FILE C0PY ERM 16 Ii:T--'-'Ti-I C T ' ATt r,--.-.'TCDr DEC 7 156 THEIATATA I:2TI:zY ' TEI CA:Iwrm Pre-pared. ty: Agricalture, Forestry &Fish~ˇry Section *2i -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - TATI;Z 0F C,7 rlTT?zs rthe :To, Sluu.i:,ry 1. Introduction 1 2. Prorluction ard Distribution Problemns 1 3 3. The Co-ncentration of the InThustry 3 - 5 4. Producticn - - 7 5. Trade 7- 9 6. Ccnsnn-?tion 9 7. Prices 10 &, Suture Develonments IC - ll I. t.'orld 7-r-crts of c.nanas. II. Distribution of zanana n.scrts, 1937 anrd. 1946. III. tWcrld. IDm,norts of 3Sananas, IV. Sources ef Banana Im-orts into the United Stat:Zs and United 1:in,-clorri, V. Ccaribbean Countries in which Dnianas are an IrnDortan Item of Trade. THE BAIWA INDUSTRY OF TIT CARFIPB2AIT APlDA SIU4APY The history of production and marketing of bananas for export hrs, since the beginning of the century, indicated a very heavy concentration of the industry under the control of the United Fruit Company and to a considerably smaller extent the StandarCd Fruit and Steamsh4p Comrpany. This concentration has been brought about chiefly as a result of the pe;r- ishable nature of the fruit, requiring carefully coordinated prod.uction and marketing. The comnaratively recent incidence of two plant diseases, which has resulted in a marked increase in costs of production, has also influenced the movement towrards large scale concentration. Panema disease once it has become established in the soil means that the land has to be permanently abandoned for banana growin1g. As a result of this disease there has been a major migration of the industry from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast of Central America; the new land is less suitable for banrana production and consequently costs have increased. Sigatokla disease hs re- sulted in a deterioration in ouality of fruit produced; costly srraying. equipment is required if the disease is to be checked. World exports of bananas whlich in 1945 had fallen to only 43 percent of the prewar level had recovered to 75 percent of prewvar by 1947. Carib- bean countries which before the war had accounted for 71 p,ercent of world exports cortributed 78 percent in 194?. Owing to a shortage of bananas during and after the war the recent increase in exzports from the Caribbean has been largely in the form of poor quality bananas which would not normal- ly be shipped. The chief markets before the war for Caribbean bananas were the Un- ited States and Europe. Six countries together accounted for 88 rercent of world imports; the United States took about 55 percent; the United King- -~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 -2- dom, France and Germany absorbed about 25 percent; and Argentina and. van- ada together iluported another 8 percenu. In 1947 the United States took. 70 percent, the three European cotntries 11 percent and Argentina and! Carn- ada 11 percent. Per capita consumption in the two chief importing cou.ntries, tile UTnited States and the United Kingdom, remained relatively stable between the wars and it would appear that the long run demaTnd was thus largely a function of population growth. In general consunption of bananas outside the areas in which they are grovm seems to be restricted to a rather small group of countries having relatively high income levels. An extension of markets, there-ore, appears likely to occur only if prices can be effective- ly reduced. Increasing costs of -roduction, however, make a reduction in prices to the prewar level a doubtful possibility. Owing to the probable continuation of a shortag-e of bananas, prices are liable to remain high,7 for some time to come. Future demand for inports of bananas, outside of the United States market, appears unlikely to reach the prewar level for some years, particu- larly in view of the uncertainty regarding probable imports into Germany. European countries generally appear likely to turn to their colonial pos- sessions to satisfzy their demands leaving independent producers to find a market in North America, where there appears to be an assulrecd. market for available exports, at least of ciuality fruit, for several years to come, THT-A7ATA I2TDUSTRY OF Tifl CARIBDEAN AREA 14 ItUTi' ?JCTTI The most important variety of banana entering into international trade is the Gros Michel. This banana is the one marketed in the United States and is produced for export by many countries in Central and South America and the West Indies. The