenance of all civil * Good governance . Poor operation would and mechanical works guarantees good service result in wastage and * Monitoring of water * Transparency in process pollution of water quality * Collective ownership * Increase in cost of * Levy and collection of and responsibility service provided water and other fees * People's participation * Fund management\ and accounting 8.5 Execution Phase Impacts During construction of vanous activities normal life is affected because of movement of people, vehicles and machinery. This includes noise and air /dust pollution. This is however, only temporary. Repairs and rejuvenation of existing system disrupts water supply, which could be minimized by proper planning and staggered execution of works. Construction involves procurement. Collective procurement mstead of contracted procurement saves cost and reduces financial burden. It also saves time The activity increases employment in the village. Village level knowledge is best utilized during construction of works. 8.6 Operation Phase Impacts Positive impacts include. * Safe clean and adequate drinking water * Planned and appropriate use of drinking water reduces wastage * Clean surroundings * Improved health and hygiene results in less expenditure on medicine * Good sanitation controls outbreak of diseases and epidemics * Empowerment of women and building confidence * Saving in time for fetching water generates additional income and better child care * Increased employment opportunity for local skilled and unskiHled workers The negative impacts include * Ground water over extraction, * High tariff for water and other sanitary services provided increases financial burden on poor and BPL families * Non-recovery of fees likely to affect providing good service It is evident from the above impact analysis that the positive impacts of the project interventions outweigh the negative impact and will result in better quality of life of the people in the area. s99 9. STRATEGIES AND TECIHNOLOGY OPTIONS Review of drinking water supply scenario in the project area and the difficulty in supplying adequate clean and safe water indicate that in certain areas the groundwater is either not available due to over extraction and progressively declining water levels or the quality of groundwater is poor for drinking. A set of special strategies needs to be evolved for these hot spot areas. As regards sanitation and hygiene, considering the present practice of open defecation and poor status of environmental sanitation, almost all the project districts require attention Any single strategy may not be applicable nor acceptable to stakeholders. Therefore, a multi prong strategy action plan is required to tackle the problems and suggest a range of technology options for different situations prevailing m the project area. - The issues are grouped into three categories viz. water quantity issues, water quality issues and sanitation and hygiene issues and broad strategies envisaged in the project for addressing these in the hot spot areas are as below. 9.1. Strategy for Water Quantity Issues The strategy include o Rejuvenation and rehabilitation of existing sources o Augmentation of drinking water supply sources through conventional measures like percolation tank, check dams, weirs, Kolhapur Type weir, bandhara, recharge trenches etc. and unconventional measures like hydrofractuting, bore hole blasting, fracture cement sealing etc. ( Annex VIII) o Increase ground water recharge to sustain the demand o Rainwater harvesting and roof top rain water harnessing o Create supplementary source o Promote aquifer management groups and educate communities in total water resouirces management o Regular monitoring of ground water 9.2. Strategy for Water Quality Issues Major quality concems are high concentration of fluoride, nitrate, iron, and salinity. The strategies include. o Provide drinking water from alternate sources o Preference to shallow open wells where quality of ground water is comparatively good than from deep bore wells o Continuous chlorination of water supply to maintain a minimum residual chlorine level (at 0.5mg/litre) o Mixing contaminated water with fresh water to lower the concentration of fluoride, nitrate, iron and salinity. o Provide limited quantity of fresh water for drinking and use poor quality water for other purposes o Provide household or conmmunity treatment system o Continuous water quality monitoring mechanism. 9.2.1. Water Quality Monitoring Issues GOM is committed to supply safe drinking water Quality of drinking water from each water supply source/scheme is continuously monitored at different levels. And appropriate measures are taken wherever water quality problems are noticed. Under Hydrology Project GSDA has established 6 Regional Laboratories for regular physical and chemical p,arameters of water samples. To monitor the water quality GSDA analyses 3370 watei samnples on regular basis for routine basis, 975 from trend stations and 578 samples from trend cum surveillance stations. Recently GoM has completed 10% random sample survey for chemical testing of--water- samples from drinking water sources in all the districts by assigning the task to NEERI. Based on the results of these analyses, 100% drinking water source sample testing is planned in Yavatmal, Bhandara, Nagpur and Chandrapur districts. NEERI has completed this study in Yavatmal district and work m Bhandara and Nagpur is progressing GOM has also distributed 1000 field kits for testing residual chlorne. In case of individual rural water supply scheme the VWSC should appoint a person, who will take the sample for O.T. (Orthotodolene test) regularly for observing residual chlorne and if test found negative, the conmittee should immediately send the water sample to the nearest rural hospital or Primary Health Cunter for detail investigation and at the same tine water should be immediately disiDfected by mixmg TCL powder m an appropriate proportion. Many times 0 T. test is negative because T.C.L. Powder, due to bad handling or its exposure to air for a longer time, loses the chlorine content: This requires addmg extra doses than prescribed. The Water Quality Inspector at Block / Taluka level would decide the extra quantity of TCL to maintain the residual chlorine. The O.T test indicates the level of disinfections and does not necessarily indicate bacteriological contamination. 9.2.2 Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Strategy Public Health departmnent is entrusted with the responsibility of water quality survey and identify the reason for water pollution and remedial measures. Based on the feedback PHD would ascertain the safety of the drinking water source and advice the concerned agency whenever required. The water quality monitoring is carried out through a) water quality control by agency responsible for providing drinking water, b) water quality surveillance on continuous and periodic basis by PHD / GSDA. a) The water quality control at taluka / block level is monitored by Junior Engineer in water supply departrnent of Panchyat Samittee appointed as Water Quality Inspector, who will carry water test of minimum 20% villages of taluka in a month. If the water quality is found unsuitable, he should immediately inforn to concerned Gram Panchyat and the Block Development Officer. b) In order to avoid pollution of water sources due to unclean surroundings in most of the villages, the water quality inspector should carry out penodical environmental surveys and note the changes for remedial action. lie should send a monthly report of environmental surveys to the Executive Engineer (Water Supply Dept.) Zilla Parishad and Block Development Officer When F F.C (Field Fecal Coliform) test of any water source is repeatedly positive, water sample should be sent for detailed test to the District Public Health Laboratory. The surrotnding of the source should be surveyed to examine contamination from nearby toilets or compost pits or sullage disposal points, and take necessary action to protect drinking water. The results of the laboratory should be communicated to the village water and sanitation conmmittee, Block Development Officer and Executive Engineer. c) The B.D.O. should guide and supervise with the help of Extension Officer (health) and Gramsewak (village level worker). He should ensure that training is given to those village water committees in regulating water quality and traming should be arranged by the Extension Officer (health) with the help of Junior Engineer and Medical Officer from Primary Health Center. He should also obtain monthly progress report from Gramsewak, on water supply and water quality regulating, analyze the report and give proper guidance to Village level Water Supply and Sanitation Committee The monthly report of all villages in the project should be consolidated and the consolidated report should be sent to the District Water Supply Officer and Chief Executive Officer before IOh of following month. 9.2.3. Institutional Arrangement for Water Quality Monitoring The GOM has planned a three-tier strategy to monitor quality of drinking water. This includes A. Village Level o The 0. T. test for inspection of water quality at village level is carried out by the multipurpose health worker called village health worker (VHW). o The results of 0. T. test should be recorded by the VHW in the record book. If the test is negaiive , it should be brought to the notice of the staff of village water supply committee. o If 0. T. test is negative, water sample should be drawn for further bacterial test and be given to the concemed primary health center., o The Medical Officer of the P.H.C. should test in the mini laboratory in P.H.C. If the adequate equipment to test presence of a bacteria responsible for a particular water borne/related diseases is not available he should send the water sample to the rural hospital for F.F.C. test and communicate the results to the village panchyat / village water and sanitation committee. o If F.F.C. test of some water source are positive again and again, sample of water sources should be sent to the distnct public health laboratory for detailed bacteria inspection, the environment of sources should be surveyed for cleanliness and cause of pollution ascertained and remedies suggested to the village Panchayat. 92 * Health Assistant of the Primary Health Center should guide V.H.W. In this regard and monitor their work. V.H.W. should submit water inspection report to the Medical Officer. * The Medical Officer should send consolidated report of the public health center before 1 6"' day of every month to the district health center and endorse the copy to Block Development Officer, Panchyat Samittee B. Taluka Level * The Junior Engineer, Medical Officer of Public Health Center, Multipurpose Worker of concerned area and Health assistant should supervise the water quality survey work at taluka level. The Extension Officer (health) will be responsible in this connection. * ii) The above -am supervise the water sources cleanliness, and availability of essential chemical for water purification * iii) Red color certificate (red card) prescribed by the goverment has essentially to be given by the Medical Officer of concerned Prnmary Health Center to those village / hamlet where quality of water supply is nlOt safe. Similarly, Green color certificate (green card) given by the Medical Officer to those village/ hamlet where quality of water is fresh and safe for drinking. Thus after completing the survey every year from October to January, the consolidated report should be sent by the Block Development Officer through the Distnct Health Officer to the Chief Executive Officer in a consolidated form which would be reviewed by the CEO of ZP and wherever required mitigating action would be initiated including change of source. C. District Level The District Water Supply Committee should review without delay the deficiencies in the water quality monitoring system schemes and prepare time bound action plan in respect of villages which have received Red color certificate. The Medical Officer at primary health center should again visit every village/hamlet which were issued Red color certificate. The Medical Officer shall issue a Green card to the village AIamlet. 9.2.4. Monitoring of Pure Water Supply and Epidemic Control i. At district level, The Chief Executive Officer and District Water supply Officer are responsible for such health and water quality survey. - ii. The Divisional Commissioner should monitor at the Divisional level, water quality surveys and shall send a consolidated report to the state government every month. In case of any epidemic, Secretary (Health), Secretary (Water Supply and Sanitation), Director General (Health) shall review the sitLation and report to the Chief Secretary regarding implementation of appropriate measures for the control of epidemic. 9.2.5. Management Information System It is very important that the factual infornation of the water quality monitorng work at every level is made available in the prescnbed formats to the appropriate authority for taking mitigating and remedial measures. This facilitates taking important 9; decisions on fuiture planning of work, works to be taken up urgently, removing of deficiencies experienced, monitoning and co-ordination of work of different departments, making financial provisions etc The organizational flow chart for the water quality testing, surveillance and for information management is shown in diagram 'W5tem nailifty S5not©ring merngOmc (Rural Areas) Monitoring Surveillance Village Water Supply V W M Household, System, V H W < Reservoir Sources (Samples Sample (-ve) test in the given orders ) e (-ve) test 0 T. Test Field Faecal Test (FFC) School, TCL Dosing Youth Club, Mahila P.H.C. l ~~fF Rural Hospital for District Health GST)A labs (6) Pr. W.B. Project & Laboratories [Mostly Tnibal Area (30) |Chemicals (55) ^ | ~~~~contamination s z ~~~~~State LevelI _ Water Health Lab, Pune Health Wing supply . BDO P. S.O. T. - Ortho todolene Secretary Secretary DletrFFC - Field Fecel Test Health Water Wupply Genra Health D.H.O - District Health ~~~~~~~PHC - Pnlmary Health BDO - Block Devl. 94 9.3. Water Quality Monitoring Strategy for Yavarmal District Considenng the pronounced effect of highi concentration of fluonde in dnnking water in Yavatmal district, a separate water quality monitoring strategy would be adopted for Yavatmal district The district laboratory has limited capacity to carry out both chemical and bacteriological test. The constraints include humani, financial and logistical resources. The district public health laboratory can test 1000 water samples for chemical analysis (10 parameters) and another 1500 samples for bactenological pollution. Considering that there are nearly 9500 public water sources and these water sources have to be monitored periodically, it is necessary to decentralize water quality monitoring of certain parameter usmg reliable field test kits. The parameters could include fecal pollution, fluonde and nitrate The H2S based bactenological test kit developed by Defence Research Laboratory and fluoride and nitrate test kits developed by National Chermcal Laboratory (NCL), Pune can be used by PHCs. The recommended periodicity of water quality tests is as under. Bacteriological Test Quarterly and monthly from May-August Fluoride : Once in twelve months Nitrate Once in twelve months The results of field test kits should be conveyed by PHCs to the district public health laboratory. Ten percent of the water sources must be randomly tested by laboratory methods. There is also, need to computerize water quality data so as to facilitate regular update, quick analysis and generation of reports The water quality data can be maintained by the district public health laboratory and updated at every six months. To introduce the second tier, it will be necessary to train PHC staff in the use of field test kits, reporting and remedial measure. 9.3.1.Suggested Actions Based on the above the following follow-up actions are suggested. - o Fix a signboard near all high fluoride (> 1.5 mg/L) soLrces clearly indicating fluoride concentration and with a message that this water source is not suitable for drinking water o Test all private water sources and inforn users about their suitability for drinking water supply. o Provide at least one safe-water supply option in all villages and habitations currently without an alternate water source. Dug well and RWB tank are excellent options. Water treatment should be considered only when other options are not techno-economically feasible. o A comprehensive children survey is conducted in all villages where all sources have been affected by high fluoride and alternate sources do not exist on govemment records. The survey should capture the following: (1) incidence of fluorosis among children; (2) water sources being used by users; (3) measurenment of fluoride in all sources (government/private and used by community); and (4) dietary habits This data will be useful in developing the fluonde mitigation strategy and further course of action o Considenng that nearly 80% groundwater sources have fluoride concentration above desirable level 1 mg/L and many sources are bactenrologically polluted, it is necessary that an intensive IEC campaign is launched to educate people about ill health effects of bacten'ological and fluoride pollution in drinkmg water, role of nutrition in reducinlg the adverse health impact of hIigh fluonde drinking water, importance personal hygiene and preventive measures (better nutrition, use of low fluoride water sources for drinking water, safe handling of water to minimize bactenological contamination during handling and chlorination etc) througlh medical and para-medical staff, teachers and community leaders. For this purpose it is to develop a comprehensive lEC strategy. Attractive signboards may also be placed near hospitals, PHCs, schools and in anarkets to inform people about the ill health effects of high fluoride water and preventive measures o Develop a comprehensive WQM Strategy including a computerized Management Information System with clear guidelines on reporting requirements. There can be two tiers for WQM as under i. The first-tier will be the laboratory based testing either at the district laboratory or block level laboratory; and ii. The second-tier will PHC based for testing water sources under its jurisdiction for select parameters (Fluoride and Fecal pollution) field test kit o Conduct a Two-day Training Workshop to train trainers in identification and management of fluorosis. The target group will include dental and orthopedic surgeons and general physicians. These trainers could act as resource persons for training medical, para-medical staff and teachers. o Conduct a One/two-day Workshop for training trainers in the use of water quality field test kits. These trainers will act as resource persons fQr traming PHC doctors and para-medical staff in the use of field test kits and reporting requirements. o Conduct a district-specific nutrition study to develop IEC strategy for promotion of recipes rich in calcium, vitamin C and anti-oxidants. o Conduct a study on select 50 high fluoride water sources to evaluate quarterly variation in fluoride.level due to recharge of groundwater due to rainwater. 9.4. Household Sanitation The strategies to stop open defecation include o massive program of construction of latrines o Insist on construction of individual latrines by each household o promoting multi seat cost effective community latrines o 'compulsory use of constructed latrines 9.5. Environmental sanitation This include o provide sullage and storm drains with proper disposals o. insist on individual/household compost pits for household wastage '96 disposal using the compost for backyard garden * insist on household and community toilets * identify suitable sites away from drinking water source for disposal of community waste village garbage and cattle dung * construct internal roads and pavements * effective IEC campaign for peoples participation and attitudinal change for good sanitation and hygiene 9.6. Technology Options 9.6.1. Fluoride The best solution to the fluoride problem is of course to avoid locating wells in high fluoride aquifers. The fluonde concentration often fluctuates within the same catchment basin and an improvement may be obtained through change of well site However, in the absence of any alternative source of safe drinking water, the defluoridation techniques may be practiced for safe drinking water. Various Artificial recharge to ground water, including Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) techniques may be applied to improve the quality of water by dilution. Some of the remedial techniques are descnbed here which can be followed depending upon the resources availability and other conditions. Annexure V11.1 A. Defluoridation Techniques The most common defluoridation techniques are the methods using aluminum compounds as absorption media. These can be divided into two categories - those based upon the addition of chemicals to cause precipitation and complexation and those based upon ion exchange a. Complexation methods --- Nalgonda Model The technique, in India popularly known as the "Nalgonda model", is based on mixing the raw water with alummum sulfate or alum (Potassium-aluminum sulfate), followed by precipitation, settling and filtration. Lime is added to ensure adequate alkalinity for an effective hydrolysis of the aluminun salts, thus preventing residual aluminum to remain in the treated water. Nornally, bleaching powder is also added b. Ion Exchange method: A simple version of this method, using aluminum oxide as ion exchanger, is marketed in India under the name "Prasanthi technique". The raw water is poured over an aluminum oxide filter and the defluoridated water is then stored in a storage tank. c. Domestic Defluoridation: Defluoridation at domestic level can be carried out in a container (bucket) of 40 liter capacity with a tap 3-5 cm above bottom of the container for the withdrawal of treated water after precipitation and settling the raw water taken in the container. This is mixed with adequate amount of aluminum sulfate solution (alum), lime or 97 sodium carbonate and bleaching powder depending upon its alkalinity and fluoride content Alwn solution is added first and mixed well with water. Lime or sodium carbonate solution then added and the water stirred slowly for 20 minutes and allowed to settle for nearly on hour and are withdrawn. The solution, which contains permissible amount of fluoride, is withdrawn through the tap for consumption. B. Fill-and-Draw Defluoridation Plant Technology for Rural Water Supply Fill-and-Draw defluoridation plant technology based on Nalgonda Technique is designed for removal of excess fluonde from water, which is most suitable for Rural Water Supply C. Fill-and-D. aw Defluoruidation Plant for Small Community. This is a best method for communities upto 200 population. Raw water is pumped or poured into the tank and the required amount of alum, lime or sodium carbonate and bleaching powder added with stirring The contents are stirred slowly for ten minutes and allowed to settle for two hours. The defluoridated water is withdrawn and supplied through stand posts. The settled sludge is discarded in a safe location or used by other chemical industries. The plant can be located in the open and a semi- skilled labor can operate the unit independently. 9.6.2. Nitrate Where ground water contains high concentration of nitrate it requires treatment before distribution. Following methods are used for treatment of nitrate. Selection of any of these would depend on the concentration of nitrate and the capacity of water required to be treated as well as stakeholders' choice and acceptability. Anne-ure VIBI.2 a. Ion Selective Method A specially developed nitrate selective ion exchange resin is used for removal of nitrate. This is a compact and economical method, which requires less chemicals and no electricity. This method is useful for small capacity water supply schemes. b. Bio-chemnical Denitrification: By using denitrifying bacteria and microbes like Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Lactobacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas. These bacteria are capable of dissimulatory nitrate removal. If the dissolved oxygen in water is high it suppresses the reaction. The process requires skilled operation and could be used only for regional rural water supply schemes. c. Alternate Souirce- In areas where groundwater is highly polluted with Nitrate, it is advantage to change the source groundwater to surface water or locate the groundwater source away from Nitrate polluted zone and transport water from distances. d. Dilution with Low Nitrate water- The water containmg hIlgh levels of nitrate could be combined with an equal amount of water wvth a low level of nitrate to achieve a safe concentration of nitrate e. Supply of Limited Fresh water Provide limited quantity of good quality surface or ground water for drinking and groundwater with high nitrate content could be used for other purposes like bathing and washing clothes, utensils etc There are other treatment options, which require higher skills for operation and are normally practiced for regional rLral water supply schemes. f. Reverse Osmosis: The demineralization of water in this process is done by putting it under pressure and forcmg through a membrane that filters out minerals and nitrate One half to two-thirds of water remains behind the membrane as rejected water However, besides skilled operation, disposal of sludge is difficult as it is likely to get recycled into the groundwater. This method is used only for large-scale application as in Regional Rural Water Supply schemes. 9.6.3. Iron High iron content in dnrnking water requires treatment, as it is likely to cause discoloration, turbidity, taste vanation and encrustation and corrosion of distribution pipes. Removal of iron is simple and can be achieved by aeration of water and settling of the iron oxide sludge formed by aeration. Two technology options are a. Package Plant Developed by NERRI NEERI has developed the iron removal plant for rural water supply schemes. The plant is based on average discharge of 1000 liters per hour suitable for India Mark 11 or equivalent hand pumps. The hydraulic loading is adequate to serve a population of 250 at 10 LPCD for 10 hlours operation. b. Plant for Larger Community In cases where bore well or tube is the source of water supply and community size is more than 500 households per bore well, a simple and inexpensive treatment unit for removal of iron is recommended so that the difficulties of operation and maintenance are minimum. The plant basically includes aeration and sedimentation of iron through sand filter. Design details are given in the Annexure V11.3 9.7. Treatment for Bacterial Contamination Disinfections will be an essential part of the water supply scheme as it would make the water free from all bactenal contamination and makes it safe for drinking. In rural areas, owing to lack of sanitation, waste water treatment facilities and poor 99 personal hygiene, bactenal contamination of drinking water is common and it is the cause of spread of diseases. Annexure. V11.4. Treatment methods are 9.7.1. Chemical Method Chemical method involves addition of chemicals to water that kills pathogens. Disinfecting chemicals normally used are potassium pennanganate and hydrogen peroxide, aluminum sulfate, chlonne and chlorine compounds including chlorine tables. 9.7.2.Non Chemical Method It is a simple method of heating and boiling water before use or exposing water to UV rays. This method is adopted by individual households and cannot be-practiced for community water supply. 9.8. Groundwater Recharge Based on the hydrogeological situations and considering the rainfall and surface water availability in the project districts, various technological options for ground water recharge for source sustainability are given in the matrix. Table 9.1. Selection of any one or combination of different technologies depend on the local conditions, demand for water and cost of works. Annexure Vli. 9.9. Household Sanitation lIssue In spite of government efforts for construction of individual toilets for providing better hygienic environment, 84% of the population resorts to open defecation. Among those having toilet facilities, only 57% are actually us'g the toilets. This is due to lack of awareness of good hygienic behavior. According to 2001 census, out of 110 lakh rural families, only 22 lakh rural families are having toilet facilities. Most of the rural comnmunity believes that children's' faeces are not harmful and the faeces are dumped into the common garbage dump or left to dry. After 1996, State Government launched massive toilet construction Program, statewide Sant Gadgebaba clean village campaign and Total Sanitation Campaign, but still the present level of coverage is only 18%. 9.9.1. Hotspots The present scenario of coverage of household latrines is not encouraging; as only 18% rural population is having individual toilets hence the entire project area can be identified as Hotspots or particularly some tribal districts like Nandurbar, Gadchiroli, Nagpur and Hingoli are considered as very high hotspots area where coverage of individual latrine coverage is below the state average. 9.9.2. Strategy for Hlotspots 9.9.2.1. Household sanitaton: Government of Maharashtra is in the process of implementing a new sanitation policy, which focuses on stopping open defecation The main features of this policy are as follows: 100 * Community based incentive for construction of toilets * Effective IEC campaign through Sant Gadgebaba Clean Village Campaign * Inclusion of more and more districts under Total Sanitation Campaign Program * Propagation of safe and appropriate low cost technology options upto lower level of community. 9.9.2.2. Environmental Sanitation: the statewide Sant Gadgebaba clean village Campaign has already improved the environmental sanitation scenano in some particular districts. Some lacunae, which were observed dunng implementation period, will be improved so that effective IEC and other components of the campaign will be implemented properly. Once the demand is generated for various components of total sanitation, the individual toilets, community toilets and school sanitation structures will be constructed for community at large. The proper strategy for sustainability and 0 & M of constructed toilets will be promoted. The program for construction of open drain under Jawahar Rozgar Yojana run by the Rural Development will be accelerated. The construction of Soak Pit in whole project area will be promoted. The adaptability of smokeless chulhas and solar cookers will be promoted The other non-conventional system for disposal of wastewater like bio-pump technology will be utilized A massive tree plantation program in the whole project area will be implemented to mitigate the ill effects of air pollution. Vermiculture technique for treatment of biodegradable waste, which is also income generation source, will be promoted. 9.9.3.Technology Option: Household Sanitation a. User acceptance: The primary consideration of technology options is user preference and choice of what people want and what they are willing to pay for. No particular set of technologies or technology should be prescribed, although unsafe or environmentally detrimental options should not be promoted. The range of technology options must be affordable. Basic requirement for appropriate technology in human excreta management: * Low cost * Easy to constnict * Easy to clean * Easy to maintain * Odorless * Aesthetically good o Suitable to climate and soil o Safe for water sources o Excreta not accessible to insects and animals o Land surface remains clean o Recycling potential as fertilizer b. On-site Aerobic Digestion System i. Covering of Night Soil It is not a technology but a behavioral practice. Covering faeces with loose soil after defecation prevents direct contact of vectors like flies with the faeces and puts a barrier in the fecal- oral chain. It is a concept that can be promoted as a first step whlle promoting fixed spot defecation ii. Trenching Method People working on farms may dig a small trench each time they defecate and then cover the feaces with the soil. This is sometimes known as cot method. Pits or trenches are 300 mm deep and may be used for several weeks. Excavated soil is heaped beside the pit/trench and some of the soil is put over faeces after each use Decomposition in shallow trenches is rapid because of the large bacterial population in the topsoil, but flies breed in large numbers and hookworm larvae spread around the holes. Hookworm as larvae can migrate upwards from excreta buried less than one meter deep to penetrate the soles of feet of subsequent users. To prevent these, wooden planks may be used for footrests. iii. Pit latrines Nearly all the different models prevalent today of low cost on site sanitation are different versions of pit latrines. Pit latrines may be simple pit latrines, ventilated pit latrines, ventilated double pit latrines, pour flush latrines, offset pour flush latrines and raised pit latrines. Out of the above pit latrines, the most popular and common pit latrine is twin pit pour flush latrine approved by UNDP. Design details are given in the Annexure LX.2 910. Technical Option For Environmental Sanitation 9.10.1. Sullage Sullage is all household wastewater except wastewater from toilets. It is sometime termed as grey water. lt is the wastewater from baths, sinks etc. which may be expected to contain- considerably fewer pathogenic microorganisms than sewage. Also it contains salts, solids and organic as well as inorganic materials. It must be noted that out of the total water used by consumers almost 80 % of it comes from the household as sullage. The volume of sullage produced depends on the type of water supply. Annexure nX.1 9.10.2 Soak Pit In soak pit method a pit of suitable dimensions is to be dug on ground- The dimensions of the pit are length Im, width I m and depth I m. This pit is lined on all its four sides and at the base due to which an area of 5 sqm is available As a result of this water absorption increases by 5 times. The sullage is not spilled but it gradually seeps in the soil. After digging the pit of required dimensions the pit is filled with stone aggregates of varymg sizes With large sized stones at bottom and smaller size at the top. On these aggregates either a plastic sheet or tree branches are laUdrfd on this layer a layer of sand is spread out. On this sand layer a layer of fine earth is spread. The earth layer is slightly elevated as compared to surrounding ground level. At the base, intermediate and penphcra! region of the pit earthen pots of 6 to 8 inch diameter with 5 to 6 holes are placed. It i^ necessary that the neck of pots should produce out of the earth layer These pots are filled with dried grass, which act as filter media. The outlet pipe carrying household sullage is placed on these earthen pots so that the sullage will fall in central region of the pots. Due to the presence of dry grass all the suspended matter in the sullage gets engulfed in it and the jittered sullage water moves down through the crevices between aggregates and is absorbed by the surrounding earth. 9.10.3. Leach Pit The main aim of domestic on site sullage management is to produce zero community sullage. Failure in achieving this objective leads to adoption of other management tools and community sullage management. When the sullage produced is m excess of the sullage handling capacity of soak pit then in such cases leach pits are adopted. About 1.5 m dia and 1 m depth pit is dug in earth. The boundary of pit is lined with brick network. The base of the pit is left empty and not concreted. The water is accumulated in the pit and it seeps into earth ,through brick lining and the base of pit. This pit is covered at top with stone slab or R.C.C. cover. One side of the pit has a provision for filling of water sealed inlet. The advantage of the water sealed inlet is that sullage will not be exposed to atmosphere and there will be no access to flies and mosquitoes. 9.11.Kitchen Gardening If the sullage produced is in excess of leach pit handling capacity and if suitable quantity of land is not available then the only option left is using the sullage for kitchen gardening. Before applying the sullage to the garden it is passed through cold-water grease trap. The effluent is used for cultivating vegetables and fruits. It is important to note that the water is recycled and used by families for their economic property. 9.12.Open drains While deciding the dimensions of the drain it is necessary to consider information on quantity of sullage, sullage carrying velocity, turns and curves to be given to the drain and gradient slope. By properly constructing the drains considering all above points efficient sullage transport can be achieved. Design parameters are given in the Annexure. 103 9.13. Biodegradable wasites. Vermiculture With the help of earthworm organic biodegradable wastes are converted to excellent quality manure This has been proved through various experiments and expenence. As per vanous conditions appropriate technique and appropriate class of earthworm must be selected. The commonly used earthworm for vermni-composting iS: i) Acenia ]i) Feretema elongata iii) Lubncus terestris Details of Vermi-composting technology are given in Annexure. 9.14. Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air pollution is a greater threat to health than outdoor air pollution. The "Rule of 1000" states that a pollutant released indoors is 1000 times more likely to reach people's lungs than a pollutant released outdoors, since it is released at close proximity. Pollutant concentrations can be extremely high, exceeding WHO guidelines by a factor of more than 100. The use of bio mass fuels, such as wood, dung, agricultural waste and coal, as cooking fuel is the principle cause of indoor air pollution. The smoke from biomass fuels is a complex mixture of aerosols, which contain significant amounts of carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Inhahlng this smoke poses the risk of chronic respiratory disorders, including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The smoke also contains several organic compounds that are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic smoky fireplaces. The technology option to control indoor pollution is to provide ventilation in the kitchen and promote use of smokeless chulla and use of gobar gas for cooking. The project intends to encourage these. 9.15. Region wise Appropriate Sanitation Technology Options The most appropriate technology is that which best meets the needs and aspirations of the people within all local constraints. In order to assess what is most appropriate some important factors will have to be considered. 1. Physical Factors a) Nature of soil b) Presence of rock /hard strata. c) Penneability to water, rainfall and water logging. 2. Financial constraints. 3. Construction material available 4. Availability of water 5. Ambient temperature - however in case of Maharashtra, this does not vary as significantly as to influence technology choice. Geographical regions cannot possibly be taken as units for appropriate technology selection. This is due to the fact that rLral sanitation interventions are on such a small scale that localized situation influence the choice. However, to provide a broad guideline, a judicious combination of geographic, climatic and geological conditions in various regions in Maharashtra the state could divided in three categones for purposes of appropriate sanitation technology selection. A. Region with latente and rocky soil with heavy rainfall without much water logging. This is mainly Konkan region and Ghat Matha (higher altitudes on both western and eastern slopes of Sahyadri range). B. Seashore areas along Konkan region where water table is very high due to seepage of seawater C. The regions along large rivers where biack cotton soil layer is very deep - -sometimes exceeding 7-8 meters Pockets of such deep black soil areas exist in western Maharashtra, Vidarbha and Marathwada. For the purpose of a broad guideline, it could be said that plains of Marathwada and Vidarbha fall into this category. D. The regions where top soil layer shallow - for 1 to 2 feet, followed by murrum soil layers at lower levels Most of western Maharashtra, parts of Vidarbha and Marathwada fall into this category. In these four regions the further appropnateness of technology would depend on mainly five criteria 1. Availability of water 2. Availability for capital cost mvestment 3. Water logging dunng rainy season. 4. High subsoil water table, say less than 1.5 m from surface. 5. Size of the family. Based on the above-mentioned conditions the preferred technologies may be as follows: 9.15.1. Human Excreta Management The available range of technologies is: 1. Aerobic digestion based 2. Simple shallow trench. latrine and its variations. 3. Compost latrine (e g. Gopuri latrine) 4. Pour flush single pit or double pit latrine with various pit options as far as, size, construction material, construction methodologies, super structure etc. 5. The essential technology option all these variations will be a latrine pan with steep gradient and 20 mm water seal trap. 6. Sopa Sandas havmg flap type latrine pan and vent pipe of minimum 100 mm dia. This type can be single pit or double pit with various pit options as far as size, construction material, construction methodologies, super structure etc. 9.15.2. Anaerobic Digestion based i) Aqua privy with large HRT (preferably 45 days) 105 ii) Septic tank with large HRT (preferably 45 days) iiM) Human excreta based biogas plant a. For Region A 1. If there is paucity of funds and high level of motivation various options of trench latrines may be temporanly suitable 2. In rocky situation, heavily water-logging area, moderate capital and high level of motivation and willingness to handle manure frequently compost latrine like Gopuri latrine can be a suitable option. 3. Where moderate quantity of water and moderate capital is available, pour flush latrines with multiple variations in pit and superstructure will be suitable. Latrine blerks also can be used in construction. 4. In areas with scarcity of water but moderate availability of water 'Sopa Sandas' with use of flap type pan and vent pipe can be used. 5. In rocky areas where even lined pits cannot be used, anaerobic digestion based processes would be suitable. If acceptance for the use of biogas from human nightsoil is present, then nightsoil based biogas plant would be ideal. The effluent can be composted with agricultural or vegetation waste for recovery of fertilizers. Otherwise aqua privy or septic tank with arrangement for proper effluent management will have to be considered. b. For Region B 1. If the seeping sea water level is below 1 m, depending on availability of water, pour flush pit type water seal trap latrine with suitable variations can be used. In case of water shortage, 'Sopa Sandas' with flap type would be appropriate. 