51951 I n tern atIo n al D evelo p men t asso cIatIon Water Resources IDa at WorK ImprovIng servIces for the poor september 2009 sUstaInaBle Development netWorK contents IDA at Work: Water Resources: Managing a Scarce, Shared Resource 2 Regional Cooperation and Benefit Sharing in the Senegal River Basin 11 Recovering from Devastating Floods in Yemen 14 Comprehensive Water Management Brings Widespread Benefits to Tamil Nadu 16 Reversal of Degradation in China's Loess Plateau Doubles Incomes 18 Tajikistan: Better Water Management Spurs Rural Incomes 20 d | IDA at WORK: Water Resources Internat Ional IDa at WorK Development a ssoc Iat Ion Water Resources ImprovIng servIces for the poor The management of water resources dates back to the earliest civilizations. Yet the need for integrated management of those resources has never been more pronounced and the vulner- ability of the poorest communities in the poorest countries never greater. Environmental integrity, water quality, efficient allocation across uses and users, adaptation to climatic variability and change, and appropriate infrastructure all converge as imperatives to managing this very basic resource. Cutting across a wide range of sectors, the potential impacts of good management are profound and broad, including protecting the environment, mitigating water-borne disease, producing clean energy, improving agricultural incomes, increasing water security, promoting regional cooperation, and avoiding resource conflicts. This booklet describes how the International Development Association (IDA), the conces- sional lending arm of the World Bank, has assisted the poorest countries in improving the management of their water resources. It also offers several examples of how countries have succeeded in implementing innovative water resources management (WRM) initiatives, result- ing in tangible benefits across multiple sectors and at all levels. The commitment to integrated water resources management is necessarily a long term endeavor that requires both the financial and technical support that IDA provides. The World Bank remains committed to confronting the challenge and to working with our partners in developing and donor countries to consolidate and extend the many achievements to date. Jamal Saghir Director Energy, Transport and Water The World Bank IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 1 IDa at WorK Water Resources: Managing a Scarce, Shared Resource Water security is fundamental to poverty alleviation. continuous basis for water security. However, it is expected that by 2025, 3.5 billion The impact of water resource management people will live in water-scarce or water-stressed projectsisoftenprofound.Evidencefromrecent areas, up from 1.0 billion in 2005. The world's lending demonstrates that such support has in- poorest countries and the poorest communities creased agricultural incomes, reduced the losses within these countries are the most vulnerable to from flooding, nurtured regional cooperation, inadequate management of water resources. reduced sediment loadings and mitigated water- The International Development Association (IDA), bornediseases.SeveralIDAcountriesaremaking the World Bank's fund for the world's poorest significant progress in water resources management, countries, has a unique role to play by working having established basic policies and capacity. across sectors, institutions and countries involved in Ongoing, flexible support will be needed to secure water resources management. The Bank has proven and extend these achievements, and deepen their to be an "honest broker," bridging sensitive trans- impacts on poverty alleviation and sustainable boundary issues, coalescing policy across different development. parts of an economy, and weaving infrastructure with environmental management, social participation and Water: Our Common Link institutional development. The World Bank's sharp- ened focus on climate change will primarily assist IDA While world population tripled over the last century, economies that depend heavily on climate-sensitive the use of water increased six fold. Irrigated agricul- sectors such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, a tureaccountsforabout70percentofwateruse,and reliable water supply, and other natural resources. In about90percentinsomewater-stressedregions. its role, and in collaboration with other donors, IDA Low-incomeIDAborrowingcountriesaccountfor directs critical funding towards countries that would about80percentofcountrieswiththeworstwater otherwise have a hard time investing in the manage- poverty ratings (see map). ment of public goods management on a long-term, At a glance · Whileworldpopulationtripledinthe20thcentury,theuseofwaterincreasedsix-fold. · Irrigatedagricultureaccountsforabout70percentofglobalwateruse,andmorethan90percent in some water-stressed regions. · Low-income,IDAcountriesaccountforabout80percentofthemostwater-poorcountries. · Morethan260riversintheworldrunthroughmorethanonecountry,presentingbothopportuni- ties and challenges, especially in Africa. · TotalIDAfundingforwaterresourcemanagementamountedtoaboutUS$1.3billion,spanning 107projectsbetweenfiscalyears2000and2009. 2 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources Analytical work has demonstrated connections investments in the water sector. The Bank reviewed between water and almost all types of economic its water portfolio to understand its exposure to activity--including farming, manufacturing, energy climatechange.FromFY06-08,thewaterportfolio and transport--as well as the business climate. comprised191projectsin83countrieswithatotal Climatechangeisprojectedtoaltertheamount, commitmentofUS$8.8billion,aswellasapipeline intensity and frequency of precipitation, directly forFY09-10of220projectswithprojectedcommit- affecting the magnitude and timing of runoff, floods mentsofUS$11.3billion.Theresultingprojections and droughts. For regions that are already highly indicate that about half of the Bank's water portfolio vulnerable to climate variability, the potential impacts would potentially be at high to medium risk of on all sectors that depend on water--from domestic exposure to climate change impacts in the year water supply and agriculture to health and the 2030. environment--could wreak havoc on economies and The review also illustrates that the World Bank is livelihoods. alreadyrespondingtothischallenge.Outofthe191 Tensions over water allocation and rights are projectsapprovedduringFY06-08,35percent increasing at the local, national