only other variety normally of immortance in international trade is the Cavendish, which is grown for export in the Canary Islands and Brazil. The enief markets for Caribbean bananas are North America and Europe. The only other important sources of supply for these markets are the Canary Islands, Brazil and Bcuad.or. Statistics on bananas are highlly unreliable and subject to a consid- erable degree of error. In the first place very little Lata is available on production; secondly, trade statistics are collected in terms of thle number of "stems" each of which varies considerably in the vreight of the fruit, not only .rith regarc to su-plies from different countries but also with regard to shipments fro; the same country. A "stem" of bananas con- sists of a number of clusters or t"handst each containing a varying nlumber of bananas or "lfingers". For statistical and trading purposes there has been developed thle concept of the "count bunchl' which consists of a "stem of nine han0ds of sixteer fingers". 2. PRC I OM AXTND DISTRIBUTION PROBIL-4S The chief requirements for the successful growth of bananas are a tropical climate, almost daily rainfall and soil which drains rapidly. Areas which fulfill these requirements are scarce. In most areas rainfall is not uniform throughout the year and irrigation is necessary. A system of ditches is sometines used but for the best results rainfall should be simulated. This is done by a series of 'pmiS, a piping structure and a series of towers with revolving nozzles. -2- Hurricanes are common in the banana regions of the Caribbean. Heavy losses occur when the wind attains 30 mph. When a hurricane hits a banana plantation the fruit becomes an almost total loss and the plantation is out of production until new plants can be raised and brought to maturity, which taLes twelve to fifteen months. Owing to the isolated. position of most banana plantations, medical, housing and educational facilities have vo be provided for workers and their families. For the same reason a private system of transport is re- quired consisting of light railways or roads with wharves and other port facilitities in order that the fruit may be moved from plantation to ship. One of the major hazards of banana poroduction is the occurrence of plant diseases, the two most inrnortant of which have been Panama and Siga- toka. Panama disease is a fungus which attacks the roots of the plant and once it has become established in the soil production can not be profit- ably continued and the land has to be permanently abandoned for banana growing. Sigatoka disease is a leaf blight which %,ithers the leaves resuir- ed to shade the fruit from the sun. The withering of the leaves causes the banana to ripen prematurely with a resulting deterioration in quality. Un- like Panama disease, Sigatoka can be controlled by spraying. Sprayirg equipment may consist of small mobile units, tanks, hoses and nozzles, or permanent piping systems laid throughout the plantation. Sig.atoka was first experienced in Caribbean banana lands in the middle 30's, causing considerable damage, and the installation of spraying equipmenrt has doubUled the cost of production on those lands where it has proved necessary. Owring to the perishable nature of the fruit it has to be cut at just the right time. The stems are cut green, the degree of maturity depending largely on the time it will take to reach the market. Thie coordination of cutting and shipping is vital. -3- Again owing to the perishable nature of tle fruit it must be t r2ns- ported to market under strictly controlled conditions. With the eXception of Mexico and some narts of Guatemala which are connected by land with the United States, all fruit for that market and Europe must be transnorted 'y sea. A special type of refrigerator ship has been built for this purV.ose. On arrival at the Import port the fruit for irland consizrrtion is tra::s- ferred to refrigerated railway cars and checkers are em-ployeo. at various points along the route to ensure that the fruit reaches the desiredl destin- ation in good condition. Further, in the United States, the fruit compan- ies have constructed special controlled rirening cha-mnbers so that the fruit can be delivered to local wholesale and retail marhets in the right condi- tion. 3. TES Co'0TCE?TRTTIOIT OF Th. IT -SRY Although the existence of the barmana has been 1 fiown for centuries, the perishable nature of the fruit confinedl its cons,iption largely to the tronical -oroducing areas. Snoradic trading in bananas by sailing vessel between the United States and the West Indies and Central America was in evidence as early as 1850 but it was not until the 1870's that a regalar international trade grew up. Prior to 1900 the industry was operated chiefly by a large number o' small firms engaged in the shipping business with a few larger firms conm- bining production and marketing. I,ith the turn of the century a concentra- tion of the industry occurred and resulted in the emergence of the United Fruit Company as the -nrivalled master of the banana trade both in the Un- ited States and in Europe. 