SFG2321 v1 Submitted to: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater Environmental and Social Cornish El Nil, El-Sahel, Impact Assesment for Rural d El Rowd Farag Water Treatment Plant Cairo, Egypt Clusters under Phase 1 Tel: 20/ 24583591 – 24583596 of ISSIP II Project Fax: 20/ 24583884 Email: hcww@hcww.com.eg Menoufia Governorate From: Final Draft 03 October 2014 12 El-Saleh Ayoub St., Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt 11211 Tel: + 20 2 27359078 – 2736 4818 Fax: + 20 2 2736 5397 E-mail: genena@ecoconserv.com URL: http://www.ecoconserv.com Final Draft Environmental and Social Impact Assesment for Rural Clusters under Phase 1 of ISSIP II Project October 2014 i i List of Abbreviations AST Above ground storage tank BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CAA Competent administrative authority CDA Community development association COD Chemical oxygen demand CAAs Competent Administrative Authorities EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EHS Environment, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMU Environmental Management Unit ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESIAF Environmental And Social Impact Assessment Framework Study FM Force Main FS Feasibility Study HC House Connections HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater IC Inspection Chamber IFC International Finance Corporation ISO International Standards Organization ISSIP Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project LGU Local Governmental Unit MoH Ministry of Health NGO Non-Governmental Organisations NOPWASD National Organization for Potable Water & Sanitary Drainage PAP Project Affected Party PM Particulate Matter PW Potable Water PS Pumping Station RSU Rural Sanitation Unit SBR Sequencing batch reactors TDS Total Dissolved Solids TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen TOR Terms of References TSS Total Suspended Solids USEPA United States Environment protection Agency UST Underground storage tank Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ! ii WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 2 1.2 ESIA OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THE REPORT 3 1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE 4 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 4 1.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PHASE 5 1.4.2 SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PHASE 6 CHAPTER 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 11 2.1 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 12 2.2 SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION PERTINENT TO THE PROJECT 15 2.3 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 16 2.4 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS 17 2.5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOCIAL ASPECTS 18 2.6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 21 2.7 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND GAP ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND WB REQUIREMENTS FOR KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 23 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 32 3.1 INTRODUCTION 33 3.2 GRAVITY SEWERS AND HOUSE COLLECTION SYSTEM 33 3.2.1 LOCATION/ROUTING AND DESIGN 34 3.2.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES AND RESOURCES USED 34 3.2.3 OPERATIONAL PROCESSES AND RESOURCES USED 34 3.3 PUMP STATIONS AND FORCE MAINS 34 3.3.1 LOCATION/ROUTING AND DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 34 3.3.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES AND RESOURCES USED 35 3.3.3 OPERATIONAL PROCESSES AND RESOURCES USED 35 3.4 CENTRAL WWTP 36 3.4.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND OPERATIONAL PROCESSES 36 3.4.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES AND RESOURCES USED 38 3.5 PIPELINE CROSSINGS AND CROSSING STRUCTURES 38 3.5.1 CROSSINGS IDENTIFIED IN BESHTAMY 38 3.5.2 CROSSINGS IDENTIFIED IN ZAWEIT AL BOKLY 39 3.5.3 CROSSINGS IDENTIFIED IN DANSAUR 39 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ! iv 3.5.4 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CROSSING STRUCTURES 39 3.6 LAND ALLOCATED FOR THE PROJECT 39 3.7 FIGURES 39 CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 54 4.1 LOCATION 54 4.1.1 DANASOR VILLAGE 56 4.1.2 ZAWIT El BAKLY VILLAGE 60 4.1.3 BESHTAMY VILLAGE 63 4.2 HYDROLOGY 66 4.2.1 SURFACE WATER 66 4.2.2 GROUND WATER 73 4.2.3 WATER QUALITY 75 4.3 CLIMATE CONDITIONS 87 4.4 AIR QUALITY 88 4.5 NOISE 96 4.6 FLORA 98 4.7 FAUNA 99 4.8 GEOLOGY 100 4.9 MOST SENSITIVE AREAS 106 4.10 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 111 4.10.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AREAS 111 4.10.2 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PROJECT AREA 112 4.10.3 HOUSE AND LIVING CONDITIONS 115 4.10.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS AND POVERTY 118 4.10.5 ROLE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN THE CURRENT SANITATION PRACTICES 120 4.10.6 VULNERABLE GROUPS 120 4.11 HEALTH CONDITIONS 122 4.11.1 TYPES OF SANITATION SYSTEMS 123 4.11.2 TYPE OF TOILETS 125 4.11.3 SOURCES OF POLLUTION 126 4.11.4 SOLID WASTE 127 4.11.5 BEHAVIOURS RELATED TO HEALTH CONDITIONS 128 4.11.6 OWNERSHIP OF POULTRY AND CATTLE 129 4.11.7 COMMON DISEASES (PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOUR RELATED TO HEALTH) 129 CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 134 5.1 INTRODUCTION 134 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ! v 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING PHASES 134 5.2.1 NOISE IMPACTS 134 5.2.2 AIR QUALITY IMPACTS 144 5.2.3 SOIL AND GROUNDWATER IMPACTS 145 5.2.4 WATER QUALITY IMPACTS 147 5.2.5 FLORA AND FAUNA IMPACTS 148 5.2.6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IMPACTS 149 5.2.7 COMMUNITY SAFETY 151 5.2.8 VISUAL IMPACTS 152 5.2.9 TRAFFIC IMPACTS 152 5.2.10 IMPACTS RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 153 5.3 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 154 5.3.1 IMPACTS DUE TO HAZARDOUS (H) AND NON-HAZARDOUS (NH) WASTE GENERATION AND HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS 154 5.3.2 IMPACTS RELATED TO THE CREATION OF ON-SITE WORKERS AND STAFF OFFICE CAMPS 159 5.3.3 SUMMARY OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 159 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DURING THE OPERATION OF THE WWTP, PS, FM AND GRAVITY SEWERS 161 5.4.1 NOISE IMPACTS 161 5.4.2 AIR EMISSIONS AND ODOUR IMPACTS 165 5.4.3 SOIL AND GROUNDWATER IMPACTS 168 5.4.4 WATER QUALITY IMPACTS 169 5.4.5 FLORA AND FAUNA IMPACTS 170 5.4.6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 171 5.4.7 COMMUNITY SAFETY 174 5.4.8 VISUAL IMPACTS 174 5.4.9 IMPACTS RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 174 5.5 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE OPERATION PHASE 175 5.5.1 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DISPOSAL AND/OR REUSE OF FINAL TREATED EFFLUENT 175 5.5.2 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SLUDGE MANAGEMENT 181 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ! vi 5.5.3 IMPACTS DUE TO HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF NON-HAZARDOUS WASTES 186 5.5.4 IMPACTS DUE TO HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES 188 5.5.5 SUMMARY OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT DURING THE OPERATION PHASE 191 5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 193 5.6.1 METHODOLOGY 193 5.6.2 PERCEPTION 193 5.6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION 194 5.6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE 195 5.6.5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURE DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 197 5.6.6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURE DURING THE OPERATION PHASE 199 5.6.7 IMPACTS ON VULNERABLE GROUPS 199 5.6.8 ASSESSMENT OF LAND ACQUISITION IN RELATION TO OP 4.12 199 5.7 HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT 200 5.7.1 INTRODUCTION 200 5.7.2 HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT 201 CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 204 6.1 NO PROJECT ALTERATIVE 205 6.2 ALTERNATIVES OF PIPING MATERIALS 206 6.3 ALTERNATIVES FOR HOUSE CONNECTIONS 206 6.4 ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT 206 6.5 ALTERNATIVES TO THE UTILIZATION OF SLUDGE 208 CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 210 7.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMP 211 7.2 ESMP INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP 211 7.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE ESMP 212 7.4 GRIEVANCES AND COMPENSATIONS 214 7.4.1 PROPOSED GRIEVANCE MECHANISM 214 7.5 ESMP ESTIMATED BUDGET 218 7.5.1 REQUIRED HUMAN RESOURCES AND TRAINING 218 7.5.2 MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING BUDGET 220 7.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING MATRICES 221 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ! vii 7.7 HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 248 7.7.1 SUPPLEMENTARY INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE THE HEALTH OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT (PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT PLAN) 248 7.7.2 MONITORING /EVALUATION OF THE HEALTH IMPACT OF THE PROJECT 251 CHAPTER 8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES 258 8.1. CONSULTATION OBJECTIVES 259 8.2. CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY AND ACTIVITIES 260 8.3. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATION OF CONSULTATION 260 8.3.1 STRENGTHS OF THE CONSULTATION 260 8.3.2 LIMITATION OF THE CONSULTATION 261 8.4. DEFINING THE STAKEHOLDER 261 8.5. SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES 263 8.6. CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES 265 8.6.1. DURING THE SCOPING PHASE AND DATA COLLECTION PHASE 265 8.6.2. PUBLIC CONSULTATION 267 ANNEXES ANNEX 1 STUDY TEAM ANNEX 2 LAND APPROVALS ANNEX 3 BASELINE MEASUREMENTS ANNEX 4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION LISTS OF PARTICIPANTS ANNEX 5 CSC REPORT TEMPLATE ANNEX 6 OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONTRACTOR ANNEX 7 SUPPLEMENTARY INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE THE HEALTH OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT ! Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ! viii Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY E.1 INTRODUCTION Drinking water supplies have been introduced to the rural areas in Egypt few decades ago. However, the sanitation services were not developed in parallel. This situation has resulted in many problems that could be summarized as follows: 1- Households use sewage cesspits that are often leaking to the surrounding environment and underground water causing various health risks, especially in areas where people rely on underground water. 2- Continuous discharge from sewage cesspits has raised the groundwater level, especially in northern parts of the country were groundwater level is relatively high. 3- Due to the absence of centralized sanitation services, discharge of untreated sewage in canals and drains is taking place . This has increased organic and pathogenic contamination in surface water, and subsequently raised contamination risks to soil and crops. Recently the Government of Egypt (GoE) has initiated an ambitious plan for providing sanitation services to rural areas in the country. The Ministry Of Housing and Urban Development (MOHUD) and its technical arm, the National Organization for Potable Water & Sanitary Drainage (NOPW ASD), have set a plan to cover all villages in Egypt with sanitation services by the year 2022. In 2004 a Presidential Decree has been issued for establishing the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) with mandate of managing and operating water and wastewater utilities. The establishment of HCWW represented an important step for a reform program adopted by the GoE for the water/wastewater sector focusing on commercialization and regulation of its utilities. HCWW has consolidated 24 water and wastewater utility companies in the country under its supervision as affiliate companies. In January 2009, HCWW, with support from the World Bank (WB), has initiated the Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project (ISSIP) which is providing deprived villages in Gharbeya, Beheira and Kafr EI Sheikh with sanitation services. The developmental objective of ISSIP is to improve health conditions of rural inhabitants in the project area and to improve surface water quality in selected irrigation command areas. The first phase of ISSIP (ISSIP I) is implementing centralized sanitation systems in about 222 villages within 14 clusters and decentralized systems in about 120 villages with smaller populations. In order to widen the coverage areas of the ISSIP and to increase number of beneficiaries HCWW has planned to implement a second phase of the ISSIP (ISSIP II) in which the geographic coverage of the project will be extended to another 2 Lower Egypt Governorates, namely Menoufeya and Sharkeya Governorates, and 2 Upper Egypt Governorates, Assiut and Sohag Governorates. This report presents the findings of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study for the ISSIP II project – phase 1 in Menoufia governorate. The project aims at expanding sustainable and basic sanitation services; reduce pollution in the irrigation and drainage canals in order to protect ground and Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ix ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary surface water and eliminate/reduce health hazards; and improve beneficiary services. The first phase of ISSIP II in Menoufia governorate comprises of the components shown in the table below. Governorate Markz village Pumping Treatment stations plants Menoufia El Shohada Bashtamy 1 Danasour Zaweit Al Bokly 1 plant Danasour 1 E.2 ESIA OBJECTIVES Assessment of the environmental and social impacts is a prerequisite for implementing developmental projects both by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and the WB. Accordingly this study has been prepared for performing an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), following Terms of Reference (ToRs) prepared by HCWW, aiming at providing a detailed analysis of the anticipated environmental and social safeguard issues associated with the ISSIP; and to develop an environmental management and monitoring plan to be implemented during the construction and operation of the project. This ESIA report has been compiled as part of the EIA process in accordance with Egyptian environmental Law number 4 for the year 1994 amended by law number 9 for the year 2009. It has taken into account the environmental regulations and requirements of funding institutions including the WB safeguard policies. The ESIA report will be submitted to the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) after review and acceptance from HCWW and the funding institutions in order to seek environmental approval for the proposed project. The report includes the identification and evaluation of the potential environmental impacts due to the construction and operation of different components of the project. It also includes proposed mitigation and monitoring measures to control/minimize the effects of the identified negative impacts The findings included in this ESIA study will provide decision makers with the needed information in order to minimize the unfavorable impacts and develop the best compensation strategy, if needed. E.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY E.3.1 Environmental impact assessment methodology The ESIA is a systematic process where the potential negative and positive impacts of the project on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment are identified, assessed and – if avoidance is not feasible - mitigated. The following sections include the methodologies that were adopted by the Consultant during the different stages of the EIA process. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) x ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary The methodology that the Consultant used for the impact assessment was a semi- quantitative process, based on scores. The overall score for the significance of the impacts was evaluated taking into accounts the following four factors: A. Probability of occurrence B. Spatial scale C. Temporal scale D. Intensity of the impact (which also considers the sensitivity of the receptors) The overall assessment (i.e. score) for the impact of concern will be the multiplication result of the B. Spatial score, C. Temporal score, and D. Intensity score. The overall score will determine the category of severity (i.e. impact significance) based on the score range it falls into. Table 1.5 shows the upper and lower limits of each impact significance category, assuming a probability of occurrence of 1 (A. Probability score). Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment Impact Parameters Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Score Impact Significance Scale Scale intensity of range occurrence Site Short-term Negligible 1 1 1-8 Minor [1] [1] [1] Limited medium- Low 1 8 [2] term [2] [2] Area Long-term Medium 1 27 9-27 Moderate [3] [3] [3] Regional permanent High 1 64 28-64 Major [4] [4] [4] E.3.2 Social Impact Assessment Methodology EcoConServ has adopted a multistage analysis strategy, several data collection methods and tools were applied using the Participatory Rapid Appraisal approach. This approach enables collecting necessary data during a limited period of time, by including community groups in preparing the SIA study as part of the integrated ESIA and the RPF studies. A number of quantitative and qualitative data collection tools were applied to ensure different community groups participated to the study. The consultant has reviewed relevant secondary data sources such as: studies, reports and previous literature. The research team has conducted several field visits to assess the baseline conditions. Data was also collected from relevant stakeholders including local administration units and the local NGO Secondary data collection The consultant has reviewed previous studies, reports, data sources and information available on the internet, in addition to data provided by HCWW. The consultant has previously prepared the ESIAF for the ISSIP project, which has provided a wide range of information that has facilitated conducting the study. The consultant has also reviewed several important resources such as: the Human Development Report 2010, the Annual Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Statistical Yearbook, the 2006 National Census data, and the Description of Egypt by information. Primary data collection Primary data was collected using different methods such as surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Primary data sources are an important source for information that the consultant has used to provide deep understanding of the surrounding community as well as identify potential impacts related to the project. The consultant has applied three data collection methods: quantitative data, qualitative data and field observation. First data collection tools were designed, later the field research team was trained to the designed data collection tools, and field supervision was applied to ensure quality of the collected data. The research team has coordinated with the local NGO’s to participate in the data collection activities. Stakeholder’s Analysis Stakeholder’s analysis is one of the tools that helped the consultant identify relevant groups of stakeholders and their interest in the project as which may facilitate different project activities. Stakeholder’s analysis is an important tool at the initial stages of the project which might contribute to define and mitigate several negative impacts at an early stage. Stakeholder’s can help enhance the social benefits related to the project at the local community level. Field observation The consultant used the field observation to describe the current situation at the local community. Natural leaders and local data collections participated in facilitating this activity. They designed the checklist that was completed by the field team. Field observation was supported by photographs to document the current situation. Analysis of collected data Data from the questionnaires, interviews and data sheets was carefully recorded. Special software packages were used for quantitative analysis of the data (SPSS ver. 19). The consultant has reviewed the raw data for concluding experiences / sentences / lessons learnt to be added to the qualitative analysis of the data. E.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK The legislations listed below represent a summary of the national legislation pertinent to the project: Legislation related to social aspects • EEAA guidelines related to the Public Consultation; Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition January 2009 - Paragraph 6.4.3 Requirements for Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.1 Scope of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.2 Methodology of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.3 Documentation of the Consultation Results - Paragraph 7 Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary • Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement (The project will not result in resettlement activities.) - Law 94/2003 on the National Council for Human Rights (NCHR) - The Constitution (1971, amended in year 1980) - Constitutional Declaration 30th of March 2011 - Law 10/1990 on property expropriation for public benefit - Other laws governing expropriation • Protection of human rights • Law no. 94/2003 on establishing the National Council for Human Rights • Unified structure Law No 119 of year 2008 • Presidential Decree No. 135 of year 2004 related to the esablishment of WWHC Legislation related to protection of Antiquities, archaeology and cultural heritage • Law 117/1983 Legislation related to environmental aspects • Law 4 for Year 1994 for the environmental protection , amended by Law 9/2009 • Executive Regulation(ER) No 338 for Year 1995 and the amended regulation No 1741 for Year 2005, amended with ministerial decree No 1095/2011 and ministerial decree No 710/2012. • Law No 93 for Year 1962 for discharge on the public sewer network and protection and treatment of wastewater wastes and safe discard methods of the treatment by products, amended with Decree No 44 for Year 2000. • Law No 48 for Year 1982 for the protection of the Nile river , agricultural drains, ponds and aquifer from pollution , and the ER amended with Decree No 92 for Year 2013. • Law No 12 for Year 2003 for the protection , occupational health and safety for the workers, which is amending Law 137 for Year 1981 and its executive decrees. • Law No 102 for Year 1983 for natural habitats. • Law No 38 for Year 1968 for the public cleanliness , which is amended by Law No 31 for Year 1976. Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition EEAA, January 2009 and its amended Lists in October 2010. The WB has identified ten environmental and social safeguard policies that should be considered in its financed projects. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. WB Safeguards policy and their applicability to the ISSIP II project are described below: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xiii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary WB Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policy Triggered Justifications (Yes/NO) Environmental Yes The project is classified as Category B. A comprehensive Assessment (OP/BP analysis of the negative impacts and mitigation measures is 4.01) described in the following chapters. Natural Habitats No The Site is assessed as arid areas, with scarce plant cover and (OP/BP 4.04) low density of wildlife. Forests (OP/BP 4.36) No Site is described as arid areas, with scarce plant cover and low density of wildlife with no forests. Pest Management No The proposed project will not involve purchasing or using (OP 4.09) Pesticides. Physical Cultural No The ESIA for the proposed project identifies no sites of Resources (OP/BP cultural or religious significance to local communities. In 4.11) addition, chance finds procedures will be included Indigenous Peoples No No indigenous people are present in project areas. (OP/BP 4.10) Involuntary No The project will not result in resettlement activities. Resettlement (OP/BP Regarding triggering OP/BP 4.12, an RPF has been prepared 4.12) for the project in 2011 to be readily available as guidelines in case OP4.12 is triggered. However after the project design was completed and the process of obtaining land took place it was clear that OP4.12 will not be triggered since the lands acquired for Danasaur’s WWTP and the three PSs in Danasaur, Beshtamy and Zawyet Al Bokly are orgiginally vacant state owned lands/lands aaquired through voluntary donation and transfer of ownership (Detailed description of land original ownership, land acquisition and land approvals are presented in Chapter 3 - Section 1.5, and detailed assessment and due diligence of land acquisition is presented in Chapter 5 – Section 5.6.8) Safety of Dams No Not relevant to the proposed project (OP/BP 4.37) Projects on No Not relevant to the proposed project International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in Disputed No Not relevant to the proposed project Areas (OP/BP 7.60) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xiv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary E.5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The first phase of the ISSIP II Project in Menoufia governorate will involve providing sewerage collection and treatment services for a cluster of villages including; Dansaur, Zaweit Al bokly and Beshtamy. Figure E.1 shows the cluster covered under the first phase. Sewage is collected in Beshtamy through a network of gravity sewers which ends at the main pump station (PS). The collected sewage is pumped through the force-mains (FMs) - pressurized pipeline - from Beshtamy’s PS to Zaweit Al bokly’s PS where additional sewage is collected through Zaweit Al bokly’s gravity sewers network. The total sewage collected from both villages is then pumped to Danasaur PS where additional sewage is collected through Danasaur’s gravity sewers network , then to the main WWTP. The capacity of Danasaur WWTP will reach 10,000 m3/day by 2030, and 15,000 m3/day by 2050. Total population served in the three villages is around 26,500 capita; 9,000 in Danasaur, 10,000 in Zawyet El Bokly and 7,500 in Beshtamy. The project will be operated by Menoufia Water and Wastewater Company. Beshtamy Zaweit Al Bokly Danasour Figure E.1: village cluster of the first phase of the second Integrated Sanitation Project in Menoufia Governorate Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Description of the components/facilities that will be established in Danasour Village The central WWTP will be constructed in Danasour village., near Donshoway drain. It will be established on an agricultural area near Donshoway drain. Figure E.2 and Figure E.3 shows the location and layout of the treatment plant respectively. Figure E.2– Location of Danasaur WWTP, with a 500m radius indicated on the map Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xvi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Figure E.3– Layout of the Danasaur WWTP (SBR Technology) The WWTP comprises of the main components listed below : - Inlet flow meter to register the amount of the incoming fluid - Deceleration and screening chamber followed by grid, sand and grease removal system - Biological stages consisting of activated sequential batch reactors/tanks (ASBR) The ASBR process involves an activated sludge process in which the raw sewage is introduced into a Reaction Tank , one batch at a time. According to the plant design, two Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xvii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary tanks will be used in phase 1 (length of 37.9m, width 30m , depth 7.5 m , and the water depth is 5.5m). The tanks will be made of reinforced concrete Sewage treatment involves the following stages: 1) Filling; where the flow rate of the incoming effluent is adjusted so that to maintain suitable food to microorganism F/M ratio. 2) Reaction; in this stage the wastewater is subjected to aeration (the inlet pipe shall maintain a maximum velocity of 25m/s. The noise level from the air blower shall not exceed 85dB. The air shall be diffused near the bottom of the tank. The duration of aeration will depend on the composition of the wastewater and degree of nitrification. The reaction stage was designed based on the following numbers ( BOD Concentration of 650 mg/l, TSS Concentration of 500mg/l, and COD of 1200 mg/l). It should be noted that no mixing is required to achieve the treated effluent target. 3) Settling or air-off stage; where aeration stops and the sludge settles leaving the treated fluid composing the layer above the sludge bottom layer. The SBR tanks are equipped with an over flow by pass system which will be used in case of emergencies. The upper “treated fluid” layer is then decanted within the upper 2m layer (between +14.00 and +12.00) leaving behind the bottom layer of sludge, and then directed to the chlorination contact tank. The new batch of wastewater will be then introduced in the tank following an idle period. The expected flow for the decanter will be 2266 m3/hr - Chlorination contact tank This is where the chlorine solution is injected. Two chlorinators will be used (including one standby). - Sludge gravity thickener tanks Two tanks shall be used, each with a depth of 3.5m and a diameter of 7m. The target is to achieve a concentration of thickened sludge of 0.05. - Sludge drying beds The thickened sludge from the gravity thickener tanks shall be conveyed by gravity to the drying beds. The number of drying beds will reach 16 , the length of each bed will be 23.8m and the width 12m. One main pump station will be conctructed in Danasaur, on an agricultural area near Danasour railway station. Figure E.4 shows the location of the station. The distance between the station and the nearest house is 20 meters. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xviii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Direction of the photo shoot Figure E.4: Location of Danasour main pump station. Description of the facilities that will be established in Zaweit Al Bokly Village One pump station will be established in Zaweit Al Bokly village, in the middle of a residential area. The nearest house is 5m away, as shown in Figure E.5. Most of the streets are very narrow which should be taken into consideration during the construction phase. . Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xix ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Direction of the photo shoot Figure E.5: Pump Station location at Zaweit Al Bokly Description of the facilities that will be established in Bashtamy Village One pump station will be established in Beshtamy village, on a vacant land, near a residential area and a school. The distance to the nearest school is 25m, as shown in Figure E.6 Most of Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xx ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary the streets are narrow, which should also be taken into consideration during the construction phase Figure E.6: Location of the pump station in Beshtamy Village E.6 BASELINE CONDITIONS The baseline conditions for the project’s areas have been investigated and the following is a summary of key characteristics. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary E.6.1 Water resources Canals The total amount of water allocated to Menoufia Governorate is 1.6 billion cubic meters per year. Nanaeya canal passes by the villages of Dnasour, Zawyet el Baqly and Bashtawi which are included as part of this study, they belong to el Shohdaa district ( located at the western side of the villages). Evacuation cars dispose of collected wastewater at Nanaeya canal. It was noted during the site visit that there are some places that drivers use regularly to dispose of wastewater. This only happens at Danasaur village, since the canal is close to the village. Most villages depend on deep groundwater in feeding water treatment plants that are used for drinking. The water company conducts periodic analysis for drinking water. Drains Most of the agricultural drains that end at the Nile suffer from high pollution in addition to the disposal of huge amounts of pollutants. Discharged water types include agricultural drainage water, wastewater, and industrial wastewater containing oils and waste. These charges can be clearly noticed at areas when the river is flowing close to dense urban and industrial centers. In general, water quality at drains does not correspond to the standards of surface water quality indicated in the law 48 for the year 1982. In many cases water represents a health risk to the population as a result of the potential contamination with pathogenics (bacterial - or viral) from sewage water. A lot of healthcare problems are in fact caused by sanitation. For example hepatitis, is considered the most widespread disease at the governorate as indicated in the environmental profile. No drains pass through the villages included in the study, only one drain extends to the agricultural area between Danasour and Zaweit Al Bokly. Donshway drain passes adjacent to the location specified for the construction of the wastewater treatment plant at Danasour (Figure E.7). The drain will be used for disposal of the generated treated water. It was observed that the surface of this drain is largely filled with aquatic plants and residues on both sides. These wastes should be removed before the start of wastewater disposal. This drain has been continuously used for disposal of untreated sewage by evacuation cars that come from the neighboring Danasour village. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Figure E.7 - Donshway drain Residents of the villages included in the study depend on the septic tanks for disposal of sewage. The floors of most of those tanks are not lined and are porous to groundwater aquifer causing contamination. In addition to this evacuated wastewater from those tanks is disposed of at the local canals and drains. ! Figure E.8 - Rising groundwater levels at one of the sites at Beshtamy villages Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxiii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Figure E.9 - Rising wastewater level at one of the septic tanks Ground water salinity at Menoufia Governorate is 320 ppm. Salinity increases as we head towards the middle of the Delta, where it reaches 640 ppm. Salinity reaches its maximum rate at the north, where it reaches up to 45,000 ppm. Table below indicates groundwater quality at districts of Tala – Shebin el Kom – El Shohadaa – El Bagour – Kwaysna and Berket el Sabaa, as well as the level of static groundwater. Well No. Location The depth m TDS 1 Tall 5 467 2 Sheben El Koum 5.7 452 3 El Shohada 5.3 302 4 Al Bagour 5.5 252 5 Kewisna 3.93 249 6 Berkt El Sabh 3.8 408 The table highlights that at El Shohadaa district (study area) water salinity reaches 302 ppm, the depth to the static ground water level reaches 5.3 meters. Water Quality The analysis results for the water samples collected by the study team in the three villages covered by the project are summarized below: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxiv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary • For pH, the value of pH ranged between maximum of 7.21 to a minimum of 6.54 which indicates neutral conditions. • For the trace metals most data shows nil or very negligible values, expect the Arsenic. Bacteriological analysis shows some high values for fecal and total coliforms but expected in the case of wastewater drains. The Analysis results: Table below shows the analysis results of the samples for El Shohada district. District Village Code Menoufia Governorate Danasour-Denshway Drain 1 Danasour-PS /GW 2 El Zaweit Al Bokly-El Nhnahia canal 3 Shohadaa Bashtamy GW 4 Bashtamy- El Nhnahia canal 5 MWRI Sample Codes WHO Law Parameters Units Law for 92-2013 Drinking 1 2 3 4 5 Surface Drainage Physicochemical pH ------- 7.46 7.54 7.28 7.42 7.21 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Total Suspended mg/l 165 248 185 259 76 Solids (TSS) Chemical Oxygen mg/l 48 48 28 12 32 <10 <50 Demand (COD) Biological Oxygen mg/l 40 36 24 6 26 <6 <30 Demand (BOD) Trace Metal Molybdenum 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 <0.07 (Mo) Chromium 0.00 0.00 .001 0.00 .001 <0.05 <0.05 (Cr) 2 Zinc mg/l 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 <0.01 <2 (Zn) Cadmium 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.003 <0.001 <0.003 (Cd) Phosphorus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (P) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Lead 0.00 .007 .001 0.00 .003 0.01 <0.01 <0.1 (Pb) Nickel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 <0.01 0.1 (Ni) Cobalt .001 .01 0.00 0.00 .001 (Co) Iron 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.3 <0.5 <3 (Fe) Boron 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.3 <0.5 (B) Manganese 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.1 <0.3 <2 (Mn) Copper 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 <0.01 <1 (Cu) Selenium 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (Se) Arsenic 0.01 0.00 .026 .015 .013 0.01 <0.01 (As) 7 Silicon 8.16 16.2 1.08 0.00 1.31 (Si) Aluminum 0.00 .005 0.00 0.00 .003 0.2 (Al) Microbiological Total Coliform 62 370 34 22 67 0 Fecal Coliform CFU/ 13 140 12 11 33 0 Salmonella and ml ND 8 ND ND ND 0 shigella bacteria E.6.2 Air Quality Air quality at Menoufia governorate is considered a significant challenge as a result of the high population density in the governorate and the extensive industrial activities. Multiple sources of air pollution exist such as car exhaust, factories, workshops, mills, brick kilns, coal and pottery furnaces, burning domestic and agricultural waste, especially rice straw, etc. The most important pollutants resulting from those activities are, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, produced mainly by the burning of Petroleum and coal as well as burning wastes. The most dangerous pollutants are sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, which accumulates in the blood and hinders oxygen cycle as well as suspended particles. Monitoring of ambient air quality by the study team The field surveying team has conducted air quality measurements. Specific locations were carefully selected to represent all other areas based on the analysis of the existing data prior to the measurements. The main observation was the foul odours from the existing septic tanks especially during evacuation, or evolving at areas where there is leakage of wastewater, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxvi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary in addition to the fumes from burning wastes at undesired areas. This is a prevalent pattern for all villages that has no available sanitation networks. Areas where the pump stations will be constructed are agricultural rural village areas, while the area designed for constructing the treatment plant is an agricultural area located far from the neighbouring residential area. Annex 5 of the executive regulation of the decree number 710 for year 2012 is used as a guideline for air quality at the sites and villages where the project will be implemented. Measurements show that air does not contain specific pollutants. Pollutants are within the safe limits, far from the maximum limits included in the annex. Table below shows these results. El Shohada district Averaging Zaweit Permissible Danasour period Danasour/PS Al Bashtamy limits /WWTP (hr) Bokly Carbon monoxide 1350 1130 1300 1230 10000 8 CO (microgram/m3 ) Sulfur dioxide- 64 64 59 51 125 8 SO2(microgram/m3 Nitrogen dioxide -NO2 66 55 63 64 150 8 (microgram/m3) Ammonia ND ND ND ND 120 8 (NH3)microgram/m3 TSP Mg/m3 0.087 0.034 0.097 0.035 0.23 8 PM10 Mg/m3 0.075 0.034 0.085 0.035 0.15 8 PM7 Mg/m3 0.064 0.025 0.074 0.025 0.15 8 PM2.5 Mg/m3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08 8 PM1Mg/m3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08 8 E.6.3 Noise It was noted that the main sources of noise emissions in the project’s areas is the movement of some cars, public activates and operating water pumps. Measurements of the surrounding environment show that the noise level is high as shown in the Table below. El Shohada district Measuring Danasour Zaweit Al time Danasour/PS Bashtamy /WWTP Bokly Mean value 73.8 63 55.2 66 7am : 10pm (dB) Permissible 50 dB limit Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxvii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary E.6.4 Soil Quality A soil sample was collected at the area planned for construction of the WWTP to represent the baseline conditions prior to the occurrence of any potential pollution in cases of inadequate environmental management for generated sludge during the treatment process. The results show that the soil does not contain any pollutants. The sampling and analysis was performed by “measurements and calibration lab (MCL) faculty of engineering- Cairo University” E.7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT E.7.1 Introduction The Consultant has assessed the environmental impacts of the different components of the ISSIP II project in Menoufia governorate during both the construction and operation phases. The project’s components covered in the EIA assessment include: 1. House connections and gravity sewers; 2. PSs including all sub-components; 3. FMs; and 4. Danasaur’s WWTP The construction and operation of some/all of the components of the project listed above will also create additional activities/processes such as : 1. Solid hazardous and non-hazardous waste generation during both construction and operation phases. 2. Liquid waste generation during construction and treated effluent discharge during operation. 3. Sludge generation, handling, storage and disposal/resuse , during operation of Danasaur’s WWTP. 4. Development of on-site workers/staff workshops, offices and housing units during construction. The Consultant has assessed the impacts due to the construction and operation of the main four components listed above , in addition to those resulting from the aforementioned additional four activities/processes. The key receptors which the Consultant has considered include 1) air (air quality and ambient noise); 2) Soil (soil quality, erosion, landscape); 3) water (water quality and resource consumption); 4)Biological environment (Fora and Fauna); 5)Human environment (Occupational health & safety, Community safety, Visual impacts, Cultural heritage and Archaeology impacts, traffic impacts and the Socio-economic and Health impacts) . The environmental and social impact assessment methodology that the consultant has adopted is presented briefly in Section E.3 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxviii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary E.7.2 Positive Impacts E.7.2.1 Positive Impacts during the construction phase Pumping Stations and WWTP Positive impacts during construction of the pump stations and WWTP can be summarized as follows: 1. Creating job opportunities for companies working in construction of sewage networks. The company usually hires around 60 workers, technicians and engineers during construction of the pump stations, divided as follows: 3 engineers, 3 administrative support staff, 35 skilled workers (drivers, artisans..etc) and 20 non skilled workers generally from the local community (excavation and construction) . 2. Reviving economic activities for shops supplying construction materials in the area, due to selling necessary construction material. 3. Reviving some restaurants and small shops which sell meals for workers. Especially were workers will be living in the village. Gravity sewers and FMs 1- Creating opportunities for companies working in contracting and construction of sewage networks. The expected number of employed labourers will be about 300 persons divided as follows: 5% engineers, 40% skilled workers, and 60% non skilled workers (from the surrounding area). 2- Reviving economic activities for some restaurants and workers in the business of selling meals to the workers, especially were workers will be living at the area. E.7.2.2 Positive Impacts during the operation phase Pumping Stations and WWTP 1- Creating job opportunities for engineers, technicians and non skilled workers at the stations. It is expected that 10 job opportunities can be offered in the stations, including 4 opportunities for the local community (administrative and services). Gravity sewers and FMs Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxix ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary 1- Provision of sewage services to wide sector of the community as part of the government development plan to deliver quality services to citizens. 2- Ending the current problems related to sewage and sanitation. 3- Provision of sewage services to the four clusters will decrease the demand on evacuation cars, leading to improving evacuation services at other villages. 4- Increasing the value of houses after connecting to the sewage network. 5- Possibility for provision of other infrastructure services afterwards such as natural gas. 6- Improving the health conditions of the population especially school children who are currently suffering 7- Improving the quality of produced vegetables and fruits, as a result of stopping irrigation with untreated water 8- Improving the socio-economic conditions of families by saving the amounts paid currently for evacuation services. This was posing a lot of economic burden upon families. 9- Improving the quality of the groundwater, as a result of stopping leakage from septic tanks to the ground aquifer. E.7.3 Potential negative impacts The potential negative impacts of the ISSIP II project during both the construction and the operation phases are summarized in following two tables, respectively. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxx ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 ! Activities causing the impact Overall Impact significance Ambient noise Air Quality Soil & Surface Water Flora and Fauna Occupational Community 8-Visual 9-Traffic Cultural groundwater Quality Health & Safety Safety Impacts Impacts Heritage and Quality Archaelogical impacts Construction of gravity sewers and Moderate Minor Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Major MInor Moderate MInor house connections [6] [9] [9] [9] Construction of B’s PS incl;uding all Moderate Minor Minor N/A MInor Moderate Moderate MInor MInor MInor sub-components [6] [6] [9] [9] Construction of ZB’s PS incl;uding Moderate Minor Minor N/A MInor Moderate Moderate MInor MInor MInor all sub-components [6] [6] [9] [9] Construction of FMs Moderate Minor Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Major MInor Moderate MInor [6] [9] [9] [9] Construction of WWTP incl;uding Minor Minor Minor Moderate Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor all sub-components [6] [6] [12] Impacts due to Hazardous Waste N/A Moderate Moderate Moderate N/A Moderate Moderate Moderate N/A N/A generation and hazardous substances [12] [9] [9] [12] [24] [9] handling Impacts due to non-hazardous waste N/A Minor Minor Minor N/A Minor Moderate Moderate N/A N/A generation [3] [6] [6] [3] [12] [9] Impacts due to the creation of onsite N/A N/A MInor N/A N/A MInor N/A N/A N/A N/A worker and staff camps ! Activities causing the impact Overall Impact significance Ambient Noise Air quality Soil and Surface water Flora and Fauna Operational H&S Community Visual Impacts Archaeology and odour groundwater H&S and Cultural heritage Operation of gravity sewers and N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor N/A Major N/A N/A house connections Operation of B’s PS incl;uding all Minor Minor N/A N/A Minor Moderate Minor Minor N/A sub-components Operation of ZB’s PS incl;uding all Minor Minor N/A N/A Minor Moderate Minor Minor N/A sub-components Operation of FMs N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor N/A Major N/A N/A Operation of WWTP including all Moderate Moderate MInor N/A[covered MInor Major Minor Minor N/A sub-components under sludge and treated effluent impacts] Impacts due to Hazardous Waste N/A Moderate MInor Moderate Moderate Major Moderate N/A N/A generation and hazardous substances handling Impacts due to non-hazardous waste N/A MInor MInor MInor N/A MInor Moderate MInor N/A generation Impacts associated with the disposal N/A MInor Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Moderate N/A N/A and/or reuse of final treated Effluent Impacts to Sludge Management MInor Moderate Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Moderate N/A N/A Executive Summary E.8 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The objective of analyzing different project alternatives is to evaluate the project options, which have been considered during the ISSIP II design phase , from the environmental perspective. This analysis of alternatives shall help in reaching/confirming optimum options for the project design from both the economical, social and environmental points of view. E.8.1 No Project Alternative The ISSIP II is expected to result in significant environmental improvement in the project areas. The existing situation, in which target areas are deprived from sanitation services, leads to major environmental and health problems to inhabitants. Even though there are some impacts associated with ISSIP II construction and operation as previously indicated, the overall environmental impacts are expected to be positive. Environmental improvements expected from the ISSIP, over the existing situation include: - Improving surface water quality in the project areas. Although there are risks of discharging noncompliant effluent to drains as discussed earlier, overall the pollution loads received in water courses will be significantly reduced, because currently a large ratio of the generated sewage is discharged by tankers to drains. Although the rate of sewage generation could increase as a result of the project, due to expected increase of water consumption as reaction to the availability of sanitary drainage, the better effluent quality discharged will make the received load of each pollutant much lower. - Improve the quality of groundwater and the high water table in most of the project areas, through preventing infiltration of sewage to groundwater - Although there may be odour problems associated with operation of WWTP and PSs, the impacts of odours and vectors problems are expected to significantly improve. In the existing situation the infrequent evacuation of cesspits and land discharge of sewage makes the odours/vectors problems much more acute and disperse than the expected impacts around WWTPs and PSs. - The socioeconomic benefits of the project significantly overweigh the expected impacts. The ISSIP II shall upgrade the quality of life of inhabitant, through improving public health, reducing water borne diseases, improving psychological stress resulting from odours, vectors, stagnant water, unavailability of appropriate urban drainage, …etc. Although there may be few economically effected groups such as inhabitants of neighboring lands to WWTPs and PSs and cesspits evacuation contractors, much more groups will gain economic benefits such as workers in construction and operation and owners of served areas with the sanitation services, in which real estate prices are expected to raise. The overall environmental and social advantages are believed to significantly overweigh the disadvantages, especially when the ESMP is implemented. The ISSIP II institutional structure will have a Monitoring and Evaluation unit (M&E) to verify the expected improvements of ISSIP II to surface water quality. Operation of the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxxiii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary ISSIP II will be designed to achieve maximum possible improvement, which will be continuously monitored by the M&E Unit. E.8.2 Alternatives of piping materials The are no direct preferences for piping materials from the environmental and social points of view related to the direct impacts of the ISSIP. However, the preferences will be based on the life cycle analysis of these piping materials. Using asbestos pipes is completely not allowed in the ISSIP II, due to the problems associated with its disposal during the project maintenance and/or decommissioning. E.8.3 Alternatives of house connections Several alternatives exist for house connections, as follows: - Using existing septic tanks as barriers to allowing objectionable materials to enter the networks. - Using standard inspection chambers - Using individual interceptors for each household to enable preliminary settlement and to discharge wastewater to the network through overflow The first alternative will reduce construction costs but is associated with risks of sewage infiltration to the groundwater. There are two reasons for this; the first is that these tanks are, in most cases, designed with an open bed to allow infiltration. The second is that some of these tanks may be leaking due to improper design or insufficient maintenance. Therefore, using existing cesspits and septic tanks should only be practiced after inspecting their quality and after ensuring there are no leakages or means of infiltration to the environment. The third alternative achieves reduction of solids loads entering the sewerage system, leading to better treatment results and a better quality of final effluent. The interceptors should be frequently cleared from sludge to maintain their settling efficiency. However, the application of interceptors has two disadvantages: the first is their extra cost, and the second is the risk associated with sludge disposal. Using the standard inspection chambers, is a conventional system with no foreseen environmental impacts. As compared with the interceptors solution, it will produce an effluent with a relatively lower quality. However, the PSs and WWTP are equipped with inlet screening chambers designed to handle an effluent of such typical quality. E.8.4 Alternatives of sludge utilisation options The sludge generated from WWTPs could be utilized in conditioning agricultural lands, after being subjected to a stabilization and hygienization process (discussed in details in Chapter 5). Sending the sludge to cement factories as RDF is a preferred option, and the other option is Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxxiv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary to dispose of it in the tree forest or landfills. Various environmental risks are associated with these options. The utilization of sludge as RDF is the preferred option, followed by the use on agricultural land, providing it is treated and there are safe concentration levels of heavy metals, safe biological properties, and safe land application rates followed according to the specifications of Law 93/1962. The reason for the preference of these two options over landfill disposal is that the volume of waste received at the disposal sites will be reduced and an equivalent amount of fuel/chemical fertilizers, associated with an environmental cost for their production, will be saved. The use in the tree forest coud be an alternative to landfill disposal providing there are safe concentration levels of heavy metals, safe biological properties, and that the sludge in general is not characterized as hazardous waste. On the other hand, the sustainability of using sludge as a land conditioner will be doubtful if the costs for sludge quality monitoring are not covered by revenues from sale of the sludge. In other words if revenue from the sale of sludge does not cover the extra WWTP operating costs resulting from the monitoring activities recommended in the ESMP, in such case it will be better to go for the disposal alternative. Landfill disposal of sludge will be practiced by a certified waste contractor, the process could be easily monitored by the RSU to check its compliance with the waste disposal contract. However, the landfill disposal of sludge has the following risks/negative environmental impacts: • Loss of resources • Waste directives in many parts of the world prohibit the disposal of organic wastes and/or any wastes that could be recycled/reused (or place an upper limit of around 5% of total organic carbon in the waste for it to be accepted for disposal). The potential of applying similar laws in Egypt during the life cycle of the project exit and this puts a risk on the sustainability of the landfill disposal option. • Although the waste contractor could be monitored, random/illegal dumping of the sludge on agricultural lands or water streams still remains possible (although with low probability). • If the analsis of sludge shows hazardous properties, it shall be sent to the nasreya Centre in Alexandria, which will dramatically increase the transportation costs. Nearby disposal sites for hazardous wastes have not been identified. The co-composting of sludge with solid waste is a fourth option and will result in environmental benefits but the main disadvantage will be that the handling of sludge will not be within the control of the ISSIP. Adequate sludge handling methods, in terms of the safe application of land will not be guaranteed in the composting plant location. Furthermore, the mixing with solid waste may cause degradation of the sludge quality as a land conditioner because most of the existing solid waste composting plants do not separate impurities efficiently, especially glass. The conclusion which could be made is that under the current conditions, the following options for sludge utilization are listed in order of preference: • Use as RDF • Stabilization and use as soil fertilizer. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxxv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary • Disposal/resue in the tree forest. • Controlled landfill disposal. • Co-composting with solid waste E.9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN E.9.1 Objectives of the ESMP The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presented in this section reflects the implementation procedures and mechanisms as well as the roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring activities for the expected impacts. Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring matrices have been prepared for the actions to be taken during the full Project cycle; • Tables E.1 and E.2: Environmental Management and monitoring matrices during the construction phase; • Tables E.3 and E.4: Environmental Management and monitoring matrices during the operation phase; • Tables E.5 and E.6: Social Management and social monitoring matrices respectively. The tables presented above also include the cost associated with the implementation of the different mitigation and monitoring measures. The effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and environmental management plan will be monitored throughout the construction and operation phases of the project. Monitoring will be performed using calibrated equipment (where relevant) and standard techniques in order to ensure accuracy of the results. These results will be stored in an easy to access database and will be analyzed and corrective/additional actions shall be undertaken as necessary. E.9.2 ESMP Institutional Set-up The project will be implemented through the following institutional setup: Project Steering Committee (PSC): will have mandate of providing guidance and ensure coordination between different project stakeholders. The steering committee will be headed by the minister of Housing and Urban Development and will include representatives from NOPWASD, HCWW, the RSUs in the four governorates, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Social Affairs and Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs. Project Implementation Unit (PIU): which will be within HCWW and will be responsible for the overall management of the project, coordinating between different project units, and implementation of main investments contracts. The PIU will also have overall supervision on the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) component of the ISSIP. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxxvi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary NOPWASD ISSIP Unit: which will have the mandate of maintaining project accounts and asset registers, planning, design, tendering and construction supervision as well as assigning Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs). Rural Sanitation Units (RSUs) which are established within the four governorates with mandate of planning, social mobilization / awareness, tendering, construction supervision, in addition to delegation of operation and maintenance tasks, and supervision of their performance. Local Public Councils: responsible for securing necessary land for construction of the pump stations as well as facilitating issuing necessary permits. They are also considered a main actor in handling complaints. E.9.3 Roles and Responsibilities for implementation and supervision of the ESMP The mitigation measures and monitoring activities that are recommended shall be implemented according to the institutional set-up shown in Section 7.2. Tables 7-1 to 7.6 present the responsibilities of different stakeholders for mitigation measures and monitoring activities during the construction and operation phases. Within the above organizational setup the proposed environmental management scheme will be according to the following: - The PIU will have overall supervision responsibility for the environmental performance of the project. The PIU is also responsible for ensuring that the ESMP is implemented and monitored through ensuring that the ESMP is an integral part of the contractor’ contracts and should monitor the progress of implementation and compliance to the ESMP and report on this regularly to the WB. The PIU should include a highly qualified Environmental Management Expert who will be the overall Environmental Manager of the project. In addition to supervising environmental performance of PIU, Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs) and M&E, the PIU Environmental Manager (PIU-EM) will be responsible for assigning specialized environmental experts for specific tasks, as will be indicated later in the mitigation measures, liaising with the PSC for support from other ministries and project counterparts. - A Social Development Officer (PIU-SDO) will be appointed at the PIU, who will be responsible for implementation of the various participatory activities. The PIU-SDO should be a graduate of social studies or a related field. He (or she) should also have relevant experience in social development. He must be aware of the project activities in addition to communication and negotiation skills. The PIU-SDO should participate in the proposed capacity building activities to be able to successfully conduct his role. The PIU-SDO will need to coordinate with the Ministry of Health and some NGO’s to conduct joint awareness activities. - The NOPWASD ISSIP Unit will assign (CSCs), to supervise contractors during the construction. CSCs will, in addition to their engineering tasks, report on environmental management and monitoring activities as assigned to them in Tables Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxxvii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary E.1 to E.4. PIU-EM will provide CSCs with checklist of items to report on environmental measures adopted during construction, these checklists will be part of the tender document and contracts for CSCs. - Each RSU will have one Environmental Regional Officer (ERO), and one Social development Regional Officer (SDRO) who shall liaise between different environmental and social management and monitoring activities undertaken at the local level, and the PIU. - The M&E will report to the PIU-EM on their activities, so as to take necessary actions to maintain water quality improvement expectations of the ISSIP Implementation of the ESMP should be adapted to the local community in order to maximize the positive impacts and minimize negative impacts, especially among the most vulnerable groups such as (farmers, village population, surrounding communities and land owners). These groups should be consulted during the project construction and operation phases to ensure their views are taken into account and appropriate actions are taken to mitigate the negative impacts. Consultation with the local community and the relevant stakeholders are among the requirements for the success of the ESMP. The reporting of EMP measures should be done on a monthly basis. The monthly reports will be presented to the PIU-EM who shall make sure that the EMP measures are implemented in due course according to the progress report. The PIU-EM should report to the PIU Manager on annual basis. In case a corrective action is needed the PIU-EM should ask the PIU Manager for the resources to take this corrective action and should adequately report this corrective action. These reports should include the following components: • Monthly reports prepared by the RSU-ERO and submitted to the PIU; • Annual report prepared by the PIU-EM and submitted to the PIU manager. • Quarterly reports prepared by the CSC and submitted to the PIU-EM. E.10 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS Throughout the various consultation and engagement activities, the work teams experienced and recorded remarkable public acceptance and eagerness, by the community and the governmental stakeholders towards the proposed project. Consultation activities (scoping, interviews, focus group discussions, public hearings/consultations) with various stakeholders and community people in the host communities were held in the project areas: Beshtamy village, Danasaur village and Zaweit El Bokly according to: - WB policies related to disclosure and public consultation, namely, o World Bank Procedure (BP 17.50) o World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01) - Egyptian regulations related to the public consultation o Egyptian Law of Environment (Law No. 4 of 1994) and its amendment by Law 9 of year 2009), stipulating that group C projects must conduct two public consultation events. The first event should be held by the consultant as part of the scoping activities to explain the applied ESIA methodology to relevant stakeholders. The second consultation session should be held after completion of the ESIA study. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxxviii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary E.10.1 Consultation Objectives The objectives of the SE was to ensure safe and successful Project delivery by: • Properly informing stakeholders including persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively; • Actively listening to comments, ideas and concerns raised by stakeholders and recording the same for follow up; • Avoiding conflict by addressing impacts and issues raised by stakeholders promptly; particularly with the communities that will not be served by the project • Ensuring that fears and apprehensions about the nature, scale and impact of the operation have been properly considered in the development and management of the Project; • Accessing and making good use of existing local knowledge of the area; • Avoiding any misunderstandings about the project and properly manage expectations; • Communicating and implementing a viable community feedback mechanism. The output of consultations have; 1- Defined potential project stakeholders and identified their possible project roles 2- Identified the most effective outreach channels that will support continuous dialogue with the community 3- Allowed to get stakeholders’ feedback on the defined impacts and mitigation measures as part of the drafted ESIA and to integrate their feedbacks and comments in the production of the final ESIA E.10.2 Consultation Methodology and Activities The Consultant has adopted a multi-level consultation activities that enabled the marginalized, voiceless, youth and women to gain information about the project. As well as to raise their concerns and worries regarding the project during various implementation phases. 1- The study team visited the project area in order to define the various stakeholders 2- Meeting was conducted on the 20th of September in order to develop an engagement plan that is tailored for the rural communities 3- Based on the identification of stakeholders, various questionnaires and guidelines were prepared in order to engage: i) the residents in the project areas, ii)the residents of the villages situated in the vicinity of the project areas, iii) the NGOs, iv) the agriculture directorates, v)the health department , vi)the environmental departments vii) the workers of septic tanks evacuation vehicles. As well as, the Water and Wastewater Company in the Governorate. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xxxix ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary 4- The study team divided the various engagement of the project to 1) scoping phase, 2) data collection phase and final consultation phase. 5- All activities conducted were documented with photos and lists of participants in order to warrantee appropriate level of transparency E.10.3 Strengths and Limitation of consultation Strengths of the consultations The consultation process and methodology involved a number of strengths that maximized the benefits from the consultation activities. This could be summarized in the following: • Appropriate tools were used for consultation to fit with the culture of the targeted communities (e.g. reaching out to women instead of inviting them to public meetings that they are unlikely to attend in rural areas). • Vulnerable groups including poor women, female headed households and handicapped were reached out to during the process of the ESIA participation. Efforts were also made to ensure they are engaged in public consultations. • Local surveyors were hired and mobilized to facilitate access to villagers, governmental and non-governmental entities • Prior information sharing has been guaranteed through mobilizing the local surveyors to invite the community people to public meetings and consultations through the distribution of flyers and posters. • To ensure participation of both villages and due to the long distance between Beshtamy, Zaweit El Bokly and Danasaur. The consultant secured means of transportation free of charge to facilitate local community people access to the meetings. Limitation of the consultations 1" The participation of females during the public hearings was relatively limited. Consequently the study team put more efforts to engage females during the various stages of data collection. 2" Community people in some project areas were of low educational background. Thus, the study team managed to build communication channels through the use of simple terms that can be comprehended by the community people. E.10.4 Key comments raisedduring the public consultation The current section includes the key comments raised during the consultation activities as well as the actions to be taken Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xl ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Key points raised during the consultation activities and actions to be taken Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The duration of It was mentioned in the The total duration of the project is 5 years • Information sharing with the community implementation period presentation that the for the whole phases. should be adopted in order to put implementation period will limitation for the disturbance of take only 18 months. The duration mentioned in this community resulting from any potential However, the Water presentation covered the whole activities of delay Company said it would take the current phase including the preparation 5 years. What is the reason phase for discrepancy People started to lose hope The status of the newly Some of the affiliated The narrow streets that will not be • The community should be fully aware constructed houses and villages have been expanded. suitable for networks, the contractor about the illegibility to get connected to the village extensions Will those village be illegible maneuver by digging 50-60 cm. In case of the sewage grid to be connected to the new wide streets the digging is deeper project Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xli ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken Approval of the ESIA and When will EEAA approve The approval of the ESIA might take • Time plan should be shared with the the time plan the ESIA and what is the about one month from EEAA local governmental unit and the mayors time plan? in the project areas The construction activities begin after obtaining the approval of the ESIA from EEAA. Thereafter, bidding procedures will take place. After finishing the tendering, the construction activities might start after 6 months The status of deprived When will El Galabta village The hamlets (Ezba) that are not • The community should be fully aware villages be connected to the new connected might be supported in the about the illegibility to get connected to project? future by other initiatives or they can the sewage grid. As well, the deprived mobilize the community there to provide villages should be informed about the lands for new pumping stations that will potential plans be connected to the project The end disposing point What is the end point for First of all an approval from the Ministry • Approvals on the disposing points of the drainage water discharge of irrigation should be obtained from the should be obtained Ministry of Water Resources. It is crucial to tell that (Bypassing) is not approved to be adopted. In case if any damage, an alternative emergency plan will be followed rather that bypassing Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xlii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken Installing the sewage The villages situated close to The sewage will be installed in those network to the houses the railways will be houses. The crossing of the railway will behind the railways connected to the sewage grid be achieved through having deep digging. or not? That will be implemented in coordination with the railway Authority and the local Governmental unit The project received an approval from the railways authority in order to have the train reduced their speed in the areas where the crossings will be constructed The impacts of the What are the potential The pumping stations take sewage water • The executive summary should have pumping stations and impacts of the treatment to the treatment plant. such information to be shared with the treatment plant plant? community people Each pumping station receives water Will you connect the from the previous one. All of them have pumping station to each underground tanks that will reduce the other until they reach the noise and odor treatment plant or will they all be connected to the treatment plant Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xliii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The appropriate width to Our village has narrow The contractor adopt various techniques • Such information should be shared with install sewage grid streets. What is the to install the grid regardless to the width the community appropriate width to be of the street connected to the sewage network The importance of It is recommended to Coordination with all other utilities is • It is crucial to coordinate with various coordination with various coordinate with other crucial. However, regarding the natural entities entities that have different entities that implement any gas connection, it is the final utility that developmental plans (i.e. developmental projects in will be installed after the sewage network the Natural Gas) in order the project area. to have the street dig once for all developmental projects. That will save money and effort The mitigation of any In case of affecting the The contractor is responsible for damage to the infrastructure i.e. water pipes mitigating such impacts and the resident infrastructure what will happen? engineer will monitor such activities. In addition, a consulting firm is responsible of monitoring the construction works. The spoil resulting from The spoil resulting from Regarding the spoil resulting from digging digging the streets digging is the village the streets, the contractor is responsible for property. The spoil should getting rid of all the spoil in cooperation go to the community people with the local governmental unit to trade in Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xliv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The pumping stations Will the pumping stations be Showed a slide about how the Pumping linkage to each other linked together or linked to stations will be connected to each other the treatment plant directly . and the final one to the treatment plant In case of any electricity cut off will it affect the pumping process In case of electricity cut, a power generator will be used. There are spare pumps in case on get broken Who will be responsible It is essential to know who A consulting firm works in cooperation • The community should be part of the for the handing over of will be responsible of with the contractor. In addition, A monitoring activities the new project? handing over the new guarantee period will be applied to project, as the village warrantee the efficiency of the network. In suffered from corruption addition, during the construction, tests are related to water connection applied for each 35 meters of works Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xlv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken Impact on the residential In case of affecting the • The compensation of any damaged units houses will the company pay houses is an item of the contract that will any compensation? signed with the contractor. • The contractor follows the maximum avoidance procedures in order to put limitation for damaging any houses • The contractor will dry the underground water through digging wells • The water companies have a wide experience regarding the construction. The contractor will compensate for any damage results, subsequently, he will be very cautious in order not to pay any fines Delay in the Nader village suffers due to The village suffer from severe • Any delay that might be occurred should implementation schedule the delay in implementation underground water problem that has be informed about in order not to raise schedule. It has been dug been investigated and the solution will be the concerns of the community since nine years but the proposed contractor stopped working due to the underground water Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xlvi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Table E.1 – Environmental Management Plan during the construction phase Main activities Estimated Cost of Implementation / Institutional Responsibility causing the Means of Supervision Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of Direct impact Supervision Total Costs1 Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) Air Quality Impacts Construction of Implement a construction site management plan including the following Construction Construction CSC Field - Contractor cost in 0.0 WWTP, PSs, measures: Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price FMs and • Store construction materials in pre-identified storage areas. - Normal CSC price gravity sewers • Cover friable materials during storage. • Wet the network of unpaved roads on site. The use of water should be restricted to extremely active areas. • Regulation of speed to a suitable speed (20 km/h) for all vehicles entering the village’s boundaries. • Implement preventive maintenance program for vehicles and equipment working on site and promptly repair vehicles with visible exhaust fume. Ambient noise Construction of On site Construction noise shall be mitigated to ensure a safe work Construction Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 impacts WWTP, PSs, environment by implementing an occupational health and safety plan, which Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price FMs and considers national and international requirements. The plan shall include the - Normal CSC price gravity sewers following measures: • Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas • Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers’ induction sessions. • Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. Off-site construction noise shall be mitigated as follows: Construction Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 • Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price equipment if not in use. - Normal CSC price • Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles • Stop all construction activities during the night • Communicate the construction schedule with neighboring communities and sensitive receptors • Implement a complaints system Soil and Construction of Design and construct an impermeable protective base layer underlying areas Pre- Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 groundwater quality WWTP, PSs, with potential hazardous liquids storage or use construction Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price Impacts FMs and & - Normal CSC price gravity sewers Construction 1Costs are estimated over a construction period of two years Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xlvii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Implement a site construction management plan including segregation and Construction Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 reuse options of excavated soil. Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price - Normal CSC price Risks of Construction of A waste management plan complying with international best practice and Construction Construction CSC field - Contractor cost in 0.0 uncontrolled WWTP, PSs, relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price disposal of non- FMs and be developed and implemented by the construction contractors. This plan and review - Normal CSC price hazardous solid gravity sewers shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and the WMP wastes generated disposal. The waste management plan shall include the following measures: document during construction • Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams during each phase of project implementation • Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams • Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill; the location of which needs to be confirmed at the beginning of the construction phase. • Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by the PMU/HCWW. The measures listed above represent the minimum measures to be included in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PMU/HCWW. They should part of the contracting tender documents. Risks of improper Construction of • Prior estimation of dewatered liquid volume during the digging works Construction Construction PIU/RSU review - Contractor cost in 0.0 disposal of liquid WWTP, PSs, • Collect and analyze samples of the dewatered liquid. Contractor CSC Contractor's normal bid price wastes generated FMs and • Arrange for disposal by tankers in nearest sewers, PSs, existing WWTP reports - Normal CSC price during construction gravity sewers or pre-determined drain locations, depending on the sample analysis - PIU and RSU results in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and management cost RSU/PMU and normal CSC • Evacuation of closed household cesspits and construction site sewage price to existing WWTP, or pre-determined drain locations in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PIU Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xlviii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Risks of improper Construction of • A hazardous waste management plan complying with international best practice and Construction Construction CSC field - Contractor cost in 0.0 handling and/or WWTP, PSs, relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall be developed Contractor PIU-EM supervision normal bid price. and implemented by the construction contractors. This plan shall define exact procedures and disposal of FMs and - Normal CSC price. locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer hazardous solid gravity sewers to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing wastes generated accidental spillages. during construction • • The measures listed below represent the minimum measures to be included/adopted in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PMU/HCWW. They should be part of the contracting tender documents. a) General measures • All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of construction works. At the time of producing this study, the nearest (only) hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. • The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. • Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified by the contractor b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The Contractor shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the contractor’s in-house staff or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant appointed by the contractor. c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.: • It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste. • The storage area must have a water supply • A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. d) Emergency Response For the purpose of first response, when a hazardous substance release is first discovered or witnessed, the individual of concern who had to be previously trained would initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. The individual will take no further action beyond self-evacuation and notification. The aim of the response at this level is limited to protect nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. No trials are performed at this stage to actually stop the release. This level of response includes; • actions to contain the release from a safe distance • prevent its spreading • evacuation Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) xlix ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Impacts related to Construction of • Prior to construction works the project's construction plan should be Pre- Contractor PIU/RSU Review of RSU and PIU 0.0 Archaeology and WWTP, PSs, presented to the Supreme Council for Antiquities, who shall identify construction official management costs cultural heritage FMs and project locations (including PSs, WWTPs, sewer lines and FMs) that and letters gravity sewers require providing protection against possible damage to near antiquities. construction • Chance find procedures will be employed, in case an antiquity is found Construction CSC PIU/RSU Review - Possible delays in 0.0 during excavation. The process includes immediate cessation of documentati construction works excavation works, leaving the antiquity object exactly on its found on of chance which are the location, taking photographs to document time and status of the object, find responsibility of the assigning guards to watch the found antiquity and contacting the procedures contractors Supreme Council of Antiquities to handle the site within 48 hours. Construction of • All mitigation measures for safeguarding long delays of vehicles and Planning and - PIU for approval PIU-EM Review of RSU and PIU 0.0 Disturbance of WWTP, PSs, trains traffic will be undertaken by Local Traffic Department and the pre- during planning required management costs traffic and access FMs and Railway Authority respectively. The role of the project management will construction - Contractor (aided permits on difficulty gravity sewers be focused on involving the two authorities in the project planning by RSU) for planned process, to identify the type of crossing works, and to take permission specific approvals crossing for the duration and method of execution for specific crossings. right before/during works construction • During the excavation of roads in villages, there should be a wood or Construction Construction CSC Field - Warning signs and 0.0 metal bridge for pedestrians access over each opened trench. Contractor supervision pedestrian access Pedestrian paths beside or across trenches should be as flat as possible, means are included and clearly marked with warning sings that are visible at night. In all in the contractor bid cases the maximum length of an open trench in certain road should price not exceed 500 meters2. - Three trenches are • Alternate access routes should be identified and communicated with assumed to be open the residents before starting /during construction. at the same time. - CSC normal price • Assign one worker to be present 24 hours for helping people with Construction Construction CSC Field - normal contractor 0.0 difficulty in access or respond to falling accidents Contractor supervision bid price - CSC normal price The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan during the Construction Construction CSC Field - CSC normal price 0.0 Occupational health construction phase. Contractor supervision and Safety impacts The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan during the 2 This condition has been recommended by the HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) l ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary construction phase. According to OSHA standards the main mitigations measures to prevent common construction hazards are: • Workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating • Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly. • Workers must comply with OSHA’s general rule for the safe use of ladders and stairways • The scaffolding hazard shall be addressed as stated by OSHA standards. They give specific requirements for the maximum load, when to use scaffolding, bracing systems and the use of guardrails. • To prevent Heavy Construction Equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents • The best way to prevent the Electrical hazard is for the workers to be at a safe working distance away from the power lines. Other precautionary measures include guarding and insulating of the vehicle from which they might work. This would help prevent electrical hazards from injuring them while working. The Occupational Health and safety plan shall also include the Egyptian Labor law No. 12 for 2003 and the international construction standards requirements, including , but not limited to , the following measures: • Identification of hazard sources to workers • Eliminating the sources of hazards • Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to how to use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). • Inspection and testing of all equipment and machines • Appointing an Accident Prevention Officer at the site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents • Designation of restricted areas, such as construction sites • Preparation of an emergency response plan • Provision of necessary rescue equipment • Elaboration and management of a safety guarantee plan • Provision of appropriate and sufficient first aid equipment Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) li ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Community Safety Construction of • To prevent Excavation and Trenching accidents and injuries, both the Construction Construction CSC Field CSC normal price 0.0 WWTP, PSs, contractors and workers must follow safety standards and use Contractor supervision FMs and protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and gravity sewers excavating. The sides of the trenches should be strengthened by wood or aluminum reinforcement sheets installed on both sides of the excavated trench, in critical areas (adjacent to existing houses and near canals and drains). • Using fences and warning signs during the construction phase • Using protective barriers and safe walkways • Appointing of an officer on site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents and/or to respond to accidents. • Provision of appropriate and sufficient of first aid equipment on site Visual Impacts Construction of Construct an interim fence around the site in order to improve the aesthetics Pre- Design Consultant CSC during the Field - Contractor 0.0 WWTP, PSs, as well as reducing other environmental impacts , until the construction of the construction and construction phase supervision cost in FMs and designed concrete fence. & Construction PIU during the by CSC normal bid gravity sewers construction Contractor design phase price. - RSU and PIU management costs - CSC normal price Total costs 0.0 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Table E.2 - Environnemental Monitoring Matrix during the construction phase Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Cost3 Potential Impact Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Assumptions Total Costs (L.E) Air emissions HC, CO% and Construction Onsite gas Once before CSC/RSU - L.E 800 / machine 28,800 opacity for site analyzer construction + - Number of machines per site , selected randomly is 1 construction measurement for once quarterly - Number of sites is 4 machinery exhaust for each machine during construction Opacity and black Construction Visual inspection Once before CSC/RSU 0.0 fume site construction + once quarterly for each machine during construction Dust complaints Construction Record and Recording to be CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 site document once complaint complaints is received. Documentation shall be in monthly reports Noise intensity, Construction Onsite noise Once quarterly CSC/RSU - L.E600 / site 19,200 exposure durations site meter during - Number of sites is 4 and noise impacts measurements construction Noise emissions from representative locations (Map1) Complaints from Construction Record and Recording to be CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 residents site document once complaint complaints is received. received from Documentation residents shall be in monthly reports Soil Impacts Amount of soil Construction Record Whenever soil is CSC/RSU normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 disposed of and the site disposed of or amount of soil brought in brought in Risks of improper Accumulation of Construction Regular inspection Daily field CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 handling of waste waste sites Observation, observation and generated during documentation documentation construction in monthly reports 3 Displayed Monitoring costs are for two years Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) liii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Cost3 Potential Impact Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Assumptions Total Costs (L.E) Amount of Construction Manifests and Monthly Environmental - Environmental consultant costs included in his management costs 0.0 delivered hazardous sites waste disposal consultant waste to licensed receipt review supervising facility clearance of contaminated sites Risk of improper Date, time, Construction Documentation of In case an object CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 management of locations and status site chance-find has been found culturally valuable of chance finds procedures sites Disturbance of Accidents, Construction Record and Recording to be CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 traffic and access complaints and site document once complaint difficulty remarks from complaints is received. residents received from Documentation Contractors’ access residents shall be in facilitation adequacy monthly reports Occupational Regular reporting of Construction Record and Monthly CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 Health & Safety any accidents, as site document well as records and accidents – reports on health, Medical inspection safety and welfare of workers Regular inspection of workers against pathogenic agents and provision of immunization when needed Total Costs 48,000 Table E-3: Environmental Management Matrix during the operation phase Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Air Quality and Operation of Maintain high efficiency of biological treatment and Operation PO RSU - Review of - RSU and normal operation 0.0 Odour Impacts the WWTP lime application to sludge monthly reports management costs and PSs and field supervision Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) liv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Establish close communication with the neighboring Operation RSU PIU - Field audit to - Allow L.E. 6,000 / WWTP / year 6,000 areas, establish a complaints handling system and ensure that a for awareness assign a staff member in the WWTP to receive odour communication -Number of WWTP is 1 complaints. This could be done through posters and system and - RSU and PIU normal management the distribution of brochures that illustrate the right to complaints costs complain, and the contacts information of the handling system responsible staff, and the RSU officer assigned to are established supervise the plant. Supplied standby generators to PSs and WWTPs Operation RSU PIU - Review - Normal supplier price 0.0 should be checked with suppliers for their emission certificate for standards emission standards from the supplier Noise Impacts Operation of Off site: Operation PO PIU/RSU - Field audit - L.E. 10,000 / WWTP for 10,000 the WWTP • Cultivate and maintain a tree belt around the cultivation , irrigation and and PSs site maintenance • Implement a complaints system to investigate - Number of WWTP is 1 any noise complaints from neighboring communities. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) On site noise emissions control during operation shall Operation PO PIU/RSU -Field audit Included in normal operation 0.0 be achieved by implementing an occupational health -Review H&S budget and safety plan, which considers national and records international requirements. This to ensure a safe work environment and to ensure that on-site noise levels stay within the allowable limits. The plan shall include the following measures: • Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas • Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers’ induction sessions. • Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. • Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lvi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Risks of improper Operation of Sludge handling and treatment Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 handling of sludge the WWTP • Following the drying process, the stabilization and check that the costs and hygienisation of sludge using quicklime procedures for should be implemented on site sludge treatment • The sludge and lime should be thoroughly are documented mixed. A pH not less than 12 and a and are being temperature not less 55°C should be followed. maintained for at least 2 hours after mixing. • A manual for sludge treatment shall be developed and should be annually revised based on the actual sludge quality, actual quantity, news laws and regulations. • Workers handling sludge, or working near sludge tanks in the WWTP should wear suitable gloves and boots. Hygiene instructions should be disseminated to workers, before they start working. These instructions should be clearly illustrated in posters placed in the offices and rest rooms of workers. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lvii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 Sludge application on land (if proven feasible by PIU): and check that the costs procedures and • It is very important to ensure that sludge is of regulations for adequate quality for reuse. The quality of the sludge sludge has to fulfill the quality standards for heavy metals management are as indicated in Table 5.5 according to the Executive documented and Regulations of Law 93/1962 , and the US EPA are being threshold concentrations of heavy metals of sludge followed. to be applied on agricultural land (whichever is lower). The monitoring activities for assessing the sludge quality and the effectiveness of the treatment are included in the sludge management monitoring activities in Table 7.4. • Sludge must not be applied to soil in which fruit and vegetable crops are being grown, or less than ten months before fruit and vegetable crops are to be harvested. • Grazing animals must not be allowed access to grassland or forage land less than three weeks after the application of sludge. • Treated Sludge shall not be used as fertilizer unless it has been tested and approved by (i) the competent administrative authority within the Ministry of Housing, (ii) the Ministry of Health and (iii) EEAA after preparing an EIA for the production, distribution, utilization and disposal process, if necessary. • Health precautions and buffer zones should be respected and indicate that the application of sludge should be within the following ranges according to soil type (law 93/1962): 8-14 m3/feddan/year for thick soil, 10- 3 16m /feddan/year for medium soil and 12- 20m3/feddan/year for light soil. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lviii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 Sludge Use as RDF (if proven feasible by PIU): and check that costs RDF contract is • Dried sludge could be sent to cement factories being as RDF according to an contractual agreement implemented between HCWW and the Cement Company. In that case the need for lime treatment should be reconsidered if it will affect the calorific value/properties of the sludge. • If the sludge was found hazardous (based on the sludge sampling results), it shall be handled by workers wearing PPE and transported by a licensed contractor to a cement factory licensed to incinerate hazardous wastes. Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection, - L.E. 150 / ton sludge above 30,000 Sludge disposal in landfill: and documents normal operation costs in case of • If sludge cannot be reused , the right landfill review dumpsite. category must be determined. Based on the Potential Sludge amount is around chemical analysis of the sludge, it should be 200ton/year/WWTP. sent to the respective landfill (HW landfill or - Number of WWTPs is1. non HW landfill). - RSU normal management costs Risks associated with Operation of • Implement preventive maintenance Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection, - Normal PO costs 0.0 disposal and/or reuse the WWTP Programme to all structures and and documents - PIU and RSU management costs of final treated electromechanical equipment in PSs and review effluent WWTPs. The supplier of each equipment should provide a preventive maintenance schedule for supplied equipment. Implementing this schedule should be part of the WWTP and PS operational manual. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lix ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) • In case the influent is totally or partially Operation PO PIU Field inspection - PO normal costs 0.0 bypassed to the receiving drain, the PIU-EM and documents - PIU and RSU management costs should be immediately notified with the review reasons, durations and applied control measures for such event. The PIU-EM should directly notify the PSC and EEAA with the incidents. After returning to normal operation mode, reasons for using the bypass line should be analyzed to prevent repeating these incidents in future. This should be considered during the analysis of the results of the regular monitoring program. Risks of improper Operation of A waste management plan complying with international Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision - Waste disposal is included in handling and/or the WWTP best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and and review that normal operations costs 4,000 disposal of non- and PSs covering all types of potential non-hazardous wastes the PS/WWTP’s - 4,000/year maintenance of hazardous solid shall be developed and implemented by the project’s waste management containers and storage areas wastes generated operator. This plan shall define exact procedures and plan is during operation locations for waste management and disposal. documented and - being The following measures shall be implemented: implemented • Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams • Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams • Dispose of non-recycled wastes at the nearest landfill. • Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by EEAA. HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed above and ensure that the all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lx ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Prepare schedule for solids and oils removal from Operation Owners of the RSU - Occasional site - RSU management costs 0.0 household separation unit. Sludge from household households, supervision interceptors and septic tanks should be discharged to bakeries, and WWTP. restaurants Remove oil from oil separators in restaurants and bakeries and dispose it in domestic solid waste disposal sites4 Daily removal of PS screens waste to domestic solid Operation PO RSU-ERO - Documents - L.E. 100/ton for normal waste 39,000 waste disposal sites review and contractor, above PO price. Stabilizing separated grit with lime, dry it in separate occasional site - Average flow per day is 15000m3 drying beds and dispose dry grit in domestic solid waste supervision - PS screens factor is disposal sites 0.05m3/1000m3 - Density of PS screens is 0.2t/m3 - RSU management costs - Lime cost included in sludge stabilization - L.E. 100/ton for grit disposal. - Average flow per day is 15,000 m3 - Grit factor is 0.01 m3/1000m3 - Density of PS screens is 1.6 t/m3 - RSU management costs 4 It has been assumed that new separators will be installed according to adequate engineering specs. It has been also assumed that the oil has been oxidized to an extent that it is not considered flammable thus not considered as hazardous waste. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Risks of improper Operation of A waste management plan complying with international Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection - 1500L.E./ton or batch 6,000 handling and/or the WWTP best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and and check that - Number of batches is 4 per disposal of hazardous and PSs. covering all types of potential hazardous wastes shall be hazardous wastes each WWTP per year solid wastes developed and implemented by the project’s operator. operating generated during the This plan shall define exact procedures and locations procedures are operation phase for waste management and disposal. The waste being documented management plans should also refer to health and and implemented safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages. HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed below and ensure that all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. In addition to that, a separate hazardous waste register (according to the Egyptian Laws) has to be prepared , containing all information relevant to the generation , handling and disposal of hazardous wastes. a) General measures • All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. At the time of producing this study, the nearest and only hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. • The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. • Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The operator shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the operator’s in-house staff (PMU-EM and RSUs or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant). c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.: • It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste. • The storage area must have a water supply • A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. - Remove oil from oil separators in petrol stations and Operation Owners of the PIU/RSU - Documents - L.E. 1000 / year for each unit de- 2000 workshops and dispose it in hazardous solid waste petrol stations review and sludging disposal sites occasional site - Number of units is 20% of inspectiosn separators (2) - PIU and RSU management costs Risks of handling Operation of • Empty chlorine cylinders, should be collected at Operation PO PIU/RSU - Documents PIU and RSU management costs 0.0 hazardous substances the WWTP a certain location inside the chlorine building review and and PSs. before being returned to the supplier. The occasional site vendor who will supply the WWTP with inspectiosn chlorine cylinders should take waste cylinders back on the same truck. This process should be documented in manifests that should be signed by the vendor. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxiii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) • Diesel ASTs should be surrounded with Operation PO PIU/RSU - Documents review PIU and RSU management costs 0.0 impermeable bund with a capacity of 110% of AST and occasional site capacity. Any leaked diesel from ASTs should be inspectiosn pumped to diesel trucks until the leakage in AST has been repaired. No USTs should be used in the project, this has been further discussed in the screening criteria. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxiv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Occupational health Operation of The project’s operator shall implement an occupational health and safety Operation PO PIU/RSU Documents review - PO normal costs 0.0 plan , which shall include, but not be limited to, the following measures; and safety impacts the WWTP and occasional site - RSU management costs and PSs 1-Immunization supervision Ensure routine vaccinations for workers for influenza, tetanus, and Hepatitis “A” (according to Consultations with the institute’s physicians). 2- Safe Practices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) It is recommended to avoid liquid contact with exposed skin, by using a full-body impervious suits in addition with using rubber boots, gloves, hard hats and eye protection. Using the Respirator instrument is based on an evaluation of respiratory hazards in the workplace and other relevant workplace and user factors. During cleaning operations performed outside a tank or and pipelines, where the atmosphere is not immediately dangerous to life or health, the worker(s) shall wear supplied-air or air-purifying respirator with organic vapor HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Arresting cartridge). When working in confined spaces, the team (inside and outside) must have extra flashlights and two-way radios readied for communication. A first-aid kit must be readily available; an eyewash and flushing station, neutralizing solutions, cleaning equipment, and emergency medical services. 3-Training Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to select and use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 4- Control Measures Prior to entering and/or maintenance • Assess and review sewage systems, components and piping. • Perform jobsite safety and health analyses and be aware of all associated risks and hazards. Inform all workers involved of the risks and hazards determined by the jobsite safety and health analyses. • Post warning signs and labels. • Secure all toilets, urinals, drains, pumps, and sewage treatment systems. • Isolate, close, secure, divert, de-energize, lockout and apply tags-plus applications to all valves, piping and associated equipment. • When confined space entries are performed, have a trained rescue team with the proper rescue equipment available at the job site, or notifying the outside designated rescue team in advance that employees are working in a confined space on the sewage system so they can prepare to respond in the event of an emergency. • Follow confined space entry testing and permitting procedures. If feasible, use sample ports to test for atmospheric contaminants inside the tank or / and pipeline manholes. • Cautiously and deliberately remove bolts and nuts off manholes and piping, while staying alert to any immediate change of Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxv ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) conditions, and be prepared to take necessary action. • Use appropriate tools and operating procedures. • Install and use adequate exhaust ventilation devices, ducting, lighting, and tank-cleaning equipment. Immediately following the piping being broken or the tank opened, apply or insert ducting to begin exhaust ventilation. Pipe all exhausts downwind, overboard, or away from people. • Cover and isolate all work areas with disposable plastic sheeting to prevent possible contamination. • pumping and drain all residual products flush tanks and piping systems • Check for residual pressure or vacuum effects in tanks and piping. • While remaining outside the tank, continue to test the atmosphere inside the tank remotely for safe conditions. • Before beginning tank cleaning operations, while wearing the appropriate PPE, clothing and respiratory protection, cautiously enter the tank for an internal inspection. • Chlorinate or sanitize the tanks and piping systems when necessary. 6-Post-Work Cleanup • Remove contaminated clothing and bag for proper disposal or decontamination. • Shower or wash face, arms, hands and legs with soap, using a substantial amount of water. • Disinfect equipment (e.g., using iodine compounds, bromine, chlorine, ozone, or their equivalent) and wash contaminated spaces, decks and bulkheads with detergent, sanitizer, or bleach. • Dispose of or re-wash rubber boots, gloves, eye goggles, face shields and respirators with a disinfectant solution. • Wash contaminated clothing separately. • Do not enter other spaces while still wearing contaminated clothing. Community health Operation of Operation PO PIU/RSU Occasional site - PO normal costs 0.0 and Safety the WWTP, • Using fences and warning signs during supervision - RSU management costs PSs, FMs and maintenance periods and/or close the roads Gravity sewers • Regular inspection for all the components of the sewage system especially the manholes covers and take instantaneous measurements for correction. • Preventive maintenance program • Adjust the maintenance schedules away from the rush hour Total = 97,000 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxvi ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Table E-4: Environmental Monitoring Matrix during the operation phase Estimated Monitoring Cost/year Potential Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Total Monitoring Methods Impact Indicator Location Frequency Responsibility Assumptions costs/year (L.E) Unacceptable Neighbors PSs and • Record odour complaints received from neighboring areas. The record should include Daily PIU/RSU RSU management costs 0.0 odours complaints WWTPs name of the person who has made the complaint, time of complaint , GPS location of the affected area, , time and duration of unacceptable odour. Complaints records should be reported in monthly reports. The RSU should analyze odour complaints on monthly basis and document how each complaint was confronted Air emissions CO, SO2, total Generators at • Onsite gas analyzer measurement for exhaust Annually PO L.E 1000 / generator 4,000 hydrocarbons and WWTPs and / year NOx PSs One generator/site Number of sites is 4 Noise intensity, PSs and WWTP • Measuring the ambient noise level in noise critical areas, using a portable noise meter. Annually PO L.E. 1,000 / PS/year 4,000 exposure • Measuring the ambient noise level using a portable noise meter at the nearest sensitive Number of sites is 4 Ambient durations and receptors (Map1). Noise noise impacts • Investigate noise complaints from workers and neighboring communities in the affected locations Noise complaints Soil and Any leaks PSs , WWTP • Regular inspection of all components of PSs and WWTP for any potential leaks Monthly PO Normal operation costs 0.0 groundwater and pipeline network Risks of pH of fresh sludge WWTP drying • Undertake continuous monitoring of pH of immature sludge drying beds. Logs of pH Continuous PO - L.E. 2,000 for 1,000 improper beds values should be used for controlling the lime dosing. for two days continuous pH meter handling of after laying - pH meter depreciates sludge fresh sludge in in two years drying beds (2 days average to be documented) Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, WWTP drying • Taking representative sample and analyze it according to requirements of Law Once each 3 PO - L.E. 1000 / sample 16,000 Pb, Hg, Cr, Mo, beds 93/1962 month, or - 16 samples/year/site Se, As, faecal whenever - Number of sites is 1 coliforms, sludge is being salmonella and sold escharis eggs Water borne Identified • Periodical medical examination for the workers and lab analysis Quarterly PO - L.E. 2000 / worker 10,000 diseased for medical center - 5 employees /WWTP WWTP workers - Number of WWTPs is 1 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxvii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Estimated Monitoring Cost/year Potential Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Total Monitoring Methods Impact Indicator Location Frequency Responsibility Assumptions costs/year (L.E) Risks Discharge rate of PS and WWTPs • Continuous monitoring of PS and WWTPs incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily - Continuous, PO - Normal PO price 0.0 associated influents averages should be calculated and documented average flow with disposal to be recorded of final daily effluent COD, TSS, TKN WWTPs influent • Sampling and analysis in WWTP lab - Daily PO - Normal PO price 0.0 and P and effluent Full Law 48/1982 WWTP effluent • Sampling and analysis in WWTP lab - Monthly PO - Normal PO price 0.0 parameters BOD, TSS, Total Receiving drain • Sampling and analysis in RSU labs - Monthly M&E unit - M&E budget 0.0 coliforms and (Donshoway) insitu analysis of temperature, pH, conductivity and DO Performance WWTP Detailed environmental audit of the WWTP to review performance efficiency - Annually Environmental 25,000 efficiency of consultant WWTPs Risks of Data and PSs and Auditing waste and environmental registers Quarterly RSU - RSU management 0.0 improper information in WWTPs costs management waste and of solid environmental hazardous registers and non hazardous wastes Risks of Chlorine Chlorine Chlorine detectors - Continuous PO - Normal PO price 0.0 handling concentration in building in leak detection hazardous air WWTP - Leak substances incidents to be documented in monthly reports Integrity of ASTs WWTP Visual observation - Daily PO - Normal PO price 0.0 - Leak incidents to be documented in monthly reports Amount of WWTP Checking signatures in waste manifests - Monthly RSU - RSU management 0.0 delivered check of waste costs containers to documents vendors Total Costs 60,000 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxviii ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Table E.5 - Social Management plan Potential Proposed Mitigation Measures Performance Indicators Institutional responsibilities Direct Supervision Cost Impacts Responsibilities During Construction Phase Impacts on • Conducting surveillance activities to detect 1- Reducing rates of Water and wastewater Contractor Field visits, Cost by the contractor infrastructure available pipelines or networks (water or complaints related to company in Menoufia, Accidents register electricity) infrastructure Contractor, LGUs • Coordination with the Local Governmental Units and the water and network companies to repair any damages. The contractor should pay for this cost. Impacts on • Boreholes should be used to identify the type 1- Reducing rates of Water and wastewater Contractor Field visits, Cost by the contractor the physical of soil and the potential of impacts on the complaints related to company in Menoufia Accidents register integrity of current structures structures Contractor and LGUs houses • In case the soil is fragile, wood support may be provided to the houses and land • Measuring ground water levels before construction Road quality • A time plan should be developed for street 1- Site visits checklists Water and wastewater Water Companies Site visits reports and Cost by the company rehabilitation related to street company in Menoufia Minutes of meetings • Inform the local community with any potential conditions delay of street rehabilitation 2- Photos that shows how • Paving the streets immediately after the streets were rehabilitated construction. That should be done by specialized companies or the contractors but not by the Local Governmental Units • Monitor the process of street rehabilitation and realistic fines should be applied on the entities responsible of street rehabilitation Operation Phase No foreseen social impacts during the operation phase Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxix ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 Executive Summary Table E.6 - Social Monitoring Plan Potential Monitoring Monitoring Responsibility Estimate Monitoring Site Monitoring Method Impacts Indicators Frequency cost During Construction Phase Water and Allocated plots Among Land Field visits Once before Wastewater (Approvals and Site location company requirements Visits to the Local Public Unit construction Company in permits) activities Menoufia (SDO) Water and Rates of impacts Wastewater on available Complaints related to the Among Impacts on Company in infrastructure Site location impact Monthly company Infrastructure Menoufia (water pipelines Complaints from LGU activities Rural Sanitation broken) Unit Water and Wastewater Complaints related to the Among Impacts on Old Rate of impact on Company in Site location impact Monthly company houses structures Menoufia Complaints from LGU activities Rural Sanitation Unit Detrioriation of Water and street Complaints related to the Wastewater Rates of Among conditions due impact Company in problems with Site location Monthly company to the lack of Complaints from LGU Menoufia the community activities rehabilitation Rural Sanitation Unit Impacts during Operation No monitoring measures during the operation phase Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) lxx ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia – 17-08-2014 ! CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 1 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 1.1 BACKGROUND Drinking water supplies have been introduced to the rural areas in Egypt few decades ago. However, the sanitation services were not developed in parallel. This situation has resulted in many problems that could be summarized as follows: 1- Households use sewage cesspits that are often leaking to the surrounding environment and underground water causing various health risks, especially in areas where people rely on underground water. 2- Continuous discharge from sewage cesspits has raised the groundwater level, especially in northern parts of the country were groundwater level is relatively high. 3- Due to the absence of centralized sanitation services, discharge of untreated sewage in canals and drains is taking place . This has increased organic and pathogenic contamination in surface water, and subsequently raised contamination risks to soil and crops. Recently the Government of Egypt (GoE) has initiated an ambitious plan for providing sanitation services to rural areas in the country. The Ministry Of Housing and Urban Development (MOHUD) and its technical arm, the National Organization for Potable Water & Sanitary Drainage (NOPW ASD), have set a plan to cover all villages in Egypt with sanitation services by the year 2022. In 2004 a Presidential Decree has been issued for establishing the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) with mandate of managing and operating water and wastewater utilities. The establishment of HCWW represented an important step for a reform program adopted by the GoE for the water/wastewater sector focusing on commercialization, privatization and regulation of its utilities. HCWW has consolidated 14 water and wastewater utility companies in the country under its supervision as affiliate companies. In January 2009, HCWW, with support from the World Bank (WB), has initiated the Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project (ISSIP) which is providing deprived villages in Gharbeya, Beheira and Kafr EI Sheikh with sanitation services. The developmental objective of ISSIP is to improve health conditions of rural inhabitants in the project area and to improve surface water quality in selected irrigation command areas. The first phase of ISSIP (ISSIP-l) is implementing centralized sanitation systems in about 222 villages within 14 clusters and decentralized systems in about 120 villages with smaller populations. In order to widen the coverage areas of the ISSIP and to increase number of beneficiaries HCWW has planned to implement a second phase of the ISSIP (ISSIP-2) in which the geographic coverage of the project will be extended to another 2 Lower Egypt Governorates, namely Menoufeya and Sharkeya Governorates, and 2 Upper Egypt Governorates, Assiut and Sohag Governorates. The proponents of the ISSIP II are NOPWASD and HCWW, along with its the subsidiary companies in the new project areas. HCWW has requested the assistance of the WB for implementing the ISSIP II. The project aims at expanding sustainable and basic sanitation services; reduce pollution in the irrigation and drainage canals in order to protect ground and surface water and eliminate/reduce health hazards; and improve beneficiary services. The First Stage of ISSIP II is targeting four governorates Assiut, Sohag, Menoufia and Sharkia. The project involves the construction of four Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 2 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final new WWTPs located in Assiut (El Etmania), Menoufia (Danasaur), Sharkia (Kanteer and Debaig). EcoConServ has been selected as the consultant responsible for performing the ESIA study for all the governorates. This report presents the findings for Menoufia governorate. 1.2 ESIA OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THE REPORT Assessment of the environmental and social impacts is a prerequisite for implementing developmental projects both by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and the WB. Accordingly this study has been prepared for performing an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), following Terms of Reference (ToRs) prepared by HCWW, aiming at providing a detailed analysis of the anticipated environmental and social safeguard issues associated with the ISSIP; and to develop an environmental management and monitoring plan to be implemented during the construction and operation of the project. According to the EIA guidelines and procedures manual published by the Ministry of Environment – EEAA January 2009 (amended in October 2010). The ISSIP II project falls under Category C projects, number 55 under the category of Energy and infrastructure projects. This ESIA report has been compiled as part of the EIA process in accordance with Egyptian environmental Law number 4 for the year 1994 amended by law number 9 for the year 2009. It has taken into account the environmental regulations and requirements of funding institutions including the WB safeguard policies. The ESIA report will be submitted to the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) after review and acceptance from HCWW and the funding institutions in order to seek environmental approval for the proposed project. The report includes the identification and evaluation of the potential environmental impacts due to the construction and operation of different components of the project. It also includes proposed mitigation and monitoring measures to control/minimize the effects of the identified negative impacts. In general, the objectives of the ESIA study were to: • identify the various elements that may affect human health and safety as well as have an impact on different ecosystems; • describe the environmental and social baseline conditions of the communities hosting the project in order to measure the severity of impacts related to it; • highlight and review the legislations under which the project will be implemented; • determine the social and environmental impacts in a quantitative manner whenever possible taking into account different projects activities at various stages (planning, construction, operation and decommissioning) and their impact on environmental and social issues; • compare the identified social and environmental impacts, against relevant local and international regulations and standards. This includes the WB safeguard policies; • propose, analyze and select the most appropriate alternatives based upon the analysis and evaluation of environmental and social concerns; • prepare the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) to mitigate adverse impacts (social and environmental). The ESMP includes performance indicators and monitoring requirements for the impacts in accordance with relevant environmental and social laws and regulations. • Develop a monitoring program in order to identify; 1) any unexpected cases which may appear during the project’s implementation; and 2) the effectiveness of the identified mitigation measures during implementation; Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 3 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final • assess the capacity of the implementing bodies to apply the proposed social and environmental management and monitoring plans, as well as make recommendations for a capacity building program in case of identified gaps in the capacities of the implementing bodies with regards to social and environmental procedures; • analyze the stakeholders in order to investigate the possibility of community engagement during the implementation phase of the project. • prepare a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) or a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in case of involuntary resettlement activities. This objective has been … • consult and disseminate the project data at an early stage as well as after the completion of the ESIA study. Results from the first public consultation sessions were taken into consideration in the ESIA study. Vulnerable groups were taken into consideration such as women, children, elderly, poor, minorities, and any other group that has seen to be vulnerable to social or environmental impacts. These groups are less capable of having access to decision makers within the community. The findings included in this ESIA study will provide decision makers with the needed information in order to minimize the unfavorable impacts and develop the best compensation strategy, if needed. 