Public Disclosure Authorized 46915 Public Disclosure Authorized 2006 9 Public Disclosure Authorized 59 100872 86 10 6251 3800 Public Disclosure Authorized 86 10 6251 4393 Email zhongma@vip.sina.com ∗ jxie@world bank.org 202-522-1666 www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment/ChinaWaterAAA i .........................................................................................................................................................5 ...............................................................................................................2 ............................................................................................2 ............................................................................................................2 ............................................................................................................2 ............................................................................................................2 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............................................... 25 [] 3-3 2000 ......................... 26 3-4 ....................................................................... 27 3-5 “ ” ............................... 28 3-6 2005 1 ..................................................... 29 3-7 2005 ................................... 29 4-1 COD .......................................... 36 4-2 2003 ............................................................... 40 iv 1. “ ” “ ” 2. 3. “ ” “ ” 4. “ ” “ ” 5. “ ” “ ” 6. “ ” 7. “ ” 8. “ ” 9. “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 10. “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 11. 2000 2000 12. 2005 2005 13. 2005 14. 15. 16.    v 112° 121° 31° 36° 27 km2 “ ” [1] 4 35 19 70% 1000km 364 km 436km 200km 0.2‰ 2000km2 15 1000km2 21 8 km2 1000km2 12 15 1 1 50 1949 198 0 17.2‰ 2000- 2003 5.21‰ 2003 16801.16 [2] 13% 1994 580.67 / 2003 623.5 9 / 134 / 4.65 [3] 10 1994 GDP 4214.76 2003 10466.62 10 148.33 GDP 2684 6230 132.12 GDP GDP 1994 73.4% 2003 69.0% 199 0 13.02% 2003 20.22 [4] 40.53% [1] ,“ ‘ ’ ”, “ ” “ ” . , . 2004 9 :4 [2] , . .— [3] , . .— [4] , 2003 , 2004 2 26 , http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20040226_402131958.htm 2 1-1 3 “ ” 1980 1 980 1997 2.55%, 4.46% 1997 8495.76 , 17.23% 1990 2003 1993 1978 1.5 14.5 530 131 97 1975 8 [5] 2.6 1130 1950 1950 10 4 1951 “ ” 1951 2000 923 5700 2164 5 5427 6 [6] 894.6 “ ” 1974 1975 1 61 1988 1994 [7] 1989 [5] , , , . 