3y 1930 there were two large firms, the United Fruit Comnpany and the considerably smaller Standard Fruit and Steamship Company, both with inte- grated structures controlling the bulk of the Caribbean banana trade. There -4- were also a number of independent firms operatinEg on a small scale as ship- pers; these firms purchased fruit from inde-pendent planters or acted as marketing agernts for growerst cooperatives. The two large fruit comrpanies bought bananas on a contract basis from small producers as a supplement to their own plantation production. The concentration of the industry in the hands of the twio large fruit com-panies is due to a number of circumstances which affect both pro- duction and marketing, On the marketing side the advantages of large scale operation arise chiefly from the perishable nature of the fruit. As storage is not prac- ticable bananas must be scheduled to arrive at a steady rate equal to the normal demand of the market. This requires a fleet of ships under the con- trol of the marketing organization, special arrange.ments with the railroads for prompt movement to inlend. markets and a continuous system of inspection to ensure proper temperature controls. Such an integrated organization in- volves high overhead e=penses and profitability depends -pon the distribu- tion of a large volume of frait. The absence of such an organization, how- ever, involves much heavier expenses of marketing because of losses through dete- ioration of the fruit.. On the production side the industry can be most economically opera- ted when integrated with marketing operations to ensure that a steady move- ment to rarket is maintained. This involves careful timing to enable plan- tation managers to cut just the right amount of fruit to fill cargo space whioh in turn should be provided in the right place at the right time. Fur- ther, unified control of a number of widely scattered. plantations has dis- tinct advantages in view of frequent but localized hurricane damage. The effect of slant diseases has been towards further concentration of the in- dustry. WThen large areas havre to be abandoned as a result of Panama dis- ease a shift to another area in the same country or a different country is -5- feasible only for a large comnany. The small planter is relatively imlObile and usually remains on his land only to nroduce an alternative cronp. Again, the advent of Sigatola disease forced many small independent producers out of production because they were either unfamiliar with the techniqule of con- trol or did not have sufficient capital to install the necessary sprayin, equipment. 4. PROUCTICON At the beginning of thie century Jamaica, Costa Rica anc.. Colombia (which included Panama) were the three largest exporters in the Carilbbean area. The prime banana lands of Honduras were developed later but became the largest single source of suptly in the 19201s. During this period pro- duction in Panama and Costa Rica declined owing to Panama disease and pro- duction and e-:norts in t'hose colntries did not revive unrtil the pro.;.uction center was moved from the mast to the IJest Coast; this movement occurred in Panama after 1928 and in Costa Rica onlyr recently. The migration of the industry has been to w'hat was originally submarginal btnana land. This has meant not only the absorption of the cost of movement by the industry but involves increasing costs of production because of g7reater capital invest- ment for irrigation of the new lands. With the exception of Honduras and Guatemala there is now very, little banana production for ezoort on th-e ven- tral American Caribbean coast south of Mexico. Panama disease does not render the land unsuitable for other crons. Possibilities of s.ubstitution vary. On the .Torth Coast of Central America abandonment has to a large extent been