1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE The structure of this ESIA report is as shown in the Table below: Chapter Contents Contains a brief description of the proposed activity Chapter 1 Introduction, and an outline of the report structure. Outlines the approach and methodology approach to the ESIA study and summarizes the process undertaken for the project to date. Outlines the legislative, policy and administrative Chapter 2 Regulatory requirements applicable to the proposed Framework development. Includes a detailed description of the proposed Chapter 3 Project Description activities and the alternatives. Chapter 4 Environmental and Describes the environmental and social baseline Social Baseline conditions in the project region. Describes and assesses the potential environmental and socio-economic impacts of the proposed project Chapter 5 Environmental and on different receptors and describes relevant Social Impact assessment mitigation measures. Cumulative impacts are also qualitatively assessed. Chapter 6 Analysis of Alternatives Describes and assesses the project alternatives Chapter 7 Environmental and Describes the identified mitigation measures in the Social Management Plan environmental management and monitoring plan Chapter 8 Public Consultations Describes the public consultation activities Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 4 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY The ESIA is a systematic process where the potential negative and positive impacts of the project on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment are identified, assessed and – if avoidance is not feasible - mitigated. The following sections include the methodologies that were adopted by the Consultant during the different stages of the EIA process. 1.4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment phase 1.4.3.1 General Methodology The methodology that the Consultant used for the impact assessment was a semi-quantitative process, based on scores. The overall score for the significance of the impacts was evaluated taking into accounts the following four factors: A. Probability of occurrence B. Spatial scale C. Temporal scale D. Intensity of the impact (which also considers the sensitivity of the receptors) A. Probability of occurrence Three probability levels were used as shown in the Table 1.1 below Table 1.1 – Probability criterion adopted for the impact assessment Probability score Criterion 1 High and very high probability of occurrence, 75-100% confidence that the impact will take place 0.5 Medium probability of occurrence, 25-75% confidence that the impact will take place 0.25 Low probability of occurrence, less than 25% confidence that the impact will take place B. Spatial scale Table 1.2 shows the different scores adopted by the Consultant in order to quantify the impact based on its area of influence. Table 1.2 – Spatial Scale criterion adopted for the impact assessment Score Criterion 1 (Site) Impact area is up to 1 km2 2 (Limited) Impact area is up to 10 km2 3 (Area) Impact area is up to 100 km2 4 (Regional) Impact area exceeds 100 km2 C. Temporal scale Table 1.3 shows the different scores adopted by the Consultant in order to quantify the impact based on the expected duration of the impact of concern. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 5 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Table 1.3 – Temporal Scale criterion adopted for the impact assessment Score Criterion 1 (Short-Term) Impact duration up to 3 months 2 (Medium-Term) Impact duration from 3 months to 1 year 3 (Long-Term) Impact duration from 1 to 3 years 4 (Permanent) Impact duration for more than 3 years D. Impact intensity Table 1.4 shows the different categories for the expected impact intensity and the scoring criteria. The sensitivity of the receptor is taken into account when determining the relative intensity. Table 1.4 – Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment Score Criterion 1 (Negligible) Environmental changes are within the existing limits of natural variations 2 (low) Environmental changes exceed the existing limits of natural variations. Natural environment is completely self-recoverable. 3 (Medium) Environmental changes exceed the existing limits of natural variations and result in damage to the separate environmental components. Natural environment remains self-recoverable. 4 (High) Environmental changes result in significant disturbance to particular environmental components and ecosystems. Certain environmental components lose self-recovering ability. E. Integrated Assessment of Impact The overall assessment (i.e. score) for the impact of concern will be the multiplication result of the B. Spatial score, C. Temporal score, and D. Intensity score. The overall score will determine the category of severity (i.e. impact significance) based on the score range it falls into. Table 1.5 shows the upper and lower limits of each impact significance category, assuming a probability of occurrence of 1 (A. Probability score). Table 1.5 – Impact intensity criterion adopted for the impact assessment Impact Parameters Overall Spatial Temporal Impact Probability Score Score Impact Significance Scale Scale intensity of range occurrence Site Short-term Negligible 1 1 1-8 Minor [1] [1] [1] Limited medium- Low 1 8 [2] term [2] [2] Area Long-term Medium 1 27 9-27 Moderate [3] [3] [3] Regional permanent High 1 64 28-64 Major [4] [4] [4] 1.4.2 Social Impact Assessment phase EcoConServ has adopted a multistage analysis strategy, several data collection methods and tools were applied using the Participatory Rapid Appraisal approach. This approach enables collecting necessary data during a limited period of time, by including community groups in preparing the SIA study as part of the integrated ESIA and the RPF studies. A number of quantitative and qualitative data collection tools were applied to ensure different community groups participated Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 6 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final to the study. The consultant has reviewed relevant secondary data sources such as: studies, reports and previous literature. The research team has conducted several field visits to assess the baseline conditions. Data was also collected from relevant stakeholders including local administration units and the local NGO’s. The applied methodology can be summarized in the following figure: Source!of! information!! Secondary!data! Primary!Data! Secondary! Quantitative!tools! resources! Observations! 13!Structured! review:! and!site!visits! questionnaires! Qualitative!tools! with!!Potential! 13!Legislatives!! 13!observation! beneEiciaries! 13!FGDs! 23National! sheets! 23!In3depth! 23!Structured! reports!! 23!Site!visit! community! interviews!! 33!Websites!and! checklist! questionnaire! internet! ! Figure 1.1: Methodology and data collection tools matrix 1.4.2.1 Data collection and reviewing A. Secondary data: The consultant has reviewed previous studies, reports, data sources and information available on the internet, in addition to data provided by HCWW. The consultant has previously prepared the ESIAF for the ISSIP project, which has provided a wide range of information that has facilitated conducting the study. The consultant has also reviewed several important resources such as: the Human Development Report 2010, the Annual Statistical Yearbook, the 2006 National Census data, and the Description of Egypt by information. B. Primary data: Primary data was collected using different methods such as surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Primary data sources are an important source for information that the consultant has used to provide deep understanding of the surrounding community as well as identify potential impacts related to the project. The consultant has applied three data collection methods: quantitative data, qualitative data and field observation. First data collection tools were designed, later the field research team was trained to the designed data collection tools, and field Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 7 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final supervision was applied to ensure quality of the collected data. The research team has coordinated with the local NGO’s to participate in the data collection activities. B.1. Quantitative data: The research team has collected quantitative data from the direct beneficiaries in order to provide a complete picture about their living conditions, type of sanitation systems and problems related to the current sanitation practices. The data has included also surveying the willingness to pay based upon the sustainable livelihood approach. B.2. Qualitative data: The qualitative research has helped to collect in depth information about the current living conditions at the project area and the possible impacts. The consultant has tried to target a wide range of social groups and stakeholders in the qualitative research. In addition to focusing on different typed of local communities at beneficiary areas surrounding the project. FGD’s and a number of in depth interviews were conducted. B.3. Additional Data collection tools: - Stakeholder’s Analysis: Stakeholder’s analysis is one of the tools that helped the consultant identify relevant groups of stakeholders and their interest in the project as which may facilitate different project activities. Stakeholder’s analysis is an important tool at the initial stages of the project which might contribute to define and mitigate several negative impacts at an early stage. Stakeholder’s can help enhance the social benefits related to the project at the local community level. Stakeholders group Roles HCWW Is the owner of the project, the main government authority concerned with supervising the project activities and implementation of the project. EEAA Is the authority responsible for approving the ESIA study as part of the implementation requirements. Local Governmental Units Are responsible for providing and financing infrastructure at main and satellite villages services at local areas. They are also able to coordinate among different development projects and initiatives. Environment department is responsible for monitoring. Natural leaders at the local The main stakeholders, they have the experience and the community knowledge and they have a strong impact on the local community especially at rural areas. Beneficiaries (community Are the main beneficiaries from the project, may be subject to members, schools, some positive/negative impacts. They play a significant role in government authorities) project success and sustainability. NGO’s Participating in providing sanitation services or loans from donor bodies to serve the community Evacuation service Are the main group which will be affected as a result of the providers, and current project, they will lose their job opportunities. sanitation services Field observation The consultant used the field observation to describe the current situation at the local community. Natural leaders and local data collections participated in facilitating this activity. They Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 8 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final designed the checklist that was completed by the field team. Field observation was supported by photographs to document the current situation. Analysis of collected data Data from the questionnaires, interviews and data sheets was carefully recorded. Special software packages were used for quantitative analysis of the data (SPSS ver. 19). The consultant has reviewed the raw data for concluding experiences / sentences / lessons learnt to be added to the qualitative analysis of the data. 1.4.2.2 Sample design Carefully selected representative sample at target area is key to data accuracy. The consultant applied multiple types of sampling as follows: A. Sample for quantitative data collection: the size of the sample was 102 persons, distributed according to the number of connections that will be implemented at each community. Sample size was determined with the same ratio as the number of connections within one governorate, as follows: 35 in Beshtamy village, 35 in Zawyet el bokly and 32 in Danasaur. 31.4! 34.3! Beshtamy!village! Zawyet!El!Bokly! !Danasour!! 34.3! Figure 1.2: Distribution of the quantitative study sample The questionnaire targeted mainly the heads of the household, the number of respondents who were head of the household were 72.5% among the respondents, 16.7% were wives, and 7.8% were male sons. The percentage of male respondents was 80.3% against 17.7% female respondents. The age distribution among the same was as follows, the range of age for the respondents was between 17-74 years old, 29.4% of the sample were between the age of 20:40, the number of respondents between 40 to >50 were about 25.5%, Thus the total percentage of respondents below 50 years was 44% of the sample. We tried to interview younger females in order to represent more women in the sample. Most of the sample were married about 89%, the number of those who have never been married was only 6%, while the number of widows as 4.9%. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 9 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final With regards to the education status, the percentage of illiterates among the sample reached about 16.7%, the percentage of illiterates was significantly higher in Beshtamy village about 40% while the lowest illiteracy rate was 11.5% at Zawyet el bokly village. Vocational training represented the highest percentage among education levels, about 60% at Beshtamy village and 26.9% at Zawyet el bokly village. University level education represents the highest education level at Zawyet el Bokly about 42.3%, though it did not exceed 17.6% at Danasor village. Education is an important indicator of poverty, therefore we can conclude that Beshtamy village is the poorest village. 17.60%! 100%! 29.20%! 5.90%! 42.30%! 80%! 60.00%! 6.30%! 29.40%! 60%! 31.30%! 7.70%! 26.90%! 40%! 40.00%! 20%! 16.70%! 17.60%! 11.50%! 0%! Total! Danasour! Zawyet!El!Bokly! Beshtamy!village! Illiterate! Read!and!write! Primary! Preparatory! General!Secondary! Vocational!Secondary! Above!intermediate! University! Above!university! Figure 1.3 Sample distribution according to education status B. Quantitative sample included the following categories: - The Rural Sanitation Unit at the Water and waste water company, workers in evacuation services - Some workers in evacuation from the community - Representatives of agriculture cooperatives at Shohdaa district - Responsible from the health and environmental directorates at Shohdaa district - The religious figure (Sheikh of the mosque) - Some students and school heads. - Residents from the area that will be served by the project and other groups from areas that will not be served 1.2.4.3 Geographic coverage The research team tried to cover the three villages included in the study, by describing these villages, and the district, in addition to interviewing different categories at the villages. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 10 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final CHAPTER 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 11 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia CHAPTER 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK This Chapter describes the legal and administrative framework for the proposed project. It lists the national laws and international requirements pertinent to the project. Following an overview of the requirements of international institutions and international conventions, the requirements of Egyptian legislation are compared with those of the WB Environmental and Social Policy, and presented in a tabular form of gap analysis. 2.1 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK The following is a description of the different national authorities and institutions of relevance to this project. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is an authorized state body regulating environmental management issues. Egyptian laws identify three main roles of the EEAA: • It has a regulatory and coordinating role in most activities, as well as an executive role restricted to the management of natural protectorates and pilot projects. • The agency is responsible for formulating the environmental management (EM) policy framework, setting the required action plans to protect the environment and following-up their execution in coordination with Competent Administrative Authorities (CAAs). • EEAA is responsible for the review and approval of the environmental impact assessment studies as for new projects/expansions undertaken. The Environmental Management Unit (EMU) at the governorate and district level is responsible for the environmental performance of all projects/facilities within the governorates premises. The governorate has established EMUs at both the governorate and city/district level. The EMUs are responsible for the protection of the environment within the governorate boundaries and thus are mandated to undertake both environmental planning and operation-oriented activities. The EMU is mandated to: • Follow-up on the environmental performance of the projects within the governorate during both construction and operations to ensure the project abides by laws and regulations as well as mitigation measures included in its EIA approval. Investigate any environmental complaints filed against projects within the governorate • The EMUs are affiliated administratively to the governorate yet technically to EEAA. The EMUs submit monthly reports to EEAA with their achievements and inspection results. • The governorate has a solid waste management unit at the governorate and district level. The units are responsible for the supervision of solid waste management contracts. Law 4/1994 stipulates that applications for a license from an individual, company, organization or authority, subject to certain conditions, require an assessment of the likely environmental impacts. The Competent Administrative Authorities (CAAs) are the entities responsible for issuing licenses for project construction and operation. The EIA is considered one of the requirements of licensing. The CAAs are thus responsible for receiving the EIA studies, check the information included in the documents concerning the location, suitability of the location to the project activity and ensure that the activity does not contradict with the surrounding activities and that the location does not contradict with the ministerial decrees related to the activity. The CAA forwards the documents to EEAA for review. They are the main interface with the project proponents in the EIA system. The CAA is mandated to: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 12 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia • Provide technical assistance to Project Proponents • Ensure the approval of the Project Site • Receive EIA Documents and forward it to EEAA • Follow-up the implementation of the EIA requirements during post construction field investigation (before the operation license) Figure 2.1 demonstrates the process procedures. After submission of an ESIA for review, the EEAA may request revisions in the ESIA report within 30 days, including additional mitigation measures, before issuing the approval of the report. In case of disapproval, HCWW will have the right to issue an appeal within 30 days from its receipt of the EEAA’s decision. It should be noted that once the ESIA has been approved, the ESMP as will be presented in the report, will be considered an integral part of the project; and the HCWW will be legally responsible for the implementation of that plan, depending on their involvement in the construction or operation process. It is therefore worth mentioning that the HCWW must ensure that all mitigation measures and environmental requirements described in the ESMP have been clearly referred to in the tender documents for the construction works, the construction contracts, and have been respected. HCWW will follow-up on the construction contractor to ensure that the ESMP is adequately implemented in the construction phase. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 13 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia Figure 2.1 - EIA Procedure overview Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 14 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.2 SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION PERTINENT TO THE PROJECT The legislations listed below and described in more details in the following sections represent the national legislation pertinent to the project: 2.2.1 Egyptian legislation related to social aspects • EEAA guidelines related to the Public Consultation; Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition January 2009 - Paragraph 6.4.3 Requirements for Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.1 Scope of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.2 Methodology of Public Consultation - Paragraph 6.4.3.3 Documentation of the Consultation Results - Paragraph 7 Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure • Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement (The project will not result in resettlement activities.) - Law 94/2003 on the National Council for Human Rights (NCHR) - The Constitution (1971, amended in year 1980) - Constitutional Declaration 30th of March 2011 - Law 10/1990 on property expropriation for public benefit - Other laws governing expropriation • Protection of human rights • Law no. 94/2003 on establishing the National Council for Human Rights • Unified structure Law No 119 of year 2008 • Presidential Decree No. 135 of year 2004 related to the esablishment of WWHC 2.2.2 Egyptian legislation related to protection of Antiquities, archaeology and cultural heritage • Law 117/1983 2.2.3 Egyptian legislation related to environmental aspects • Law 4 for Year 1994 for the environmental protection , amended by Law 9/2009 • Executive Regulation(ER) No 338 for Year 1995 and the amended regulation No 1741 for Year 2005, amended with ministerial decree No 1095/2011 and ministerial decree No 710/2012. • Law No 93 for Year 1962 for discharge on the public sewer network and protection and treatment of wastewater wastes and safe discard methods of the treatment by products, amended with Decree No 44 for Year 2000. • Law No 48 for Year 1982 for the protection of the Nile river , agricultural drains, ponds and aquifer from pollution , and the ER amended with Decree No 92 for Year 2013. • Law No 12 for Year 2003 for the protection , occupational health and safety for the workers, which is amending Law 137 for Year 1981 and its executive decrees. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 15 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia • Law No 102 for Year 1983 for natural habitats. • Law No 38 for Year 1968 for the public cleanliness , which is amended by Law No 31 for Year 1976. • Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for “Environmental Impact Assessment” 2nd Edition EEAA, January 2009 and its amended Lists in October 2010. 2.3 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS International funding agencies, such as the WB require that the projects they finance to be in compliance with both the country’s national standards as well as their own environmental and social policies. Therefore, in addition to the national regulations, the project aims at complying with the WB safeguard policies and guidelines. The policies help to ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects. They also support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects into the decision-making process. In addition, the policies promote environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats. The ISSIP II project is classified as category C project by EEAA , which requires mandatory full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) as it may have significant implications on the environment. The project is classified as Category B according to the WB classification criteria. The WB has identified ten environmental and social safeguard policies that should be considered in its financed projects. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. WB Safeguards policy and their applicability to the ISSIP II project are described in Table 2.1 below: Table 2.1 – WB Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policy Triggered Justifications (Yes/NO) Environmental Yes The project is classified as Category B. Assessment A comprehensive analysis of the negative impacts and (OP/BP 4.01) mitigation measures is described in the following chapters. Natural Habitats No The Site is assessed as arid areas, with scarce plant cover and (OP/BP 4.04) low density of wildlife. Forests (OP/BP No Site is described as arid areas, with scarce plant cover and 4.36) low density of wildlife with no forests. Pest No The proposed project will not involve purchasing or using Management Pesticides. (OP 4.09) Physical Cultural No The ESIA for the proposed project identifies no sites of Resources cultural or religious significance to local communities. In (OP/BP 4.11) addition, chance finds procedures will be included Indigenous No No indigenous people are present in project areas. Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) Involuntary No The project will not result in resettlement activities. Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) Regarding triggering OP/BP 4.12, an RPF has been prepared Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 16 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia for the project in 2011 to be readily available as guidelines in case OP4.12 is triggered. However after the project design was completed and the process of obtaining land took place it was clear that OP4.12 will not be triggered since the lands acquired for Danasaur’s WWTP and the three PSs in Danasaur, Beshtamy and Zawyet Al Bokly are orgiginally vacant state owned lands/lands aaquired through voluntary donation and transfer of ownership (Detailed description of land original ownership, land acquisition and land approvals are presented in Chapter 3 - Section 3.6, and detailed assessment and due diligence of land acquisition is presented in Chapter 5 – Section 5.6.8) Safety of Dams No Not relevant to the proposed project (OP/BP 4.37) Projects on No Not relevant to the proposed project International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in No Not relevant to the proposed project Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) The IFC General EHS guidelines have been considered during the course of the study. These Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to WB and are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology. Also the General EHS Guidelines cover four areas of international good practice, these are: • Environmental; • Occupational Health & Safety (OHS); • Community Health & Safety (CHS); and • Construction and Decommissioning. According to the WB EHS Guidelines for wastewater and ambient water quality , the quality of wastewater effluent should comply with national or local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges. Accordingly, the main benchmarks for the wastewater effluent quality for the ISSIP II , phase I project are the national standards which will be presented later in the following sections. 2.4 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS Egypt has signed and ratified a number of international conventions that commit the country to conservation of environmental resources. The following is a list of the key conventions : ! International Plant Protection Convention (Rome 1951) ! African convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources (Algeria 1968) ! UNESCO Convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage (Paris, 16 November 1972) ! Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (CITES) (Washington 1973) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 17 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia ! Basel Convention on the control of trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal (1989) ! United Nations framework convention on climate change (New York 1992). The convention covers measures to control greenhouse gas emissions from different sources including transportation. ! United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto 1997) ! Convention on biological diversity (Rio de Janeiro 1992), which covers the Conservation of habitats, animal and plant species, and intraspecific diversity. ! Convention for the protection of the ozone layer (Vienna 1985) ! Convention for the prevention and control of occupational hazards caused by carcinogenic substances and agents (Geneva 1974) ! Convention for the protection of workers against occupational hazards in the working environment due to air pollution, noise and vibration (Geneva 1977). ! ILO core labor standards: core labor standards are to be adhered to/reached during the project implementation. Egypt has been a member state of the ILO since 1936, and has ratified 64 conventions that regulate the labor standards and work conditions. In 1988, Egypt has ratified the Occupational Safety and Health Convention of 1979 (No 152). 2.5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO SOCIAL ASPECTS Table 2.2 below presents a more detailed description of the Egyptian legislation related to the social aspects Title of legislation Summary and how this legislation applies to this Year project EEAA ESIA guidelines related to the Public Consultation Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 18 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia Title of legislation Summary and how this legislation applies to this Year project Based on Law Consultation of the community people and concerned 1994 number 4/1994 on parties with the needed information about the project. All Environmental stakeholders should be invited. Paragraph 6.4.3 of Law Protection 4/1994 on Environmental Protection provides detailed information on the scope of public consultation, methodology and documentation Paragraph 6.4.3 Requirements for Public Consultation in the EEAA ESIA Guidelines1 • Paragraph 6.4.3.1 Scope of Public Consultation • Paragraph 6.4.3.2 Methodology of Public Consultation • Paragraph 6.4.3.3 Documentation of the Consultation Results • Paragraph 7 Requirement and Scope of the Public Disclosure Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement (The project will not result in resettlement activities) On Property Expropriation for Public Benefit. It Law 10/1990 describes acquisition procedures as follows: 1990 1. The procedures start with the declaration of public interest pursuant to the presidential decree accompanied with memorandum on the required project and the complete plan for the project and its structures (Law 59/1979 & Law 3/1982 provided that the Prime Minister issues the decree); 2. The decree and the accompanying memorandum must be published in the official newspapers; • A copy for the public is placed in the main offices of the concerned local Government unit. This law has specified, through Article 6, the members of the Compensation Assessment Commission. The commission is made at the Governorate level, and consists of a delegate from the concerned Ministry’s Surveying Body (as President), a delegate from the Agricultural Directorate, a delegate from the Housing and Utilities Directorate, and a delegate from the Real Estate Taxes Directorate in the Governorate. The compensation shall be estimated according to the prevailing market prices at the time of the issuance of the Decree for Expropriation. 1 !EEAA (2009) Guidelines and Foundations for the Procedures of ESIA. Arabic publication, second edition.! Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 19 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia Law 577/54, which was later amended by Law 252/60 and Law 577/1954 Law 13/162, and establishes the provisions pertaining to the 1954 expropriation of real estate property for public benefit and improvement. Law No. 27 of 1956, which stipulates the provisions for Law 27/ 1956 expropriation of districts for re-planning, upgrading, and 1956 improvement, and the amended and comprehensive Law No.10 of 1990 on the Expropriation of Real estate for Public Interest. The first article of Law No. 27 of 1956 allows for the expropriation of districts for their improvement, upgrading, re-planning, and reconstruction. Article 24 of Law 577/54 also stipulates that in case only partial expropriation of real estate property is required, and the remaining un-expropriated part will not be of benefit to the owner; the owner shall be given the right to submit a request within 30 days (beginning from the date of final disclosure of the list of the expropriated property) for the purchase of the entire area. It should be noted, that the new law has not restricted the right to request the purchase of the remaining un- expropriated portion of real estate regardless whether it is a building or land. Articles 802-805 recognize private ownership right. Civil code • Article 802 states that the owner, pursuant to the Law, 1948 131/1948 has the sole right of using and/or disposing his property. • Article 803 defines what is meant by land property • Article 805 states that no one may be deprived of his property except in cases prescribed by Law and would take place with an equitable compensation. Protection of communities Human Rights Laws Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 20 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia The Law on Establishing the National Council for Human Law no. 94/2003 Rights (NCHR) aims to promote, ensure respect, set values, 2003 raise awareness and ensure observance of human rights. At the forefront of these rights and freedoms are the right to life and security of individuals, freedom of belief and expression, the right to private property, the right to resort to courts of law, and the right to fair investigation and trial when charged with an offence. This Constitution came into force after a public referendum on 11 September 1971 and was amended on 22 May 1980 to introduce the Shoura Council and the press. 2.6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE Table 2.3 – Egyptian legislation related to Archaeology and cultural heritage Laws and regulations related to archaeology Definition of monuments Article 1 defines a monument as a building or movable property produced by different civilizations or by art, sciences and literature and religions from prehistoric era and during successive historical eras until a hundred years ago or historical buildings. Article 2 states that any building or movable property that has an historical, scientific, religious, artistic or literary value could be considered as a monument whenever the national interest of the country impose its conservation and maintenance without adherence to the time limit contained in the preceding Article no.1 Article 5 of the law states that the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) is the competent authority responsible for antiquities in Egypt Law 117/1983 Construction license Article 20 states that licenses of construction in archaeological sites or land are not permitted, and it is prohibited to make any installations or landfills or digging channels or constructing roads or agricultural land or for public benefits in the archaeological sites or land within its approved border lines. Also, Article 20 states that a buffer zone around the monument or the site is defined as three kilometres in the uninhabited areas or any distance determined by the SCA to achieve environmental protection of the monument in other areas (article 20-Ch.1).The provisions of this article (20) apply on land which appears to the SCA - based on conducted studies – that there is a probable existence of monuments in the subsoil. The provisions of this article are also applied on desert and areas where quarrying work is licensed. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 21 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia Article 22 states that: licenses of construction in the immediate vicinity of archaeological sites within populated areas could be delivered by the competent authority, after the approval of SCA. The competent authority must state in the license; the conditions which the SCA emphasizes to guarantee that the building does not have a negative visual impact on the monument and its direct buffer zone that protects the archaeological and historical surroundings. The SCA has to pronounce its verdict on the license demand within 60 days of the date of submission. Otherwise, the elapsing of this period is regarded as a decision of refusal. During Construction Article 23 states that the SCA should take the necessary steps to expropriate land that is found in or kept in place and registered according to the roles of this Law. (Article 23- Ch.1). [These roles are defined in the second chapter of the Law 117 – articles 26-30]. Article 24 states that everyone who finds by chance the part or parts of a fixed monument in its place must promptly inform the nearest administrative authority within forty-eight hours Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 22 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND GAP ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND WB REQUIREMENTS FOR KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Whenever there is a discrepancy between national requirements and international requirements, the most strict requirements shall be adopted 2.7.1 Air Quality 2.7.1.1 Regulations Issue Requirements of Egyptian legislation Requirements of WB Reference Inflections Reference Inflections Article 34 of Law 4/1994 amended by law Standards for ambient air Ensure the environmental Air Quality 9/2009 and Article 34 of its Executive quality OP 4.01 sustainability of investment projects Regulation (ERs), and Decree 710/2012 Annex 5 of the ERs IFC GENERAL EHS Air Emissions and ambient air quality GUIDELINES (Section 1.1, WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 23 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND GAP ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND WB REQUIREMENTS FOR KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Whenever there is a discrepancy between national requirements and international requirements, the most strict requirements shall be adopted 2.7.1 Air Quality 2.7.1.1 Regulations Issue Requirements of Egyptian legislation Requirements of WB Reference Inflections Reference Inflections Article 34 of Law 4/1994 amended by law Standards for ambient air Ensure the environmental Air Quality 9/2009 and Article 34 of its Executive quality OP 4.01 sustainability of investment projects Regulation (ERs), and Decree 710/2012 Annex 5 of the ERs IFC GENERAL EHS Air Emissions and ambient air quality GUIDELINES (Section 1.1, WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 23 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7.1.2 Standards and limits Issue Requirements of Egyptian Requirements of WB ( legislations (µg/m3) µg/m3) Ambient air Ambient air pollutants Ambient air pollutants parameters threshold threshold (Egyptian ) According to W HO Exposure period 1 hr 8 24 1 1 hr 8 24 1 hr hr year hr hr year Carbon monoxide 30 10 N/ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A CO µg/m3 A Sulfur dioxide SO2 350 N/A 150 60 N/A N/A 125 N/A µg/m3 Nitrogen oxides 300 N/A 150 60 200 N/A N/A 40 NOx µg/m3 Particulates PM10 N/A N/A 150 70 N/A N/A 150 70 µg/m3 Particulates PM2.5 N/A N/A 80 50 N/A N/A 75 35 µg/m3 TSP µg/m3 N/A N/A 230 125 N/A N/A N/A N/A Ozone 180 120 N/A N/A N/A 160 N/A N/A All parameters are in (µg/m3) unless otherwise noted. N/A = not applicable; Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 24 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7.2 Water Quality 2.7.2.1 Regulations Issue Requirements of Egyptian legislations Requirements of WB Reference Inflections Reference Inflections Article 51, The Executive Standards for Ambient water Ensure the environmental sustainability of Regulations of Law 48 for the quality OP 4.01 investment projects year 1982 amended with Ministerial Decree 402 / 2009 Article 52, The Executive Maximum limits for discharging IFC GENERAL EHS Discharges of process wastewater, sanitary Regulations of Law 48 for the processed liquid industrial wastes GUIDELINES wastewater, wastewater from utility operations year 1982 amended with into freshwater bodies and Table 1.3.1 or storm water to surface water should not Ministerial Decree 402 / 2009 groundwater reservoirs result in contaminant concentrations in excess of local ambient water quality criteria Water Quality Ministerial Decree No. Controlling the discharge of IFC GENERAL EHS Discharges of industrial wastewater , sanitary 44/2000 amending Law wastewater into the sewage GUIDELINES wastewater into public or private wastewater 93/1962 system and public network, treatment systems should meet the pretreatment and monitoring requirements of the sewer treatment system into which it discharges. Ministerial Decree No. It encompasses this statement: 44/2000 amending Law “Wastewater discharge licenses 93/1962 must be acquired from the concerned authorities during the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 25 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia construction and operation phase” Law 38/1967 and its executive Concerning cleanliness and regulations (decree 134/1968) sanitation and also regulates the collection, transportation, storage and disposal of solid waste. 2.7.2.2 Standards and Limits for the reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation of tree forests (Decree 44 of Year 2000) Parameter Secondary Parameter Secondary treatment treatment for reuse in for reuse in irrigation irrigation BOD (ppm) 40 Zinc (ppm) 2 COD (ppm) 80 Arsenic (ppm) NI TSS (ppm) 40 Chromium (ppm) NI O&G (ppm) 10 Molid betrays (only green fodders) (ppm) 0.01 Nematodes (no. of cells or eggs/ Liter) 1 Manganese (ppm) 0.2 Fecal coliform (MPN/100 ml) 1,000 Iron (ppm) 5 TDS (ppm) 2,000 Cobalt (ppm) 0.05 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) % 20 Chlorides (ppm) 300 Boron (ppm) 3 Cadmium (ppm) 0.01 Lead (ppm) 5 Copper (ppm) 0.2 Nickel (ppm) 0.2 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 26 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7.2.3 Standards and Limits for the drains’ water quality prior to being transferred to fresh watercourses for agricultural purposes only And this according to Article 51 of the ER of Law 48/1982 amended by Decree 402/2009 Parameter Standards & Limits (mg/l) Total disolved solids ) TSS ( 1000≤ Temperature Maximum difference of 3°C as compared with the receiving watercourse Dissolved Oxygen 5≥ pH min 6.5 and max8.5 BOD ≤30 COD ≤50 Total Nitrogen (TN) 15 Total P (TP) 3 Oil & Grease ≤3 Mercury ≤0.001 Fe ≤3 Mn ≤2 Cu ≤1 Zn ≤2 Phenol ≤0.05 As ≤0.01 Cd ≤0.03 Cr ≤0.05 Free Cyanide ≤0.01 Pb ≤0.1 Ni 0.1 Se 0.01 Coliform 100 cm3 5000 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 27 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7.2.4 Standards and Limits for discharge of liquid industrial effluent into freshwater bodies And this according to Article 52 of the ER for Law 48/1982 amended by Decree 402/2009 Parameter Standards and Limits (mg/l) Temperature Maximum difference of 3°C as compared with the receiving watercourse pH 6-9 BOD 60 COD 80 Dissolved ≥i Oxygen Oil & Grease 10 Total Does not exceed 2000 Dissolved Solids Total 50 Suspended Solids H2 S 1 Free Cyanide 0.1 Total P - (TP)* N as NH3* - Total Nitrogen - (TN)* Phenol 0.05 Mercury 0.01 Pb 0.1 Cd 0.003 As 0.05 Se 0.1 Cr 0.1 Cu 0.5 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 28 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia Ni 0.5 Zn 2 Fe 3.5 Total 5000 Coliform (100cm3) *Standards and Limits which are being currently investigated. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 29 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7.3 Noise 2.7.3.1 Regulations (Egyptian requirements ) (WB requirements) Article Inflections Reference Inflections Article 42 of Law 4/1994 Maximum allowable limits for Ensure the environmental amended by law 9/2009 and ambient noise intensity OP 4.01 sustainability of investment projects Article 44 of ERs (amended by Decree 1095/2011 amended by Maximum exposure duration Decree 710/2012). Noise IFC GENERAL Presents Noise Level Guidelines EHS GUIDELINES Table 1.7.1 Identify maximum increase in Table 2.3.1 background noise levels at the nearest receptor location off-site. Presents noise limits for different working environments Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 30 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7.3.2 Standards and Limits for Ambient Noise Egyptian Law 4 Requirements Requirements of WB (Table 1.7.1 of the IFC General EHS Guidelines) Permissible limit for noise Receptor One hour LAeq (dBA) intensity decibel DAY NIGHT Day time Night time TYPE OF AREA 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. 07:00 – 20:00 22:00 - 07:00 Sensitive Areas ( schools- hospitals- public parks- rural 50 40 Residential; 55 45 areas) Institutional; educational Noise Residential areas in with limited traffic and public services 55 45 Industrial; 70 70 are available commercial Residential areas in the city where commercial activities are 60 50 available Residential areas located adjacent to roads which width is 65 55 less than 12m, and workshops or commercial or entertainments activities are found Areas located adjacent to roads which width is 12m or 70 60 more, or light industrial areas. Industrial areas (heavy industries) 70 70 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 31 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia 2.7.3.3 Standards and Limits for Noise Levels in the Work Environment Egyptian Law 4 Requirements Requirements of WB (Table 2.3.1 of the IFC General EHS Guidelines) MAXIMUM MAXIMUM Location Equivalent Maximum TYPE OF PLACE AND ACTIVITY PERMISSIBLE PERMISSIBLE /activity level LAmax ,fast NOISE [level NOISE [level LAeq,8h equivalent to decibel equivalent to decibel (A)] (A)] at the beginning of 2014 Work place with up to 8 hour shifts and 90 85 Heavy Industry (no 85 dB(A) 110 dB(A) aiming to limit noise hazards on sense of demand for oral hearing* communication) Hospitals, clinics, public offices, etc 80 80 Light industry 50-65 110 dB(A) Noise (decreasing dB(A) demand for oral communication) Administrative offices – control rooms 65 65 Open offices, 45-50 N/A control rooms, dB(A) service counters or similar Work rooms for computers, typwriters 70 70 Individual offices 40-45 N/A or similar equipment (no disturbing dB(A) noise) Work rooms for activities requiring 60 60 Hospitals 30-35 40 dB(A) routine mental concentration dB(A) *: If the measured noise at the workplace increased over the maximum allowable limit by 3 dBA, the exposure period shall be reduced to half of the exposure period. In addition, wearing proper ear muffs is a must. Noise level at any time at the work place shall not exceed 135 dBA! Noise shall be measured inside working environment in LAeq unit in accordance with ISO 9612/ ISO 1996 or Egyptian standards Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 32 ESIA for ISSIP II Project - Final - Menoufia CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 32 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final CHAPTER 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION The main objectives and the need for the ISSIP II are presented in Chapter 1. In this Chapter, the location/routing, design specifications and construction activities and operational parameters for the different components of the ISSIP II project in Menoufia governorate will be addressed. The first phase of the ISSIP II Project in Menoufia governorate will involve providing sewerage collection and treatment services for a cluster of villages including; Dansaur, Zaweit Al bokly and Beshtamy. Figure 3.1 shows the cluster covered under the first phase. Sewage is collected in Beshtamy through a network of gravity sewers which ends at the main pump station (PS). The collected sewage is pumped through the force-mains (FMs) - pressurized pipeline - from Beshtamy’s PS to Zaweit Al bokly’s PS where additional sewage is collected through Zaweit Al bokly’s gravity sewers network. The total sewage collected from both villages is then pumped to Danasaur PS where additional sewage is collected through Danasaur’s gravity sewers network , then to the main WWTP. The start-up discharge from the ISSIP II phase I villages (Danasaur, Zaweit Al Bokly and Beshtamy ) which will reach Danasaur WWTP will be around 7,000 m3/day, expected to increase up to 10,000 m3/day by 2030, and reach 15,000 m3/day by 2050. Total population served in the three villages is around 26,500 capita; 9,000 in Danasaur, 10,000 in Zawyet El Bokly and 7,500 in Beshtamy. The project will be operated by Menoufia Water and Wastewater Company. This chapter includes therefore a detailed description of the following: 1. Location/routing, design, construction and operational parameters of the gravity sewers and house connections in each of the covered villages; the gravity sewers is a shallow system placed under the roads. 2. Location/routing, design, construction and operational parameters of the PSs and FMs in each of the covered villages. 3. Location, design, construction and operational parameters of the central WWTP. 4. Canals’ and railways’ Pipeline crossings and design details of the crossing structures The aim of the information included in this chapter is to serve as the basis for impact identification during construction, operation and decommissioning phases (as will be described in Chapter 5). It also serves as the basis (in addition to the baseline conditions described in Chapter 4) to the analysis of alternatives described in Chapter 6. Please note: the project description presented in this chapter is primarily based on the Feasibility Studies (FS) prepared by Al Dar, dated December 2012 as well as data and surveying maps provided by Al dar. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 33 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 3.2 GRAVITY SEWERS AND HOUSE COLLECTION SYSTEM 3.2.1 Location/Routing and Design The gravity sewers and house collection system represent the first component of the sewage collection and treatment network. This is a network of pipelines, which connects individual houses in order to transfer the raw sewage to the village’s central PS. From there the FMs will transfer the collected amount to the next village and/or to the central WWTP. Figure 3.2 shows the network of gravity sewers designed for Beshtamy village . Figure 3.3a and 3.3.b shows the network of gravity sewers designed for Zaweit Al Bokly and Danasaur respectively. Detailed description of the location/routing, design, construction and operational parameters of the PSs and FMs in each of the covered villages are presented in the next Section - Section3.3. 3.2.2 Construction processes and resources used The construction activities of the gravity sewers will involve digging, pipeline placement, pipeline connection welding, and then surfacing. The construction site will be mainly within the road network. Sensitive receptors along the route have been identified and will be presented in details in Chapter 4 (Baseline conditions) and Chapter 5 (Impact Assessment). It is expected that during construction, the following activities will take place: - Spoil storage and transport/disposal of excess materials. - Storage of the raw materials such as pipelines, Portland cement, sand, and gravel. - Concrete mixing and pouring; water will be added to the cement sand gravel mix. - Steel reinforcement storage, welding, and bending. - Wood will be used to mold the concrete during the civic works. 3.2.3 Operational processes and resources used The operation of the gravity sewers involves the movement of sewage by gravity starting at individual houses and ending at the PS. Regular Maintenance activities are expected for the manholes in order to prevent blocking and in order to increase the efficiency of the gravity sewers. 3.3 PUMP STATIONS AND FORCE MAINS 3.3.1 Location/Routing and Design specifications The project will involve the construction and operation of three PSs ; the first will be located in Beshtamy, the second in Zaweit Al Bokly and the third in Danasaur. The area for the PS site in Beshtamy will be 600m2 (20mx30m), the location and site layout is shown in Figure 3.4. The area for the PS site in Zaweit Al Bokly will be 600m2 (20mx30m), the location and site layout is shown in Figure 3.5. Figure 3.6 shows the location and site Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 34 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final layout of Danasaur PS which will have an area of 30m x 27m. In general all three PS sites will comprise of the following components: o The inlet pipeline with a diameter of 400mm, which introduces the collected wastewater from the villages’ houses. o The wet well for the pump station where the inlet sewage is discharged and pumped into the PS. The wet well is equipped with three pumps (in addition to one standby) and a basket screen to protect the pumps and prevent solids and refuse flowing with sewage water to entering the pump sump. o The FM’s line output . The FM pipe has a diameter of 250mm, which heads to the following village within the cluster of concern. For Danasaur’s PS, the FM’s line heads to the central WWTP. o Flow measuring devices; o The site also comprises of a generator unit supplied with a fuel storage tank, a guard room and a warehouse, and is surrounded with a fence of a height of 2.3m above ground. o The site comprises of a monorail crane to serve the pumps and a rotary crane for lifting the screen. The FMs connect the different villages of the cluster. Figure 3.7 shows the routing of the FMs connecting Beshtamy and Zaweit Al Bokly villages. The routing of the FM connecting Dansaur PS to the central WWTP can be tracked on Figure 3.3b. 3.3.2 Construction processes and resources used The construction activities of the PSs will involve conventional activities related to the construction of reinforced concrete components. The activities will involve digging down to the foundation level , construction of needed isolated footings , construction of the main cesspit , guard room, warehouse and fence. The activities will also involve the installment of pipelines and pumps, special pieces and valves, connection welding, and completing all the electrical work needed. The construction activities will be located within the allocated site. Sensitive receptors around the PS site have been identified and will be presented in details in Chapters 4 and 5. It is therefore expected that during the construction of the PS, the following activities will take place: - Storage of the raw materials such as pipelines (maximum 6 layers high separated by timber blocks) , pumps, masonry, Portland cement sacks, sand, and gravel, wood plates (to mold the concrete and for the windows and door frames), fuel and water. - Concrete mixing and pouring; water will be added to the cement- sand -gravel mix - Steel reinforcement storage, welding, and bending - Spoil storage and transport/disposal of excess spoil. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 35 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 3.3.3 Operational processes and resources used The operation of the PS involves the operation of the two pumps (in addition to one stand- by) in order to pump the collected wastewater from Beshtamy, to Zaweit Al Bokly, to Danasaur then to the main WWTP. The PS’s pumps have the following specifications: o Discharge will be 30 l/s o Total head required will be 28m o Maximum rpm of 1500 o Pump casing made of grey cast iron o Pump motor will be squirrel cage, induction type with IP-68 enclosure o Velocity at suction opening of the pump shall not exceed 4m/sec 3.4 CENTRAL WWTP 3.4.1 Design specifications and operational processes The HCWW intends for the WWTP to be of a capacity 10,000 m3/d by year 2030, reaching a capacity of 15,000 m3/d by the year 2050. The WWTP will be located in Danasour near Donshoway drain as shown in Figure 3.8. The transformer capacity for the WWTP will be 1500 kilovolt Ampere. The WWTP comprises of the components listed below (as shown in the WWTP layout Figure 3.9): 3.4.1.1 Inlet flow meter to register the amount of the incoming fluid An inlet flow meter is installed to register the amount of the incoming fluid 3.4.1.2 Deceleration and screening chamber followed by grid, sand and grease removal system The screening chamber comprises of two mechanical and one manual screen . The screen bars will be made of stainless steel rectangular sections (15mm thickness and 50mm width), with the 50mm length in the direction of the water flow. The spacing between bars shall be 25mm. The screened materials will be collected in a skip(s). The skips shall be fabricated from epoxy steel sheets of 3mm thickness with a capacity of 1m3 . The screening chamber shall have a by-pass for emergency cases fitted with a manual screen. Removal of grit and grease follows screening of large diameter/coarse materials and will take place in two vortex tanks with circular sections. 3.4.1.3 Biological stages consisting of activated sequential batch reactors/tanks (ASBR) The ASBR process involves an activated sludge process in which the raw sewage is introduced into a Reaction Tank , one batch at a time. According to the plant design, two tanks will be used in phase 1 (length of 37.9m, width 30m , depth 7.5 m , and the water depth is 5.5m). The tanks will be made of reinforced concrete Sewage treatment involves the following stages: 1) Filling; where the flow rate of the incoming effluent is adjusted so that to maintain suitable food to microorganism F/M ratio. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 36 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 2) Reaction; in this stage the wastewater is subjected to aeration (the inlet pipe shall maintain a maximum velocity of 25m/s. The noise level from the air blower shall not exceed 85dB. The air shall be diffused near the bottom of the tank. The duration of aeration will depend on the composition of the wastewater and degree of nitrification. The reaction stage was designed based on the following numbers ( BOD Concentration of 650 mg/l, TSS Concentration of 500mg/l, and COD of 1200 mg/l). It should be noted that no mixing is required to achieve the treated effluent target. 3) Settling or air-off stage; where aeration stops and the sludge settles leaving the treated fluid composing the layer above the sludge bottom layer. The SBR tanks are equipped with an over flow by pass system which will be used in case of emergencies. 3.4.1.4 Effluent decanter The upper “treated fluid” layer is then decanted within the upper 2m layer (between +14.00 and +12.00) leaving behind the bottom layer of sludge, and then directed to the chlorination contact tank. The new batch of wastewater will be then introduced in the tank following an idle period. The expected flow for the decanter will be 2266 m3/hr Pipes and fittings exposed to view will be shop-primed and painted, except those made of stainless steel. 3.4.1.5 Chlorination contact tank This is where the chlorine solution is injected. Two chlorinators will be sued (including one standby). The capacity will be 15kg/h and the design dose is 15 g/m3. 3.4.1.6 Chlorination building and chlorine cylinders store The chlorine equipment will be installed in a separate building. The building shall comprise of three rooms; room 1 for the apparatus; room 2 for the boosting pumps; and room 3 for storing the chlorine cylinders. 3.4.1.7 Sludge gravity thickener tanks Two tanks shall be used, each with a depth of 3.5m and a diameter of 7m. The target is to achieve a concentration of thickened sludge of 0.05. The tanks will be supplied with an access bridge to provide convenient access to the drive. 3.4.1.8 Sludge drying beds The number of drying beds shall be 16 , the length of each bed will be 23.8m and the width 12m, and shall be able to accommodate a sludge depth of 0.12m. The thickened sludge from the gravity thickener tanks shall be conveyed by gravity to the drying beds. The target moisture content for the dried sludge would be about 20% (w/w). Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 37 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 3.4.1.9 Ancillary facilities Ancillary facilities include overhead traveling as well as mono-rail cranes. The site will comprise of portable dewatering pumping units. The following equipment are expected to be present onsite: • Working benches • Radial and tilting saw machine • Portable electric welding machine • Oxy-acetylene cutting and welding equipment • Portable compressor • Turning and screw cutting lathe • Measuring instruments and Gauges • Chemical and Bacteriological laboratory equipment 3.4.1.10 Fate of treated effluent and sludge The treated effluent will be continuously discharged to Donshoway drain. Sludge will be dried and treated on site, as mentioned above . Sludge samples will be collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis results, the sludge will be disposed of at the nearest landfill; or reused following one of the options as stated in Chapter 6, Section 6.5. If the results show hazardous characteristics as will be discussed in more details in Chapter 5, the sludge shall be sent for disposal in Nasreya Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal Centre in Alexandria. 3.4.2 Construction processes and resources used The construction activities of the WWTP will involve conventional activities related to the construction of reinforced concrete components. The activities will involve digging down to the foundation level , construction of needed isolated footings , and other needed civic works. The activities will also involve the installment of pipelines and pumps, special pieces and valves, connection welding, and completing all the electrical work needed. The construction activities will be located within the allocated site. It is expected that during the construction of the WWTP, the following activities will take place: - Storage of the raw materials such as pipelines (maximum 6 layers high separated by timber blocks) , pumps, masonry, Portland cement sacks, sand, and gravel, wood plates (to mold the concrete and for the windows and door frames), fuel and water - Concrete mixing and pouring; water will be added to the cement- sand -gravel mix - Steel reinforcement storage, welding, and bending - Spoil storage and transport/disposal of excess spoil. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 38 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 3.5 PIPELINE CROSSINGS AND CROSSING STRUCTURES The following main crossings have been identified for the three villages. 3.5.1 Crossings identified in Beshtamy The gravity sewers will cross the railway to the east of the PS, and close to Beshtamy’s railway station as shown in Figure 3.10 3.5.2 Crossings identified in Zaweit Al Bokly The gravity sewers will cross the railway as well as the covered Zembala canal (Figure 3.11) 3.5.3 Crossings identified in Dansaur The FMs will cross Donshoway drain just before connecting with the central WWTP (Figure 3.12). The gravity sewers in Danasaur village will also cross the railway to the south east of the PS (Figure 3.13). 3.5.4 Design specifications of the crossing structures Figures 3.14 and 3.15 show the design specifications for the canal and railway crossing structures respectively. 