2005 1 : 19. [6] , , , . 2005 1 : 36-37. [7] , , , . 2005 1 : 40-41. 4 1992 1 3 40 1992 “ ” 1993 73 1 18 1994 7 70 100 50 182 700 60 [8] 1999 [9] 1994 70 2004 [8] 40 1978 1988 “ ” 1990 64 1995 “ ” 1994 5 1994 6 15 1994 7 1995 8 8 “1997 2000 ” 1996 6 29 “ ” “ ” [10] “ ” 1997 [8] .“ ”. , 2004 11 : 4-9. [9] , , . 10 , 600 , 2005 8 3 , http://news.xinhuanet.com/report/2005-08/03/content_3303409.htm [10] .— 5 COD 1993 150 89 2000 52 COD 36.8 1995 19 1996 6 5000 1111 9 “ ” 3876 1997 100 1562 1139 1994- [11] 1997 40 1997 12 25 12 1997 40 1 998 1 169 COD 1993 150 [12] 1997 103 31.26 1997 III IV 52 V 71 V [13] 2001 2000 COD III COD [14][15 IV COD 1993 150 2000 48 ] 2000 “ ” 2003 1 11 “ ” 2004 7 16 20 5.4 130 140 1994 7 90 “ ” 2004 10 23 24 “ ” 3 5 [8] 2004 12 28 2004 93 2007 “ ” 90% 85% [11] .“ ” , 2003 4 25 , http://www.hrc.gov.cn/hhsbj/www/special/swrfz/2003723170914.htm [12] , 8.74%.— [13] . 1997 . http://www.sepa.gov.cn/plan/zkgb/1997/ [14] , , , . 2005 1 :51-52. [15] 94 .“ ” 105 . 40 . .— 6 III V 60% 80 / 30 / [16] 2010 5 • • • • • 1 2 3 “ ” “ ” “ ” 5 5 4 [16] [2004]93 . . 2004 12 28 . 7 “ ” “ ” 1996 2005 1 “ ” “ ” “ ” 2 3 2 1 “ ” 1996 10 “ ” “ ” 2- 1 • “ ” “ ” • “ ” “ ” • “ ” 8 2-1        [17] “ ” 1 1994 5 10 1995 3 “ ” “ ” 1995 8 1996 3 28 “ ” 1996 345 1996 6 29 1996 52 “ ” 1 “ ” 2 1997 2000 [17] “ ” . “ ” . 1996 6 . 9 3 “ ” 1997 COD 89.02 2000 COD 36.8 4 “ ” 34 100 “ ” 82 5 “ ” 303 166 6 2 “ ” 34 100 32 32 1 “ ” 2000 “ ” “ ” COD “ ” 25 “ COD 15 / 20 / 25 / 40 / ” “ ” 82 2000 GB3838-88 “ ” • COD • • • • 2 “ ” COD COD “ ” • 1997 COD 89.02 24.72 20.77 17.15 26.38 • 2000 COD 36.8 12.74 7.7 9.89 6.47 3 “ ” • 1997 “ ” • 303 114 189 166 2 4 6 18 67 17 36 153 2 2 • 166 9.63 3.0 0.5 10 2-2 “ ” 67 57.53 17 9.93 153 34.61 4 2.36 2 0.83 1 1.34 36 10.30 17 44.49 6 4.61 303 166.00      4 • 3200 • • 1997 199 8 593 “ ” • • • • • “ ” • • “ ” • “ ” 2000 • “ ” [18] “ ” [18] ,“ ‘ ’ ”, “ ” “ ” . , . 2004 : 4-22. 11 1 “ ” ( “ ” ) 2001- 2005 4 35 7 111 111 “ ” “ ” 64 111 [19] 2003 1 11 “ ” [2003]5 1 “ ” 2005 2000 25 —40 2 3 4 “ ” 2 “ ” 1 “ ” 2005 III • 50 III • 46 IV 3 V • 12 COD 70 / 2 “ ” COD “ ” “ ” • COD 64.3 46.6 COD 2000 39.3% • 11.3 / 9.1 / 2000 25.7% 3 “ ” 9 488 255.9 211 108.3 2 3 “ ” 255.9 108.3 147.6 [19] “ ” 34 , 82 , 64 , 111 “ ” 82 .