and regional levels. considered strategies to reduce the impacts of Climate change poses risks to World Bank climate variability and change, including adaptation The Water Poverty Index illustrates the degree to which water scarcity impacts on human populations. IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 3 IDa at WorK: Water resources and/or mitigation measures. For the total active · Identifyingandimplementingmeasuresforincreas- portfolio,however,only20percentoftheprojects ing the efficiency of water use. address climate variability and change. · Addressingwatermanagementchallenges associated with rapid urbanization and changes in Key trends. water use patterns as tension between urban and Water resources management is a complex and rural water use grows. relatively new area of focus for many countries. It · Mitigatingwaterpollutionforprotectingthe requires action at the policy, legal and institutional environment and facilitating water reuse. levels while addressing direct impacts at the commu- · Acceleratingeffortstoexamineanddevelop nity level. It is further complicated by impacts and hydropower as a climate-friendly renewable source influences from other sectors, such as industrial of energy. pollution, agricultural intensification or hydropower · Developinganappropriatemenuofadaptationand generation.Someofthekeytrendsandprioritiesin mitigation options for addressing hydrologic water resources management include: variability and climate change in water manage- · Developingabetterunderstandingofwater-related ment. linkages across economic sectors at the country level. Building the intellectual and financial capital to improve · Strengtheninginstitutionsforeffectivelocaland water security requires concerted and long-term basin-level management. support from an array of players, including interna- · Creatingandimplementinginnovativemechanisms tional financial institutions, bilateral aid agencies and for sharing economic, social and environmental non-governmental and civil society groups. benefits of water. · Managingwaterresourcesacrossnational Challenges. boundaries. Water resources management cuts across sectors, · Contributingtothedevelopmentofenvironmental- skills, institutions and sometimes countries. Water ly-sustainable water infrastructure for storage and resources have multiple uses, and can be a private other uses. or public good depending on the use, which contrib- utes to the potential for contention around ownership and stewardship. Water resource management initiatives frequently lack revenue streams, placing an additional burden on already over-taxed public finances. Because they reach across land areas and economic and social sectors, many water manage- ment reforms and initiatives require a high level of coordination. There needs to be collaboration by players at the community, national, and international levels, across sectors as diverse as agriculture and 4 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources hydropower. Furthermore, the range of tools activities can be highlighted in six critical areas. required to address water resources issues extends from analysis to participatory processes, to invest- Policy and legal framework. ments in structures, and civil works. Not surprisingly, In most countries, and particularly in IDA countries that this sector requires a long-term commitment. struggle with low capacity and poorly-developed institutions, the Bank pays considerable attention to the foundational components of water resources IDA CONTRIBUTIONS management, namely development of policy and legal IDA's work in the water resources sector is guided frameworks. A large percent of IDA-funded water bythe2003WaterResourcesSectorStrategy. resourcesmanagementprojectsincludeinstitutional and/or policy components. In Tanzania, for example, The strategy emphasizes the need to address IDA funding supported the development of a National both management and development issues; Water Policy, which was adopted by the Cabinet in tackling institutional reforms along with infra- 2002 and which subsequently formed the basis for a structure upgrades. NationalWaterSectorDevelopmentStrategy.Asa result, water and water resources management are To better integrate water management into country now firmly entrenched as key priorities in the National programs and development plans, the strategy DevelopmentVision.Similarly,IDAfundinghas recommends preparation of Country Water Resourc- supportedthedevelopmentofwaterlawsinSenegal esAssistanceStrategiesinconsultationwithclient and Yemen. In both cases, policy reform was accom- governments. Eighteen such plans have been panied by sector-specific actions. produced to date for IDA countries. Total IDA funding for water resources manage- Institutions and capacity-building. mentamountedtoUS$1.3billion,across107 In the case of water resources management, relevant projectsduringFY00-09.IDAfundingforthisarea institutions span the range of local, basin, national reachedanunprecedentedamountofUS$334 and international levels. millioninFY08.Butinthefollowingfiscalyear,IDA Yemen's water law enacted in August 2002 led to funding for water resources management amounted the establishment of the Ministry of Water and toUS$145million,lessthanhalfofthepreviousyear. Environment to consolidate public management and AllcommitmentsinFY09weresplitbetweenthree support an integrated approach to water resources regions-SouthAsia(35percent),Africa(33percent), management.FromthisplatformemergedtheSana'a and the Middle East and North Africa (32 percent) - Basin Commission that has demonstrated an ability to andwasconcentratedintheruralsector(58percent) make substantive decisions, taking into account the and water sector (32 percent). rangeofassociatedsectors.TheIDA-financedSana'a Given the nature of water resources management, BasinWaterManagementProject(2003-2009)was aggregate impact measures are not available. the first initiative in Yemen to address the crisis in However, on-the-ground results related to IDA groundwater depletion. IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 5 IDa at WorK: Water resources At the local level, IDA funding has expanded the Trans-boundary river management. involvement of local stakeholders in water manage- Morethan260oftheworld'sriversrunthrough ment though the creation of water user associations. multiple countries, presenting unique opportunities InYemen,34irrigationwateruserassociationswere and challenges, predominantly in Africa. establishedoverathree-yearperiodintheSana'a