an actual reality and mu,ch of the land has returned to jungle. This is largely due to the severity of the climate wihich was offset largely by high wag-es and excellent medical and sanitary facilities. The return to alternative croms in these areas have not been sufficient to maintain such a large acreage or such amenities. -6- The fruit companies maintain e.perimental stations which are constantly testing new cro-ps. Cacao has been substituted to some extent but the re- turns are not nearly as great as for bananas; abaca has been -produced on abandoned plantation land since the war cut off the Philippine supplies. In areas where there is a relatively larger and stable po-pulation, such as in Colombia and Jamaica, producers are lilely to turn to some other form of n?roduction. Thus in Colombia many of the independent owvners are turning to cattle raising. During the last five years of the 1930's the consequences of Siga- toka disease on banana lands of the Caribbean have been severe. The effects of the disease did not become apparent until 1937/38 and coincided with the loss of markets during the war. The countries most affected were Janmaica, Mexico, Colombia and Cuba, where oproduction is to a large extent in the hands of local owner producers. The large fruit comnanies operating as pro- ducers mainly in Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica have had the capiAtal and initiative to combat the disease by sprayingt and have been able to maintain production. The -p)roduction situation, present and uros-octive, in the Caribbean area is as follows:- (a) In CD ombia, no new develonments are in contemplation, though United Fruit is opening up its plantations closed durinr the war and a number of incLeperndent growers on the better lands are making arrangements for spray- ing servrces. (b) in Fanr-ma, the bullk of the industry is controlled by United Fruit which hss lon, since abandoned its vast Coast olantations aLnd has concen- traterl oIn the .,est Coast. New areas are not beinr extensively developed. (c) Tn Costa Rica, a similar situation exists with -pro6ouctior increasing throLi-`h new deve3.o-ments of United Fruit near the Panamanian border. The possible increase is limited as cultivated land in some areas is estimated to have a life of only five years before abandonment rill be necessary. (d) In NicraiXaa, United Fruit has an option on 50,000 acres on the Pac- ific Coast which it hopes to bring into cultivation during the next five years. The former olantations on the Cexibbean Coast h-ave been largely abandonea. -7- (e) In Guatemala, new developments of United Fruit on the pacific Coast have offset the decline on the Atlantic Coast. A large pronortion of the increased exports from Guatemala represents low auality fruit from the coffee plantations. (f) Standard Fruitls iplantations in Honduras are now oreratiTn; on the last available land 80 miles from the Caribbean Coast and eventual aban- donment appears to be only a matter of time. United Fruitts division, east of Standardts, on the Caribbean Coast has been abandoned and nero- duction in its western division is unlikely to recover its former le-vels on a long-time basis., (g) The inlependent plantation system in Mexico has not recovered from the effects of Sigatoka disease which struck in the late 1930;s, althou-h funds are being made available through the Banco de Comercio xterior for snraying equiiment. The lack of adejuate transportation is also retard- ing development. (h) In Cuba., the industry is located on sub-marginal land where it has not proved profitable to combat Sigatoka; production has declined. (i) The industry in Haiti was being develo-ied by Standa.rd Fruit but re- cently it has become disorganized by the combined attempts of Haitian political grouis and Miami shippers to ex-rloit the present situation anc. production in recent months has declined drastically. A complete reor- ganization of the present methods of doing business will be necessary be- fore the trade will recover. (j) United Fruit has recently become interested in development possibil- ities in the Dominican Republic and haq established a plantation on the North Coast. Original plans called for an enormous development but the lack of water and porosity of the soil, which has made water storage dif- ficult is believed to be curtailin- the extent of the develo-oment. St-n- dard Fruit is also interested in establishing plantations there. (k) In Ecwador, a considerable acreage has had to be abandoned due to Panama disease; suitable land is limited. (1) Production in Ja&maica has fallen off badly in recent years a.Iue to Panama disease and is unlik.ely to recover its former levels of output. An official estimate has placed e.m?orts at 10/12 million stems -er annum over the next 10/15 years. an agreement has just been concluded for a 5-year contract, 1948/52, uander which the 1vritish MAinistry of Food will buy the entire exportable surrlus at fixecl prices. 