— 12 2-3 “ ” 161 148.9 131 24 116 17.3 29 25.8 15 12.5 3 2.8 13 5.9 14 8.9 6 3.9 488 255.9  þ        COD 55 NH3-N 4.6 4 • 1562 • • • • • • • • • CODCr NH3- N 314 2 4 • • • “ ” “ ” 13 [20] “ ” 1 2003 7 28 “ ” [2003]144 1 2 2005 III 3 COD 18.73 4.5 12.74 3.27 4 11 11 5 6 2 “ ” 2000 2005 11 68 2 20 39 37 1 “ ” “ ” • • 4 III • 2 II • 16 IV • 14 COD 70 / 2 COD “ ” COD “ ” 2005 COD 18.73 / 12.74 / [21] 2005 4.50 / 3.27 / 3 “ ” 8 100 56.1 2 4 56.1 • [20] “ ” . “ ” . 2003 7 . [21] “ ” 2000 12.74 / , .— . 14 • • 2-4 “ ” 34 31.40 20 5.06 26 5.95 8 8.40  368 0.91 3 1.16 7 2.21 1 1.00 100 56.09     COD 13.5 / NH3-N 1.14 / 4 • • • • • • • • • CODCr NH3- [ N 122 24 22] • • [22] “ ” , “ 2 4” .— . 15 [23] “ ” 1 “ ” 2000 2001 2005 9 66941 2 1 “ ” • III IV III IV • • 2 CODCr NH3- N “ ” 1.14 890 2005 CODCr 11.7 / 8.84 / NH3- N 3.55 3.14 / 3 “ ” 79 54.22 2 5 • • 17.35 • 16.86 • 10.86 • 9.15 2-5 “ ” 18 16.4600 19 9.4958 11 4.5534 5 2.7156 2 1.5000 1 1.4000 4 1.7750 4 1.4869 4 4.1489 11 10.6800 [23] “ ” . “ ” . 2002 . 16 79 54.2200     4 • • 4069 • 8000 • • “ ” 24 32 [24] 6 9 20 [25] “ ” “ ” 2000 2005 7 3 3 3 [26] 2003 12 9 [2003]302 1 2 3 1 [27] 6 II IV V 70 / 2 COD 2005 COD 28840 / 22245 / 2005 7913 / 7321 / [24] “ ” “ ” 18 19 24 .— . [25] . “ ” . 2003 12 . [26] 13 6 .— [27] COD; .— 17 3 • “ ” 7.23 6 5 2 • 620 13 5 2 6 • ƒ “ ” ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ 4 • • • • • 9 COD 24[13] [22] • • • • • • • CODCr NH3-N • “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” [28] 1 “ ” “ ” “ 2000 [28] . “ ” 2010 . 1996 3 . 18 83% 2000 25% 50% …… ” [29] 2 “ ” “ ” “ ” 2005 45% [30] 3 “ ” “ ” 2010 70 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” [31] 1 “ ” 2000 1 …… …… 5000 3 ( ) 2 1000 / …… 50 …… 3 12 “ ”( ) “ ” ( )…… 4 [29] . “ ” . 2001 3 . [30] . “ ” . 2006 3 . [31] . “ ” 2010 . 1996 . 19 200 6 100 “ ” ( ) 4500 GNP 1.3% 1820 4 0 ( “ ”) [32] 2 “ ” “ ” 2005 V 1300 165 650 70 60% 45% 2005 46.6 / 64.3 / 9.2 / 11.3 / [33] 3 “ ” “ ” 2005 5 12 1 80% 80% 2 V 75% 40% 3 55% 2005 5% 2005 3% 60% 70% 60% 50% 45% 60% 70% 60% 80% GDP 5.57 / 80% 3000 [32] . “ ” . 2001 12 . [33] . “ ” . 2005 5 . 20 “ ” 1.5—2% 1 1996 2000 2010 1996 [34] 2000 2010 2000 50 75 20 95 2000 101.5 m3 25.4 m3 79.8 m / 3 50 356.0 m3 75 534.6 m3 95 594.6 m3 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 2 [35] 1998 2010 2020 2010 COD NH3-N COD 44.4 / NH3- N 6.1 / COD 23.4 / NH3-N 2.0 / 65% 18% [34] . 1996-2000-2010 . 1996 . [35] . . 