2. If underground sea water table is very high, anaerobic digestion based technologies like biogas plant aqua privy or septic tank will be advisable. c. For Region C 1. If there is paucity of funds and high level of motivation, various options of trench latrines may be temporarily suitable. 2. In these regions brick work or masonry work is likely to crack and break. Therefore, any such construction needs to be avoided. In such situations use of ferro cement technology would be most advisable. Designs with superimposed super structure should avoided. (The pits should be offset from the superstructure). As far as the designs are concerned, all the designs depending on given situation can be used. d. For Region D Depending on other factors, not dependent on soil conditions, any of the above mentioned technologies could be used. 106 e. Animal Excreta Management Any of the following technologies can be used 1. Various composting technologies in rocky places, Nadep method above ground would be appropnrate 2. Vermicomposting 3. Biogas plant 9.16. Garbage Management For garbage management there may not Se any regional specification. 1. As far as possible the house hold should .anage its own garbage by a) Composting b) Vermi composting in suitable pits. c) Vermi compostmg directly into plant pots d) Use in biogas plants 2. Community garbage a) Composting b) Vermi composting 9.17. Sullage Management 9.17.1.Individual Sullage As far as possible the household should manage its own sullage. For domestic management availability of owned land would be necessary. Depending on quantity of sullage, mainly three technologies would be available namely i) soak pit ii) leach pit iii) kitchen gardening. The choice will depend on quantity of sullage and permeability of soil. In rocky areas kitchen gardening on artificially made up ground is the available option.- 9.17.2.Community Sullage a. Carniage system properly designed (please refer to notes in the Sanitation Study for appropriate design of gutters) b. For final treatment wastewater stabilization pond is most ideal technology. The subsequent stabilized water can be used for irrigation, gardening, fishpond etc. For sullage management there are not any region specifications except for region B where sullage septic tanks may be considered. Table 9.1. Matrix for Groundwater Recharge Strategy for Source Sustaina bility District -* Thane Ratnagiri I Sindhudurg lH[ydrogeology i. Normal Rainfall 2457 mm 3444 mm 3408 mm ii. Geology Deccan Traps Deccan Traps / Deccan Traps / Laterites Laterites Metamorphics iii. Water Table 0.20 to 5.73 m 0.9 to 4.91 m 0.08 to 6.23 m Fluctuation iv. Declining - water table I Type of Source i. Dug well Palghar, Vasai and Coastal area areas with Laterite formations Ii.Bore weD All other areas All areas All other areas Quality of Ground water i. Fluoride Vasai Rajapur Kankauli Malwan, Sindhudurg,Vengurla ii. Iron Vasai,Talasari, Ratnagiri, Rajapur, Vaibhavwadi, Kankauli Mokhada, Jawhar, Chiplun, Khed Malwan,Sawantwadi, Palghar Vengurla iii. Nitrate Bhiwandi, Chiplun, Khed, Palghar, Vasai Guhagarh iv. Salinity Palghar, Vasai Ratnagiri, Guhagar Vengurla, Malwan v. Industrial Kalyan, Paighar Ratnagiri, Khed, Kankavali,Sawantwadi, Pollution Chiplun Kudal Various structures wequniredl to supplenmiert the source i. Ground water Jawahar, Mokhada Ratnagiri,Rajapur Kudal, Vaibhavadi, recharge Khed ii. Rain water Dahanu, Ratoagiri, Lanja, Vaibhavwadi, Malwan, harvesting Murbad,Palghar, Khed, Chiplun, Sawantwadi,Deogad,Veng Vasai Dapoli urla iM. Roof top rain Mandangad, Khed, Shrivardhan water harnessing Rajapur iv. Un- Wada,Talasari, Khed, partts of Kudal, Deogad,Kankavali conventional Thane Chiplun, Measures S 'meshwar v. Conventional Shahpur, Measures Bhiwandi vi. Spring Vasai Mandangad, Deogad harnessing Rajapur, Khed, Sangameshwar vii. Surface water Shahpur, Kalyan Ulhasnagar, I Matrix for Groundwater Recharge Strategy for Source Sustainabilityv __ District - Nasik Jalgaon |F Nandurbar Hydrogeology i.Nonnal Rainfall 984 mm 693 mm 81 1 mm iH Geology Deccan Traps Deccan Traps / Deccan Traps / Alluvium Alluvium ili Water Table 0 40 to 5 99 m 0 44 to 10.31 m 1.4 0 to 4.05 m Fluctuation iv Declining water Kalwan and Bagalan Jalgaon, Chopada, Shahada table Erandol, Yawal, Challisgaon, Raver v. No. of over- 27 32 Nil exploited ws vi Talukas with Dhindon, Nashik, Jalgaon, Rawer, Nil Overexploited and Niphad, Sinner, Yawal, Bhusawal, cntical watersheds Chandwad, Yeola, Chalisgaon, Malegaon, Baglan, Pachora, Jamner, Nandgaon Bhadgaon, Parola, Chopda, Erandol Type of Source i. Dug well Tube wells in Tube wells in alluvial areas Shahada ii Bore well All areas All other areas All other areas Quality of Ground water i. Fluoride Nil Nil Nil Li. Iron Nil Nil Nil iii. Nitrate- Niphad, Dindori, Jalgaon, Raver, Chopda, Yawal, Bhusawal iv. Salinity Niphad Part of Edalabad, v. Industrial Nasik Pollution Various structures r quired to supplement the source i. Groundwater Sinnar, Kalwan, Baglan, Jalgaon,Yawal, Shahada, recharge Niphad Amalner,Chopda, Nandurbar, Raver, Erandol Taloda ii. Rain water Malegaon,Sminar, Chalisgaon Nawapur, Taloda harvesting Dindori,Yeola, Muktainagar, Nandurbar, Nandgaon, Manmad, Bhadgaon, Akkalkuva, Kalwan Chandwad Bhusawal, Jamner Dhadgaon, iii. Roof top rain Igatpuri Peth, Surgana Akkalkuva,Dhadg. water harnessing aon, Nandurbar iv. Un-conventional Sinnar, Yeola, Peth, Chalisgaon, Shahada, Measures Nandgaon, Surgana Amalner, Parola, (bore well Malegaon, Pachora flooding) v. Conventional Malegaon Measures vi Spring Igatpuri, Peth, Surgana hamnessing 109 Matrix for Groundwater Rechargc Strategy for Source Sustainability District - 3 Sangli Satara Solapur Kolhapur Hydrogeology i. Norm.al Rainfall 522 mm 1257 mmn 545 mn 1901 mm i. Geology Deccan Traps Deccan Deccan Traps Deccan Traps / Traps Kaladgi ii. Water Table 0.93 to 6.34 in 0.40 to 6.51 0 03 to 5.5 m 0.39 to 9.82 in _Fluctuation m iv Declining Miraj, Atpadi, Karad Barshb, Mohol, - water table Khanapur Akalkot, Malkshiraj, I____________ ___________ M angaiw edha v.No ofover- 7 7 5 Nil exploited and cntical ws | _ vi. Talukas with K'Malhankal, Man, Karad, Madha, Nil Overexploited Khanapur, Phaltan, Mohol, and critical Tasgaon, Jat, Khatav, Karmala, watersheds Sangli, Miraj Patan Pandharpur, Malshiraj Type of source structure i. Dug well Direct pumping from nver, KT weirs ii.Bore well All areas All areas All areas All areas Quality of Ground water i. Fluoride Khanapur Patan, Man S. Solapur, Karveer, Khatav M weda, Chandgad Mahada, Barshi ii. Iron Wai, Gaganbavda, Mahabalesh Chandgad, war Achra iii. Nitrate Sangli, Miraj, Karad Solapur, Kolhapur, Mohol, Radhanagari Mangalwedha, Akluj, Malshiraj iv. Arsenic v. Salinity Karad Sangola, Radhanagari, Mangalwedha Hatkanagale vi. Industrial Sangli Karad, Kolhapur Pollution Khadala 11 Various structures required to supplement the source s Ground water Koregaon, Sangola. recharge Man, Akluj, Khatav Karmala, Madha, Akkalkot i Rain water Jat, Atpadi, Jaoli, Wai, Mangalwedha, Shirol, Ajra, harvesting Kawathe Mahabalesh Pandharpur, Shahuwadi Mahakal, war,Khatav, Mohol, Gaganbavda Khanapur Patan Madha, Bhudargad, Kurduwadi, Malshiras i1i Rooftop rain Mahabalesh Radhanagri, water harnessing war, Patan Panhala, Gaganbavda iv. Un- Jat, Satara, .N Solapur, Kgal, conventional Atpadi, Khadala, Pandharpur, Chandgad Measures Khanapur Man Malshiras v Conventional Phaltan, Gadhinglaj, Measures Karad Gaganbavda vi Spring Mahabalesh hamessing War, Patan vii. Surface water Sangli, Kolhapur, Miraj, Hatkangale Shirala, Jaisingpur Palus Walwa, Tasgaon Matrix for Groundwater Recharge Strategy for Source Sustainability District T Jalna Osmanabad Latur Beed Parbhani/ Hingoli Hydrogeology Nonnal Rainfall 706 mm 755 mm 826 mm 672 mm 1 744 nm i. Geology Deccan Traps Deccan Deccan Deccan Deccan Traps Traps Traps Traps i. Water Table 0.28 to 9 82 2.32 to 0.85 to 0.75 to 0 74 to Fluctuation m 10.13 m 10.65m - I-O.46 m 6 73 m iv. Declining Bhokadhan, U Umarga, Latur, Kej, Ambe- Parbhani. water table Jaffrabad. I Osmanabad Ahiemdpur jogal Jintur, Jalna, Ambat Kalamb, Ausa Gangaklhed Tuljapur v.No ofover- I 1 2 5 Nil exploited ws vi. Talukas with Bhokardan Osmanabad Latur, Patoda, Nil Overexploited and Chakur, Ashti, Beed critical watersheds Alimedpur Ambejogai, Nilanga Majalgaon Type of source structure i. Dug well _ ii.Bore well All areas All areas All areas All areas All areas Quality of Ground water i. Fluoride Paranda, Udgir Ashti, Mangakhed Tuljapur Ambejogai, Hingoli, beed, Kalamduri, Gevrai Pathn ii. Nitrate Jalna, Partur Osmanabad, Latur, Ambe- Parbhani Tuljapur Nilanga, jogai Pathnl Ahinedpur Ashti Gangakhed Gevrai Basmat Manja- lgaon ii. Salinity Parts of Manjial- gaon Various structures required to supplement the source .G)roCtd water | Jalna, AmbaiVfOsrnanabad, Nilanga, eed, |Ganga- recharge Jafferabad, 11 Umerga, Ausa, Gevrai, khed, Bhokardani Kallam, 1, Latur, .Kaij Parbhani, Paranda, Ahmedpur Ambe- Basmat Tuljapur jogai Jintur ii. Rain water Jalna,Ambad, Tuljapur, Ahmedpur Beed, Parbhani, harvesting Partur, Dhok Udgir, Gevarai, Jintur, Badnapur, I Kandhar, Ausa Manjalgao Hingoli, Ghansawangi, Osmanabad, n, Basmat, Mantha Bhoom, Patoda, Pathri ?Paranda Ashti iii. Roof top ram Jalna, Osmanabad, Latur water harnessing Badnapur iv Un- Bbokardan, Tujapur, Udgir, ParaliVaij Hingoli, conventional Jafarabad, nath, Ganga- Measures Ambad, Aundya khed, Nagnath Basmat, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I ~~ ~~~~Jintur Matrix for Groundwater Recharge Strategy for Source Sustainability District } Wardha Bhandara/ Akola/ Buldhana Gondia Wahsim I ~I __ _ I _ _ _ Hydrogeology i. Normal RamfaU 973 mm | 1344 mm |685 mm |700 mi ii. Geology Deccan Metamorphics I Deccan Traps / Deccan Traps / Traps Alluvium Alluvium iii. Water Table 0 37 to 6.70 0.98 to 10.67 0 58 to 6.82 m 0.34 to 5.46 m Fluctuation m m I iv. Declining Dewli, Selu, Pauni, Akola, Balapur, Nandura, Malkapur, water table Karanja Arjunimorgao Murtizapur, DevLulgaon Raja nI Akot, Telhara v. No. of over- 3 1 1 5 exploited and critical ws vi. Talukas with Seloo, Pavni, Akot Buldhana, Jamod, Overexploited and Ashti, Lakhandur Sindhkhed Raja, critical Sarnadrapur, Malkapur, Motala, watersheds Karanja Jaljaon Sangrampur Type of source structure i. Dug well Dug cunn bore Tube well in Tube well in well in alluvial alluvial formations polluted areas formations ii.Bore well All areas All other All other areas All other areas areas Quality of Ground water i. Fluoride Sakoli, Deori, Amgaon ii. Iron Wardha Salekasar, Hinganghat Tumsar, Samadrapur Amgaon Deori,Gondia, Sakoli iii. Nitrate Seloo Bhandara Akola, Deoli Lakhandur Telbara 1 4 iv. Arsenic Possible (not reported) v. Sai ni ty Selu, Murtizap ur Mehkar, JaIgaon, HHmgan ghat, I Washimii Shegaoii, Karanj a Nandura, Kharngaon vi Industrial Tumnsar Pollution I Various structures required to supplement the source i. Ground water Deoli, Selu 1 Paoni, Akola, Akot, Sangrampur, recharge - Morgaon Balapur, Jalgaon, Selhaya fMalkapur, Khamgaon, Jalamnb ii Rain water Wardha, Bhandara, Barshi Takli, Chikhali, harvesting Deoli, Goregaon, Patur, Manora, Siiidkhedraja, Pulgaon, Deori, Mangrulpir, Khamgaon, Arvi Morgaon, Washim, Risod, Nandura, Karanja, Mohadi, Balapur, Shegaon, Ashti, Gondia Karanja Hinganghat, Samudrapur iii Rooftop rain Selu, Deoli. Amgaon, Karanja, Akola, water harnessing Karanja Salekasa, Washim Wardha iv. Un- Deoh,Samu Rosod, Patur, Malkapur, Conventional drapur, Barshi Takli Chikhali Measures Hinganghat v. Conventional Measures vi. Spring Murtizapur, Mehkar, harnessing Buldhana, Khamgaon vii. Surface water MIatrix for Groundwater Recharge Strategy for Source Sustainability District Nagpur iYavatmal Chandrapur Gadchiroli Hydrogeology i. Normal Rainfall 1048 mm T 963 mm 1225 mm 1408 mimi n Geology Deccan T Deccan Traps/ Deccan Traps / Deccan Traps / Traps/ Vindhyan Gondwana Gondwana Gondwana ILimestone Sandstones / Sandstones / Sandstones! Metamorphics Metamorphics Metainorphi M Cs ini Water Table 0.53 to 5.57 0.63 to 6 27 m 10. 1 4 to 7 49 m 1.29 to 8.27 m Fluctuation m |__ iv. Declining Parsivani, Wani, I Gondpimpn, Charmoshi, Aheri water table Ramtek, Babulgaon, Mul, Kalmeshwar Maregaon, Bhadrawati Katol, Higna Darhwa, Sawner, Digras, Pusad Narkhed v. No. of over- 12 Nil Nil Nil exploited and critical watersheds vi. Talukas with Nagpur, Nil 1 Nil Nil Overexploited Kuhi, Katol and cr-.,eal Kamthi, watersheds Narkhed, Savner, Kalmeshwar Parshivani, Umred Type of source structure i. Dug well Dug-cum- Dug cum bore Dug cum bore Dug cum borew bore well in well in well in fluonde well m arsenic and arsenic fluoride infested areas fluoride infested infested infested areas areas areas ii.Bore well All other All other All other areas All other areas areas areas Quality of Ground water i. Fluoride Hingna, Wani, Bhadrawati, Aheri, Sironcha Ramtek, Pandharkawa Warora, Mul, Parseoni da Korpana, Rajura Chandrapur, Gondpimpnr 1 ?6 ii Iron | Katol 1 Bhadrawati, Annonr Sawner Bhramapuri Sironcha, Umnred Mil u, Dhanonr Ramntek Warora Parshevii_ Chipur iii Nitrate All talukas ChandrapuLr, EtapaUi expect Chlirniir, Cttarmoshi Umnred and Sindewahli, Kuhi Rajura iv Arsenic Ramtek Gadchiroli, Kuhi, Kurkheda, Bhiwapur . Wadsa v Salinity vi Industrial Kalmeshwar ChandrapuLr, Pollution , Hingna Ballarsha Various structures required to supplement the source i. Ground water Parseonm, 'vfaregaon, KBhadrawal, Kurkheda, recharge Rarntek, Kalamnb, Warora, Mul, Charmoshi, Kalmeshwar Babhulgaon, Gadchiroli, Katol, Yavatmaf, Wadsa Himgna, Pusad, Saoner, Mahagaon, Narkhed Digras, Darwha ii Rain water Narkhed, Yavatmal, Chandiapur, Gadchiroli, Aheri, harvesting Parseoni, Babhulgaon, Mul, Rajura, Charnoshi,, Katol, Kuhi Ralegaon, j Gondpimpn, Dhanora, Armon, Hingna, Wani, Ner, Bhadrawati, Bharnragad Saoner, Ghatanji, Warora, Umred, Digrs, Nagbhir, Ramtek, Darwha, Chimur, Mauda, Mahagaon, Brahmapuri Bhivapur, Umarkhed ini. Roof top rain Umred, Pusad water harnessing Saoner, Katol Kalmeshwar __ iv Un- Mauda Pusad, Conventional Bhivapur Darwha, Measures Digras v. Conventional Chandrapur Measures _ vi. Surface water Kampti, Wani, Warora, Gadchiroli, Hingna, Pandhar- Bhadrawati, Kurkheda, Ramtek kawda Korpana, Wadsa Kuhi Bhivapur I 17 10. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN The water suLpply and sanitation project as contemplated by the State government is aimed to provide clean, safe and adequate drinking water and to improve health, hygiene and sanitary conditions in villages. Providing sustained water supply from ground water or surface water requires assurance for both quantity and quality. The present project envisages and relies more on groundwater, which is available locally, can be developed at economic cost and in short time. Sustained availability of groundwater has quantitative and qualitative dimensions. Both these are threatened by other competing user sectors like agriculture and industry. The drinking water source is also liable for contamination and pollution due to natural and man-made causes. Thus drinking water sustainability encompasses many environmental and ecological issues that need to be identified, addressed and integrated in the project %-sign 10.] Water Quantity issues: Minimun per capita water supply in rural areas prescribed by Government of Maharashtra is 40 LPCD. Presently out of 86313 villages and hamlets 59140 villages and hamlets have a safe and adequate source of drinking water supply at 40 LPCD round the year. In 18753 villages and hamlets the source created is not adequate and needs strengthening. In remaining 8420 villages and hamlets no safe ground water source is available and requires recourse to alternate sources of water supply. Thus the water quantity problem exists for uncovered and partly covered villages and hamlets. This project is trying to address the needs of 3750 villages 10.1.1. Groundwater availability Groundwater is over-exploited in 109 watershed units. Further, if the present situation continues, it'is estimated that by year 2030, drinking water may not be adequate in additional 170 watershed units. 10.1.2. Declining water table In 72 talukas water tables are progressively declining at 30 cm or more per year as a result of excessive groumd water withdrawal. As a result of regional lowering of water table many of the drinking water shallow open wells, bore wells and hand pumps in these areas have either dried or become unserviceable. Trend analysis also indicates that if the present situation were allowed to continue water table would show progressive decline at a much faster rate than present in about 168 additional watershed units. The situation, therefore, requires a holistic approach and integrated water resources management to protect drinking water sources. 10.1.3. Mitigating Measures Sustained availability of groundwater and its protection would be achieved through artificial recharge to groundwater to augment groundwater availability to balance supply and demand, and by increasing the yield of a drinking well by rejuvenating the source. This could be achieved through conventional and tnconventional measures like constniction of percolation tanks, contour bunding, cement bandhara, Vanrai bandhara, Gabbian stnucture, Kolliapur Type (KT) weirs, village tanks, farn ponds, hydrofractuLnnig, bore hole blasting etc. Selection of one or combination of these works would depend on hydrogeologicial conditions at the water supply source Secondly, the communities in the participating villages would be educated through IEC about the need to conserve groundwater by optimizing the varnous demands and controlling the current practice of over withdrawal Aquifer Managemenit Groups would be set up for integrated water resource management These groups would assess and decide on the intersectoral allocation of water and oversee the utillzation of water so as to ensure sustainable drnking water supply in a village 10.1.4. Rainwater Harvesting: Rainwater harvesting is an important activity that augments surface and ground water availability for domestic water needs in the area. This mitigating method would be adopted for strengthening drinking water sources. 10.1.5. Harnessing of Springs In mountainous regions with high rainfall and high topographlc relief more than 81 % of the rainfall is lost to sea and the region often faces drmking water scarcity from February until next monsoon. Harnessing the innumerable spnngs that exist in these areas would serve as a more dependable source of water supply to small habitations Where upland stream are available, water from these sources could be diverted through gravity mains or nsmg mains for distribution to areas with population belowlOOO. The mechanism would be evolved to measure and monitor spnng discharge during different seasons and the data collected would be used for designing of civil works required for hamessing of springs. 10.1.6. Increase irrigation efficiency Farmers would be persuaded to adopt micro irrigation system for hlgh water constuning crops to reduce irrigation draft and protect drinking water sources. WSSD would liaise with the Irrigation Departnent and encourage them to organize IEC programs to educate farmers commtnity about the benefits of adoptmg micro irrigation system for increasing irrigation efficiency and conserving water. 10.1.7. Reduction of water loss in domestic supply Studies by Indian water Works Association indicate that the loss of water in piped water supply scheme due to leakages range from 17 to 44% Prevention of leakages, introduction of water saving devices, regular maintenance and education under IEC about efficient water use can bring down domestic water wastage to 10 - 12% IEC program would be organized to achieve this. l19 10.1.8. Repairs to Tanks and Ponds Most of the village tanks, which are used as alternate sources of drinking water supply, are silted. Desilting these to restore their near designed capacity and simultaneously protecting these from access to animal would increase their water availability 10.1.9. Groundwater Monitoring. A group of para-professionals at the village level would be traincd to monitor groundwater development and recommend appropnate measures foi exercising provisions under the Groundwater Act to protect drinking water source. This would include o prohibit construction of new wells within certain distance o Regulation of extraction of ground water for other than drnking water wells in water scarcity areas and within 1 km from drinking water well o prohibit sinking new wells for irrigation in over -exploited and critical watersheds GOM shall expedite setting up of Mabarashtra Groundwater Regulatory Authority/ Maharashtra Water Resoturces Regulatory Authornty. 10.2.Water Quality issues Groundwater in most areas of the State is of acceptable quality. However, there are certain areas where qualty of groundwater is unsatisfactory. Water quality problems are grouped in two categories A. Natural Contamination 10.2.1. Salinity In the river alluvium in parts of Buldhana, Akola and parts of Nagpur Solapur, Sangli, Satara and Kolhapur districts groundwater is saline and getting adequate quantity of fresh water is difficult. In these areas drinking water supply schemes would be located on surface water, including rainwater harvesting. In coastal areas, which are prone to sea water ingression, water supply schemes would be based on shallow open wells instead of bore wells. B. ChemicaD Contamination 10.2.2. Fluoride Groundwater in deeper aquifers in parts of Yavatmal,, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Nagpur, Parbhani, Osmanabad, Latur, Solapur, Sangli, Jalna, Beed, Sindhudurg, districts has high concentration of fluoride than in shallow aquifers. The mitigating measures would include o Prefer shallow open well instead of bore wells/tube wells. * Dilution by mixing groundwater from shallow aquifers containing less fluoride than that from deep aquifers containing higher concentration of fluoride so as to reduce the total fluoride concentration * Treat water by a range of technology options either before distnbution or at household level as per preference and affordability of the commtnity in a given village e Promote dual sourcing for all the water needs of the community by providing limited quantity of fresh water for drinking and using fluonde contaminated water for other allowable purposes such as bathing, washing clothes etc. * Promote knowledge about healthy diet that has adequate level of calcium and vitamin C to counter the effects ctluoride on health 10.2.3. Nitrate Groundwater m parts of Nagpur, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli Sangli, Solapur, Satara, Jalna, Beed, Osmanabad, Latur, Parbhani has high Nitrate content mainly due to excess use of fertilizers for sugarcane, paddy, orange and cotton Control measures would include * Mapping of area with high Nitrate in groundwater. * Ad'mocawing wsid encvmagmg thmough TMC, use of Bio-ferthi;Lers and organic manare and a voA4ng excessn itrogen fertil!izers * Drinking water source should be located at least 500 meters away from irrigated area. * Locate cattle sheds and sewage disposal at least 500 meters away from drinking water source. * Lining of compost pit in brick masonry. * Washing, bathing and other domestic activities near the source should be avoided. 10.2.4. Iron High concentration of iron is present in groundwater in Ratnagiri, Chandrapur, Sindhudurg, Gadchiroli, Bhandara, Solapur, Nagpur, and Kolhapur districts due to high iron minerals in the geological formations. Mitigating measures would be to allow iron minerals to settle in the cistem or service reservoir before distribution. Such storage units should be cleaned once in three months and the residual iron sludge should be removed and disposed off at safe locations. 10.3. Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Issues The mitigating measures would include 1. Triggering a mind set change amongst the communities to eliminate the practice of open defecation and shift over to "fixed point defecation" through innovative community actions. Such a trigger would be achieved through IEC and appropriate community methods. The communities would be informed about various choices of latrine designs so as to enable them to construct a latrine as per their preference and affordability. 2. Network of sullage and regular drains would be created / repaired/ upgraded to minimize contamination. 3. Construct/upgrade village lanes to reduce air and noise pollution 4 Encourage Venni composting techniques for decomposition of solid waste 5. Intense IEC campaign for education to instill the hiabit of washing hands after defecation and before and after eating food. 6. Enable regular water quality monitoinig and surveillance througlh para professionals at the village level Environment Management Plan under the project is given in Table 10.1 Table 10.1. Environment Management Plan Project Environmental I Positive Negative Mitigating Measures Interventiorts Issues Impact Impact Water Quantity Issues 1.Rejuvenation I .Drnking water 1.Adequate i. Augment water and scarcity and safe supply by conventional and rehabilitation 2. Inadequate water unconventional of Existing water dunng supply groundwater recharge drinking water summer 2.Saving in i nethods supply sources 3 Declining water time for DD. Encourage Irrigation and 2. level fetching Agriculture departments to Reconstruction 3. Silting of water organize IEC programs to and tanks/ponds 3.Additional advice farmers on rehabilitation 4. Wastage of income due controlling excess of already rain water to utilization irrigation by switching over created for of saved to micro irrigation systems drinking water time in iii. Observe distance criteria sources other to protect drinking water 3.Provision of economic sources new drinklinig activities iv. Revival of defunct water supply 4.Prevention sources by conventional and system from of water unconventional measures. among a mix washed and v. Rainwater barvesting of the water bomne including roof top rain water following diseases. harnessing at private and options 5.Better public buildings envirorment vi. Hamessing natural i. Open '&rough springs in hilly areas well, .ropex wate.t -Aii. Create supplementa' ii. Hand Pump, handling source to strengthen existing ili. Bore well, and ones iv. Tube well economic viii. Conservation of water v. Mini water utilization both in agriculture and supply practices domestic sources. Education schemes in sc1hools for water use vi. Piped water sanit8tion and hygiene supply scheme ks. Requisitionprivate well vii. Source for water suppYy by 3m- I protection SabYra/GP /strengthening x. T anker water supply neasures where no source available viii Inculcate xi. Iorrnalise water source rainwater ownershiD and water uses larnessing r ights for groundwater cultUre xii Organize IEC for educating community on water resource management .V.ter Quality lssucs High Salinity I Lmited Aailability Ai kltemate source of fresh availability of of fresh and water supply from surface fresh water in safe water saline area dnnking 2. Saline water water ii Ddlution, of sahne water below 5 m depth iii. Limited supply of fresh due to sea water water for drinking and saline ingression in water for othey uses like coastal area washng, bathing iv Prefer shallow open well to bove well as source of water supply in coastal area High Fluoride a Alternate source of fresh Heattli problefn lmlpn3veme water supply from surface due lo fluorosis, nt rm hiealth water mottled teeth, and hygiene b. Dilution of high fluoride knock knee and due to clean water with fresh water with catcified and safe low or no fluoride ligaments water c. Prefer shallow open well to deep bore well as a source of water supply d. Defluoridation techniques for treating fluonde infested water e. Use hlgh fluoride water for other uses and provide limited quantity of fresh water for drinking f. Promote the knowledge about healthy diet that has adequate calcium and vitamin C to counter the effects of fluonrde on human health i 23 IH[igh Nitrate Provide a. Alternate source for fresh Blue baby clean and water supply from surface syndrome in fresh water water infant babies due b. Mixing of contaminated to highi nitrate water with fresh ground/surface water c. Promote use of organic fertilizers and reduce application of nitrogen fertilizers dose throughi IEC d. Select site for water supply source away from irrigated fields and sewage/ garbage disposal sites e. Treatment for denitrification High Iron Corrosion and Improveme a. Allow iron in drinking encrustation of nt in health water to settle in the water supply bore and quality container/delivery cistern well/tube well of life due before use/ distribution to supply of b. Treatment for removing clean and Iron before distribution safe drinkfng water High Arsenic Serious health Provide Arsenic free hazards drinking water from alternate source Bacteriological Contamination High imcidences Reduction i. Continuous chlorination of of attack of in medical water supply to maintain diarrhea, expenses. minimum residual chlorine hepatitis, cholera, Reduction ii. Educate through IEC for gastro and in loss of locating water supply source typhoid man-days 500 meters away from the due to and loss of animal shed, and village contaminated income due garbage disposal pits water to illness iDD. IEC program for locating animal shed and drainage end point 500 meters away from the source iv. Intense IEC for zero open defecation v. IEC campaign for stopping washing, bathing, cleaning and other domestic activities near source vi. Monitoring of water quality through community especially involving women, student and youth. vii. Promote safe water handling practices at household level through IEC School water Lack of water Instill good i. Roof top rain water supply and supply and toilets hygiene ad harnessing for water supply sanitation in school required sanitation besides bore wells for health and habits ii. Group toilets in school hygiene among separate for girls and boys children iii. Provide hygiene ed"acation to school children foir behavioral changes Source i. Over-extraction a. Increased i. Water conservation and sustainability of groundwater availability ground water recharge and and drying of of adequate through a range of Strengthening drinking water driking technology options suitable through water wells water even for the area conservation ii. Lesser or non- dunng ii. Implementation of and availability of summer. Shivkalin Pani Sathwan groundwater drinking water b. Ensures Yojana for scientific recharge especially during source estimation and plannir, of techniques summer. sustain- water. iii. Progressive ability. iii. Morntoring of decline of water groundwater uses by para- level. professionals at village level and the DFT at the district level and GSDA/PPMTJ at State level. iv. Penodic review and revision of groundwater assessment. Integrated Holistic approach Adequate Constitute Aquifer Water for water and Management Groups to Resources resources sustainable manage groundwater for Management management on supply of different uses on sustainable aquifer basis drinking basis and balancing water groundwater recharge and extraction in an aquifer t 1s Environ- a. Large scale i. Creates i. Intense IEC for attitudinal mental practice of open clean changes in sanitation habits Sanitation defecation sanitation of individual and b Constructed and hygiene community leading to 100% 1. Household latrines are not conditions. stopping of open defecation Sanitation used. ii. Protects jD. Community latrnes for Open defecation dnnking women to be constrLcted as causes water an option in the process of bacteriological sources elimination of open pollution. from defecation outbreak of bacteriologi iii. Locate latrines away epide 1:cs and cal from water supply source. health disorder. contarninati iv.Develop and promote low on. cost latrine design iii.Realizati v. Incentive to community on by tlrough rewards and community recognition for stoppmg m and open defecation individual of self esteem 2.1mprove- i. High dust i.Create all Construct main village lanes ment of conditions cause weather and pavements. internal lanes allergies and lanes for Provide for drains and storm and drainage bacterial attacks smooth drains. movement ii. Temporary of people increase in and vehicles ambient noise with less level during chances of construction. accidents ii.Improves mtra and inter village connectivity whuch brings economic changes. iii. Improves sanitation and creates clean environment Construction Construction of i.Bnngs i Construct sullage drains.. of sulllage sullage drains cleanlmess . ii. Convert sullage into drains. reduces problem in village. compost-manure. of ii.Proper iMi. Cementing of walls pondmg of water disposal of could prevent leakage from I 7A and piling of sullage sullage disposal sites sullage become protects particularly durinlg breeding places drinking monsoon for mosquitoes water source mii.use of sullage as fertilizer through safe disposal Individual i.Creates Protect air i. Identify sites for waste and unhygienic and and water disposal m pits away from Community bad sanitation environment water supply source Compost pits. conditions due to ii. Composting cattle dung collection of Additional into organic matter cattle dung. income iii. Waste disposal by ii.Creates generation individual household for mosquito by zero management of breeding centers composting. community waste that cause iv. Household waste epidemics. disposal in backyard would iii.Contaminates be used for kitchen garden surface and v.. Encourage Venni- ______________ groundwater. compostmg It may be noted that the project of its own does not envisage any negative impact on the environment due to the proposed interventions. However, the project would be regularly monitored for any such negative impact that might occur due to improper implementation of any of the interventions and same would be uimediately mitigate the negative impact, if any, through appropriate measures. 10.4. Environmental Monitoring and Performance Indicators Project implementation involves various interventions to achieve the objectives of providing safe, clean, and adequate drinking water on sustainable basis and improving health and sanitation conditions in the villages. Simultaneously, to protect and improve the environmental conditions to achieve the goal, vanrous mitigating measures would be taken up. For evaluating and monitornng environmental issues a set of Performance Indicators have been identified along with the monitoring agencies responsible at different levels. Table 10.2 TablelO. 2. Environmental Performance Indicators Sr. Issue Indicator Monitoring Monitored by No penod 1 Declinmg Number and percentage of sources Pre and A mix of GP, water tables where water tables have increased/ post GSDA, DFT declined with regard to levels of monsoon base line year penods Number of additional areas that Pre and DFT/ GSDA enter 'over exploited / cnttcal' post category with regard to status in monsooni ___ ___ ______ year 2003 _ periods ___ 2. Water Number and percentage of water Pre and GPs, ZP, PHC quality ! samples that are 'not potable' in the post and District entire project area monsoon laboratones of pe.Jod.i Pubtic Health and other I De,. Number of existing safe sources Twice a Health Dept, that become 'chemically unsafe' year ZP,GSDA i with respect to 2003 data. 3. Water Number of habitations in the Once a DFT/ PPMU quantity project area that graduate to FC year from PC/ NC/ scarcity status with respect to 2003 status Number of habitations m the Once a DFT/ PPMU project area that graduate to PC year from NCI scarcity status with respect to 2003 status Number of habitations that regress Once a DFT/ PPMU back to PC/ scarcity status from the year in the FC status with respect to 2003 month of status May Number and percentage Reduction Once a DFT/ PPMU in the scarcity villages in the year in the project area with respect to 2000- month of .12003 average status. May. 4. Environ- Number of habitations that Quarterly DFT/ PPMU mental. achieved 100% shift over from Sanitation open defecation to 'fixed point' defercation. Increase in percentage of Half yearly DFT/ PPMU households that have shifted to fixed point defecation Percentage reduction or increase in Annual Health dept/ diarrhea and other water related PPMU diseases in the project area with respect to 2003 status. Number and percentage of schools Annual DFT/ PPMvfU and other public institutions in the project villages covered by functioning sanitation facilities. Increase in number of lanes, soak Annual DFT/ PPMU pits, sullage drains compared to 2003 position 5 Personal Change in habits for nail cutting, Annual DFT/PPMU, Hygiene bathing and hand washing and medical reduction in diseases like ring check, PHC ___ _worm, __ __ __ 10.5. Institutional Arrangement The project envisages to builld on the existing PRI based institutional model that enables demand driven commnitmty action The following is a bnef description of the model Village level Gram Panchayat (GP) working under the guidance andi direction of the Gram Sabha would be the focal point VWSC as a sub-committee of the GP selected in an open and transparent manner in a Grain Sabha. The GP/ VWSC would take responsibility for planning, implementing, procurement, constniction management and 0 &M of the scheemes. All crucial decisions regarding technology choice, cost of the scheme, major procurement, 0 &M tariff,etc will be taken in a Gram Sabbha. A cadre of para-profecsionals would be developed withlin VWSC to assist in scale up and long-term sustenance Appropriate tramling would be provided to GP, VWSC members, CBO members through professionals/ agencies contracted by ZP. District Level The 'Water works and Conservation Committee' as existing in the Zilla Parishad would be the policy making and supervising body at the District level. This committee is headed by the President of the ZP and is an elected representative. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the ZP acts as the admimstrative head and link between implementing machinery and elected representative. Under this committee there will be 3 teams with distinct functions. A District Facilitation Team (DFT) under the leadership of Dy CEO-Village Panchayat (VP) or an equivalent officer would act as the facilitating team. Tihis team would provide support to the GP/ VWSCs either directly or through NGOs and other professional bodies as needed. This team will also facilitate the process of contracting NGOs, Technical consultants, supplier etc. as needed by the GP/ VWSC at different stages and would monitor their performance. The second team 'District Appraisal Team' will be headed by the Executive Engineer of the WSD and will be responsible for technical evaluation of the proposals that come from the GP/VWSCs and also checking the quality of the construction at various stages and releasing financial assistance to GPs Third team i.e. Accounting Wmg shall manage funds and timely submission of claims to PPMU It is envisaged that both these teams would work with 'fire walls' under a common leadership of CEO /Additional CEO of the ZP. State Level. The Reform Support Unit (current PPMU) at the State level plays a very broad support role. The RSU will build the capacities of the ZP (who will in turn build capacity at GP), monitor the processes, have program quality checks and bring out necessary guide lines for implementers from time to time. The RSU will also monitor the quality of the reform process and advise the GOM accordingly Line Agencies The existing line agencies, especially the GSDA and the MJP Would be re-structured so that they would be able to play a consultant's role to the communities as per the emerging demand. It might be noted that the process of taking away the implementation responsibility from these agencies has already started in the state. Out of the 14,000 staff in the MJP about 500 and out of 2000 staff in GSDA about 800 staff have already been transferred to the WSDs in the ZPs and about 2000 posts in both these organizations have been abolished. NGOs / Private NGOs/ pnvate agencies would be contracted to support the agencies. project at various levels as per need. The RSU would revise the _____________ existing NGO selection guidelines suitably. The proposed model encourages a complete bottom up process and also provides full scope for the communities to play a vital role and ultimately own the project. This wll also compliment the national agenda of strengthening the grass root level tlrough PRI organizations A potential risk in this approach will be the lack of required capacity at the District and the GP level for implementmg an enabling approach. However, this will be addressed by way of: o Implementing the project in phases. Districts would be taicen up in batches and manageable number of the GPs would be taken up in the first phase so that adequate attention could be paid to build their capacity and qualitative scaling will be ensured. o The project cycle at the village level envisages sufficient time for capacity building of the GP/ VWSC members. o The project also builds appropriate funds for capacity development agenda. o The current approaches for capacity building in the sector reforms project districts would be used here also. The Envirommental Analysis shows that the proposed Second Maharashtra Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project itself will not cause any adverse environmental impacts. The project will bring positive health and environmental benefits to the project stake holders, through supply of safe and adequate drinking water and creation of necessary environmental sanitation facilities in the project villages. The recomnended environrmental mitigation measures appropriately integrated in the project design would have a net positive effect on the environment. The facilities created in the project villages will be operated and mamtained by the beneficiaries and the GPs through necessary capacity building to ensure the sustainability of the services. 1 ;o ANNEXURES List of Annexures Annexure Particulars Government Resolution on Sant Gadge Baba Village Sanitation Campaign 11 Government Resolution on Total Sanitation Campaign III .1 Maharashtra Zilla Parishad and Panchayat Samiti Act, 1961 ( Portion relevant to Environment) III. 2 Maharashtra Drinking Water Supply Source Requ ..