5. TRAM' World exoDorts of bananas which in 1945 had fallen to only 43 I)ercent of the prewar level had recovered to 75 7nercent of norewar by 1947. Some of the recent increases in exports from Caribbean courntries, however, reflect the movement of low quality fruit which formerly had not been shipoed. The large companies hmave refused to deal in these qcua.lities so that a lucrative -8- trade has been temporarily assured to a number of small ship-oers. 7hese small shippers have even bought bananas from the coIfee plantations of Cen- tral America where the banana *plants are only growrn for sllade. The scarcity of good banana land may keep high quality fruit production relatively low for some time to come enabling the trade in low quality bananas to continue. The pattern of world exmorts has remained fairly stable for the past 45 years. The chief exception has been in the case of the Canary Islaznds whose original market was the tnited Kingdom. That market was largelyr lost to Jamaica in the 19301s when the latterls market shifted from the United States to the United Kingdom under colonial trade policy. Subsequently, Spain, France and Germany became the only markets for Canary bananas with Spain having to absorb any surplus supply. Far Bastern and Southern Pacific erxports consist mainly of a movement from Formosa to Japan anCL from Fiji and SaNoa to New Zealand. Immediately prior to Wlorld War II the United States took about 55 percent of world imports. The United 'Kingdom, France and. Germany absorbed 25 percent and Argentina and Canada together imported anotlher 8 percent. These six countries together accounted for 88 percent of world imports. In 1945 the United States accounted for over 78 percent of world imnorts and Canada and Argentina together accouLnted for a further 12 percent. Tie shares taken by these three countries have declined slightly with the par- tial recovery of European imports, Sources of United States imports although remaining mainly Caribbean countries have showm marked changes from prewar. Mexican and Panamanian supplies in 1947 accounted for only half the proportion of United States imports which they accounted for between 1934 and 1938. On the other hand the proportions for Guatemala and Costa Rica have increased considerably. Sources for United Kingdom imnorts have also changed considerably -9- since prewar. The British West Incies which accounted for over 68 percent now provide under 60 percent while Central and South American supplies which accounted for over 26 percent have disappeared from the United King- dlom market. The Canary Islands which before the war accounted for only 3 percent now provide 24 percent. 6. COTSLThPTION Per capita consumption in the thirty years to 1939 remained relative- ly stable in the two chief importing countries, United States and the United Kingdom. The increase in imports into these countries in general kent pace with the increase in populations. It would appear, therefore, that the long run prewar demand for imports was largely a function of -sopulation growth. Consumption of bananas outside the areas in which they are groltm seems to be restricted to a rather small group of countries having rela- tively high income levels. For poorer countries outside the tropics ban- anas are a luxury food; this is particularly evident in the case of Canary Island exports and the Spanish market. An extension of markets, therefore, is only likely to occur if prices can be effectively reduced. Costs of production, however, have been moving in an upward direction and are likely to remain at relatively higher levele,in the future campared to the past. A very rough estimate of per capita consumption of bananas in the two chief importing countries is given below. PER CAPITA COTTSUIT TI0ON OF BANANAS (pounds) Period United Kingdom United States 1909/13 average 7.4 22.0 1923 12.8 21.2 1924/28 average 14.0 25.4 1929/33 average 15.0 22.0 1934/38 average 14.0 22.3 1941/45 average - 12.9 1946 4.5 