1998 21 3 [36] 1999 201 0 2011 2030 2031 2050 2010 35% 2011 80% 1999 2010 16800 37% 25% [37] 1 1995- 2010 1994 1998 12 13 7446.2km2 6 138 / 2010 92 / 40 • 2000 240 / 58.4% 2 010 320 / 53.6% • 2000 69% 2010 73% • 2010 138 / • 2000 70% 2010 90% • 2000 47% 2010 67% • 2010 100% • 2000 2010 2 1997— [38] 2010 [36] . . 1999 . [37] . 1995-2010 . 1994 . [38] .“ ”, , , . 2001 3 : 1-18 22 “ ” “ ” 34 100 32 32 “ ” 2 000 82 6 76 “ ” GB3838-88 “ ” 1 2001 2000 2000 2 “ ” 2000 “ ” 2000 82 54.8% 8.9% 36.3% [39] 2002 “ ” 2000 21 1 II 2 III 4 V 14 V 21 V V 7 50% 4 28. 6% 2 14.3% 1 7.1% “ ” 110 [40] 2000 3 1 3-1 “ ”     II 3 2.7 1 4.8 III 17 15.5 2 9.5 IV 45 54.8 [41] 10 9.1 V 7 8.9 15 13.6 4(19.0%) V 30 36.3 65 59.1 14 66.7   þ        [39] . 2000 , 2001 . http://www.sepa.gov.cn/plan/zkgb/2000/ [40] ,“ ‘ ’ ”, “ ” “ ” . , . 2004 : 7-8 [41] 2000 .— 23       KWWSZZZVHSDJRYFQSODQ]NJE 2000 “ ” “ ” 2 000 2000 V V 45.2% 72.7 85.7 61 V 1 “ ” 1 2000 “ ” 2 2000 “ ” “ ” “ ” 3 2000 “ ” 4 2000 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 111 1 50 III 2 6 IV 3 V 3 12 COD 70 / “ ” GB3838 2002 “ ” 1 2006 2005 2005 2 2005 3 2005 2006 6 12 2005 86 I III IV V V 17% 51% 32% 32 I III 13 IV V 56 V 31 [42] 2005 25 88% 2004 20 2 100% 4 3 1 100% 10 9 90% 9 8 89% [43] 2005 1- 12 46 III 26.2% IV 24.1 V 9.3% V 40. 4% “ ” 60.7% [44] [42] . 2005 . 2006 . http://www.sepa.gov.cn/plan/zkgb/05hjgb/ [43] . . 2006 5 24 , http://www.sepa.gov.cn/xcjy/zwhb/200605/t20060524_76740.htm [44] . . 2005 , http://www.hrc.gov.cn/hhsbj/www/index.asp 24 96 10 “ ” 10 1- 6 22 4- 5 V COD 3-2 “ ”       I II 3 3 1 3 4 7.7 III 12 14 3 9 15 31 IV 33 38 13 41 10 20.8 V 11 13 5 16 5 9.2 V 27 32 10 31 16 31.3        KWWSZZZVHSDJRYFQSODQ]NJEKMJE        KWWSZZZVHSDJRYFQHLF VKWPO      KWWSZZZKUFJRYFQKKVEMZZZLQGH[DVS 2005 2005 88% 60.7 “ ” “ ” “ ” 1 2005 86 “ ” 111 86 2 2005 3 “ ” “ ” “ ” COD “ ” 1997 C OD 89.02 / 24.72 20.77 17.15 25 26.38 2000 COD 36.8 12.74 7.70 9.89 6.47 “ ” COD 3 [45] 1 2001 2 2001 3 “ ” 2000 2000 COD 36.8 4.72 2000 COD 40 4.72 “ ” 3.2 3.2 “ ” “ ” 2000 2000 COD 105.9 3 3 [46] 3-3 2000    >@    > @       “ ” COD 3.2 4.72 “ ” 2000 COD “ ” 1 [45] 2001 46 , 2001 6 26 . [46] . . . 2006 7 : 47. 26 2 “ ” COD “ ” 3 “ ” 4 “ ” “ ” 2005 COD 64.3 2000 39.3 % 11.3 2000 25.7% “ ” 2000 2005 2004 COD 99.1 2000 6.8 34.8 1 2005 COD 2004 12.5 3-4 3-4 &2' 2000 13.3 105.9 29.0 76.9 15.2 2001 13.4 30.3 3.4 2002 36.8 13.4 23.4 102.8 25.8 77.0 13.9 3.7 10.2 2003 35.7 13.2 22.5 96.4 23.7 72.7 12.3 3.4 8.9 2004 36.5 13.1 23.3 99.1 24.1 74.9 12.5 3.7 8.8 2005 64.3 11.3         “ ” “ ” 303 166 2 1 “ “ 2 “ ” 2000 59 12 32 15 27 2000 3125 