-,ition Act, NoXXof 1983 IV Maharashtra Groundwater ( Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act No XXVIII of 1993 V Public Consultation Workshop at Khopadi in Nagpur District VI Government Resolution on Implementation Of Shivkalin Pani Sathavan Yojana VIf .1 Technical Options for Treatment of Fluoride in Drinking Water VII 2 Technical Options for Treatment of Nitrate in Drinking Water VII 3 Technical Options for Treatment of Iron in Drinking Water VII 4 Technical Options for Treatment for Bacterial Contamination VII[. Technical Options for Source Sustainability IX 1 Technical Options for Sullage and Garbage Management IX 2 Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines X Review of Water Quality Problems and Mitigating Measures in Yavatmal District by Consultant (Water and Environment Sanitation) Aninexure I Sant Gadge Baba Village Sanitation Carnpaign & Rashtra Sant Tukdoji Maharaj Clean Village competition Guidehnes for implementation GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA Water Supply and Sanitation Department CircularNo Campaign-2000/CR-427AVS-16 Mantralaya, Mumba, - 400 032 Dated 16'h September, 2000 (English Version) Read. Government Resolution No ABHIYAN-2000/CR-427/ws-16, Dated I 5'h September, 2000 PREAMBLE It has been decided to launch Village Sanitation Campaign in rural areas of the State and implement, the same in the name of Sant Gadge Baba who had taken pioneering efforts to ameliorate the precarious condition of sanitation in rural areas GOVERNMENT CIRCULAR It has been decided to implement Sant Gadge Baba Gram Swachhata Abhiyan from 2nd October to 1 7th October, 2000 Those Grarn Panchayats which will actively participate in the Campaign shall be awarded cash prizes which will go to first 3 Gram Panchayats from each district and one Gram Panchayat which will be declared as the cleanest in the State The prizes will be given in the name of Rashtra Sant Tukdoji Maharaj Following guidelines are hereby issued for the implementation of the Campaign (I)The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Zilla Parishad (ZP) should give wide publicity to the Campaign The Campaign shall be implemented in the rural areas of the State from 2nd October to 17'h October, 2000 It should be ensured that all the Gram Panchayats in the district implement this Campaign. (2)Hon Guardian Minister of the district should be requested to preside over the meeting of the District Level Campaign Committee to be held on 28 9 2000 The Members of Zilla Parishad and Panchayat Samitis in the district and all the office- bearers and officers should be invited to the meeting (3)Block Development Officer (BDO) should call a meeting of all the Sarpanchs and Gram Sevaks in the Panchayat Samiti on 29"' September, 2000 Hon M L A of the area, Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Members of Panchayat Samiti should also be invited to the meeting It should be ensured that at least one office-bearer and one officer from the district level shall attend this meeting at Panchayat Samiti level CEO should make arrangement for this purpose, in consultation with the President of the ZP. (4)The monthly meeting of the Committee of Gram Panchayat should be held on 30'h September or on IS' October, 2000 in each Gram Panchayat and the objective of the Village Sanitation Campaign should be explained The instruction to arrange the Gram Sabha should also be given in the meeting (5)Meeting of the Gram Sabha shall be organized in each Gram Panchayat on 2nd October, 2000 CEO/BDO should make arrangements to depute a special officer from ZP or Panchayat Samiti to attend the meeting of Gram Sabha If one Gram Sevak is holding charge of more than one Gram Panchayat, than Gram Sabha should be staggered during the day (may be held in the morming or afternoon as deemed convenient) If even this arrangement is not sufficient the assistance of Extension Officer may be taken It will be the responsibility of the BDO to see that the Gram Sabha of all the Gram Panchayats are held on the same day Village Sanitation Campaign Committee should be constituted in the Gram Sabha This Committee may include Sarpanch, Upa-Sarpanch, representatives of Ex-Servicemen, backward classes, opinion leaders in the village, Govt Servants at the village level, Anganwadi Sevika, students representative, Primary and Secondary teachers, Social Workers, other village level institution etc The members of the above Committee shall be selected in Gram Sabha Gram Sabha may also appoint a dynamic, hard-working person as the Chairman of the committee (6)Emphasis should be given on observing each day in the campaign from 3d October to 16' October, 2000 for the activity specified in the Govemment Resolution dated 15 9 2000 ZP Office bearers, PS Office-bearers, CEO, District Heads, BDO and other Officers and employees at the taluka level should visit villages during the Campaign period and should guide and encourage Village Sanitation Campaign Committee to participate whole-heartedly in the program (7)177"' October, 2000 happens to the Death Anniversary of Rashtra Sant Tukdoji Maharaj. That day shall be observed as "Sankalp Divas" (Resolution Day) The review of the work undertaken from 2nd October to 16'" October, 2000 should be taken on this day and it should be resolved that the work of sanitation undertaken in the village shall not remain symbolic, but would be carried on, on a sustainable basis 2 Evaluation of the Sanitation Campaign The evaluation of the work done by the Gram Panchayat in the Sanitation Campaign and afterwards shall be done from 18th Oc,ober, 2000 to 15th March, 2001 by the various committee, starting from ZP Councillor's Constituency level Committee, Panchayat Samiti level Committee, District level Committee, Divi Level Committee and the State level Committee by actually visiting and inspecting the Gram Panchayat. The members in each of the Committees shall be in accordance with the Government Resolution dated 15 9 2000 referred to above It shall be the responsibility of the officers at village, Panchayat Samiti and district level to ensure that the work of Village Sanitation Campaign shall be continued vigorously by the Gramn Panchayats found to be eligible for the competition (a)ZP Councillor's Constituency Level Selection Samiti - Firstly, ZP Councillor's Level Samiti shall visit all the Gram Panchayats in that constituency and shall evaluate the work done under Village Sanitation Campaign Evaluation of Gram Panchayats in ZP Councillor's Constituency shall be done by the ZP Councillor's Constituency level Committee constituted from the members selected from PS area other than the one in which GP's to be inspected are falling For example, if there are 5 PSs viz A, B, C, D and E in the district, then ZP Councillor's Constituency Level Committees forned out of person in A Panchayat Samiti shall undertake evaluation of Gram Panchayat in B Panchayat Sarmti Similarly, B will undertake evaluation of C, C of D, D of E and so on It should be ensured by the CEO that cross-evaluation shall not be done Sevika is vacant, then CEO may take arrangement for making appointment of any other Mukhya Sevika from other area The arrangement for the vehicle for the inspection visits of Committees should be made by CEO, ZP. These Committees shall make visits for the evaluation from 1 November to 6 December, 2000. Village Level Sanitation Committee shall submit the information of the work done to the Selection Committee. The selection Committee shall allot marks in accordance with the Annexure enclosed to this Circular The Committee should declare the names of first 3 GPs chosen from each ZP Councillor's Constituency in a meeting of the Prabhag Samiti of that ZP 2 Constituency specially held for the purpose and should then submit the evaluation report to CEO and BDO (b)Panchayat Samiti Level Selection Committee - This Committee shall evaluate al the GPs ranked by all the ZP Councillor's Constituency Level Selection Committee in the PS for which it is appointed This Committee shall be constituted from person in another Panchayat Samiti It should be ensured here also that there will be no cross- evaluation by the PS Level Committees The Committee should fill the mark sheet on the spot after visiting each of the GP The Committee should select first 3 GPs in order of merit from that PS and should declare their names in the meeting of the PS held for the purpose It may also discuss plus and minus points in the meeting so that the GP cani improve their performance for the remaining rounds of the competition (c)District Level Selection Committee - The District Level Committee shall visit from 2nd January, 2001 to 20"i January, 2001 to evaluate those 3 GPs from each PS which are declared by each of the PS Level Selection Committees The mark sheet shall be filled and sealed on the spot The Dist Level Selection Committee shall declare first 3 GPs in order of merit in the general meeting of the ZP held for the purpose The prize shall be distributed by the Hon Distnct Guardian Minister to the GP ranked first from the district in a function to be held on 26 1 2001 in that village The GP ranked 2nd shall be given the prize by the Member of Parliament in whose Constituency that GP falls, in a function to be held in the village 3rd Prize shall be given to that Gram Panchayat by the ML A in whose Constituency the GP falls, in a function to be held in that village The arrangements for the function will be made by the CEO of ZP concemed (d)Divisional Level Selection Committee - The evaluation of the GP ranked first from each of the district in a Division shall be done from 30'h January, 2001 to 28h February, 2001 by the Cornmittee constituted under the Chairmanship of the Divisional Commissioner and the name of the GP ranked best from the Division shall be declared by the Divl Commissioner in a meeting of ZP President and CEOs to be organized in the Office of the Divl. Commissioner The name of the best GP in the Division shall be communicated by the Divl Commissioner tc the Secretary, Water Supply and Sanitation Department on or before 25ih February, 2001 (e)State Level Selection Committee - The State Level Committee shall visit from 13 January, 2001 to 15th March, 2001 to all the GPs ranked first from each of the Divisions and shall select the best GP from the State The GP ranked first in the State shall be given award in a function to be held in that village on I' May, 2001,'which will be a cash prize of Rs 25 lakhs The prize shall be given at the hands H E the Govemor of Maharashtra and the Hon Chief Minister, Maharashtra This program shall be organised by the Divisional Commissioner in whose jurisdiction the GP so ranked falls By order and in the name of the Governor of Maharashtra, (V.P Raja) Secretary to Government 3 Analysis of Ranking in Gadge Baba Abhiyan Classification of points in different c-i -Cra Sr No Description Points Environmen Persona Participati Not, Coverag as per tal I on /related e GR Sanitation / Hygiene Organisati directly related Public onal Health 9 Solid Waste Management 9 1 Adequate dustbins in I I village 9 2 Usage of dust bins I 9 3 Management of solid waste 1 I (regulanty and collection) 9 4 Usage of making manure 1 1 9 5 Effective ban on plastic I bag 9 6 Participation of public in 1 1 cleanliness drive 9 7 Punetive measures for not I I using dust bins 9 8 Innovative and scientific ] 1 methods for solid waste management 9 9 Facilities and services for cleaning the following a) Religious places __I _ I b) Market I I c) Cattle shed I I _ d) School/ other I I 9 10 Plantation a) Number of trees planted I I I (with respective to area and population) b) Type of plants, their I diversity, use and creativity c) People participation in 1 nurturing the plant _ __ Total 15 6 1 5 3 3 10 -Drainage 10 1 Effective faclity for 2 2 2 disposal of drainage o water. 10 2 Closed drainage I 10 3 Open but concrete drainage I I__ 10 4 Gutter for rain water by the 1 I road side in the village 10 5 Gutter to carry water to I I drainage line (its cleanliness etc) 10 6 Method of using water (for 1 I rrigation) 4 10 7 Distance between dnnking 2 2 water pipe line and drainage line 10 8 Integrated adequate and 1 I scientific use of toilets, gutter soak pits etc _ Total IU 10 l 11 Family Planning l I Eligible couples practising 2 2 2 family planning (give point according to percentage) 1 1 2 Effectiveness of Family Pla ning a) Family planning after I I I two children b) Family planning after I I one child c) No girls getting married I I before 18 and boys after 2] 11 3 Rate of populatiion growth a) State average b) Less than 3 % of state average c) Less than 5 % of state average d) More than 5 % of state 3 3 3 average 11 4 Maternal and child health I (breast feeding immediately after birth/ maternal death etc) _ 115 Use of effectiveness of 1 poster etc Total 10 _10 8 Total 100 34 11i.5 30 25 18.5 5 Annexure II Total Sanitation Campaign under modified Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Program- Implementation and pattem of financial assistance GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, Water Supply & Sanitation Department, Government Resolution No TSC-2000/CR-352/WS-16, Mantralaya, Mumbai - 400 032 Dated the 27th July 2000 Read: - Letter No W-1 1013/6/99/TM, (CRSP), dated 23 04 1999 from Rural Development Department, of Central Govemment Preamble:- The usual concept of sanitation is confined to disposal of human excreta However, this limited idea no more reflects the concept in its totality and needs to include liquid and solid waste disposal, food hygiene, personal as well as environmnental sanitation. The guidelines for Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP) were first issued in November 1996 In March 1993, these guidelines were modified The guidelines were once again modified by the Central Government and made applicable since Apnl, 1999. The Restructured Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Program (RCSRSP) proposes to implement the policy to imbibe the total sanitation concept amongst the masses The previous program of the Central Government was target onented However, according to the new policy it has been decided to provide at least 50% of the rural people sanitation facilities and to change the strategy of implementation from "target onented" to "demand oriented" with a view to make this total sanitation program more effective and people oriented This program will now be implemented in following two phases - (1) Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC).- It will be implemented in the first year in the districts selected as "Pilot District " by Central Government. (2) Allocation Based Sanitation Program- It will be implemented in the remaining districts However, by the end of Ninth Five Year Plan "Total Sanitation Campaign" shall be implemented in stages in all the districts by phasing out Allocation Based Sanitation Program. There is no difference in the obiective of both the programs. In the districts selected as pilot districts the comprehensive project for whole district will be prepared to include all the aspects of total sanitation and the fin&1cial assistance shall be made available within specified time in accordance with the approved project. In other districts the program will be implemented to the extent possible within the available financial allocation till they are approved as "Total 6 Sanitation Campaign Distrcts" and the projects based financial assistance is made available The issue of giving sanction to this modified Centrally Sponsored Program for implementation in the state was under the consideration of State Government Government Resolution:- Government is pleased to sanction the implementation of Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Program in the rural areas of the State in accordance with the modified guidelines issued by the Central Government in April, 1999 The program will be modified in the pilot districts approved by the Central Government as Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) and as Allocation Based Sanitation Program in other districts of the State. (1) Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC):- Prior approval of the Central Government should be taken for the project in the districts selected for implementation of Total Sanitation Campaign Raigad, Dhule, Nanded and Amravati have been selected as pilot districts in the first year by the Central Government under this program The selection of the districts for the next year shall be done by the State Government The elements included in the Total Sanitation Campaign are as follows - (a) Start up process- The base survey of the present status of sanitation in the district should be undertaken. The suggestions from the people should be sought by giving publicity On the basis of preliminary survey, the Total Sanitation Campaign project to be implemented in the districts should be prepared and submitted through State Government for the approval of the Central Government An amount upto 5% of the Total Sanitation Campaign Project is allocated for this purpose and the Central Government will share 100% of the expenditure (b) Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Before actual implementation of the TSC, NGOs or any other alternate mechanism will undertake a campaign through their motivators create awareness amongst people to encourage them for taking up construction of latrine and to construct soak-pits for liquid and solid waste disposal. Motivators will be paid incentives from the funds eiarmarked for IEC The incentives shall be based on the performance i e in terms of motivating the people to the extent that they actually construct the soak-pits At least 15% of the TSC project cost has been earmarked for the above Funds in the ratio of 80 20 will be provided by Govemment of India and State Govemment respectively c) Alternate Delivery Mechanism (Central Production Center/Sanitary Marts) - Production Center/Sanitary Marts should be opened at the distnct/block level for construction material for latrines, the quantum of which can be estimated after preliminary survey. NGOs should be encouraged to run such Production Center /Sanitary Marts 5% of the project cost ( subject to maximum amount of Rs 35/- lakhs) may be set aside for starting Production Center/ Sanitary Mart Approximate expenditure per Production Center/Sanitary Mart is estimated on an average at Rs 3 5 lakhs The funds shall be provided for this purpose by Central/State Government on 7 80 20 basis (d) Construction of Latrine - Subsidy for the construction ol' individual latrines will be limited to basic construction up to phnth level up to maximum cost of Rs 1000/- Under this scheme latrines having basic cost between Rs.625 and Rs 1000/- are only required to be constructed Out of'this the basic latrine structure costing upto Rs 625/- or less will be eligible for maximum subsidy Latrine structure costing between Rs 625/- and Rs 1000/- will be eligible for lesser subsidy Maximum amount to the extent of 60% of the project cost is allotted for the construction of the latrine Out of this 10% amount can be utilized for the construction of sanitary complexes for women The share of the beneficiaries should be borne by the concerned Zilla ParishadNillage Panchayat The share of Central Government/State Government/beneficiary will be in the proportion of'60 20.20. (e)School Sanitation Program (Hardware and support services) - School Sanitation shall form an important integral part of TSC. Accordingly, it is necessary to allow construction of toilets in Schools an anount up to 10% of the sanctioned project should be allocated for School Sanitatioin l'rogram 'T'hc :-hare of the beneficiari-ies should be borne by Zilla Parishads or the concerned School Authorities Office bearers of the School Management and Parents Teachers Association should liberalize 5% of the expenditure required for the toilets. Expenditure of the toilet complexes should not exceed Rs 20,000/- for each school After finalization of the above preliminary steps actual construction should be started. The expenditure for this program shall be borne by the Central Government/State Government/Village Panchayat/ Zilla Parishads/School/ on behalf of the beneficiaries in the ratio of 60 30 10 While preparing the Action Plan for School Sanitation Program under TSC the number of schools proposed to be covered under other programs like Jawahar Gram Sarojgar Yogena (JGSY), District Pnmary Education Program (DPEP), funds available under the Tenth Finance Commission should be taken into consideration first and the remaining, schools should only be taken up under this prograrn The number of schools undertaken under other programs should also be mentioned in the action plan prepared for School Sanitation under TSC The actual construction of toilets should be carried out as far as possible under the supervision of Parents Teachers Association Similarly, the permission for construction of new school buildings should be given only after ascertaining that provision for drinking water facilities and toilets have been incorporated in the plans and estimates. f)-Administrative charges for Training, Maintenance & Repairs - The expenditure up to 5% of the total cost of project can be incurred for this purpose. The expenditure shall be bome by Central and State Govemment in the ratio of 80 20 respectively for this item Implementing Agency for the Program The Program will be implemented by District Water and Sanitation Committee constituted at the district level, which will act as a governing body of the Mission The actual implementation of the TSC should be done by Executive Committee to be designated as District Water and Sanitation Committee (DWSC) The Chief Executive Officer of the Zilla Parishad shall be the Chairman of the District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) and the Dy Chief Executive Officer (Panchayat) shall act as a Member- Secretary of the Committee Other members of the District Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) shall be as under:- I District Water Supply Officer & Superintending Engineer- Maharashtra Jeeven Pradhikaran 2 Executive Engineer, Maharashtra Jeeven Pradhikaran 3 Executive Engineer, Water Supply Wing, Zilla Parishad 4 Senior Geologist, Ground Water Survey and Development Agency 5 Chief Accounts and Finance Officer of Zilla Parishad 6 Dy Chief Officer, Women & Child Welfare Zilla Parishad 7 District Health Officer 8 Agriculture Officer 9 Project Officer, District Rural Development Agency 10 Education Officer (Pnmary) Zilla Parishad 11 District Publicity Officer 12 Co-opted Members 13 Representative of NGOs-approved for the participation of the program The above committee shall be responsible for implementation of /Total Saniation Campaign (TSC) in the district Reputed NGOs should be associated for actual implementation of the program. A separate account in the name of Distnct Water & Sanitation Committee (DWSC) should be opened in the district level bank for depositing the funds received for the campaign The Member-Secretary of this committee should be the Drawing and Disbursing Officer Fuvictions of the Committee will be as under:- * To prepare project for TSC with the help of NGO and scrutinize before submitting the same for approval of the State Government * To encourage Parent Teacher Associations to implement School Sanitation Program * To undertake assessment of the demand and to undertake establishment of production Center at block level or district level based on demand generated * To monitor activities/production Center and streamline supply of goods from the centers to villages * --To disseminate IEC material and organize competition in songs, slogans, role play, paintings etc. for generating interest in cleanliness programs * To undertake Human Resources Development (HRD) activities under the Umbrella of Production Centers 9 o To co-ordinate vith other district and State level Deptt and State Government I o To undertake audit of the accounts besides the normal Government audit from the recognized Chartered Accountant as is done by District Rural Development Agency. o To send reports of the implementation status to the State Government o Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) program should be designated in accordance with the special needs of the district. This program should be operationalised through reputed Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) However, merely, critering awareness or generating of demand shall not the only function of the NGOs but it will also include construction and ensuring availability of the material Disbursement of Funds for Approved Projects 30% of the total approved project funds would be released immediately after the approval of the project by the National Scheme Sanctioning Committee of the Central Government The amount shall be released on the basis of the communication of the information regarding constitution of the district level committee and on receipt of the information regarding opening of the bank account and other arrangements made by the State Government further amount wll be released p.:iodically based on the recommendations of the experts appointed by the Central Government visiting the project Procedure for release of subsidy (a) Latrine Construction - Estimates of demand should be prepared after IEC campaign and after depositing share of beneficianes It should be ensured that Soak-pits dug for the toilets are of the 3x3 diameter and the same are 3 meters away from the drinking water sources Final list of beneficiaries should than be prepared. The signature of the beneficiary and counter signature of another villager should also be taken on this list. On the basis of this list, action plan for Total Sanitation Campaign should be made out if beneficiaries are unable to make available on the basis of 3x3 meter space, Community Sanitary Complexes may be considered for such beneficiaries and then subsidy should be disbursed to the extent as provided in the action plan. Production Center/Sanitary Mart Production Center /Sanitary Mart should be established after the acceptance of the proposal for Total Sanitary _Campaign for the district The list of all the beneficiaries from the area attached to production center/sanitary mart for the supply of material and services at the rate fixed by District Water Sanitation Committee should be sent after the production is actually started The time table for the supply of material and the actual construction of toilet by the trained mason on site for the villages selected under the TSC should be prepared by the concerned Production Center/Sanitary Mart The District Water Sanitation Committee shall directly reimburse the amount for supply and services provided to the beneficiaries by the Production Center/Sanitary Mart This amount will not include the share of the beneficiaries the same should be directly collected from the beneficiary by the trained mason on behalf of the Production Center/Sanitary Mart The amount should be disbursed to Production Center/Sanitary Mart only after actual completion of the work and its inspection District Water Sanitation Committee shall arrange to inspect the construction work with the help of Government officers and other office io bearers of Village Panchayats. Ihe conocemed NGOs/alicriate agency enli-tisted with the work should sent completion certificate of the construction duly filled in and signed to the District Water Sanitation Committee on the basis of the inspection report (it will also include the inspection report and completion certificate for soak-pits as well) Distnct Water Sanitation Committee shall distribute the subsidy meant for motivating beneficiary to NGO (o.ncerned 2. Allocation based Sanitary Program Allocation based sanitation program shall continue till all the districts outside the Total Sanitation Campaign are also included step by step in the Total Sanitation Campaign The program will this be phased out in stages Components included in allocation based sanitation program The components under this program (except expenditure towards preliminary survey) shall be similar to Total Sanitation Campaign. The selection of the villages for the implementation of the allocation based Sanitation Campaign should be done on the basis of the following norms - * Taluka/Villages where sufficient facility for drinking water under the Rural Water Supply Program, specially for SCs & STs as well as weaker sections of the society are available and there is a demand for latrine * The villages in where reputed NGO is willing to participate in the program * Villages prone to epidemic and where there is a need to help the villagers due to insufficient and contaminated supply of water or where toilet facility for the women are not available or there is a demand for toilets on a larger scale * Villages which have exhibited' a felt need for sanitation and where other programs are also under implementation and there is a surety 100% implementation of the program. Time table for inspection District level officers monitoring the' Program through field visits for effective implementation which is an essential ingredient of the program The main purpose of the inspection is to ascertain whether construction being done is in accordance with the standard specified by the Government, whether beneficiary is participating in the construction or whether drinking water gets contaminated due to toilet, whether the selection of beneficiary is proper, and whether the toilets are used for the purpose for which they are constructed Total Sanitation Campaign for one village in each district. During the period of implementation of Allocation Based Rural Sanitation Program in the district, one village per year in each district can be undertaken for the development as an ideal village, through the activities like conversion of dry-latrine, soak-pit, drainage construction, school sanitation program, health centers, smokeless chullhas, sanitation campaign, hand pumps, and ancillary facilities in addition to drinking water scheme like arrangements for washing of cloths and bathing, will be included. Similarly of village in which more than 50% people below poverty line have participated in sanitation program can also be taken up for implementation of Total Sanitation Program under allocation based Rural Sanitation prograrn. Central Govemment will provide 50% financial assistance for the same However, Annexure 111.1 The Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samitis Act, 1961 (Portion relevant to Environment) Section 79 Constitution of Standing Committee (1) Subject to the provision of section 81, the Standing Committee shall consist of (a) The President, (b) The Chairman of Subject Committee, (c) Subject to any rules made by the State Government in that behalf, [eight Councilors] elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst its Councilors; so however that not more than two seats shall be reserved for Councilors belonging to Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes or Other Backward classes of the citizens (2) The President shall be ex-officio Chairman of the Standing Committee (4) The Deputy Chief Executive Officer and where more than one Deputy Chief Executive Officer have been appointed, such one of them as may be nominated in this behalf by the Chief Executive Officer, shall be the Secretary, ex-officio, of the Standing Committee 79 A. Constitution of Water Conservation and Drinking Water supply committee (1) Subject to the provisions of section 81, the Water Conservation and Dnnking Water Supply Committee shall consist of- (a) The President ex-officio Chairman, (c) Five Councilors to be elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst the Councilors, (d) Not more than two persons, co-opted by the Zilla Parishad, having special knowledge or experience in the subject of Water Conservation and drinking water supply, who shall be the associate members but shall have no right to votes (e) the Chief Executive Officer, ex-officio Member-Secretary, who shall have no right to vote (2) The Water Conservation and Dnnking Water Supply Committee, shall have and exercise, in relation to the subject of water conservation and drinking water supply, mutatis mutandis the powers, which the Subject Committee has and exercise in relation to the subject allotted to it, by or under the provistons of this Act 79. Constitution of Subjects Committee (I) Subject to the provisions of f sections 81 and 83] - [(A)] the [Agriculture Committee] shall consist of- (i) Ten Councilors elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst its Councilors [(B)] the Social Welfare Committee shall consist of - (i) nine councilors elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst its Councilors, so however that subject to availability of these - (a) five shall be reserved for Councilors belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes; and of these five at least two shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes, (b) four shall be reserved for Councilors belonging to the Backward Class of Citizens. (ni) two women councilors elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst its women Councilors. (mii) Social Welfare Officer of the Zilla Parishad shall be the secretary, ex-officio, of the Committee. Explanation - For the purposes of this paragraph, a person who belongs to any of the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes as defined in clauses (29) and (30) of section 2, shall be eligible to be elected on the Social Welfare Committee in any District, whether such person is or is not a resident in the locality in the State in relation to which the caste of tribe to which he belongs in deemed to be a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribes, as the case may be, [(C)] The Education Committee shall consist of - (i) eight Councilors elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst its Councilors [(D)] the Works Committee shall consist of- (i) eight Coi'ncilors elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst its Councilors [(E)] the other Subject Committee shall each consist of- eight Councilors elected by the Zilla Parishad from amongst its Councilors Provide that, on the Women and Child Welfare Committee not less than Seventy Percent, of the Councilors shall be from amongst its women Councilors Explanation - For the purpose of computing the number of members at seventy percent, fraction shall be rounded off to one (3) The Head of a Department of a Zilla Parishad specified by the Zilla Parishad in this behalf shall be the Secretary, ex-officio of such Subjects Committee as the Zilla Parishad may direct in that behalf so. Election to Committee (I) No Councilors shall be elected on more than any one Committee including the Standing Committee, 14 Provided that, where the total number of Councilors of any Zilla Parishad, including the Chairman of all the Panchayat Samitis in the District is less than the number required to fill the number of members of all the Committees, a Councilor may be elected on two Committees, but only to the extent, necessary (3) Every election to a Committee (including the Standing Committee) shall be hield in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (4) In the event of a dispute ansing so to the validity of the election of any Councilor under section 79 or section 80 (including any question arising out of the acceptance or rejection of a nomination paper on any ground, or whether or not a Councilor is a member of a Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe or any backward class of citizens) any Councilor may refer the dispute to the Commissioner, whose decision thereon shall be final Provided that - (a) the dispute is referred to the Commissioner within a period of ten days from the date of the election of the Councilor, (b) no decision shall be given against any Councilor without giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard 81. Term of Office of members of Standing Committee and Subjects Committee (1) The tern of office of members of'a Standing Committee and a Subjects Committee of a Zilla Parishad shall be co-terminus with the term of office of Councilors of that Zil7a Panshad (2) If any members is, for a period of three consecutive months (excluding in the case of the Chairman any period of leave duly sanctioned) without the permission of the Committee, absent from meetings thereof [or if any member is absent from such meetings for a period of six consecutive months], his office shall become vacant Provided further that, nothing in this sub-section shall apply in relation to a member of the Standing Committee falling under clause (b) of sub-section (1) if section 79, as long as such member continues to be a Chairman of any Subject committee (3) If any question whether a vacancy has occurred under th-s section is raised by the Commissioner suo motu or on an application made to him by any person in that behalf, the Commissioner shall decide the question [as far as possible within ninety days from the date of receipt of such application], and his decision thereon shall be final Until the Commissioner decides the question the member shall not be disabled from continuing to be a member of the Standing Committee or a Subject Committee Provided that, no decision shall be given against any member, without giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard 190. Power to enter and inspect, etc., building. The Chief Executi e Officer or any person authorised-by-hrm -in this behalf, may at any time between sunrise and sunset, on giving reasonable notice, enter into and inspect any buildings and lands, and by vritten notice direct that all or any part thereof shall be cleansed, cleared, or otherwise put in a proper state for sanitary reasons 191. Filthy building, etc. Whoever, being the owner or occupier of any building or land, whether tenantable or other-xise. suffer the same to be in a filthy or unwholesome state, or, in the opinion of the Chief Executive Officer, a nuisance to persons residing in the neighbourhood, or over grown with pnckly pear, or rank and noisome vegetation, and who does not, i3 within a reasonable time after notice in writing from any person authorised by the Chief Executive Officer in this behalf to cleans, clear or otherwise put the same in a proper state, comply with the requisition contained in such notice, shall, on conviction before a Magistrate, be liable to a fine not exceeding rupees twenty-five, and if the offence be a continuing one, to a further fine not exceeding rupees five for every day during which the said offence is continued after conviction 192. I-owers and duties with regard to sources of water-supply. The Chief Executive Officer, or any person authorized by him in this behalf, may at any time by written notice require that the owner of, or any person who has control over, any well, stream, channel, tank, or other source of water-supply shall, whether it is pnvate property or not - (a) if the water is used for drinking, - (z) keep and maintain any such source of water-supply, other tha stream, in good repair, or (hi) within a reasonable time to be specified in the notice, cleanse any such sourcc of water supply from silt, refuse and decaying vegetation, or (ill) in such manner as the Chief Executive Officer directs, protect any such sourc of water supply from pollution by surface draining, or (iv) desist from using and permitting others to use for drinking purposes any such source of water supply which not being a stream in its natural flow, is in the opinion of the Chief Executive Officer unfit -for drinking, or (v) if notwithstanding any such notice under sub-clause (iv), such use continues and cannot in the opinion of the Chief Executive Officer be otherwise prevented close, either temporarily or permanently, or fill up or enclose or fence in such manner as the Chief Executive fficer considers sufficient to prevent such use, such source of water supply or (vi) drain off or otherwise remove from any such source of water supply, or from any land or premises or receptacle or reservoir attached or adjacent thereto an stagnant water which the Chief Executive Officer considers to be injurious to health or offensive to the neighbourhood, (b) within twenty-four hours of such notice, repair, protect or enclose in such manner as the Chief Executive Officer may direct or approve, any such source of water supply, whether used for dnnking purposes or not, other than a stream in its natural flow, if for want of sufficient repair, protection or enclosure, such source of water supply is in the opinion of the Chief Executive Officer dangerous to the health or safety of the public or of any person having occasion to use or to pass or approach the same 193. Remedy on non-compliance with directions issued. If the owner or the person having control as aforesaid, fails or neglects comply with any such requisition within the time required by or under the provision, of section 192 the Chief Executive Officer may. and, if in the opinion of the Chief Executive Officer immediate action is necessary to protect the health or safety of any person, shall at onc-, proceed to execute the work required-by such notice, and all the expenses incurred thereon shall be paid by the owner of, oi person having control over, such water supply, and shall be recoverable in the same manner as an arnount claimed on account of any tax recoverable under Chapter Xl Provided that, in the case of any well or private stream or any private channel, tank or other source of water supply, the water of which is used by the public or by an\ section of the public as of right, the expenses incurred by such owner or person having control may, if the Zilla Parishad so directs, be paid from the portion of the district fund at the disposal of such Zilla Parishad 16 194. Power to set apart public springs, etc., for certain purposes (1) The Chief Executive Officer may by public notice, which shall be put up at the spring, tank, well or other place concerned and otherwise as required by this Act, set apart public springs, tanks, wells and other places and parts of public water courses for drinking purposes or for bathing or for washing clothes, or animals or any other purpose calculated to promote the health, cleanliness, comfort, convenience of the inhabitants, and with the consent of the owners, may also set a side any private springs, tanks, wells or other places for any of the aforesaid purposes (2) The Chief Executive Officer may, during epidemics, on receipt of a certificate from any medical officer in the employ of the Zilla Parishad or of the Government stating that such action is desirable, summarily by notice prohibit the use of water from any source to which the public have access Such notice shall be served by putting up a copy thereof near the source of water supply or by beat of drum stating the number of days during which such prohibition shall last The Chief Executive Officer may extend or modify the notice from time to time without the production of a further certificate 195. Penalty for using places set apart for other purposes. Whoever - (a) bathes in or defiles the water in any place set apart for drinking purpose by the Chief Executive Officer or in the case of private property, by the owner thereof, or deposits any offensive or deletenous matter in the dry bed of any place set apart as aforesaid for dnnking purposes, or washes clothing in any place set apart as aforesaid for drinking or bathing or (b) washes any animal or any cooking utensils or wools, skins, or other foul or offensive (c) substance, or deposits any offensive or deletenous matter in any place set apart as aforesaid for drinking purposes or bathing or washing clothes, or allows the water from a sink, sewer, drain, engine or boiler, or any other offensive matter belonging to him or flowing from any building or land belonging to or occupied by him, to pass into any place set apart as aforesaid for drinking purposes or for bathing or for washing clothes Shall, on conviction before a Magistrate, be l:able to a fine not exceeding rupees fifty, and if the offence be a continuing one, to a further fine not exceeding rupees ten for every day during which the said offence is continued after conviction 196. Abatement of nuisance from foul water. When any pool, ditch, tank, pond, well, hole or any wasted or stagnant water, or any channel or receptacle of foul water or other offensive or injunous matter, whether it be within a private enclosure or otherwise, shall appear to the Chief Executive Officer to be likely to prove injurious to the health of the inhabitants or offensive to the neighbourhood, the Chief Executive Officer may by written notice require the owner of the same to cleanse, fill up, drain off or remove the same, or to take such measures as shall, in his opinion, be necessary to abate or remove the nuisance 197. Closing of places for disposal of dead. (I) If the Zilla Parishad is of opinion that any place in the District which is used for the disposal of the dead is in such a state as to be, or to be likely to become injurious to health, it may communicate its opinion, with the reasons therefore, to the Commissioner The Commissioner may, thereupon, after such further inquiry, if any, as he may deem fit by notification direct that such place shall cease to be so used from such date as may be specified in that behalf in the notification (2) A copy of the said notification with a translation thereof in Marathi shall be published in the local newspapers, if any, and shall be posted up at the Zilla Parishad 17 office and in one or more conspicuous spots on or near the place to which it relates (3) Any person who buries or otherwise disposes of any corpse in any such place after the date specified in the said notification for closure thereof or buries any corpse in any unoccupied Government land not set aside for the burial of the dead under the provisions of any law for the time being in force or by established usage, shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding rupees one hundred 198 Chief Executive Officer, etc to have power of entry for inspection into building, etc where infectious disease exists, disinfection of buildings, etc (1) The Chief Executive Officer or any person authorised by the Chief Executive Officer in this behalf, n^y enter at any time after reasonable notice, into any building or premises in which any danoerous and infectious disease is reported or suspected to exist for the purpose of inspecting such building or premises (2) No such inspection shall be made except between sunrise and sunset (3) If the Chief Executive Officer or any person so authorised is of opmnon that the cleansing or disinfecting of a building or premises or of a part thereof, or of any articles therein likely to retain infection, would tend to prevent or check the spread of any dangerous and infectious disease, he may by notice require the owner or occupier to cleanse or disinfect the same within a time to be specified in such notice, Provide that, if the Chief Executive Officer or the person so authorised considers that immediate action is necessary or that the owner or occupier is, by reason of poverty or otherwise, unable effectively to comply with his requisition, the Chief Executive Officer or the person so authorised may himself cause such building or premises or articles to be cleansed or disinfected, and for this purpose may cause such articles to be removed from such building or premises , and the expenses incurred by him under this sub-section shall be recoverable from the said owner or occupier unless he was, by reason of poverty, unable effectually to comply with its requisition. 