3.6 LAND ALLOCATED FOR THE PROJECT Lands needed for the construction of the three PSs and Danasaur’s WWTP are described as follows; • Danasaur WWTP; A total area of 5 Feddan, 8 Qirate and 21 Sahm (22,555 m2) were allocated. The land price is currently being negotiated with the owner. • Beshtamy’s PS; An area of 600 m2 , donated by Mr. Mahmoud Zein El Abdein El Sawy through a community arranged donation. • Zaweit Al Bokly’s PS; State owned land - area of 509.8 m2 • Danasaur’s PS; State owned land - an area of 900 m2 The approvals associated with the lands listed above are included in Annex 2. Detailed assessment and due diligence of land acquisition are presented in Chapter 5 – Section 5.6.8 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 39 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 3.7 FIGURES Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 40 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final Beshtamy Zaweit Al Bokly Danasaur Figure 3.1 – Cluster covered during the first phase of the ISSIP II Project in Menoufia governorate comprising of Beshtamy, Zaweit Al bokly and Danasaur villages Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 41 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final N 20m 85m 50m 5m Figure 3.4– Location and Site layout of the pump station in Beshtamy Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 45 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final N Figure 3.5– Holding Location Company and Site for Water and layout of the Wastewater pump station in Zaweit Al Bokly (HCWW) 46 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final N Figure 3.6– Location and Site layout of the pump station in Danasaur Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 47 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final Figure 3.7– Force mains routing connecting the villages of Beshtamy and Zaweit Al bokly Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 48 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final Figure 3.8– Location of Danasaur WWTP, with a 500m radius indicated on the map Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 49 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final Figure 3.9– Layout of the Danasaur WWTP (SBR Technology) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 50 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final Figure 3.10– Location of railway crossing in Beshtamy a a a b Figure 3.11– Location of a) railway crossing and b) Covered Zembala canal crossing in Zaweit Al Bokly Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 51 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final a Figure 3.12– Location of FM crossing with Donshoway drain a Figure 3.13– Location of gravity sewer crossing with Dansaur railway Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 52 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final Figure 3.14– Design specifications for canal crossing structure Figure 3.15– Design specifications for railway crossing structure Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 53 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final CHAPTER 4 : BASELINE CONDITIONS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 53" 4 CHAPTER 4 4.1 LOCATION:, Monofia capital is Shebin El Koum city which its location in the center of the governorates districts. Monofia located in the south-center of Delta between the two branches of Rosetta and Damietta, Bounded on the north by El KArbia governorate and El Jeza governorate in the south-west and Qaliubiya in the south–east. in addition to its new extension in the west represented in Sadat City , where is located at kilometer 93 Cairo-Alex Desert road. The area of Menofia is about 2760 km. The rural sector covers about 1773 km2 ( about 65% of the total area). Figure No4-1 clarifies the administrative border of Monofia governorate Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of the governorate districts. Source: environmental profile Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 54" Figure'2Districts of Menofia Source: environmental profile The structure of Menofia governorate is illustrated as the table No 4-1 Menofia governorate Administrative districts 9 Cities 10 local administrative village units 70 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 55" Villages 315 Small valige (Azba and Kafer) 898 District and city of Shebein El koum Include (8) territories with (36) villages District and city of Berket El Saba Include (6) territories with (21) villages District and city of Ashmoun Include (14) territories with (54) villages District and city of Shohadaa Include (6) territories with (27) villages District and city of Bagour Include (12) territories with (47) villages District and city of Kowesna Include (7) territories with (47) villages District and city of Tala Include (8) territories with (43) villages District and city of Menouf Include (7) territories with (316) villages District and city of El sadat Include (2) territories with (9) villages Table"4R1Monfia governorate administrative structure El Shohada district which studied in the in ISSIP are illustrated, it bounded by Tala, Sebieb El Koum and Menof district, also bounded by El Behera governorate in the west direction . The villages under the study in ISSIP-2 located in El Shohada district are Danasor, Bashtamy and Zawit El Bakly . 4.1.1 DANASOR VILLAGE: The waste water treatment plant will be installed in it, the WWTP will be installed in agricultural area in the bank of Denshuay drain. The main pipe line will go to cross the Denshuay drain. The figure 4-3 illustrates the location of WWTP by photos, The figure 4- 5 illustrates the location of WWTP by a cadastral map and Google map in figure 4-4 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 56" zooming to the location of the WWTP The side of Densheway drain The side of Abashady-Danasour road Figure'3the location of the WWTP in Danasour district Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 57" ' Figure'4The location of W.W.T.P in Danasor by google map Figure'5The location of W.W.T.P in Danasor the main pump station will be installed in Danasor, the main pump station will be installed in agricultural area but near to small residential area and near to Danasor train station, the figure 4-6 illustrates location of this station. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 58" zooming to the location of the main pump station In the front of the main pump station Behind the main pump station Figure"6The location of the main pump station in Danasor Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 59" 4.1.2 ZAWIT El BAKLY VILLAGE: a pump station will be installed in it, this pump station will be installed in the middle of the residential area. The nearest distance to a house is about five meters the location of this pump appears in figure 4-7 The main pipe line will go through the railway cross which appears in figure4-8, the two direction of pipe line go through the edge of covered Ziembala canal as it appears in figure 4-9 .most of the village streets are narrow, so it should be considered in the study. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 60" The identified area for the pump station Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 61# zooming to the location of the pump station Figure#7The location of Zawit El Bakly pump station Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 62# BESHTAMY PS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 64# Figure#8Zawit El Bakly railway cross Figure#9covered Ziembala canal 4.1.3 BESHTAMY VILLAGE : a pump station will be installed in this village , this pump station will be installed in empty area surrounding by hoses and schools . The nearest distance to a school is not less than 25 meters the location of this pump appears in figure4-10,also in this figure we can see that the pipe line pass in the front of a hospital (two sides) and crossing the railway station . most of the village streets are narrow, so it should be considered in the study. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 63# zooming to the pump station location The nearest school to the pump station area Figure#10The location of the pump station # # # # # Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 65# 4.2 HYDROLOGY++ 4.2.1 Surface water: Menoufia governorate is characterized by rich water resources based on its unique location between the two Nile branches Damietta and Rosetta. The two branches are the main source of irrigation in the governorate. Irrigation depends upon a huge network of canals, drains and water pathways, in addition to groundwater (deep or shallow) beneath the old valley at the desert extension near Sadat city and district. River Nile Represents the main source for irrigation though its two branches Damietta and Rosetta, laying at the East and West sides of the governorate. Damietta Branch: This waterway starts from el Qanater, extending up to 228 kms and ends at the Mediterranean Sea. It serves as a third degree sailing pathway, between Mansoura and Farsqour (around 88 kms). Rosetta Branch: Rosetta Nile branch starts from el Qanater and extends for about 250 kms ending at the Mediterranean Sea. It serves as a second degree sailing pathway during winter only. There are six bridges and three water locks across the branch. Map () highlights the locations of canals and drains at the governorate Artificial irrigation pathways also exist and are fed from el Qanater, they are used for distributing water as follows: El Ryah el Menoufy: serves to irrigate around 285700 feddans, and is fed from el Qanater with around 1348.8 million m3 of water/year. It is considered the largest source for water in the area after the River Nile and its two branches. It serves to feed water to several canals: El Nagar, Shanshouria, Sharkeya, Telwana, Rayahy, Sabek, Sersaweya, Habs el Bagoureya, Bagoureya, and Nenaya canals which pass close to the study area. El Nagayel canal from Damietta Branch: serves to irrigate around 29690 feddans, and is fed from the Nile directly at el Qanater with around 186.5 million m3/ year. It provides Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 66# water for the land at Ashmoun district. It conducts water for several canals: Sahara el Nagayel, Ashmoun el Mostagada, Ganbeya el Nagar, Nokrasheya sharkeya, Nokrasheya gharbeya, Ganabeya Shantouf, Habb, Nenaaeya Qebleya, Waslet Ashmoun, Abou Awaly, Sahel Abou Awaly, Gezira, Ganabeya Nenaaeya Bahreya, Fazara Qebleya, Romana, El Khour, El Ansary, and Dagna. Derwa Canal from Rosetta Branch: provides irrigation water for around 9060 feddans, with an amount of water reaching around 74.5 million m3/year. The canal feeds el Waraq and el Gezira canals. Other canals branch from Derwa canal such as: el Waraq, Ganabyet Abu el Dahab and Ganabyet Meet Afif. The total amount of water allocated to Menoufia Governorate is 1.6 billion cubic meters per year. Nanaeya canal passes by the villages of Dnasour, Zawyet el Baqly and Bashtawi which are included as part of this study, they belong to el Shohdaa district ( located at the western side of the villages). Evacuation cars dispose of collected wastewater at Nanaeya canal. It was noted during the site visit that there are some places that drivers use regularly to dispose of wastewater. This only happens at Dnassour village, since the canal is close to the village. Most villages depend on deep groundwater in feeding water treatment plants that are used for drinking. The water company conducts periodic analysis for drinking water. Figure#11Nenaeya canal Some of the community members use the canal for washing clothes, which was noted by some waste clothes left by one side. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 67# Figure#12washing clothes by the side of the canal Figure#13solid waste by the side of the canal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 68# disposal of untreated wastewater at disposal of untreated wastewater at Nanaeya Denshway drain canal Figure#14disposal of untreated wastewater at Nanaeya and Denshway waterways Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 69# Drains Most of the agricultural drains that end at the Nile suffer from severe pollution in addition to the disposal of huge amounts of pollutants to them. Discharged water types include agricultural drainage water, wastewater, and industrial wastewater containing oils and waste. These charges can be clearly noticed at areas when the river is flowing close to dense urban and industrial centers. In general, water quality at drains does not correspond to the standards of surface water quality indicated in the law 48 for the year 1982. In many cases water represents a health risk to the population as a result of the potential contamination with pathogenics (bacterial - or viral) from sewage water. A lot of healthcare problems are in fact caused by sanitation. For example hepatitis, is considered the most widespread disease at the governorate as indicated in the environmental profile. Figure 4-16 highlights the names of canals and drains at Menoufia governorate. No drains pass through the villages included in the study, only one drain extends to the agricultural area between Danasour and Zaweit Al Bokly. Donshway drain passes adjacent to the location specified for construction of the wastewater treatment plant at Danasour. The drain will be used for disposal of generated treated water. It was observed that the surface of this the drain is largely filled with aquatic plants and residues on both sides. These wastes should be removed before the start of wastewater disposal. This drain has been continuously used for disposal of untreated sewage by evacuation cars that come from the neighboring Danasour village. Figure#15Denshway drain Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 70# Figure#16map of all drains at Menoufia Governorate Source: Environmental Profile Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 71# Figure#17 canals and drains at Shohdaa district Source: Feasibility study Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 72# 4.2.2 Ground water: Groundwater is the main source for water used for industrial and agricultural purposes at new urban areas located far from river Nile such as Sadat City. In addition to the importance of using the Ground aquifer located in the delta areas, as it suffers from increasing water levels as a result of change to permanent irrigation method. In addition to the expanding activities of the population at Delta areas and the high rate of wastewater discharge to the aquifer. Studies show that a twin river runs under the surface of Nile valley and delta. The total capacity of the aquifer and the Nile Valley and Delta is about 400 billion m3 of which about 120 billion m3 are in Nile Valley and 280 billion m 3 are in Delta. Studies conducted by the Ministry of public Works and Water Resources confirm that Delta ground contains two groundwater aquifers, which are: Aquifer type Volume TDS Nile Vally 100:200 m <600 ppm El Mkreby 100:900 m <500 ppm Table#4*2Distribution of groundwater A. Nile Valley Aquifer: It occupies the geological formations of the clay layer, its thickness reaches about 100 meters in the lower area of the basin between the river branches and its thickness increases to 200 meters at the upper area of the basin. Groundwater system in the Nile Valley aquifer: The Aquifer at Delta area consists of Sand and Gravel mixed with clay. It is lined from the bottom with clay rocks. The thickness of the aquifer increases to the north as we move away from Cairo area, the direction of groundwater movement also turns towards the north. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 73# Residents of the villages included in the study depend on the septic tanks for disposal of sewage. The floors of most of those tanks are not lined and are porous to groundwater aquifer causing contamination. In addition to this evacuated wastewater from those tanks is disposed of at the local canals and drains. Figure#18rising groundwater levels at one of the sites at Beshtamy villages # Figure#19rising wastewater level at one of the septic tanks# Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 74# Ground water salinity reaches its lowest rates at Menoufia Governorate, a 320 ppm. Salinity increases as we head towards the middle of the Delta, where it reaches 640 ppm. Salinity reaches its maximum rate at the north, where it reaches up to 45,000 ppm. Table 4-3 indicates groundwater quality at districts of Tala – Shebin el Kom – El Shohdaa – El Bagour – Kwaysna and Berket el Sabaa, as well as the level of static groundwater. Well No. Location The depth m TDS 1 Tall 5 467 2 Sheben El Koum 5.7 452 3 El Shohada 5.3 302 4 Al Bagour 5.5 252 5 Kewisna 3.93 249 6 Berkt El Sabh 3.8 408 Table&4(3&Groundwater quality The table highlights that at El Shohdaa district (which containing the villages under the study) water salinity reaches 302 ppm, the static ground water level reaches 5.3 meters. 4.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring water quality by the government monitoring networks: Results included in state of the environment report for 2011, based upon the results of the monitoring conducted by the water research center at the Ministry of Water Resources, show that agricultural pollutants at water surfaces at Mnofia governorate are within the acceptable limits, as indicated at figure 4-20. Biological pollutants on the other hand are within the critical range as indicated in figure 4-21. Industrial pollutants resulting from industrial discharge are of moderate concentration and exceed permissible limits, as noted from figure 4-22. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 75# Figure&20Contamination of drains by Agricultural pollutants Figure&21Contamination of drains by sewage pollutants Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 76# Figure&22Contamination of drains by Industrial pollutants Monitoring water quality by the research team: Water Quality Criteria: When gathering ambient water quality samples, it is crucial that samples be collected in a consistent and proper manner with the appropriate equipment, so the analytical results or field measurements will reflect the environmental conditions at the time of sampling. One field trip was carried out to Menofia governorate to collect water samples from El Shohada district. Samples were collected from Hand pumps as an indicator for the ground water and also from some canals and drains as surface water. The sample points were identified according to the maps to cover all the villages under studies so two hand pump and three surface water sample expressing the water quality for these villages. Samples were collected to have a base line data before starting the construction of the project, also to have an idea for the future changes (improvement or deterioration). Water Quality Sampling Methodology: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 77# The planning and sampling methodology are confined to the monitoring of natural bodies of fresh water (surface water). Methods are determined by a number of factors: the type of material being sampled (ground or surface water) sediment sample; the type of sampler (grab, composite or integrated); the quality parameter being analyzed which in turn determines the kind of container; the amount of sample; whether the sample is analyzed in situ or sent back to a laboratory and the method of preservation. A- Parameters measured in-situ Specific variable tested in the field; this completed by using a hand-held meter field instrument. Specific variables also are tested in a laboratory environment with the correct equipment. Parameters that measured immediately were pH B- Parameters measured in laboratory Laboratories analysis can provide additional parameters to be analyzed. Generally, these analysis includes what are demand as oxygen budget (COD, and BOD), and metals (such as iron, copper, lead, ……etc.) also some bacteriological analysis (total and fecal coliforms) done for all samples.. In this project, samples were collected from groundwater (House hand pumps) as for drinking water and from the canals up and downstream the pumping station by 100 meter. There are three villages in El Shohadaa district under the study which are Danasor, ElBakly, and Beshtamy, so five surface and ground water samples was collected, one from the drain, two from the ground water and two from Nhnahia canal. Some photos were taken for the sampling locations to deal with any observations that could be useful for the work. the GPS coordinates for samples locations was shown in table 4-4, figure4-23 shows the location of one sample on Nhnahia canal. Surface Ground District Village N E water Water Menoufia Governorate Danasour- El Shohadaa Denshway * 30 37 06 N 30 49 47 E Drain Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 78# Danasour- * 30 36 31 N 30 48 48E PS Zaweit Al Bokly-El * 30 37 37 N 30 48 03 E Nhnahia canal Bashtamy * 30 38 41 N 30 48 14 E Bashtamy- El Nhnahia * 30 38 27 N 30 47 57 E canal Table&4(4GPS coordinates for samples locations Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 79# Figure#23Sampling locations for Beshtami village on Nhnahia canal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 80# Sample Collection and Analysis Water samples collected and analyzed done by team from Soils, Water & Environment Research Institute from surface and ground water by means of hand pumps, canals, and drain sites were received as a raw data and then tabulated. All data analyzed are summarized in Tables 4-5 for each site and it is illustrated in appendices. Figure 4-24 shows sample collection activities for surface water, figure 4-25 shows groundwater quality monitoring process through field monitoring. Densheway drain Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 81# El Nhnahyia canal Figure#24surface water monitoring activities # Figure#25monitoring groundwater quality Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 82# Data Analysis: For field measurements at El Shohada District are as follow: • For pH, the value of pH ranged between maximum of 7.21 to a minimum of 6.54 which indicates neutral conditions. For laboratory measurements it indicates: • For the trace metals most data shows nil or very negligible values, expect the Arsenic. Bacteriological analysis shows some high values for fecal and total coliforms but expected in the case of wastewater drains. The Analysis results: Table 4-5 shows the analysis results of the samples for El Shohada district. District Village Code Menoufia Governorate Danasour- Denshway 1 Drain Danasour- 2 PS /GW Zaweit Al Bokly-El El Shohadaa 3 Nhnahia canal Bashtamy 4 GW Bashtamy- El Nhnahia 5 canal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 83# MWRI WHO Sample Codes Law Parameters Units Law for 92-2013 Drinking 1 2 3 4 5 Surface Drainage Physicochemical pH ------- 7.46 7.54 7.28 7.42 7.21 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 165 248 185 259 76 (TSS) Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 48 48 28 12 32 <10 <50 (COD) Biological Oxygen Demand mg/l 40 36 24 6 26 <6 <30 (BOD) Trace Metal Molybdenum 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 <0.07 (Mo) Chromium 0.00 0.00 .001 0.00 .001 <0.05 <0.05 (Cr) 2 Zinc 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 <0.01 <2 (Zn) Cadmium mg/l 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.003 <0.001 <0.003 (Cd) Phosphorus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (P) Lead 0.00 .007 .001 0.00 .003 0.01 <0.01 <0.1 (Pb) Nickel 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 <0.01 0.1 (Ni) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 84# Cobalt .001 .01 0.00 0.00 .001 (Co) Iron 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.3 <0.5 <3 (Fe) Boron 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.3 <0.5 (B) Manganese 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.1 <0.3 <2 (Mn) Copper 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 <0.01 <1 (Cu) Selenium 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (Se) Arsenic 0.01 0.00 .026 .015 .013 0.01 <0.01 (As) 7 Silicon 8.16 16.2 1.08 0.00 1.31 (Si) Aluminum 0.00 .005 0.00 0.00 .003 0.2 (Al) Microbiological Total Coliform 62 370 34 22 67 0 Fecal Coliform CFU/ 13 140 12 11 33 0 ml Salmonella and shigella ND 8 ND ND ND 0 bacteria Table#425the analysis results of the water samples for El Shohada district # # # # Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 85# Recommendations: 1. Sampling continuing at the same locations. 2. Comparison between data and standard laws: such Law 48 for year 1982 Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, Law 4 for year 1994 Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), and Law no. 458 year 2007 Ministry of Health. 3. Supervise evolution of water quality by time according to the project. 4. Microbiological data for Hand pumps and water surface, it is not recommended for drinking water purposes. Health and population directorate in Menoufia collects samples from each well once per month, the results indicate that only few are within the legal permissible limits for potable water, most of the samples were not compliant. It should be noted that there are instructions from the water company not to use the water from wells for drinking purposes, and to use only treated water supplied by the company. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 86# 4.3 Climate+conditions+ Climate is among the most important factors that affect human activity, especially agricultural production. The location of Menoufia Governorate in southern Delta has had a significant impact on its climate. Delta province has climatically distinct qualities and elements than the rest of the Arab Republic of Egypt. The passage of air dips during winter and spring represents the major climatic phenomenon affecting the climate of the province. They are the direct cause of rainfall during winter, and sand storms of hot temperature and low humidity -carrying dust and sand during summer. The climate of Menoufia Governorate is characterized in general by warmth and increased humidity in the winter as well as rise in temperature and dryness in summer. Previous studies show that relative humidity during the months of June to August may increase at the city of Shebin El Koum, similar to all other Egyptian provinces. Concerning sun brightness, Menoufia is characterized in general by lack of clouds and increased sunshine hours, which affects the growth and maturity of agricultural crops especially summer crops. The percentage of clouds increases during the winter and spring and then starts to decrease from May and reaching its slightest decrease in June at the station of Shebin el Kom and Quesna respectively . Table 4-6 highlights the monthly average temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, percentage of relative humidity and amount of rainfall recorded at Shebin el Kom and Quesna. The amount of rainfall has been included only for Shebin el Kom and Quesna stations, since they are the only districts that include rain monitoring stations. Months Temperature Atmospheric Wind speed Humidity percentage Rain (mm) (OC) pressure (mb) (knots) quantity Shebein Kowes Shebei Kowes Sheb Kowes Shebein Kowesna Shebein Kow na n na em na esna January 13.2 18.8 1018.2 1019.1 4.3 3.7 68 2.7 72 3.5 2.4 2.2 February 14.1 13 1017.2 1016.8 4.6 4.6 63 3.4 64 5.4 2.3 1.9 Mars 16.4 15.7 1015.7 1015.8 5.2 5.6 60 4.3 62 6.6 2.1 2.2 April 19.5 18.8 1013.3 1012.8 5.2 6.5 54 5.8 58 9.2 1.9 2.2 May 23.3 22.6 1012.5 1012.5 5.2 6.3 49 7.1 51 11. 1.5 1.2 7 June 26.2 26.1 1010.9 1011.1 5.1 6.2 51 7.5 53 12. 1.6 0.5 2 July 27.2 26 1008.1 1008.8 4.5 5.5 58 6.2 65 9.3 0.8 0.8 August 27.2 25.6 1008.6 1009.3 3.8 4.8 63 5.3 58 8.1 0.9 0.9 September 25.6 24.6 1012.2 1012.4 4.1 5.0 62 5.0 65 8.4 0.08 0.8 October 23.2 21.9 1015.2 1012.4 4.2 4.6 63 4.5 66 7.5 1.2 1.1 November 19.2 17.2 1017.2 1018.8 3.9 3.8 68 3.8 71 4.9 1.9 1.8 December 15 12.9 1017.6 1020.6 4.0 3.8 69 2.7 72 3.5 2.3 2.1 Table#426highlighting the average temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, relative humidity and rainfall Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 87# The#source#:#the#Environmental#Profile#for#EL#Menofia#governorate#2008 4.4 Air+Quality:+ Air quality at Menoufia governorate is considered a significant challenge as a result of the high population density in the governorate and the extensive industrial activities. Multiple sources of air pollution exist such as car exhaust, factories, workshops, mills, brick kilns, coal and pottery furnaces, burning domestic and agricultural waste, especially rice straw, etc. The most important pollutants resulting from those activities are, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, produced mainly by the burning of Petroleum and coal as well as burning wastes. The most dangerous pollutants are sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, which accumulates in the blood and hinders oxygen cycle as well as suspended particles. Figure 4-26 presents a simplified figure for the most air polluted areas in the governorate. Figure#26layout of industrial emissions sources at the governorate Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 88# The map shows that Al Shohdaa district suffers from less industrial gas emissions sources compared to Menouf district for example. The main source for air pollution at the district is burning agricultural and domestic waste accumulating at unplanned areas. Activities conducted at Menoufia governorate will be concentrated at Al Shohdaa district. Air quality in these areas is affected by its agricultural nature, free of the main sources of air pollution. Monitoring of ambient air quality by the study team: The field surveying team has conducted air quality measurements. Specific locations were carefully selected to represent all other areas based on the analysis of the existing data prior to the measurements. The main observation was the foul odours from the existing septic tanks especially during evacuation, or evolving at areas where there is leakage of wastewater, in addition to the fumes from burning wastes at undesired areas. This is a prevalent pattern for all villages that has no available sanitation networks. During the field visit only a small pasta and biscuits factories exist, which generate emissions from fuel burning to heat water, this should cause limited impact on air quality. Areas where the pump stations will be constructed are agricultural rural village areas, while the area designed for constructing the treatment plant is an agricultural area located far from the neighbouring residential area. Annex 5 of the executive regulation of the decree number 710 for year 2012 is used as a guideline for air quality at the sites and villages where the project will be implemented. Measurements show that air does not contain specific pollutants. Pollutants are within the safe limits, far from the maximum limits included in the annex. Table4-7 shows these results, and figures (27), (28), (29) and (30) show the location of measurements areas. El Shohada district Danasou Zawei Averagin Danasour/P Bashtam Permissibl r t Al g period S y e limits /WWTP Bokly (hr) Carbon monoxide CO(microgram/m3 1350 1130 1300 1230 10000 8 ) Sulfur dioxide- 64 64 59 51 125 8# SO2(microgram/m3 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 89# Nitrogen dioxide - NO2 66 55 63 64 150 8# (microgram/m3) Ammonia (NH3)microgram/m ND ND ND ND 120 8# 3 TSP Mg/m3 0.087 0.034 0.097 0.035 0.23 8# PM10 Mg/m3 0.075 0.034 0.085 0.035 0.15 8# PM7 Mg/m3 0.064 0.025 0.074 0.025 0.15 8# PM2.5 Mg/m3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08 8# PM1Mg/m3 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08 8# Table#427Analysis results for air measurements The measurements was performed by “measurements and calibration lab(MCL) faculty of engineering Cairo university”. The report is attached in annex-3 # # # # # Figure (27) the location of air and noise measurements in Danasure WWTP area # Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 90# # # # # # # # # # # Figure#(28)#the location of air and noise measurements in Danasure PS area # # Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 91# # # # # # # # Figure#(29)#the location of air and noise measurements in Zawit El Bakly PS area Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 92# # # # # # # # # Figure#(#30)#the location of air and noise measurements in Beshtamy PS area Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 93# Monitoring of ambient air quality by national air quality monitoring network: Based on the state of the environment report of 2011 issued in 2012, air quality was measured using pollution indicators. According to the available data the following pollutants were monitored. Nitrogen Oxides: Figure 4-27 shows Nitrogen dioxide concentration at delta in 2011, did not exceed 33 micrograms /m3, significantly lower than 2009. Figure#31Nitrogen oxides annual average all over Egypt Sulphur Dioxide: table 4-8 shows that Sulphur dioxide concentrations at delta in 2011 were 25 micrograms/m3, significantly increased from 2009 Table&4(8Sulfur Dioxide annual average Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 94# Ozone: Figure 4-28 rates of excess ozone percentage in Damietta and Kaha, are very limited. Although Damietta and Kaha are not within the scope of this study, but they reflect an image of the limited ozone concentration in cities full of cars and industrial activities. The values are expected to be lower if a monitoring network in the villages under study existed. Figure#32Ozone Carbon mono oxide: The figure 4-29 shows Damietta and the agriculture college, with very limited values. Figure#33Carbon mono oxide # Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 95# Particle Matters: Egyptian cities suffer from high percentage of PM during the monitoring period of five years. Figure&34Particulate Matters 4.5 Noise:* The most important sources of noise pollution between one and four o’clock at noon are the parking lots, markets, carpentry workshops, car repair workshops in cities and villages. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 96# Factories represent an important source of noise pollution especially spinning and weaving factories, which are concentrated in the industrial zone at Sadat city. Although noise is considered a major problem in cities but it does not represent a major problem in the villages of Al Shohdaa district which are characterized by their agricultural nature. Residential areas represent islands within the predominant agricultural areas of project implementation. Through the monitoring and observation sites where the treatment plant, the pump stations and gravity lines will be established it was noted that the main sources of noise in these areas is the movement of some cars, public activates and operating water pumps. Measurements of the surrounding environment show that the noise level is high as showing in table (4-9) and the location of measurements showed in figures (27), (28), (29) and (30). El Shohada district Measuring time Danasour Zaweit Al Danasour/PS Bashtamy /WWTP Bokly Mean value 73.8 63 55.2 66 7am : 10pm (dB) Permissible 50 dB limit Table&4(9Analysis results for noise measurements The measurements was performed by“measurements and calibration lab(MCL) faculty of engineering Cairo university”. The report is attached in annex -3 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 97# 4.6 Flora:** in Menoufia agricultural lands the governorate includes common plants of the region such as wormwood plant trees sycamore tree, acacia, eucalyptus and different palm plants sycamore tree wormwood plant Imperata cylindrica Figure#35Flora which spread on the banks of canals and drains. In addition to the cultivated crops in which the most common are cotton, wheat, rice, corn, and vegetables) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 98# 4.7 fauna:* The dominating fauna in the area is farm animals and other species adapted to urban areas as feral cats and dogs, rodents, lizards, bats and birds, which depend on waste as food. lizard rodent Figure&36fauna Fish: The surface waters; mainly Rosetta and Dameitta Branches and also canals and drains comprise common fresh water aquatic species. These surface waters are used for fish production in Menofia governorate as indicated in Table4-10 species Annual production Location (tons) Tilapia Nilotica 4348 Catfish 2938 Rosetta branch Whitefish 1600 Showlfish 278 bissfish 181 Damietta branch 1555 Mabroukfish Asalafr hashayesh Pharaonic sea 2675 silver mabroukfish Table&4(10Fish species In conclusion, no endangered species were identified within the project’s affected areas. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 99# 4.8 Geology:* Menoufia is characterized as a plain surface; the alluvial flood plain consists of silt deposits covering the governorate and Delta. These deposits are composed of clay, sandstone and soft and medium-grained sand clay. Lands in the Delta are generally sloping from the south towards the north. The center of the province is characterized by being plain. The contour lines reach a height of 18 m in the south of the governorate to 18 meters, decreasing to 9 m in the north. The map () shows contour lines in the governorate. Soil can be defined as the surface layer of the Earth's crust resulting from the decomposition and fragmentation of rocks or from the decomposition of organic material or both. The land of Monofeya is considered among the finest lands suitable for long term agricultural activities. The majority of the governorate lands consist of new sedimentary fluvial formations, characterized by thick textures and light clay across the section. Mostly heavy texture layer ends at a depth of 80 to 120 cm of soil, followed by the medium texture soil (loam or clay loam), followed by light soil (sandy or clay sandy). Sometimes the topsoil consists of medium texture clay, in some areas the heavy soil is mixed with 40 cm of medium textures clay, sometimes existing at different depths from the surface of the soil ranging from 50 to 90 cm of the sedimentary fluvial lands, mixed with medium texture of clay across the soil section. Most of the land is located close to the Nile branches or near ancient river waterways. Sometimes medium textured soil is covered with layers of clay of thick textures and at other areas medium texture soil exists on top of sand layers. Along the sector, deep land of rough textured fluvial sedimentary soil exist either formed of sand or sandy loam. These types spread along Damietta branch, and is clearer in the areas close to Rosetta branch. These types of land exist at scattered areas within the Delta, and may be covered with clay or loam or clay loam. In general, most of the above mentioned river sediments were affected by various natural river formations over the years. These configurations vary from one place to another due to different speed of the river current. There are large tracts of elevated uneven sandy soil, formed of old fluvial sediments mostly composed of sand and gravel, which were deposited during the first formation of the Delta. These formations are called “under Delta” they represent some islands amidst the vast ocean of fine silt. These lands have been and are still exposed to a number of factors leading to the its disappearance like rain. It is also exposed to erosion by human activities and animals or other erosion factors. As shown on the following two maps. Figure 4-33 of the governorate and figure 4-34 the geological map of Delta Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 100# Figure'37Geology of Delta Source: FESIA – Institute of Environmental Studies Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 101# Figure'38topographyof Menoufia governorate Source: Environmental Description Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 102# Figure'39Geology map for Menoufia governorate Source: Environmental Profile Soil Quality: It is planned to construct the gravity lines, two pump stations at the villages of Zaweit Al Bokly and Bashtamy, and the treatment station at Danasour village. All the areas are rural areas with limited soil pollution, especially at the areas dedicated for the treatment plant, considered as agricultural area. Soil pollutants are limited to the domestic waste scattering along the streets and on the banks of the canals or drains. A soil sample was collected at the area planned for construction of the treatment station to represent the baseline conditions prior to the occurrence of any potential pollution in cases of inadequate environmental management for generated sludge during the treatment process. The results show that the soil does not contain any pollutants. The report is attached in annex-3 The sampling and analysis was performed by “measurements and calibration lab (MCL) faculty of engineering- Cairo University” Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 103$ Seismic hazards: Menoufia governorate is affected by a set of faults which in turn affects the simple seismic status figure 4-36 shows that the governorate belongs to the medium category (among five categories) representing an ideal chance for development activities. The gravel and the old sand plains are appropriate for developmental activities conducted according to the codes of civil engineering, which takes into account the degree and impact of earthquakes on the stations and the gravity lines, to avoid exposure to concussions leading to leakage of wastewater and groundwater contamination. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 104$ Figure'40Egypt Seismic risk classification Source: www.who-eatlas.org Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 105$ 4.9 Most(Sensitive(areas:( They represent the most affected areas as a result of the project activities; there are high possibilities of negative environmental impacts occurring as a result these activities, or as a result of the interaction between these activities and the surrounding environment: Bashtamy village 1. The gravity line passes in front of a hospital and a school, the line then passes in front of the other side of the hospital, then crossing the railway close to the train station to reach the planned pump station site at Bashtamy as highlighted in figure4- 37 2. The planned pump station and lines at Bashtamy village, are designed to be constructed at an area of schools, as shown on figure 4-37 3. The line will pass close to the railway at some areas as shown in figure4-37 4. The gravity line crosses the agricultural road close to Naenaya canal, which may impact the water quality in case of any leakage for any reason 5. The rising level of groundwater at some areas in the village, which leads to water appearing on the surface 6. The gravity lines will pass at some small streets with unstable houses 7. Existence of Cattle Egret bird at agricultural areas near Nawawra canal. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 106$ Figure$41the most sensitive areas at Bashtamy Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 107$ Zaweit Al Bokly village: 1. The pump station will be constructed at a residential area, close to houses 2. The gravity line passes the railway parallel to Zambyla covered canal, the line passes on the two sides of the canal at some points, as highlighted in figure 4-38 3. The gravity line passes in both directions beside a covered waterway at the north – western side of the village 4. The gravity line passes close to the agricultural road near Naenaya canal 5. The gravity line passes parallel to the railway at some areas and parallel to the station at some other points. 6. The rising groundwater level at some areas in the village 7. The gravity line passes at some small streets with fragile structures 8. Cattle Egret bird appears close to Nawawra village 9. The pump station will be conducted close to Danasour railway station, the agricultural road and Nawawra canal. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 108$ Figure'42the most sensitive areas at Bashtamy village Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 109$ Danasour Village 1. The treatment plant will be constructed at an agricultural area 2. The treatment plant is facing Abou Shady – Danasour agricultural road on the other side of Donshway drain 3. Waste spreads along Donshway drain 4. The rising groundwater level at some areas in the village Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Menoufia - Final 110# 4.10 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS The aim of this section is to describe the social and economic baseline conditions at the project area. This description will allow the consultant to conduct a comprehensive and integrated understanding of the area. Secondary data was reviewed, as well as using observation and documentation with pictures. 4.10.1 Description of Project Areas As previously mentioned the project will be implemented at three villages in Menoufia governorate, which are: Beshtamy, Danasaur, and Zawyet El Bokly. Based upon the field visits project areas can be identified as semi urban, residential areas that consist of houses made of red brick and reinforced concrete, the height of the buildings varied between three to five floors. Most of the houses were not painted from the outside. There is no formal planning for the housing areas. Photo 2:Some houses at Zawyet El Bekly Photo 1: Some houses at Danasaur village village The width of the streets varied between 3 to 10 meters, the width of the streets is an indicator that the traffic disruption will be limited. The roads were paved but not with asphalt. Observation from the research team shows that water was thrown away in the streets. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 111 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 4.10.2 Demographic profile of the project area 4.10.2.1 Population This part presents the data describing population at the local areas such as: population distribution, age, education and job of the head of the household. Most of the data was collected from Secondary data sources, mainly from the information centers. Demographics There was a strong variation between data about the population; the 2006 census data can be considered the most reliable data. The research team will only include data based on the 2006 census as the other sources are not reliable. The number of household families was 6179 families, total number of population is 26 thousand persons. The size of the household families varied between 4 persons at Beshtamy and 4.5 persons at Danasaur. 6179 separate house units are the number of households were the population lives. Population and number of families at the villages Village name Beshtamy Zawyet El Bekly Danasaur Number of families 1824 2396 1959 Males 3742 5118 4572 Females 3605 4765 4257 Total population 7347 9883 8829 Average family size 4.0 4.1 4.5 Number of houses 2396 1959 1824 * No data is available about the hamlets, data only available about main villages Source: 2006 Census, CAPMAS Population distribution did not vary according to the area, the percentage of population in the age group between 15-45 years was 50% of the population. Younger groups less than 6 years represent 14% of the total population. 20% of the population are in the age group less than 15 years. Therefore the type of community is considered a young community. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 112 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 100%% 6.9% 5.2% 6.5% 90%% 15.3% 13.4% 13.7% 60+years% 80%% 70%% 45B%less%than%60%% 60%% 49.7% 49.5% 49.5% 15Bless%than%45% 50%% 40%% 10Bless%than%15% 30%% 9.4% 10.6% 9.8% 20%% 6.0% 5.8% 6.3% 6Bless%tan%10% 10%% 12.9% 15.2% 14.2% Less%than%6%years% 0%% Beshtamy% Zawyet%El% Danasour% village% Bokly% distribution of the population according to age groups and area Figure 1: Source: 2006 Census, CAPMAS 4.10.2.2 Education Status The following education services are present at the area, which provide the local community with access to education, as indicated from the following table: Available education services Education status 2009/2010 School education (Public) Unit Shohdaa district Number of schools and School and 130 departments department Number of classrooms Classroom 1575 Number of pupils Thousand pupils 53.81 Percentage of females % 48.43 Number of teachers Thousand teachers 3.76 Number of vocational schools school 6 Number of private schools school 8 Education status 2009/2010 Unit Azhar school education Number of Azhar institutes Institute 50 Number of classrooms classroom 314 Number of pupils Thousand pupils 8.98 Percentage of females % 44.29 Number of teachers Thousand teachers 1.02 Teacher /student ratio Teacher/ student 8.85 Source: Description of Egypt by Information, 2010 Regarding the educational services available in the 3 villages they are as follow: 1- 2 literacy classes 2- 3 primary schools 3- 2 Prep schools Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 113 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 4- 1 vocational school 5- 4 Azhar institute Data available about the education status was selected from the 2006 national census data from CAPMAS. The data indicated that about 41.1% of the population at Danasaur village are illiterate, while only 11% at the three villages can read and write. Which shows that about 50% of the sample were never enrolled to school. The percentage of those who finished primary education was 18% of the population at different areas. 25% of the sample held a vocational degree. Education is an important indicator of the quality of life, the increase in education level is a reflection to the increase in welfare. We can conclude that the living standard at the three villages reflect poverty. 100%% 90%% 23.8% University% 80%% 31.5% 26.1% Above%intermediate% 70%% 17.3% Intermediate% 60%% 16.3% 20.5% Basic%educa\on% 50%% 40%% Literacy% 30%% Read%and%write% 41.1% 20%% 33.5% Illiterate% 27.6% 10%% 0%% Beshtamy%village% Zawyet%El%Bokly% Danasour% Figure 2: Population distribution according to education status and area Source: 2006 census data, CAPMAS 4.10.2.3 Professions Agriculture and services are the most prevalent professions, 90.3% of the population at Beshtamy village are employed on permanent basis, this percentage reaches 70.4% at Danasaur village. The percentage increases since daily wage laborers represent about quarter of the labor force at the village. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 114 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 100%% 3.0% 5.2% 90%% 23.7% 80%% 70%% Not%con\nuous% 60%% Seasonal% 50%% 90.3% Temporary% 85.4% 40%% 70.4% Permanent% 30%% 20%% 10%% 0%% Beshtamy%village% Zawyet%El%Bokly% Danasour% Figure 3: Distribution of the population according to education status and area Source: 2006 census, CAPMAS 4.10.3 House and Living conditions Description of the house and the living conditions are among the most important elements that must be highlighted within the context of the study. Houses and structures can be significantly subject to impacts as a result of the project. By reviewing the secondary data it was noted that three quarters of the houses at Beshtamy village can be described as rural houses. Only 50% of the houses at Danasaur village live at rural houses while only 35.8% are rural houses at Zawyet El Bekly village. The percentage of the population who live in houses reaches 53.4% at Zawyet El Bekly and reaches only 22% at Beshtamy village. 100%% Other% 90%% Hut% 80%% 35.8% 48.9% Kiosk% 70%% 70.0% A%shop% 60%% Mall% 50%% 40%% Work%Building% 53.4% 30%% 40.1% A%rural%house% 20%% 22.0% A%house% 10%% Apartment%building% 0%% Beshtamy%village% Zawyet%El%Bokly% Danasour% Figure 4: Distribution of the population according to type of house and area Source: 2006 census, CAPMAS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 115 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Primary data has confirmed similar results, the sample results indicated that 53.3% live at separate houses, 46.7% live at a flat in a house, and no other types of houses were indicated. The number of rooms varied between 2 to 12 rooms. The average number of rooms was 5.47 rooms. Most of the sample indicated that they have about 3 rooms. The overcrowding rate was 0.14 person/ room. Most of the sample indicated that they have separate bathroom and kitchen. Material used for building was mainly red brick (about 93%), the type of floor was ceramic and tiles. Very limited number of houses had cement floor. Photo 3:: water leakage to the outer walls of the house in Danasour village Most of the houses have windows and balconies. Windows were generally opened indicating that there is good ventilation at the house. The low heights of the houses facilitate exposure to sunshine at most of the flats. Most of the sample indicated that the source for water was the public network. The sample indicated that the water and wastewater company provide potable water through the public network. Water has been connected to most villages since more than 30 years. About 85% of the sample indicated that the taste of the water was different. 71.4% indicate that the smell of the water was different, and 7.1% of the sample indicates that the color was changed. The results of the FGD show that there is a change in the taste and color of water as a result of lack of maintenance for the old pipeline network. Concerning the procedures used when there is a change in water color, 55% of the sample indicated that they had to buy water. About one third of the sample use available water without any treatment, about 40% of the sample indicated that they bought a filter. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 116 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 10.00%% 100%% 16.70%% 22.20%% 90%% 15.00%% 40.00%% 80%% 70%% 44.40%% 60%% 55.00%% 50%% 83.30%% 40.00%% 40%% 30%% 33.30%% 20%% 20.00%% 20.00%% 10%% 0%% Total% Danasour% Zawyet%El%Bokly% Beshtamy%village% I%use%it%as%it%is% I%buy%water% Wait%un\l%it%becomes%be`er% Use%filter% Figure 5: Population distribution as how they overcome water problems at the area Most of the households save water in plastic vessels or metal vessels to be used in cases of water disruption. These vessels are stored at the bathroom and used via a plastic or metal cup. Cooking water is stored in Aluminum or PET bottles. These vessels are also used for washing crops. With regards to bathrooms they were in general clean, there were no traces of defecation on the toilets. This might be a misleading result since at some cases the respondents clean the bathroom before taking any photos. It was noted also that 10.5% of the observations for bathroom indicate that there are remains in the toilets, about quarter of the observations had an acceptable smell. Figure 6:: Sample distribution according to feces Figure 7: Sample distribution remains at the bathroom according to the smell of bathrooms It was noted from the observation that there is a special place for washing hands in about 40% of the sample. Observes were not able to conduct the observation at about 48% of the sample houses, while 10% of the sample did not have a place for washing hands. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 117 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 10.90%% 7.70%% 100%% 23.50%% 38.50%% 80%% 47.80%% 62.50%% 41.20%% 60%% 40%% 26.10%% 30.80%% 25.00%% 23.50%% 20%% 0%% Total% Danasour% Zawyet%El%Bokly% Beshtamy%village% In%the%same%room%or%another%room% Not%close%to%the%toilet% No%toilet/%can't%define% Could%not%observe% No%place%for%hand%washing% Figure 8:: Sample distribution for the population according to methods for overcoming potable water problems at each area Among the total number of houses that had a special place for washing hands, the field team indicated that 92% had soap on the sink, less than 5% had liquid soap, and only less than 3% did not have any soap. Field observation showed that respondents use bathrooms for showering, most of the bathrooms had a door that closes from the inside. The four governorates had the similar results in this case, which gives a sense of privacy. Water is heated using stove or electric heaters. Residents try to limit their use of septic tanks, therefore they get rid of the bathing water and washing water outside. Chapter 4 will present a detailed description of the types of sanitation. 4.10.4 Socio-economic indicators and poverty According to the 2010 Human Development Report, Menoufia holds the seventh position, Al Shohdaa district holds a low position, which reflects the average socio-economic conditions at the governorate. Since there are only limited data about income and expenditure, several indicators related to socio-economic conditions and poverty were monitored as follows: First: Income and Expenditure Income is the least validated indicator, it has a limited validity and reliability at the Egyptian society, since respondents give misleading information. We have thus adopted the use of expenditure rate as a more reliable measurement. The research team asked about the level income in order to compare with data on expenditure. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 118 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final The amount of monthly expenditure among the sample ranged between 500 to 5000 L.E with an average of 1610 L.E. /family, the mode was 1500 L.E. Expenditure rates are actually consistent with the income rates. The income rates varied between 300 L.E. to 6000 L.E. per month. The average income was 1849.33 L.E./family and the mode was 1500 L.E. The percentage of families spending less than 1000 L.E. / month was about 36% of the sample. This is the group that must be targeted by the project since they represent the poorest groups. 80% of the sample indicated that at least one family member is working, 20% indicated that all family members are working. Taking into consideration the rural nature of the project area, most of the family members work informally. With regards to receiving some sort of financial or material support, most families indicated that they did not receive any type of support. Taking into consideration the change in income for last year we can note that 50% of the sample indicated that no change happened since last year. The percentage of those who indicated that their income decreased were about 27%, while 23% of the respondents indicated that their income increased. This may be due to the increase in the prices of vegetables and fruits from last year. 100%% 9.0%% 9.1%% 3000%+% 90%% 10.7%% 12.4%% 23.30%% 2500B3000EGP% 80%% 11.3%% 70%% 14.0%% 2000B2499%EGP% 56.70%% 60%% 20.00%% 24.6%% 1500B1999%EGP% 50%% 24.7%% 1000B1499%EGP% 40%% 26.8%% 500B%999%EGP% 30%% 23.4%% 20%% Less%than%500% 10%% 15.3%% 13.2%% No%income% 0%% Income% Expenditure% increased% Decreased% No%change% Figure 9: Sample distribution according to categories Figure 10: Sample distribution according to of income and monthly expenditure change in income last year and the area Second: Breadwinner profession In general the head of the household is the breadwinner in Egypt, in some cases the head of the household may be different from the bread winner. The profession and education level of the breadwinner were monitored as one of the important indicators to the level of poverty within the family. There were different types of professions for breadwinners at target areas such as agriculture laborers about 17.5%, technicions 19% and 19% employed in sales services. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 119 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Unemployed% Machine%operators% 100%% 17.00%% 20.80%% Skilled%laborers% 90%% 80%% Farmers%and%fish% 70%% 29.80%% 29.20%% 60%% Workers%in%services%% 50%% 17.00%% 14.60%% Administra\ve% 40%% 30%% Technical%and%specialists% 20%% assistance% 8.50%% 8.30%% 10%% Specialists% 0%% Occupa\on%of%the% Occupa\on%of%the%head% Legislators%and%managers% breadwinner% of%household% Figure 11:Sample distribution according to the profession of the head of the family and the breadwinner 4.10.5 Role of men and women in the current sanitation practices In order to discuss the role of women and children in the sanitation practices, it can be noted that woman carries the major responsibility in this concern – regardless of her age – she is responsible of bringing water from the pump, she is also responsible of disposing of wastewater resulting from washing dishes and clothes. She also suffers as a result of the smell of the septic tank in the house. The field team could notice women and girls of ages 12- 60 years throwing water to the streets. Men and youth are responsible for contacting and supervising the evacuation car, especially since this is not an easy task with the low rates of provided activities. In case they could not find the evacuation car they will have to evacuate by themselves to the near farms or streets. Sometimes the evacuated water is used for irrigation. 4.10.6 Vulnerable groups Vulnerable groups are the groups that may be subject to more impacts caused by the project as a result of poverty and marginalization. For example: women who provide the family or the disabled in addition to youth who are now considered a vulnerable group. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 120 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Menoufia is considered an average governorate based on the 2010 human development report, the average GDP/capita is 9854 L.E. The percentage of the poor groups among the population reaches 17.9% with 3.1% suffering from extreme poverty. The poorest groups have to manually evacuate the septic tanks, or do not evacuate at all, which causes several diseases. These groups also discharge of sanitation water to the farms which may have severe health impacts on uncooked fruits and vegetables. The analysis of vulnerability that might occur due to the project implementation, it might be summarized as follow: Vulnerability due to deprivation of the project: In general any poor person who cannot have access to the sanitation network due to defects inside the house or streets or lack of financial resources will be considered as vulnerable group as they will not benefit from the project. Vulnerability due to accidents: Those poor marginalized groups that will suffer due to accidents are considered as vulnerable, particularly, in case of not being able to get proper treatment. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 121 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 4.11 HEALTH CONDITIONS Description of health conditions is one of the most important elements for ESIA studies for sanitation projects. The current study has paid special attention to monitoring the health conditions among the target population. The study tried to identify the types of prevalent diseases, provided healthcare services, levels of health awareness among the community, type of available sanitation services and solid waste management activities. The analysis was conducted based upon the collected primary data and the available secondary data related to healthcare services provided by the governorate research center. The study monitored health conditions through records from the healthcare units and schools. These records in fact were either not available or did not include realistic figures about healthcare units and family healthcare services. Therefore records were finally omitted from the results of the study. It was noted from the data provided by the governorate information center the availability of several healthcare services at the villages. Most of the offered services lack adequate staffing or lack necessary medicines. The number of doctors at the district level did not exceed one doctor per 822 patients which is a low percentage. Most of the sample indicated that they rely on private doctors which release the burden from public doctors to some extent. Distribution of healthcare services at Shohdaa district Service Provided Service Number National Ministry of health hospitals Hospital 0 Public and central hospitals Hospital 2 Specialized hospitals Hospital 0 Educational hospitals Hospital 0 Health insurance hospital Hospital 0 University hospitals Hospital 0 Other hospitals Hospital 0 Private sector hospitals Hospital 5 Other units Educational institutes Institute 0 Therapeutic institutions Institutions 0 Number of resident doctors Doctor 185 Number of resident dentists Dentist 18 Number of pharmacists Pharmacist 37 Number of practicing nurses Nurse 618 General indicators Number of ambulance cars ambulances Number of family planning units unit 6 Regarding healthcare services within the project areas reported by the information center in El Shohada, they are as follow: 1B A%health%unit%and%one%family%planning%center%are%%available%in%each%village% 2B 6%%private%clinics%are%located%in%the%three%villages%provide%services%in%appropriate%prices% 3B 6%pharmacies%% Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 122 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 4.11.1 Types of Sanitation Systems This study is mainly concerned with sanitation systems, the sample indicated that they use septic tank or other types of tanks. Septic tanks are usually located inside the house close to the kitchen and bathroom, sometimes they exist in the street. Schools and public units also have the same pattern of sanitation system, though sometimes septic tanks are located in the street. The following picture presents the location of septic tanks at some schools and septic tanks located in the street. Septic tank inside a storehouse in Photo 4: Photo 5: Septic tank inside Beshtamy primary Danasour village school Method of disposal of sanitation water as indicated by most of the sample was the Local Public Unit evacuation car and private evacuation cars. Private cars are used more often since it is too complicated to book the LPU car, you have to submit a form and pay the fees then wait for two or three weeks to get an appointment. Private evacuation cars on the other hand are very efficient, they arrive upon calling the driver. There is only on LPU evacuation car for each village, which is around one car serving each 4000 households. Private evacuation cars are about 10 cars (moving across the district) by in a very bad condition. It must be noted that most evacuation cars discharge to canals and drains, the research team were able to monitor cases of discharge to canals. Photo 6: Evacuation cars owned by the water company and the private evacuation car in Danasour Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 123 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Concerning the appearance of evacuation workers, they do not use any protection clothes as the case with evacuation workers at other governorates. Therefore they are subject to negative impacts resulting from direct contact with the sewage water, it was noted that those workers have ulcers on their hands. Workers from the water company and the private workers suffer from the same. It is also important to note that some spillage from evacuation cars occurs to the streets. Children usually play in the streets therefore they are more subject to diseases. One of the respondents at the FGD mentioned that “the evacuation cars cause some spillage of sanitation water to the street with is later causing infection to our children ”. Sometimes the monitoring bodies will make an official complaint to violations caused by evacuation cars (disruption to the environment case) but that is treated very freely “those persons who work in evacuation even when they have official complaint, they go to the LPU pay 20 pounds and nothing happens to them, then we cannot walk in the street from the foul smells.” This type of sanitation raises attention to the negative impacts related to eating uncooked fruits and vegetables that were irrigated with untreated waste water. Most of the studies have indicated that there is a correlation between the increasing percentage of disease incidents and using untreated sewage water for irrigation. The head of the healthcare unit said that “the most prevalent diseases in the area are sore throat, respiratory system infections, schistosomiasis and virus C. Most of the population in the area are peasants who work in farms and swim in canals. … The treatment for virus C is not available at the healthcare unit, I don’t know how much it costs in private clinics..for schistosomiasis the treatment and the analysis are free, we give the dose every three months.. so people do not pay anything for the treatment.” The lack of sanitation is one of the main causes for diseases which adds a huge financial burden for the country and the community to pay for the treatment cost. The discussion also includes methods of disposal of water used for washing clothes and dishes. About 90% indicated that they throw in the septic tanks. 