86% “ ” 3 5 3-5 “ ” 1 * 2 1 2 1 (2) (1) (2) 11 9 5 6 5 3 1 0 18 18 0 0 10 10 8 8 12 11 3 3 9 8 0 0 18 14 4 2 8 7 6 5 59 52 12 11 32 28 15 13   þ               380 311 82% 83% 73% 87% 79% 37 32 “ ” 1 “ “ 2 “ ” 3 “ ” “ ” 4 “ ” COD 82 “ “ 3 “ ” “ ” 9 488 255.9 21 1 108.3 COD 55 NH3-N 4.6 3 1 2005 1 2 2005 4 3 2005 7 18 “ ” “ ” 2005 1 169 [47] 34.6 178 36.5% 141 28.9% [47] . . http://www.sepa.gov.cn/xcjy/zwhb/200605/t20060524_76740.htm 28 103.3 40.4 5.9% 16.9% 63.4% 63.0% 3 6 2005 4 2 005 4 “ ” 288 174 114 2005 86 [48] 3 3-6 2005 1 161 38 23.6 52 32.3 71 44.1 148.9 131 72 55.0 41 31.3 18 13.7 24.3 116 52 44.8 49 42.3 15 12.9 17.3 29 1 3.4 18 62.1 10 34.5 31.4 15 0 0.0 1 6.7 14 93.3 12.5 3 0 0.0 3 100.0 0 0.0 2.8 14 3 21.4 4 28.6 7 50.0 8.9 6 2 33.3 3 50.0 1 16.7 3.9 13 1 7.7 7 53.8 5 38.5 5.9 488 169 34.6 178 36.5 141 28.9 255.9   KWWSZZZVHSDJRYFQ[FM\]ZKEW BKWP “ ” “ ” 2005 168 155.7 636.5 140 128.6 [49] 582.25 83% 83% 91% 3 7 3-7 2005            [48] . “ ” . · . 2005 4 : 115. [49] . “ ” . 2005 7 18 , http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zjgx/t20050718_37381.htm 29    g            KWWSZZZVGSFJRYFQ]MJ[WBKWP “ ” 1 “ ” 2 “ ” “ ” 3 4 “ ” 2003 1 “ ” “ ” [50] 2007 2005 4 “ ” “ ” 2001 2005 “ ” “ ” 1 2 3 “ ” “ ” [51][52] 30 31 1993 9 1 [50] 1994 , 5 10 24 28 , 1 , , ( ) 3 4 .— [51] , . . 2001 11 21 , http://www.cws.net.cn/CWSNews/011121/112602.html [52] . . 2005 11 30 , http://www.hrc.gov.cn/hhsbj/www/news/zhxw/2005113042031. htm 30 53000 [53] “ ” “ ” “ ” 1 2 3 4 “ ” 5 6 “ ” 1 2000 72 267 [54] 2 2003 3.4 1 526 2005 978 107 146 96 5% [55] 2004 4 533 28 [16] 3 “ ” 4 [53] . 2006 6 20 , http://www.hnsl.gov.cn/look0/law.php?L_Type=3&id=214 [54] : . 2004 8 11 , http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/1073/2695217.html [55] . . 2006 3 20 , http://www.jwater.cn/luenw/huaihezhiwu.htm 31 2003 11 2004 3 2004 8 1800 “ ” [16] “ ” “ ” “ ” 13 5 “ ” [2004]93 20 05- 2010 “ ” “ ” 2003 11 “ ” 3 2003 “ ” 7 2002 1994 [54] 2719 2239 144 22 “ ” “ ” 2001- 2005 32 “ ” 1 1 2 1 “ ” “ ” 2005 1 2006 2004 “ ” 2004 3 8 10 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 2000- 2004 9 1.2 2.5 200 500 6 200 5 2007 0.8 2005 2004 6 13 17 [56] [56] . . 