199 Zilla Parishad to notify places for washing and disinfection articles, exposed to infection, infected articles may be destroyed; penalty. (1) The Zilla Parishad shall, from time to time, notify places at which artbies of clothing or bedding or other articles which may have been exposed to infection from any dangerous and infectious disease may be washed or disinfected (2)The Zilla Panshad may direct the destruction of clothing, bedding or other articles likely to retain such infection, and shall, on demand, give compensation for the articles destroyed (3)Whoever washes such clothing or bedding or other articles at any place other than those set apart for such purposes under sub-section (1), shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding rupees fifty 18 ANNEXURE 111.2 MAHARASlITRA DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SOURCE REQUISITION ACT -1983 MAIIARASllTRA ACT No. XX OF 1983. (First published, aflter having received the assent of the President, in the "Maharashtra Government Gazette" on the 15th April 1983) An Act to provide the requisitioning of water supply during scarcity for drinking purpose f:rom any wells, tanks and storage's of water WHEREAS, both the Houses of the State Legislature were not in session, AND WHEREAS the Governor of Maharashtra was satisfied that circumstances existed which rendered it necessary for him to take immediate action to have a special law to provide for requisitioning of water supply during scarcity for drinking purpose from any wells, tanks or other storages of water and to provide for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto, and , therefore, promulgated.the Maharashtra Drinking Water Supply Requisition Ordinance, 1983 on the 26th February 1983 AND WHEREAS it is expedient to replace the said Ordinance by an Act of the State Legislature; It is hereby enacted in the Thirty-fourth year of the Republic of India as follow - I (1) This Act may be called the Maharashtra Dnnking Water Supply Requisition Act, 1983. (2) It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 26th February 1983 2 In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires - (a) " owner of a well " includes the person in actual possession of the well, (b) " well " includes a bore-well or a tank or any other storage of water 3 (1) If the Collector or an officer authorised by the Collector (hereinafter referred to as " the requisitioning authority "), after making such inquiry as he deems fit, is satisfied that due to scarcity of drinking water in any local area, it is necessary or expedient that the water in any well on any land under the irrigation command of a canal, or ;on any other land which is used for irrigation or any other purpose whatsoever, shall be temporarily utilised, wholly or partially, by the public for drinking purpose, the requisitioning authority shall, from time to time, by order in writing require the owner of the well to supply or cause to be supplied to the requisitioning authority or its agents or such other persons or classes of persons, or to allow them to draw or lift, such quantities of water, from such date, during such hours and such period and in such manner, as may be specified in the order. (2) Any order made under this section may, from time to time, be amended by the requisitioning authonty, and may be cancelled by it at any time (3) (a) Any order made under this section shall, if the owner of the well is an individual person, be served or caused to be served on that person- (i) personally, by delivering or tendering to him the order,or (ii) where the person cannot be found, by leaving an authentic copy of the order with some adult member of his family, or 19 (iii) by post In the case of an order affecting a corporation or a firm, it shall be served in the manner for the service of a summons in rule 2 of order XXJX or rule 3 of order XXX, as the case may be, in the First Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (b) The order shall also be given wide publicity in the local area by the requisitioning authority in such manner, which the authority considers best calculated to bring it to the notice of the persons who would be able to get water made available to them under the order, free of charge (4) Any person who refuses to comply with or contravenes any order made under this section as in force for the time being, shall, on conviction , be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend tc one thousand rupees, or with both 4 For the purpose of makino any order under section 3, the requisitioning authority shall take into consideration the total water supply available or likely to be available in the well during a certain period, the minimum requirement of the owner during the penod for his personal use for drinking , and the quantity of water which can reasonably be released for distribution to the persons residing in the local area, where there is scarcity of drinking water 5 (1) The requisitioning authority may. with a view to determining whether an order may be made or continued under section 3, direct the owner of any well to furmish to the requisitioning authority such information in his possession relating to the land on which the well exists and regarding the availability of water supply there from and the purpose for and extent to which it is being used by him dunng the last few years, as may be specified in the direction The information shall be furnished within such time as may be specified in the order (2) The requisitioning authonty, after giving reasonable notice to the owner of any well, may enter upon any such land , with such assistants and workmen as may be necessary, and carry on inspection and survey with a view to determining whether an order under section 3 may be made or continued For this purpose, the requisitioning authority may ask any person who is present all necessaiy questions, may make use of any apparatus or machinery belonging to the owner and may do all other acts necessary to collect the required information. (3) Whoever refuses to comply with or contravenes any direction issued under this section or obstructs the lawful exercise of any powers conferred by this section on the requisitioning authority or its assistants or workmen shall, on conviction, be punished with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees 6. (1) Whenever an order is made under section3 for supply of water from any well, the requisitioning authonty and any persons authonsed by it in this behalf shall have a right to enter upon the land at all reasonable hours for the purpose of supervising and regulating the obtaining and distnbuting the sanctioned water supply regularly or for any other work connected with such supply, and the persons or classes of persons specified by the requisitioning authonty shall, subject to such conditions as may be imposed by the requisitioning authonty, be deemed to be authorised to have right of way through adjoining lands, and to enter upon the land where the well exists, dunng the specified house, to make use of any apparatus or machinery belonging to the owner or the requisitioning authority for drawing or lifting water, and to receive the -2 quantity of water sanctioned for them by the requisitioning authority, from time to time (2) Any person who receives or is authorised to receive any quantity of water under this Act and refuses to comply with a contravenes any provisions of this Act. or the rules made thereunder, or of any conditions imposed thereunder, shall, on conviction be punished with fine which may extend to one hundred rupees 7 (1) When an order is made section 3 supply of water from any well, it shall be lawful for the requisitioning authority and any persons authorised by it in this behalf to fix any apparatus or machinery, on or near the well, for drawing or lifting or measuring water and . after giving reasonable notice to the owners or occupiers of the lands concerned of its intention so to do, to enter upon the lands and execute all the necessary works for laying water-pipes through, across or under such lands fol carrying water from the well to the distribution centre or centres selected by the requisitioning authority and for repairing or replacing such apparatus, machinery or water-pipes, from time to time (2) In executing any work under this section as little damage as can be shall be done, and- (a) the work shall be executed with the least practicable delay, (b) the ground or portion of any construction which may have been opened broken up or removed for the purpose of executing the work shall be filled in, reinstated and made good by the requisitioning authonty, with the least practicable delay, (c) any owner or occupier of any land, who claims and proves to the satisfaction of the requisitioning authority that he has sustained any substantial damage by the execution of the work, shall be paid such amount as the requisitioning authority may by order determine (3) Any person who is aggrieved by the order made by the requisitioning authority under clause (c) of sub-section (2) may, within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of the order by him, appeal to the Collector and to the commissioner if the order is made by the Collector, and the provisions of section 9 shall, mutatis mut-idis, apply to such appeal (4) Whoever obstructs the lawful exercise of any powers conferred under this section on the requisitioning authority by it, shall, on conviction, be punished with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees. 8 When an order is made under section 3 for obtaining supply of water from any well, the owner, who complies with the order,- (a) shall be paid such amount as may be fixed by agreement between the owner and the requisitioning authority, which shall not exceed five rupees per day, if there is no provision of any apparatus or machinery made by him for drawing or lifting water from the well and shall not exceed ten rupees per day, if the owner himself provides any apparatus or machinery for drawing or lifting water from the well, or (b) shall be paid an amount at the rate of twenty-five palse for every 150 litres supplied, or per person who obtains water supply not exceeding 150 litres at a time, from the well, if there is no provision of any apparatus or machinery made by him for drawing or lifting water from the well, and at the rate of fifty paise for every 150 litres supplied or per person for such supply not exceeding 150 litres at a time, if the owner himself provides any apparatus or machinery for drawing or lifting water from the well 9 (1) When an order is made under section 3 requiring any owner of a well to supply such quantities of water from his well, during such hours and during such periods, as may be specified in the order, the owner, who is aggrieved by any of these matters in the order may, within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of the order by him, appeal to the Collector if the order is made by any requisitioning authority other 21 then the Collector and to the Commissioner authority shall, after giving a reasonable opportunity to the appellant of being heard, pass such order as it may *hink fit Every order made by the appellate authonty shall be final and shall not be called in question in any Court 2) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (1), every order made and every direction issued under this Act shall be final and shall not be called in question in any Court 10 (1) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any person for anything, which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act or in pursuance of any order made or direction issued under this Act (2) No suit or other legal proceeding shall lie against the State Government or any officer of the State Government or any requisitioning authority for any damage caused or likely to be caused by anything , which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act or in pursuance of any order made or direction issued under this Act 11 (1) Subject to the condition of previous publication, the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules to carry out the purposes of this Act (2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power such rules may- (a) provide for registration of names and addresses of persons, or for issuing passes or tickets to persons who desire to obtain water supply, (b) determining the quantity of water which may be obtained by each person or by each family for themselves and if possible for their cattle, (c) specifying the hours during which water supply may be obtained, (d) prescribing the conditions to be observed by persons obtaining water supply and by the owners of wells from which such supply is obtained, (e) prescribing the records to be maintained by the requisitio iing authority and the owners of wells, (f) the manner of deciding and making payments to the owners of wells for water supply obtained from their wells, (g) any other matters connected with obtaining and distributing water supply for the purposes of this Act (3) Every rule made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be affr it is made, before each House of the State Legislature while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days, which may be comprised in one session or in two successive sessions, and, if, before the expiry of the session in which it is laid or the session immediately following, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule, or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, and notify such decision in the Official Gazette, the rule shall, from the date of publication of such notification, have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be, so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done or omitted to be done under that rule 12. This Act shall not apply to any wells belonging to or in possession of the Government or a local authority or a public trust exclusively for a religious purpose 13 (1) The Maharashtra Drinking Water Supply Requisition Ordinance, 1983 is hereby repealed (2) NotwAthstanding such repeal, anything done or any action taken (including any notification or order issued) under the said Ordinance shall be deemed to have been done, taken or issued, as the case may be, under the corresponding provisions of this Act 14 If any difficulty arises in giving effects to the provisions of this Act, the State Government may, as occasion arises, by order, do anything, which appears it to be necessary or expedient to remove the difficulty. Provided that, no such order shall be made after the expiry of the period of two years from the date of commencement of this Act. 22 ANNEXURE IV Maharashtra Gronndwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, MAHATASHTRA ACT No. XXVIII OF 1993. (First published, after having received the assent of the Governor, in the "Maharashtra Government Gazette" on the 16"' August 1993) An Act to regulate the exploitation of groundwater for the protection of public drinking water sources and matters connected therewith and incidental thereto WHEREAS it is expedient to regulate the exploitation of groundwater for the protection of public drinking water sources and to provide for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto, It is hereby enacted in the Forty-second Year of the Republic of India as follows - CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY I (1) . This Act may be called the Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993 (2) It extends to the whole of the State of Maharashtra (3) It shall come into force on such date and in such local area of the State as the State Govemment may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different local areas 2 In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, - (1) "any other law for the time being in force" means a law enacted under any of the entnes enumerated in List 1l-State List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India and in force for the time being, (2) "Appropnate Authonty" means a Collector of a district and includes any officer, not below the rank of Deputy Collector, as the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appointed for the purposes of this Act; and different officers may be appointed for different local areas of the State, (3) "drinking water purposes" in relation to the use of water, means consumption or use of water by human population for drinking and for other domestic purposes, and includes consumption of water for similar such relevant purposes for cattle; Explanation - For the purposes of this clause, the expression "domestic purposes" shall include consumption or use of water for cooking, bathing, washing, cleansing and other day-to-day activities, (4) "groundwater" means water existing in an aquifer below the surface of the ground at any particular location regardless of the geological structure in which it is stationary or moving and includes all groundwater reservoirs, (5) "over-exploited watershed" means a watershed where the estimated annual groundwater extraction is more than 85 per cent of the estimated average annual groundwater recharge, calculated in the prescribed manner, and declared as such under section 6. (6) "prescribed" means prescribed by rule, 2- (7) "public drinking water source" means a well from which the State Government or a local authoritv or such other authority as the State Government may. by notification in the Official Gazette specify, provides water to the public, and includes such weir or any other drinking water source as may be notified bx the Collector, (8) "public water-supply system" means the structure relating to a public drilking water source. including conveying pipeline, storage reservoir, standposts, cisterns, hand pump, power pump and all other materials connected thereto, through which water is supplied for drinking water purpose, (9) "rules" means the rules made under this Act, (10) "sink" with all its grammatical variation and cognate expressions, in relation to a well, includes any drilling, boring or digging of a new well or deepening carried out to an existing well, . (I1) "Technical Officer" means a geologist in the office of the Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency not below the rank of an Assistant Geologist, (12) "water scarcity area" means an area declared as such by the Collector of the district under section 4, (13) "watershed" means an area confined within the topographic water divide line, as identified and notified by the Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency from time to time, having regard to the purposes of this Act, (14) "well" means a well sunk for the search for, or extraction of, groundwater and includes a dug well, bore-well, dug-cum-bore-well, tub-well and filter point CHAPTER TI PROTECTION MEASURES FOR PUBLIC DRINKING WATER SOURCES 3 (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966, or any other law for the time being in force, and having regard to the interests of the general public to have the supply of requisite quantity of water for drinking water purposes from the public drinking water sources, no person shall sink any well for any purpose in the vicinity of a public drinking water source within a distance of five hundred metres of such source, if both are in the area of the same watershed, Provide that the provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to the sinking of a well on behalf of the State Govemment or a local authority for being used as a public drinking water source (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), if any person desires to sink a well for irrgation of drinking water purposes within a distance of five hundred metres of a public dnnking water source, he shall do so only with the penmission of the Appropnate Authority (3) An application for the penmission under sub-section (2) shall be made to the Appropriate Authority in such form and accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed (4) The Appropriate Authority, after receipt of an application under sub-section (3) may, on the advice of the Technical Officer, for reasons to be recorded in writing, grant permission for the sinking of a well for irngation or drinking water purpose if it is satisfied that such sinking shall not adversely affect the public drinking water source 24 or refuse the permission applied for if granting of such permission shall so adversely affect such source P)rovided that if the Appropriate Authority fails to inform the applicant of his decision with one hundred twenty days from the date of receipt of the application, the permission applied for shall be deemed to have been granted, but such deemed permission shall always be subject to any conditions prescribed in the rules (5)Every permission granted under this section shall be subject to - (a) the condition that the Appropriate Authority may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by order, prohibit, restrict or regulate from time to time the extraction of water from such well if in his opinion it is necessary to do so in the public interest, (b) such other conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed 4 It, at any time during the course of monsoon or thereafter, the Collector of the districts, on the advice of the Technical Officer, having' regard to the quantum and pattemn of rainfall and any other relevant factor, is of the view that the public drinking water sources in any area of the district are likely to be adversely affected, he may, by order, declare such area to be a water scarcity area for such penod as may be specified in the order, but not exceeding one year at a time 5 (1) Upon declaration of any area as water scarcity area under section 4, the Appropriate Authority may, for the duration of the water scarcity period, by order, regulate the extraction of the water from any well in such area by restricting or prohibiting such extraction for any purpose other than for drinking water purpose where such well is within a distance of one kilometer of the public drinking water source Provide that, for the purpose of such regulation under this section, - (a) the area within one kilometer from the public drinking water source shall be divided into zones as may be advised by the Technical Officer and the prionties referred to in clauses (b) and (c) shall as far as the situation and location may demand relate from the nearest to the farthest zone, (b) the well, not being the well the water fronm which is used for the standing irrigated crops, which is nearer the public drinking water source shall be considered as the first priority, (c) the well water from which is being used for the standing irrigated crop shall, as far as may be practicable, taken last in the priority (2) The order imposing such restrictions or prohibition under sub-section (1) shall be served or caused to be served personally by delivering or tendering the same to the owner of the well atleast fifteen days before the commencement of the order of restriction or prohibition, as the case may be Where the owner can not be found, an authentic copy of the notice may be served on any adult member of the family In the case of an order affecting a corporation or a firm, it shall be served in the manner for the service of a summons in rule 2 of Order XXIX or rule 3 of Order XXX, as the case may be, in the First Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 6 The Appropnate Authonty may, on the advice of the Technical Officer, declare a watershed as over-exploited watershed 7 (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966, or any other law for the time being in force, and having regard to the prime need of water for dnnking water purposes of the human beings and in the interests of the general public to have the supply of requisite quantity of water for drinking water purposes from the public drinking water source in the over-exploited watershed, no person shall, without the permission of the Appropriate Authority, sink 25 well within the area of an over-exploited watershed Provided that, the provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to the sinking of a well on behalf of the State Government or a local authority for being used as a public drinking water source (2) An application for permission under sub-section (I) shall be made to the Appropriate Authority in such form and accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed (3) Every permission granted under this section shall be subject to - (a) the conditions that the Appropriate Authority may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by order prohibit, restrict or regulate the extraction of water from such well for such period as may be specified in such order, if, in his opinion, it is necessary to do so in the public interest, (b) such other conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed 8 If, on the advice of the Technical Officer, any existing well in the area of an over-exploited watershed is found to be adversely affecting any public drinking water source, the Appropriate Authonty may, notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force and having regard to the quantum and pattern of rainfall and any other relevant factor, after giving its owner a reasonable opportunity of being heard, by an order, prohibit the extraction of water from such well during the 6 months period from the 1 February to 31 " July every year. 9 notvwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force including this Act, the Appropriate Authonty on the advice of the Technical Officer that any existing well in the area of an over-exploited watershed is found to be adversely affecting any public drinking water source and if such source cannot be adequately protected by action under section 8, may, after giving its owner a reasonable opportunity of being heard, by an order, require him to stop the extraction of water from, and close or seal off, such well forthwith either temporarily or permanently, having regard to the extent to which it so adversely affects 10 Whenever it is necessary to make an inquiry or examination in connection with the protection of a public drinking water source or with the maintenance of a public water-supply system the Appropriate Authority or any officer duly authorised by it in this behalf may, after giving prior notice to the owner or occupier of any land - (a) enter upon such land as he may think necessary for the said purpose, (b) undertake surveys or take levels thereon; (c) conduct pumping tests and geophysical surveys, (d) install and maintain water level recorder and water gauges on the well, and (e) do all such other things as may be necessary for the prosecution of such inquiry and examination 11. (1) Whenever it appears to the Appropnate Authority that any well has been sunk or is being sunk in contravention of the provisions of section 3 or 7 or water has been extracted or is being extracted in contravention of section 5, 8 or 9, the Appropriate Authority or an officer duly authorised by it in this behalf may enter upon that land, remove obstruction, it any, close the pumping of the water, disconnect power supply, seize anN material or equipment used in connection with such extraction of water and take any such action, as may be required, to stop such contravention, and may, by order, require the owner or the person in possession of the well to close or seal off the well at his expenses and in such manner as the Appropriate Authonty may specify in such order and such owner or person shall comply with such order. (2) Where such o\\ner or person fails to comply with any order made under sub- 26 section (1), the Appropriate Authority may, after giving such owner or person due notice in that behalf. enter upon the land and close or seal off the well and the cost incurred therefor shall be recoverable from such owner or person as an arrears of and revenue 12 Where an order of permanently closing down or sealing off the well is made under section 9, the Appropriate Authority may, on making such enquiry and requiring the owner to produce such evidence as it may deem necessary, make an order for payment of compensation \\hich shall not be less than the market value of the well and structures thereon and the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1 894 with regard to the determination of compensation of the well shall apply to the well acquired under that Act Provided that, where an order under section 9 relates to temporarily closing down or sealing off a well, water from which is used for the imgated crops standing at the time of making such an order, the compensation for such crops shall also be payable under this section 13 Subject to the provisions of section 12, no person shall be entitled to claim any damages or compensation from the State Government for any loss sustained by him as a result of any order passed clause (a) of sub-section (5) of section 3, or under sections 8 or 11 by virtue of any action taken under this Act CHAPTER I11 MISCELLANEOU-S 14 (1) Any person aggneved by any order, made by the Appropriate Authority under anx of the provisions of this Act may, within a period of thirty days from the date of receipt of the order by him, appeal to the Collector, if the order is made by any officer other that the Collector, and to the Commissioner, if the order is made by the Collector On receipt of such appeal, the Appellate Authority shall, after giving a reasonable opportunity to the appellant of being heard and permitted to lead evidence pass such order as it may think fit Every order made by the Appellate Authority in such appeal shall be final and shall not be called in question in any Court Explanation - For the purposes of this sub-section, the expres'sioin "person aggrieved" includes a local authorinty. the Maharashtra Water Supply and Sewerage Board, the Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency and any other agency or authority entrusted with the responsibility of supplying drinking water to the public (2) Before giving any decision in such appeal, the Appellate Authonty shall obtain the opinion of the Senior Geologist and shall take the same also in consideration (3) The Senior Geologist shall forward his opinion to the Appellate Authority within two months from the date of receipt by him of a reference in that behalf (4) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (1), every order made and every direction issued under this Act shall be final and shall not be called in question in any Court. 15 (1) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against any public servant or person appointed or authorised under this Act is respect of anything which is in good faith done or intended to be done under this Act or in pursuance of any order made or direction issued under this Act (2) No suit or other legal proceeding shall lie against the State Govemment or any officer of the State Government for any damages caused of likely to be caused by anything, which is in good faith done or intended to done under this Act or in D7 pursuance of any order made or direction issued under this Act 16 (1) Whoever contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or obstructs any person in the discharge of his duties under this Act or contravenes any order or violates any rule made under this Act shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment which shall not be less than one month but may extend to six months or with fine which shall not less than one thousand rupees but may extend to five thousand rupees or with both (2) Whoever, without proper authority, damages, alters or obstructs any part of a public water-supolv system shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment which shall not be less than two month but may extend to one year or with fine which shall not less than two thousand nipees but may extend to five thousand rupees or wili both. (3) In the case of a continuing offence, the offender shall be punished with an additional fine which may extend to rupees hundred for every day dunng which such offence continues after the conviction 17 (1) Subject to the rule, if any, made in this behalf, every notice or order issued under this Act may be served either by tendenng or delivering a copy thereof, or by post to the person on whom it is to be served, or his authorised agent or, if service in the manner aforesaid cannot be made, by affixing a copy thereof at his last known place of residence or at such place of public resort in the village in which the land or well to which the notice or order relates is situated (2) No such notice shall be deemed void on account of any error in the name or designation of any person or in the description of any land or well, referred to therein, unless such error has produced substantial injustice 18 The provisions of this Act and the order issued or made thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law for the time being in force 19 (1) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette and subject to the condition of previous publication, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act. Such rules may provide for charging fees for any of the purposes of this Act (2) Every rule made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each House of the State Legislature while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days, which may be comprised in one session or in two successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session in which it is so laid or the session immediately following, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule, or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, and notify such decision in the Official Gazette, the rule shall, from the date of publication of such notification, have effect only in such modified form or be no effect, as the case may be, so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done or omitted to be done under this rule. 20 If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the State Government may, as occasion anses, by order, do anything, which appears to it to be necessary or expedient to remove the difficulty. Provided that, no such order shall be made after the expiry of the period of two years from the date of commencement of this Act 28 Annexure V PUBLIC CONSULTATION WORKSHOP VILLAGE: KHOPADI, TALUKA: MOUDA, DISTRIC' : NAGPUR - 1. Background: As per World Banks OP 4 01 requirements a special Public Consultation Workshop was organized at village Khopdi, Taluka Mauda, District Nagpur on 3"' Feb 2003 as part of activities under Environment Analysis studies for proposed World Bank Assisted 11nd RWSS Project for Maharashtra The objective of the Public Consultation Workshop was to explain project components through posters to the beneficiary community and call for their views on water supply, sanitation and health related issues and obtain their suggestions to enhance and sustain positive environmental impacts Their recommendations to mitigate the negative environmental impacts, if any, and pnoritize the accepted mitigatory measures are to be included in the project design for implementation Community willingness to participate in the preparatory, execution and operation stage as well as willingness to participate in capital cost sharing and maintain the system on its completion was also to be assessed dunng the public consultation workshop 2. Preparatory exercise: Public Consultation Workshop notice cum handout was prepared in Marathi and circulated as an advance intimation aimed at providing adequate time and opportunities to formulate beneficiaries views regarding their participatory action Handouts included details of the project components, the rules for participation by the Gram Panchayat, the details of capital cost sharing, 0 & M responsibilities by the beneficiary community Secondary information on population, area, existing status of water supply and sanitation, public health, personal and environmental hygiene through key informant interviews and on site observation was collected two-days before the workshop Posters related to Water Supply & Sanitation were displayed at various public places to create awareness about vanous issues Banner was prepared and public announcement through traditional public address system was made to ensure full participation of all stakeholders especially women so as to bring up issues of their concern 3. Workshop Participants: Total number of participants were 133 out of which 100 belonged to village community and 33 belonged to GovtA/ocal agencies, Gram Panchayat, Taluka Panchayat and Zilla Parishad members as detailed below - Men Women Total Well to do BPL/Marginal Villagecommunity 63 37 100 83 17 Zdlla Parishad Additional CEO (I), Ex Engineer (WS), DHO (1), BDO (1), TP (Member) 1, Gramsevek-l, Sarpanch-l Anganwadi (1) School Teacher, (2) Others - Total - 16. GSDA Joint Director - (1), DD (1), Sr Geologist (3), Assistant Geologist (2), Junior Geologist (2), Others - 8 Total - 17 29 4. About village and key issues - 4.1 Salient features of the village Khopadi - Watershed - WGK-46th Assessment Categorv - Safe Geographical area - 537 Hect Rainfall - 1000 mm Population - 672 (2001 Census) No of houses 166 BPL- 28, SC- I , Tribal-5 Harijan habitation - I Tribal habitation- I S C Population - 172 S T population - 75-80 4.2 Key Issties 4 2 1 Water Supply Arrangements - Grampanchayat dug wells - 2 Hand Pumps - 5 (all working) Water Quality TDS, Hardness and Chloride beyond permissible limits Villagers use hand pump water for other domestic purposes and not for cooking and drinking Use of dug wells discontinued since construction of bore wells installed with Hand pump Hand pump location is well distnbuted Not enough attention paid to their chlorination In summer hand pumps become defunct due to lowering of water levels and water is supplied through tankers. There is willingness to pay for improved services in the water supply related services Most women felt the need to have availability of water at their doorsteps as it would save their time and reduce their hardships involved in collection of water 4.2 2 Sanitation Issues Village has 16 private latrines and no community latnne. Construction of individual latrines is preferred to community latrines at common place There is only one common drain, which remains choked. There is demand for a few more drains. Availability of solid waste disposable site: Collection of solid wastes at the household level varies from collecting the waste in a bin or a packet and throwing it directly outside the house It was reported that there are smalH pits around the village Each family has a designated pit, which is used not only for the household waste but also for the cattle dung etc. Some people also bum the waste outside their homes. There is no segregation of the biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste 4 2 3 Health Issues People and children usually suffer from Malaria, Typhoid, Cough, Gastroenteritis and occasionally with Jaundice It is due to consumption of water with bacteriological contamination and concentration of TDS, chlorides and total hardness beyond permissible limits 5. Workshop Proceedings: Village Sarpanch put forth salient features of village and present water supply, sanitation and health status of village Joint Director, GSDA explained the project components related to water supply in terms of Water quantity and quality issues and DHO, Z P explained the sanitation and health component of the project Executive Engineer(W.S ), Zilla Panshad briefed about Water Supply scheme proposal under 'Swajal dhara' Program Participants were divided in three groups as detailed below - Group I. To call their views on water quality, water quantity, household sanitation, 30 environmental sanitation and related health iqciies and alko to suggest and priorti7e appropriate mitigatory measurcs and to discuss the process involved to mitigate the negative impacts of project interventions Group comprised of 26 participants of which 24 belonged to well to do category and 2 belonged to Marginal/BPL category Grotip ti 'I'o discuss vaiotIs Issues related to capacity building, cost and cost sharing and obtain their needs for capacity building and work out the cost of proposed mitigating measures and willingness to share 10% capital cost and 100% maintenance and operation cost of the completed projects Group comprised of 31 participants of which 26 belonged to well to do category and 5 belonged to 1BPL/Marginal category Group Hi1: Group comprised of 37 women of which 27 belonged to well to do family and 10 to BPL and marginal families This group discussed all issues as per Group I and 11 with more focus on household sanitation and health related issues and specific issues of their concern All above groups were provided with two facilitators each to ensure effective deliberations and obtain suggestions and views of beneficiary community on various water supply, sanitation and health related issues Group leader and facilitator jointly presented outcome of the group discussion, so that suggestion and views against various issues are known to all participants of the workshop Participants of one group were given opportunity to discuss the issues assigned to other groups also 6 0 Workshop Outcome: 6 1 Issue wise Mitigation Measures - The village selected for public consultation workshop faces problem related to 1) adequate quantity of dnnking water 2) availability of drinking water of potable quality, 3) Sanitation facility both household and environmental and 4) Health The proposed project is to bring about positive health and envircnmental benefits through supply of safe drinking water in adequate quantity and creation of sanitary condition in the village Public consultation through issue wise suggestions and views through 3-groups led to desired active participation of village community, especially women, and resulted in to desired ouitcome which includes issue wise migration measures as outlined below Project Project sub Issue Migratory measure component component List of issue (Priority wise) Water Water * Drinking water * New scheme proposed under 'Swajal supply quantity scarcity during dhara' RWS Project summer * Water supply through tankers from * Non assured canal April & onwards for all purposes water supply * Dual water supply through-out year * Polluted and * Canal water supply to be regulated contaminated drinking water sources Water * All drinking water * New scheme proposed under 'Swaraj quality sources with high dhara' TDS, * Regular water quality monitoring * Total hardness and * Improved environmental sanitation chloride facilities to avoid bacteriological concentration contamination beyond permissible limit (Access to water supply but water quality I problem) 31 Household l- o Lack of individual o Construction of individual latrine sanitation latrine and inadequate a Smokeless chullahs to be provided road drainage Provision of bio-gas plant o No sock pits | o IFC on sanitation to women and o Traditional chullas in children on priority use o School latrines Environment o Open defecation | o Construction of paved internal roads al sanitation o Sullage /storm water | Provision of road , drainage, soak-pits disposal problems o Identification of suitable disposal sites o Lack of paved o IEC campaign for peoples participation concrete roads / attitudinal change towards sanitation o Disposal of organic and ;.ygiene waste close to water supply source - Health o Stomach ace, cough, o Provision of small hospital Diarrhea, Malaria o Doctor visit on weekly basis ,Jaundice Respirattiy o Provision of environment and problems household sanitation facilities e g smokeless chullas, washing platforms, etc o C campowgn on water and sanitation related health jssues to women and children in particular o Monitoring of water quality o Protection of water supply sources from .