IDA funding produced power, environmental and Basin, along with 15 recharge water user groups. agriculturalbenefitsforSenegal,Mali,andMauritania InChina,theTarimBasinProjects(1991-1997and through investments in infrastructure, equipment and 1998-2004)resultedinthefirstfullyfunctional trans-boundary management institutions in the integrated river basin management system in the SenegalRiverBasin. country. In Mozambique, an International Rivers Office was In India, new participatory micro-watershed established within the Water Resources Department, planning approaches resulted in highly-integrated providing improved technical capacity to assess micro-watershed plans being prepared by communi- water resources and basin plans, and stronger ties, which have greater ownership and commitment. technical ability to engage in dialogue with other Between2001and2007,oneproject,financedwith countries on riparian rights and basin management $100.4millionfromIDA,created4,300areagroupsof issues. Increasingly, water resources management is farmersand738micro-watershedusergroupsto emerging as a vehicle for regional peace and stability supportprojectimplementationandlonger-term as well as more effective water management and operations. Recent evaluations indicate that more allocation. than70percentofthesegroupsareoperating effectively, allowing the voices of all social groups in Hydropower. the communities to be heard in watershed Hydropowerisamajorcontributortothegrowthof development. renewable energy, outpacing capacity growth in Littlerecognitionorsignificanceisgiventothevital wind, biological sources, geothermal and solar. Much function of groundwater in the global water cycle or to of this growth has come in developed and emerging the immense benefits resulting from proper manage- economies.InFY09,IDAcontributedadditional ment of groundwater as an integral part of the overall financing for the hydropower rehabilitation compo- management of the resource. The need for a strategy nentsinthePamirSupplementalFinancingProjectin to promote good governance of groundwater and to Tajikistan,andthecomponentforvillageelectrifica- build a broad coalition for change is being addressed tion through micro-hydropower in the Power Devel- by the World Bank at the global level. The initiative will opmentProjectinNepal.IDAalsocontinuesto promote alternative approaches to current groundwa- support lending for hydropower rehabilitation in Africa ter use. Good governance of groundwater is identified as part of the Niger Basin Water Resources Develop- as a high priority issue in the water sector in many mentandSustainableEcosystemsManagement IDA countries and was also highlighted as an emerg- Project,andtheRenewableEnergyProjectin ing global priority issue at the Fourth World Water Armenia. ForuminMexicoin2006.Thiswillbeaddressed through a consultative process at the Fifth World WaterForumin2009inTurkey. 6 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources Agriculture. theUnitedNationsSecretary-General.InMay2008 In many low-income countries, agriculture employs the World Bank initiated the Global Food Crisis the largest share of people and is therefore a critical ResponseProgram.Supportedbyotherdonors,the sector for achieving targets for global poverty US$1.2billionrapidfinancingfacilityhelpedtospeed reduction. IDA lending to agriculture increased up assistance to the neediest countries, most of steadily during the past years. Yet agriculture's share which receive IDA financing. In response to high oftotalIDAlendingremainedstaticatabout9 demand, the program ceiling was increased to percentoverFY04-08beforeshootingupto16 US$2.0billionbytheWorldBankBoardofDirectors percent,orUS$2.2billion,inFY09.Thelargest inApril2009.IDAalsoprovidedsupportforagricul- share of resources for agriculture has gone to tural productivity interventions through the Global Sub-SaharanAfrica,followedbySouthAsiaasthe Food Crisis Response Program. In Nepal, for second largest beneficiary. Irrigation and drainage example, small scale irrigation through community has tied with general agriculture as the leading grants is being supported, together with the distribu- sub-sectors of IDA annual commitments to agricul- tion of seeds and fertilizers. To implement the advice ture. containedinthe2008WorldDevelopmentReport Due to a number of factors, global food prices and significantly expand support for agriculture, the morethandoubledfrom2006tomid-2008.Inlate World Bank is now preparing an Agriculture Action 2008theydeclinedby30-40percent,andthenrose Plan for the 2010-12 fiscal years. Among the againuntilJune2009.Thepricespikesinearly2008 strategic priorities is the need to raise agricultural led to sharp increases in staple food costs in many productivity, including through improved agricultural developing countries, and contributed to civil unrest water management in irrigated and rain-fed areas. innearly40countriesin2008.Atthesametime,the A number of IDA-funded operations related to price of inputs to agricultural production such as fuel water management and the agricultural sector have and fertilizers tripled, undercutting the profitability of beensuccessful.Somealsohadsignificantenviron- smallholder farmers. It was estimated that without mentalbenefits.Threecompletedprojectsare adequate collective response, the rise in global food highlighted here. prices could result in an additional 100 million people TheOn-FarmIrrigationProjectsintheKyrgyz in low income countries falling below the poverty line. Republic (2000-2013) set out to achieve increased The World Development Report 2008: Agriculture crop production through reliable and sustainable for Development led to a broad, renewed consensus water distribution in formerly state and collective on the importance of agriculture for development. It farms across seven administrative regions. A core called for greater investment and more donor activityhasbeenstrengtheningservicestoabout450 support for agriculture, for leveraging global partner- water users associations, including training and ships, and for a more strategic approach and support.Theprojectfocusedalsoonrehabilitating improvements to encourage the development and on-farm infrastructure under the management of user functioningofmarkets.In2008,inresponsetorising associations that had met certain milestones, and food prices, a strategic and coordinated approach improving operation and maintenance. Considerable was adopted with partners, under the coordination of success was achieved in establishing and improving IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 7 IDa at WorK: Water resources water user associations. Dedicated support units access and use by low-income smallholder farmers earned the respect and trust of water users and in 15 irrigation schemes through better agricultural played a key role in the establishment and effective- water management, infrastructure, and stakeholder ness of the user associations. Over 50,000 people participation. More than 1,500 farmers were trained weretrained,andapproximately450userassocia- in water management, crop production techniques, tions,with166,000members,wereformallyregis- agro-business, and financial management and teredtomanageirrigationareascovering710,000 leadership skills. Through a combination of activities, hectares,orabout70percentofthecountry's including policies on water rights and fees, crop irrigated land. yields for more than 5,000 households doubled, and Infrastructure on 121,000 hectares managed by agricultural incomes tripled. 63wateruserassociationswasrehabilitated.Water TheSecondLoessPlateauWatershedRehabilita- deliverytofarmersin80percentoftherehabilitated tionProject(1999-2005)inChinasupportedoneof schemes now closely matches irrigation water the world's largest erosion control programs in the demands. Irrigation service fees have doubled on heavilydegradedLoessPlateau,withtheaimof average, and collection rates by the user associa- returning this poor part of the country to an area of tions amount to close to 100 percent of total sustainableagriculturalproduction.Theproject assessedfees.Afollow-upprojectnowfocuseson substantially raised agricultural productivity, in- continued assistance to associations and additional creased and diversified farm incomes, improved the rehabilitation works. environment, and created conditions for sustainable TheTanzaniaRiverBasinManagementandSmall- waterandsocialconservation.Overtheproject holderIrrigationProject(1996-2004)focusedon period,theyearlypercapitaincomeofproject water-related environmental concerns at the national households,comprising1.9millionpeople,more level and the particular problems in the two largest than doubled. Per capita grain production increased basins. It provided support to improving water by78percent.Vegetationcoverintheprojectarea Ethiopia: Rainfall and GDP Growth Source:WorldBank,2006. 8 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources increasedfrom17.3percentto33.5percent.A ment and capacity-building. Expertise ranges from grazingbanintroducedthroughtheprojectand analytical work to public administration, legal frame- implementedinmostoftheLoessPlateauhas works, participatory methodologies and environmen- dramatically changed the landscape of a whole tal safeguards. region of China. Increased income and the prospect IDA can bring diverse tools for water resources of a sustainable natural resource base have allows management together in coherent and coordinated farmers to invest in a wide range of enterprises and programs. The analytical work carried out by IDA social programs which benefited communities as a has increased governments' understanding of the whole. role of water in development and poverty alleviation and has created a new structure for management Environmental and social benefits. and investments. IntheSenegalBasin,pilotactivitiesindicatedthat For example, research for the Ethiopia Country activities such as improving sanitation and the WaterResourcesAssistanceStrategy(2006) distribution of medications and bed-nets, could generated economy-wide models for Ethiopia that directly reduce infant mortality due to diarrheal showprojectionsofaverageannualGDPgrowth diseasesby40percent,andduetobilharziaand rates can be significantly impacted when rainfall intestinal parasites by 50 percent. These trial variability is taken into consideration. The correlation projectsprovidedthebasisforabasin-widestrategy between rainfall and overall GDP is illustrated in the for waterborne disease reduction that is currently figure below. This highlights the importance of being implemented as part of an IDA-funded multi- considering the variability in water flows--whether purposewaterresourcesmanagementproject. rainfall, river flows, or even the flow of water under- In Pakistan, watercourse improvements have led neath the Earth's surface--when assessing econom- towatersavingsofapproximately85,000acre-feet ic performance and reduced water logging and flood threats in numerousvillages.InotherIDAprojects,improve- Global and regional partnerships. ments in water use efficiency freed up water for The Bank also convenes partners to support innova- regeneration of the environment downstream. tion in integrated water resources management. IDA-fundedfloodprojectsinUganda,Kyrgyz Given the broad reach of water resources manage- Republic, and Bangladesh enhanced protection of ment needs and initiatives, this type of collaboration populations,infrastructureandproperty.IntheLake has been significant. VictoriaEnvironmentalManagementProject,water · TheBank/NetherlandsWaterPartnership hyacinth was reduced to non-nuisance levels and Program,fundedbyTheNetherlands,isaUS$11 fish species--thought to be extinct--were million trust fund specifically for innovation in water discovered in satellite lakes. resources management, with particular emphasis on Africa, the quality of lending operations, Management across sectors. downstream operational impacts, as well as Frequently,waterresourcesmanagementprojects gender equality, and poverty reduction. This trust involve more than one sector and combine invest- fund has now evolved into the new Water ment initiatives entailing both institutional develop- Partnership Program - a multi-donor program - IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 9 IDa at WorK: Water resources with additional participation from Denmark and the including policy, institutional and analytical UnitedKingdom.TheWaterPartnershipProgram work. focuses on both water resources management and water and sanitation services. The Program Water resources management is emerging as a basic willbeimplementedduringfiscalyears2009- challenge to development. Important foundational 2010,andamountstoUS$20million. stepshavebeentaken,whichareleadingtoprojects · TheWorldBankisoneofthethreeimplementing tobroadenanddeepenimpacts.InSenegaland agencies of another important partnership, the Tanzania, initial work on legislation and capacity Global Environment Facility. This multi-donor, building ­ supported by IDA - has evolved into more