19.0 1947 4.5 20.9 _ 10 - 7, PRICES Government renuisition of fruit ships and hostilities duringF World War II cut off Europe from Cariblean sources of suppJly and restrictec' the United States market to whatever fruit could be brought in by means of small boats and by rail through Mexico. This situation placed a preimilmn on nearness to the United States market. Price control at first helpred to keep prices down but the advent of a vigorous black market centered on Miami and the resultant comoetition for fruit caused prices at export -ooints to rise. It is apparent from the table below, however, that the great pro- fits were made at the wholesale level in the United States. PRICE IiNTDIC'S OF BANTANTAS ATD ALL FOODS (1939 m 100) Year Bananas Wholesale Price Bananas Import Price Bananas at NTY All Foods Retail Price 1939 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1940 110.0 99.5 101.3 101.5 1941 113.8 113.5 117,,4 146,o 1942 115,8 2760o 141.5 162.0 1943 121,5 306.0 151.5 185.8 1944 129.3 306.0 149.0 179.4 1945 135.2 306.0 151,0 165.0 1946 155.0 318.5 185.8 184.0 1947 160o8 390.5 239,8 239.7 1948(July) 168.5 400.2 258.0 251.0 Source: US Bureau Labor Statistics. The import price has risen 69 percent since 1939 and the retail price is up 151 percent but the New York wlholesale price hlas advanced 300 percent. These comparisons are to a certain extent artificial as the large fruit companies enter the import values of their fruit at prices administratively determined. Also$ the New York whlolesale porice is probably more influenced by the prices of fruit entering through Florida than by the fruit of the companies. 8. FUTU73 IEV}ilL(VELPJTTS A number of trends in the banana industry during the past fifteen years have become apparent as of irroortance in shaping the probable pat- tern of future development in the industry:- (a) The shipping and marketing of bananas, and, to a considerable extent, their production, has been one of large scale enterprise in prewar years. (b) The inroads of Panama disease, over which at the present time there is no control, is gradually destroying the best banana lands and forcing the industry to move to higher cost areas where large amounts of capital are required, chiefly for irrigation, in order to render the land capable of banana production. This factor tends to exclude the small scale op- erator. The large companies - particularly Standard, which is at -oresent acutely short of fruit - are now engaged in an intensive search for suit- able areas to establish new plantations. (c) The advent of Sigatoka disease has considerably increased the costs of production and raised the capital requirements for successful develop- ment. The position of the small independent planter with small financial means is further aggravated by this factor. (d) The small scale native operator, in general, is not equipped at the present time either technically or by his economic background to produce high quality fruit successfully without aid in other than financial forms, i.e. through government support, cooperatives and the establislment of stable arrangements to ensure the successful marketing of his produce. The areas where he has firmly established himself - Jamaica, Colombia and Mexico - are countries where the government has fostered his interests. The present world imnort demand, on a prewar per capita consumption basis, would be in the neighborhood of 115 to 120 million bunches, compared with 110 million bunches for the 1934/38 period, and a current supply of only 80 million bunches. The United States market, at about 55 percent of the world total, would account for 65 million bunches and the United King- dom, at 9 percent, 15 million bunches. The overall economic situation in Europe, particularly in Germany, raises the question whether or not that market will recover in the near future to prewar levels. If not, the Euro- pean market is likely to be restricted to its colonial possessions. In- dependent countries, therefore, will have to look almost entirely to Zorth America for markets. It would appear that at present and near future levels of production of high quality fruit, a ready market for the total supply of the independent republics in the Caribbean area will be found in the United States and Canada. TABIE I WORLD EJPORTS OF B,ANANAS (million stems)(a) Exporting Average Country 19n,4/38 1945 1946 1947 Jamaica 14.82 1.26 4.19 3.96 Honduras 12.35 13.14 14.13 15.21 Mexico 12.23 3,50 5.04 5.64 