____________ I____________ contam ination 6 2 Capacity Building Capacity building in the field of household sanitation, Enviromnental Sanitation and environment and water related health issues Is very much required for women and children to achieve mindset change and change in sanitation behaviour in a realistic time frame Attitudes towards community participation and shanng cost for items of common interest is already prevalent in the village community Village community is expected to do better when truly enabled 6 3 Cost and cost sharing: Issue regarding total cost, sharing of 10% capital cost and 100% 0 & M of proposed 'Swajal dhara' scheme was put up for discussion Well to do families expressed their willingness to contribute 10% capital cost in cash whereas BPL/Marginal famnilies expressed their willingness to contribute through 'Shramadan' Regarding M and 0 both the groups expressed their willingness to share 100% M and 0, partly by providing Private Connections and charging tanff accordingly and through effective measures to recover the 0 and M costs 6 4 Stakeholder Analysis and impact Assessment studies. a.Main users group identified BPL families - mainly SC/ST and marginal landless not well to do families - with assured income mainly population migrated from A P From 1987 b Well to do families - with assured income mainly population migrated from A.P from 1987 onwards 65% Response against various RWS.options by above identified categories is as below 32 Sr No RWSS option Well to do families BPUIMarginal families No action XAction required Action required 2 Scheme under 'Swajal Dhara' 10% Prefer, willing to pay Prefer, willing to pay capital cost by cash _ through Shramdan 3 Rainwater Hlarvesting, Recharge of Water quality Water quality Borewells, Rooftop RWH problem in GW, not problem in GW, not preferred j preferred 4 Rejuvenation of all BWs and repair Preferred but quality Preferred but quality problem persist problem persist 5 Community latrines _ Not preferred Not preferred 6 Individual latrines Preferred, no space Preferred if constraint individual subsidized to maintain I_r_fe __e_- _ 7 Road drained Preferred Preferred 8 Flospital Preferred Preferred 9 Dual distribution through RTRWH Preferred but lack of Preferred appropriate roofs if subsidized completely 10 Regular water quality monitoring Preferred Preferred 11 IEC for RWSS activities Preferred Preferred 6 5 Other Issues Women in the village are never called for Gramsabha meetings although they have earnest desire to participate in all activities related to water supply and sanitation Total cost of the proposed village water supply scheme under 'Swaraj Dhara' is Rs 14,97,309/- 10% of capital cost is Rs. 1 49 lakhs Majority of village population belongs to well to do category migrated from A. P. and expressed their willingness to pay as well for 100% maintenance of scheme Such type of public consultation workshop organised for the first time ' Community beneficiaries from all categones including women were found to be extremely responsive and willing to participate in all activities Besides chloride and total harness beyond limit, High TDS concentration in the range of 1500 to 3340 mg/I is major point of concern for the entire target group. Strengthening of existing drinking water sources may not be useful since all the dnnking water sources with high TDS, total hardness and chloride Even protection by implementing provisions in Maharashtra Ground Water Act may not be effective in view of water quality problem Community has focus to stop open defecation and there is demand for sanitation services at user level i e demand for individual latnnes rather than demand for community latrines Well to do families in particular have self-realization rather than demand for fiscal subsidy They have also realized that improper sanitation and unhygienic habits lead to major health problems amongst children .33 ANNEXURE VI Implementation of "Shivkalin Pani Sathawan Yojana", the scheme for augmenting the availability of water for Drinking and Domnestic use and Strengthening of Sources by utilising Rainwater. Goveniment of Maharashtra, Water Supply & Sanitation Department, GAvern ment Resolution No. RWS 1001/CR-330/ WS-07 Ms-ntralaya, Mumbai-400 032, Dated 14th February,2002. READ I ) Government Circular, W S & S D No.RWS-098/CR 215/ WS-07, Dated the 11 th November, 1998, 2) Government Resolution, W S & S D No RWS 1099/CR 328/WS-07, Dated the 27th Ju]y,2000, 3) Govemment Resolution, W S & S D No SCY 3000/CR 159/WS-14, Dated the 28th Sept ,2000, 4) Government Resolution, W S & S D No RWS 1001/ CR 190/WS-07, Dated the 3rd Sept ,2001, PREAMBLE: I Groundwater is the main source for dnnking water in rural areas Almost 85% schemes in rural areas are based on groundwater However, due to over-exploitation of groundwater and inadequate recharge, such sources dry up resulting in failure of the scheme Government of Maharashtra, since the creation of this State, has adopted various measures for dnnking water supply to rural and urban areas In spite of spending thousands of crores of rupees over the years, even now many villages/wadis do not get adequate potable drinking water Where vanous drinking water supply schemes have been taken up, water from surface or groundwater based sources at considerable distance has to be brought for piped water supply schemes. The main reason for this is the drying up of the original source(s). 2 It is, therefore, necessary to lay greater emphasis on strengthening the drinking water sources by recharge. However, instead of doing that as soon as a source goes dry, a new scheme is taken up One more reason for this is that, the water supply schemes include expenditure for items like development of source, distribution, stand- posts, but no provision is made for source strengthening, if the source becomes inadequate 3.As mentioned above, majority of water supply schemes are based on groundwater sources Some efforts have been made for strengthening of such sources through adoption of various water conservation measures and improving the over-all water levels However, the additional water made available by such recharge is used not 34 necessarily for drinking water purposes only but also harvested by some people for other purposes The main reason for that is that the right to groundwater has not been established by any legislation unlike in the case surface water It is generally assured that groundwater available under a peace of land belongs to the owner of the land and the can use it as he wants 4 In order to alleviate the scarcity of drinking water, Government has enforced the Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993 and Rules thereof in 1995 The Collectors of the districts have been empowered to protect the drinking water sources through the provisions of Act / rules, but it has not helped niuch 5 Instead of just the above legal provisions, for proper planning of water by the village level community by considering that the water available in the village belongs to village and as a whole giving priority to the drinking water, in respect of those villages in the State, which consistently often face drinking water scarcity and are tankerfed, Government had issued instructions wide Resolution dated 28/9/2000 referred at (3) above, regarding implementation of " Three pronged Strategy " However, effective implementation of this Government Resolution has not commenced as yet, at village level 6 As per the circular dated 11/11/1998 referred at (1) above, instructions were issued by this Department to all the implementing agencies for taking up measures for rainwater harvesting and its use for drinking water purposes However, it does not appear that the work has been taken up seriously by the implementing agency 7 Even if the water storage in watershed is augmented by taking conventional water conservation measures, it will be practically and politically difficult to impose restrictions on the use for imgation and other purposes, so as to preserve adequate quantity for drinking purposes 8 During the last year's scarcity penod, tankers had to be made available on large scale and many other scarcity relief measures had to be taken up. The main reason behind this has been found to be the depletion or drying up of the sources of water even when the system of the water supply scheme is available in the concemed village 9 Under various water conservation measures, the recharge to groundwater is basically received from rainwater Hence it would be appropriate if the rainwater could be directly used for recharge or rainwater being very pure if it could be used directly for drinking purpose Under these circumstances, it was under consideration of the Govemment to take up a Program and implement a comprehensive scheme for use of rainwater for strengthening the drinking water sources or storage and use of rainwater at individual or public levels by using the available technology through people's participation 35 Govern ment Resolution Considering all the aspects mentioned in the Prearnble, and for sustainable availability of drinking water from the water supply schemes , Governmeit is pleased to accord sanction to the implementation of "Shivka]in Pant Sathawan Yojana" providing for the conventional and non-conventional measures for drinking water source strengthening, roof-top rain water harvesting, construction of the tanks in the hilly areas of village for storage of rain water and similar other measures for sustained availability of drinking water in the State. 2 The measures included in the "Shivkalin Pani Sathawan Yojana", nomis for the implementation and the availability of funds therefore are as below A) Measures Necessary measures for collecting the rainwater for drinking and other purposes by adopting roof-top rain water harvesting on all the public and government buildings in villages, towns and cities X Measures for collecting the rainwater for drinking and domestic use by adopting roof-top rain water harvesting on private houses and structures n Measures for constnicting storage tanks in the hilly areas of village and storing spring water for drnking and other purpose in.Measures for collection of rain water and its direct recharge into the public drinking water sources by all possible conventional and un-conventional methods iv Other c_nventional measures, by which dnnking water can be made available (e g water conservation measures like desilting and deepening of tanks /wells, check dams, etc ) v Unconventioiial measures like jacket well, bore-blast technique, fracture seal cementation, stream blasting; recharging through borewells etc will be implemented in selected villages / wadis of all the districts in the state. vi.Besides these, other scientific and technically feasible innovative methods for augmentation of water depending on the local situation and traditional wisdom, B) Above mentioned measures should be implemented as per the norms given below i) Initially this program should be taken up as a pilot project in the current year in 100 villages / wadis of each of the districts in the State, from the Government and other public funds. ii) From the next financial year, this program should be implemented in the State on regular basis ii) There is no objection for independent implementation of the program by the individual and public institutions / beneficiaries from their own funds iv) While selecting these villages, pnority will be given to those villages which were tanker-fed during last 3 years or have to be tackled by various measures under scarcity In such villages, no other new scheme under scarcity relief or under tanker-free program under implementation in the should have becn taken up or where such schemes are operational but water supply is less than prevailing per capita norms v) Amongst the tanker-fed villages, priority will be given to those villages which had received awards at taluka district, division or state level under Sant Gadage Baba Gram Swachhata Abhiyan.(Saint Gadage B3aba Clean Village Campaign) vi) In addition to the award winner villages under Sant Gadage Baba Gram Swachhata Abhiyan, if the Gram Sablia of other tanker-fed villages resolve to take up the scheme, they will be given the next priority for this program vii) Some villages, which are not scarcity affected but eager to adopt rain water harvesting, come forward, and if the villages from above mentioned priorities (i)-(vi) are not available, they will be included in this program viii) In the villages where original source has become inadequate and there is a demand for new source or a new scheme, before taking up new schemes or new sources in such villages, possibility of ground water recharge and source strengthening through rain water harvesting for solving the problem will be ascertained If this is not possible, then only new source / scheme should be taken up C Availability of Funds: 1) At least 25% of the funds reserved for Sub-Mission project from the centrally assisted Accelerated Rural Water Supply Scheme and state funded minimum Needs Program will be spent for these measures. ni) In the Pilot Project Distncts, which receive central assistance under Sector Reforms Program, minimum 5% of the funds will be spent on these measures iii) At least 10% from the District Maintenance & Repairs Fund of the Zilla Parishad created for maintenance of the water supply schemes will be utilised for these measures iv) Funds being made available by the XI Finance Commission for augmentation of conventional drinking water sources shall be used for these measures v) The Employment Guarantee Scheme and Assured Employment Scheme funds will be utilised for such of these measures as fit in to their norms vi) Funds as would be made available from the Local Area Development Program Funds of M Ps and M L As vii) Funds received for these measures from UNICEF and other international organisations will be used for this purpose 37 B) Guidelines for implementation of the program I In the villages where these measures are to be taken, the informationi of existing private and public water sources as well as the rainfall data should first be compiled 2 Information of available water and its quality, should be collected (participation of village youth, women and students in this is expected) 3 Total requirement of water for the village should be assessed This should be assessed by taking into consideration the combined requirements of drinking water, domestic consumption, agricultural and industrial uses and need for cattle population 4 Information -should be obtained regarding present use of water available in the village for above mentioned purposes (Village should seek assistance of the technical officers from Zilla Parishad and voluntary organisations for the purpose ) 5 On the basis of above information, preliminary list of the measures to be adopted for removing the difference in the available water and requirement of water should be prepared in the Gram Sabha These measures can be as given below and the decision for this should be taken as warranted by the situation, by the Gram Sabha, - a) Deciding the priority of utilisation of water as per availability of water, in which first priority to be given for drinking water b) Increasing the water charges for irrigation, drinking water and other purposes / adopting modem methods for proper utilisation of water c) Imposing community restnctions on the depth of wells being constructed for irrigation / community control on the present use of water d) Imposing community restnctions on the wells / borewells to be constructed for imgation e) Taking penal action through appropriate resolution of the Gram Sabha against those who do not adhere to the stipulated utilisation of the water, or causing wastage of water f) Imposing restrictions on the use of water by factories in the village and for prevention of pollution g) Taking action as per section 16 of the Groundwater Act,1993 against those found misusing the water sources and scheme h) Making recommendations to the Competent Authority for refusing vanous concessions or debarring from holding a public post, in case of those who do not abide by the decisions taken by the village in the Gram Sabha. The Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee designated by the Gram Sabha will compile all the above information through various means and put up before the Gram Sabha For this, the infonnation should be first collected on famnily / ward /wadi /habitation level It will be necessary to take group-wise meetings at various levels Separate wadi / habitation level meetings of the women will have to be taken Assistance of the women's groups, youth groups, schools and government agencies like Talathi , Gram Sevak will be taken As per necessity, the village will also take the assistance of individuals / voluntary organisations as well as Zilla Parishad or government agencies who arc conversant with the methods of compilation of sucIh information (I) After compilation of the above information and discussions thereon at various levels, it should be finally submitted to the Gram Sabha called spzcifically for this purpose After taking into consideration the above information, the Gram Sabha will prepare a draft plan for the use of available water in the village In this draft plan, mention should be made regarding measures for augmentation of water, various constructions under these measures, expenditure for the same, items to be taken up at the individual and community level, financial provisions therefor, contribution of the beneficiaries to be obtained for individual construction, participation of the beneficiaries in the community works etc Stages of implementation of program, time span and the financial, technical and management assistance expected from the Government should also be mentioned (2) Gram Sabha can invite the district or taluka level officers of the Zilla Parishad, and Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency, if their guidance is necessary Gram Sabha should also discuss the decisions taken at the ward / wadi / habitation level and women's group meetings For providing information to Gram Sabha, regarding the advice and co- operation given by voluntary organtsations / individuals , such organisations / individuals should also be invited to the Gran Sabha (3) Some times, Gram Sabha may have to be called 2-3 times, if necessary (4) After preparation of the Action Plan as mentioned above, designs and plans of the involved schemes for actual implementation should be prepared For this purpose, assistance of, Zilla Parishad, GSDA, voluntary organisations or private experts may be taken Before taking such assistance, appropriate contract or M.O U should be made with the relevant agency, as necessary (5) Agency for implementation of the program should be decided in the Gram Sabha This may include participation of the beneficiaries, Village Panchayat, Village level Water Supply & Sanitation Committee, and the women's group, youth group, sports group, schools, colleges, etc in the village (6) For appointing by transparent methods, the out-side technical and works agency for implementation, the Village level Water Supply & Sanitation Committee designated by the Gram Sabha will attend to the necessary work of preparation of tender documents, advertisement of tenders, actual scrutiny of the tenders received, and taking final decision, issue of work order to the selected agency, monitoring of the agency's work, purchase of material required for the scheme as per the procedure stipulated by the Government or as per rate contract, payment of the stage-wise bills of the work countersigned by the engineers appointed by the Zilla Parishad or relevant Government P2partment The Gram Sabha resolution so authorising the committee should incorporate the details of the items of work I responsibility in which full powers are given to the Committee and in which the Committee has to take the final approval by the Gran Sabha after completing the preliminary action (7) The Village Water Supply & Sanitation Comirttee will be a sub- committee of the Village Panchayat Minimum one-third members of this Committee shall be from out of the members of the Gram Panchayat, but they will be elected by the Gram Sabha only While selecting this committee, at least 50 % women as well as appropnate number of representatives from backward communities shall be included Similarly, it is necessary to ensure appropriate representation of each of the wadi / habitation in the area of the Village Panchayat on their Committee A separate meetings of the women as well as of each wadi/ habitation will have to be conducted before the meeting of Gram Sabha In these meetings, the panel of members including women to be sent on the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee should be prepared and sent to the Gram Sabha Gram Sabha will select the members for the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee from these panels only Subject to maintaining the prescnbed percentage and representation of women and habitations, there is no objection to the inclusion of even all the Village Panchayat mernbers in the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee if the Gram Sabha so resolves The decision as to whether the Sarpanch or anybody else should be the Chairman of the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee is also to be taken by the Gram Sabha This decision is entirely in the purview of the Gram Sabha Procedure regarding selection of the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee as mentioned in the Government Resolution referred at sr no 4 above should be followed (8) Identity card should be issued to the members of the implementing and 410 supervisory agencies So also the responsibilit'y and power/authorities should be i\ en to specific persons for lodging complaint with the police, under section 16 of the Groundwater Act, against those causing damage to the water supply sources and schemes (9) As per the decision of the Gram Sabha, technical assistance of GSDA, voluntary orpanisations, Zilla Parishad, relevant government departments or outside experts for all the above works may be taken For these works, the 'financial standards' prepared by the relevant technical departments of the Government will be the 'approved standards' As per the local conditions, appropriate changes can be made in these, on the advice of the experts and traditional wisdom of the villagers However, such works should be taken up only after obtaining approval of the Gram Sabha and the sanction of the committee constituted under the chairmanship of the Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Parishad for final sanction As far as possible the committee should not approve the expenditure beyond the standards except with sufficient justification (10) The district level committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Parishad, will accord approval to the Action Plan prepared by the village and the schemes therein, as per the availability of financial provisions For compilaion of the information regarding sources in the village and preparation of the actual plan, financial assistance to the extent of Rs 5,000/- will be given to the village and the amount will be deposited in the ,account of the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee. It will be allowed to spend this amount for survey and preparation of action plan However, the District Committee will grant permission for withdrawal of this amount only after submission of the report (11) If there is any dispute between two villages regarding use of water arising out of the action plan, it will be settled by the District Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Executive Officer (12) Special training regarding preparation of plans and compilation of necessary information will be given to some persons at the village level (13) If the water sources in the village are being polluted by some factory, the responsibility for lodging complaint with the Pollution Control Board will be of Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee, as per the directives of the Gram Sabha. Similarly, the responsibility for lodging complaints with the District Collector regarding creation of any water sources in contravention of the Groundwater Act will also rest with the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee (14) There are conventional and unconventional methods for augmentation of availability of water Strengthening of sources like tanks, streams, springs, etc can be taken up under conventional measures As per the situation in the village, development and strengthening of drinking water sources by excavation of storage tanks in the hilly area, desilting of tanks, village tanks and impounding the springs can be taken up (1 5) Based on the rainfall, rainwater harvesting structures on the individual houses and public buildings may be taken These can be taken up in the areas receiving an average rainfall of more than 20 cms ( 8 inches) (16) The details regarding norms for roof-top area, methods, material required and how much water can be stored as well as the standard expenditure for that are given in the Annexure-Il of the Government Resolution dated 14 02 2002 There is scope for economising on standard expenditure by using locally available materials Arrangements to impart training for erection of these structures will be made through GSDA, Zilla Parishads, voluntary organisations, UNICEF and individual experts (17) After the approval for action plan by the District level Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Parishad, appropnate funds will be made available for the village every year by taking into consideration the total financial funds available. Implementation of the program is to be done as decided by the Gram Sabha after the approval of the Committee, but only the approved works should be taken up for implementation. However, there is no objection for taking up other works from their own funds. (18) Inspection of various works taken up under this program will be done by GSDA, govemment appointed experts, voluntary organisation and officers of the Zilla Panshad. After approval of the Gram Sabha, funds will be distributed to the concemed implementing agencies and individual beneficiaries. For this purpose, amounts will be disbursed according to the stages (mile stone) of works (19) These works can not be taken up through contractors independently and on Tum Key Basis, but assistance of voluntary organisations can be taken Wherever possible, works should be done at the community level Where there is no altemative, contractors can be appointed for specific technical works, by adopting transparent methods. Labour component of these works will have to be undertaken by the concemed beneficiary in case of individual schemes and by the villagers in case of community schemes. In case of the schemes involving large component 42 of unskilled / semi-skilled works, the village may give priority to the beneficiaries who are regularly dependent on labour work for their livehhood, for doing that part of work over and above the voluntary labour They should be paid wages at the normal rates and their voluntary contribLition in terms of their wish and as decided by Gram Sabha, may be adjusted from these wages Those who do not wish to contribute voluntary labour, their contribution should be taken in cash from them Since this contribution is to be taken @ 10%, Gram Sabha will have to ensure that the amount to be adjusted from the wages of those giving the voluntary lahour is not more than those giving the cash contnbution In fact the Gram Sabha should factor in the criteria of affordability and having capacity of each individual while deciding an their contribution towards Popular contribution (20) The material required for this scheme should, as far as possible, be procured from the suppliers pre-qualified by Zilla Parishad and Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran For this purpose the village ( the Village Water Supply & Samtation Committee as may be resolved by the Gram Sabha) should invite tenders and the supplier selected from these suppliers should be given the order For technical work involved in this, the expenditure can be made on payment of fees for technical advice, to GSDA / MJP or individual experts / voluntary organisations as decided by Gram Sabha, at the prescribed rates (21) To obtain Govemment funds for taking up public or individual measures for rainwater harvesting and thereby recharging the sources or creating storage of water, the Gram Sabha will select the public sources / buildings and individual beneficiaries Gram Sabha approval is, however, not necessary if any body wants to take up these schemes from their own funds However, powers and responsibilities to ensure that such construction does not affect the overall village management of water and for necessary intervention will rest with the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee and the Gram Sabha 3 At the district level, a committee should be constituted as given below, to examine the proposal received from the Village Panchayat as decided by the Gram Sabha, and to decide the intense priority and sanction the schemes I) Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Panshad Chairman 2) District Water Supply Officer Member 3) Deputy Chief Executive Officer (Panchayat) (Z P) Member 4) Executive Engineer, Water Supply (Z P) Member 5) Executive Engineer, M I (Z P ) Member 5) Education Officer (Primary) (Z P) Member 6) Women & Child Welfare Officer (Z.P) Member 7) Expert representative of the NGO working in Member 413 this field, 8) Executive Engineer, Minor Irrigation (Z P) Member 9) District Senior Geologist, GSDA Member-Secretary In addition, the Committee can invite to its meetings experts in the field, officers from related government departments, as may be necessary This Committee can also give necessary directives to the conceined officer for planning at the village level 4 The district level committee wvill take the following action on the proposals received - (1) Structures for recharge of public drinking water sources or -rainwater harvesting public places / -buildings can be taken up from the funds reserved for this purpose under the Centrally assisted Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program A proposal should be prepared for this and submitted with recommendations to the Technical Committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary, Water Supply & Sanitation Department As may be necessary, the Technical Committee may consider delegating these powers to the District Committee After the approval of the Technical Committee, the powers for implementation of the proposal will be vested with the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee and Gram Sabha At the village level, while implementing the approved proposals, the Village Water Supply & Sanitation Committee will follow the procedure laid down by the Government vide Resolutions dated 27th July 2000 and 3rd September, 2001 for implementation of water supply schemes through people's participation, so far as they are reluctant to the scheme (2) The schemes mentioned in the Para I above can also be taken from the M L A / M P Local Area Development Scheme funds The scheme can be taken up if such measures are proposed by the concemed people's representative and if the technical approval is given by tlh Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Executive Officer Power to accord administrative approval for such schemes will however, be with the District Collector. (3) The Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Executive Officer will accord approval for taking up these measures from the funds reserved for such measures in the Sub-Mission Project under Minimum Needs Program (4) Measures to be taken from the funds made available for augmentation of conventional dnnking water sources, from the funds made available from XI Finance Commission, will be sanctioned by the Empowered Committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary 44 (5) Funds made available by UNICEF can be used for Rainwater Harvesting structures on individual houses / buildings or recharge of private wells / borewells For this, 10% of the total expenditure as popular contnbution from the beneficiary (in cash, kind or in the form of voluntary labour) will be necessary Out of the remaining, 60% from UNICEF and 30% by the State Government will be made available from the funds reserved under various schemes The power to sanction such structures, as per the recommendations of Gram Sabha will be ve'sted with the District Committee unider the chairmanship of the Chief Executive Officer However, the implementation is to be done entirely by the individual beneficiary Assistance in this connection may be taken from the voluntary organisations or Village Panchayat Responsibility of supervision of these works will rest with the Water Supply and Sanitation Committee, Zilla Parishad, government appointed voluntary organisations, GSDA (as will be decided by the Government) (6) If the UNICEF assistance required for individual structures, as per the demand from the village is inadequate, powers to take decision for making available the entire 90 % component from other various funds mentioned above a'nd after taking into consideration the requirement of funds for public sources, will be vested with' the Water Supply & Sanitation Department (7) In the pilot districts selected from Central Government's Sector Reforms Program, this scheme will be implemented from the grants available under Sector Reform Program of Central Government (8) As mentioned above, it will be the responsibility of the Distnct Committee to train the masons for construction of such structures The training program will be organised with the concurrence of Village Panchayat Priority for this should be given to women and youth in the village 5 In order to make this program successful, the Chief Executive Officer should organise Publicity Campaign with the help of N G Os at district level Publicity Campaign at State level will also be taken up as per necessity 6 Henceforth while giving permission for construction of individual houses / public buildings / school buildings in rural areas, the Competent Authority should not give permission unless the structure for rainwater harvesting is included For this purpose, these restrictions will be imposed by taking into consideration the average rainfall, roof type, minimum area, material to be used, etc in the concerned village The action regarding the administrative orders or necessary modifications in the rules will be done separately by Rural Development Department 15 7 Decision to urban areas, will be taken up after the study by Uiban Development Department and, orders will be issued in due course of time 8 Rainwater harvesting and recharge structures should be taken in all Government offices and buildings in the State Expenditure on this should be incurred from the grants received from concerned Government Department 9 In case of any difficulties arising out of above orders / guidelines, the powers to solvethe samewill be with the Government IO This Resolution is issued vvith the concurren,e of Rural Development & Water Conservation Department, (Secretary, (Rural Development), Secretary (Water Conservation & EGS)), Urban Develbpment Department, Planning Department and Finance Department vide their U 0 R No 144/Exp-3 dated 30th January, 2002 By order and in the name of the Governor of Maharashtra (Sudhir Thakare) Deputy Secretary to Government of Maharashtra. 