multi-billion dollar fund addresses critical threats extensive river basin management structures and to the global environment including the degrada- consideration of significant infrastructure investments tion of international waters and persistent organic in hydropower and water regulation. pollutants. In IDA countries, the challenge of achieving water security will last for decades. It will require continued In1997,theWorldBankwasinvitedtocoordinate support in building institutions, capacity, manage- international support for cooperation in managing the mentprogramsandinfrastructure.Specificchal- Nile'swaterresources,andsince1999ithasbeen lenges include: promotingdialogue,andsupportingjointactions, · creatinganadequateplatformofwater withamajorfocusonattitudestowardtheshared infrastructure so that growth varies less with usage of Nile waters. The Bank now coordinates the water availability; involvementof17multilateralandbilateraldevelop- · ensuringequitablesharingofbenefitsofwater ment partners of the Nile Basin Initiative, which resources management across local and involves nine African countries. This initiative has indigenous, urban and rural populations; helped articulate common benefits of river basin · buildingtrans-boundarycoalitionsand management through analytical work, country mechanisms for regional river management dialogue, and communications. and development; · increasingtheroleofhydropowerasaclimate- friendly source of energy; Outlook · puttinggroundwatergovernance,asanintegral IDAprojectsunderpreparationsuggestastrong part of water management, on the global agenda; upward trend of water resources management · addressingclimatechangeandvariabilityin lending in the near future as the World Bank's water practical ways, including mitigation, adaptation strategy, Country Water Resources Assistance and "smart" design of programs, institutions and Strategies,andrenewedIDAcommitmentto infrastructure. infrastructure translate into country programs. Supporttodatehasbeenmodestbutcatalytic. There remains a strong need for interest-free Continuous IDA support will be critical to securing credits and grants to help low-income countries these achievements and increasing the benefits to finance water resources management activities poverty alleviation and sustainable development. 10 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources IDa at WorK: Water resources Regional Cooperation and Benefit Sharing in the Senegal River Basin Challenge Approach ThefourripariancountriesoftheSenegalRiver · Theproject'sprimarydevelopmentobjectiveisto Basin--Guinea,Mali,MauritaniaandSenegal--rank enhance the regional integration of the riparian among the twenty-five poorest countries in the world. countriesoftheSenegalRiverBasinformulti- All riparian countries are facing energy shortages and purpose water resources development that growing water constraints, which is hampering their fosters growth, including improved community economic performance. The Basin's hydropower livelihoods.Theprojectdrawsonthestrong potential is estimated at 1200 MW, of which less than foundation established by an earlier IDA-funded 25percentiscurrentlyexploited.Similarly,potential HydropowerDevelopmentProjectinMauritania, irrigable area is estimated at 320,000 ha, of which less SenegalandMali,whichsupportedjointowner- than 32 percent is currently developed. Health issues ship of water infrastructure. alsorepresentamajorchallenge:waterbornediseases · Focusisplacedonthreeactivitiestoreachthis have steadily increased, yet control intervention is objective:(i)regional institutional development for amongthelowestintheworld.AlthoughtheSenegal water resources, including modernizing and build- RiverBasinOrganization(OMVS)hasexistedsince ingthecapacityoftheOMVSandmakingthe 1972,thestructurehasnotbeenfullyinclusivedueto necessary legal and institutional changes required the lack of involvement of upstream riparian Guinea. to include Guinea; (ii) local level multi-purpose water This has limited the development opportunities and resources development to promote income- shared benefits that could arise from cooperative and generation activities and to create tangible basin- integrated management of the entire basin. wide benefits at the ground level; (iii) regional IDA at WORK: Sanitation and Water Supply | 11 IDA at WORK: Water Resources IDa at WorK: Water resources Senegal River Basin multi-purpose and multi-sector master planning, Highlights including feasibility studies to identify future TheearlierHydropowerDevelopmentProject potential water infrastructure investments in produced a number of positive impacts that the the basin. Multi-Purpose Water Resources Development (MWRD)Projectbuildson.Theseinclude: Results · PreparationofaWaterCharter,whichestablishes Integrated river basin management coupled principles for guiding water resources manage- with the development of multi-purpose water ment and allocation amongst the signatory states. resources infrastructure is expected to yield · Establishmentofoperatingproceduresforthe expanded opportunities for growth, reduced Manantali dam, which resulted in managed immigration and poverty, and improved health flooding of approximately 50,000 ha for traditional and livelihoods of the population while also recessional agriculture. preserving the environment. · Pilotingofhealthprojects,which,whenextended, are expected to decrease the prevalence of The multi-purpose approach will also broaden the bilharzia and malaria by 50 percent, infant scope of potential investments, generate a wider mortalityduetodairrhealdiseasesby40percent, range of direct and indirect benefits (e.g., the and intestinal parasitosis by 50 percent. development of a least-cost energy market in the context of the West Africa Power Pool), and enhance The expected outcomes of the first phase of the the participation of local communities in water MWRDProjectare: management. · Equitablesharingofbenefitsamongallriparian countries and communities living in the Basin. · Benefitsflowingtotwomillionpeopleinthe projectarea. · Higheragriculturalproductivityandincomes through improved water and land management. · Reductionintheprevalenceofmalariaand schistosomiasis through improved access to and utilization of control interventions. IDA Contribution · Thetotalprojectcostatthetimeofapproval wasUS$141million,withIDAcontributing US$110million.ThisincludesanIDAcreditof US$31millioneachtoSenegal,MaliandMaurita- niaandanIDAcreditofUS$18milliontoGuinea. 