2004 6 23 , http://www.h2o-china.com/report/HaiheSullage/chulixiangmu.htm 33 1 2 4 5000 - 6000 4 3 3 36% 2005 1 8 “ ” “ ” 2004 “ ” 2005- 2010 40 40 “ ” “ ” 1 2 3 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 34 V V “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” IV COD 70 / “ ” “ ” “ ” 2000 COD 36.8 2000 COD 98 2000 COD 10 5.9 “ ” COD 64.3 46.6 “ ” 36.8 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 2000 COD 1993 150.14 / 36.80 / 12.74 7.7 9.89 6.47 2000 COD 5 1 2001 4.72 “ ” 2 2001 2000 COD 4.72 40 3.2 3 “ ” 2000 COD 105.9 81.2 2000 COD 2001 5.88 30.4 4 2000 COD 48 [57] 5 2000 COD 94.33 [57] “ ” COD “ ” C OD “ ” “ ” 2000 32.8 COD 32.8 [58] 2000 COD 67.1 COD 63 [57] , , , . 2005 1 : 52. 35 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” COD 19 COD 2000 2005 5 12 10 9 53 COD 4-1 4-1 COD &2'  &2'       0.608028 0.519683 0.607211 0.6072 0.539986 0.539984 0.539978 0.725417 0.539901 0.539881 0.54028 0.54028 0.540083 0.539743 0.540323 0.540323 0.681942 0.647374 0.622452 0.706276 0.650531 0.740136 0.612253 0.612245 0.876495 0.867407 0.880767 0.880767 0.830933 0.835502 0.636962 0.636922 0.759196 0.402061 0.502396 0.50232 0.546159 0.801514 0.760966 0.760949 0.786505 0.78774 0.909559 0.911126 0.641914 0.701577 0.737055 0.737053 0.819635 0.803624 0.817346 0.816694 0.818018 0.557975 0.746388 0.746527 0.834258 0.410526 0.699793 0.625259 0.700084 0.328559 0.7 0.642857 0.921595 0.718046 0.699876 0.700098 0.800083 0.473037 0.700495 0.700495 0.854444 0.775881 0.7 0.699787 0.726208 0.680082 0.719589 0.728338 0.799759 0.75507 0.895777 0.884507 0.64465 0.657581 0.616068 0.890242 0.878613 0.769541 0.883838 0.797468 0.76721 0.725304 0.790506 0.810888       [58] “ ” . “ ” . 1996 6 :28 36   þ        “ ” “ ” 422 2004 193 “ ” 59 2000 12 32 15 2005 “ ” 34.6 “ ” 166 13 “ ” “ ” 256 108 56 “ “ ” “ ”  7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 4 3 4 37 “ ” “ ” “ ” [59] 2000 [60] 17.5 “ ” 2000 105.9 COD 63 37 “ ” 6 3.9 [61] 1996 “ ” 4200 [62] 2002 5427 [63] “ ” “ ” “ ” 3 7 “ ” 1994 1 995 “ ” COD 1993 150 2000 36.8 “ ” “ ” “ 2000 ”  “ ” “ ” “ ” 2.87 2.65 “ ” “ ” 64 “ ” “ ” “ ” [59] . “ ” . 2003 7 :16 [60] . “ ” .2003 12 : 12 [61] ,“ ‘ ’ ”, “ ” “ ” . , . 2004 : 9-11 [62] “ ” “ ” . 1996 6 : 15 [63] , , , . 2005 1 :37 [64] “ ” COD 1993 COD 6 COD 50 60 “ ” 38 “ ” COD “ ” 1/3 “ ” “ ” 2/3 30 2000 0.726 0.646 0.879 23.6 “ ” 1562 2005 1 16.9% [65]   >@   >@ [65] ,“ ‘ ’ ”, “ ” “ ” . , . 2004 9 : [66] . 2005 2010 . 2005 . [67] . . 2005 . 