46 Annextire Vll.l Technical Options for treatmeiit of Fluoride in Drinking water The best sol:o on to the fluoride problem is of course to avoid locating wells in high fluoride aquifers .The fluoride concentration often fluctuates within the same catchment basin and an improvement may be obtained through change of well site However, in the absence of any alternative source of safe drinking water, the defluoridation techniques may be practiced for safe drinking water-Varioius Artificial recharge to ground water, including Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR) techniques may be applied to improve the quality of water by dilution' Some of the remedial techniques are described here which can be followed depending upon the resources availability and other conditions 1. Defluoridation Techniques The most common defluorndation techniques are the methods using aluminum compounds as absorption media These can be divided into two categories - those based upon the addition of chemicals to cause precipitation and complexation and those based upon ion exchange a. Complexation methods The technique, in India popularly known as the "Nalgonda model", Is based on mixing the raw water with aluminum sulphate or alum (Potassium-aluminum sulphate), followed by precipitation, settling and filtration Lime is added to ensure adequate alkalinity for an effective hydrolysis of the aluminum salts, thus preventing residual aluminum to remain in the treated water Norrnally, bleaching powder Is also added for disaffection b. Ion Exchange method: A simple version of this method, using aluminum oxide as ion exchanger, is marketed in India under the narne "Prasanthi technique " The raw water is poured over an aluminum oxide filter and the defluorudated water is then stored in a storage tank Aluminum oxide with its iso-electnc point has approximately pH 9 5 In most natural waters, it will remove anions below this pH and cations above. There are models available both for domestic and community use The manufacturer has described the procedure while using these plants in five steps, Acidification, Loading, Back washing, Rinsing and Regeneration The frequency for back washing and rinsing is not included In the information from the manufacturer Regeneration has to be done once in a year for the domestic plants and once a month for the community plants 2. Domestic Defluoridation: Defluoridation at domestic level can be carried out in a container (bucket) of 60 liter capacity with a tap 3-5 cm above bottom of the contaner for the withdrawal of treated water after precipitation and settling the raw water taken in the container, is mixed with adequate amount of aluminum sulphate solution (alum), lime or sodium carbonate and bleaching powder depending upon its alkalinity and fluoride content Alum solution is added first and mixed well with water Lime or sodium carbonate 47 solution then added and the water stirred slowly for 20 mm ites and allowed to settle for nearly an hour and is withdrawn The supematent which contains permissible amount of fluoride is withdrawn through the tap for consumption. The settled sludge is discarded Approximate volumes of alum solutions for defluoridatiion of 40 litels of water are given below Approximate volume of alum solution required to be added in 40 liter test waler, to obtain acceptable limit of Fluoride(l 0 mg /1) in water at various Alkalinity Test Water Test Water Alkalinity as CaCO3 ( mg/l ) Fluorides 125 200 300 1400 1500 600 1800 1000 M2/I 60 90 110 125 140 160 190 g 210 3 90 120 I 140 160 205 210 235 31 0 4 160 165 190 225 - 240 1275 375 5 1205 240 275 290 355 1405 6 _____ ____ 245 285 315 375 425 485 8 1395 450 520 570 10 605 675 Source NEERI, CGWB 3. Fill-and-Draw Defluoridation Plant Technology for Rural Water Supply Fill-and-Draw defluoridation plant technology based on Nalogonda Technique is designed for removal of excess fluoride from water which is most suitable for Rural Water Supply schemes Components of Fill-and-draw Defluoridation Plant 4 Reactor(s), it is reaction-cum-sedimentation tank with power driven agitator assembly 4 Sump well 4 Sludge drying beds 4 Elevated service reservoir 4 Electric Panel room 4 Chemical store house Design Consideration 4 The Plant capacities are based on one to four operations in each Reactor per day, subject to availability of electncity 4 Each Reactor will be sufficient to fill up the reactors within an hour 4 The defluondated water from the sump well will be pumped to the elevated service reservoir and distributed by gravity through stand posts and house connections 4 The capacity of the sump well will be equal to the total capacity of the reactor/s 4 The capacity of the elevated service reservoir will be half of the capacity of the sump well 4. Fill-and-Draw Defluoridation Plant for small community. This is a batch method for communities upto 200 population The plant compnses a hopper-bottom cylindrical tank with a depth of 2 m equipped with a hand operated or power driven stirring mechanism Raw water is pumped or poured into the tank and the required amount of alum, lime or sodium carbonate and bleaching powder added with stirring The contents are stirred slowly for ten minutes and allowed to settle for two hours The defluoridated supematant water is withdrawn and supplied through stand posts The settled sludge is discarded. Plant dimensions for various populations are given below 48 Plant diameter for population up-to 200 on the basis of 40 ILPCD defluoridated Population Water Volume Plant Diameter M Suggested 1-1 P for Motor ___ m3 50 2 13 100 4 1 85 _ _' 0 200 8 2 60 2 0 * Alum required to be added per batch of treatment (grams, alumina ferric, IS 2991962)= (Water Volume, m 3) X (Alum dose of that particular water, mg/I) * The notable features are - Fresh Bleaching Powder (grams per batch) = 3X (water volume, m3) * With a pump of adequate capacity, the entire operation, is completed in 2-3 teurs and a number of batches of defluoridated water can be obtained in a day *: The accessones needed are a few and these are easily available *: The plant can be located in the open with precautions to cover the motor * Semi-skilled labor can perform the function independently Reactor for Defluoridation The raw water from the source is pumped to the reaction-cum-sedimentation tank which is referred to as reactor The reactors are of HDPE, Ferro-cement or RCC, circular in shape with dished bottom and epoxy coating (in case of RCC) The top portion of 'he reactor is covered with a sturdy lid A manhole with a lid is provided for inspection and to pour chemicals into the reactor An operation platform is raised on girders 10 cm above the top of the reactor The stirring mechanism consisting of motor, reduction gear, peddles, and shaft is mounted on the platform A ladder with a pipe railing across the platform is provided The settled water outlet with sluice valve is connected to inlet of sump well To withdraw the settled sludge once daily and dispose it on the sludge drying beds, a sludge pipe with sluice valve is provided The height of the reactor is one meter above the ground level Design Aspects of Reactor Material for fabncation -HDPE, Ferro - cement or RCC Shape Cylindrical with dished bottom inlet pipe, outlet for inspection & adding chemicals and agitator assembly Capacity of Reactor 10,20, or 30 Cubic meter Settling time 2 to 4 hours Other aspects Each reactor needs 4-6 hrs for complete operation and can be operated upto 4 times daily depending upon duration of power supply in the village 5. Precipitation, Floatation and Filtration. Treatment is achieved using a 100 - ht capacity batch type dissolved air floatation Cell with hand operated pressure pump The pump and cell fi-om a compact Dissolved floatation de-fluoridation system Raw water in the cell is mixed with alkali and aluminum salts A small quantity of air-water mix from the pressure pump is allowed into the cell 'The precipitate with fluoride lifts to the top and floats The treated water is collected in a bucked filtered through a sand filter Using this cell, 100-lit water is available for use in 20 minutes 49 The same principle of floatation is extended to a 500 lit capacity dissolved air Floatation cell to obtain nearly I m treated water per hour for small communities Using Precipitation, Setting, Filtration Scheme of Nalgonda Technique- Continuous operation This scheme intends to treat the raw water for villages arid includes channel mixer, Pebble bed flocculation, sedimentation tank and constant rate sand filters The scheme is gravity operated except the filling of the overhead tank and delivery from treated water sump Channel mixer is provided for mixing lime slurry or sodium carbonate solution and aluminum salts with the raw water Pebble bed flocculation is used in place of conventional flocculation in order to avoid the dependence on electric power supply The scheme envisages power supply for 2 hours each during morning and evening for filling the overhead tank and for supply of treated water The basis of design to be used for design of aranous units is given below (i) Water Consumption 40 lpcd (n) Flash mixing -detention period, velocity to be maintained 30 sec (ni)Pebble bed Flocculate Detention period 30 minutes Size of the media 20-40 mm Depth of media 1 2 m Rate of backwash 0 5 m/mm (iv) Sedimentation Liquid Depth 3m Weir loading rate <300 mi/m/h Surface loading rate <20 in /m/d (v)Sand Gravity Filter Rate of filtration 2m Head required for back washing Filter 5m/im/h Minimum backwash rate 12m 36m/h Gravel depth 0 45 Effective size of stand 0 6 mm to 0.8 mm Using above design cnteria sizes of various units have been worked out for different community sizes It is presented below- Populatio Forecaste Gross Gross Flash Pebble Setting Filter bed n d water water mixer bed tank area (m3) catagory populatio demand demand Volume flocculato volume n 2022 m3 / 2022 m3 / (m3) r volume (mi3) day hr (m3) 300 411 18 9 4 7 0 03939 2 36325 0 9453 0 9453 500 685 31 5 7 9 0 06565 3 93875 1.5755 1 5755 750 1034 47 6 11 9 0 09909 5 94550 2 3782 2 3782 1000 1379 63 4 15 9 0 13215 7 92925 3 1717 3 1717 1500 2054 94 5 ]1 8 0 09842 5 90525 4 7242 2 3621 2000 2739 126 0 15 7 0 13124 7 87463 6 2997 3 1499 3000 4108 1890 23 6 0 19684 11 81050 94484 4 7242 4000 5477 251 9 31 5 026244 1574638 125971 62986 For population up to 1000, 4-hours/day/ working is considered For population of 1500 onward 8- hours /day working is considered 50 Annexure V11.2 Technology Options for treatment of Nitrate in Drinking water In areas where groundwater is highly polluted with Nitrate, it is advantage to change the source from ground water to surface water or locate the ground water souL-ce away from Nitrate polluted zone and transport water from distance Another option is water containing high levels of nitrate could be combined with an equal amount of water with a low level of nitrate to achieve a safe concentration of nitrate In areas where obtaining adequate drinking water of good quality is difficult it is advisable to Provide limited quantity of good quality surface of ground water for drinking and for other uses ground water with higher nitrate could be supplied Following technological options are available for treatment of Nitrate Depending on the local situation single or combination of these wdould be adopted for location specific problem I Treatment Techniques: These techniques consist of ion exchange, biochemical denitrification and reverse osmosis Although none of these techniques are completely effective in removing all nitrate from well water or any other sub surface water The success rate of these techniques depends on the condition of plant operation and the other contaminants found in water 2 Ion Exchange: In the ion exchange process special resins are used to exchange some ions with nitrate Most often chlonde is exchanged with nitrate The ion exchange unit is a tank filed with special resin beads that are charged with chloride As water containing nitrate flows through the tank, the resin takes up in exchange for nitrate The resin can then be recharged by back washing with a brine solution (sodium chloride) and re-used Laboratory experiments have shown that ion exchange resin can reduce nitrate concentration from as high as 250 mglL of Nitrate to 2 5 mg/L However, there are some drawbacks to ion exchange systems. First in addition to exchanging nitrates the resin beads will also take up sulphate in exchange for chloride. Therefore, if sulphates are present in the water supply, the capacity of resin to take up nitrate is reduced Second the resin may also make the water corrosive For the resin the water must go through a neutralizing system after going through the ion exchange unit Finally, the backwash brines, which are high in nitrate, must be disposed off properly so they do not re-contaminated the groundwater supply 3. Bio-chemical dentnrfication Wherever ground water is containing nitrate above 45 mg/A it requires treatment Following methods are used for treatment of Nitrate m the water Method I Ion selective method A specially developed nitrate selective ion exchange resin is used for the nitrate removal systems This resin reduces nitrates to less than 45 ppm WHO limit This treatment for removal of nitrates is compact and economical Method requires fewer chemicals and no electricity Spent resin can be regenerated by Sodium Chloride (Ordinary salt solution) Method 11 Removal of nitrates is also possible biologically under "anoxic" conditions The process is known as de-nitrification Conversion of Nitrate-Nitrogen to a readily removable form can be accomplished by several genera of bacteria Some of them are. 5i Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Lactobacillus, Micro coccus, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Spirillum These bacteria are heterotrophs capable of dissimilatory nitrate reduction, a two step process The first step is conversion of nitrate to nitrite This stage is followed by production of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas The reaction for nitrate reduction is N03 --- N02 ------ No ----- N20 ----- N2 The last three compounds are gaseous products that can released to the atmosphere In denitrifying systems, dissolved oxygen concentration is the critical parameter The presence of DO will suppress the enzyme system needed for de-nitrification Alkalinity is produced during the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas resulting in an increases in pH The optimal pH lies between 7 and 8 with different optimums for different bactenal productions The process requires skilled operation and will not be suitable for rural water supply scheme 4. Reverse Osmosis: The demineralization of water in this process is done by putting it under pressure and force through a membrane that filters out rmnerals and nitrate One half to two-thirds of water remains behind the membrane as rejected water. The yield of treated water to reject water is related to the amount of pressure applied the lower the water pressures, the greater the volume of reject water. Higher-yields systems use water pressures in excess of 1 50 psi 52 Annnextire V11.3 Technology Options for treatment of lron in drinkinig water High Iron content in groundwater is objectionable because of discoloration , turbidity taste variation and deposits in distribution mains Iron removal is however very simple and can be achieved by aeration of water and seting out of the iron oxide sludg,e formed by aeration Removal methods are as given below A) Package Plant ( Hand pump attachable iron Removal Plant) For rural water supplk scheme package type iron removal plants are developed 1! NEERI Brief description of such plant is oiven in the subsequent sub section The plant is based on awerage discharge of 1 m3/hr of India Mark lI-or equivalent hand pump the hydraulic loading is adequate to serve a population of 250 at 10 liters of water per person and 10 hour operation daily The plant comprises of three chambers Oxidation Chamber Flocculation charnber Sedimentation chamber Hand pump water is sprayed over an oxidation the aerated water flows over baffle plate to a flocculation chamber The water then flows to a sedimentation chamber The water can passes through plate settles and to the filter where the filtered water is drawn through a tap after chlorination The Ferric precipitate settles as sludge and requires periodic scouring depending upon raw water qualirn and quality drawn No chemical is used except for chlorine solution for disaffection The plant requires cleaning twice a month The operation and maintenance cost are low The capital cost is about Rs 15,000 b) Plant for Larger Communities. Incase where hand pump is not a source and community size is larger then 500 souls a simple and inexpensive treatment unit for the removal of iron is suggested so that the difficulties of operation and maintenance are minimum The scheme designed for containing free carbon dioxide and dissolved iron and compnses of aeration chamber, sedimentation basin and sand filters Aeration rate of 1 26 m3 /m2 /hr are employed for aerating water In low alkalinity water provision for adding sodium carbonate is to be provided Sedimentation basin having a detention period of 3hrs is used for clarifying water Slow or rapid gravity sand filter is used for filtering water Based on the design critena discussed above iron removal plants are designed Sizes of various Aerator and Settling Tank for iron removal plant for different community size are given below in Table I and Table 2 Table I Sizes of Aerator for iron Removal Plant for Different sizes of Scheme I'opul Foreca Water Gross GrossW T Aerati No Area 'Tray No f7Heighi ation sted deman Water ater on Aerat requir size Collec of Ea catego popula d 2022 demand demand rate or ed I (n2) lion Tray (r ries tion m3! 2022 m3 2022 (m3/m (i2)n Tray day dav m3/hr 2Air 300 411 164 i89 47 1 26 2 38 1 3xl .3 I T03 500 685 27 4 31 5 7 9 1 26 4 6 3 1 3x :3 1 0 3 750 1034 41 4 47 6 11 9 1 26 4 9 4 1 1 6xl 6 I 0 3 1000 1379 55 2 63 4 15 9 1 26 5 12 6 1 6xl 6 1 10 3 1500 2054 822 945 11 8 1 26 4 94 1 6xl 6 I 03 2000 2739 1096 1260 157 1 26 5 125 1 6x 6 1 0 3 3000 4108 1643 1890 236 1 26 5 187 2 Ix2 1 I 03 4000 5477 219 1 -251 9 31 5 1 26 4 25 0 2 5x2 5 1 0 3 Table 2 Sizes of Aerator for iron Removal Plant for Different sizes of Scheme Populat Foreca Water Gross Gross Detent Tank Depth Area Size ion sted demand Water Water ion Volu (m) (m2) (mxm) Categor popula 2022 demand deman period me ies tion m3/day 2022 d (hr) (mi3) m3/day 2022 m3/hr 300 411 164 189 47 25 118 15 788 29x29 500 685 27 4 31 5 7 9 2 5 19 7 15 13 13 3 7x3 7 750 1034 41 4 47 6 119 2 5 29 7 15 19 82 4 5x4 5 1000 1379 55 2 63 4 15 9 2 5 39 6 15 26 43 5 2x5 2 1500 2054 82.2 94 5 1 18 2.5 29 5 15 19 68 4 5x4 5 2000 2739 109 6 126 0 15 7 2 5 39 4 2 5 15 75 4x4 3000 4108 164 3 189 0 23 6 2 5 59 1 2 5 23 62 4 9x4 9 4000 5477 219 1 2519 31 5 2 5 78 7 3 26 24 5 2x5 2 Source NEERI 94 Ainexure V11.4 Technology Option for Treatment For Bacterial Contamination (Disinfecting) Disinfections will be essential part of all water supply schemes Disinfections process makes water free from all sort of bacterial contamination and thus safe for drinkinog In rural areas, because of lack of sanitation, wastewater treatment facilities and poor personal hygiene, contamination of water sources by sewage or fecal matter cannoi be ruled out Wherever water quality indicates presence of disease producing microorganisms, Disinfections can be carried out before water is supplied to consun;er, Various methods are available for disinfecting water These are broadly classified into two categories Chemical Method Non - Chemical Method Chemical Methods involve addition of chemicals to the water, which kills the pathogens to make water safe for drinking Following chemicals can be employed for the purpose of Disinfections Oxidizing chemicals including halogens, ozone and other oxidants such as potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide Metals Salts Like Aluminum sulfate, etc Alkalis and Acids Surface active Chemicals Non-chemical methods are heating, exposure to UV and X- rays Heating water for disinfecting is a common methods used by households However this can not be adopted in community water supply scheme Disinfecting by UV is getting popular for household and community water supply schemes However this requires continuous power supply,. also Disinfection is effective only if carried out at user point Contamination in line can not be avoided because method does not provided residual disinfectant in the water Thus the households can employ non - chemical methods, but they will not be suitable for community water supply schemes. In rural water supply scheme chemical methods will be method of choice because of cost effectiveness, low skill requirement, easy availability of common disinfecting chemicals The following should be criteria for selecting good disinfectants Effective in killing pathogenic microorganisms. Readily soluble Not imparting taste, odor or color to water Non toxic to human life Easy to detect Easy to handle, transport. apply and control Readily available Details of altemative disinfecting chemicals and their use in rural water supply scheme will be given in Technical Manual Potassium permanganate is an effective and safe disinfectant However its use is associated with following disadvantages High cost of chemical in comparison to chlorine and chlonne compounds 55 Not easily available Impart color odor and taste to water Requires careful addition excess dosing increases manganese content in water Ozone is also a good and clean disinfectant but its use in rural water supply scheme will not be feasible for following reasons High capitol cost High 0 & M skill requirement Continuous power requirement Non - availability of residual disinfectant for preventing contamination of water in supply line Chlorine and Chlorine compounds which are widely used as disinfectants are discussed here below Chlorine compounds used in disinfection Chlonne as disinfectant can be applied in following forms Chlorine Gas Greenish yellow. toxic, heavier than air, dry Gas non - corrosive, soluble Chlorine Lime (Bleaching Powder). Easily available source of chlonne, cheap, easy to apply Chlorine content is 30 % High - test hypochlorite. 60- 70 % available chlorine granular or tablet form Sodium hypochlorite- Available in sodium forms 12 -1 5 percent available chlonne Chlorine Dioxide Strong Oxidizing bleaching agent Chlorine Tablet Chlorine can be applied to water by three methods By the addition of weak solution of calcium or sodium hypochlonte or commercial bleaching powder By the addition of weak solution of chlorine prepared by electrolyzing a solution of brine By the addition of chlonne, either in gaseous form or in a form of solution made by dissolving gaseous chlorine in a small auxiliary flow of water, the chlonne gas being obtained from pressurized chlorine cylinders Advantages, disadvantages and applicability of above three methods are given below Chlonrne addition by solution From Chlorne generator(by Chlorine gas from pressunzed of hyprochlorite electrolysis of brine solution) cylinder. Simplicity Easy transportation, Suitable for medium to large Non requirement of electrical application and storage public water supplies schemes. energy Requires the deployment of It requires elaborate safety No maintenance of equipment. electro chlorinator to prepare a practices and use of chlorinator Safety in operation and chlorine solution from or chlonne evaporator and handling. electrolysis of water containing auxiliary equipment. Suitable for disinfecting small sodium chlonde. High on capital cost. quantity of water as in rural Electric energy requirement High on 0 & M Skill water supply scheme Medium on capital cost. requirement. Low capital cost. High on 0 & M Skill Low on 0 & M Skill requirement requirement. Chlorine Tablets In addition to methods discussed above chlonne can be added to water by chlorine tablets This method will be useful for small communities (below 300 souls) as well as for individual household application. 56 Commercially cnlorine taDnets are Availaie moiniur sizes aUCi SiLe IS pIUVIUIIIg a sIf range of chlorine in the quantity of water recommended to be treated as follows Mass of Tablet (ims) Amount of Chlorine (mg) Volume of water (lit) 25 + 0 125 300+ 60 240 0 5 0 025 25 5 20 025 0013 5 1 4 0 125 0 005 1 25 0.5 1 Advantages of use of chlorine tablets * Ingredient are soluble in water * Tablets at 1 5 to 2 0 kg per sq cm pressure * Tablet does not disintegrate quickly Guidelines for use * Powdenng of tablet before adding to the water is preferable * Slow stirng for a minute is advisable * Dose should be 2 mg Per lit to unknown water * Provide contact period of 30 minutes 57 .-innexure Vill Technical Options for Source Sustainability Present stage of groundwater development is the manifestation of various schemes and programs implemented by different agencies as a result of which ground water tables are fast depleting creating doubts about the source sustainability GOM has therefore, implementing various ground water recharge and water conservation programs in the State to augment the supplies Numerous NGOs are also participating in the water conservation programs Considering the geographical and hydrogeological conditions in the State it is important to arrest run off, make it to percolate, and store ij various structures so that it could be used later primarily for drinking and also for agriculture GSDA is implementing this program jointly with other departments and the success rate s high This program would be more effective and successful with more close and proactive coordination amongst different agencies and involving the beneficiaries Various organizations involved in program implementation are GSDA, Soil Conservation and Watershed Development Dept, Minor Imgation dept, Social Forestry Dept, NGOs and VO Main objectives are o To increase ground water storage by arresting rain water o Ground water development at local level o To implement water conservation prograrn in a more scientific manner and increase recharge rate from 15 % to 25-30 % of rainfall infiltration by considering watershed as unit o To manage resources available water for irrigation and dnnking water 1.Essential Factors The important factors required toO be considered for artificial recharge and water conservation are I Available run off in the watershed ni. Topography and land use pattem iiI Geological formations and their storage capacity Iv Availability of surplus run off v Sufficient number of wells to capture the additional recharge created in the watershed 2.Conventional Measures 2.1.Earthen Weir Essential geographical conditions - o Protective bund on the drans having depth less than I mt o Nala having watershed area from 10 to 1000 Hectares. O Nala with both the banks - distinct & visible. O Width of Nala - Less than 15 MT o Bottom slope - less than 3% o 1 5 TCM to 4 TCM water storage Benefits of earthen weir are- o Control on soil erosion. O Increase in irrigation areas through increase in the groundwater storage in the wells within I to 2 km areas o The silt from the drainage is used as fertilizer o Rs 25462 to Rs. 28009 per thousand cubic mt. Water storage 0 58 2.2.Continuous Contour l renching (CC l). * Continuous contour trenching is an experiment in the hilly terrain area since 1993 * Essential factors - * The area unsulitable for agriculture in the hilly terrain of the watershed having undulating topography * Starting the work from hill top * Drawing of continuous contour lines with the help of contour marker firstly on the hill top & on the slopes * Excavating continuous trenches (60 cm wide x 30 cm Deep) on continuous contour lines * The distance between two continuous trenches depends upon the slope of the area * Excavated soil f*om the trenches is deposited on the down slop side of the trench for making the bunds of 30 cm height * On the top of the bund fertile soil and at the bottom of the biind jr-oFquality soil is filled * Seeds of trees and plants is sewn on the bund. Near the trench bush belts are produced * There is heavy rainfall in Konkan and Western Ghat region In such situation stone pitching of raw stones is done on the down slope side and continuous trenches are cut at some places to provide water outlets Objectives * To stop soil erosion * To absorb each and every drop of rainfall water in the groune * Rainfall water between two trenches to be arrested ir[ the same trench only * Increase in groundwater storage due to percolation of surface water. * Availability of employment and water for drinking & irrigation to the local people * Forestation and biological fertility on the continuous contour trench * Guaranteed clean environment and acceleration of environment cycle Expenditure varies between Rs 5100 and rs 11500 per ha. 2.3. Live Check Dam. * To control the drain and stop the soil on the spot, which was carried along with the Rainwater from the small drains. * Live check dam is ready by planting 1 or 2 rows of vetiver or local grass * - Norms- Rs 100 pre bund 2.4.Brush wood Dam. * Just on the down side of the gradient area of the watershed the width & depth of Drainage increased This is the spot for construction of Brush wood Dam * On the length side of the drain, and having length equal to width of the drain and at a Spacing of 20 cm, 2 rows of 5 cm diameter, 60-65 cm. Height dried or wet wood in Sticks are fixed and grass, fodder or branches of thorny trees are placed between the Wooden sticks and stones, soils, etc. placed on them * Expenditute - Rs 150 per dam 2.5. Loose Boulder Structure- Measure for arresting soil in large drain * Use of local stones. * Slope on both the sides of the dam if required * The width of the darn is equal to the width of the drain. * Sanctioned norms - Rs 500 to 750 for small and Rs. 2000 to eOOO for big dams 59 2.6.Vegetative filter stripes in place of diversion dam. O The measures in place of diversion dam for arresting water in the non- agriculture areas of the upper portion of thie watershed so as to avoid the entry of water in the lower portion of the agriculture fields o Norms- Rs 15 per Mt 2.7 Contour Btinding. Essential factors o Area of irregular and average rainfall o Area suitable for cultivation having slops less than 3% o Poor to moderate quality soil up to 45 cm depth Expenditure as per re-'sed norms o Rs 2551 to 2807 per hectare o Very much effective for soil conservation 2.8.Sloping Bunds. Essential points o Areas of regular and good rainfall o Moderate to rich soil Work procedure- o The soil erosion is stopped by constructing slopping dams and trenches at 0 2% slopes for draining out excess water. Expenditure as per temporary revised norms Rs.2459 toRs. 2691 per hectare 2.9Nala Trenching Essential factors- o Distnct out fall of water o To see, the water is not stagnated in the Nala Work procedure o To remove obstacle in the nala o Remove curve of the Nala Benefits o Due to spreading of flood water in the nearby fields, they become unfertile and irregular nala bed . If proper direction is given by removing bends water is cleared out of the fields and the land is safe. Expenditure o Rs. 22033 to 25435 per km. 2.10 Diversion Bandhara Essential factors- o Nala flowing up to end of December at 150 Lt./second. o Width of nala should be less than 30 mt o Exposed rock at nala bed. o Depth of nala should not be more than 3 mt Construction & work procedure o Top of the bandhara 0 60 Mt and height - I IO mt o Upper side of bandhara should be vertical and slope of I 0 5 on the lower side o 0.5 m x 0 5 m size collapsible gate, at the mid point of the dam should be provided . o For diverting the stored water in the nearby fields 0 60 thick stone masonry 60 wall should be constructed on the downside From this point water is diverted to the fields by digging both the nala banks * For construction UCR boulder should be used Cement mortar 1 5 ratio, pointing to exposed portion of the wall, and 10 cm thick 1 2 4 cement concrete coping on the top side Utility - Konkan, Vidharbha and regular rainfall areas 2.11.Cement Nala Bund Essential factors * Nala having rich and deep black soil * More beneficial on 'U' type nala Nearby fields should not be water retaining Benefits - e 40 to 50 % improvement in water storage in the nearby wells * 25% increase in irrigation area * As the water storage retention period is more ,useful for the crops, after monsoon Expenditure - * Rs 20,000 toRs. 26,000 per thousand cubic mt of water storage 2.11.Gabian Bandhara * The structure made from the UCR boulder and wire mesh, across the nala bed. * Suitable, simple and less expensive for the sites where, it is not possible to provide soil bunds due to non availability of proper location for the weir and cement bunds due to pucca foundation problem * Recharge to nearby well through percolation of stored water in the nala bed Essential factors - * Average 10-15 mt Nala bed width * Hard &exposed rock should not be available any where in the nala bed Construction * Bandhara makes right angle (90) to the Nala flow * Excavation, which is, extended to 1 mt In both the nala banks * The pattem of laying UCR boulder in the mesh should be as under Top 60 cm Height 120cm Slide slope I 0 5 Width of foundation 180 cm * 10 gauge (3mm) thick wire mesh should be spread over the nala bed. * In the middle of the mesh UCR boulder bandhara should be constructed on the entire width of nala. * After construction, the wire mesh, alongside of the bandhara should be pulled to the top of the structure and jointed together Expenditure * If the work of collection of UCR boulder, filling, fastening of wire mesh etc is done voluntarily then wire mesh expenditure per sq m is Rs 20 The wire mesh is supplied free of cost if the bandhara is constructed through 'Vanrai Institute' 45 sq m wire mesh is required for above mentioned bandhara The cost of wire mesh including fastening charges say Rs. 100, comes to Rs 1000 (i e 45 sq m.x Rs 20 per sq m + I 00) As per revised temporary norms the expenditure per cubic mt Comes to Rs 21 1 to 217 2.12. Vanrai Bandhara. After September the water flow is retarded, therefore temporary Vanrai Bandharas 61 can be constructed by using empty cement bags and arresting flow water from the nala, stream etc By erecting such structures and retarding the flow rate it is possible to percolate more water in the ground and increase the water level in the irrigation wells and drinking water wells, If the farmers, villagers, cultivators, and student participate voluntarily in this work, the drinking water problem can be solved within minimum time and expenditure On an average Rs 1 000 expenditure for construction of bandhara of 1000 cement bags (empty) is incurred if the villagers contribute their labor voluntarily. On both the sides of bandhara, 10-15 hectares land is irrigated from the dug wells or directly from the water in the nala Suitable crops such as sunflower, Jowar, wheat, vegetables etc can be taken up Also due to water storage, water levels in the nearby wells increase by about 1 5 to 2 mt Which can be sufficient to solve the drinking water problem The above facts have been disclosed during the survey conducted by the 'Vanrai Institute' Work procedure for Vanrai Bandhara Selection of site - Nala slope between two bandharas should be up to 3% The height of both the nala banks should be I to 1.5 mt 2. Construction material -- Empty cement bags, sand or sand mixed soil, plastic thread for stitching and stitching poker Construction method. After selecting the site for the bandhara by considering nala slope and the watershed generally excavation for foundation of 1 5 to 2 Mt Wide and 0 30 mt deep is done on the entire width of nala, then empty cement bags should be filled with sand or sand mixed soil and mouth of the bag should be stitched by the plastic thread All such stitched bags should be placed on after another across the entire width of nala and first layer should be completed Second layer of bags should be arranged in such a way that the bag in the second layer comes on the joint of two bags in the first layer One layer of soil should be placed after completion of 2-3 layers of the bags, on the entire length of bags Water is arrested due to soil layer on the top of bags Water is arrested due to soil layer on the top of bags and soil between the Joints This makes the structure strong and sturdy Generally, the expenditure is Rs. 1000, for the bandhara having 1 mt height & 1000 empty cement bags (Rs 2500 for 20 mt Length) This expenditure is only on account of 1000 empty cement bags. This cost of empty cement bags, considering the increasing work volume, may increase in the future. Such Vanrai Bandharas are mainly constructed in the water scarcity affected areas, as a temporary measures 2.13 Underground Bandhara Essential factors -- o Nala having more than I mt sand layer construction. O Excavation of sand upto hard rock of nala bed. O Soil filling at the bottom in the excavated portion, wetting the soil, consolidation by pressing and ramnming the soil to obtain desired density. O Filling the soil up to the height of the nala bed Benefits o Recharge of water in the surrounding areas of Nala This gives permanent benefit to the nearby wells, Water being in the sand layers and soft rocks below the ground evaporation does not take place and entire water is completely available for use 62 2.14.Farm Ponds. Essential Factors - * The areas receiving rainfall generally 700mm or more (District of Bhandara Gadchiroli & Chandrapur) * Land slope upto 3% * Average size - 20m x 20 m x 3m The farmer has to bear addition expenditure on account of bigger size * Required land has to be donated by the farmer willingly and free of cost * Maintenance is entrusted to the farmer * Can not be implemented in irrigation projects areas * If the project is of individual one, 20% amount of the project has to be borne by the farmer * If the farmer does the labour work voluntanly amounting to 20% of the project cost remaining work is done through the Goverfimefnt - - - - Essential things to be complied before starting the work and during execution I The soil of the recharge trench where the trench is to be constructed should be spread over on the both side of the Nala bank If the land is private then necessary consent should be obtained from the land owner for spreading the soil in While the work is in progress, it necessary to have formation wise height sketch on a separate paper iII If the rock is struck at the bottom, then the depth of the trench should not be blasted in any case for further deepening. IV. The length of the trench is more along the flow direction while excavating the soil from the trench, the hard rock may stnke at different depth and it should be left as it is and in no case blasting should be carried out 3. Unconventional measure for strengthening of drinking water sources 3.1.Utility of unconventional measures. Though the possibility of implementing the unconventional measures for developing irrigation capacity on large scale is less, but it has been observed that these measures are very much useful for strengthening of dnnking water sources Utility of unconventional measures - points to make it more clear I unconventional measures are very efficient, useful and effective for the limited area. 2. Unconventional project is permanent measure (except artificial recharge through borewell project) 3 Due to excessive withdrawal of the groundwater, the groundwater level is depleted in some areas The groundwater level in such areas can be raised to some extent by additional recharge through the unconventional recharge projects so as to help in maintaining Geohydrological balance 4 Water loss due to evaporation is avoided, as the recharged water is stored underground 5. As compared to surface water storage, the groundwater is safe from vanous types of contaminations Measures for groundwater conservation and development under the integrated watershed area development program, and for strengthening of dnnking water sources under scarcity and tanker free program. * Implementing agency - Groundwater Survey & Development Agency 3.2. Fracture Seal Cementation ( cut off wall ) * Drilling of shallow depth (10-I5Mt) bores having 1-2 mt Spacing in two rows across the nala bed covering entire width * Cement slurry is injected into the drilled bores with the help of grouting pump * Cement slurry under pressure, enters Into the water beanng fractures, joints etc 63 and seal them Benefit Water bearing fractures generally available in the depth range of 6 to 15 mt And these are responsible for sub-surface run-off and due to this the well does not store sufficient water By cement grouting these fractures are sealed thereby arresting sub-surface run- off by of cut-off wall Due to this well storage is improved and it can supply for more period 3.3.Jacket well This technique is to artificially create the fractures, joints etc by carrying out blasting- Operations in the drilled bores The new fractures are created in the vicinity of the source well and also existing fractures are interconnected Due to this water storage and supply capacity of the well is improved Construction and work procedure- -o Dniling of shallow depth bores around the source well in circular or semi circular patter depending upon geological conditions so as to form ajacket around the well o Depth of bores is slightly less than the depth of well o The bores are charged with explosives and blasted o Due to blasting, artificial fractures are created and connected to the well o The groundwater available around the well is percolated into the well and supply capacity of the well is increased 3.4.Bore Blast Technique (BBT) The purpose of this technique is to artificially create fractures and improve storage capacity of the source well This method is suitable for the areas where there is assured and heavy rainfall but the sources become dry because of the non porous or less porous formation. Construction and wok procedure. O The bores are drilled to a required depth in the upper side of the source area and blasted by charging them with dynamites. o Groundwater storage during the monsoon is created in the artificially created fractures and joints. o This storage is made available to the source well or borewell on the down side thereby strengthening the source o This measure is useful and beneficial for small harmlets i.e wadilvasti/padaitanda etc having population less than 150 and having acute drnking water scarcity of drinking water 3.5. Stream Blasting This technique is useful for channeling the sub surface water flow artificial below the nala bed, and connecting it to the source well situated on the nala bank Construction & work procedure o Required number of bores depending upon geological formation are drilled in the nala bed. o Blasting of these bores is carried out by charging them with dynamites o Artificial fractures and joints are created and also existing fractures & joints are extended and interconnected. o The groundwater flow below the nala bed is connected to the source well thereby mcreasing the groundwater availability in the well 4.Artificial recharge to groundwater 4.1.Bore well flooding Technique 12 to 15 % recharge is done to the shallow depth water bearing formations by implementing the conventional measures such as percolation tanks. Cement plugs or underground ground bandhara. Out of this very less storage percolates to the deeper 64 aquifer Instead of conventional measures if bore well flooding technique is adopted, then 100 % ground water can be percolated in deeper aquifers Benefits I During the period f monsoon if the water from the river, nala or the water from the shallow depth wells is injected with the help of pump or siphon into the bore well, it goes to deeper zones and can be stored there in the porosity created after withdrawal of water from the aquifer The water to be injected has to silt free ii It is possible to store the additional water from the shallow aquifers which is lost as rejected run off, for future use III Evaporation is avoided and hence 100% of water stored cold be used Iv No bactenological contamination Essential Geological Conditions for recharge a Borewell proposed to be flooded should be high yielding and should have deep static water table b Bore should be tapping fractured zones c. If the bore well is dry due to over extraction, I t advantageous for recharge d. Specific yield of the geological formation should be reasonably high to receive the recharge 6. Hydrofracturing In rural areas, bore well is the main source of drinking water supply However, at many places the drinking water wells have gone dry or are poor yielding and could not be fitted either with hand pump or a mechanical pumps If the fractures or the joints tapped by the bore well could be increased or their density enhanced, the yield of bore well substantially increases. The poor yielding wells can be rejuvenated by the technique called Hydraulic Fracturing usually called Hydrofracturing Dunng hydrofractunng new fractures are created artificially that increases secondary porosity of the formation and resultant yield of the bore well Existing clogged or chocked fractures or joints are cleaned and cleared and their permeability increases Unconnected fractures get interconnected. By adopting this technique bore well yield increases by 17 to 30 % Method Bore well is completely filled with water so as to remove any air in the well Hydraulic packers are installed into bore well at specified depth to create confined conditions. The packers assembly has to be always below the depth of the casing pipe and in the hard rock Water under pressure from the water pump is injected into the bore well. Due to this additional injected water, the water pressure in the bore well rises till the new fractures are created to dissipate ate the pressure Once the fracture is created or opened it is further propagated and gets connected to the net work of water bearing fractures The quality of water to be injected has to good and suitable for drinking. It should be free from any contamination or pollution Hydrofracturing operations are carried out in a bore well at different packer setting depth 65 ANNEXURE IX.l Technical Options for Stillage and Garbage Management Sullage 1.1 Introduction: 1.1 I Sullage is all household wastewater except wastewater from toilets It is sometimes termed as Gr .