12 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources · InitssupportfortheSenegalRiverBasinOrgani- Integrated river basin management zation(OMVS),theprojectisfirmlygrounded regionally. It will assist in consolidating thirty years coupled with the development of ofcooperationandjointdevelopmentinvarious multi-purpose water resources economic sectors within the Basin. For the first time, upstream riparian Guinea will be fully infrastructure is expected to yield involved in decision-making and the benefits that derive therefrom. expanded opportunities for growth, · Thedesignoftheprojecttakesintoaccount reduced immigration and poverty, thewaterbalanceoftheSenegalRiverandthe countries' different interests and levels of capacity and improved health and livelihoods and development, and tailors the activities to suit regional, national, and local levels. of the population while also preserving · Theapproachadoptsalong-termvision,takes the environment. the river basin as the basic unit for water resourc- es planning and management, and promotes an un-fragmented institutional framework that includes both top-down strategies and bottom- up stakeholder participation. Next Steps Phase 2 components will depend largely on the results of phase 1, including the involvement of Guinea. Phase 2 will include selection of the second round of local level multi-purpose water resources development activities to be scaled up and the development of water resources infrastructure, including multi-purpose hydropower, for which the relevant studies will be done under the first phase. IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 13 IDa at WorK: Water resources Recovering from Devastating Floods in Yemen Challenge Highlights: Taiz,with540,000inhabitants,isonethelargest Projectinfrastructureimprovementsdirectlyledto: citiesinYemen,locatedatthebaseofMt.Sabir.The · Reductioninlossoflivesfromabaselineof6 cityissubjecttosevereseasonalflashfloodingthat deathsperyearpriortoprojectimplementationto claimsliveseveryyear,injuresscoresofresidents, nonein2007, and inflicts significant damage on city infrastructure. · Reductioninsignificantdamagetoresidential Particularly vulnerable are the poorest urban dwellers propertiesadjacenttothefloodpathsfroma who live near the flood zone in precarious dwellings baselineaverageof160housesperyeartonone made of wood, aluminum, and other scavenged in2007, materials. · Reductioninsignificantdamagetobusiness establishmentsadjacenttothefloodpathsfroma Approach baselineaverageof660incidentspriortoproject In response to this daunting challenge, the IDA- implementationtononein2007,and financed Taiz Municipal Development and Flood · Reductionindamagetopublicinfrastructurefrom ProtectionProjectaimedtobuildfloodprotection anannualbaselinecostofUS$95,000tononein structures that would channel floodwater to a catch 2007. basin south of the city, thereby protecting city · Constructionof20.7kilometersoffloodprotection residentsandbusinesses.Theprojectfinanced channels Yemen's first resettlement operation, which far · Constructionof28.5kilometersofnewlypavedor exceeded the typical "do-no-harm" approach to upgraded roads, leading to an increase of the social safeguards. The integrated urban resettlement primaryroadnetworkbysome30percent:Street village, located at Al Birarah, included access to paving greatly improved access and economic decent housing, tenure security, and adequate opportunities. Buildings that could previously only services. be reached by foot or donkey can now be easily accessed. Transportation costs are reduced. Results · Constructionof20pedestrianbridgesand18.3 Flood-protection infrastructure transformed kilometers of footpaths, major parts of Taiz city and has had an immedi- · Constructionof33kilometersofexpanded ate and substantial impact on the lives of city wastewater network, and residents in the affected areas (an estimated Theprojectalsoresettled240low-incomefamilies 10,000 households and 1,000 businesses were out of harm's way to a model resettlement village, direct beneficiaries). In project areas, there which greatly improved their livelihoods. Highlights have been zero flood-related losses in lives or include: property. · Forthefirsttime,propertytitleswereissuedjointly in the name of both spouses. 14 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources · Al-Takaful,alocalNGO,playedastrongrolein the resettlement. It conducted a comprehensive social study of the group, organized the move-in process, and continued to provide support long after the families moved in--managing literacy and skills-development programs, and introducing new amenities and facilities. · RepresentativesoftheNGO,theAkhdam community,andLocalCounciltraveledtoIndiato participate in a knowledge exchange with an NGO that has extensive experience in providing affordable housing for slum dwellers and imple- menting integrated community development programs. This experience bridged the gap Flood-protection infrastructure trans- between policymakers, NGOs, and community organizations to develop a common vision for formedmajorpartsofTaizcityandhas urban upgrading in Taiz. had an immediate and substantial impact IDA Contribution on the lives of city residents in the · BytheclosingdateoftheparentCreditinJune 2008,thetotalprojectcostwasUS$52million,of affected areas. whichIDAprovidedaboutUS$47millionandthe GovernmentUS$5million. · IDA'sglobalexperienceindisasterriskmanage- ment, municipal capacity building, and resettle- ment of vulnerable populations allowed it to share best practices with the Government of Yemen. IDA was instrumental in bringing awareness to the plight of vulnerable populations living in informal settlements and brokering important collaboration between municipal authorities and NGOs that proved crucial for service delivery. Next Steps AdditionalfinancingofUS$20millionbecame effectiveinJune2008.Specifically,theinvestment will benefit approximately 10,300 households and 450businessesbyprotectingareasthatarestill vulnerable to flood damage from seasonal flash flooding. It will also upgrade infrastructure services in the same areas. IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 15 IDa at WorK: Water resources Comprehensive Water Management Brings Widespread Benefits to Tamil Nadu Challenge mainstreamed into water planning and manage- Tamil Nadu is a water short state, with limited ment. Significant agricultural productivity and potential for further water resource exploitation. Its income gains were registered through improved ability to meet rapidly growing water demands in a water use, supported