39 4 1 2003 σ σ/E 4-2 2003 V/E   V/E (%) (%) 1 1.24 0.35 28.2 5.14 0.57 11.1 2 1.83 0.83 45.3 5.59 0.69 12.1 3 1.24 0.56 45.4 5.88 1.22 20.1 4 0.71 0.30 42.4 4.82 0.53 11.0 5 0.40 0.18 45.1 4.85 0.66 13.5 6 0.16 0.19 121.9 4.68 1.07 22.9 7 0.19 0.27 141.7 5.13 1.35 26.3 8 0.10 0.06 57.8 4.73 0.42 8.9 9 0.14 0.07 50.7 4.70 0.88 18.7 10 0.25 0.06 26.3 5.05 0.77 15.4 11 0.54 0.35 64.1 4.80 0.47 9.8 12 1.10 0.35 31.4 4.93 0.47 9.6    4-2 σ/E 25 140% 140% 2003 7 σ/E 10%-25% 10 40 10 20 10 COD “ ”  40  1 2 3 “ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” 41  1988 1 “ ” “ ” “ ”  42 “ ” “ ”  “ ” “ ” >@     &2'     &2'   [68] , Econ . . . 2005 5 . 43 “ ” “ ” 2006 2020 1 2 3 4 44 5 “ ” 255.9 108.3 147.6 “ ” 5 1 2 3 4 5 45 1 2 1 2 3 4 1. “ ” . “ ” . 2002 . 46 2. “ ” . “ ” . 1996 6 . 3. . 2001- 2005 . . 4. . “ ” . • . 2005 4 115. 5. . 1995-2004 . . 6. , . . 2001 11 21 , http://www.cws.net.cn/CWSNews/011121/112602.html 7. 2001 46 , 2001 6 26 . 8. , 2005 11 . 9. . “ ” . 2006 3 . 10. . “ ” . 2005 7 18 , http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zjgx/t20050718_37381.htm 11. . “ ” 2010 . 1996 . 12. . “ ” . 2001 . 13. . “ ” 2010 . 1996 . 14. . “ ” . 2001 12 . 15. . “ ” . 2006 5 . 16. . 2001 . , , 2002. 17. . . 2006 5 24 , http://www.sepa.gov.cn/xcjy/zwhb/200605/t20060524_76740. htm 18. . . http://www.sepa.gov.cn/plan/zkgb/ 19. . .2005 12 12 , http://www.zhb.gov.cn/eic/649086806737813504/20051219/1 3843.shtml 20. ,“ ‘ ’ ”, “ ” “ ” . , . 2004 9 . 21. . 2005 2010 . 2005 12 12 , http://www.zhb.gov.cn/eic/649086806737813504/20051219/1 3843.shtml 22. . 2003 , 2004 2 26 . http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20040226_40213195 8.htm 23. . 2006 3 20 , http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/1073/2695217.html 24. . “ ” . 2001 . 25. . “ ” . 2001 . 26. . “ ” . 2003 7 . 27. . 1995-2004 . . 28. . . 2005 11 30 , http://www.hrc.gov.cn/hhsbj/www/news/zhxw/200511304 2031.htm 47 29. . . 1998 . 30. . . http://www.hrc.gov.cn/hhsbj/www/special/index.asp?typei d=26&type1= 31. . . 1999 . 32. . 1996-2000-2010 . 1996 . 33. . . 2004 6 23 , http://www.h2o- china.com/report/HaiheSullage/chulixiangmu.htm 34. . 1995-2004 . . 35. . . 2006 3 20 , http://www.jwater.cn/luenw/huaihezhiwu.htm 36. .“ ”, , , . 2001 3 : 359-377. 37. .“ ”, , , . 2001 3 : 1-18. 38. . . . 2006 7 : 47. 39. , , , . 2005 1 .. 40. , , . 10 600 . 2005 8 3 , http://news.xinhuanet.com/report/2005-08/03/content_3303409.htm 41. . 1995-2004 . . 42. . 2006 6 20 , http://www.hnsl.gov.cn/look0/law.php?L_Type=3&id=214 43. . . . 2004 11 :4-9. 44. . 2003-2006 . 2003 . 45. . “ ” . 2003 12 . 46. . 1995-2010 . 1994 . 47. . “ ” . 2001 . 48. . 1997-2010 . 1996 . 49. , Econ . . . 2005 5 . 48 49