-y water It is the wastewater from baths, sinks etc which may be expected to contain considerably fewer pathogenic microorganisms than sewage Also it contains salts, solids and organic as well as inorganic materials It must be noted that out of the total water used by consumers almost 80 % of it comes from the household as sullage. The volume of sullage produced depends on the type of water supply 1. 1 2 Sullage needs to be disposed off hygienically as it is less hazardous than sewage Interest and research in sullage handling has increased in both developed as well as developing countries In developed countnes there is a growing trend in use of sewerless chemical toilets and separate disposal of sullage as a way to overcome with various environmental problems 1 1 3 In developing countries there is growing realisation of financial and other difficulties associated with the provision of water based sewerage system There is growing interest in day on site management system 1.2 Origin/ Source and Contribution of Each Source-. 1.2.1 .The Survey camed out in the villages and in Gadge Baba villages shows th following observations Origin Mean (%) 1) Kitchen 10 2) Bathroom 30 3) Laundry 21 3) Utensils 20 4) Toilet 15 1.3 Management Improper sullage management can be main reason for epidemic diseases such as dengue, malana etc As far as aesthetics in concemed accumulation of sullage is highly undesirable. In rural India the accumulation of sullage is a potential health hazard After realizing the importance of sullage management it is necessary to identify and implement suitable sullage treatment units. Normally there are five kinds of sullage disposal systems- o Casual disposal o Garden watering o On site disposal by soakl pit o Drainage in open drains o Drainage in covered drains or sewers - Survey camed out dunng the present study 66 In rural areas mainly three mctihods of sullage management can be adopted a) Domestic b) Community sullage transport c) Final treatment In the domestic sullage management it wilt be the responsibiiity of the particular family to manage their own sullage and ensure zero community sullage Domestically generated sullage which cannot be managed domestically would form a community sullage In the community sullage management systems it is the responsibility of the local goverming unit to provide sullage management systems The implementat]on of a particular system depends on 1) availabilhty of funds 2) geographic conditions 3) availability of land and other factors 1.4 Low Cost Management Systems The low cost sullage management systems include i) On site management ii) Other management techniques 1.4.1 On Site Management On site management is dependent on the quantity of sullage and nature of soil There are three types of on site management systems i) Soak pit ii) Leach pit ii) Kitchen gardening 1.4.1.1 Soak Pit In soak pit method a pit of suitable diym-.ensions is to be dug on ground. The dimensions of the pit are Length I m, Width 1 rm and Depth 1 m This pit is lined on all its four sides and at the base due to which an area of 5 sqm is available. As a result of which water absorption are increases by 5 times The sullage is not spilled on sullage but it gradually seeps in the soil. After digging the pit of requested dimensions the pit is filled with stone aggregates of varying sizes With large sized stones at bottom and smaller sizes at top. On these aggregates either a plastic sheet or tree branches are laid out and on this layer a layer of sand is spread out. At last on the sand layer a layer of fine earth is spread The earth layer is slightly elevated as compared to surrounding ground level. Al the base, intermediate and peripheral region of the pit Earthen pots of 6 to 8 inch dia with 5 to 6 holes are placed. It is necessary that the neck of pots should produced out of the earth layer. These pots are filled with dried grass, which act as filter media The outlet pipe carrying household sullage is placed on these earthen pots so that the sullage will fall in central region of the pots Due to the presence of dry grass all the suspended matter in the sullage gets engulfed in it and the jittered sullage water moves down through the crevices between aggregates and is absorbed by the surrounding earth 1 4 1 2 Soak Pit The main aim of domestic on site sullage management is to produce zero community sullage Failure in achieving this objective leads to adoption of other management tools and community sullage management. When the sullage produced is in excess of the sullage handling capacity of soak pit then in such cases leach pits are adopted About 1.5 m dia and I m depth pit is dug in earth The boundaiy of pit is lined with brick network. The base of the pit is left empty and not concerted The water is accumulated in the pit and it seeps into earth 67 through brick lining and the base of pit This pit is covered at top with stone slab or R C C cover One side of the pit has a provision for filling of water sealed inlet The advantage of the water sealed inlet is that sullage will not be exposed to atmosphere and there will be no access to flies and mosquitoes 1.4.1.3 Kitchen Gardening If the sullage produced is in excess of leachpit handling capacity and if suitable quantity of land is not available then the only option left is using the sullage for kitchen gardening Before applying the sullage to the garden it is passed through cold water grease trap The effluent is used for cultivating vegetables and fruits It is important to note that the water is recycled and used by families for their economic property 1.5 Other Management Tools/ Community Sullage Transport -Transpfortation of sullage is an imported item in low cost sullage treatment The other management tools include a) Sullage transportation b) Sullage treatment c) Sullage recycling 1.5.1 Sullage Transport In low cost sullage treatment method sullage can be transported by any of the following three methods i) open drains ii) covered drains (as per requirement) iii) low diameter taps 1.5.1.1 Open drains It is important to note that all minute features must be considered in the design and the construction of open drains While deciding the dimensions of the drain the following data ir necessary: i) Quantity of sullage ii) Sullage carrying velocity ii) Tums and curves to be given to the drain iv) Gradient slope By properly constructing the drams considenng all above points efficient sullage transport can be achieved Acute turns and curves must be avoided. However if it is necessary to provide tums and curves then they must be> 900 Gradient is an important design parameter Certain amount of velocity must be maintained in the drain during peak as well as lean period to avoid accumulation of sludge in the drain This minimum velocity to be maintained is known as self- cleansing velocity 1.5.1.1.1 Design of open drains Generally in rural areas, in Maharashtra, open drains are constructed to carry away the community sullage. These drains are designed as storm water drains and are expected to carry dry weather sullage The existing drain design in Maharashtra is a uniform cross section (rectangular) This uniforn cross section is unable to generate flowing velocity to dry season sullage It is therefore recommended that a variable cross section design be adopted for construction of open drains The typical drawing is shown below Such a variable design would ensure flow in dry weather conditions as well as storn occurrences Fig. 11 Cross section of an ideal open drain 68 1 5 1 2 Covered Drains If it is necessary to cover the open drains to prevent fall of garbage in it then they must be suitably covered However in rural areas covered drains are not advisable for following reasons I) high capital cost involved ni) high operation and maintenance costs 1.6 Final Treatment Final treatment and ultimate management of treated sullage is an important issue Simple affordable technologies for the final treatment of sullage are available and if recycling of sullage is envisaged the whole process becomes a no profit no loss proposition or in some cases a profitable alternative Final treatment will include 1) Waste stabilisation pond 2) Aerated lagoons or oxidation ditch 3) Reuse Considering the present status in Malharashtra, Waste Stabilisation ponds are the most ideal for Final treatment of rural sullage Aerated Lagoons and Oxidation ditclh are options which have a high capital and operational cost and hence not suitable for Gram Panchayats 1.7 Waste Stabilization Ponds Waste stabilization ponds are large shallow basin enclosed by earthen embankments in which raw sewage is treated by entirely natural process involving both algae and bactena These processes are unaided by human intervention as a result of which the rate of oxidation is low retention period is high about 35 days to 40 days. The waste stabilisation ponds comprise of following three components a) Anaerobic pond b) Facultative pond c) Maturation pond Suitability 1) Suitable in areas where sufficient land is available 2) Used in areas with hot climate and where temperature which is most favourable for their operation Advantages i) low construction costs ii) minimum maintenance requirements 69 IIIJC) IlU:lvIt UVJII)PIVt iCIIUVdl VI UdUctillt 1.7.1 Anaerobic Ponds These ponds are designed to receive such a high organic loading that they are completely devoid of dissolved oxygen They are most advantageously used to pretreat strong wastes, which have a high solids content. These solids settle down at the boniom and are digested anaerobically The partially clear supematant liquid is discharged in the facultative pond or further treatment Important requirements for successful operation of anaerobic ponds are I) Appropriate balance between acid forming and methanogenic bacteria ii) Temperature > 150 C is necessary iii) Pond pH > 6 If above requirements are met then sludge accumulation is minimal, desludging can be done in 3 to 5 years 1.7.2 Facultative Ponds The term facultative means a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic conditions The facultative pond consist of aerobic conditions in upper layers and anaerobic condition in bottom layers These ponds are increasingly used for treatment of effluent from septic tanks and anaerobic ponds Oxygen required for upper layers of ponds comes from reassertion through surface Most of the oxygen is supplied through the photosynthetic activity of the algae which grow naturally in ponds containing enough nutrients and light energy Due to growth of algae the pond acquires green colour The pond bacteria utilize algal oxygen to oxidize the organic matter One major product of bacterial activity Is CO2 which is utilized by algae in photosynthesis reaction. Thus a symbiotic relationship is observed in this pond. The depth of this pond is about 3 to 4 ft. 1.7.3 Maturation Pond They are used as second stage facultative ponds Their main function is the destruction of pathogens by providing in hospitable environment To remo- BoD from 50 to 70 mg/ lit to < 25 mg/lit two ponds in series are required with a detention time of 7 days Their depth is in range of I to 1.5 m as shallow ponds are more effective in destruction of pathogens as compared to deeper ponds. 1.8 ReuseConsidering the fact of water scarcity in rural areas the" effluent coming out of sullage treatment unit can be reused to achieve economy and prosperity. The common areas where treated sullage effluent is used are i) Pisciculture Ponds are created to store the treated sullage effluent where breeding of fishes can be encouraged. ii) Farming: Treated effluent can be used in watering farmlands iii) Gardening Treated effluent can be used in gardening and tree plantation activity Concept of nalla parks can be implemented 2. Garbage Management Garbage includes all sorts of putrescible organic wastes obtained from kitchen, hotels, restaurants etc all waste food articles, vegetable peelings, fruit peelings, etc are included in this term. These wastes are organic in nature and are likely to decompose quickly producing foul odours and health hazards They may also result in breeding of flies, mosquitoes, insects, etc Hence garbage must be disposed quickly and properly When it is scientifically processed and composted then it is possible to produce valuable products such as fertilizers etc. 2.1 Classification Depending on the garbage management techniques garbage can be classified as I Biodegradable garbage 70 2 Non biodegradable garbage 3 Mud, sand, aggregate, etc 4 Hazardous wastes 2.2 Necessity of Garbage Managenient: Capacity to manage garbage is not keeping pace with the growing rate of garbage production As a result there is garbage accumulation From this garbage organic wet biodegradable waste has considerable nuisance value It is a positive health hazard as it can spread pathogens and it can provide suitable conditions for insect breeding There is limited awareness about the necessity to manage garbage hygienically besides recycling it as a source of wealth The garbage management issue consists of three components * Domestic Sarbage level * Transportation-J the community garbage * Final treatment and management of community garbage 2.3 Garbage composition The charactenstics of garbage are changing very fast Percentage of non- biodegradable garbage is steadily increasing Plastic garbage has become a big nuisance Hence while managing garbage due importance is given for the management of non-biodegradable garbage If the garbage is separated at source or its production is minimized then garbage management is very easy If each family manages the garbage hygienically and systematically at domestic level then it will lead to production of zero community garbage This will be an ideal situation To have zero community garbage the separation methods, recycling of the non-biodegradable wastes and management of the biodegradable wastes must be efficient However achieving zero community garbage requires high motivation and behavioural change. If all the domestic garbage is not managed at the domestic level due to various factors then the garbage overflow will result in community garbage Such garbage is to be managed by the local self- govt institutions In this system transportation and the final treatment of the garbage are important aspects of garbage management systems The transport system must be efficient and sustainable The final treatment of garbage is a neglected aspect In many cases garbage is literally dumped just outside the habitation limits. This is hazardous Vermi-composting is one of the cheapest options in the final treatment of garbage However this process is found to be very cumbersome It is important to note that the low cost garbage treatment technologies must reach at the grass root levels For this to happen suitable technology transfer mechanism must be formulated 2.3.1 Bio-degradable wastes: The major portion of the garbage is composed of biodegradable wastes Mostly it Is found in wet condition. It mainly consists of I Kitchen wastes 2 Rotten vegetables 3 Meat, fish 4 Leaves. 5. Tree branches etc Through bacteria and fungi nature continuously breaks down and digests the organic and biodegradable wastes With increase in human population and settlements the quantity of biodegradable wastes is steadily increasing In India the climatic and temperature conditions are favorable for natural and.biological decomposition of wastes. However in the countries with severely cold climate the conditions commonly used are incineration and chemical decomposition However adoption of above techniques proves to be harmful as they pollute the environment. Hence biological treatment is an eco-friendly method 2.3.2 On site management of Biodegradable wastes 2.3.2.1 Composting 71 IJomposting is a biological method ot decomposing the solid biodegradable wastes Composting can be effected either under aerobic conditions or anaerobic conditions The final end products are manure called compost or humus, which has a great demand as fertilizer on four land Basically composting is an aerobic process because it involves piling up of refuse and its regular turming either manually or by mechanical devices so as to ensure sufficient supply of air and oxygen during its decomposition by bacteria, fingi and other micro organisms like actinomycetes Initially the process starts with mesophilic bacteria which oxidize organic mater to carbon-di-oxide and liberate heat. The temperature rises to about 450 C At this point the thermophilic bacteria take over the decomposition process During this phase the temperature to about 60° C After about three weeks the compost is stabilised and this is shown by appreciate fall in the temperature of the compost mass The final compost has an earthy smell and a dark brown colour The final compost has an earthN smell and a dark brown colour Moisture content is an important parameter as it affects in maintaining aerobic conditions To achieve an optimum rate of aerobic actually, usually moisture content is kept at about 55% In rural India composting can be carned out by any of the following three methods i) Bangalore method 1i) Indore method in) Nadep method 2 3 2 2. Bangalore Method: The Bangalore method is primarily anaerobic is nature It does to involve in any tunming or handling of mass and hence it is cleaner than the Indore method This method is widely used by Municipal corporations throughout the country The refuse and other solid wastes are piled up in layers in an underground trench of about liOm x 1.5 m x 1.5 m This mass is covered at its top layer of earth of about 15 cm thickness and is finally left over for decomposition With in two to three days of burial intensive biological action starts taking place and organic matter begins to be destroyed Due to evolution of heat till temperature of decomposing mass nses to 750 C This heat produced prevents breeding of the flies by destroying the larvae After about 4 to 5 months (depending on the season) the refuse gets stabilized and changes to a brown coloured odourless powdery mass called humus The humus is removed from trenches and sieved on 12.5 m sieve to remove stones, glass particles, bnckbats etc and sold in the market as manure The empty trenches can be again used for fresh batches of refThe initial carbon to nitrogen ratio and moisture content of the compost heap are two important factors that control the success of this method. The compost produced is free of pathogens and contains 1%nmtrogen, 11 % of phosphorous as P2 05 and 1 5 % of potassium of K20 on dry basis, thus proving to be available nutnent for the soil. 2 3 2 3. Indore Method The Indore method uses manual tuming of piled up mass for its decomposition under aerobic conditions In this method the layers of vegetable wastes and other residue and soil are altemately piled in depth of 7 5 cm to 10 cm to a total depth of about 1 5 m in a trench or above the ground to form a mound called as a window The mixture is kept aerobic by turning regularly for 2 to 3 months at an interval of 5 to 7 days The compost mass is then kept for another I to 1 I/2 months unturned after which compost becomes ready for use. The entire process takes about 4 to 5 months. This method is primarily aerobic in nature 2.3.2.4. NADEP Method In this method a garbage bin is built on ground with the help of bricks Certain openings are left in the brick joints to maintain aerobic conditions in the bin Garbage, 72 dung and earth are tilled in this bin in layers TIhe manure obtained by this method is of good quality However. this method involves high initial cost. which works against this method 2.4 Biogas Technologi Biogas plant works on the principle of anaerobic digestion The biodegradable organic matter is decomposed in oxygen less environment The products of this, reaction are the inflammable methane gas, carbon-di-oxide, hydrogen etc along with the above gases manure is also obtained The biogas plant can be advantageously set up if the quantity of biodegradable organic matter produced is large Those materials which can be digested anaerobically are separated from other materials The biogas obtained from the reactor is used for cooking purpose while the manure obtained can be used on .agricultural farmiands The commonly used materials are (i) Rotten vegetables - (ii) Kitchen wastes from households and hotels etc Composting Vs Biogas Composting Biogas (I)Gases produced in composting method are of negligible quantity and they readily escape in atmosphere _Methane produced in biogas plant can be used for cooking purposes (2) End product obtained is manure only End products obtained are biogas and manure (3) Quality of manure obtained is slightly infenor _ Quality of manure is superior (4 ) Manure obtained is not entirely pathogen free Hence handling of this manure may prove hazardous for human beings The manure obtained from biogas plant is almost pathogen free (5) Nitrogen content of manure is less Nitrogen of manure is twce of that obtained in composting method (6) manure obtained from incomplete digestion may be source of breeding, Of fltes thus causing nuisance No such fly breeding problem encountered (7) Chance of spread of foul odour surrounding are is more Chance of spread of foul odour in Surrounding area is less. Naturally from the farmers point of view biogas plant will be convenient, economic and healthy. 2 5 Vermiculture With the help of earthwonms organic biodegradable wastes can be converted to excellent quality manure. This fact has been proved through various experiments and expenence Earthworms use the organic matter as their food. After carrying out research on vanous strains of earthworm it has been found that a few types of earthworm are more efficient in conversion of wastes in manure These types of earthworm are specially grown and left in garbage heap Earthworms eat the waste and convert it to humus enriched manure. This manure, rich in nutnents, proves to be highly useful in agncultural operations As per vanous conditions appropriate technique and appropnate class of earthworms must be selected. The commonly used earthworms for vermicomposting are (i) Acenia foetida (n) Feretema elongata (ii) Lubricus terestris Out of the above types Acenia foetida and lubricus terestous are used to produce manure from garbage while Feretema elongata is used to produce manure from animal dung 2.6 On Site Management of Non Biodegradable Wastes Glass, plastic, wood, rubber, various metals etc are included in this category Most of 73 these materials are separated from the waste, treated and reused. Those materials which cannot be recycled or reused are disposal off either by incineration or chemical action In our country many people earn livelihood by recycling of wastes These people must be encouraged by giving them proper support and benefits This technique helps in saving a lot of national resources Truly speaking separation of wastes in biodegradable and non-biodegradable format must take place at source itself This helps in saving lot of time and money as well as labour This also helps in minimizing the accumulation of wastes in public places and maintaining cleanliness 2 6.1 Stone, Dust etc These are natural constituents and there is no need for any action on them They are mixed in the ground itself 2.6.2 Hazardous Wastes The wastes from hospitals and other such institutions is classified as hazardous waste. They are called as hazardous wastes because there is an increased chance of spread of disease through them. These wastes are disposed off by sterilization and incineration procedures 2.7 Community Garbage If the domestic garbage management techniques are successfully implemented then there will be zero community garbage produced However, there may anse certain circumstances or situation where domestic garbage produced cannot be managed on site Such garbage is dumped at public places Hence it will be the responsibility of local self-govemment institutions to manage this waste These institutions must highlight proper course of action and see to it is stnctly implemented Following are some of the important parameters in community garbage management 2.7.lCollection of Garbage In rural areas most of the families have tendency to throw away their garbage out of their residential limits. However it will be convenient if all the garbage produced in the village is allowed to be collected at one particular place such as dust bins. The dustbins rrust be provided in sufficient numbers at appropnate places. In absence of dustbins the people tend to throw their garbage in open drains. This cause obstruction to sullage flow and affects sullage as well as garbage management adversely. Hence sufficient number of dustbmns must be appropriately located in the villages and people must be educated, trained and encouraged to use them 2.7.1 Garbage Transport The garbage collected in the garbage bins must be transported to the point of final treatment through efficient transportation system. The transportation system is the responsibility of the local self-govemment body. This system depends on the size of the colony, local geographical conditions, financial capabilities of the local self- govemment body. The commonly used transportation units are I) bucket ii) Hand carts iii) Bullock carts Iv) Self driven vehicles While transporting the garbage it should be properly covered and care should be taken that it is not spilled during its movement 2.7.3 Final Management 74 By using any one of the above mentioned methods the local self-govemment body can manage the garbage efficiently Composting and vermi composting are the two convenient methods of garbage management Previously the garbage was constituted only of biodegradable organic matter As a result of this the manure produced found enthusiastic support from the farmers However recently the composition of garbage is changing If the garbage is subjected as it is, without any separation, to composting then the manure produced will contain glass, metals, plastic etc This manure is not used by the farmers However, if the garbage components are separated at source then good quality manure can be produced However, in absence of efficient separation system the garbage is treated through vermi composting The manure produced is sieved on sieves and glass, plastic metals etc are separated from manure These separated components now can be sold 2.7.4 Public Awareness Public awareness is very important in garbage management Unless there is awareness in the society about -- a) use of appropriate garbage management technology b) separation of garbage at source c) proper disposal of garbage in garbage bins d) efficient garbage transport system e) final treatment of garbage The garbage will not be efficiently managed Keeping this point in mind each and every villager must be aware and alert and see to it that the garbage produced in the village is efficiently managed To generate more and more public interest in this management system vanous programs have to be implemented 75 Annexure 1X.2. Technical Guidelines on Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines on Design, Construction and Maintenance of Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrine Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrine 1. Components The PF latrine consists of a a squatting pan of special design (Drawing on page 3) set on the flcc'r, b a trap with a 20mm water seal, to prevent the emission of foul smell and fly/mosquito nuisance (Drawing on page 3), c two leaching pits which remains retain solid matter and allow liquid to leach and gases to disperse into the ground, and d. an inter connecting system between pits and trap superstructure 2. Functioning The excreta is carried into subsurface leach pits through pipes or covered drains and one pit is used at a time The liquid infiltrates into the soil through the holes in the pit lining. The gases also disperse into the soil, and therefore the provision of rent pipe for its outlet is not necessary When one pit is full, the excreta is diverted to the second pit The filled pit can be conveniently emptied after a rest period of one and a half years, dunng which pathogens are inactivated and the organic matter decomposed Thus the two pits can be used altematively and continuously. In a single pit system desludging is required immediately after the pit is filled up, and therefore, involves handling of fresh and undigested excreta which is hazardous to health Single leach pits are appropnlate only if a mechanical desludging vacuum tanker is readily available, or if the pit is abandoned when ful 3. Design leach Pits The size of the leach pits is determined first on the basis of the volume required for storage of solid matter, and then it is checked whether it provides sufficient infiltrative surface area for infiltrating waste water to the surroundings soil If it does not, the volume should be increased to provide adequate infiltrative surface area A free space of at least 300mm must be provided above the invert level of the inlet pipes or drains upto the bottom of the pit cover 3.1 Sludge Storage Volume The volume required is calculated on the basis of sludge accumulation rate, the number of persons likely to use the latrine, and the design sludge storage period Storage Sludge accumulation Volume = rate X Number of users needed X Design storage period 76 3.1.1 Sludge Accumulation A leach pit is classified as wet or dry depending on wliether the grounid water table is above or below the bottom of the pit In dry pits the storage volume needed is calculated only on basis of sludge accumulation rate But in wet pits even though the sludge accumulation rate is lower, the pit volume has to be increased to prevent flooding due to surcharge For designing pits, the volumc needed per person per year is given below Table- I Pit design - Volume Per Capita Per Year in cubic meters Material used Dry pits Wet Pits + for anal cleansing (2 year desludging Interval) Water 0.04* 0.078 Soft paper' 0.053 0.104 Other anal cleansing materials such as hard paper, leaves mudballs, com cobs, etc. are unsuitable for use with PF latrines as they block the trap and the interconnecting pipes or drains 3.1.2 Number Of Users The number of persons likely to use the latnne varies from house to house, but to standardize construction details, pits are designed for 5,1 0 and 1 5 users If the users in the household are more than 15, it is better to provide two pairs of pits of appropriate size. 3.1.3 Storage Period The minimum design interval between successive manual desludging of pits could be one and a half years which is the period required for inactivation of the most persistent pathogen present in faecal matter (ascaris ova) To allow for a reasonable degree of operational flexibility as well as to provide at least 2 year storage volume. However, if necessary, the pits can be designed for longer periods 3.2 Infiltration Area The area required for infiltration is calculated by taking into account the expected total daily flow to the pit and the long term infiltration rate of the soil where the pits are to be located Infiltration Daily total flow to the pit surface - required Long term infiltration rate of soil The vertical surface area of the soil in contact with the pit walls from the pit bottom to the invert level of the pipe or drain is to be considered for 77 infiltration The bottom of the pit is not taken into account for infiltration as to clog in the course of time 3.2.1 Long term Infiltration Rate The infiltration rate for different types of soil is taken to calculate the infiltrative surface area required as shown in Table 2. Table - 2 Long Term Infiltration Rates for Different Soil Types* Soil Type Litres per M2 per- Sand 50 Sandy loam, loarns 30 Porous silty loams, Porous 20 silty clay loams Silty clay loams, clay 10 3.2.2 Flow to the Pit Unless more specific data is available, flow to the pit is taken as 9.5 litres' per day per person This includes unne, excreta and water used for anal cleansing after defecation and flushing The total flow in the pit is calculated by multiplying the expected number u. latnne users by 9.5 and adding 5 litres+ For the water used for washing and cleaning the latnne floor and squatting pan 4. Suitability of Pits for Various Geographical Conditions 4.1 Pits in Water Logged, Flood Prone and High Sub-soil Water Areas In high sub-soil, water logged or flood prone areas, the pits should be raised above the ground level to a height such that the invert of the incoming drains/pipes is just above the likely flood water or sub-soil water level Rasing the pipes will necessitate raising the latrine floor also. In pits located in water logged or flood prone areas, earth should be filled and well compacted all around the pits in 100 mm width and up to the top (Drawing on page 6). It is not necessary to raise the pits by more than 300mm (free space as specified In page 4) above the plinth of the house because if water rises above the plinth, the residents will anyway vacate the house. In high sub-soil water areas, about 300mm filling all around the pits may be done depending on site conditions In these situations, the pits should be designed as wet pits taking into consideration the infiltration rate of the type of soil. 78 4 2 Pits in Snow Region Experience has shown that PE latrines with twin pits function satisfactonly in areas subjected to snow fall in winter The pits can be designed on the same considerations as those in the plains and should be constructed below the frost iine 4.3 Pits In Rocky Strata In rocky strata with soil layers in between, leach pits are designed on the same principles as those for low sub-soil water level taking the long term infiltration capacity of the soil as 20 litres per Sq m per day However, in rock with fissures, chalk formations, old root channels, pollution can flow over a very long distance, hence these conditions demand careful investigation and adoption of pollution safeguards (see page 17)- In impervious rocky strata, since there will be no infiltration of liquid, the pits will function as holding tanks In such situations, a PF latrine with leachino pits is not a suitable system. 4 4 Pits in Soils with Low Infiltration Capacity Leaching capacity tends to be the limiting factor when the infiltrative capacity of soil is low In these circumstances, there are two options, construct a larger pit, or increase the cntical leachmg area The former option is costly, while the latter can be accomplished by backfilling and compacting with brick ballast, gravel, sand etc, in the required width all around the pit, since the leaching area is the vertical surface of the excavation of the pit rather than the external wall of the pit Pits in Black Cotton Soil are designed on the basis of whether the pit is wet or dry, taking the infiltration rate as 10 litres per sq. meter per day However, a minimum 300mm* Vertical fill (envelope all around the pit) of sand, gravel or ballast of small sizes should be provided all around the pit, 'outside the pit lining, to separate the soil and the pit lining as well as to increase the infiltrative surface area 4.5 Pits Where Space is a Constraint Where circular pits of standard sizes cannot be constructed due to space constraint, deeper pits with smaller diameter (not less than 750 mm), or combined- oval, square or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall, may be provided. In case of combined pits, the partition wall, as well as the adjoining side walls up to 225mm width, should not have any holes. The partition wall should be 225rnm deeper than the pit lining. Both faces of the partition wall should be plastered in cement mortar 1:6 4.6 Size of the Leach Pits The sizes of pits have been worked out for 5, 10 and 15 users (See page 4 under "No of users") assuming a 2 year desludging interval b Volume needed for dry pits 0 04m3 lcap/yr and for wet pits 0.078m3 /cap/yr c Hydraulic loading 9 5 I/cap/day plus 5 litres for washing latrine floor 79 and d Long term infiltration rate of the soil 10,20,30 and 50 1 /m2lday The depths given in the tables are effective depths measured from the invert of pipes or drains to the bottom of the pit The total depth of the pit would be 300mm more-than the depths specified in the tables, to allow for free space 4.7 Shape of Pits Wherever possible circular pits should be constructed because of their structural strength and relative larger surface area 4.8 Location and Orientation of Pits. The Pit,, as far as possible, should be located within the premises of the house. However, if this is not possible, they can be located under the street ot foot path. In such cases, the pit cover should be designed to withstand the expected load which it will be subjected to. Ideally, the pit should be placed symmetrically at the back of the squatting pan, as shown in the drawings on page 7 and 9. if site conditions do not permit this lay out, the pits can be located in any angle as properly sloped with a minimum gradient of 1:15 and have no sharp bends. 4.9 Spacing Between Two Pits The space between the two pits' should be at least the effective depth' of the pit If the spacing has to be reduced, an impervious barrier such as cut-off screen or puddle caly wall should be provided between them. 5. Construction of Pour Flush latrines 5.1 Latrine Cubicle The minimum interval size° of the latnne cubicle should be 750mm from side to side and 900mm from front to back. In firm soil the depth of the foundation should be as shown m drawings on page 25 and 27. In loose or filled or balck cotton soil, the foundation should be designed as per site conditions The plinth should be a minimum of 225 mm above the ground level. 5.2 Squatting Pan and Trap The pan could be of Ceramic, Glassfibre Reinforced Plastics (GRP), Cement Concentrate (CC) Cement Mosaic, Poly Propylene (PP) Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). Ceramic pans are the best but costliest. Mosaic or cement concentrate pans have the advantage that they can be manufactured locally by trained masons, but they are heavy and the surface tends to become rough afler long use. Their acceptance is lower than other types Traps for ceramic pans are made of the same material but for GRP pans, High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) traps are used. For mosaic and cement concentrate pans, traps are of cement concentrate The nm of the squatting pan should be installed horizontally and the trap connected to ensure a 20mm waterseal. While fixing the trap, keep the top of 80 the inlet and the top curvature of the trap honzontal, the squatting pan should then be fixed over the trap in such a way that its rim is horizontal and flush with the latrine floor This process will ensure 20mm waterseal in the trap The distance between the pan and the back wall of the latrine superstructure should be about 20mm 5.3 Footrests These can be of ceramic, cement concentrate, cement mosaic or plastered brick The top of the foot-rests should be bout 20 mm above the floor level and inclined slightly away from the squatting pan in the front Alternatively foot rests can be integral part of plastic or ceramic squatting pans 5.4 Pit Lining -5.4.1 Brick lining The pits should be lined to avoid collapsing Bncks jointed in 1 6 Cement mortar are most commonly used for lining The thickness of the brick lining could be 75mm, but due to poor acceptance and difficulty in coilstruction, the lining is generally made 1I 5mm thick. 