by irrigation system sustainable manner is contingent on managing the improvements and farmer participation in newly challenge of allocating water across sectors and formed water users associations. withinsectors.Atthetimeofprojectpreparation,the state lacked the institutional apparatus to support Highlights comprehensive multi-sectoral water planning and · TheStateWaterPolicywasupdatedinaccor- management.Irrigationconstitutedover75%oftotal dance with the National Water Policy and a water use, but system performance was disappoint- StateWaterPlanwasprepared. ing resulting in inequitable supplies and significant · AWaterResourcesOrganizationwasformedas waste. This affected access to water not only within an independent organization, responsible for multi- poor agriculture-dependent communities and but sectoral water management and structured on also within other sectors vying for limited water river basin lines. This included the establishment of supplies. Groundwater extraction rates were beyond new decentralized field management under basin safe yields in several parts of the state, leading to managers. A framework water resources plan and contamination from salt water intrusion. Other water five detailed river basin plans were completed. quality issues with associated health consequences Two River Basin Organizations were created, the were pervasive, primarily due to untreated industrial firstoftheirkindinSouthAsia. effluents and sewage. · AStateenvironmentalplanningframeworkwas developed and environmental units were created Approach in several agencies. Environmental and social Theproject'sprimaryobjectivesweretosupport assessments and environmental action plans were water resources planning on a river basin basis and producedforallmajorriverbasins.Awaterand across all uses of water; to improve institutional and soil monitoring program was operated, with over technical capability for managing the state's water 400samplinglocationsacrossmultiplebasins. resources; to improve agricultural productivity · Aninventoryofabout3.3millionwellsthroughout through modernization and completion of irrigation theStatewascompleted.TheTamilNadu systems; to upgrade water management and farmer Groundwater (Development and Management) participation; and to assure sustainability of water Act was passed. infrastructure and the environment. · TheTamilNaduFarmers'ManagementofIrriga- tionSystemsActwaspassed.1566waterusers Results associations were formed--covering an area of Substantial institutional restructuring and over630,000ha--andgivenresponsibilityforthe development occurred to enhance multi- O&Mofcanalsservinglessthan700ha.Training sectoral water management on a river basin was given to tens of thousands of farmers. basis. Environmental considerations were · Thereweredramaticincreasesinyields,byover 40%forsomecrops.Schemeimprovements convertedalmost218,000hafrompartialtofull 16 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources irrigationandcreatedover73,000haofnew irrigated area, directly benefiting 3.2 million people.Schemecompletionsincreasedirrigated areabyabout60,260haandimprovedirrigation onabout95,300ha,directlybenefitingover 87,000people. · Onecatchmentwithdepletedcoverina sub-basin of the Cauvery was restored. IDA Contribution · IDAfinancedthefullcostoftheproject, US$206.1million. · TheprojectgrewoutofTamilNadu'slongterm strategy to promote rural development. IDA played a key role in helping the government designtheambitiousproject,spreadacross Tamil Nadu has tackled the challenge of 20 districts and involving policy, institutional and meeting rapidly growing water demands expenditure reform, changes in planning and decision-making processes, and mobilization and through enhanced multi-sectoral water capacity building of water users. It assisted in managment on a river basin basis. coordinatingprojectactivities,manyofwhich involved several line departments, government and university institutions, and non-governmental organizations. Next Steps The Government of Tamil Nadu has indicated its resolve to continue the reform process, including by: · Increasingirrigationwaterchargestoalevelthat would meet O&M costs. · Extendingtheconceptofintegratedriverbasin management to more basins and establishing the administrative and legislative measures required to make River Basin Organizations fully functional. · Allocatingfundsunderthestatebudgetto support the further training of water users associations. The Government has also specified that it would welcome further Bank support to consolidate the impressivegainsmadeundertheproject. IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 17 IDa at WorK: Water resources Reversal of Degradation in China's Loess Plateau Doubles Incomes Challenge · Sedimentationofwaterwayswasdramatically Hometomorethan50millionpeople,theLoess reduced: The flow of sediment from the Plateau Plateau in China's Northwest takes its name from the into the Yellow River has been reduced by more dry, powdery, wind-blown soil. Centuries of overuse than 100 million tons each year. Better sediment and overgrazing led to one of the highest erosion control has reduced the risks of flooding with a rates in the world and widespread poverty. network of small dams helping store water for towns and for agriculture when rainfall is low. Approach · Employmentratesincreased:Moreefficientcrop TwoprojectssetouttorestoreChina'sheavily production on terraces and the diversification of degradedLoessPlateauthroughoneoftheworld's agriculture and livestock production have brought largest erosion control programs with the goal of about new on-farm and off-farm employment. returning this poor part of China to an area of Duringthesecondprojectperiod,theemployment sustainable agricultural production. rateincreasedfrom70percentto87percent. Opportunities for women to work have increased Results significantly. More than 2.5 million people in four of China's · Foodsuppliesweresecured:Beforetheproject, poorest provinces--Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu, frequent droughts caused crops cultivated on as well as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous slopes to fail, sometimes requiring the government Region--were lifted out of poverty. Through to provide emergency food aid. Terracing not only the introduction of sustainable farming prac- increased average yields, but also significantly tices, farmers' incomes doubled, employment lowered their variability. Agricultural production has diversified and the degraded environment changed