Panama(b) 9.57 3.60 7.27 6.38 Brazil 8.71 2.59 4.18 5.93 Guatemala 7.37 8,55 9.76 14.88 Colombia 7.12 1.32 1,82 2.00 Canary Islands 5.73 2.80 4e 03 4.00 Cuba 5.32 1.16 195 1.94 Costa Rica 4.22 2.48 4.92 6,10 Nicaragua 2.17 0.01 0.19 0,20 Ecuador 2.10 0.76 1.50 2.98 Guadeloupe 1.55 o.46 0.84 1.00 Martinique 1.19 - 0,14 0O60 Haiti 0.49(c) 2.41(c) 3.53(c) 4.38(c) Dominican Republic 0,09 0.97 1.22 0S99 Other 15,05 1.98 3,18 5,35 WORLD TOTAZ 105,31 46,99 67.94 - 81.48 (percentage of Worldl Totals) Jamaica 13.56 2.68 6.17 4.86 Honduras 11.30 27.96 20487 18367 Mexico 11.19 7.4L,5 7.42 6.92 Panana(b) 8.75 7.66 10,70 7.83 Brazil 7.97 5.51 6.15 7.28 gruatemala 6.74 18.20 14,37 18,26 Colombia 6.51 2.81 2.68 2.45 Canary Islands 5.24 5.96 5.93 4.91 Cuba 4.87 2.47 2.37 2.38 Costa Rica 3.86 5.28 7.24 7.49 NTicaragua 1.99 0.02 0.23 0.25 Ecuador 1.92 1.62 2.21 3.66 GuadelouPe 1.42 0.98 1.24 1.23 Martinique 1.09 - 0.21 0.74 Haiti 0°45 5.13 5.20 5.48 Dominican Republic 0.08 2.06 1,80 1.14 Other 10.09 4.21 3.66 64,15 WORLD TCTAL 100.00 10000 1 00.00 100.00 (a) The data represent stems converted to a uniform "Ibunch"l of 50 lbs. (b) Including Canal Zone. (c) Year beginning October 1. Source: International Institute of Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture. TA3UE II DISTRIBUTIOIT OF BAITAITA EXPORTS, 1937 and 1946 (percent) E:.orting Importing Country Country United Canada United Germany JTether- Spaini Argen- Others States Xingdom lands tina 1937 1946 1937 1946 1937 1946 1937 1946 1937 1946 1937 i946 1937 1946 1937 1946 Jamaica - - 10 - 74 100 2 - 14 - - - - - - Brazil - 17 - 1 - - - - - 74 76 7(a) 24(a) CAnary Islands - - - 16 35 37 - 1 - 34 58 - - 11(b) 7(b) Colombia 76 90 - - - - 20 - 1 - _ _ _ _ 2(c) 10(c) Costa Rica 92 99 1 1 3 - 1 - 3 _ _ _ _ - Cuba 100 99 - - - - - - - - - -1 Guatemala 99 97 - - 1 - - - - - - _ _ _ - 3 Honduras(e) 91 85 - 13 1 1 1 - 5 - _ - _ _ 1 Mexico 100 100 - - - - - - - - - _ - _ _ Nicaragua 99 100 - - - - - - - - 1 - Panama 99 82 1 - - - - - - - 1 _ - 1l(d) (a) 1937 - Uruguay 7; 1946 - Uruguay 15, Sweden 7 and Belgium 2. (b) 1937 - Denmark 3, France 1, Belgium 5 and Tunis 2; 1946 - Sweden 2 and Switzerland 4. (c) 1937 - Panama 2 (probably transhipped to United States); 1946 - Sweden 7 and Belgium 3. (d) To European and Canadian markets. (e) 1946 figures, September 1946 - June 1947 year. Source: Imperial Economic Committee. OFAR, US Department of Agriculture. TABUE III WORLD I1POPRS OF BAYXTAAS (million stems)(a) Imnporting Average Country 1934/38 1.45 l9!.16 1947 United States 59.50 36.86 46.63 54.18 Canada 2.49 3.65 4.86 13.81 United Kingdom 13e07 - 4°55 4.65 France 7.52 _ 1o0 3.77 Germany 5.28 - Spain 2.28 2.34 1.52 2,00 iTetherlands 1.37 - 0.01 Belgium 0.99 - Italy 0.85 - - - Argentina 6.39 2,11 3e17 4.54 Other 9.41 1,9L! 2.67 3.92 WORLD TOTAL 109415 46.90 64,50 76,88 (percent) United States 54.51 78.59 72.29 70o47 Canada 2.28 7.78 7.53 4.96 United Kingdom 11.97 - 7,05 6.05 France 6.89 _ lo71 4.90 Germany 4.84 - - _ Spain 2.09 4.99 2,36 2.60 INetherlands 1.26 - - 0.01 TBelgium 0.91 - Italy 0O78 - - _ Argentina 5,85 4.50 4.91 5.91 Other 8.62 4e14 4e15 5r10 WOELD TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100,00 (a) The data represent stems converted to a uniform ltbunchl" of 50 lbs. Source: International Instltute of Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture. TABLE IV SOUROCS OF BATA'A IITORTS LITTO TIM 'ENITED STATES AXT:D IflTI7Th XIUGDOM (percent) A. United States Exporting Average Country 1934/38 1946 1947 Mexico 24.o 15.3 12.7 Honduras 19.6 19.0 22.9 Guatemala 11.8 18.9 19.4 Panama 11.7 6.5 5.7 Cuba 10.4 8.1 7.3 Colombia 6.4 3.5 3.4 Costa Rica 6.3 9.9 10.4 Nicaragua 4.2 0.5 0,7 British West Indies(a) 0.8 - - Other 4.8 18.3 17,5 TOTAL 100.0 100Q0 100.0 B. United Xingdom British West Indies(a) 63.4 48.0 59.6 Central & South America 26.7 - - Canary Islands 3.1 46.1 24.0 Other 1.8 5&9 16.4 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 (a) Practically all from Jamaica. Source: UZK Trade Accounts Cmd. 2658 Cmd. 3849 cCIBRBEEA CCTJ.QTRIES IFW WHICH 10TAS. XE_N IRTCR'TAWT 11M OF TRAM Country Percent of lanana Exports,to Total Irade 1934/38 average 1947 Honduras 69e5 45c7 Panama 64,C 61.2(a) Jamaica 56.0 16C0(a) Guadeleape 27-3(L) ntaO Guatemala 24 4 22o 4 Costa Rica 23.5 22,7 Martinique 21,3(b) n. a, Nicaragua 18.6 1o6 ColomLia 5.2 14l(a) Haiti 4.2(b) 19,4 Dcminican Republic 0.2(b) C08 (a) 1946 (b) 1937 only n.a. Wot available. Source: US Department of Commerce.