5.4.2 Size of holes in brick lining The lining in the brickwork should be by honey-combing up to the invert level of the incoming pipe or drain The size of the holes should be about 50mm wide, and extend to the full height of the brick course For simpler construction, holes should be provided in alternate bnck courses. If the soil is sandy or a sand envelope is provided or there are chance of damage by field rats, the width of the opening should be reduced to 12 to 15 mm Where the foundation of the building is close to the pit, holes should not be made in the portion of lining facing the foundation However, while designmg pits in such a situation, the infiltrative area should be increased because less surface area would be available for infiltration due to bnck work without holes The lining above the invert of the pipes or drains, up to the bottom pit cover, should be in solid bnck, i e. with no openings 5.4.3 Cement cvoncrete Ring Lining The concrete rings used for lining should be 40mm thick about 300mmin height and constructed with 1 '3.6 cement concrete, reinforced with 2 rings of 6mm dia mild steel bars The first nng is placed after casting 50 mm of height and the second ring is placed at a height of 250mm. Each ring should have two rows of 50mm circular holes staggered about 200mm apart The rings are not to be jointed with mortar but are put one over the other Below the pit cover two courses of brick work in cement mortar 1 6 should be provided for supporting the pit cover The use of concrete rings is advantageous in the construction of wet pits 5 .4.4 Burnt Clay Rings Where available, burnt clay nngs of uniform deep cherry red or copper colour with holes can also be used for lining pits where they are not subjected to heavy pressures 81 of loading 5.4.5StoneLining Stones or latrine bricks could be used depending upon their availability and cost Lining can be constructed in random rubble stone open jointed pitching (no mortar) with one layer at the bottom and the other in the middle, in the concrete mortar 1 6 5.5 Pit Bottom Expect where precauttons are to be taken to prevent pollution of drinking water sources, the pit bottorm should be left in a natural condition 5.6 Distance of Pits from Foundation Pits up to I 7m depth can be safely located at a distance of 500mm from the existing structure (distance between the foundation of the building to penphery of pit). For 2m deep pits, a safe distance is 900mm 5.7 Pit Cover Usually Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) 1 2 4 slabs are used for covenng the pits, but depending upon the availability and cost, flagstones can also be cast in two pieces for convenience of handling The thickness. of a RCC pit cover will depend upon the load expected to come on it For pits located inside the premises of the household, where they are not subjected to heavy loading, the thickness can be 50 mm but in such cases the covers should be centrally cast with stone ballast to ensure quality control. Bnck ballast (of overbumt or first class brick) can be used where stone ballast is not easily available and is costly, but the thickness of the slab should be increased to 75mm. 5.8 Interconnection Between Pits and Squatting pan The trap is connected to the pit through a 75mm brick channel of "U" cross sectional shape covered with bricks jointed with weak mortar or mud or cement mortar 1 12or 75mm dia A C. or PVC non pressure pipe In case pipes are used, a chamber of minimum size 250mm x 250mm (Drawing on page 16) should be provided at the bifurcation point to facilitate cleaning and allowing flow to the pit In the case of a drain, the 'y' portion of the dran serves the sarne purpose. The channel or pipe should have a minimum gradient of 1 15 The pipe or drain leading to the point not in use should be completely sealed with a temporary plug, say of brick, stone or concrete etc. joined with weak mortar. 5.9 Latrine Superstructuire The superstructure should be designed to ensure privacy, convenience, comfort and easy maintenance. It should be well ventilated It can be any of the following types in the case of a bnck or concrete superstructure being unaffordable I White or colour washed Jute, or thick plastic sheet enclosures on a bamboo frame, ll Mud with a thatched or tiled roof, Ill Date palm or bamboo matting with bamboo frame and a thatched or tiled roof, IV. In the hills, walls of slates or small stone pieces and a roof of slates It is advisable to provide a superstructure along with the latrine suostructure to ensure its immediate use 6.Pollution Safeguards Proper information and investigation of both geological/hydrological conditions of sites where pits are to be located, and the location of drinking water sources, size, all are pre-requisites in planning, designing and construction of on-site low cost sanitation systems to ensure that pollution risk to ground water and water distnbution mains is minimal Faulty construction and wrong data/information regarding hydrogeological conditions may lead to pollution of dnnking water sources To ensure that the risk of polluting ground water and dnnking water sources is minimal, the following safeguards should be taken while locating the pits a) Drinking water should be obtained from another source or from the same aquifer. but at a point beyond the reach of any faecal pollution from the leach pits. b) If the soil is fine (effective size 0 2mm or less), the pits can be located at a minimum distance of 3m from the drinking water sources, provided the maximum ground water level throughout the year is 2m or more below the pit bottom (low water table) If the water table is higher, i e less than 2mr below the pit bottom, the safe distance should be increased to !Omi c) If the soil is coarse (effective size more than 0.2mm), the same safe distances as specified above can be maintained by providing a 500 mm thick sand envelope, of fine sand of 0 2 mm effective size, all around the pit, and sealing the bottom of the pit with an impervious material such as- puddle clay, a plastic sheet, lean cement concrete; or cement stabihsed soil. d) If the pits are located under a footpath or a road, or if a water supply main is within a distance of 3m from the pits, the invert level of the pipes or drains connecting the leach pits should be kept below the level of the water main, or I m below the ground level If this is not possible due to site considerations, the Joints of the water main should be encased in concrete 7. Operation and maintenance of TPPF Latrine Operation and maintenance of TPPF latrine is very simple but it is necessary to educate the users regarding its proper use and maintenance. 7.1 Diversion of Flow From One Pit to Another 83 Only one of the two pits is to be used at a time It is very important to cnmpletely seal the entry to the pit, which is not use This is done by blocking one of the branches of the drain or in the case of a pipe, by blocking the mouth of one pipe at thejunction chamber (see page 13) When water does not flow out of the pan, either there is chokage or the point in use is full If by rodding, the chokage is not removed, then the pit in use is full and the flow needs to be diverted to the second pit For this, remove the cover of the drain or junction chamber and take out the blockage to allow the flow tot he pit not in use and block the flow to the pit which is full Cover the drain or the junction chamber properly so that foul smell is not emitted 7.2 Removal And Disposal of Pit Sludge When. the filled pit is allowed to rest for a minimum of one and a half years, the pit contents are completely digested and free of foul smell - The pit can then be safely emptied manually, without being hazardous to health, by the householder himself or through the local authority or a private agency However, in the case of combined pits and pits located in water logged and high sub-soil water areas, de-sludging of pits should be done carefully because the sludge rmght not be completely safe and dry to handle due to travel of pathogens from the pit in use to the pit to be desludged After the pit is emptied, the pit cover should be placed in position and the joint made air tight. The humus collected has rich manure value and is a good soil conditioner The either in the kitchen garden or the fields, but from wet pits it can be used only when it is sun dned. 7.3 Do's and Dont's The following Do's and Dont's should be explained tot he users Do's o Keep a bucket full of water outside the latrine. o Keep a 2 litre can in the latrine filled with water for flushing o Before use, pour a little quantity of water to wet the pan so that excreta a slide smoothly into the pit o Flush the excreta after each use o Pour a little quantity of water, say half litre ion the squatting pan after urination. o The squatting pan should be cleaned daily with a soft broom or soft brush with a long handle after sprinkling a small quantity of water and detergent powder. o Use minimum quantity of water in washing the pan and latrine floor. O Wash hands, using soap or ash after defecation at the assigned place 84 * If any construction defect is observed dunng the guarantee period, report the matter tot he local authority or the construction agency * When the pit is in use is full, rodding should be done from the pan side as discussed on page 19 * If the trap gets choked, rodding should be done from the pan side as well as from the rear side by means of a split bamboo stick, after removing the cover of the drain or junction chamber * Care should be taken when desludging the pits located in water logged or high sub-soil water areas and in the case of combined pits, as the humus may not be safe for handling Don't's * Do not use both the pits at same time. * Do not use more than 2hitres of water for each flushing (if the waste is not flushed with 2 litres, pour more water at the specific spots for flushing the waste ) * Do not use caustic soda or acid for cleaning the pan * Do not throw sweepings, vegetable or fruit peelings, rags, cotton waste, and cleaning materials like com cobs, mud balls, stone pieces, leaves etc. in the pan or the pits * Do not allow rain water, kitchen or bath waste water to enter the leach pits * Do not provide water tap in the latrine. * Do not throw lighted cigarette butts in the pan * Do not desludging the pit before one and a half years of its being out of use 8. Supervisor check during construction During construction, the supervisor should check whether the following condition have been met. * In the drawings 'H' is the depth of the pit below the invert level of connecting pipes or drain, not the total pit depth * If the maximum ground water level through out the year remains 2m or more below the pit bottom, and if the soil at site is fine (effective size 0.2mm or less), the pits have been located maintaining a minimum distance of 3m from the drinking water sources If the water table is higher, a minimum I Om distance be kept to minimize the chances of pollution 85 o If the soil at the site is coarse (effective size more than 0 2mm), a 500 mm thick envelope of fine sand of (O 2mm effective size) has been provided all around the pit, its bottom sealed, it is located at a minimum distance of 1 Om has been kept to prevent pollution of dnnking water sources o The pit size conforms to the geological and hydrogeological conditions and the likely number of users, and adequate leaching area has been provided, if necessary, by back filling for proper infiltration of incoming liquid into the pits In cases where the foundation is very close to the pits, holes have not been provided in the portion of lining facing the foundation, and the leaching area has been increased suitably o The minimum d4 stance between the two pits is equal to the effective depth (depth of the pit below the invert of incoming pipe or drain) of the pits o The pits have not been located in a depression where water may stagnate over the pits or in a drainage line which allows the flow of rain water over the pits o The bottom of the leach pit has been left in a natural condition except where it is necessary to seal it to prevent pollution o The RCC cover is of the thickness shown in drawing on page 15 and has been reinforced as per the design o The top of the pit cover is about 50nrm above the natural ground level and the earth fill is well compacted all around the cover sloping to avoid a step being formed. O The drain is 'U' shaped, cross-sectioanlly and its ineer surface is smooth. o Drains with benching have been properly provided in the junction chamber (Drawing on page 16) to divert the flow to one of the two pits o A Minimum gradient of I 15 has been provided in the connecting drains or pipes o The mouth of the drains or pipes is projecting nearly 75mm past the pit lining in the pits o The flow has been restricted to one pit by blocking the mouth of one of the drains or pies. O The materials used are of the quality specified in the design, or relevant standard specifications and the workmanship is good o The specifications laid down have been followed and the work has been finished neatly o The floor surface is smooth and sloping slightly towards the pan * The foot-rests have been fixed at the proper place and at an angle, as in the drawing * 50mm wide holes have been provided in the pit lining in alternate layers up to the invert of the pipe or drain, and the lining above is in sohd brick work (no holes) If the soil is sandy, or if a sand envelope has been provided, or there are chances of damage by field rats, the width of the holes has been reduced to 12 to 15 mm If the foundation of the building is close to the pits, holes have not been provided in the portion of lining, rings below the invert of pipes or drains should have 50mm circular holes staggered about 200 mm apart * A minimum gradiient of 1 15 has been provided in the connecting drains or pipes The mouth of the drains or pipes is projecting nearly 75mm past the _ pit lining in the pits * The flow has been restncted to one pit by blocking the mouth of one of the drains or pipes * The materials used are of the quality specified in the design, or relevant standard specifications and the workmanship is good * The specifications laid down have been followed and the work has been finished neatly * The floor surface is smooth and sloping slightly towards the pan * The foot-rests have been fixed at the proper place and at an angle, as in the drawing. * 50mrn wide holes have been provided in the pit lining in altemate layers up to the invert of the pipe or drain, and the lining above is in solid brick work (no holes) If the soil is sandy, or if a sand envelope has been reduced to 12 to 15mm If the foundation of the building is close to the pits, holes have not been provided in the portion of lining facing the foundation In cement concrete nng lining, rings below the invert of pipes or drains should have 50 rnm circular holes staggered about 200 mm apart * The covers over the pits, drains and junction chamber have been placed properly * The pan and trap used are of a design specified for pour flush and these have been fixed properly so as to provide a 20 mm waterseal, and that the joint is water tight and the top of the pan is flush with the latnne floor. * No vent pipe has been provided. * A well ventilated superstructure has been removed and the site cleared and dressed. * The users have been educated on the use and maintenance of PF latrines 87 A. Pour Flush Latrines with Dry Circular Leach Pits Size of its and Materials Required for Construction (for 5, 10 and 15 users) Assumptions: a) 2 year desludging interval or solid storage volume b) Solids accumulation rate of 0 04m3/capita/day, assuming water is used for and cleansing c) Hydraulic loading 9 5 litres/capita/day + 5 litres per day for washing and cleaning squatting pan and latrine floor Ground water level throughout the year below the bottom of pits Table.1 DRY PITS: SIZE [N MM - Inriltratio 5 Users 10 Users 15 Users Soil Type n rate Width Width Width (SoM /nday) Pit Pit of back Pit Pit of Pit Pit ofback Dia Depth filling Dia Depth back Dia Depth filling filling ~~~filling Clay, compact silty Loams 10 900 650 750 1000 1050 900 1200 1100 1450 PorousClay 20 900 650 100 1000 1050 150 1200 1100 350 loams Sandy Loams 30 900 650 - 1000 1050 - 1200 1100 - Sand 50 900 650 - 1000 1050 - 1200 1100 - Table. 2 Dry Pits: Materials required for construction Quantity Quantity Materials Unit 10 15 Materials Unit 5 Users Users Users With pipes and With covered Bifurcation Bnck Drain Chamber I Bricks Nos. 400 720 850 1. Bricks Nos 470 790 s 2 Cement Bags 2 53 3 17 3 97 2. Cement Bags 2 64 3.28 3. Sand Cum 0.43 0.56 0.66 3 Sand Cum 0 45 0 58 C 4 Bnck ballast Cum 0.23 0 23 0 23 4. Brick Cum 0.21 0 21 ( ballast 5 Stoneballast Cum 015 0.16 022 5 Stone Cum 014 015 ( ballast 6 M S bars Kg 8.00 8.50 12 00 6 M S.bars Kg 8 00 8.50 ] B. Pour Flush Latrines with Dry Circular Leach Pits size of its and Material Required for Construction (for 5, 10 and 15 users) Assumptions: a) 2 year desludging interval or solid storage volume b) Solids accumulation rate of 0 078m3/capita/day, assuming water is used for anal cleansing c) Hydraulic loading 9 5 litres/capita/day + 5 litres per day for washing and cleaning squatting pan and latrine floor d) Ground water level throughout the year below the bottom of pits Table.3. WET PITS: SIZE IN MM 1nriltratio 5 Users 10 Users 15 Users Soil Type n rate Width Width (lIm2Id Pit PtPit Pit of Pit Pit ofbc (t dY) Dia Depth of back Dia Depth back Dia Depth f bac Dia ~~filling filling lin Clay, compact silty Loams 10 900 1250 100 1200 1400 450 1400 1550 700 Porous Clay 20 900 1250 - 1200 1400 - 1400 1550 - loams Sandy Loams 30 900 1250 - 1200 1400 - 1400 1550 - Sand 50 900 1250 - 1200 40150 - 1400 1550 - Table..4 WET PrTS: MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION Quantity Quantity Materials Unit 10r 15 Materials Unit 5 5 users10tsr Users Users Users With pipes and With covered Bifurcation Bnck Drain Chamber I Bricks Nos. 740 990 1200 1 Bricks Nos 810 1080 1 2 Cement Bags 3 08 4 32 5 62 2 Cement Bags 3 19 4 49 3. Sand Cum 0 57 0.75 0.91 3 Sand Cum 0 59 0 78 ( 4 Brick ballast Cum 0 23 0 23 0.23 4 Bnck Cum 0 21 0 21 ( ballast 5. Stone ballast Cum 0 150 0 22 0 32 5 Stone Cum 0 14 0 21 ( ballast 6. M S.bars Kg 8 00 12 00 15 00 6 M S bars Kg 8.00 12 00 I Note: In soils with low infiltrative capacity, the pit size has been kept the same high infiltrative capacity soils, but the infiltration area has been increased by providing back filling all around the pits. Depths of pit given above is the depth of pit below the invert of pipes or drains; the total depth of pits would be 300mm more to allow free space 89 Annexure X Review of Water Quality Problems and Mitigation Measures In Yavatmal District in Maharashtra BN Arun Kumar Mudgal, Consultant (Water and Environmental Sanitation) Background At the req.'est of the Water Supply and Sanitation Department (WSSD), Government of Maharashtra (GOM), a review team comprising Arun Kumar Mudgal, Consultant and J V R Murthy, Sector Reforms Coordinator, Water and Sanitation Progarm (WSP) visited Yavatmal district and Mumbai,-0-14 February 2003 for a "Review of Water Quality Problems and Mitigation Measures in Yavatmal District in Maharashtra" Objectives The objectives of the review were I To review the existing water quality situation and mitigation strategy adopted by Zila Parishad to address water quality problems. ni To make recommendations for improvements Review Methodology The review methodology includes the following I Discussions with the CEO and other -relevant officials of Water Supply Department (WSD), Zila Panshad, District Helath Department, Ground Water Survey and Development Agency (GSDA), Block and gram panchayats and Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and interaction with communities and the private sector. ni Analysis of water quality and health data and debrnefing on the review team's observations and recommendations. The list of persons met is in given in Amnex 1. About the District Yavatmal district covers an area of 13,582 Km2 and ranks 6h in area among the distncts in Maharashtra. As per the 1991 census, the total population is 2.077 million (24.60 mnllion as per 2001 census) and rural areas accounting for 1.741 million people The district headquarter is located at Yavatmal, a town For administrative purposes, the distnct has been divided into 16 taluks viz. Arni, Babhulgaon, Darwha, Digras, Ghatanzi, Kalamb, Mahagaon, Maregaon, Ner, Pandharkavda, Pusad, Ralegaon, Umarkhed, Wani, Yavatmal and Zarn Jamni. The number of inhabited villages is 1,751 Watersheds and rainfall The two prominent rivers passing through the district are Wardha and Penganaga, which flow through the boundary districts forming distnct boundaries. The district has 64 watersheds, which are classified as white (exploitation below 65%) indicating that the groundwater 90 has not been overexploited The annual rainfall in the district vanes from 890- 1,125 mm - more in the eastern part and less in the western part of the district Drinking Water Sources There are nearly 9,500 public drinking water sources, which can be broadly categorized as under Handpumps on borewells 3,813 Dugwells 4,739 Regional water supply 275 Piped water supply 673 While piped water supply covers one village, the regional water supply schemes cover more than one village The source for these schemes can be a river or borewell or dugwell The rural population largely depends on groundwater for drinking water Water Quality Problems GOM and United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) sponsored a water quality assessment of community sources jointly in 2,001 The National Environmental Engineenng Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur - a premier R&D institution, carried out the assessment The report was published in September 2001. This is the most comprehensive water quality report on water quality assessment in Yavatmal distnct covering 9,389 dnnking water sources. However, it may be noted that the report does not cover all dnnking water sources, as samples from water sources identified earlier as high fluoride sources by Zilla Panshad were not sent by the department of health to NEERI Therefore, some of the villages like Berhanpur in Kalamb taluk and Mangipur in Pandharkawada taluk do not find place in the NEERI report Secondly, as the samples were collected dunng Febraury April months, some samples from the dug wells have been not sent for testing as those sources have dned up. The chermcal water quality problems encountered in the distnct are fluonde, nitrate, iron and total dissolved solids (TDS) Arsenic was not detected in any water sample Fluoride: Consuming fluoride-contaminated water even in low concentrations can cause health problems in India, as the intake of water is high and nutritional status, particularly among low-income group.women and children. is poor. Keeping this in mind the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has lowered the desirable fluoride level' to I milligram per litre as against the WHO guideline value of 1 5 mg/L In the absence of altemate safe water source the Indian Standard permits use of water sources with fluonde levels not exceeding 1.5 milligram per litre As excess fluoride is injurious to health it should not normally exceed one milligrarn per litre. A chemical toxin fluoride causes health problems of three kinds Based on the extent of damage to the tissues, fluorosis can be of three types, Dental, Skeletal and Non- skeletal. Fluorosis can occur in infants, children and adults. Men and women, irrespective of age, can become victims of the disease The analysis of NEERI report indicates the following trend in fluonde concentration in Yavatnal district IS 10500-1991 - Dnnkng Waler Quality Specifications 91 Only 1922 (20 5%) sources are within the desirable limit of fluoride (< 1 mg/L) 6590 sources (70%) are between 1-1 5 mg/L fluoride concentration 877 (9 3%) sources have fluoride concentration > 1 5 mg/L Out of 877 sources 406 sources have fluoride concentration > 2 but < 5 mg/L Out of 877 sources 17 sources have fluoride concentration > 5 mg/L The following table gives details of incidence high fluoride in drinking water, dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis Table I - Incidence of Fluoride Concentration in Drinkingq Water Sources. Dental Fluorosis and Skeletal Fluorosis In Yavatmal District : - - Ir-. .- . --- N*nX t:-;::;ttBl1.Et¢4 C,;_antaf -leeE : . . . - o . - -- af :1WJalek r i-lIomsis Fluorosis Ani 507 77 3B7 43 0 0 Babhulgaon 595 207 373 15 0 0 Darwha 670 184 470 16 0 0 Digras 348 69 250 29 0 0 Ghatanji 638 110 431 97 162 2 Kalamb 612 181 418 13 2 2 Mahagaon 531 69 411 51 3 0 Maregaon 469 76 244 149 14 0 Ner 677 166 508 3 0 0 Pusad 566 85 442 39 0 0 Pandharkawada 646 53 485 108 134 21 Ralegaon 782 242 487 53 41 1 Umarkhed 536 105 395 36 3 0 Wani 516 61 347 108 11 0 Yavatmal 830 165 620 45 3 0 Zari Jamni 466 72 322 72 19 0 Total 9389 1922 6590 877 392 26 20.47% 70 19% 9 34% * The incidence of dental and skeletal fluorosis is based on the annual school children health survey conducted by health department in 2001 (This is based on the survey of the villages dunng the penod of sample collection. The health department has conducted a school health survey in December 2002 that covered 92% of the children and the results are yet to be analysed. ) It may be noted that 79% dental fluorosis cases and over 90% skeletal cases have been reported from Ghatanji and Pandharkawada taluks. Surprisingly no dental/skeletal cases have been reported in many blocks e g Arani, Babhulgaon, Darwha, Digras, Ner and Pusad where high fluoride water sources do exist The incidence of fluorosis is largely confined to two blocks Overall the average incidence of dental fluorosis in the district is less than 0.5 per water source (fluoride concentration > 1 5 mg/L) Only 26 skeletal cases have been reported which also need to be confirned clinically This raises a number of questions, which need to be investigated further a) Have people shifted to low fluoride sources in affected districts? 92 b) Is there a substantial reduction in fluoride concentration due to groundwater recharge due to rainfall, which ens,ures low fluoride water for 8-9 months in a year? c) Is the reporting of dental and skeletal fluorosis accurate and comprehensive? d) Is low incidence of fluorosis related to the existing dietary habits? A brief interaction with Primary Health Centre (PHC), Sawalh indicates that people in two villages (Chimata, Zaparwadi) in Arni Taluk and listed in NEERI report as "Fluoride Affected Villages without Alternate Sources" do not use high fluoride sources -Instead, they use either river or private well which are low in fluoride concentration It is therefore recommended that a comprehensive children survey be conducted in all villages where all sources have been affected by high fluoride and alternate sources do not exist on govemment records The survey should capture the following (]) incidence of fluorosis among children, (2) water sources being used by users, (3) measurement of fluoride in all sources by field test kits (government/private and used by community); and (4) dietary habits Iron It is the second most abundant metal found in the earth's crust, of which it accounts for about 5% Taste is not usually noticeable at iron concentration up to 0.3 mg/L Concentration > I mg/L imparts taste and colour to water that may not be acceptable to users Iron is an essential, element in human nutrition Ingestion of high fluonde water does not have any significant adverse health impact - excepting that it can cause gastrointeznnal irritation Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed no health- based guideline value for iron As per IS- 10500-1991, the desirable and maximum permissible concentration of iron in drinking water are 0 03 mg/L and I mg/L respectively Eight hundred one (9% sources) water sources have iron concentration in excess of the permissible limit of I 0 mg/L Ninety-five sources out of these 801 water sources have iron concentration > 5 mg/L. Iron does not have any senous health effects However, it reduces acceptance of a water source is significantly if iron concentration is> 2 mg/L Nitrate Nitrate is a naturally occumng ion that is part of the nitrogen cycle The increasing use of artificial fertilizers, the disposal of waste (particularly from animal farming), toilet leach pits, and change In land use contribute increased nitrate level in groundwater. In shallow water tables, nitrates concentration is expected to be higher As per IS. 10500-1991, the desirable and maximum permissible concentration of nitrate in dnnking water are 45 mg/L and 100 mg/L respectively 93 The toxicity of nitrate to human is thought to be solely the consequence of its reduction to nitrite The major biological effect2 of nitrite in humans is its involvement in the oxidation of nornal heamoglobin to methaemoglobin, which is unable to transport oxygen to tissues. The reduced oxygen transport becomes clinically manifest when methaemoglobin concentration exceeds 10% of that of haemoglobin The normal methaeglobin level human being < 2%, and in infants under 3 months of age less than 3% 7he haemoglobin in infan children is more suisceptlible to methaemoglobin This clilncal svymptom is known as blhe baby syndrome. Other groups especially susceptible to methaemoglobInaemia include pregnant women and people deficlent in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or methaemoglobin reduciance. As per NEER] report one thousand seven hundred and nine (20% sources) water sources have nitrate concentration in excess of the permissible limit of 1 00 mg/L Total Dissolved Solids The total dissolved solids (TDS) is the term used to descrbe the inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter present in solution in water There are no serious health impact due to high TDS and therefore WHO has not issued health based guideline values for TDS However, user acceptance is significantly lower when TDS > 2000 mg/L As per IS 10500-1991, the desirable and maximum permlissible concentration of TDS in drnking water are 500 mg/L and 2000 mg/L respectively As per NEERI report ninety-five (1% of sources) water sources have TDS concentration in excess of the maximum permissible limit of 2000 mg/L This is not seen as major water quality problem Bacteriological Pollution. This parameter was not covered under in the NEERI report However, the heath department reports suggest that Bacteriological quality of water is the NUMBER ONE WATER QUALITY problem in Yavatmal district The following health related data confirns the above Table 2 - Water borne related case reported and registered in government hospitals and PHCs dunng the year 2001 Gastro attacks - 1430 Nos resulting in seven deaths Cholera - 28 Nos Dirrhoea - 30,508 Nos Hepatitis - 109 Nos Typhoid - 120 Nos. Many cases are not reported to government hospitals as pnvate medical practitioners treat people suffering from above mentioned diseases Water Quality Monitoring The district laboratory has limited capacity to carry out both chemical and bactenological test. The constraints include human, financial and logistical 2 WHO Guidelines for dnnhing water quality, volume 2, health cntena and other supporting informaton 94 resources The distnct public health laboratory can test 1 000 water samples for chemical analysis (10 parameters) and another 1500 samples for bactenological pollution Considering that there are nearly 10,000 public water sources and these water sources have to be monitored periodically, it is necessary to decentralize water quality monitoring of certain parameter using reliable field test kits The parameters could include fecal pollution, fluoride and nitrate The H2S based bacteriological test kit developed by Defence Research Laboratory and fluoride and nitrate test kits developed by National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune can be used by PHCs The recommended periodicity of water quality tests is as under Bactenological Test Quarterly and monthly from May-August Fluoride Once in twelve months Nitrate Once5 Mi twelve months The results of field test kits should be conveyed by PHCs to the district public health laboratory Ten percent of the water sources must be randomly tested by laboratory methods There is also need to computerise water quality data so as to facilitate regular update, quick analysis and generation of reports The water quality data can be maintained by the distnct public health laboratory and updated at every six months To introduce the second tier, it will be necessary to train PHC staff in the use of field test kits, reporting and remedial measure It is recommended that a two -day Training Workshop is organized to tran 20 master trainers from Yavatmal, Nanded and Chandrapur distncts, who could then train PHC staff in the use of field test kits, reporting mechanism and preventive/remedial measures. It is necessary to develop a comprehensive water quality monitoring strategy to clearly define the role of different organizations, frequency of tests, parameters to be tested, laboratory and field test kit methods to be used and reporting requirements Mr 0 G B Nambiar, Deputy Director, NCL, Pune will be an ideal resource person to conduct such a training programme Capacity Building for Detection of Fluorosis During discussions with the district health authorites, it was felt that there is a need to build capacity in the detection of dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis Therefore, it is recommended that A Two-day Training Workshop be conducted to train 20 to 30 master trainers from Chandrapur, Nanded and Yavatnal dstricts The target group could include dental surgeons, orthopedic and general practitioners from government hospitals These master trainers could then train district medical and paramedical staff in the detection of dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis. Dr A K Susheela, will be an ideal resource person for conducting such a workshop. 95 Mitigation Initiatives The Zilla Panshad and other agencies have initiated a number of mitigation measures which are summarized below A Marking of all high fluoride sources and informing people to take drinking water from alternate sources > Provision of alternate safe water source in villages where all sources have fluonde concentration > 1 5 mg/L L UNICEF in association with Zilla Panshad have constructed household based rainwater harvesting tanks each of 1 0,000 L capacity > An ion-exchange based treatment plant has been installed in Mangi village in Pandharkawada taluk Findings and Observatioins The following are the findings and observations o Bactenological pollition is number one water quality problem followed by fluonde However, as per the department of health statistics, the incidence of dental fluorosis among children is rather low l e less than 0 5 per polluted water source (Fluonde > 1 5 mg/L) This aspect needs further investigation o Nearly 80% water sources have fluonde concentration > desirable concentration (1 mg/L). O Zilla Panshad has taken a number of steps to supply safe water to the villages with no alternate safe source. These include provision of safe source (dug wells, piped water supply schemes, water tankers, water treatment unit) and informing people about high fluoride sources and use of low fluonde sources for dnnking water o Dug wells < 15 M deep, generally have low fluonde. A six meter diameter well costs nearly Rs. 250,000. Users prefer to use such sources and such a source can provide low fluoride water for 10-11 months in a year However, dug wells are generally bacteriologically polluted unless they are disinfected frequently using bleaching powder Dug well water is also likely to have higher nitrate concentration o GSDA can provide technical assistance In selecting suitable site for a dug well by drilling a test borehole and checking fluonde concentration to ensure that dug well water has low fluoride concentration. It can also help WSD in designing effective water- recharge structures. o The high fluoride water sources were not clearly marked to indicate that the source is not fit for drinking water Only in one case, a signboard was fixed near the source indicating level of fluoride concentration in the source and a clear warning that it should not be used for drawing dnnking water. O People in general were aware of polluted sources and were taking water from low-fluoride sources when such sources were available within the village. However, in Berhanpur village in Kalarnb taluk people were using high-fluoride sources as no alternate source was available Such villages should be provided alternate water source at the earliest o Considering that the annual rainfall in Yavatmal is above 900 mrn, the rainwater harvesting at the household level is an excellent technical option to obtain chemically and bacteriologically safe water UNICEF has constructed a few 10,000 litre ferro-cement tanks as demonstration units The cost of construction is Rs 1 60 per iter As an alternative use of syntax type HDPE tanks can be considered A 5,000 L tank can provide high quality drinking water to a family of five members for at least 10 months, if used exclusively for drinking and cooking purposes * PHC staff and people were not aware that dietI rich in calcium, vitamin C and anti-oxidants could help reduce the adverse health impact of fluoride An ion-exchange resin based fluoride removal handpump attached demonstration unit has been installed in Mangipur village by M/S Ion Exc.ar.ge (India) Ltd, but it is not in use for quite some time as people draw their drinking water requirements from a dug well provided by Zilla Panshad In addition, there are some concems that need to be addressed before such treatment plants are_ used on a large-scale These concerns to be addressed are Every third day regeneration is too frequent and difficult to practice Can the frequency of regeneration be reduced9 ni How to ensure that correct quality of alum is used for regeneration? Some grades of alum are highly toxIc III To make sure that residual aluminium level in treated water after regeneration is well below the desirable limit of 0 2 mg/L. iv Each treatment unit should be provided with a field test kit to check if fluonde concentration in treated water iS within the permissible limit. This will also help in establishing an appropnate regeneration cycle v. Ensure that the effluent from regeneration is disposed in safe manner. The manufacture imay be requested to furmish more details- on the above and steps proposed to address the above concems. An independent evaluation of the unit by a reputed laboratory is recommended It is weHl known that community level treatment plants are not sustainable in the long-tenm due to lack of requisite O&M support Therefore, introduction of any community-based water treatnent technology in rural areas should be seen as the last option * District level public health laboratory has limited capacity to test water samples and can not test all water sources once a month The laboratory does not have any logistics support to carry out random checks on water sources. The district laboratory has one Ion Meter with ion selective electrode to test fluoride concentiation. The laboratory should enter into an annual maintenance contract with the supplier of the equipment to ensure that it remains in good condition. This instrument can also be used to check fluornde level in urine in those clinical cases where fluorosis is suspected Higher fluoride level indicates potential nsk of fluorosis in a person The test protocol will remain same as adopted for testing a water sample. * PHC have presence right up to the grassroots level with 15 rural hospitals, 61 PHCs and 374 sub-centres. It can effectively test water sources within their junsdiction for fluoride and bacteriological pollution by using field test kits However, it will be necessary to build capacity within PHCs for this addional activity 97 o The Department of Health is well placed to launch the IEC campaign to educate people about ill health effects of bacteriological and fluoride pollution in drinking water, role of nutrition in reducing the adverse impact of high fluoride drinking water, importance personal hygiene and preventive measures (better nutrition, use of low fluoride water sources for drinking water, safe handling of water to minimize bactenological contamination during handling and chlonnation etc) through medical and para-medical staff o NEERI report provides extensive and reliable water quality database However, it is necessary to continuously monitor water sources for select parameters and update water quality database. This arrangement is not in place at present Suggested Actions Based on the above the following follow-up actions are suggested. o Fix a sign-board near all high fluoride (> 1 5 mg/L) sources clearly indicating fluoride concentration and with a message that this water source is not suitable for dnnking water o Test all private water sources and inform users about their suitability for dnnking water supply. O Provide at least one safe-water supply option in all villages and habitations currently without an altemate water source Dug well and RWH tank are excellent options. Water treatment should be considered only when other options are not techno-economically feasible o A comprehensive children survey be conducted in all villages where all sources have been affected by high fluoride and altemate sources do not exist on government records. The survey should capture the following (1) incidence of fluorosis among children, (2) water sources being used by users; (3) measurement of fluoride in all sources (govemment/pnrvate and used by comununity), and (4) - dietary habits Thils data will be useful in developing the fluonde mitigation strategy and further course of action o Considering that nearly 80% groundwater sources have fluoride concentration above desirable level I mg/L and many sources are bactenologically polluted pollution, it is necessary that an intensive IEC campaign is launched to educate people about ill health effects of bactenological and fluoride pollution in drinking water, role of nutrition in reducing the adverse health impact of high fluonde dnnking water, importance personal hygiene and preventive measures (better nutrition, use of low fluoride water sources for drinking water, safe handlng of water to minimize bacteriological contamination during handling and chlorination etc) through medical and para-medical staff, teachers and community leaders For this purpose it is to develop a comprehensive [EC strategy. Attractive signboards may also be placed near hospitals, PHCs, schools and in markets to inform people about the ill health effects of high fluoride water and preventive measures o Develop a comprehensive WQM Strategy including a computerized Management Information System with clear guidelines on reporting requirements There can be two tiers for WQM as under. i The first-tier will be the laboratory based testing either at the distnct laboratory or block level laboratory, and ii. The second-tier will PHC based for testing water sources under its junsdiction for select parameters (Fluonde and Fecal pollution) field test kit 98 c3 Conduct a Two-day Training Workshop to train trainers in identification and management of fluorosis The target group will include dental and orthopedic surgeons and general physicians These trainers could act as resource persons for training medical, para- medical staff and teachers 0 Conduct a One/two-day Workshop for traming trainers in the use of water quality field test kits These trainers will act as a resource persons for training PHC doctors and and para-roedical staff in the use of field test kits and reporting requirements . L Conduct a district-specific nutrition study to develop IEC strategy for promotion of recipies rich in calcium, vitamin C and aniti-oxidants o Conduct a study on select 50 high fluoride water sources to evaluate quarterly variation in fluoride level due to recharge of groundwater due to rainwater State related: also are in the geographical vicinity to each other The GOM has requested for a comprehensive strategy development for these 4 districts A review visit similar to the above one could be undertaken by this team and the findings could be discussed in a workshop to arrive at a broad strategy for the 4 distncts specifically and the state as a There are about 14 districts in the state that have high fluondes in the dnnking water samples Yavatmal, Chandrapur, Nanded and Nagpur rate high amongst them aiid whole