from generating a narrow range of food was revitalized. and low-value grain commodities to high-value products.Duringthesecondprojectperiod,per Highlights: capitagrainoutputincreasedfrom365kgto591 · Incomesdoubled:Peopleinprojecthouseholds kg per year. sawtheirincomesgrowfromaboutUS$70per · Theprojectsignificantlycontributedtorestructur- yearperpersontoaboutUS$200through ingtheagriculturalsectorandadjustingtoa agricultural productivity enhancement and market-oriented economic environment, while diversification. creating conditions for sustainable soil and water · Naturalresourceswereprotected:Uncontrolled conservation. grazing, subsistence farming, fuel wood gathering · Eveninthelifetimeoftheproject,theecological and cultivation of crops on slopes had left huge balance was restored in a vast area considered by areasofthePlateaudevastated.Theproject many to be beyond help. encouraged natural regeneration of grasslands, · Terracingrequiredthedevelopmentofroadsthat tree and shrub cover on previously cultivated facilitated the access of vehicles and farm equip- slope-lands. Replanting and bans on grazing mentandlabortotheseareas.Sedimentcontrol allowed the perennial vegetation cover to and capture transformed previously unproductive increasefrom17to34percent. land into valuable cropping areas, helped increase 18 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources water storage for communities and agricultural use and reduced flood risk. Terraces have reduced labor inputs and allowed farmers to pursue new income-earning activities. IDA Contribution · FirstLoessPlateauproject:outofUS$252million (actualprojectcosts),IDAcontributedUS$149 million; government/counterpart funding was US$103million. · SecondLoessPlateauproject:IDAcontributed US$50million;IBRDUS$99million;andgovern- ment/counterpartfundingUS$90million. · Thephysicalandeconomictransformationofthe LoessPlateauofferstheclearestdemonstrationof what can be achieved through close partnership One of the world's largest erosion control with the government, good policies, technical support and active consultation and participation programsreturnedtheLoessPlateauto of the people. IDA resources--through direct investments, policy and technical assistance, an area of sustainable production and training and capacity building--along with the lifted 2.5 million people out of poverty. efforts and behavioral change of the people in the projectarea,helpeddemonstratetheeffective- ness of a model that improved the lives and livelihoods of more than 2.5 million people, and many more through replication. · Trainingandsupportserviceshelpedenhance existing research and development capacity in dry-land farming techniques, grassland improve- ment, orchard and livestock management and impact monitoring and evaluation. Theprojects'principleshavebeenadoptedand replicated widely. It is estimated that as many as 20 million people have benefited from the replication of the approach throughout China. IDA at WORK: Water Resources | 19 IDa at WorK: Water resources Tajikistan: Better Water Management Spurs Rural Incomes Challenge Highlights Agriculture is critical to poverty reduction and · Widespreadimpact.Overallirrigationefficiency economicgrowthinTajikistan.Thecountry'ssoils improvedon442hectaresofland. and climate provide excellent potential for the · Tubewells.51drainagetubewellswerecompleted production of grains, cotton, and a variety of horticul- forabout1,030hectaresand37wererestored. tural crops, including orchard crops. For years, · Canals.3.26kilometersofirrigationcanalswere Tajikistanenjoyedamongthehighestyieldsinthe rehabilitated. region. Ferghana Valley--which also stretches into · Demonstrationfarms.Sixdemonstrationfarms UzbekistanandtheKyrgyzRepublic--isafocalpoint were established to show water use efficiency and ofTajikistan'sagriculturalproduction.Afteradra- improved crop yield and quality. maticdeclineinTajikistan'sfarmproductivityinthe · Draincollectors.7.4kmofdraincollectorswere mid-1990s,recentyearsshowedsomerecovery. rehabilitated; one pumping station was rehabili- However, this turnaround was stymied by a crum- tated. bling rural infrastructure, in particular irrigation · Pilotcommunityparticipation.Theprojectestab- facilities. In many cases, water supply systems were lished one pilot water user association, which is barely kept running with shoestring repairs, but drain- poised to manage about 2,000 hectares of newly age systems quickly fell into disrepair--this led to irrigated land once the rehabilitation of irrigation waterlogging and yearly flooding in the worst cases. systeminKanibadamiscomplete(in2010). As a consequence of the collapse of irrigation systems, substantial areas have been lost to IDA Contribution cultivation. The Ferghana Valley Water Resources Management ProjectwasfinancedthroughanIDAgrantofUS$13 Approach millionandaGovernmentcontributionofUS$1.17 The Ferghana Valley Water Resources Management million,foratotalprojectcostofUS$14.17million. Projectwaslaunchedin2005torestoreirrigated agricultural productivity in the Ferghana Valley by Partners improving land and water management. It financed Theprojectcomplementsanirrigationproject design and works for rehabilitation of pumped and supported by the Asian Development Bank that is gravity irrigation and drainage systems serving some rehabilitating rural infrastructure at the lower end of 30,000hectaresoffarmlandinKanibodomand theKayrakumReservoir.Incombination,thesetwo BobojonGufarovdistricts.Agriculturalproductivity, projectswillimprovewatermanagementand irrigation, and drainage problems were addressed irrigationforthevastmajorityofthemostvaluable jointly.Furthermore,theprojectencouragedfull landinKonibodomandBobojonGufarov community participation by establishing water user associations. Next Steps Theprojectalsoaimstoimprovethesafetyand Results regulationoftheKayrakumDamandReservoir. The project made good progress, including Thus far, a panel of experts has been appointed to work on rehabilitation of the Kayrakhum developastrategyonDamSafetyManagement. reservoir dykes, collector drains, drainage tube Additional financing may be forthcoming to maximize wells, agriculture demonstration farms, and projectimpact.Moreworkisneededtostrengthen issuance of land use certificate. the capacity of water user associations so they assume more operations and maintenance work. 20 | IDA at WORK: Water Resources Printed on recycled paper 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA www.worldbank.org/ida www.worldbank.org/sustainabledevelopment