12.5% of the sample indicated that they throw it in front of the house or at any nearby empty land. Figure 12: Sample distribution according to methods for disposal of washing water Table 1: Sample distribution according to problems related to sanitation Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 124 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 55% of respondents indicated that Problems related to sanitation % of the current type of sanitation causes respondents health problems, such as: diarrhea, Health problems 55.60% renal failure, liver diseases and Foul odors 100.00% intestinal infections. All of the Water ponds surrounding houses 22.20% respondents were reluctant about Evacuation cost 33.30% the generated foul odors, only one Multiple responses question third of the sample pointed to problems caused by the cost of evacuation. It is important also to monitor which institutions are responsible for solving problems related to sanitation, most of the sample indicated that they considered that the LPU is mainly concerned with sanitation problems, they did not mention the water company at all. When asked about the institution that should be responsible for handling sanitation problems, 90.5% mentioned it was the LPU while only 23% mentioned it should be the water company. With regards to the cost paid for the evacuation services, they mentioned it was between 10 L.E. to 150 L.E. to evacuate the septic tank, depends on how many trips will the car need, usually between 1 to 4 trips. The average cost for evacuation was 40 L.E. The sample indicated that private cars are easier to locate and have better performance. But in general evacuation car drivers do not fully fill the car tank in order to make more trips and to increase the fees. The total cost of each trip varies between 15-20 EGP for the car affiliated to the water company or the local unit. While community cars cost between 30-35 EGP . In addition, the driver should get a tip 5-10 EGP. Respondents in general did not show high degree of satisfaction about the evacuation services, for many reasons: 1. Water spillage as a result of the poor quality of evacuation cars, causing diseases in the area. 2. It is difficult for evacuation cars to reach small streets, and the used hose is usually pierced causing spillage. 3. It is too difficult to use the LPU evacuation car with a convenient cost, private cars are available at higher prices. 4. Evacuation is not conducted efficiently, the driver usually fills only half of the tank to ask for more fees. 5. Evacuation process in general causes several problems such as attacks from insects and the foul odors. 4.11.2 Type of Toilets Types of used toilets represent a main section in any ESIA study related to the health and sanitation services. The study has monitored types of toilets at different types of buildings: houses, schools, mosques and public buildings. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 125 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final The sample of the quantitative study indicated that the type of used toilet is a separate closed place. Most of the toilets have windows for ventilation, though the window is closed most of the time to ensure privacy. The type of seat used in the toilet is either the modern with seat or the traditional without a seat but with a flush (90% of the sample), only 10% of the sample indicated that they have a traditional toilet without a flush. Spout is a main component in toilets, although it is one of the main causes for diseases, especially since there is no soap in the bathroom. In case water is disconnected a tin or plastic cup is used to pour water from the vessels stored in the bathroom. Most of the sample indicated that they do not share toilets with other families. Toilets of public buildings have the same features as mentioned for households. Although most of public toilets have a flush and urinals are cleaner, but spouts and water vessels are used. Soap was not available at any bathrooms which causes spread of diseases and infections. School bathrooms had very deteriorated hygiene and privacy conditions. Some of the schools that have nearly 800 students use only one bathroom with 4 closed booths. The bathroom is located in front of the urinals used by boys. Bathrooms are used by girls and boys at the same time during breaks. Girls in preparatory school mentioned that they did not use bathrooms except for emergency cases. They have to stay for 8 hours without using bathrooms as a result of the deteriorating conditions. Mosques had better conditions, most of them were clean, but did not include soap, in addition to the fungus at the areas used for ablutions. 4.11.3 Sources of Pollution Sources of pollution are limited to domestic waste and pollution of waterways including drains and canals as a result of waste and discharge of sanitation, in addition to excessive use of pesticides. We will discuss waste in more detail, since some canals and drains suffer from extreme pollution as a result of waste, canals and drains represent also an area for reproduction of insects and rodents. No air pollution sources were monitored except burning of agriculture residue, the number of small factories and workshops are limited to cause substantial air pollution. Most of the respondents indicated that sanitation is the main cause of pollution since children play in the streets at areas where there are remains of urine and feces or where wastewater is discharged, causing diarrhea and intestinal infections. The sewage leakage to walls is also another cause of pollution at the area. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 126 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Photo 8:waste near one sewage pipelines in Photo 7:Green fungus on the walls in Zaweyt El Zawyet El Bekly Bekly 4.11.4 Solid Waste Solid waste represent one of the most important environmental problems that has negative visual impacts in addition to other negative impacts such as reproduction of rodents, reptiles and insects on the area. The percentage of houses that were surrounded by waste was 56.5% of houses at Zawyet El Bekly and 38% at Danasaur village. 38% of the houses were surrounded by cattle dung. It was also noted that the canal is the preferred place for waste disposal. of sewage water to canals in Photo 9:discharge Photo 10:Waste near canals in El shohada El shohada District District Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 127 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 100%% 7.70%% 4.70%% 14.30%% 12.50%% 9.30%% 17.60%% 15.60%% 90%% 6.30%% 26.70%% 38.50%% 80%% 25.00%% 6.70%% 26.70%% 70%% 53.80%% 35.30%% 60%% 51.20%% 50%% 23.10%% 78.60%% 40%% 40.00%% 66.70%% 29.40%% 30%% 56.30%% 20%% 38.50%% 34.90%% 38.50%% 10%% 17.60%% 17.80%% 7.10%% 0%% Beshtamy% Zawyet%El% Danasour% Total% Beshtamy% Zawyet%El% Danasour% Total% village% Bokly% village% Bokly% Solide%waste% Ca`le%dung% Nothing% Few% some% A%lot% Figure 13: Sample distribution according to waste and cattle dung surrounding houses 4.11.5Behaviours related to health conditions Some behaviors have negative impacts on the health conditions at local areas as follows: - Defecation and urination at streets - Washing food - Negative behaviors related to using bathrooms - Negative behaviors related to not washing hands before and after meals Behaviors related to health conditions are difficult to include in a questionnaire sheet, they must be observed in addition to the including some questions in different data collection tools. Field observation has shown there are not remains of urination and defecation at main streets, but some remains can be noticed beside canals and drains. Women were noticed to be washing vegetables and crops inside the house using the kitchen sink. The type of toilets (modern toilets) does not allow throwing waste inside. The shape of buildings reflects behaviors related to washing vegetables at poor areas. Behaviors related to using toilets inside and outside of the house vary between children and adults and between males and females. Girls at preparatory or secondary schools are not able to use the toilets at school, while boys do not have the same problem. Children use toilets and wash their hands afterwards. Washing hands after eating, typical answers show that 88.9% of the sample at Zawyet El Bekly indicated that they wash their hands before and after eating. The percentage decreases to 46.2% at Beshtamy village. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 128 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 100%% 7.70%% 3.30%% 11.10%% 90%% 37.50%% 33.30%% 80%% 46.20%% Rarely% 70%% 60%% Some\mes% 50%% 88.90%% 40%% 63.30%% Always% 62.50%% 30%% 46.20%% 20%% 10%% 0%% Beshtamy%village% Zawyet%El%Bokly% Danasour% Total% Figure 14: Sample distribution according to washing hands 4.11.6 Ownership of Poultry and Cattle Animals represent one of the main sources of Table 7: Sample distribution according to infections, for example: avine and swine flu. In owning poultry or cattle general responses were very low to the question Cattle and Poultry Total about ownership of livestock. 29.4% of the Ownership of cattle 29.40% sample indicated that they own cattle, while 76.5% own poultry and 17.6% own riding Ownership of riding animals 17.60% animals, sheep or goats. Ownership of goats and 17.60% sheep The study was concerned with the impacts of 76.50% Ownership of poultry having barns in the house on health. One quarter of the respondents indicated that they own a barn inside the house. Most of the time animals are left outside of the house to feed on waste. Sheep were seen at the waste collection area. 4.11.7 Common Diseases (Perception and Behaviour related to health) Common diseases were discussed on several levels: with the population, the health department and EEAA representatives. The most prevalent diseases are related to the lack of sanitation services. Representatives of the healthcare unit indicated that the most spreading diseases are diarrhea and renal failure. Food pollution is mainly caused by not washing hands after using the toilet as well as not cutting nails. The head of health directorate indicated that throwing water in front of the houses is the main cause for spreading mosquitoes and diseases. In addition to accidents caused by sewage water available in the streets. The local population was aware that pollution occurs as a result of the lack of sanitation services. Yet awareness was not turned into action or behavior. Although the local Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 129 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final community knew that there is pollution at different areas, they did not stop their children from urinating or defecating at open areas or did not encourage them to wash their hands. Adults still continue to throw away evacuation water at drains and canals. Based on the field results related to knowledge of diseases caused by lack of sanitation, 90% of the respondents indicated that they know about diseases caused by lack of fresh water. 80% indicated that they know results caused by water pollution and waste. But most of the time responses were not correct as will be indicated in detail about diseases. 100%% 11.10%% 20.80%% 21.90%% 90%% 80%% 70%% 60%% No% 50%% 88.90%% 79.20%% 78.10%% Yes% 40%% 30%% 20%% 10%% 0%% Awareness%about%disease% Diseases%related%to%water% Diseases%related%to%solid% related%to%lack%of%water% pollu\on% wastes% Figure 15: Sample distribution according to knowledge of different diseases Responses related to diseases caused by lack of sanitation show that most of the sample believes that renal failure is caused by lack of sanitation. The sources of information about diseases indicated that they were television, healthcare unit and doctors. Few respondents noted that neighbors, relatives and life experiences also played a role. Checking the verification of this information with the local health unit, they noted that life experiences, relatives and neighbors actually played a more important role than media or doctors. This can be noticed in how the local community treat diseases or Table 2: Sample distribution according to knowledge of the avoid infection. main diseases caused by lack of sanitation Diseases related to lack of sanitation % of total respondents Schistosoma 22.20% Doctors and environmental Renal failure 100.00% directorates emphasized the Respiratory system diseases / allergy 11.10% importance of providing proper Malaria 11.10% awareness raising activities to Eye diseases (infection / short site) 11.10% Dysentery 11.10% the community members. Multiple response question This section will present the opinions of respondents about diseases related to lack of fresh water as well as water pollution and waste. It can be noted that the main disease caused by polluted water and mentioned by the respondents was liver disease 44.4% of responses, followed by respiratory system diseases and Malaria 27.8% of the sample, other diseases related to water pollution are: renal failure, liver disease and malaria. Diseases related to domestic waste are renal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 130 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final failure and liver diseases as indicated by the sample. The list indicated by the sample indicates that there must be strong and effective awareness raising programs about diseases related to pollution, as part of the awareness raising activities conducted by the project. Table 3: Sample distribution according to knowledge of other diseases Diseases caused by stagnant % Diseases caused by pollution % Diseases caused by waste % water Schistosoma 16.70% Schistosoma 17.90% Schistosoma 4.00% Renal failure 16.70% Worms 3.60% Skin diseases 12.00% Chest diseases/ allergy 27.80% Renal failure 39.30% Renal failure 44.00% Liver diseases 44.40% Chest diseases/ allergy 3.60% Chest diseases/ allergy 8.00% Malaria 27.80% Liver diseases 35.70% Liver diseases 44.00% Typhoid 5.60% Malaria 32.10% Malaria 16.00% Cancer 5.60% Typhoid 3.60% Cholera 8.00% Eye diseases (infection / short 5.60% Cancer 3.60% Plague 12.00% site) Plague 5.60% Eye diseases (infection / short 3.60% site) Dysentery 5.60% Gastroenterology / 3.60% gastrointestinal disease Plague 3.60% Dysentery 7.10% Multiple Response Question The local community suffers strongly from diseases, which range from: diarrhea about 56.3% of the households indicated that they had at least one infection of diarrhea during the past 6 months. About 10.8% of the sample indicated that one infection of Schistosoma occurred in the family, 44% indicated an infection of intestinal worms and 28% indicated they witnessed an eye infection. It must be noted that most families suffer from yellow teeth, the following table indicates incidents of infection with different diseases among households included in the study. Table 4: Sample distribution according to disease infection according to areas Area Total Type of disease Beshtamy Zawyet El Danasaur Bekly Diarrhea infections among family 40.00% 55.60% 87.50% 56.30% members Schistosoma infections among 8.30% 30.00% 10.80% family members Intestinal worms infections among 33.30% 57.10% 66.70% 44.00% family members Eye infections among family 20.00% 28.60% 66.70% 28.00% members Renal failure cases among family 8.30% 10.00% 5.40% members Typhoid infections among family 16.70% 5.30% Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 131 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Area Total Type of disease Beshtamy Zawyet El Danasaur Bekly members Liver infections among family 8.30% 9.10% 5.30% members Malaria infections among family 17.60% 5.80% members To discuss behaviors, we present our discussion of two diseases linked to sanitation problems according to the respondents views and perceptions which are diarrhea and intestinal worms. Diarrhea infections: The sample surveyed were asked if they have at least one family member got infected by diarrhea during the previous month. As previously indicated the families who indicated that they witnessed at least on case of infection represent 56.3% of the sample. Among the infected percentage 72.2% were males and 16.7% were females. The percentage of infections in the age group between 1-5 years represent 25%, and the age group between 6-12 years 25%, the percentage decreases with the increase of age. About 14% of the sample indicated that they did not do anything to treat diarrhea, 28.6% of the sample indicated that they visited a doctor, 42% visited the public hospital and about 14% visited the healthcare unit. The same percentage visited the pharmacy. We can clearly notice that the sample were keen for receive proper healthcare service instead of traditional medicine. Healthcare providers indicated that families are too afraid when children are suffering from diarrhea as it may cause child mortality. Two thirds of the sample indicated that the main cause for diarrhea was the drinking water, only 40.8% indicated that it was polluted food, and 40% indicated it was lack of sanitation. About 14.3% of the sample indicated that it diarrhea is a kind of chronic disease. Table 5: Sample distribution according to diarrhea infections according to area Diarrhea infections among family Area members Total Zawyet El Beshtamy Bekly Danasaur Yes 40.00% 55.60% 87.50% 56.30% No 60.00% 44.40% 12.50% 43.80% Gender of infected person Male 66.70% 100.00% 57.10% 72.20% Female 33.30% 42.90% 27.80% Place visited for seeking treatments Did not go any where 16.70% 25.00% 14.30% Previous experience 12.50% 4.80% Healthcare unit 37.50% 14.30% Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 132 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Public hospital 66.70% 12.50% 23.80% Private clinic 71.40% 12.50% 28.60% Pharmacy 16.70% 28.60% 14.30% Reasons for infection Polluted water 66.70% 42.90% 87.50% 66.70% Polluted air / dust 16.70% 4.80% Polluted food 12.50% 4.80% Pollution 42.90% 14.30% Lack of sanitation / septic tank 16.70% 4.80% Intestinal worms infections rate reached 44% with a strong variation among the three villages, it reached two thirds in Danasaur and only one third of the sample in Beshtamy. The higher infection rate was among males about 70% of the sample. About 45% of the infected cases visited special clinics for treatment, about 27% visited public hospitals. There was a difference between villages for how they seek medical services. At Beshtamy 40% of the sample visited the healthcare unit, and about 75% visited private clinics. The causes of infection among two thirds of the sample was polluted water, about 18% indicated that it was polluted food that caused the infection. Table 6: sample distribution according to infections with intestinal worms Intestinal worms infections Area Total Zawyet El Beshtamy Bekly Danasaur Yes 33.30% 57.10% 66.70% 44.00% No 66.70% 42.90% 33.30% 56.00% Gender of infected person Yes 60.00% 66.70% 100.00% 70.00% No 40.00% 33.30% 30.00% Place visited for seeking treatment Healthcare unit 40.00% 18.20% Public hospital 20.00% 25.00% 50.00% 27.30% Private clinic 20.00% 75.00% 50.00% 45.50% Pharmacy 20.00% 9.10% Causes of infection Polluted water 100.00% 50.00% 63.60% Polluted food 25.00% 50.00% 18.20% Pollution 25.00% 9.10% Mosquitoes 50.00% 9.10% Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 133 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final % Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 134 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION The current chapter includes the assessment of the environmental impacts of the different components of the ISSIP II project in Menoufia Governorate during both the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. The project’s components covered in the EIA assessment include: 1. House connections and gravity sewers; 2. PSs including all sub-components; 3. FMs; and 4. Central WWTP including all sub-components. The construction and operation of some/all of the components of the project listed above will also create additional activities/processes such as : 1. Solid hazardous and non-hazardous waste generation during both construction and operation phases. 2. Liquid waste generation during construction and treated effluent discharge during operation. 3. Sludge generation, handling, storage and disposal/resuse , during operation of Danasaur’s WWTP. 4. Development of on-site workers/staff workshops, offices and housing units during construction. The Consultant has assessed the impacts due to the construction and operation of the main four components listed above , in addition to those resulting from the aforementioned additional four activities/processes. The key receptors which the Consultant has considered include 1) air (air quality and ambient noise); 2) Soil (soil quality, erosion, landscape); 3) water (water quality and resource consumption); 4)Biological environment (Fora and Fauna); 5)Human environment (Occupational health & safety, Community safety, Visual impacts, Cultural heritage and Archaeology impacts, traffic impacts and the Socio-economic and Health impacts) The environmental impact assessment methodology that the Consultant has adopted is presented in details in Chapter 1. This encompasses of a semi-quantitative assessment that considers the following: • Probability of the impacts • Spatial and temporal scale • Intensity of the impacts (which encompasses the sensitivity of receptors, pathway of influence and the reversibility nature of the impact) 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION AND DECOMMISSIONING PHASES 5.2.1 Noise Impacts Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 134 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.2.1.1 Overview of construction activities related to noise generation As described in Chapter 3, the construction/installation of the different components of the project (WWTP, FMs, PSs, gravity sewers and house connections) will include the activities listed below: • Preparation and leveling of the land. • Excavation works to the required depth for the trenches needed to install the gravity sewers and FMs and also for some of the components of the central WWTP and PSs such as the sumps and reactors. It should be noted that most of the upper soil layer of the selected roads are composed of compacted silt-clay or sand and that the gravity sewers is a shallow system and will be installed in the middle of the roads. During excavation, there is a high probability that the contractor might encounter groundwater, which he will have to withdraw and dispose of. • Trench preparation following excavation including leveling, constructing the pipe foundation, and welding/connecting the pipes. • Installation of manholes and catch basins for rainwater collection. • Construction of Reinforced concrete elements and other civil works. • Installation of cranes, steel bridges, pumps and other electrical equipment. The sewage network in Menoufia will also include the construction of additional special structures such as a railway crossing structure in Beshtamy and Zawyet Al Bokly villages. 5.2.1.2 Point sources of noise emissions Various mechanical/electrical equipment, will be needed during the construction activities described in the previous section. These include bulldozers, trucks, pavers, and other equipment. The operation of these equipment are the main potential source of noise emissions during the construction and decommissioning phases. The vulnerable groups who are susceptible to the construction noise are the following: - Onsite Workers; who are the most exposed to the highest noise levels generated from different construction activities due to their proximity to the noise sources. - Neighboring communities and other sensitive receptors (such as students at schools and other educational institutes, patients at hospitals , etc.). Figure 5.1 below shows the location of the central WWTP , where no nearby sensitive receptors were identified – the nearest receptor is a cluster of houses located 1000m North East of the planned location. Figure 5.2 and 5.3 show the nearest receptors to the PSs in B , ZB, and Danasaur. The nearest receptors to the B’s PS include: • Schools complex (50m to the West) • Hospital (85m to the East) • Secondary Azhar Institute (90m to the East) • Residential units (20 m to the north and 5m to the South) The nearest receptors to the ZB’s PS include: • Bank (4m to the east) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 135 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! • Police station (2m to the North) m! 00 10 Figure 5.1 – WWTP location Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 136 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Figure 5.2 – Beshtamy’s PS Location and nearest sensitive receptors Figure 5.3 –Location and nearest sensitive receptors of a) Zaweit Al Bakly’s PS and b)Danasaur’s PS It should be noted that all houses maybe subjected to noise emissions during the earth moving, digging and installation of pipeline during the construction of Force Mains, gravity sewers , and house connections. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 137 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.2.1.3 Noise impact assessment methodology Tools and equipment that will be utilized during the construction phase are not selected yet; however these were identified based on the Consultant’s experience and data collected by the Consultant from other similar projects. Table 5.1 includes a list of these construction equipment and their expected noise levels (Society of Automotive Engineers SAE). The equipment were categorized based on the different activities expected during the construction phase of the ISSIP II project. Table 5.1 - Expected construction equipment and Sound Levels Equipment Sound Level at operation in dB(A) (20 feet from the equipment) Average Range Activity 1 - Earth Moving Front End Loader 88 85-91 Back Hoe 86.5 79-89 Bull Dozer 96 89-103 Roller 90 79-93 Grader <85 Truck 96 89-103 Paver* 101 100-102 Activity 2 – Concrete mixing: Concrete Mixer <85 Concrete Pump* < 85 Activity 3 – pipe installation Crane* 100 97-102 Derrick <85 Power Units: Generators <85 Compressors <85 Other Equipment: Poker Vibrator 94.5 87-98 Compressed Air Blower 104 Power Saw 88.5 78-95 It is expected that each of the three presented activities in Table 5.1 will take place in a different time frame. The Consultant has assumed that the noise emitted from each of the expected activities could be further increased due the noise emitted from power generators, air compressors, etc and has assumed that a 95 dB at source would be representable of such interactions. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 138 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! The noise propagation from source has been modeled according to ISO 9613-2 and the significance of the noise impacts, when considering the sensitivity and proximity of the different receptors is described in the following section. 5.2.1.4 Noise Impact Significance Construction of the WWTP The noise emitted during the construction of the WWTP will decrease from 95 dB at source down to 50dB at around 50 m away from source. The source is a moving point, the location of which depends on where the main construction activities are taking place. It was clear that no residential units or other receptors are located around the WWTP (Figure 5.1). The potential generated noise will mainly affect the workers on site. The impact should be therefore considered of Minor significance. It should be fully controlled by applying proper health and safety procedures as detailed in Section 5.2.6 Construction of PSs at Beshtamy and ZB The level of noise propagated will depend on the source of noise emissions (the point or the area where the construction activities are taking place at a certain time t). Based on the modeling results and taking into consideration the nearest location to the sensitive receptors, the result show that the noise reaching the nearest school and /or the nearest hospital will not increase 50dB during the day - which satisfies the law requirements (Figure 5.4). The most affected locations will be the PS site (>75dB) and the houses located to the North (20m) and South (5m) of the site (where the noise level may reach 65dB for the northern houses and may exceed 75dB for the southern houses). The impact will be therefore disturbing. However this impact will be of an intermittent nature and will change/reduce with the progress in the construction activities. The construction of the whole site is not expected to exceed a 12 months period. Due to the above, the noise impact due to the construction of Beshtamy’s PS should be considered of Moderate Significance. During the construction of ZB’s PS, it is inevitable as shown in Figure 5.5 below that the generated noise levels at the surrounding houses will exceed the allowable limits (50dB) and may reach 75dB at the surrounding houses (only 5m away). The noise impact due to the construction of ZB’s PS should be therefore considered of Moderate Significance . Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 139 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Affected!houses)! ! ! !! ! Affected!houses)! >75!dB 65575!dB 60565!dB 56560!dB 54565!dB Figure 5.4 – Noise contours during the construction of B’s PS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 140 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! !! !! >75!dB 65575!dB 60565!dB 56560!dB 54565!dB Figure 5.5 – Noise contours during the construction of B’s PS Construction of gravity sewers and FMs It is expected that the noise generated during the construction of gravity sewers would exceed the allowable 50dB because the construction activities are actually being performed in the middle of the roads opposing the houses (<10m distance) and other receptors (i.e. schools) as shown in Figure 5.6 below (case for Beshtamy village). However, the construction activities for the gravity sewers are expected to last for a short period of time in front of each house and/or school. Some schools such the one shown in Figure 5.6, is surrounded by gravity sewers from three sides. This will increase the duration of noise exposition. This impact should be considered of Moderate significance. The activities involved in the installation of the FMs are similar to those of the gravity sewers. However, the noise impacts related to the construction of the FMs should be considered of Moderate significance. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 141 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! >95!dB 80595dB 75580!dB 71575!dB The Table below shows the results of the evaluation of the construction noise impacts of the main project’s components (WWTP, PS, Gravity sewers and FMs) Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Noise Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers 1 1 3 3 9 and FM PS 1 3 2 3 18 WWTP 1 2 1 2 4 5.2.1.5 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures On site Construction noise shall be mitigated to ensure a safe work environment by implementing an on site occupational health and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. The plan shall include the following measures: • Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas • Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers’ induction sessions. • Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. Other mitigation measures to reduce the noise impacts off-site - at the nearest sensitive receptors – include the following: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 142 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! • Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any equipment if not in use. • Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles • Stop all construction activities during the night • Communicate the construction schedule with neighboring communities and sensitive receptors • Implement a complaints handling system Monitoring measrues • Measuring the ambient noise level in noise critical areas (on site), using a portable noise meter and at the nearest sensitive receptors (locations shown in Figure 5.7) • Investigate noise complaints from workers and neighboring communities in the affected locations. Pump!Station!At! Beshtamy! Pump!Station!At! Pump!Station!At!Zaweit! Danasaur! Al!Bokly! Figure 5.7 – Monitoring locations for noise level at the nearest receptors to three Pump stations Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 143 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.2.2 Air Quality Impacts 5.2.2.1 Overview Besides the noise generated during the construction of the different components of the project as described in Section 5.2.1. Air quality at both the construction site and at the nearest receptors could be affected due to the following: - dust emissions - Exhaust of power generators and vehicles transferring the raw materials and/or those disposing the excavated soil and construction waste. - Exhaust of construction equipment The following air pollutants are foreseeable for most of the construction activities: - Fugitive dust emissions ( PM10, PM2.5) - NOx and SOx - CO in case of old motors 5.2.2.2 Air Quality Impact Significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs , dust emissions will negatively impact ambient air quality. This is particularly significant during the excavation activities required for installing the gravity sewers and FMs. These activities will be in close proximity to the houses as indicated before (less than 10m away). The impact will be therefore disturbing , however, it is of a temporary nature– digging activities are expected to last from one to two days in front of each house. The problem of dust emissions might arise from the storage of spoil until being lifted and transferred to the designated disposal sites. Exhaust of trucks or equipment will have negligible or very low impact, since using those trucks and equipment will be intermittent and expected to be only during the day. The air quality impacts due to the construction of gravity sewers and FMs should be considered of Minor significance During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs, excavation activities will be mainly limited to the site , which will have a lower impact as compared to the excavation required during the construction of gravity sewers and FMs. The construction of the WWTP will last around 16 months. During this period, trucks bringing raw materials and those transferring spoil and construction waste will be moving to and out of the site on a regular basis, thus affecting the receptors exposed to the roads leading to the WWTP site. However, this impact will be of temporary and intermittent nature. The air quality impacts due to the construction of the WWTP and PSs should be also considered of Minor significance The Table below shows the evaluation of the air quality impacts. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 144 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Air Quality Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers 1 1 2 3 6 and FM WWTP and 1 2 1 3 6 PS 5.2.2.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures Implement a construction site management plan including the following measures: • Store construction materials in pre-identified storage areas. • Cover friable materials during storage. • Wet the network of unpaved roads on site. The use of water should be restricted to extremely active areas. • Regulation of speed to a suitable speed (20 kmh) for all vehicles entering the village’s boundaries. • Implement preventive maintenance program for vehicles and equipment working on site and promptly repair vehicles with visible exhaust fume. Monitoring Measures • Investigate dust complaints from workers and residents of affected villages • Measure HC, CO and opacity for construction machinery using a gas analyzer • Visual inspection of vehicles and equipment operating along the gravity sewer and FM route or entering the site of the WWTP and PS 5.2.3 Soil and groundwater Impacts 5.2.3.1 Overview Typical construction activities may result in soil and groundwater contamination due to the following: • Uncontrolled disposal of hazardous liquids such as spent oils, paints, or any other chemicals/additives used in concrete making and finishing works. • Leaching of solid wastes randomly disposed Potential impacts on soil other than contamination include: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 145 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! • Soil erosion • Loss of resources if the excavated soil is not segregated and reused as an alternative to transport and use of additional materials from outside the site. 5.2.3.2 Soil and groundwater Impact significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs The top soil layers will be excavated . groundwater might be encountered because the groundwater level in Menoufia is high . Normally the excavated soil will be filled back in the trench thus minimizing the level of disturbance and/or the loss of some soil amounts as waste. The quality of the soil and groundwater might be affected considering the large spatial context of the network , if special controls related to waste management were not taken into accounts. In general the soil and groundwater impacts during the construction of the gravity sewers and FMs should be considered of Moderate significance and will be controlled by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management and by maximizing the reuse of the excavated soil. During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs Similar to the construction of the gravity sewers and FMs but only limited to the PS and WWTP sites, the impacts related to the soil and groundwater quality and loss of resources will take place during the excavation works needed for the construction of some components of the PSs and WWTP. In general the soil impacts during the construction of the WWTP and PSs should be considered of Minor significance and will be controlled by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management and by maximizing the reuse of the excavated soil. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Soil and groundwater Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers 1 1 3 3 9 and FM WWTP and 1 1 2 3 6 PS 5.2.3.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 146 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Mitigation measures • Design and construct an impermeable protective base layer underlying areas with potential hazardous liquids storage or use • Implement a site construction management plan including segregation and reuse options of excavated soil. Monitoring measures • Document the amount of soil disposed of, and the amount of soil brought to the site. 5.2.4 Water Quality Impacts 5.2.4.1 Impact significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs The planned routing for the gravity sewers and FMs will involve several crossings under some canals and drains as previously presented in Chapter 3 . Dumping any of the excavated soil and/or construction wastes in the water stream will have a negative impact on the flow as well as the quality of the water. The Water Quality impacts during the construction of the gravity sewers and FMs should be considered of Moderate significance and will be reduced to MINOR by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management. During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs No impacts are foreseen during the construction of the PSs . but there is a potential risk of polluting Donshoway drain during the construction of the WWTP. The water Quality impact during the construction of the WWTP should therefore be considered of Moderate significance and will be controlled by applying the mitigation measures related to waste management which will be presented in the current chapter (Section 5.3.1). Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Soil and groundwater Impacts due to the construction of Gravity sewers 1 1 3 3 9 and FM PS N/A WWTP 1 1 2 3 6 5.2.5 Flora and Fauna Impacts Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 147 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.2.5.1 Overview The Consultant has conducted baseline surveys in order to assess the presence and distribution of ecologically sensitive species and habitats along the proposed project’s sites. Consequently, it was concluded that no endangered faunal or floral species have been recorded at the project’s areas. All recorded species are under the “Least Concern” category. 5.2.5.2 Flora and Fauna Impact significance Fauna related impacts Although some faunal species of mammals, birds, reptiles and insects exist at the project’s area, faunal impacts are not likely to be significant given the small scale of the development relative to the extent of similar intact habitats in the area. The evaluation of the impacts on fauna is illustrated in the Table below, and should be considered negative with MINOR significance yet this impact can be reduced/eliminated if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Flora related Impacts The flora existing in the proposed sites for the WWTP and PS , as mentioned above , do not belong to the endangered species category. So the impact of the project’s construction on the floral species should be considered on MINOR significance. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Flora and Fauna impacts 1 2 1 4 8 5.2.5.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures No specific mitigation and monitoring measures are needed, they are included under other impacts 5.2.6 Occupational health and safety impacts 5.2.6.1 Overview Construction sites are considered the most potentially hazardous and accident-prone parts of any working environment. Excessive exposure to these construction site hazards exposes workers to injury and possible Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 148 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! death. To prevent this, contractors should be aware of all possible dangers that can be encountered during normal business operations. According to the safety and health standards every employee shall have sound knowledge of their susceptibility to harm or injury in the workplace. 5.2.6.2 Occupational health and safety impact significance Listed below are the main six construction site hazards identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), all of which will be encountered during the construction of the different components of the ISSIP II project. 1- Excavation and Trenching – OSHA has recognized excavation and trenching as the most hazardous construction site operation. 2- Falls – Falling from scaffolding over six feet or a fixed ladder over twenty feet is the most dangerous and common construction site hazard. The usual cause of this incident is slipping, tripping and using unstable ladders. There are many reasons for fall hazards and to eliminate such risks, employers must have a fall protection program as part of any overall workplace safety and health program. 3- Stairways and Ladder – According to OSHA’s construction safety and health standards, stairways and ladders are important sources of injuries and fatalities among construction workers. 4- Scaffolding –The most potential risk of scaffolding is due to moving scaffold components; scaffold failure related to damage to its components; loss of the load; being struck by suspended materials; electrical shock; and improper set-up. Construction workers who assemble and dismantle scaffolding and work platforms at construction sites face the risk of serious injuries due to falls. 5- Use of Heavy Construction Equipment –The main causes of such accidents include: ground workers struck when a vehicle is backing up or changing direction; equipment rollovers that injure the operator; mechanics run over when brakes are not properly set; and ground workers crushed by falling equipment from backhoes, buckets, and other moving construction vehicles. 6- Electrical Hazards - Electricity is one of the greatest hazards to workers on site. Power line workers, electricians and electrical engineers work continuously work with electricity can face exposure to this hazard on a daily basis. Due to the high probability of occurrence and the high risk involved, the occupational safety and health impacts during the construction of the WWTP should be considered of MAJOR significance and it should be considered of Moderate significance during the construction of PSs, gravity sewers and FMs due to the relatively lower risks involved. The impacts will be controlled to a large extent by applying the mitigation measures listed below. 5.2.6.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 149 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan during the construction phase. According to OSHA standards the main mitigations measures to prevent common construction hazards are: • Workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating • Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly. • Workers must comply with OSHA’s general rule for the safe use of ladders and stairways • The scaffolding hazard shall be addressed as stated by OSHA standards. They give specific requirements for the maximum load, when to use scaffolding, bracing systems and the use of guardrails. • To prevent Heavy Construction Equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents • The best way to prevent the Electrical hazard is for the workers to be at a safe working distance away from the power lines. Other precautionary measures include guarding and insulating of the vehicle from which they might work. This would help prevent electrical hazards from injuring them while working. The Occupational Health and safety plan shall also include the Egyptian Labor law No. 12 for 2003 and the international construction standards requirements, including , but not limited to , the following measures: • Identification of hazard sources to workers • Eliminating the sources of hazards • Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to how to use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). • Inspection and testing of all equipment and machines • Appointing an Accident Prevention Officer at the site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents • Designation of restricted areas, such as construction sites • Preparation of an emergency response plan • Provision of necessary rescue equipment • Elaboration and management of a safety guarantee plan • Provision of appropriate and sufficient first aid equipment Monitoring measures • Regular reporting of any accidents, as well as records and reports on health, safety and welfare of workers • Continuous monitoring of all hazardous events. • Regular inspection of workers against pathogenic agents and provision of immunization when needed Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 150 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! 5.2.7 Community Safety ! 5.2.7.1 Potential impacts • Excavation and Trenching – this is recognized as the most hazardous operation during the construction phase for the surrounding community, because most of the excavation will be performed in narrow streets which increase the probability of members of community falling into the trenches. The slurry/mud waste generated from the excavation would slip the passengers, the solid wastes generated would trip them. All these events increase the probability of falling and increase the danger of excavations operations. The risks of excavation and trenching operation increase when they occur; - Besides the railway line and or - On both sides of a covered canal . Excavation and trenching could also affect the structural integrity of the village’s houses, since many are old and weak, • Electrical shock- Electricity is one of the greatest hazards to people passing by the construction site. Power cords will be used which may cause electrical shock if not well maintained and/or they were left hang out freely. Mitigation measures • To prevent Excavation and Trenching accidents and injuries, both the contractors and workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating. The sides of the trenches should be strengthened by wood or aluminum reinforcement sheets installed on both sides of the excavated trench, in critical areas (adjacent to existing houses and near canals and drains). • Using fences and warning signs during the construction phase • Using protective barriers and safe walkways • Appointing of an officer on site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents and/or to respond to accidents. • Provision of appropriate and sufficient of first aid equipment on site 5.2.8 Visual impacts 5.2.8.1 Visual Impact Significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs Only temporary visual impacts will be caused during the construction of the gravity sewers and force mains, resulting mainly form the over ground storage of excavated spoil and raw materials (i.e. pipes, pipie Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 151 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! connections, cement sacks, concrete mixers, construction wastes, etc). However, due to the short period of exposure and reversibility nature of this impact, it should be considered of MINOR significance. During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs , the project would gradually change the aesthetics and landscape of the areas where the PSs and WWTP will be constructed. However, the expected heights of the PSs is comparable to surrounding buildings and will be acceptable. The Visual impacts due to the construction of the WWTP and PSs should be considered of MINOR significance. No mitigation measures are required expect constructing an interim fence around the site in order to improve the aesthetics as well as reducing other environmental impacts until the construction of the designed concrete fence. 5.2.9 Traffic Impacts 5.2.9.1 Impact Overview and significance During the construction of gravity sewers and FMs The main impact on roads traffic will be during the installation of FMs/gravity sewers along, or crossing main and secondary roads (please refer to Chapter 3 for the locations of all crossings). Longitudinal excavation will cause narrowing of the excavated road for relatively long period, while the lateral crossing of roads may cause blocking of the road, but for relatively short period, possibly few hours. The significance of the impact will be relatively higher with regards to main roads as compared with secondary ones. However, although the traffic density is relatively low, mainly used for pedestrian and field animals, the smaller width of the secondary roads will increase the significance of the impact. The blockage of villages' roads through excavation will cause access problems to pedestrians, and possibly to riders of animals and agriculture tractors. This access difficulty will have more impacts on elderly people, handicapped and children, who may make tedious long cycles before they reach their targeted locations. Crossing works of FMs and/or gravity sewers will also intersect with railways, as previously mentioned , which may also require blocking the railway, for few hours, until the line has crossed. According to the engineering designs, the crossing will be done through tunneling, which will not cause traffic disturbance. Because the control of traffic impacts is undertaken by the Local Traffic Department and Railway Authority, the EMP has focused on establishing coordination between the ISSIP and the two authorities to prevent unacceptable traffic delays. The traffic impacts during the construction of the gravity sewers and FMs should be considered of Moderate significance. The EMP includes mitigation measures to be taken during construction to minimize such effects. During the construction of the central WWTP and PSs The construction activities will be mainly limited to the site . The traffic impacts might arise form the increase flow of traffic due to the transport of raw materials and/or the disposal the construction wastes. However, this impact is of temporary nature and the timing of said trips could be adjusted to avoid peak hours. The impact should be therefore considered of MINOR significance. 5.2.9.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 152 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Mitigation Measures 1. All mitigation measures for safeguarding long delays of vehicles and trains traffic will be undertaken by the Local Traffic Department and the Railway Authority. Respectively. 2. During the excavation of roads in villages, there should be a wood or metal bridge for pedestrians access over each opened trench. Pedestrian paths beside or across trenches should be as flat as possible, and clearly marked with warning sings that are visible at night. In all cases the maximum length of an open trench in certain road should not exceed 500 meters1. 3. There should be at least a guard(s), on duty at the construction site (24h), to help people access the paths and bridges and to respond to any falls or accidents.. 4. Alternate access routes should be identified and communicated with the residents before starting construction. Monitoring Measures 1. The monitoring of traffic flow on roads and railways shall be undertaken by the Traffic Department and the Railway Authority. The monitoring activities that should be undertaken by project include recording and documenting the contractor's access facilitation adequacy and possible complaints from residents and falling accidents. 5.2.10 Impacts related to Archaeology and cultural heritage 5.2.10.1 Impact Overview and significance There are only few number antiquity sites near the project area, which are unlikely to be affected by the project. However, the large area covered by the project raises possibilities for chance-finds of antiquity objects during excavation works. Finding such objects may, if not properly managed, risk their loss or damage during handling/storage in construction site. The EMP includes chance-finds procedures of antiquity objects, and measures for protection of antiquity sites during construction activities, mitigation measures are listed below. The impacts on archaeology and culturally valuable sites should be considered of MINOR significance and will be fully controlled by the application of the mitigation measures listed below. 5.2.10.2 Mitigation , procedures for chance finds and monitoring measures ! Mitigation measures and procedures of chance finds 1. Prior to construction works the project's construction plan should be presented to the Supreme Council for Antiquities, who shall identify project locations (including PSs, WWTPs, sewer lines and FMs) that require providing protection against possible damage to near antiquities. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 This condition has been recommended by the HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 153 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 2. Chance find procedures will be employed, in case an antiquity is found during excavation. The process includes immediate cessation of excavation works, leaving the antiquity object exactly on its found location, taking photographs to document time and status of the object, assigning guards to watch the found antiquity and contacting the Supreme Council of Antiquities to handle the site within 48 hours. Monitoring measures 1. Chance find objects will be documented by the CSC. The documentation should include date, time and exact location of the found object, in addition to the followed procedures until the object has been handled by the Supreme Council for Antiquities. 5.3 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 5.3.1 Impacts due to hazardous (H) and non-hazardous (NH) waste generation and handling of hazardous chemicals 5.3.1.1 Impact overview This section presents an evaluation of the environmental impacts due to H and NH waste generation during the construction phase. The evaluation presented in this section also covers the storage and handling of hazardous chemicals on site – such as chlorine needed for the water treatment processes as previously described in Chapter 3. The following are the types of wastes expected to be generated on site during the construction of WWTP and PSs and also during excavation and installation activities for the gravity sewers and FMs Non Hazardous wastes • Food residuals • Paper, plastics, and glass • Concrete, bricks • Steel, metals • Wood • Excavated soil • Water collected during dewatering activities (potentially contaminated with sewage) • Old cesspit content • Sewage and waste resulting from on site workers • Empty Sacks Hazardous wastes • Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) • Empty chemical containers • Spent chemicals and oils 5.3.1.2 Impact Significance of NH waste generation Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 154 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! The NH wastes generated on site during the construction phase normally have a high recycling potential. If not recycled they would be sent to landfills or randomly dumped and burned, which would be a loss of natural resources. Random dumping and accumulation of wastes on or around the site would cause a negative visual impact to workers as well as users of the surrounding areas. It could also block the roads, increase the rate of accidents. Accumulated wastes may be burned, a practice commonly found in Egypt, which could emit toxic emissions especially if plastic substances were among the waste streams. Accumulation and/or uncontrolled disposal of organic wastes (food residuals) would also result in potential impacts on the health and hygiene of both general public and on-site workers by attracting vermin to the site such as birds, rodents or insects which can act as disease vectors. This will result in spread of disease, and disruption of the natural ecosystem. Odour may also be generated following long periods of accumulation due to the decomposition of some organic wastes, which will be an annoyance to both general public and on-site workers. Leaching to soil may occur in areas where accumulated waste is in direct contact with the soil. This would lead to a direct impact on the groundwater quality. Liquid wastes may be encountered during the evacuation of existing cesspits , also construction site sewage will need to be evacuated . This waste will be of non-hazardous nature but will have to be properly disposed of in order to prevent potential contamination to soil, groundwater and surface water. The evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation during the construction phase is illustrated in the Table below. Some impacts are considered of MODERATE significance, mainly due to the proximity of receptors. The impact of NH waste generation is expected to be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Non-hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 3 1 1 3 resources Health impacts 1 3 2 2 12 Soil and 1 3 1 2 6 groundwater Surface water 1 3 1 2 6 Occupational 1 3 1 1 3 health and safety Air quality due to 0.5 3 1 2 3 open burn Visual Impacts 1 3 1 3 9 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 155 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.3.1.3 Impact Significance of hazardous waste generation and handling of hazardous substances Hazardous wastes may also be generated during the construction phase as listed in Section 5.3.1.1. The storage and disposal of these waste streams have to be carefully performed as to abide by the existing legal framework (Chapter 2). In addition to that, these hazardous wastes if not handled, stored and disposed of according to engineering best practice would have major and irreversible effect as follows: • Mishandling and uncontrolled disposal of hazardous liquid and solid wastes would have major health impacts for on-site workers, inhabitants in the project’s area of influence, people who get in contact with waste during transportation and disposal, and flora and fauna exposed to such wastes. • Uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes, in particular in liquid form, would cause soil contamination through direct contact or leaching. • There is a high possibility that uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes may affect the groundwater quality, through extended leaching since the groundwater level is high. • Air quality could also be affected since uncontrolled dumping of hazardous and non-hazardous materials would result in most of the cases to open burning and potential release of toxic emissions. The impacts listed above are evaluated as presented in the Table below. Most of the impacts should be considered of Moderate significance and will be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Evaluation of impacts due to hazardous waste generation Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 3 1 1 3 resources Health impacts 1 3 2 4 24 Soil and 1 3 1 3 9 groundwater Surface water 1 3 1 3 9 Occupational health 1 3 1 4 12 and safety Air quality due to 1 3 1 4 12 open burning Visual Impacts 1 3 1 3 9 ! ! ! Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 156 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.3.1.4 Mitigation and monitoring measures ! A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and • Prior!estimation!of!dewatering!liquid!volume!and!arranging!disposal!of!by!tankers!in! nearest!sewers,!PSs,!existing!WWTP!or!pre5determined!drain!locations.! covering all types of construction waste (hazardous and non-hazardous) shall be developed and implemented by the construction contractors and made applicable to all sub-contractors . This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages. Mitigation measures for non-hazardous wastes • Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams during each phase of project implementation • Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams • Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill; the location of which needs to be confirmed at the beginning of the construction phase. • Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by the PIU/HCWW. For liquid wastes (dewatered liquid during excavation); • Evacuation of closed/demolished household cesspits and construction site sewage to the nearest existing WWTP in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PIU • Prior estimation of dewatered liquid volume during the digging works • Collect and analyze samples of the dewatered liquid • Arrange for disposal by tankers in the nearest existing WWTP in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PIU The measures listed above represent the minimum measures to be included in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PIU/HCWW. They should part of the contracting tender documents. Monitoring measures for non-hazardous wastes • Regular inspection of the waste storage area (for PS’s and WWTP’s sites) • Regular inspection of the site(s) in general to identify random disposal of waste materials, specifically during the installation of gravity sewers and FMs. • Regular inspection of the waste disposal manifests. Mitigation measures for hazardous wastes The measures listed below represent the minimum measures to be included/adopted in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PMU/HCWW. They should be part of the contracting tender documents. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 157 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! a) General measures • All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of construction works. At the time of producing this study, the nearest (only) hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. • The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. • Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified by the contractor b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The Contractor shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the contractor’s in-house staff or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant appointed by the contractor. c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.: • It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste. • The storage area must have a water supply • A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. d) Emergency Response For the purpose of first response, when a hazardous substance release is first discovered or witnessed, the individual of concern who had to be previously trained would initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. The individual will take no further action beyond self- evacuation and notification. The aim of the response at this level is limited to protect nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. No trials are performed at this stage to actually stop the release. This level of response includes; • actions to contain the release from a safe distance • prevent its spreading • evacuation Monitoring measures for hazardous wastes generated • Regular inspection of the hazardous waste storage area • The spent oil containers are inspected monthly for leaks or any other form of damage and are kept in good condition. • Regular inspection of the site to identify randomly dumped hazardous waste materials. • Inspection of HW disposal receipts and manifests. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 158 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.3.2 Impacts related to the creation of on-site workers and staff office camps The majority of the workforce will be sourced from local communities and will live locally. No on-site camps will be therefore required except individual accommodation for the guards at the different project’s sites. The management offices will be mainly located at the WWTP site and other interim sewage and potable facilities will be constructed at the PS sites. Potential impacts include soil, groundwater and health impacts due to unsuitable waste and sewage management, which should be considered of MINOR significance due to the expected low amounts. Waste management mitigation measures identified under Section 5.3.1 should be sufficient to fully control this impact. 5.3.3 Summary of impact assessment during the construction phase The table below shows a summary of the impact assessment during the construction phase, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 159 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! Activities causing the impact Overall Impact significance Ambient noise Air Quality Soil & Surface Water Flora and Fauna Occupational Community 8-Visual 9-Traffic Cultural groundwater Quality Health & Safety Safety Impacts Impacts Heritage and Quality Archaelogical impacts Construction of gravity sewers and Moderate Minor Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Major MInor Moderate MInor house connections [6] [9] [9] [9] Construction of B’s PS incl;uding all Moderate Minor Minor N/A MInor Moderate Moderate MInor MInor MInor sub-components [6] [6] [9] [9] Construction of ZB’s PS incl;uding Moderate Minor Minor N/A MInor Moderate Moderate MInor MInor MInor all sub-components [6] [6] [9] [9] Construction of FMs Moderate Minor Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Major MInor Moderate MInor [6] [9] [9] [9] Construction of WWTP incl;uding Minor Minor Minor Moderate Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor all sub-components [6] [6] [12] Impacts due to Hazardous Waste N/A Moderate Moderate Moderate N/A Moderate Moderate Moderate N/A N/A generation and hazardous substances [12] [9] [9] [12] [24] [9] handling Impacts due to non-hazardous waste N/A Minor Minor Minor N/A Minor Moderate Moderate N/A N/A generation [3] [6] [6] [3] [12] [9] Impacts due to the creation of onsite N/A N/A MInor N/A N/A MInor N/A N/A N/A N/A worker and staff camps 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DURING THE OPERATION OF THE WWTP , PS, FM and GRAVITY SEWERS 5.4.1 Noise Impacts 5.4.1.1 Overview of operation activities related to noise generation With regards to both the expected noise generated during operation and the proximity of sensitive receptors (which was presented in details in Section 5.2.1), the most critical component of the ISSIP II project in Menoufia with regards to noise impacts during the operation phase will be the operation of the PSs. Two motors will be operating in each PS, submersible in wet well. Their specifications are as follows: - Speed (r.p.m) will not exceed 1500rpm - The pump motor shall be of squirrel cage induction type with IP-68 enclosure - Required head (28m) and working range (22-31m) - Expected discharge is 30 L/s Based on the specifications listed above, the expected noise level could be estimated at 75dB at source. With regards to the WWTP, the site will include several pumps each could be assumed to emit around 75dB also. The noise propagation from source has been modeled according to ISO 9613-2 and the significance of the noise impacts, when considering the sensitivity and proximity of the different receptors is described in the following section. 5.4.1.2 Evaluation and Significance of Noise Impacts Operation of WWTP The noise emitted during the operation of the WWTP may reach 75 dB , close to the operating pumps. From the site visit, it was clear that no residential units or other receptors are located around the WWTP (Figure 5.1). The potential generated noise will therefore mainly affect the workers on site and with the implementation of the mitigation measures listed below, the impact could be fully controlled. The impact should be therefore considered of Moderate significance. Operation of PSs at Beshtamy , Zawyet Al bokly and Danasaur When modeling the variation of the sound pressure level during the operation of the pumping sets in the PSs, the depth at which the pumping sets are located (6m below ground level) and the barrier effect of the soil and reinforced concrete walls located between the pumping sets and the nearest receptors have been taken into accounts, according to ISO 9613-2. The results show that the noise reaching the nearest school, the nearest hospital and the nearest houses will not increase 40dB during both day and night during normal operational conditions, which satisfies the law requirements. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 161 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! !! !! ! Sound!pressure!legend! 24$77!dB 18$24!dB 14$18!dB 12$14!dB 10$12!dB During the operation of ZB’s PS, the noise level reaching the north eastern houses may reach 75 dB. Again , this while not taking into consideration the presence of any sound barriers around the pumping sets. The impact should therefore be considered of MAJOR Significance , but should be significantly reduced to MINOR with the implementation of the mitigation measures listed below. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 162 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! ! ! ! ! 24$77!dB 18$24!dB 14$18!dB 12$14!dB 10$12!dB The Table below shows the results of the evaluation of the operation noise impacts of the main project’s components (WWTP, and PSs) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 163 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Noise Impacts due to the operation of Gravity 1 1 1 1 N/A sewers and FM PS 1 4 1 2 8 WWTP 1 4 1 3 12 The impact should therefore be considered of Minor Significance with respect to off site receptors, if the elements have been constructed according to the design drawings. Operation of gravity sewers and FMs No foreseen impacts during normal operation. 5.4.1.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures Off site: • Cultivate and maintain a tree belt around the site • Implement a complaints system to investigate any noise complaints from neighbouring communities. On site noise emissions control during operation shall be achieved by implementing an occupational health and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. This to ensure a safe work environment and to ensure that on-site noise levels stay within the allowable limits. The plan shall include the following measures: • Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas • Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers’ induction sessions. • Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. • Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles Monitoring measures Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 164 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! • Measuring the ambient noise level in noise critical areas, using a portable noise meter and at at the nearest sensitive receptors as previously indicated in Figure 5.7. • Investigate noise complaints from workers and neighboring communities in the affected locations 5.4.2 Air emissions and Odour impacts 5.4.2.1 Overview and Impact significance The only source of air emissions within the PS and WWTP sites will be the stand-by diesel generators . The impacts of such emissions are considered to be of Minor Significance as the generators will be only turned on during power cut-offs. The compliance of generators emissions with Law 4/1994 standards will be sufficient to safeguard against unacceptable air emissions impacts to the surrounding areas. It should be noted that noise generated during the operation of standby generators have been neglected because it will of an interim nature and the dominant sound level will be that of the pumping sets – please refer to Section 5.4.1 for the operational noise impact assessment. In accordance with the proposed design of the WWTP, odours are expected to be generated near the inlet open channels and screens; sludge production outlets, thickening tanks or sludge storage and drying beds. It is also expected for the biological units of the WWTP to generate unpleasant odours if they are overloaded or not sufficiently aerated. Odours generated as an impact of sludge disposal could also attract insects to areas near the WWTP, where the sludge is disposed or applied to agricultural lands – the odour impacts of sludge is presented in the current section, other sludge related impacts will be further discussed under sludge management impacts. It was found that odour generated from WWTPs could be one of the main problems facing the operation of the WWTPs as identified by neighboring communities and populations 2. Odours are the products of decomposition of organic matter. The main constituent of these odours is hydrogen sulphide (H2S) due to its relatively high concentration in wastewater. Table 5.2 indicates the concentration of different chemicals found in wastewater and sludge and their detection threshold by people. Table 5.2: Thresholds for odour detection and recognition associated with wastewater3 Odorous compound Detection threshold Recognition threshold (ppm volume) (ppm volume) Ammonia 17 37 Chlorine 0.08 0.314 Dimethyl Sulphide 0.001 0.001 Diphenyl Sulphide 0.0001 0.0021 Ethyl Mercaptan 0.0003 0.001 Hydrogen Suphide <0.000214 0.00047 Indole 0.0001 - Methyl Amine 4.7 - Methyl Mercaptan 0.0005 0.001 Skatole 0.001 0.019 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 Sniffer. 2008. Human Health and the Environmental Impacts of Using Sewage Sludge on Forestry and for Restoration of Derelict Land. 3 Tchobanoglous, G. and Franklin L. B. 1991. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. 4 The WHO guidelines for detection of H2S is 0.2-2 µg/m3 (about 0.0002 to 0.002 ppm)), for recognition is 0.6-6 µg/m3 (about 0.0006-0.006 ppm) while the guideline value to protect against substantial annoyance is 7 µg/m3 (about 0.007 ppm) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 165 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! It has been established that such odours are a cause of direct irritation and can also be a health threat through toxicological routes. Irritation could evolve in to psychological stress after prolonged exposure which could lead to loss of appetite, reduced water consumption, impaired respiration, nausea and vomiting. Socioeconomic impacts, which will be discussed in more detail, associated with places of offensive odours have the ability to lower the living standards of the communities, affecting people’s dignity and value of life. However, we should not neglect the fact that there is a biological difference from one person to another which allows each person to react to such odours differently. This is why impacts associated with odours are sometimes subjective. Not to mention the level of tolerance that some people develop over time. This is of particular interest to workers at the pump stations and WWTP which will naturally acquire high odour tolerance. In case of Danasaur WWTP, the nearest external receptors are around 1000m away from the plant, as shown in Figure 5.1. It is not therefore expected that the nearest villagers (considering the current situation) will be affected by odour generated form the WWTP. The impact on such receptors should be considered of MINOR significance. However, the consultant has included in the EMP an odour monitoring programme to ensure that; • Odour impacts are contained; • An accurate buffer distance is established; and • Any complaints from neighbouring communities are considered and analyzed. Impacts due to unpleasant odours within the site and in the close proximity of the site (i.e. adjacent agricultural land) have a high probability of occurring. It is a permanent impact of any WWTP as long as it is in operation. Odours will be limited to the areas near their generation/storage/ disposal areas; hence the spatial impact is moderate. The intensity will also be moderate since any changes due to odour emissions are reversible and the affected receptors will be self-recoverable. The overall impact assessment indicates that the intensity of odours within the site ( and in close proximity), taking into account all conditions, will be of Moderate significance. Odour generated form the operation of the PSs are expected to be minimal and the impact should be considered of Minor Significance. During the operation of gravity sewers and force mains , no odour impacts are expected except in the case of any leakage . This should be temporary and immediate repair shall be implemented. The impact should therefore be considered of Minor significance. 5.4.2.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures 1. Maintain efficient performance of biological treatment efficiency 2. Establish close communication with the neighboring areas, establish a complaints handling system and assign a staff member in the WWTP to receive odour complaints. This could be done through posters and the distribution of brochures that illustrate the right to complain, and the contacts information of the responsible staff, and the RSU officer assigned to supervise the plant. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 166 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 3. Supplied standby generators to PSs and WWTPs should be checked with suppliers for their emission standards. Monitoring measures 1. Record odour complaints received from neighboring areas. The record should include name of the person who has made the complaint, time of complaint , GPS location of the affected area, , time and duration of unacceptable odour. Complaints records should be reported in monthly reports. The RSU should analyze odour complaints on monthly basis and document how each complaint was confronted 2. Measure CO, SO2, total hydrocarbons (HC) and NOx annually using onsite gas analyser. 1000m! 5.4.3 Soil and groundwater Impacts ! 5.4.3.1 Overview and Impact significance ! Operation of gravity sewers and FMs Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 167 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Potential impacts on soil and groundwater during the operation phase may arise from any leak developing in the system . The impact should be considered of Moderate significance with respect to gravity sewers and Force mains (the impact is more critical with respect to FMs due to the higher pressure and the higher rate of contaminant migration to the surrounding soil and groundwater). The contact with the surrounding soil and groundwater in all cases will be direct, especially when taking into accounts the high level of the groundwater in Menoufia The probability of the impact occurrence will depend on the quality assurance during the construction works and the impact’s duration will depend on the response time to the leak until the repair works start. Operation of the WWTP and PSs Potential impacts on soil and groundwater during the operation of the WWTP and PSs will also arise from potential leaks . However, these should be considered of Minor Significance because of the following: • All the units of the WWTP and PSs are constructed over a concrete base layer which prevents direct contact with the underneath soil and allow for repair time. • The leaks will be mostly visible as compared with potential leaks in the gravity sewers and force mains which will be hidden underground. Other potential impacts on soil and groundwater are due to waste generation and also due to sludge management 5.4.3.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures • Implement a leak detection plan Monitoring measures • Regular inspection of all components of PSs and WWTP for any potential leaks !! Impact parameters P*(A)*(B)*(C) Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Soil and groundwater Impacts due to the construction of Gravity 0.5 4 2 3 12 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 168 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! sewers FMs 0.5 4 4 3 18 WWTP and 0.5 4 1 3 6 PS ! ! 5.4.4 Water Quality Impacts ! 5.4.4.1 Overview and Impact significance During the operation of gravity sewers and FMs Impacts on water quality might arise from potential leaks in the canal/drain crossing areas . This will directly affect the surface water quality. The impact should be temporary until repair action are implemented and will have low probability of occurrence. The impact should be considered of Moderate significance During the operation of the central WWTP and PSs The key impact on the surface water during the operation of the WWTP will result from the disposal of the treated effluent and also related to sludge management (both will be covered in details in the following sections) . Other than these , no impacts on the surface water quality would be expected during the operation of the WWTP and PSs. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Soil and groundwater Impacts due to the construction of Gravity 0.5 4 3 3 18 sewers and FM PS 0.5 1 1 1 N/A WWTP 0.5 4 1 3 6 5.4.5 Flora and Fauna Impacts 5.4.5.1 Overview and Impact significance Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 169 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! The Consultant has conducted baseline surveys in order to assess the presence and distribution of ecologically sensitive species and habitats along the proposed project’s sites. Consequently, it was concluded that no endangered faunal or floral species have been recorded at the project’s areas. All recorded species are under the “Least Concern” category. Fauna Impact significance Although some faunal species of mammals, birds, reptiles and insects exist at the project’s area, faunal impacts are not likely to be significant given the small scale of the development relative to the extent of similar intact habitats in the area. The evaluation of the impacts on fauna is illustrated in the Table below, and should be considered negative with MINOR significance yet this impact can be reduced/eliminated if appropriate mitigation measures are implemented. Flora Impact significance The flora existing in the proposed sites for the WWTP and PS , as mentioned above , do not belong to the endangered species category. So the impact of the project’s operation on the floral species should be considered on MINOR significance. It should be noted that significant potential impacts would occur due to sludge management and/or treated effluent reuse . Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Flora and Fauna impacts 1 4 2 1 8 5.4.5.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures No specific mitigation and monitoring measures are required 5.4.6 Occupational Health and Safety 5.4.6.1 Overview and Impact significance Workers are often exposed to dangerous conditions during tank opening and venting; manual pumping and stripping; breaking or dismantling components and piping; and pressure washing, mucking, and scaling. A dangerous atmosphere may expose workers to the risk of death, incapacitation, injury, chronic or acute illness, or impaired ability to escape unaided from a confined or enclosed space. When working on the maintenance of sewage systems, special attention should be given to good hygiene practices, proper use of Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 170 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! personal protective equipment and safe confined space entry procedures. The workers may be exposed to the known and unknown dangers of handling treated or untreated sewage and gray water tanks during pipelines, equipment and tank opening, entry, cleaning and related operations. Related components/operations include: piping, aeration, vacuuming, settling, treatment tanks and apparatus, sewage-contaminated water tanks or waste oil tanks, bilges, or sumps, and valves, pumps, grinders, macerators and other contaminated equipment. Hazard identification attributed to the operation and maintenance of gravity sewers and force mains network Atmospheric hazards Atmospheric hazards include oxygen-deficiency and flammable or toxic gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide. Methane gas is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but is highly flammable and is considered an asphyxiant. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is also colorless and flammable, but it is highly odorous and extremely toxic to humans. At approximately 100–150 ppm of H2S, the olfactory nerve is paralyzed after a few breaths. Within a very short time, the sense of smell disappears, giving a false sense that the harmful gas has gone away. These gases are detectable only using proper instruments. Physical hazards Physical hazards include slips, trips, and falls on slippery and sloping surfaces; limited access and egress; corroded ladder rungs; and obstructions by piping and other structures. There is also the risk of receiving punctures and cuts from sharp edges and/or may wall collapses. Biological hazards Biological hazards include pathogens (e.g., viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasitic worms, fungi) and other infectious microorganisms that can cause illnesses such as hepatitis, typhoid fever, dysentery and cholera. Inhaling or ingesting contaminated mists may result in serious illnesses. Hazard identification attributed to the operation and maintenance of WWTPs and PSs Mechanical hazards Mechanical hazards include energized equipment; rotating machinery; and waste stream leaks. Before any servicing is performed where energization or startup is adopted, all energy sources must be identified and isolated, and the machinery, equipment, or system rendered inoperative. Chemical hazards Chemical hazards include exposure to ammonium compounds, formaldehyde, chlorine products, sodium hydroxide, odorous compounds, sodium hydroxide, odor-control and sewage-biodegrading enzymes, sanitizers, biocides, cleaning agents, pharmaceutical drugs, hormones and heavy metals. Among the listed above, chlorine is key with regards to the operation of Danasaur WWTP. Chlorine compounds are toxic, can be harmful if inhaled and would cause respiratory tract burns,and would also cause skin and eye burns Physical hazards Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 171 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Physical hazards include slips, trips, and falls on slippery and sloping surfaces; limited access and egress; corroded ladder rungs; and obstructions by piping and other structures. There is also the risk of receiving punctures and cuts from sharp edges and/or may wall collapses. Due to the potential severity of the occupational health and safety accidents, the impacts should be considered of Major significance. They should be controlled to a large extent by the implementation of the mitigation measures listed below. 5.4.6.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures The project’s operator shall implement an occupational health and safety plan , which shall include, but not be limited to, the following measures; 1-Immunization Ensure routine vaccinations for workers for influenza, tetanus, and Hepatitis “A” (according to Consultations with the institute’s physicians). 2- Safe Practices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) It is recommended to avoid liquid contact with exposed skin, by using a full-body impervious suits in addition with using rubber boots, gloves, hard hats and eye protection. Using the Respirator instrument is based on an evaluation of respiratory hazards in the workplace and other relevant workplace and user factors. During cleaning operations performed outside a tank or and pipelines, where the atmosphere is not immediately dangerous to life or health, the worker(s) shall wear supplied-air or air-purifying respirator with organic vapor HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Arresting cartridge). When working in confined spaces, the team (inside and outside) must have extra flashlights and two-way radios readied for communication. A first-aid kit must be readily available; an eyewash and flushing station, neutralizing solutions, cleaning equipment, and emergency medical services. 3-Training Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to select and use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 4- Control Measures Prior to entering and/or maintenance • Assess and review sewage systems, components and piping. • Perform jobsite safety and health analyses and be aware of all associated risks and hazards. Inform all workers involved of the risks and hazards determined by the jobsite safety and health analyses. • Post warning signs and labels. • Secure all toilets, urinals, drains, pumps, and sewage treatment systems. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 172 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! • Isolate, close, secure, divert, de-energize, lockout and apply tags-plus applications to all valves, piping and associated equipment. • When confined space entries are performed, have a trained rescue team with the proper rescue equipment available at the job site, or notifying the outside designated rescue team in advance that employees are working in a confined space on the sewage system so they can prepare to respond in the event of an emergency. • Follow confined space entry testing and permitting procedures. If feasible, use sample ports to test for atmospheric contaminants inside the tank or / and pipeline manholes. • Cautiously and deliberately remove bolts and nuts off manholes and piping, while staying alert to any immediate change of conditions, and be prepared to take necessary action. • Use appropriate tools and operating procedures. • Install and use adequate exhaust ventilation devices, ducting, lighting, and tank-cleaning equipment. Immediately following the piping being broken or the tank opened, apply or insert ducting to begin exhaust ventilation. Pipe all exhausts downwind, overboard, or away from people. • Cover and isolate all work areas with disposable plastic sheeting to prevent possible contamination. • pumping and drain all residual products flush tanks and piping systems • Check for residual pressure or vacuum effects in tanks and piping. • While remaining outside the tank, continue to test the atmosphere inside the tank remotely for safe conditions. • Before beginning tank cleaning operations, while wearing the appropriate PPE, clothing and respiratory protection, cautiously enter the tank for an internal inspection. • Chlorinate or sanitize the tanks and piping systems when necessary. 5-Post-Work Cleanup • Remove contaminated clothing and bag for proper disposal or decontamination. • Shower or wash face, arms, hands and legs with soap, using a substantial amount of water. • Disinfect equipment (e.g., using iodine compounds, bromine, chlorine, ozone, or their equivalent) and wash contaminated spaces, decks and bulkheads with detergent, sanitizer, or bleach. • Dispose of or re-wash rubber boots, gloves, eye goggles, face shields and respirators with a disinfectant solution. • Wash contaminated clothing separately. • Do not enter other spaces while still wearing contaminated clothing. 5.4.7 Community Safety Potential impacts during the operation phase: • Falling in open manholes: The hazard start when the manholes’ cover is ; a) left opened; b) Not properly fixed; and/or Brocken • Engulfment: This hazard has two scenarios, the first occurs when the sewage water flows out the pipeline Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 173 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! network ; the second is the risk of falling in the hidden manholes or deep pits under the waste water Mitigation measures " Using fences and warning signs during maintenance periods and/or close the roads " Regular inspection for all the components of the sewage system especially the manholes cover and take instantaneous measurements for correction. " Preventive maintenance program " Adjust the maintenance schedules away from the rush hour 5.4.8 Visual impacts ! 5.4.8.1 Overview and Impact significance ! During the operation of gravity sewers and FMs No foreseen impacts During the operation of the central WWTP and PSs The project will change the aesthetics and landscape of the areas where the PSs and WWTP will be located. However, the impact will be relatively acceptable when considering the height of adjacent buildings. The visual impacts due to the operation of the WWTP and PSs should be considered of MINOR significance. No mitigation measures are foreseen, expect developing a suitable landscape (tree belt)around the site. 5.4.9 Impacts Related to Archaeology and Cultural Heritage There are no foreseen impacts on culturally valuable sites during the operation phase of the project! ! ! 5.5 IMPACTS DUE TO ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES/PROCESSES DURING THE OPERATION PHASE ! 5.5.1 Risks associated with disposal and/or reuse of final treated effluent 5.5.1.1 Risk of water pollution during normal/as-designed operational procedures of the WWTP Primary treatment, which is a process of physically separating large particles from sewage, for wastewater is no longer acceptable as a treatment method if applied solely since it is quite basic and has minimal effects on hazardous substances dissolved within the wastewater. Hence, it is essential to apply secondary treatment to ensure that the risks of substances within the wastewater are reduced. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 174 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! The ISSIP II project proposes secondary treatment processes followed by disinfection of the final effluent at the WWTP. The wastewater is inserted into the SBR tank and treatment begins relying on biological reactions. Sedimentation occurs near the end of the process after which a valve is opened to release the decanted treated water. Wastewater treatment needs to be an accurate, precise process to be followed step by step with high attention to detail in order to obtain effective results. This would lead to a manageable effluent with controllable risks. According to the above, the WWTP is designed to generate treated water which is compliant with legal standards outlined in Law 48/1982, as shown in Table 5.3 (Reference should be made to Chapter 2 for the full Legal Framework). Egyptian legislation prohibits the discharge of treated effluent into fresh water canals. So the treated effluent can only be discharged into drains if its quality is compliant with the standards outlined in Table 5.3. In Menoufia, the treated effluent will be discharged into Donshoway Drain. Table 5.3: Acceptable standards for discharge of treated wastewater into drains Parameter Standards and Limits (mg/l) Parameter Standards and Limits (mg/l) Temperature Maximum difference of 3°C as Phenol 0.05 compared with the receiving watercourse pH 6-9 Mercury 0.01 BOD 60 Pb 0.1 COD 80 Cd 0.003 Dissolved Oxygen ≥4 As 0.05 Oil & Grease 10 Se 0.1 Total Dissolved Does not exceed 2000 Cr 0.1 Solids Total Suspended 50 Cu 0.5 Solids H 2S 1 Ni 0.5 Free Cyanide 0.1 Zn 2 Total P (TP)* - Fe 3.5 N as NH3* - Total Coliform 5000 (100cm3) Total Nitrogen - (TN)* Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 175 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! The production of chlorination byproducts is another environmental issue, in which the most environmental concerns come from trihalomethanes (THMs)5 and haloacetic acids (HAA5)6 which result from the reaction of chlorine with the organic matter in water. The issue of THMs and HAA5 risks are more commonly related to drinking water supplies, in which the disinfectants reacts with the organic matter in the water source and produces THMs and HAA5. According to the USEPA7, there are debates in the scientific community about the health effects of THMs and HAA5. Although there is no concrete proof on the health effects of these products, the USEPA believes that there are enough evidence to regulate THMs and HAA5, these evidence advise that they could be carcinogenic and could have reproductive and development effects. Therefore the USEPA has regulated the disinfection process in water supplies so as THMs and HAA5 concentration should not exceed 80 and 60 parts per billions (ppb) respectively as an annual average in drinking water. - The application of chlorine to wastewater final effluent is expected to produce more THMs and HAA5, than the produced quantities in water supplies, because of the relatively high organic matter in final effluent. However the risks associated with chlorinated final effluents are significantly less than those associated with drinking water supply in terms of oral exposure of people. On the other hand, THMs and HAA5s may have effects on aquatic life, but the toxicity data and transport routes through the food chain are not quite clear. The disinfection process/chlorine dosage has been designed according to the Egyptian engineering codes with respect to the dosage and the residual concentration of chlorine. Site assessment indicated that villagers do not rely on Donshoway drain for any drinking water or irrigation purposes and having complied with the legislation standards, the risk of polluting the water quality in the drain should be considered of MINOR significance under normal operation procedures. It is expected that the quality of the drain water shall gradually improve. This will be monitored by applying the monitoring program included in the EMP. 5.5.1.2 Risk of water pollution due to non conformity with normal operating procedures It is expected that the quality of Donshoway Drain will improve over time following the implementation of ISSIP II project. However, pollution issues may arise upon noncompliance with the designed operational procedures and/or diverting from the required treatment steps such as the circumstances listed below: • Failure to allow sludge to settle or to empty sludge as it accumulates causing it to rise to the effluent decanter . • Excess or shortage of chlorine required for the disinfection process. • Shortage or unavailability of spare parts and any maintenance related shortcomings. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5 THMs are a group of four main substances which are chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform 6 The five haloacetic acids of concern are monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid 7 Source URL ://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/dbp_health.html Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 176 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Failure to allow sludge to settle or to empty sludge as it accumulates causing it to rise to the effluent decanter Adequate time should be given for each process in the WWTP in order to achieve the expected results. After primary treatment, the wastewater enters the SBR tank and sludge is allowed to settle at the bottom of the tank. When the amount of sludge reaches a certain level inside the tank, it should be emptied to allow for more sludge to settle and separate from the treated waste water. Failure to do so could jeopardize the quality of the effluent in case sludge rises to the effluent decanter and is blended with the treated wastewater. Constituents of sludge are a great risk to the treated wastewater as they are concentrated with all the undesired pollutants and chemicals (reference should be made to Section 5.5.2 for the risks associated with sludge management). In addition, time is required for sludge to settle at the bottom of the tank and separate from the wastewater. Any increase in the amount of influent could force workers to speed up the process to handle all incoming wastewater. This would create treated effluent that still contains different sludge components. Excess or shortage of chlorine required for the disinfection process The process of disinfection, which is the final step following the secondary treatment includes combining chlorine gas with the effluent in a tank for 30 minutes. Adding excess chlorine to the effluent could allow the production of harmful chlorinated products. These products will pollute the treated effluent and affect its quality negatively. On the other hand, a shortage of chlorine or an insufficient amount of it will also harm the disinfection process. The ratio between chlorine and the quantity of effluent has to be controlled at all times to maintain the quality of the treated effluent. Shortage or unavailability of spare parts and any maintenance related shortcomings It is essential for the WWTP to have regular scheduled maintenance. This will guarantee an effluent that is compliant with the standards. However, any delays in scheduled maintenance, unavailability of spare parts and operation of the plant without fixing technical problems could have a negative effect on the quality of the effluent. In addition, during any repairs or maintenance, the plant should not operate. Hence, back up lines should be available to handle the influent during such times. Otherwise influent will accumulate and cause environmental problems such as unpleasant odours or it will be treated inefficiently. Accordingly, we expect potential water pollution in Donshoway Drain due to the degradation of the quality of the effluent. The probability of three risks discussed above is low and if took place, will be of temporary nature until resolving the problem . Due to the length of the drain and the absence of villagers’ activities , the impact should be considered of MINOR significance. Normal quality assurance for the operational procedures will result in good control of such impacts. 5.5.1.3 Risk of water pollution to using the by-pass line Discharge of raw sewage directly to Donshoway drain through the bypass line, in case of emergencies in the WWTP units, may take place. The existence of this bypass line is considered a necessity for the hydraulic protection of the WWTP, therefore it is an engineering requirement in the Engineering Code of Practice in Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 177 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Decree 169/1997. Accordingly the risks of using this line will be an environmental issue. Although the possibilities may be low, the environmental consequences will be acute and could lead to a worse water quality as compared with the current situation due to the concentrated contaminants in the by-passed wastewater. Therefore this impact should be considered of Moderate significance. The mitigation measures in the EMP have concentrated on reducing these possibilities to the minimum. 5.5.1.4 Risk of water pollution to external factors - Discharge of shock loads of wastewater from cesspits or areas out of the scope of the proposed project overloading the tank Issues may arise from external factors which are not related to the WWTP operation and which could also affect the quality of the inlet water and consequently that of the outlet and receiving drain. In general, such external factors were identified as follows: - Risk of discharge of shock loads of wastewater from cesspits or areas out of the scope of the proposed project overloading the tank There are many rural villages, Izbas and satellites outside the scope of the WWTP and pipeline network. These areas currently have cesspits for sewage collection and the cesspits are emptied by contractors when needed. The creation of a WWTP nearby could allow residents of nearby villages and Izbas and/or cesspit evacuation contractors to dump their sewage in to the pipeline network of the WWTP and PS. The design of the WWTP takes into account possible future growth of targeted villages and is expected to have the capacity of 15,000m3/day by the year 2050. However, this is planned to be implemented over two stages, limiting the capacity of the plant during the first years of operation. Overloading the plant and dumping any wastewater from areas that are not covered is foreseen to be of risk to the quality of the treated effluent. Any overloading to the plant beyond its capacity, especially at the beginning of its operation, will not allow for the proper treatment process to occur. The quality of the generated effluent is foreseen to be affected as a result, impacting several of its receptors. This impact should be considered of Moderate significance. 5.5.1.5 Risk of soil pollution as a result of irrigation using noncompliant effluent The treated effluent can also be reused, if as a first step, it complies with the limits outlined in Table 5.4, according to the Egyptian legislation. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 178 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Table 5.4: Treated effluent standards outlined in Law 93/1962 for reuse in irrigation Parameter Secondary Parameter Secondary treatment for treatment reuse in for reuse in irrigation irrigation BOD (ppm) 40 Zinc (ppm) 2 COD (ppm) 80 Arsenic (ppm) NI TSS (ppm) 40 Chromium (ppm) NI O&G (ppm) 10 Molid betrays (only green fodders) (ppm) 0.01 Nematodes (no. of cells or eggs/ 1 Manganese (ppm) 0.2 Liter) Fecal coliform (MPN/100 ml) 1,000 Iron (ppm) 5 TDS (ppm) 2,000 Cobalt (ppm) 0.05 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) % 20 Chlorides (ppm) 300 Boron (ppm) 3 Cadmium (ppm) 0.01 Lead (ppm) 5 Copper (ppm) 0.2 Nickel (ppm) 0.2 Notes: NI: Not identified Compliance with the treated wastewater standards is the first phase of getting approval to use the effluent ! for irrigation. The approval of the following institutions is needed prior to irrigation using treated wastewater: (i) the Ministry of Health (MoH) and (ii) competent authorities determined by the Minister of Housing . Finally, an environmental impact assessment of using the treated effluent must be prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). If such approval was granted, inefficient wastewater treatment, for any of the reasons previously discussed, could produce an effluent that is not compliant with the standards, hence containing harmful amounts of compounds. This could have then a direct impact on irrigated crops and pause severe health risks. The risk would therefore depend on the area designed for irrigation and the type of crops and the dgree of Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 179 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! unconformity of the treated effluent. Due to the potential health risks, although indirect, this impact should be considered of Moderate significance . The Table below illustrates the evaluation of impacts associated with the disposal and/or reuse of final treated effluent. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity (P)*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Risks associated With disposal and/or reuse of final treated effluent Risk of water pollution 1 4 2 1 8 during normal operating procedures Risk of water pollution due 0.10 4 2 3 3 to non-conformity with normal operating procedures Risk of water pollution due 0.5 4 3 3 18 to usage of by-pass line Health impacts due to usage 0.3* 4 3 3 9 of by-pass line Risk of water pollution due 1 4 2 3 12 to external factors Risk of soil pollution as a 0.5 4 3 3 18 result of irrigation of a non- compliant effluent *Criteria for health impact assessment - % refer to probability of occurrence • Length of main drain (short = 30% , long = 0% ) • Availability of village clusters directly on the drain (available clusters= 30% , no clusters = 0% ) • Groundwater level (high =30%, low = 0%) 5.5.1.6 Mitigation and monitoring measures Mitigation measures 1. Implement preventive maintenance Programme to all structures and electromechanical equipment in PSs and WWTPs. The supplier of each equipment should provide a preventive maintenance schedule for supplied equipment. Implementing this schedule should be part of the WWTP and PS operational manual. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 180 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 2. In case the influent is totally bypassed to the receiving drain, the PIU-EM should be immediately be notified with the reasons, durations and applied control measures for such event. The PIU-EM should directly notify the PSC and EEAA with the incidents. After returning to normal operation mode, reasons for using the bypass line should be analyzed to prevent repeating these incidents in future. This should be considered during the analysis of the results of the regular monitoring program. Monitoring measures 1. Continuous monitoring of PS and WWTPs incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily averages should be calculated and documented 2. Daily monitoring of influent and effluent water quality at WWTPs should be undertaken. The daily monitoring should include analysis of COD, TSS, TKN and total P. 3. Monthly monitoring of full Law 48/1982 parameters mentioned in Table 2-2 4. Monthly monitoring of BOD, TSS, coliform organisms and in-situ analysis of temperature, pH, conductivity in Donshoway Drain. This monitoring should be undertaken by the M&E unit of the ISSIP, and the results should be communicated with the PIU. Monitoring shall include the following location (where baseline measurements of water quality have been undertaken); [30 37 06N , 30 49 47E] 5. An annual audit of the WWTP to review performance efficiency shall be undertaken by an environmental consultant. The audit should include reviewing all monitoring data throughout the year and recommendations to improve efficiency as appropriate. ! 5.5.2 Environmental impacts due to Sludge management 5.5.2.1 Overview The design of the WWTP incorporated in the ISSIP II project , results in the generation of sludge through precipitation after decanting of the treated effluent. The sludge is then sent to the drying beds for the drying and stabilization processes. No specific treatment process for the sludge has been incorporated for in the WWTP design or recommended. Also, no recommendations regarding suitable sludge applications have been identified. Following discussions with the RSUs , potential management options include the following: - Disposal in landfills/dumpsites - Use in agricultural lands as soil fertilizers - Use as Refuse Derived Fuel for the cement industry Using one or more of the options listed above would depend on the quality of the sludge and the approval of Ministry of Agriculture for using the sludge for agricultural land applications, which could not be identified at the time of producing the study. All potential options have been therefore assessed for their potential environmental impacts. Sludge contains nitrogen and phosphorus, which are beneficial constituents to soil. Law 93/1962 , as well as Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC both encourage the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. However, they regulate its use in such a way as to prevent harmful effects on water, air, soil, vegetation, animals and Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 181 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! humans. However, the sludge could also include high amount of heavy metals, pathogens and bacteria which could have negative impacts and health hazards and render it a hazardous waste. Identification of potential impacts 1. Impacts associated with sludge handling, drying and treatment within the WWTP premises 2. Impacts due to sludge transport 3. Impacts associated with sludge disposal 4. Impacts associated with sludge applications on agricultural lands ! 5.5.2.2 Impact Significance and evaluation Impacts associated with sludge handling, drying and treatment within the WWTP premises In accordance with the proposed WWTP design, sludge handling is expected to generate odour, mostly near sludge production outlets, sludge drying beds and sludge storage areas.. Odour generated from sludge could be one of the main problems facing WWTP as previously identified by neighboring communities and populations8. In case of Danasaur’s WWTP, the significance of this impact is reduced since no sensitive receptors exist within 500m radius around the WWTP site. Air quality and odour impacts due to the WWTP processes (including sludge management) have been covered in details in previous sections. Based on the quality of the sludge generated, which will be confirmed through chemical analysis of collected samples, sludge may possess hazardous characteristics (i.e be classified as a hazardous waste) . Handling should therefore in all cases be performed with care , as the sludge represents a high negative health risk due to infection with pathogens and/or inhaling harmful emissions. Incomplete/inefficient drying followed by incomplete stabilization would increase the pathogenic and odour impacts presented above. The drying beds shall be of sufficient size as to incorporate the expected generated amount . Treatment/stabilisation should be performed on site as will be detailed in the mitigation measures presented below. Impacts due to sludge transport Transportation of sludge from the WWTP to the nearest landfill or transporting it to nearby agricultural lands will require the use of trucks to accommodate the amount of sludge generated. These vehicles are a source of emissions that would affect the air quality. Motor vehicle emissions were found to contain NOx, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide9. These compounds contribute to air pollution and the creation of smog, There is a potential soil contamination and odour emissions risk if vehicles were not completely sealed during transport. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8 Sniffer. 2008. Human Health and the Environmental Impacts of Using Sewage Sludge on Forestry and for Restoration of Derelict Land. 9 Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 182 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Upon assessing the impacts of emissions from the transportation vehicles, it was found that the impact would be intermittent.. The spatial impacts would be limited to hundred meters around the WWTP. In terms of the impact intensity on the environment, the air emissions could cause environmental changes that result in damage to the separate environmental components, however, the natural environment remains self- recoverable. Overall, air emissions due to sludge transport should be considered of MINOR significance . Noise impacts are also expected to take place due to the transportation of sludge. However, due to the intermittent nature and average noise level expected , the noise impacts due to sludge transport should be considered of MINOR significance . Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity (P)*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Sludge Transport Air quality and odour 1 3 1 2 6 Ambient Noise 1 3 1 2 6 Impacts associated with sludge disposal Based on the sludge analysis, the landfill category , either hazardous or non-hazardous, will be identified. If found non-hazardous, it will be sent to the nearest dumpsite/landfill. If hazardous, it will have to be sent to the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. Landfill disposal of sludge shall be practiced by licensed waste contractors, the process could be easily monitored by the RSU/PMU. However, the landfill disposal of sludge has the following risks/negative environmental impacts: • Loss of resources • Waste directives in many parts of the world prohibit the disposal of organic wastes (or place an upper limit of around 5% of total organic carbon in the waste for it to be accepted for disposal). The potential of applying similar laws in Egypt during the life cycle of the project exit and this puts a risk on the sustainability of the landfill disposal option. • Although the waste contractor could be monitored, random/illegal dumping of the sludge on agricultural lands or water streams still remains possible. Impacts of sludge on water include eutrophication, potentially leading to hypoxia which causes reduction in specific fish and aquatic animals’ populations. Also, sludge leakage back to canals and drains will offset positive environmental impacts of the WWTP. • Nearby disposal sites have not been identified during the site visits at most of the villages and the practice of waste burning has been observed. So the risk of not finding a close disposal site exists. The overall assessment indicates that the impacts due to landfill disposal of sludge should be considered negative of moderate significance due to high probability of contaminating soil and surface water and due to the loss of natural resources. This triggers the identification of alternative disposal methods such as the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 183 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! reuse as RDF in cement industry (which is highly recommended) and have fewer environmental risks as compared with the application on agricultural lands as will be discussed below. Impacts associated with sludge application on agricultural lands If sludge is sufficiently dried and treated/stabilised, prior to being reused (i.e. applied to land), there is no foreseen environmental and health impacts upon condition that sample analysis proves that sludge does not possess hazardous characteristics The main environmental and health risks arise from incomplete/absence of sludge stabilization. In such case, there is an increased risk that the sludge might contain a high pathogen content. Potential health hazards to human and animal health could arise from the application of sludge to agricultural crops because dumping raw sludge on agricultural lands could lead to the production of contaminated crops, especially if applied directly to plants. The consumption of these crops, their handling by vendors, and any contact with soil by farmers may also have biological and health impacts. These are also considered some of the main form of human exposure to agricultural sludge contaminants10. Studies have shown that fluid bio solids found in sludge, treated or untreated, adhere to forage crops11. The effects of such compounds and pollutants on humans are dependent on the amount of soil and crops ingested by livestock. Due to the high health risks involved and the direct contact with soil which could occur, the impacts associated with sludge application on agricultural lands should be considered of Moderate to high significance with respect to both soil and health, as illustrated in the Table below. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity (P)*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score occurrence (A) (B) (C) (P) Sludge application to agricultural lands Soil and agricultural land 0.5 3 3 3 13.5 contamination due to application of untreated sludge Human health issues and 0.5 3 4 4 24 diseases 5.5.2.4 Mitigation and monitoring measures !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 10 Smith, S. R. (2000): Are controls on organic contaminants necessary to protect the environment when sewage sludge is used in agriculture?.- Prog. In Environ., 2, 129-146. 11 Chaney, R. L., J. A. Ryan, and G. A. O'Connor (1998): Pathway Analysis of Terrestrial Risks from PCBs in Land-Applied Biosolids Based on Field Measured Transfer Coefficients.- Proc. Conf. Management of Fate of Toxic Organics in Sludge Applied to Land. Apr. 30 to May 2, 1997. Copenhagen, Denmark. Dept. Environ. Sci. Eng., Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 184 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Mitigation measures Sludge handling and treatment • Following the drying process, the stabilization and hygienisation of sludge using quicklime should be implemented on site • The sludge and lime should be thoroughly mixed. A pH not less than 12 and a temperature not less 55°C should be maintained for at least 2 hours after mixing. • A manual for sludge treatment shall be developed and should be annually revised based on the actual sludge quality, actual quantity, news laws and regulations. • Workers handling sludge, or working near sludge tanks in the WWTP should wear suitable gloves and boots. Hygiene instructions should be disseminated to workers, before they start working. These instructions should be clearly illustrated in posters placed in the offices and rest rooms of workers. Sludge application on land (if proven feasible by PIU): It is very important to ensure that sludge is of adequate quality for reuse. The quality of the sludge has to fulfill the quality standards for heavy metals as indicated in Table 5.5 according to the Executive Regulations of Law 93/1962 , and the US EPA threshold concentrations of heavy metals of sludge to be applied on agricultural land (whichever is lower). The monitoring activities for assessing the sludge quality and the effectiveness of the treatment are included in the sludge management monitoring activities in Table 7.4. • Sludge must not be applied to soil in which fruit and vegetable crops are being grown, or less than ten months before fruit and vegetable crops are to be harvested. • Grazing animals must not be allowed access to grassland or forage land less than three weeks after the application of sludge. • Treated Sludge shall not be used as fertilizer unless it has been tested and approved by (i) the competent administrative authority within the Ministry of Housing, (ii) the Ministry of Health and (iii) EEAA after preparing an EIA for the production, distribution, utilization and disposal process, if necessary. • Health precautions and buffer zones should be respected and indicate that the application of sludge should be within the following ranges according to soil type (law 93/1962): 8-14 m3/feddan/year for thick soil, 10-16m3/feddan/year for medium soil and 12-20m3/feddan/year for light soil Sludge Use as RDF (if proven feasible by PIU): • Dried sludge could be sent to cement factories as RDF according to an contractual agreement between HCWW and the Cement Company. In that case the need for lime treatment should be reconsidered if it will affect the calorific value/properties of the sludge. • If the sludge was found hazardous (based on the sludge sampling results), it shall be handled by workers wearing PPE and transported by a licensed contractor to a cement factory licensed to incinerate hazardous wastes. Sludge disposal in landfill: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 185 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! • If sludge cannot be reused, the right landfill category must be determined. Based on the chemical analysis of the sludge, it should be sent to the respective landfill (HW landfill or non HW landfill). Table 5.5: Egyptian and USEPA standards for land application of sludge ! Parameter Concentration limit Concentration limit Cumulative Pollutant (Law 93/1962) (USEPA Part 503.13) Loading Rate (USEPA Part 503.13) Zinc 2,800 mg/kg 2,800 mg/kg 2,800 kg/ha Copper 1,500 mg/kg 1,500 mg/kg 1,500 kg/ha Nickel 420 mg/kg 420 mg/kg 420 kg/ha Cadmium 39 mg/kg 39 mg/kg 39 kg/ha Lead 300 mg/kg 300 mg/kg 300 kg/ha Mercury 17 mg/kg 17 mg/kg 17 kg/ha Molybdenum 18 mg/kg Deleted in 1994 Deleted in 1994 Selenium 36 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 100 kg/ha Arsenic 41 mg/kg 41 mg/kg 41 kg/ha Monitoring measures • The project operator should undertake continuous monitoring of pH of immature sludge drying beds. Logs of pH values should be used for controlling the lime dosing. • Taking representative sludge samples (every 3 months or whenever sludge is being sold) and analyze it according to requirements of Law 93/1962 • Periodical medical examination for the workers and lab analysis 5.5.3 Impacts due to handling and disposal of non-hazardous wastes 5.5.3.1 Impact significance and evaluation Non hazardous wastes are expected to be generated during the operation of the PS and WWTP. These will result form the cleaning and scrubbing of inlet filters (contaminated solid particles), as well as from the daily activities of workers. The latter will comprise of a mix of food residual, plastic and paper packages. The first potential impact would be the contamination of soil, groundwater and/or surface water due to the uncontrolled disposal of contaminated solid wastes. Another potential impact would be the loss of natural resources (for recyclables) if recycling has not been implemented. Other impacts would include negative visual impacts if waste is accumulated in front or around the PSs and the WWTP. Burning of the accumulated wastes would impact the air quality around the PS and the WWTP sites, and could emit toxic emissions especially if plastic substances were among the waste streams. Accumulation and/or uncontrolled disposal of organic wastes (food residuals) would also result in potential Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 186 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! impacts on the health and hygiene of both general public and on-site workers by attracting vermin to the site such as birds, rodents or insects which can act as disease vectors. This will result in spread of disease, and disruption of the natural ecosystem. Odour may also be generated following long periods of accumulation due to the decomposition of some organic wastes, which will be an annoyance to both general public and on-site workers. The evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation during the operation phase is illustrated in the Table below. Most of the impacts should be considered of Moderate significance, which is mainly due to the proximity of receptors (with respect to the PSs). The negative impact of non-hazardous waste generation is expected to be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Table – Evaluation of impacts due to non-hazardous waste generation Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Non-hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 4 1 1 4 resources Health impacts 1 4 2 2 16 Soil and 1 4 1 2 8 groundwater Surface water 0.5 4 2 2 8 Air quality due to 0.5 4 1 2 4 open burn Visual Impacts 1 4 1 3 12 5.5.3.2 Mitigation and monitoring measures ! A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of potential non-hazardous wastes shall be developed and implemented by the project’s operator. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. Mitigation measures for non-hazardous wastes • Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams • Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams • Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill. • Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by EEAA. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 187 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! • Prepare schedule for solids and oils removal from household separation unit. Sludge from household interceptors and septic tanks should be discharged to the WWTP. • Remove oil from oil separators in restaurants and bakeries and dispose it in domestic solid waste disposal sites12 • Daily removal of PS screens waste to domestic solid waste disposal sites • Stabilizing separated grit with lime, dry it in separate drying beds and dispose dry grit in domestic solid waste disposal sites HCWW/PIU should adopt the measures listed above and ensure that all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. ! Monitoring measures for non-hazardous wastes • Regular inspection of the waste storage area (for PS’s and WWTP’s sites) • Regular inspection of the waste disposal manifests. 5.5.4 Impacts due to handling and disposal of hazardous substances and hazardous wastes 5.5.4.1 Impact evaluation due to handling of hazardous substances As mentioned in the project description chapter some of the hazardous substances required for operation processes include chlorine gas, diesel for standby generators, lubricating oils and laboratory chemicals. Chlorine gas has a distinctive, strong smell, and light yellow color. Chlorine is considered toxic at certain levels and upon inhalation or swallowing could be poisonous. Due to its nature, chlorine gas settles in low elevation when it is released making it more of a hazard to the health of workers and residents living near the WWTP. In order to comply with the Executive Regulations of Law 4/1994 the concentration of chlorine in the working environment should not exceed 1.5 mg/m3 for long term (8-hours) exposure, and should not exceed 2.9 mg/m3 for short term exposure. Designing chlorine buildings for WWTP should follow the precautions for safe storage and handling outlined by the Egyptian Engineering Code for Design and Execution of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Decree 169/1997. Any increase in the specified amount of chlorine for treatment would affect the quality of the final effluent negatively. Moreover, the chlorination byproducts which are produced as a result of chemical reactions of water with chlorine pose risk to human health upon ingestion. Precautions are taken and warning signs to prevent people from drinking treated wastewater are currently in place for other WWTPs in Egypt. In addition, people are generally reluctant to drink the treated effluent since they know its source. The project design and planning indicated that steel chlorine cylinders needed for the treatment and disinfection processes are to be returned to the vendor for replenishing; reducing risks associated with the disposal of empty chlorine cylinders. Diesel and lubricating oils will be used and usually have some hazardous and toxic properties. However, the workers handling them are expected to have high awareness regarding their risks. The higher risk in this regard will be that associated with the necessary disposal of empty containers. Impacts on soil (and !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12 It has been assumed that new separators will be installed according to adequate engineering specs. It has been also assumed that the oil has been oxidized to an extent that it is not considered flammable thus not considered as hazardous waste. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 188 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! groundwater) quality could result from fuel storage tank leakage. Secondary containment shall be therefore incorporated in the design as to ensure a minimum of 110% external volume. Laboratory chemicals comprise of many hazardous substances and liquids. The health risks due to the handling of hazardous substances should be considered of MAJOR significance However, implementing safety induction classes, operational health and safety procedures in addition to implementing the normal laboratory operating procedures including the preparation of COSSH forms and wearing PPE ensure that the impact’s significance is reduced. 5.5.4.2 Impact evaluation due to handling of hazardous wastes Hazardous wastes may also be generated during the operation phase such as spent oils and empty chemical containers. The storage and disposal of these waste streams have to be carefully performed as to abide by the national legal framework (Chapter 2). In addition to that, these hazardous wastes if not handled, stored and disposed of according to engineering best practice would have major and irreversible effect as follows: • Mishandling and uncontrolled disposal of hazardous liquid and solid wastes have major health impacts for on-site workers, inhabitants in the project’s area of influence, people who get in contact with waste during transportation and disposal, and flora and fauna exposed to such wastes. • Uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes, in particular in liquid form, would cause soil contamination through direct contact or leaching. • There is a high possibility that uncontrolled disposal of hazardous wastes may affect the groundwater quality, through extended leaching since the groundwater level is high in Menoufia governorate • Air quality could also be highly affected since uncontrolled dumping of hazardous and non- hazardous materials would result in most of the cases in open burning and potential release of toxic emissions. The impacts listed above are evaluated as presented in Table below. Most of the impacts should be considered of Moderate significance and will be fully controlled by implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures listed in the following section. Impact parameters Impact Probability Temporal Spatial Intensity P*(A)*(B)*(C) of Scale Scale Overall Score Occurrence (P) (A) (B) (C) Hazardous Waste generation Loss of natural 1 4 1 1 4 resources Health impacts 1 4 2 3 24 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 189 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! Soil and 1 4 1 3 12 groundwater Air quality due to 1 4 1 4 16 open burning Visual Impacts 1 4 1 2 8 ! 5.5.4.3 Mitigation and monitoring measures! ! Mitigation measures for handling of hazardous substances 1. Empty chlorine cylinders, should be collected at a certain location inside the chlorine building before being returned to the supplier. The vendor who will supply the WWTP with chlorine cylinders should take waste cylinders back on the same truck. This process should be documented in manifests that should be signed by the vendor. 2. Diesel ASTs should be surrounded with impermeable bund with a capacity equal to the AST capacity. Any leaked diesel from ASTs should be pumped to diesel trucks until the leakage in AST has been repaired. No USTs should be used in the project, this has been further discussed in the screening criteria. Mitigation measures for hazardous wastes ! A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of potential hazardous wastes shall be developed and implemented by the project’s operator. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages. ! HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed below and ensure that all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. In addition to that, a separate hazardous waste register (according to the Egyptian Laws) has to be prepared , containing all information relevant to the generation , handling and disposal of hazardous wastes. a) General measures • All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. At the time of producing this study, the nearest and only hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. • The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. • Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. • Remove oil from oil separators in petrol stations and workshops and dispose it in hazardous solid waste disposal sites. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 190 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The operator shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the operator’s in-house staff (PMU-EM and RSUs or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant). c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.: • It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste. • The storage area must have a water supply • A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. Monitoring measures • Chlorine leak detectors with continuous sensors should be provided for chlorine detection. Any leakage incident should be documented by the WWTP operator in the monthly reports along with taken measures and the adequacy of the emergency ventilation system. • Diesel leaks from ASTs will be detected through visual observation. Any leakage should be documented in monthly reports, along with measures taken by the operator to contain the leakage. • Records of empty containers returned to vendors, or contaminated soil transported to hazardous waste facilities should be kept in the WWTP, along with signatures of hazardous waste facility operator acknowledging receipt of the containers. • Registering the amount of hazardous waste sent for disposal and archiving the collection and disposal receipts. This shall be done in the form of a waste register as required by the Egyptian law. • Regular inspection of the waste storage area • Regular inspection of the site to identify random disposal of waste materials • The containers should be inspected monthly for leaks or any other form of damage and are kept in good condition. • Regular inspection of the site to identify randomly dumped hazardous waste materials. 5.5.5 Summary of impact assessment during the operation phase The Table below shows a summary of the impact assessment during the operation phase, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 191 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! ! Activities causing the impact Overall Impact significance Ambient Noise Air quality Soil and Surface water Flora and Fauna Operational H&S Community Visual Impacts Archaeology and odour groundwater H&S and Cultural heritage Operation of gravity sewers and N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor N/A Major N/A N/A house connections Operation of B’s PS incl;uding all Minor Minor N/A N/A Minor Moderate Minor Minor N/A sub-components Operation of ZB’s PS incl;uding all Minor Minor N/A N/A Minor Moderate Minor Minor N/A sub-components Operation of FMs N/A Minor Moderate Moderate Minor N/A Major N/A N/A Operation of WWTP including all Moderate Moderate MInor N/A[covered MInor Major Minor Minor N/A sub-components under sludge and treated effluent impacts] Impacts due to Hazardous Waste N/A Moderate MInor Moderate Moderate Major Moderate N/A N/A generation and hazardous substances handling Impacts due to non-hazardous waste N/A MInor MInor MInor N/A MInor Moderate MInor N/A generation Impacts associated with the disposal N/A MInor Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Moderate N/A N/A and/or reuse of final treated Effluent Impacts to Sludge Management MInor Moderate Moderate Moderate MInor Moderate Moderate N/A N/A Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 192 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final ! 5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 5.6.1 Methodology Environmental and social impacts were assessed on several levels to provide accurate results about the impacts related the project, available alternatives, appropriate mitigation measures necessary for reducing the negative impacts of and maximizing potential positive impacts. These impacts were classified into two types: direct or indirect impacts and short or long-term impacts. Assessment of impacts is divided in general into impacts during construction and operation phases. Although it is difficult to calculate socio-economic impacts in a quantitative method, but assessment was conducted based on several indicators that can be monitored as follows: Project Time of Type of Level Sensitivity Duration Scope of Component impact impact of of of impact impact recipient impact Construction During Negative Direct Children Short Limited of pump construction - In Youth term Moderate station During Positive direct Elderly Long High operation + Women term 5.6.2 Perception Before the impacts analysis, it must be noted that most of the sample have a positive perception of the project. The project is expected to increase the level of cleanliness at houses, reduce infections and reduce evacuation cost. The perception towards the project was very positive. The project will decrease infections with some diseases and wovid impacts on the structures as well as limit the spread of mosquitos and insects, in addition to reliefing the finaincal burden resulted from evacuation cost. Sample distribution according to perception towards the project Respondent perception towards the project % Respondents Prevents diseases 40.40% Maintains houses 28.70% Cleanliness for houses / streets / getting rid of fouldodours 27.50% Stops problems with neighbours 19.60% Prevents insects and mosquitoes 6.40% Reliefing the burden of evacuation 4.20% Cutting cost of evacuation 4.20% Good service to the country 4.20% Multiple responses Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 193 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! 5.6.3 Identification of Potential Impacts During Construction Impacts are an important factor to determine the success of the project. Environmental studies aim at monitoring impacts and suggesting different mitigation measures to limit negative impacts. Positive impacts are very limited during construction phase. Usually the community suffers more during this phase. 5.6.3.1 Positive Impacts WWTP and PSs Positive impacts during construction of the pump station can be summarized as follows: Direct Impacts: 1. Creating job opportunities for companies working in construction of sewage networks. The company usually hires around 60 workers, technicians and engineers during construction of the pump stations, divided as follows: 3 engineers, 3 administrative support staff, 35 skilled workers (drivers, artisans..etc) and 20 non skilled workers generally from the local community (excavation and construction) . 2. Reviving economic activities for shops supplying construction material in the area, due to selling necessary construction material. 3. Reviving some restaurants and small shops which sell meals for workers. Especially were workers will be living in the village. Gravity sewers and FMs 1- Creating opportunities for companies working in contracting and construction of sewage networks. The expected number of employed labourers will be about 300 persons divided as follows: 5% engineers, 40% skilled workers, and 60% non skilled workers (from the surrounding area). 2- Reviving economic activities for some restaurants and workers in the business of selling meals to the workers, especially were workers will be living at the area. Indirect Impacts: 3- No positive impacts can be indicated during construction of the network. 5.6.3.2 Negative Impacts The negative impacts the community may be suffering from during the construction phase can be summarized as follows: WWTP and PSs No impacts were monitored during this phase Gravity sewers and FMs 1- Impacts on other infrastructure networks, especially drinking water, which may lead to disruption of other services. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 194 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! 2- Impacts on old buildings near the excavation areas, which may cause impacts on the occupants. 3- Impacts on street quality, it is widely known that the contractors do not usually rehabilitate the streets. Subsequently, there is a high probability of street conditions deterioration 5.6.4 Identification of Potential Impacts During Operation Phase 5.2.4.1 Positive Impacts WWTP and PSs 1- Creating job opportunities for engineers, technicians and non skilled workers at the stations. Only 10 job opportunities can be offered in the stations, including 4 opportunities for the local community (administrative and services). Gravity sewers and FMs 1- Provision of sewage services to wide sector of the community as part of the government development plan to deliver quality services to citizens. 2- Ending the current problems related to sewage and sanitation. 3- Provision of sewage services to the four clusters will decrease the demand on evacuation cars, leading to improving evacuation services at other villages. 4- Increasing the value of houses after connecting to the sewage network. 5- Possibility for provision of other infrastructure services afterwards such as natural gas. 6- Improving the health conditions of the population especially school children who are currently suffering 7- Improving the socio-economic conditions of families by saving the amounts paid currently for evacuation services. This was posing a lot of economic burden upon families. Based on the analysis of the savings related to the economic impacts, the dwelling pays consumption of water and wastewater in one bill each 3 months. The average consumption in Menoufia varies between 70-100 EGP per each three months. Wastewater cost represents only 1/3 of the total cost. Thus, sewage evacuation costs are about 25-35 EGP. It is almost half of one round of septic tanks evacuation vehicle. Regarding maintenance of the network, the service is provided free of charge for community people. However, the community collect limited amount of money as tips for the workers. Consequently, we can conclude that the households will benefit fom the savings of wastewater evacuation. 8- Improving the quality of the groundwater, as a result of stopping leakage from septic tanks to the ground aquifer. 5.6.4.2 Negative Impacts No impacts are foreseen 5.6.5 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase In the current section, impacts are classified according to the type of activity. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 195 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! 5.6.5.1 WWTP and PSs No impacts are foreseen 5.6.5.2 Gravity sewers and FMs 1- Impacts on other infrastructure networks, especially drinking water, which may lead to disruption of other services. Mitigation Measures: • Conducting some surveillance activities to detect any available pipelines or networks (water or electricity) • Coordination with the Local Governmental Unitsand the water and network companies to repair any damages. The contract should pay for this cost. 2- Impacts on old buildings near the excavation areas, which may cause impacts on the occupants. Mitigation Measures: • Boreholes should be used to identify the type of soil and the potential of impacts on the current structures • In case the soil is fragile, wood support may be provided to the houses and land • Measuring ground water levels before construction 3- Deterioration of street conditions due to the lack of street rehabilitation Mitigation measures: • A time plan should be developed for street rehabilitation • Inform the local community with any potential delay of street rehabilitation • Paving the streets immediately after the construction. That should be done by specialized companies or the contractors but not by the Local Governmental Units • Monitor the process of street rehabilitation and realistic fines should be applied on the entities responsible of street rehabilitation. 5.6.6 Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase No impacts are foreseen Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 196 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! 5.6.7 Impacts on vulnerable groups This project will provide several positive impacts in addition to some negative impacts on vulnerable groups such as: Positive Impacts 1- The project has several positive impacts on women, since it will ease the burden of carrying water to throw it away in the septic tank or the street. Improving the living conditions of community members especially children, which reduces the risk of illness. Mothers have to care for sick children at the house. 2- Providing sanitation services for free for the poorest groups. This will make poorest groups feel that the government cares for them and is concerned with their welfare. 3- School children will benefit from the project. Awareness raising seminars can be held at schools. Negative impacts 1- There is a potential that children and elderly will be impacted during construction activities. Based on previous experience with the water company. 5.6.8 Assessment of land acquisition impacts in relation to OP 4.12 Land allocated for the WWTP Danasaur’s WWTP ; The total area is 5 Feddan, 8 Qirate and 21 Sahm (22,555 square meters). This is a privately owned land, and the price has been evaluated in 2012 at a value of 1,735,000 EGP . The price is currently being re-evaluated based on the owner’s request and based on current market prices. Site visits were conducted by the ESIA data collection team leader and RSU representatives, on the 29th of September 2013. The Consultant learned during the site visits and interviews that a sum of 400,000 EGP has been collected through a community arranged donation process to be given to the owner , which is expected to help ease the negotiation. The current on-going negotiation shows that the process is following a willing buyer willing seller approach. The agreement with the land owner in inserted as annex 8. Lands allocated for the PSs Beshtamy; An area of 600m2 , donated by Mr. Mahmoud Zein Al Abedeen Al Sawy , through a “community arranged donation process” where the majority of the benefeciaries have willingly contributed in the price of land. The process follows the stages described below. Community-arranged donation process • NOPWASD and the HCWW adopt a number of mechanisms in obtaining the lands needed for the WWTPs and PSs. The adopted mechanisms could be classified under either community donation process or willing-buyer willing-seller process. The community arranged donation are mainly associated with the land needed for the PSs and the process entails the following stages: ! After the official introduction of the project to local communities by NOPWASD and the Design Consultant, NOPWASD and the Design Consultant of the project determine the alternative locations for the PSs within the village. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 197 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! ! Local community leaders of trustworthy figures lead the community members in the process of negotiations with the owners of the selected lands. ! The process of land donation is not limited to the donation of the selected land by one or few number of the land owners. The process is rather a “community arranged donation process” where the majority of the beneficiaries contribute/donate in the price of land (i.e. the land owner receives the price of the donated land from the beneficiaries).The negotiation process is made on the basis that the land owner will be giving his land for the project in return for a price which is equivalent to the prevailing market price in the village. There is no pressure or obligation on the land owner to sell his land and the process is based on full consent. The price is actually paid collectively by the project beneficiaries as a donation from their side to the project. Under this community arrangement, poor and vulnerable families (an average of 5% of total population) are exempted from paying and the rest of the families take over the responsibility of paying the poor households’ share to the land owner. ! The donation contract shall be authenticated by the village local council with a recommendation by the executive council in the village and shall be submitted to the executive council of the district. ! The district executive council shall annotate the contract with a recommendation and present the same to the executive council of the Governorate with an endorsement for presenting it to the Governor. The Governor shall issue a decision for the allocation of the land to the interest of NOPWASD for the execution of the Pumping Stations. Danasaur; An area of 900 m2. These are state owned lands which are currently vacant. Zweit Al Bokly; An area of 509.8 m2. These are also vacant state owned lands.The approvals associated with the lands listed above are included in Annex 2. The ESIA team has paid several visits to the sites identified above. Surrounding neighboring communities were invited for interviews/discussions regarding the current uses for the lands. Also, the owners of the lands have been invited to the public consultation session. The results of the visits and discussions reflected no type of any illegal customary ownership of state owned plots of lands. As well, no tenants were located on these lands except that of Dansaur PS, owned by the Ministry of irrigation, which had previousely on tenant. The contract has been ended with the tenant during the project initial planning phase. Interviews held with the tenant showed that he was not affected by the end of tenancy agreement as the land represented a secondary income to him, estimated at 400 EGP/year. As for the donated lands, the process followed a community arranged donation process. For the bought lands, the process followed a willing buyer willing seller approach. Based on the above facts, OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement will not be triggered for the project in Menoufia Governorate. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 198 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! 5.7 HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.7.1 Introduction This section reflects on the potential health impact of implementing the ISSIP II project. The current practices of using cesspits are expected to stop and the withdrawal and collection of wastewater using evacuation vehicles and random discharging of the wastewater in drains and canals would come to an end. This project is expected to have a positive impact on the current health conditions of the beneficiaries and the community. To explore the potential impact of the project, this section will shed light on the diseases transmitted through water. Then, it will reflect on the most common diseases that are associated with contaminated water and sanitation (Annex B). The consultant has prepared a set of tools and questionnaires, based on which, he has collected health baseline information in the project’s areas of influence (please refer to Chapter 4). Supplementary interventions to improve health conditions related to water and sanitation and the logical framework to evaluate hand washing awareness campaigns will be given as well as a monitoring plan to evaluate the health outcome of the project (Chapter 7). Potential role of ISSIP II Figure 5. – Routes of fecal disease transmission and protective barriers, source: Wagner &Lanoix 1959 The categories of diseases that could be addressed by improving water, sanitation and hygiene in Egypt are infectious waterborne, water-based, water washed, and water-related insect diseases. In order to prevent the spread of these diseases any intervention should contain three components; improving sanitation, improving water quality and enhancing personal hygiene (Figure 5….). ISSIP II is primarily concerned with improving sanitation; nevertheless improving water quality is an essential secondary outcome of improving sanitation. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 199 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! 5.7.2 Health impact assessment It is expected that the implementation of the ISSIP II project could prevent several diseases (Figure 5. ) and improve health conditions of the villagers in the project’s area of influence. The potential impacts of the project’s implementation on the different diseases identified during the heath baseline investigation are discussed below. Source (Prüss-Üstünet al. 2008) 5.7.2.1 Diarrheal diseases ISSIP II baseline assessment indicated that around half of the children between 1-5 years in had at least one diarrheal episode in the last period while around one quarter of adults had diarrheal diseases. The core of the WHO recommendations to prevent diarrheal diseases is to improve water supply, sanitation facilities and hygienic education (WHO website, 2014). Improving sanitation through ISSIP II can contribute to 36% reduction in the diarrheal attacks for children under-five years (Cairncross et. al, 2010). However, including hygiene improvement supplementary interventions will reduce diarrhea by 48% (Cairncross et. al, 2010). Persistent diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children. 90% of deaths from diarrhea are linked to the lack of access to safe, clean drinking-water and basic sanitation, as well as poor hygiene (WHO, 1999). Diarrhea can, also, lead to nutritional deficiencies, and reduced resistance to other infections, impaired growth and development. More than half of child deaths due to diarrhea are associated with malnutrition. It could be argued that diarrhea is treated easily with oral rehydration therapy (ORT). Nevertheless, the ORT focuses on reducing mortality rates from diarrhea rather than addressing the morbidity. WASH interventions is superior as it is a primary prevention. In Addition, ORT does not treat the persistent diarrhea and dysentery which can lead to under nutrition (Bartram &Cairncross 2010). 5.7.2.2 Intestinal parasites Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 200 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! The baseline assessment indicated the self reported prevalence of some intestinal worms is round 10 percent. Amoebiasis is thought to be present in most of the villagers while Guardias is prevalent to lesser extent. Other intestinal worms such as Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm are spread among villagers. These parasites can lead to malnutrition, anemia, and retarded growth and cognitive abilities depending upon the severity of the infection (Chan, 1997). All are spread due to contamination of the environment with feces containing parasite eggs. Hence, improved sanitation through ISSIP II and improving domestic hygiene through supplementary interventions are effective control measures of intestinal parasites. 5.7.2.3 Bilharzias/Schistosomiasis ISSIP II baseline suggested that, in some villages, around quarter of males have Bilharziasis. In reviewing epidemiological studies, we found that well-designed water and sanitation interventions (such as ISSIP II), which prevent feces and urine from entering surface water, can reduce 77% of schistosomiasis. Bilharziasis is a serious disease that has severe consequences such as anemia, impaired growth, poor cognition, and substandard school performance. Potential long-term effects include bladder cancer and serious kidney, liver or spleen complications. The parasites enter water from feces and urine and, after a short development period in a freshwater snail, are able to infect new human hosts by penetrating the skin; schoolchildren are particularly at risk through playing in water. 5.7.2.4 Children malnutrition Around one third of the Egyptian children are suffering from malnutrition (EDHS, 2008). Poor growth in early life increases the risks of illness and death in childhood. The two immediate causes of childhood under-nutrition are inadequate dietary intake and infectious diseases such as diarrhea. Evidence from the cluster-randomized trials suggests that comprehensive interventions such as ISSIP II can have a long term impact on children growth. Supplementary plans to improve child nutrition should be included to ensure the impact of ISSIP II on children nutritional status. 5.7.2.5 Respiratory illness Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the global leading cause of child mortality. It causes 4.2 million deaths each year (Black et al 2010). A systematic review of the effect of hand washing with soap on acute respiratory illnesses found, after updating 23% risk reduction (Rabie& Curtis 2006). Hand washing interventions decreased significantly the incidence of all illnesses and absenteeism among school children. In Egypt, an intervention study in 60 elementary schooled showed a reduction of 40% of absenteeism due to influenza-like illnesses, and a reduction of 50% of absenteeism due to laboratory confirmed influenza cases (Talaat et al., 2011). 5.7.2.6 Trachoma ISSIP II baseline estimated that a considerable number of villagers are suffering from eye infections. Trachoma is an eye infection and it is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Trachoma is an endemic disease in Egypt. It is transmitted via contact with discharge from the eyes of an infected person. Evidence shows that, improved sanitation through ISSIP II can lower trachoma levels by 30% through reduction in fly populations which act as vectors for the infective agent and which breed in scattered human feces. A 25% reduction of trachoma can be achieved through provision of supplementary interventions to provide an adequate water supply and increased personal hygiene practices. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 201 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! 5.7.2.7 Health status of the people working in sewage disposal People who are working on sewage disposal and drainage need a special assessment. Adding to the above mentioned diseases burden. They might be suffering from musco- skeletal diseases related to carrying on heavy weights. They might be also more prone to infected skin infections and sores. ISSIP II will lead to a career shift for this vulnerable group. Changing workers career to different field, either to serve in the wastewater treatment plant or elsewhere, will reduce the burden of occupational health hazards (please refer to section 5.4.6 for the set of proposed mitigation measures related to occupational health and safety). In summary, the impact of ISSIP II with supplementary interventions can be divided into three phases • Improve%sanitaNon% • Improve%water%quality% • Improve%personal%hygiene%and%reduce% short%term% other%risk%factors%(Knowledge,%aUtude,% impact%%% pracNce)% • Decrease%the%spread%of%diarrheal%diseases%% • Decrease%the%spread%of%intesNnal%parasites%% • Decrease%the%spread%of%respiratory%illnesses% Intermedicate% term%impact%%% • Decrease%the%spread%of%Bilharzias% • Decrease%the%spread%of%eye%infecNon%including% trachoma%%%% long%term% •  Improve%children%nutriNon% impact%%% •  Improve%children%cognaNve%develpment%% Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 202 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia – Final! CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 204 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The objective of analyzing different project alternatives is to evaluate project options, which have been considered during the ISSIP II FS phase , from the environmental perspective. This analysis of alternatives shall help in reaching/confirming optimum options for the project design from both the economical and environmental perspective. 6.1 NO PROJECT ALTERATIVE The ISSIP II is expected to result in significant environmental improvement in the project areas. The existing situation, in which target areas are deprived from sanitation services, leads to major environmental and health problems to inhabitants. Even though there are some impacts associated with ISSIP II construction and operation as previously indicated, the overall environmental impacts are expected to be positive. Environmental improvements expected from the ISSIP, over the existing situation include: - Improving surface water quality in the project areas. Although there are risks of discharging noncompliant effluent to drains as discussed earlier, overall the pollution loads received in water courses will be significantly reduced, because currently a large ratio of the generated sewage is discharged by tankers to drains. Although the rate of sewage generation could increase as a result of the project, due to expected increase of water consumption as reaction to the availability of sanitary drainage, the better effluent quality discharged will make the received load of each pollutant much lower. - Improve the quality of groundwater and the high water table in most of the project areas, through preventing infiltration of sewage to groundwater - Although there may be odour problems associated with operation of WWTP and PSs, the impacts of odours and vectors problems are expected to significantly improve. In the existing situation the infrequent evacuation of cesspits and land discharge of sewage makes the odours/vectors problems much more acute and disperse than the expected impacts around WWTPs and PSs. - The socioeconomic benefits of the project significantly overweigh the expected impacts. The ISSIP II shall upgrade the quality of life of inhabitant, through improving public health, reducing water borne diseases, improving psychological stress resulting from odours, vectors, stagnant water, unavailability of appropriate urban drainage, …etc. Although there may be few economically effected groups such as inhabitants of neighboring lands to WWTPs and PSs and cesspits evacuation contractors, much more groups will gain economic benefits such as workers in construction and operation and owners of served areas with the sanitation services, in which real estate prices are expected to raise. The overall environmental and social advantages are believed to significantly overweigh the disadvantages, especially when the ESMP is implemented. Moreover, the ISSIP II will directly contribute to achieving the objectives of the IIIMP, which target significant improvement to water resources management in the project area. The ISSIP II institutional structure will have a Monitoring and Evaluation unit (M&E) to verify the expected improvements of ISSIP II to surface water quality. Operation of the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 205 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final ISSIP II will be designed to achieve maximum possible improvement, which will be continuously monitored by the M&E Unit. 6.2 ALTERNATIVES OF PIPING MATERIALS The are no direct preferences for piping materials from the environmental and social points of view related to the direct impacts of the ISSIP. However, the preferences will be based on the life cycle analysis of these piping materials. Using asbestos pipes is completely not allowed in the ISSIP II, due to the problems associated with its disposal during the project maintenance and/or decommissioning. 6.3 ALTERNATIVES FOR HOUSE CONNECTIONS Several alternatives exist for house connections, as follows: - Using existing septic tanks as barriers to allowing objectionable materials to enter the networks. - Using standard inspection chambers - Using individual interceptors for each household to enable preliminary settlement and to discharge wastewater to the network through overflow The first alternative will reduce construction costs but is associated with risks of sewage infiltration to the groundwater. There are two reasons for this; the first is that these tanks are, in most cases, designed with an open bed to allow infiltration. The second is that some of these tanks may be leaking due to improper design or insufficient maintenance. Therefore, using existing cesspits and septic tanks should only be practiced after inspecting their quality and after ensuring there are no leakages or means of infiltration to the environment. The third alternative achieves reduction of solids loads entering the sewerage system, leading to better treatment results and a better quality of final effluent. The interceptors should be frequently cleared from sludge to maintain their settling efficiency. However, the application of interceptors has two disadvantages: the first is their extra cost, and the second is the risk associated with sludge disposal. Using the standard inspection chambers, is a conventional system with no foreseen environmental impacts. As compared with the interceptors solution, it will produce an effluent with a relatively lower quality. However, the PSs and WWTP are equipped with inlet screening chambers designed to handle an effluent of such typical quality. 6.4 ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Options for biological treatment include: - Extended aeration activated sludge process - Trickling filters - Rotating Biological Contactors Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 206 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final - Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blankets - Stabilization ponds The first four alternatives depend on engineered methods for enabling aerobic (or anaerobic in UASBs) bacteria to stabilize organic matter in wastewater. Whereas stabilization ponds utilize on natural systems for the stabilization process. With the exception of minor environmental concerns associated with methane venting or flaring in the USAB process, there is no clear preference among the first four alternatives. Although the activated sludge process is more common it will be left to the PIU to select the best feasible alternative from contractors’ offers, given that these offers include mitigation measures recommended in the EMP. The stabilization ponds alternative is less expensive in operation while achieving similar treatment objectives. The disadvantage is the large area requirements which will lead to a greater loss of agricultural land. Therefore the stabilization ponds alternative is the least preferable. 6.5 DISINFECTION ALTERNATIVES The proposed project design includes disinfection of the final effluent through chlorination. The M&E unit of the project will evaluate the effectiveness of such disinfection procedures by monitoring coliform bacteria at selected receiving drain locations. The chlorination of the final effluent will produce carcinogenic THMs and TAA5s (as previously explained), other available means of disinfection include: - Using ozone disinfection, which in addition to being associated with high operating costs beyond the affordability of the local communities, the process produces bromate which has similar adverse health effects as THMs and TAA5s - Ultra Violate (UV) disinfection, which should be associated with fine filtration processes in order to effectively kill bacteria. However, such system is believed to be much more expensive than the chlorination system. The advantages of using chlorination are: - Elimination or reduction of pathogens in the final effluent, which in turn will reduce the numbers of pathogens in receiving drains. This will have direct environmental and health benefits in protecting people from possible infections during their contact with the drain’s water. A high percentage of villagers are expected to benefit from this,, especially women and children who might use watercourses for cleaning and bathing. - Reduction of the organic load of the final effluent, as the application of chlorine provides chemical oxidation to the effluent and reduces oxygen demand On the other hand the main disadvantage is the production of THMs and TAA5s which can potentially have indirect effects on drinking water supplies and on freshwater marine life. The UV disinfection will be the best alternative in case proven to be feasible. Otherwise, It is believed that the advantages of chlorination outweigh the disadvantages due to its direct Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 207 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final benefits for many people using the drains. Furthermore, de-chlorinating the wastewater after sufficient chlorine contact time1 (recommended in the EMP) will significantly reduce the risks of chlorine by-products. The application of sulphur dioxide or sodium thiosulphate as de-chlorination agents will slightly reduce dissolved oxygen and raise the oxygen demand (in terms of BOD and COD) and therefore the plant designer should consider more effective biological treatment to balance this effect. 6.5 ALTERNATIVES TO THE UTILIZATION OF SLUDGE The sludge generated from WWTPs could be utilized in conditioning agricultural lands, after being subjected to a stabilization and hygienization process as previously discussed in Chapter 5. Sending to cement factories as RDF is a second option, and the third option is to dispose of it in landfills. Various environmental risks associated with these options have already been discussed. The utilization of sludge as RDF is the preferred option, followed by the use on agricultural land, providing there are safe concentration levels of heavy metals, safe biological properties, and safe land application rates followed according to the specifications of Law 93/1962 and the guidelines of USEPA. The reason for this preference over landfill disposal is that volume of waste received in disposal sites will be reduced and an equivalent quantity of fuel/chemical fertilizers, associated with an environmental cost for their production, will be saved. On the other hand, the sustainability of using sludge as a land conditioner will be doubtful if the costs for sludge quality monitoring are not covered by revenues from sale of the sludge. In other words if revenue from the sale of sludge does not cover the extra WWTP operating costs resulting from stabilization processes and monitoring activities recommended in the ESMP, it will be better to go for the disposal alternative. Although land disposal of sludge will be practiced by a waste contractor as mentioned in the EMP, the process2 could be easily monitored by the RSU to check its compliance with the waste disposal contract. However, as previously presented in Chapter 5, the landfill disposal of sludge has the following risks/negative environmental impacts: • Loss of resources • Waste directives in many parts of the world prohibit the disposal of organic wastes (or place an upper limit of around 5% of total organic carbon in the waste for it to be accepted for disposal). The potential of applying similar laws in Egypt during the life cycle of the project exit and this puts a risk on the sustainability of the landfill disposal option. • Although the waste contractor could be monitored, random/illegal dumping of the sludge on agricultural lands or water streams still remains possible. • Nearby disposal sites have not been identified during the site visits at most of the villages and the practice of waste burning has been observed. So the risk of not finding a close disposal site exists. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 208 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final The co-composting of sludge with solid waste is a fourth option and will result in environmental benefits but the main disadvantage will be that the handling of sludge will not be within the control of the ISSIP. Adequate sludge handling methods, in terms of the safe application of land will not be guaranteed in the composting plant location. Furthermore, the mixing with solid waste may cause degradation of the sludge quality as a land conditioner because most of the existing solid waste composting plants do not separate impurities efficiently, especially glass. However, the conclusion which could be made is that under the current conditions, the following options are listed in order of preference: • RDF • Stabilization and soil fertilizer • Controlled landfill disposal. • Co-composting with solid waste The option will be decided by the operator of the plant based on the sludge analysis results and opportunities available then ( i.e. RDF market) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 209 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 210 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMP The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presented in this chapter reflects the implementation procedures and mechanisms as well as the roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring activities for the expected impacts as outlined in Chapter 5. Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring matrices have been prepared for the actions to be taken during the full Project cycle: • Tables 7.1 and 7.2: Environmental Management and monitoring matrices during the construction (and decommissioning) phase • Tables 7.3 and 7.4: Environmental Management and monitoring matrices during the operation phase • Tables 7.5 and 7.6: Social Management and social monitoring matrices respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and environmental management plan will be then monitored throughout the construction and operation phases of the project. Monitoring will be performed using calibrated equipment (where relevant) and standard techniques in order to ensure accuracy of the results. These results will be stored in an easy to access database and will be analyzed and corrective/additional actions shall be undertaken as necessary. The Operator of the WWTP will adopt the environmental monitoring program. The results of the program should continuously check/refine the environmental management plan. 7.2 ESMP INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP The project will be implemented through the following institutional setup: Project Steering Committee (PSC): will have mandate of providing guidance and ensure coordination between different project stakeholders. The steering committee will be headed by the minister of Housing and Urban Development and will include representatives from NOPWASD, HCWW, the RSUs in the four governorates, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Social Affairs and Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs. Project Implementation Unit (PIU): which will be within HCWW and will be responsible for the overall management of the project, coordinating between different project units, and implementation of main investments contracts. The PIU will also have overall supervision on the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) component of the ISSIP. NOPWASD ISSIP Unit: which will have the mandate of maintaining project accounts and asset registers, planning, design, tendering and construction supervision as well as assigning Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs). Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 211 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Rural Sanitation Units (RSUs) which are established within the four governorates with mandate of planning, social mobilization / awareness, tendering, construction supervision, in addition to delegation of operation and maintenance tasks, and supervision of their performance. Local Public Councils: responsible for securing necessary land for construction of the pump stations as well as facilitating issuing necessary permits. They are also considered a main actor in handling complaints. 7.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPERVISION OF THE ESMP The mitigation measures and monitoring activities that are recommended shall be implemented according to the institutional set-up shown in Section 7.2. Tables 7-1 to 7.6 present the responsibilities of different stakeholders for mitigation measures and monitoring activities during the construction and operation phases. Within the above organizational setup the proposed environmental management scheme will be according to the following: - The PIU will have overall supervision responsibility for the environmental performance of the project. The PIU is also responsible for ensuring that the ESMP is implemented and monitored through ensuring that the ESMP is an integral part of the contractor’ contracts and should monitor the progress of implementation and compliance to the ESMP and report on this regularly to the WB. The PIU should include a highly qualified Environmental Management Expert who will be the overall Environmental Manager of the project. In addition to supervising environmental performance of PIU, Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs) and M&E, the PIU Environmental Manager (PIU-EM) will be responsible for assigning specialized environmental experts for specific tasks, as will be indicated later in the mitigation measures, liaising with the PSC for support from other ministries and project counterparts. - A Social Development Officer (SDO) will be appointed at the PIU, who would be responsible for implementation of the various participatory activities. The SDO should be a graduate of social studies or a related field. He (or she) should also have relevant experience in social development. He must be aware of the project activities in addition to communication and negotiation skills. University graduates from the local community and especially girls should be encouraged to apply. SDO should participate in the proposed capacity building activities to be able to successfully conduct his role. The SDO will need to coordinate with the Ministry of Health and some NGO’s to conduct joint awareness activities, such as • OP 4.12 World Bank regulations, Egyptian Legal requirements • Awareness raising activities • Effective communication Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 212 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final • Mechanisms for community participation • Methods for building community acceptance • Monitoring and evaluation • Health development - The NOPWASD ISSIP Unit will assign (CSCs), to supervise contractors during the construction. CSCs will, in addition to their engineering tasks, report on environmental management and monitoring activities as assigned to them in Tables 7.1 to 7.4. PIU-EM will provide CSCs with checklist of items to report on environmental measures taken during construction, these checklists will be part of the tender document for Construction Supervision Consultants - Each RSU will have one Environmental Regional Officer (RSU- ERO) and one Social Regional Officer (RSU-SRO), who shall liaise between different environmental and social management and monitoring activities undertaken at the local level, and the PIU-EM and PIU-SDO respectively. - The M&E will report to the PIU-EM on their activities, so as to take necessary actions to maintain water quality improvement expectations of the ISSIP Implementation of the ESMP should be adapted to the local community in order to maximize the positive impacts and minimize negative impacts, especially among the most vulnerable groups such as (farmers, village population, surrounding communities and land owners). These groups should be consulted during the project to ensure their views are taken into account and appropriate actions are taken to mitigate the negative impacts. Consultation with the local community and the relevant stakeholders are among the requirements for the success of the ESMP. The organizational setup for the ISSIP and the input of the environmental and social management team is illustrated in Figure 7.1. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 213 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Project Steering Committee ISSIP Unit Project Monitoring and (NOPWASD) Impelementaion Evaluation Unit Unit (HCWW) (HCWW) CSCs PIU-EM and SDO RSUs RSU-ERO RSU-SRO Figure!7.1:!Proposed!Environmental!Management!Set:up! The reporting of EMP measures should be done on a monthly basis. The monthly reports will be presented to the PIU-EM who shall make sure that the EMP measures are implemented in due course according to the progress report. The PIU-EM should report to the PIU Manager on annual basis. In case a corrective action is needed the PIU-EM should ask the PIU Manager for the resources to take this corrective action and should adequately report this corrective action. These reports should include the following components: • Monthly reports prepared by the RSU and submitted to PIU: • Annual report prepared by the PIU-EM and PIU-SDO and submitted to the PIU manager. • Quarterly reports submitted by the CSCs and submitted to the PIU (a template for the report is included in Annex 5) 7.4 GRIEVANCES AND HANDLING COMPLAINTS AND CONCERNS Special committees will be established at the central and governorate level of the company to handle grievances or concerns of local residents. Establishing a grievance mechanism is perceived as a key proactive measure to ensure that the concerns of local communities are sufficiently handled in an efficient manners and that feedback loops are closed 7.4.1 Proposed Grievance Mechanism Grievances and redress represent one of the important processes that should be tackled carefully during the project implementation. Grievance system should ensure that complaints are properly handled without delay that may negatively affect the project. This part explains the following: Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 214 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 1. Institutional responsibility for handling grievances 2. Grievance mechanism sensitive to group vulnerability (women, poor, illiterate and disabled) 3. Grievances channels 4. Response to grievances 5. Role of local NGO’s 6. Disclosure of grievances 7. Monitoring of grievances In general all grievances and communications must be registered and the actions taken/responses given will be tracked and recorded for each. Proper administration and internal records of stakeholder complaints and communications are essential for transparency and quality of Water and Wastewater Company at Menoufia, responsiveness and reporting to stakeholders on the resolution of grievances. A best practice standard is to acknowledge all complaints within 10 days. Due to the complexity of some of the complaints, not all of them can be resolved immediately. In this case medium or long-term corrective actions are required, which need a formal procedure recommended to be implemented within 30 days: 1. The aggrieved person has to be informed of the proposed corrective measure. 2. In case no corrective action is required, the petitioner should also be informed accordingly. 3. Implementation of the corrective measure and its follow up has to be communicated to the complainant and recorded in the grievance register It must be noted that the water company applies an open door policy with the Local Governmental Units to handle grievances. In addition to the hotline for sanitation problems: 125. But grievance documentation process is not conducted properly. The SDO will be responsible of handling the grievances. A. Institutional responsibility for handling grievances The PIU at the Water and wastewater Company is the main responsible body for handling grievances. The SDO will work in close collaboration with the Local Public Unit, to investigate the submitted grievance. The main responsibilities for the SDO are as follows: i. Raise awareness among the local community about grievance mechanism. ii. Collecting complaints received by different communication modes iii. Documenting received grievances iv. Directing grievances to the concerned bodies v. Follow up on proposed procedures vi. Documenting, reporting and disclosure of grievances vii. Monitoring grievance handling activities - Community awareness level must be raised towards the grievance mechanism using the following: brochures that will be produced and distributed to different stakeholders, PAPs, NGO’s, LGUs, mosques and churches. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 215 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final - Activities should be documented carefully, a monthly report must be prepared about submitted grievances, how they were handled, level of satisfaction and the report must be published over the website. B. Grievances’ tiers: Complaints could be submitted by multiple intake points including submission by hand, mail or by email. It must be noted that during the field visits it was clear that the PAPs are not aware of the grievance channels except the LGU. Following are the procedures that must be applied to highlight grievance mechanisms: Tier 1: 1. The Water and Wastewater Company at Menoufia will hire a Social Development Officer (can be more than one person), who will be responsible for receiving grievances form the different stakeholders. 2. The Social Development Officer will raise awareness among community members of the grievance mechanism, and the person they have to address grievances to. He will be responsible in documenting activities related to received grievances and will follow up on taken measures. The expected time should be 15 days. Tier 2: In case no solution was reached, the petitioner should resort to the second level as follows: 1. A grievance mediation committee will be formed from the concerned LGU and other bodies. It should be responsible for discussing problems that were not solved and propose solutions and make decision. This committee should mediate with the PAPs. 2. The mediation committee should convene periodically and petitioners should attend these meetings. B. Grievances channels Given the diversity of socio-economic characteristics among the PAPs appropriate grievance mechanisms must be identified to communicate with them, and the following are the main channels of communication to submit complaints: 1. The hotline (raise awareness among PAP’s about the mobile number of SDO) 2. Religious institutions in the area (mosques and churches) 3. NGO’s are very convenient method 4. Regular meetings with the local community in collaboration with the stakeholders 5. Website 6. Influential figures C. Response to grievances Responses to grievances will be conducted through the following channels: 1. Response should be conducted using the same channel for submitting the grievance. Written grievances must be replied in written format. Grievances submitted via the website should be replied by email. In cases of phone calls the SDO should call the PAPs to inform them of the resolution. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 216 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 2. The second channel should be religious institutions in the area (Mosque or Church) 3. Grievances should be responded to within the identified time limit, to give the community the sense of responsibility towards their concerns and taking effective measures to solve arising issues. D. Monitoring grievances All grievance activities should be monitored in order to verify the process. The following indicators should guide the monitoring process: 1- Number of received grievances monthly (Channel, gender, age, basic economic status of the complainants should be mentioned) 2- Type of grievance received (according to the topic of the complaint) 3- Number of grievances solved 4- Dissemination of activities taken 5- Level of satisfaction with solutions 6- Documentation efficiency 7- Efficiency of response to grievance provided ( efficiency in time and action taken) E. Disclosure of grievances All grievances and communications will be registered and the actions taken/responses given will be disseminated through the LGU, NGOs and the Website of the Water and Wastewater Company in Menoufia. A monthly report should be prepared about recurrent grievances and methods of handling them. This report must be published through the website of the water company, the NGO’s and the LGU. 7.5 CONTRACTORS RESPONSIBILITIES The contractors’ responsibilities in the implementation of the ESMP have been indicated in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 , and summarized in Annex 6 ;Obligations of the Contractors. They are responsible for issuing all necessary permits to do their work. 7.6 EMERGENCY PLAN -An emergency plan during the operation phase shall be developed by a specialized agency and in accordance with the rules and standards for safety and security and under the supervision of competent authorities. - During the construction phase, the contractor will be responsible for the preparation of the emergency plan for the construction sites . - The emergency plan will include the following measures: • identify stakeholders • Fire-fighting plan • Emergency response plan for spills and leaks of hazardous substances and oils. • First Aid and Injury Plan • Plan to deal with the chlorine gas cylinders • evacuation plan in case of emergency Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 217 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final - A competent team of employees will be identified to work with the project’s emergency team and shall receive certified training. - Emergency scenarios shall be developed and run regularly. 7.7 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGISTERS The Environmental Register (ER) and Hazardous Waste Register will be developed in accordance with Appendix 3 of Law No. 4 of 1994 , amended by Law No. 9 of 2009 and using the Guidelines for environmental registers issued by the Department of Environmental Inspection at EEAA . The Contractor and Project Operator will be responsible for the issuance of the ER under the supervision of the HCWW. 7.8 ESMP ESTIMATED BUDGET 7.8.1 Required Human Resources and Training The PIU-EM, SDO and four RSU-ERO will be recruited on full-time basis for the project. This will cover all four governorates. At least 2 RSU-EFS should be recruited for each RSU, so as to back each others in site supervision of construction works and to help the RSU-ERO in supervision and reporting. After the completion of project's first phase, estimated by two years, another RSU-EFS will need to be recruited for following up operators of centralized and decentralized systems. The following Table summarizes the required human resources for environmental management of the ISSIPII for the four governorates, their correspondent qualifications and estimated salaries. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 218 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Human Resources Staff Member Number Recruited Minimum Qualifications Estimated by annual cost PIU-EM 1 PIU - Environmental degree L.E. 96,000 - 10 years technical experience - 5 years environmental management experience - Experience in wastewater treatment PIU -SDO 1 PIU Social degree L.E. 96,000 - 10 years technical experience - 5 years social management experience RSU-ERO 4 RSUs - Technical degree L.E. 144,000 - 5 years technical experience - Experience in wastewater treatment RSU-SRO 4 RSUs - Technical degree L.E. 144,000 - 5 years technical experience Total for 4 governorates L.E. 480,000 Total for Menoufia L.E. 120,000 The following training courses are recommended for the environmental staff, to acquire know-how for the tasks assigned to them. The training budget covers the four governorates. Training requirements Com Institutional Time Estimat Components Participants ment Support schedule e cost s Training Project characteristics Before PIU staff 20,000 A programs on and legal aspects, implementation members L.E per week the ESMP and environmental RSU at the session traini WB impacts, mitigation water ng, regulations measures, monitoring, company field evaluation, reporting, visits. documentation (shapes and figures) Environmental Environmental Once PIU staff before 25,000 A auditing and auditing, check lists members implementation L.E per week inspection and reporting RSU at the then once every session traini water two years ng company Documentatio Data analysis methods Once before PIU staff 25,000 A n and data and documentation implementation members L.E per week analysis then once every RSU at the session traini year water ng company Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 219 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Preparing Communication skills, Once before RSU at the 25,000 A reports, public outreach, social implementation water and L.E per week community surveys, sampling, then once every wastewater session traini outreach, data analysis and two years company ng social surveys preparing report and and inspection on job traini ng Handling options for Once before -RSU at the 100,000 Safe handling sludge implementation water and L.E per Three and reuse of Safety measures then once every wastewater session days sludge(will be Legal framework year company 400,000 performed at Health risks -Farmers L.E. for each -Water Users the 4 governorate Associations, governor separately) -NGOs ates Once before Adequate and implementation RSU at the 30,000 One consistent then once every water and L.E per week water quality two years wastewater session monitoring company 525,000 Total Cost for the 4 governorates (for the first round of training sessions) 7.8.2 Management and Monitoring budget The total budget for the management and monitoring plans as presented in Tables 7.1 to 7.6 is as follows During Construction (presented for a total of two years) Management (L.E) - Monitoring (L.E) 48,000 During Operation (annual cost) Management (L.E) 95,000 Monitoring (L.E) 60,000 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 220 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final It is worth noting that the presented costs do not include the following expenses, for certain measures recommended in the ESMP, because they are already included in the main project budget: - Survey of existing WWTPs and the correspondent improvements (if any) for these WWTPs to qualify them for receiving ISSIP wastewaters - Geotechnical investigations for PSs - PPE for workers - Delays of chance finds - Warning signs - Cost of lime - Installation of oil/solid separators at commercial units to prevent sewers clogging - Annual efficiency assessment for WWTPs - Subsidies for unaffordable groups of community 7.9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING MATRICES Tables 7.1 to 7.6 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 221 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Table 7.1 – Environmental Management Plan during the construction phase Main activities Estimated Cost of Implementation / Institutional Responsibility causing the Means of Supervision Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of Direct impact Supervision Total Costs1 Implementation Supervision Assumptions (L.E.) Air Quality Impacts Construction of Implement a construction site management plan including the following Construction Construction CSC Field - Contractor cost in 0.0 WWTP, PSs, measures: Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price FMs and • Store construction materials in pre-identified storage areas. - Normal CSC price gravity sewers • Cover friable materials during storage. • Wet the network of unpaved roads on site. The use of water should be restricted to extremely active areas. • Regulation of speed to a suitable speed (20 km/h) for all vehicles entering the village’s boundaries. • Implement preventive maintenance program for vehicles and equipment working on site and promptly repair vehicles with visible exhaust fume. Ambient noise Construction of On site Construction noise shall be mitigated to ensure a safe work Construction Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 impacts WWTP, PSs, environment by implementing an occupational health and safety plan, which Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price FMs and considers national and international requirements. The plan shall include the - Normal CSC price gravity sewers following measures: • Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas • Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers’ induction sessions. • Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. Off-site construction noise shall be mitigated as follows: Construction Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 • Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price equipment if not in use. - Normal CSC price • Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles • Stop all construction activities during the night • Communicate the construction schedule with neighboring communities and sensitive receptors • Implement a complaints system Soil and Construction of Design and construct an impermeable protective base layer underlying areas Pre- Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 groundwater quality WWTP, PSs, with potential hazardous liquids storage or use construction Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price Impacts FMs and & - Normal CSC price gravity sewers Construction Implement a site construction management plan including segregation and Construction Construction CSC Field Contractor cost in 0.0 reuse options of excavated soil. Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price - Normal CSC price 1 Costs are estimated over a construction period of two years Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 222 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Risks of Construction of A waste management plan complying with international best practice and Construction Construction CSC field - Contractor cost in 0.0 uncontrolled WWTP, PSs, relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall Contractor PIU/RSU supervision normal bid price disposal of non- FMs and be developed and implemented by the construction contractors. This plan and review - Normal CSC price hazardous solid gravity sewers shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and the WMP wastes generated disposal. The waste management plan shall include the following measures: document during construction • Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams during each phase of project implementation • Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams • Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill; the location of which needs to be confirmed at the beginning of the construction phase. • Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by the PMU/HCWW. The measures listed above represent the minimum measures to be included in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PMU/HCWW. They should part of the contracting tender documents. Risks of improper Construction of • Prior estimation of dewatered liquid volume during the digging works Construction Construction PIU/RSU review - Contractor cost in 0.0 disposal of liquid WWTP, PSs, • Collect and analyze samples of the dewatered liquid. Contractor CSC Contractor's normal bid price wastes generated FMs and • Arrange for disposal by tankers in nearest sewers, PSs, existing WWTP reports - Normal CSC price during construction gravity sewers or pre-determined drain locations, depending on the sample analysis - PIU and RSU results in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and management cost RSU/PMU and normal CSC • Evacuation of closed household cesspits and construction site sewage price to existing WWTP, or pre-determined drain locations in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PIU Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 223 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Risks of improper Construction of A hazardous waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Construction Construction CSC field - Contractor cost in 0.0 handling and/or WWTP, PSs, Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall be developed and Contractor PIU-EM supervision normal bid price. implemented by the construction contractors. This plan shall define exact procedures and disposal of FMs and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer - Normal CSC price. hazardous solid gravity sewers to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing wastes generated accidental spillages. during construction The measures listed below represent the minimum measures to be included/adopted in the waste management plan which will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by the PMU/HCWW. They should be part of the contracting tender documents. a) General measures • All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of construction works. At the time of producing this study, the nearest (only) hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. • The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. • Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified by the contractor b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The Contractor shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the contractor’s in-house staff or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant appointed by the contractor. c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.: • It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste. • The storage area must have a water supply • A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. d) Emergency Response For the purpose of first response, when a hazardous substance release is first discovered or witnessed, the individual of concern who had to be previously trained would initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. The individual will take no further action beyond self-evacuation and notification. The aim of the response at this level is limited to protect nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. No trials are performed at this stage to actually stop the release. This level of Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) response includes; 224 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final • actions to contain the release from a safe distance • prevent its spreading Impacts related to Construction of • Prior to construction works the project's construction plan should be Pre- Contractor PIU/RSU Review of RSU and PIU 0.0 Archaeology and WWTP, PSs, presented to the Supreme Council for Antiquities, who shall identify construction official management costs cultural heritage FMs and project locations (including PSs, WWTPs, sewer lines and FMs) that and letters gravity sewers require providing protection against possible damage to near antiquities. construction • Chance find procedures will be employed, in case an antiquity is found Construction CSC PIU/RSU Review - Possible delays in 0.0 during excavation. The process includes immediate cessation of documentati construction works excavation works, leaving the antiquity object exactly on its found on of chance which are the location, taking photographs to document time and status of the object, find responsibility of the assigning guards to watch the found antiquity and contacting the procedures contractors Supreme Council of Antiquities to handle the site within 48 hours. Construction of • All mitigation measures for safeguarding long delays of vehicles and Planning and - PIU for approval PIU-EM Review of RSU and PIU 0.0 Disturbance of WWTP, PSs, trains traffic will be undertaken by Local Traffic Department and the pre- during planning required management costs traffic and access FMs and Railway Authority respectively. The role of the project management will construction - Contractor (aided permits on difficulty gravity sewers be focused on involving the two authorities in the project planning by RSU) for planned process, to identify the type of crossing works, and to take permission specific approvals crossing for the duration and method of execution for specific crossings. right before/during works construction • During the excavation of roads in villages, there should be a wood or Construction Construction CSC Field - Warning signs and 0.0 metal bridge for pedestrians access over each opened trench. Contractor supervision pedestrian access Pedestrian paths beside or across trenches should be as flat as possible, means are included and clearly marked with warning sings that are visible at night. In all in the contractor bid cases the maximum length of an open trench in certain road should price not exceed 500 meters2. - Three trenches are • Alternate access routes should be identified and communicated with assumed to be open the residents before starting /during construction. at the same time. - CSC normal price • Assign one worker to be present 24 hours for helping people with Construction Construction CSC Field - normal contractor 0.0 difficulty in access or respond to falling accidents Contractor supervision bid price - CSC normal price The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan during the Construction Construction CSC Field - CSC normal price 0.0 Occupational health construction phase. Contractor supervision and Safety impacts The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan during the 2 This condition has been recommended by the HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 225 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final construction phase. According to OSHA standards the main mitigations measures to prevent common construction hazards are: • Workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating • Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly. • Workers must comply with OSHA’s general rule for the safe use of ladders and stairways • The scaffolding hazard shall be addressed as stated by OSHA standards. They give specific requirements for the maximum load, when to use scaffolding, bracing systems and the use of guardrails. • To prevent Heavy Construction Equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents • The best way to prevent the Electrical hazard is for the workers to be at a safe working distance away from the power lines. Other precautionary measures include guarding and insulating of the vehicle from which they might work. This would help prevent electrical hazards from injuring them while working. The Occupational Health and safety plan shall also include the Egyptian Labor law No. 12 for 2003 and the international construction standards requirements, including , but not limited to , the following measures: • Identification of hazard sources to workers • Eliminating the sources of hazards • Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to how to use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). • Inspection and testing of all equipment and machines • Appointing an Accident Prevention Officer at the site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents • Designation of restricted areas, such as construction sites • Preparation of an emergency response plan • Provision of necessary rescue equipment • Elaboration and management of a safety guarantee plan • Provision of appropriate and sufficient first aid equipment Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 226 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Community Safety Construction of • To prevent Excavation and Trenching accidents and injuries, both the Construction Construction CSC Field CSC normal price 0.0 WWTP, PSs, contractors and workers must follow safety standards and use Contractor supervision FMs and protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and gravity sewers excavating. The sides of the trenches should be strengthened by wood or aluminum reinforcement sheets installed on both sides of the excavated trench, in critical areas (adjacent to existing houses and near canals and drains). • Using fences and warning signs during the construction phase • Using protective barriers and safe walkways • Appointing of an officer on site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents and/or to respond to accidents. • Provision of appropriate and sufficient of first aid equipment on site Visual Impacts Construction of Design, and construct a suitable interim fence to improve the aesthetics until Pre- Design Consultant CSC during the Field - Contractor 0.0 WWTP, PSs, the designed concrete fence is constructed. construction and construction phase supervision cost in FMs and & Construction PIU during the by CSC normal bid gravity sewers construction Contractor design phase price. Review - RSU and landscape PIU design by management PIU costs - CSC normal price Total costs 0.0 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 227 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Table 7.2 - Environnemental Monitoring Matrix during the construction phase Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Cost3 Potential Impact Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Assumptions Total Costs (L.E) Air emissions HC, CO% and Construction Onsite gas Once before CSC/RSU - L.E 800 / machine 28,800 opacity for site analyzer construction + - Number of machines per site , selected randomly is 1 construction measurement for once quarterly - Number of sites is 4 machinery exhaust for each machine during construction Opacity and black Construction Visual inspection Once before CSC/RSU 0.0 fume site construction + once quarterly for each machine during construction Dust complaints Construction Record and Recording to be CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 site document once complaint complaints is received. Documentation shall be in monthly reports Noise intensity, Construction Onsite noise Once quarterly CSC/RSU - L.E600 / site 19,200 exposure durations site meter during - Number of sites is 4 and noise impacts measurements construction Noise emissions from representative locations (Map1) Complaints from Construction Record and Recording to be CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 residents site document once complaint complaints is received. received from Documentation residents shall be in monthly reports Soil Impacts Amount of soil Construction Record Whenever soil is CSC/RSU normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 disposed of and the site disposed of or amount of soil brought in brought in Risks of improper Accumulation of Construction Regular inspection Daily field CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 handling of waste waste sites Observation, observation and generated during documentation documentation construction in monthly reports 3 Displayed Monitoring costs are for two years Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 228 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Cost3 Potential Impact Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Assumptions Total Costs (L.E) Amount of Construction Manifests and Monthly Environmental - Environmental consultant costs included in his management costs 0.0 delivered hazardous sites waste disposal consultant waste to licensed receipt review supervising facility clearance of contaminated sites Risk of improper Date, time, Construction Documentation of In case an object CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 management of locations and status site chance-find has been found culturally valuable of chance finds procedures sites Disturbance of Accidents, Construction Record and Recording to be CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 traffic and access complaints and site document once complaint difficulty remarks from complaints is received. residents received from Documentation Contractors’ access residents shall be in facilitation adequacy monthly reports Occupational Regular reporting of Construction Record and Monthly CSC/RSU - normal CSC price and RSU management costs 0.0 Health & Safety any accidents, as site document well as records and accidents – reports on health, Medical inspection safety and welfare of workers Regular inspection of workers against pathogenic agents and provision of immunization when needed Total Costs 48,000 Table 7-3: Environmental Management Matrix during the operation phase Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Air Quality and Operation of Maintain high efficiency of biological treatment and Operation PO RSU - Review of - RSU and normal operation 0.0 Odour Impacts the WWTP lime application to sludge monthly reports management costs and PSs and field supervision Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 229 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Establish close communication with the neighboring Operation RSU PIU - Field audit to - Allow L.E. 6,000 / WWTP / year 6,000 areas, establish a complaints handling system and ensure that a for awareness assign a staff member in the WWTP to receive odour communication -Number of WWTP is 1 complaints. This could be done through posters and system and - RSU and PIU normal management the distribution of brochures that illustrate the right to complaints costs complain, and the contacts information of the handling system responsible staff, and the RSU officer assigned to are established supervise the plant. Supplied standby generators to PSs and WWTPs Operation RSU PIU - Review - Normal supplier price 0.0 should be checked with suppliers for their emission certificate for standards emission standards from the supplier Noise Impacts Operation of Off site: Operation PO PIU/RSU - Field audit - L.E. 10,000 / WWTP for 10,000 the WWTP • Cultivate and maintain a tree belt around the cultivation , irrigation and and PSs site maintenance • Implement a complaints system to investigate - Number of WWTP is 1 any noise complaints from neighboring communities. Operation PO PIU/RSU -Field audit Included in normal operation 0.0 On site noise emissions control during operation shall -Review H&S budget be achieved by implementing an occupational health records and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. This to ensure a safe work environment and to ensure that on-site noise levels stay within the allowable limits. The plan shall include the following measures: • Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas • Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers’ induction sessions. • Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. • Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 230 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Risks of improper Operation of Sludge handling and treatment Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 handling of sludge the WWTP • Following the drying process, the stabilization and check that the costs and hygienisation of sludge using quicklime procedures for should be implemented on site sludge treatment • The sludge and lime should be thoroughly are documented mixed. A pH not less than 12 and a and are being temperature not less 55°C should be followed. maintained for at least 2 hours after mixing. • A manual for sludge treatment shall be developed and should be annually revised based on the actual sludge quality, actual quantity, news laws and regulations. • Workers handling sludge, or working near sludge tanks in the WWTP should wear suitable gloves and boots. Hygiene instructions should be disseminated to workers, before they start working. These instructions should be clearly illustrated in posters placed in the offices and rest rooms of workers. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 231 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 Sludge application on land (if proven feasible by PIU): and check that the costs procedures and • It is very important to ensure that sludge is of regulations for adequate quality for reuse. The quality of the sludge sludge has to fulfill the quality standards for heavy metals management are as indicated in Table 5.5 according to the Executive documented and Regulations of Law 93/1962 , and the US EPA are being threshold concentrations of heavy metals of sludge followed. to be applied on agricultural land (whichever is lower). The monitoring activities for assessing the sludge quality and the effectiveness of the treatment are included in the sludge management monitoring activities in Table 7.4. • Sludge must not be applied to soil in which fruit and vegetable crops are being grown, or less than ten months before fruit and vegetable crops are to be harvested. • Grazing animals must not be allowed access to grassland or forage land less than three weeks after the application of sludge. • Treated Sludge shall not be used as fertilizer unless it has been tested and approved by (i) the competent administrative authority within the Ministry of Housing, (ii) the Ministry of Health and (iii) EEAA after preparing an EIA for the production, distribution, utilization and disposal process, if necessary. • Health precautions and buffer zones should be respected and indicate that the application of sludge should be within the following ranges according to soil type (law 93/1962): 8-14 m3/feddan/year for thick soil, 10- 3 16m /feddan/year for medium soil and 12- 20m3/feddan/year for light soil. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 232 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection PIU and RSU normal management 0.0 Sludge Use as RDF (if proven feasible by PIU): and check that costs RDF contract is • Dried sludge could be sent to cement factories being as RDF according to an contractual agreement implemented between HCWW and the Cement Company. In that case the need for lime treatment should be reconsidered if it will affect the calorific value/properties of the sludge. • If the sludge was found hazardous (based on the sludge sampling results), it shall be handled by workers wearing PPE and transported by a licensed contractor to a cement factory licensed to incinerate hazardous wastes. Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection, - L.E. 150 / ton sludge above 30,000 Sludge disposal in landfill: and documents normal operation costs in case of • If sludge cannot be reused , the right landfill review dumpsite. category must be determined. Based on the Potential Sludge amount is around chemical analysis of the sludge, it should be 200ton/year/WWTP. sent to the respective landfill (HW landfill or - Number of WWTPs is1. non HW landfill). - RSU normal management costs Risks associated with Operation of • Implement preventive maintenance Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection, - Normal PO costs 0.0 disposal and/or reuse the WWTP Programme to all structures and and documents - PIU and RSU management costs of final treated electromechanical equipment in PSs and review effluent WWTPs. The supplier of each equipment should provide a preventive maintenance schedule for supplied equipment. Implementing this schedule should be part of the WWTP and PS operational manual. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 233 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) • In case the influent is totally or partially Operation PO PIU Field inspection - PO normal costs 0.0 bypassed to the receiving drain, the PIU-EM and documents - PIU and RSU management costs should be immediately notified with the review reasons, durations and applied control measures for such event. The PIU-EM should directly notify the PSC and EEAA with the incidents. After returning to normal operation mode, reasons for using the bypass line should be analyzed to prevent repeating these incidents in future. This should be considered during the analysis of the results of the regular monitoring program. Risks of improper Operation of A waste management plan complying with international Operation PO PIU/RSU Field supervision - Waste disposal is included in handling and/or the WWTP best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and and review that normal operations costs 4,000 disposal of non- and PSs covering all types of potential non-hazardous wastes the PS/WWTP’s - 4,000/year maintenance of hazardous solid shall be developed and implemented by the project’s waste management containers and storage areas wastes generated operator. This plan shall define exact procedures and plan is during operation locations for waste management and disposal. documented and - being implemented The following measures shall be implemented: • Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams • Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams • Dispose of non-recycled wastes at the nearest landfill. • Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by EEAA. HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed above and ensure that the all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 234 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Prepare schedule for solids and oils removal from Operation Owners of the RSU - Occasional site - RSU management costs 0.0 household separation unit. Sludge from household households, supervision interceptors and septic tanks should be discharged to bakeries, and WWTP. restaurants Remove oil from oil separators in restaurants and bakeries and dispose it in domestic solid waste disposal sites4 Daily removal of PS screens waste to domestic solid Operation PO RSU-ERO - Documents - L.E. 100/ton for normal waste 39,000 waste disposal sites review and contractor, above PO price. Stabilizing separated grit with lime, dry it in separate occasional site - Average flow per day is 15000m3 drying beds and dispose dry grit in domestic solid waste supervision - PS screens factor is disposal sites 0.05m3/1000m3 - Density of PS screens is 0.2t/m3 - RSU management costs - Lime cost included in sludge stabilization - L.E. 100/ton for grit disposal. - Average flow per day is 15,000 m3 - Grit factor is 0.01 m3/1000m3 - Density of PS screens is 1.6 t/m3 - RSU management costs 4 It has been assumed that new separators will be installed according to adequate engineering specs. It has been also assumed that the oil has been oxidized to an extent that it is not considered flammable thus not considered as hazardous waste. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 235 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Risks of improper Operation of A waste management plan complying with international Operation PO PIU/RSU Field inspection - 1500L.E./ton or batch 6,000 handling and/or the WWTP best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and and check that - Number of batches is 4 per disposal of hazardous and PSs. covering all types of potential hazardous wastes shall be hazardous wastes each WWTP per year solid wastes developed and implemented by the project’s operator. operating generated during the This plan shall define exact procedures and locations procedures are operation phase for waste management and disposal. The waste being documented management plans should also refer to health and and implemented safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages. HCWW/PMU should adopt the measures listed below and ensure that all waste relevant information (types, amounts, disposal methods, etc..) are included in the environmental register of the plant. In addition to that, a separate hazardous waste register (according to the Egyptian Laws) has to be prepared , containing all information relevant to the generation , handling and disposal of hazardous wastes. a) General measures • All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. At the time of producing this study, the nearest and only hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria. • The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed. • Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified at the beginning of the operation phase. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 236 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The operator shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the operator’s in-house staff (PMU-EM and RSUs or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant). c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.: • It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste. • The storage area must have a water supply • A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. - Remove oil from oil separators in petrol stations and Operation Owners of the PIU/RSU - Documents 0.0 workshops and dispose it in hazardous solid waste petrol stations review and disposal sites occasional site inspectiosn Risks of handling Operation of • Empty chlorine cylinders, should be collected at Operation PO PIU/RSU - Documents PIU and RSU management costs 0.0 hazardous substances the WWTP a certain location inside the chlorine building review and and PSs. before being returned to the supplier. The occasional site vendor who will supply the WWTP with inspectiosn chlorine cylinders should take waste cylinders back on the same truck. This process should be documented in manifests that should be signed by the vendor. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 237 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) • Diesel ASTs should be surrounded with impermeable bund with a capacity of 110% of AST Operation PO PIU/RSU - Documents review PIU and RSU management costs 0.0 capacity. Any leaked diesel from ASTs should be and occasional site pumped to diesel trucks until the leakage in AST inspectiosn has been repaired. No USTs should be used in the project, this has been further discussed in the screening criteria. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 238 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) Occupational health Operation of Operation PO PIU/RSU Documents review - PO normal costs 0.0 The project’s operator shall implement an occupational health and safety and safety impacts the WWTP plan , which shall include, but not be limited to, the following measures; and occasional site - RSU management costs and PSs supervision 1-Immunization Ensure routine vaccinations for workers for influenza, tetanus, and Hepatitis “A” (according to Consultations with the institute’s physicians). 2- Safe Practices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) It is recommended to avoid liquid contact with exposed skin, by using a full-body impervious suits in addition with using rubber boots, gloves, hard hats and eye protection. Using the Respirator instrument is based on an evaluation of respiratory hazards in the workplace and other relevant workplace and user factors. During cleaning operations performed outside a tank or and pipelines, where the atmosphere is not immediately dangerous to life or health, the worker(s) shall wear supplied-air or air-purifying respirator with organic vapor HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Arresting cartridge). When working in confined spaces, the team (inside and outside) must have extra flashlights and two-way radios readied for communication. A first-aid kit must be readily available; an eyewash and flushing station, neutralizing solutions, cleaning equipment, and emergency medical services. 3-Training Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to select and use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 4- Control Measures Prior to entering and/or maintenance • Assess and review sewage systems, components and piping. • Perform jobsite safety and health analyses and be aware of all associated risks and hazards. Inform all workers involved of the risks and hazards determined by the jobsite safety and health analyses. • Post warning signs and labels. • Secure all toilets, urinals, drains, pumps, and sewage treatment systems. • Isolate, close, secure, divert, de-energize, lockout and apply tags-plus applications to all valves, piping and associated equipment. • When confined space entries are performed, have a trained Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 239 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) rescue team with the proper rescue equipment available at the job site, or notifying the outside designated rescue team in advance that employees are working in a confined space on the sewage system so they can prepare to respond in the event of an emergency. • Follow confined space entry testing and permitting procedures. If feasible, use sample ports to test for atmospheric contaminants inside the tank or / and pipeline manholes. • Cautiously and deliberately remove bolts and nuts off manholes and piping, while staying alert to any immediate change of conditions, and be prepared to take necessary action. • Use appropriate tools and operating procedures. • Install and use adequate exhaust ventilation devices, ducting, lighting, and tank-cleaning equipment. Immediately following the piping being broken or the tank opened, apply or insert ducting to begin exhaust ventilation. Pipe all exhausts downwind, overboard, or away from people. • Cover and isolate all work areas with disposable plastic sheeting to prevent possible contamination. • pumping and drain all residual products flush tanks and piping systems • Check for residual pressure or vacuum effects in tanks and piping. • While remaining outside the tank, continue to test the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 240 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Main activity causing the Estimated Cost of implementation / supervision Institutional Responsibility impact Means of Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility for of direct supervision Total Implementation supervision Assumptions Costs/year (L.E) atmosphere inside the tank remotely for safe conditions. • Before beginning tank cleaning operations, while wearing the appropriate PPE, clothing and respiratory protection, cautiously enter the tank for an internal inspection. • Chlorinate or sanitize the tanks and piping systems when necessary. 6-Post-Work Cleanup • Remove contaminated clothing and bag for proper disposal or decontamination. • Shower or wash face, arms, hands and legs with soap, using a substantial amount of water. • Disinfect equipment (e.g., using iodine compounds, bromine, chlorine, ozone, or their equivalent) and wash contaminated spaces, decks and bulkheads with detergent, sanitizer, or bleach. • Dispose of or re-wash rubber boots, gloves, eye goggles, face shields and respirators with a disinfectant solution. • Wash contaminated clothing separately. • Do not enter other spaces while still wearing contaminated clothing. Community health Operation of Operation PO PIU/RSU Occasional site - PO normal costs 0.0 and Safety the WWTP, • Using fences and warning signs during supervision - RSU management costs PSs, FMs and maintenance periods and/or close the roads Gravity sewers • Regular inspection for all the components of the sewage system especially the manholes covers and take instantaneous measurements for correction. • Preventive maintenance program • Adjust the maintenance schedules away from the rush hour Total = 95,000 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 241 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Table 7-4: Environmental Monitoring Matrix during the operation phase Estimated Monitoring Cost/year Potential Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Total Monitoring Methods Impact Indicator Location Frequency Responsibility Assumptions costs/year (L.E) Unacceptable Neighbors PSs and • Record odour complaints received from neighboring areas. The record should include Daily PIU/RSU RSU management costs 0.0 odours complaints WWTPs name of the person who has made the complaint, time of complaint , GPS location of the affected area, , time and duration of unacceptable odour. Complaints records should be reported in monthly reports. The RSU should analyze odour complaints on monthly basis and document how each complaint was confronted Air emissions CO, SO2, total Generators at • Onsite gas analyzer measurement for exhaust Annually PO L.E 1000 / generator 4,000 hydrocarbons and WWTPs and / year NOx PSs One generator/site Number of sites is 4 Noise intensity, PSs and WWTP • Measuring the ambient noise level in noise critical areas, using a portable noise meter. Annually PO L.E. 1,000 / PS/year 4,000 exposure • Measuring the ambient noise level using a portable noise meter at the nearest sensitive Number of sites is 4 Ambient durations and receptors (Map1). Noise noise impacts • Investigate noise complaints from workers and neighboring communities in the affected locations Noise complaints Soil and Any leaks PSs , WWTP • Regular inspection of all components of PSs and WWTP for any potential leaks Monthly PO Normal operation costs 0.0 groundwater and pipeline network Risks of pH of fresh sludge WWTP drying • Undertake continuous monitoring of pH of immature sludge drying beds. Logs of pH Continuous PO - L.E. 2,000 for 1,000 improper beds values should be used for controlling the lime dosing. for two days continuous pH meter handling of after laying - pH meter depreciates sludge fresh sludge in in two years drying beds (2 days average to be documented) Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, WWTP drying • Taking representative sample and analyze it according to requirements of Law Once each 3 PO - L.E. 1000 / sample 16,000 Pb, Hg, Cr, Mo, beds 93/1962 month, or - 16 samples/year/site Se, As, faecal whenever - Number of sites is 1 coliforms, sludge is being salmonella and sold escharis eggs Water borne Identified • Periodical medical examination for the workers and lab analysis Quarterly PO - L.E. 2000 / worker 10,000 diseased for medical center - 5 employees /WWTP WWTP workers - Number of WWTPs is 1 Risks Discharge rate of PS and WWTPs • Continuous monitoring of PS and WWTPs incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily - Continuous, PO - Normal PO price 0.0 associated influents averages should be calculated and documented average flow with disposal to be recorded of final daily Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 242 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Estimated Monitoring Cost/year Potential Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Total Monitoring Methods Impact Indicator Location Frequency Responsibility Assumptions costs/year (L.E) effluent COD, TSS, TKN WWTPs influent • Sampling and analysis in WWTP lab - Daily PO - Normal PO price 0.0 and P and effluent Full Law 48/1982 WWTP effluent • Sampling and analysis in WWTP lab - Monthly PO - Normal PO price 0.0 parameters BOD, TSS, Total Receiving drain • Sampling and analysis in RSU labs - Monthly M&E unit - M&E budget 0.0 coliforms and (Donshoway) insitu analysis of temperature, pH, conductivity and DO Performance WWTP Detailed environmental audit of the WWTP to review performance efficiency - Annually Environmental 25,000 efficiency of consultant WWTPs Risks of Data and PSs and Auditing waste and environmental registers Quarterly RSU - RSU management 0.0 improper information in WWTPs costs management waste and of solid environmental hazardous registers and non hazardous wastes Risks of Chlorine Chlorine Chlorine detectors - Continuous PO - Normal PO price 0.0 handling concentration in building in leak detection hazardous air WWTP - Leak substances incidents to be documented in monthly reports Integrity of ASTs WWTP Visual observation - Daily PO - Normal PO price 0.0 - Leak incidents to be documented in monthly reports Amount of WWTP Checking signatures in waste manifests - Monthly RSU - RSU management 0.0 delivered check of waste costs containers to documents vendors Total Costs 60,000 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 243 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Table 7.5 - Social Management plan Potential Proposed Mitigation Measures Performance Indicators Institutional responsibilities Direct Supervision Cost Impacts Responsibilities During Construction Phase Impacts on • Conducting surveillance activities to detect 1- Reducing rates of Water and wastewater Contractor Field visits, Cost by the contractor infrastructure available pipelines or networks (water or complaints related to company in Menoufia, Accidents register electricity) infrastructure Contractor, LGUs • Coordination with the Local Governmental Units and the water and network companies to repair any damages. The contractor should pay for this cost. Impacts on • Boreholes should be used to identify the type 1- Reducing rates of Water and wastewater Contractor Field visits, Cost by the contractor the physical of soil and the potential of impacts on the complaints related to company in Menoufia Accidents register integrity of current structures structures Contractor and LGUs houses • In case the soil is fragile, wood support may be provided to the houses and land • Measuring ground water levels before construction Road quality • A time plan should be developed for street 1- Site visits checklists Water and wastewater Water Companies Site visits reports and Cost by the company rehabilitation related to street company in Menoufia Minutes of meetings • Inform the local community with any potential conditions delay of street rehabilitation 2- Photos that shows how • Paving the streets immediately after the streets were rehabilitated construction. That should be done by specialized companies or the contractors but not by the Local Governmental Units • Monitor the process of street rehabilitation and realistic fines should be applied on the entities responsible of street rehabilitation Operation Phase No foreseen social impacts during the operation phase Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 244 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final Table 7.6 - Social Monitoring Plan Potential Monitoring Monitoring Responsibility Estimate Monitoring Site Monitoring Method Impacts Indicators Frequency cost During Construction Phase Water and Allocated plots Among Land Field visits Once before Wastewater (Approvals and Site location company requirements Visits to the Local Public Unit construction Company in permits) activities Menoufia (SDO) Water and Rates of impacts Wastewater on available Complaints related to the Among Impacts on Company in infrastructure Site location impact Monthly company Infrastructure Menoufia (water pipelines Complaints from LGU activities Rural Sanitation broken) Unit Water and Wastewater Complaints related to the Among Impacts on Old Rate of impact on Company in Site location impact Monthly company houses structures Menoufia Complaints from LGU activities Rural Sanitation Unit Detrioriation of Water and street Complaints related to the Wastewater Rates of Among conditions due impact Company in problems with Site location Monthly company to the lack of Complaints from LGU Menoufia the community activities rehabilitation Rural Sanitation Unit Impacts during Operation No monitoring measures during the operation phase Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 245 ESIA for ISSIP II Project Menoufia - Final 7.7 HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN 7.7.1 Supplementary interventions to enhance the health outcome of the project (Public health management plan) As it is presented in the previous sections, ISSIP II should be supplemented by hygiene improvement interventions to maximize the positive health impact of the project on the short term. In addition, nutritional interventions are required to support the potential long term impact on children growth. The proposed conceptual framework upon which the supplementary interventions will be built is included in Annex 7 as well as different approaches to adopt these public health interventions. 7.8 WILLINGNESS TO PAY Discussion of the will and ability to pay is an important element to determine the significant interest of the local community in the project.Discussion of the willingness to pay, includes several aspects that can be summarized as follows: 1. Willingness to pay in cash or installment 2. Amount to be paid in Cash (minimum and maximum amount) 3. Desired amount to be paid in installments (minimum and maximum amount) The preferred payment method indicated by families was as follows: female headed families indicated that they prefer to pay in cash, while 50% of the male headed family indicated that prefer to pay in cash. Proposed payment categories range between 100 L.E. to 2000 L.E., the mean is 346.88 L.E. for household connection. The average lowest amount mentioned was 184.12 L.E, while the mode was 150 L.E. We can thus conclude that the acceptable amount by the families to be paid for the household connection is 100 L.E. Sample distribution according to Payment categories and head of household Highest amount to be paid Lowest amount to be paid Cash Payment Categories Head of Total Head of household Total household Male Female Male Female Less than 100 L.E. 6.7% 6.3% 43.8% 100.% 47.1% From 100 L.E. to 500 L.E. 73.3% 100.% 75. 37.5% 35.3% From 500 L.E. to 1000 L.E. 6.7% 6.3% 12.5% 11.8% From 1000 L.E. to 1500 L.E. 6.7% 6.3% 6.3% 5.9% From 1500 L.E. to 2000 L.E. 6.7% 6.3% With regards to installment payment categories, values varied widely between female headed families and male headed families. The average monthly installment among male Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 246 headed families was about 37% of the sample, while it did not exceed 50 L.E. for female headed families. Two thirds of the sample indicated that they can pay the equivalent of evacuation cost. About half of the sample (male and female headed families) indicated that they cannot pay more than 10 L.E. per month. Sample distribution for installment payment and head of household The highest amount to be The lowest amount to be paid paid Installment Payment Categories Head of Total Head of Total household household Male Female Male Female From 1:10 L.E. 50.0 50.0 50.0 From 11:20 L.E. 25.0 100.0 33.3 50.0 50.0 50.0 From 21:30 L.E. 12.5 11.1 From 31:40 L.E. From 41: 50 L.E. 37.5 33.3 We can conclude that the water company should take into consideration that most of the poor families prefer to pay for the household connections in installments. The proposed value for cash payment is between 250 and 500 L.E. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 247 CHAPTER 8 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES ! Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 258 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 8. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES ! The public consultation chapter aims at highlighting the key consultation and community engagement activities and their outcomes, in addition to outlining the validity and reliability of the collected data. Throughout the various consultation and engagement activities, the work teams experienced and recorded remarkable and overwhelming public acceptance, even eagerness, by the community and the governmental stakeholders towards the proposed project. Consultation activities (scoping, interviews, focus group discussions, public hearings/consultations) with various stakeholders and community people in the host communities were held in the project areas: Beshtamy village, Danasour village and Zaweit El Beqly. - WB policies related to disclosure and public consultation, namely, o World Bank Procedure (BP 17.50) o World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01) - Egyptian regulations related to the public consultation o Egyptian Law of Environment (Law No. 4 of 1994) and its amendment by Law 9 of year 2009), stipulated that group C projects must conduct two public consultation events. The first event should be held by the consultant as part of the scoping activities to explain the applied ESIA methodology to relevant stakeholders. The second consultation session should be held after completion of the ESIA study. 8.1. Consultation Objectives The objective of the SE is to ensure the safe and successful Project delivery by: • Properly informing stakeholders including persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively; • Actively listening to comments, ideas and concerns raised by stakeholders and recording the same for follow up; • Avoiding conflict by addressing impacts and issues raised by stakeholders promptly; particularly with the communities that will not be served by the project • Ensuring that fears and apprehensions about the nature, scale and impact of the operation have been properly considered in the development and management of the Project; • Accessing and making good use of existing local knowledge of the area; Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 259 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final • Avoiding any misunderstandings about the project and properly manage expectations; • Communicating and implementing a viable community feedback mechanism. The output of consultations will: 1- Define potential project stakeholders and suggest their possible project roles 2- Identify the most effective outreach channels that support continuous dialogue with the community Get stakeholders feedback on the defined impacts and mitigation measures as part of the drafted ESIA and integrate their feedbacks and comments in the production of the final ESIA 8.2. Consultation Methodology and Activities The research team for this study has adopted a multi-level of consultation activities that enable the marginalized, voiceless, youth and women to gain information about the project. As well, raise their concerns and worries regarding the project during various implementation phases. 1- The study team visited the project area in order to define the various stakeholders 2- Meeting was conducted on the 20th of September in order to develop an engagement plan that is tailored for the rural communities 3- Based on the identification of stakeholders, various questionnaires and guidelines were prepared in order to engage: i) the residents in the project areas, ii)the residents of the villages situated in the vicinity of the project areas, iii) the NGOs, iv) the agriculture directorates, v)the health department , vi)the environmental departments vii) the workers of septic tanks evacuation vehicles. As well as, the Water and Wastewater Company in Menoufia Governorate. 4- The study team divided the various engagement of the project to 1) scoping phase, 2) data collection phase and final consultation phase. 5- All activities conducted were documented with photos and lists of participants in order to warrantee appropriate level of transparency 8.3. Strengths and Limitation of consultation 8.3.1 Strengths of the consultation The consultation process and methodology involved a number of strengths that maximized the benefits from the consultation activities. This could be summarized in the following: • Appropriate tools were used for consultation to fit with the culture of the targeted communities (e.g. reaching out to women instead of inviting them to public meetings that they are unlikely to attend in rural areas). • Vulnerable groups including poor women, female headed households and handicapped were reached out to during the process of the ESIA participation. Efforts were also made to ensure they are engaged in public consultations. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 260 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final • Local surveyors were hired and mobilized to facilitate access to villagers, governmental and non-governmental entities • Prior information sharing has been guaranteed through mobilizing the local surveyors to invite the community people to public meetings and consultations through the distribution of flyers and posters. • To ensure participation of both villages and due to the long distance between Beshtamy, Zaweit El Bekly and Danasour The consultant secured means of transportation free of charge to facilitate local community people access to the meetings. 8.3.2 Limitation of the consultation 1A The participation of females during the public hearings was relatively limited. Consequently the study team put more efforts to engage females during the various stages of data collection 2A Community people in some project areas were of low educational background. Thus, the study team managed to build communication channels through speaking simple Arabic that can be comprehended by the community people. 8.4. Defining the stakeholder Given the fact that the project areas have been thoroughly defined and project details have been finalized at this stage, stakeholder identification was based on analysis of geographical, legal, institutional, and operational scope of the project. The following table represents the stakeholders contacted and engaged for the consultation activities: Table 8-1 Main stakeholders identified for the ESIA Stakeholder Role/ concern Local Governmental entities Governorates The main role of the governorates is the provision of support to the project through providing various permissions needed. Local Governmental units - Permissions for the road cut during the implementation of (District authorities and the sewage grid. village authorities) - Permissions for the lands needed for Pumping stations should be prepared by the governorate and approved by the LGU. - Rehabilitation of roads, which is one of the major issues raised by the community, will be performed by the LGU. Other governmental entities Information Centers on Provide the project with the underground utilities and the governorate level infrastructure maps. Governmental Various authorities in the governorate will support the project Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 261 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Authorities through permissions, maintenance, health related issues, etc. Ministry of Agriculture That provides the project with permissions. and the agriculture As well, they suffer due to the farmers’ abusive usage of the directorates untreated sewage water in cultivation activities Ministry of Water They are classified as direct beneficiaries of such project due to Resources the potential enhancement of the water quality of canals and drainage The Social Fund for Supplement additional funds to the villages that will not be Development connected under this project. That will result in amicable implementation of the project. They will also share their experience in rural sanitation that was implemented under the Department of Public Works within the SFD Egyptian Environmental Responsible for reviewing and approving ESIAs, and Affair Agency (HQ and monitoring implementation of the Environmental Management RBOs) Plan Security Department Secure the construction sites and prevent people from in- flushing into it Ministry of Health Providing health facilities to the project workers Ministry of Antiquities Issue permissions for excavations and accompany the working teams. Media Television and radio Inform the community about the project and its impacts and representatives support dissemination of ESIA studies’ results Press people Websites editors NGOs working on environmental and social related aspects NGOs on the central Play an active role in various awareness-raising related to the level project NGOs on district level 1- Importance of having proper sewage network 2- How to observe and maintain the sewage system Specific union of NGOs 3- The role of community They might provide support to the ultra- poor families in paying the house connection Some of the NGOs work in tanks evacuation activities. Thus, they should be aware about the project in order to define the potential impact on their business Universities and Educational institutes Faculty of Engineering Review and enrich the ESIA study with feedback Secondary vocational Propose needed capacity building for their students to schools potentially find employment with the project Researchers/consultants Review results of the study and provide feedback Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 262 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Other Private companies Mainly potential tenderers for the construction works Traders Provide workers with food and amenities. Contractors From the project adjacent areas, may be affected. Community people Community leaders Main cornerstone in mobilizing the communities. Potential beneficiaries Potentially benefit from the project Potential Project Affected The workers on septic tanks evacuation trucks Persons (PAPs) The residents who will suffer due digging the streets Water and Wastewater companies NOPWASD National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage Responsible for the implementation of the Treatment Plants and the monitoring activities HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater The implementer of ISSIP 2 project Menoufia Wastewater The direct implementer of the project Company The abovementioned stakeholders were targeted using various communication tools i.e. individual interviews, group meetings and public consultation. Most of them were represented in the public consultation hearings conducted. However, some of them were interviewed in their premises in order to enable them to spell out their concerns and worries freely. 8.5. Summary of consultation activities The citizen engagement and consultation activities along with the three stages of study preparation might be summarized as follow: Table 8-2 Summary of consultation activities Date location Participants Number Methods Male Female During scoping phase 29/9/2013 Menoufia Head of RSU (Menoufia) 1 Interview Gov. Head of planning unit at the 1 Interview Menoufia water company 29/9/2013 Menoufia Deputy inspector, agriculture 1 Interview Gov. cooperative, Shohdaa district Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 263 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Date location Participants Number Methods 29/9/2013 Menoufia Electricity Engineer at Shohdaa 1 Interview Gov. district, El Bekly NGO 29/9/2013 Menoufia Environment responsible at 1 Interview Gov. Menoufia Local Government Unit 29/9/2013 Menoufia Evacuation worker at the 1 Interview Gov. Menoufia Water Company 30/9/2013 Menoufia Farmer (land owner)/ 2 Interview Gov. evacuation worker at Shohdaa district 1/10/2013 Menoufia Evacuation worker at Shohdaa 1 Interview Gov. district 29/9/2013 Menoufia General Practitioner at Shohdaa 1 Interview Gov. district 29/9/2013 Menoufia Head of the health unit at 1 Interview Gov. Zawiet el Bekly village, Shohdaa district 29/9/2013 Menoufia Head of the health unit at 1 Interview Gov. Beshtamy village, Shohdaa district 29/9/2013 Menoufia Mosque Sheikh at Shohdaa 1 Interview Gov. district During data collection The last week Menoufia Community people (potential 79 23 Structured of September Gov. beneficiaries) questionnaire All project 7 16 FGD areas 7 3 Willingness to pay sheet Menoufia Community people (Not 8 8 FGD benefited from the project Gov. Amrousy 26 4 Willingness to village pay sheet During public hearing Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 264 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Date location Participants Number Methods 17/3/2014 El Rehab 146 10 Public Meeting Consultation Hall in El Shohada Total 293 67 8.6. Consultation activities 8.6.1. During the scoping phase and data collection phase The ESIA team held several scoping sessions with different stakeholders through individual meetings, group meetings with population, executives and civil society representatives at El Shohdaa district in Menoufia governorate, the following activities were held: A. 102 respondents were interviewed based on the percentage of household connections to be constructed at the area, distributed as follows: 35 respondents were interviewed at Beshtamy village, 35 at Zawiet El Bekly and 32 at Danasor village. The percentage of males among the interviews was 80.3% and the females represented 19.7%. B. A group meeting with the local population at some mosques, and individual meetings with the environmental and health leaders. C. 2 focus group discussion were held with males and females at the areas that will not be served by the project, to indicate their perceptions, fears and willingness to pay. As well, 3 FGDs were conducted with the potential beneficiaries among which one was conducted with secondary school female students. D. A willingness to pay sheet was filled with 40 individuals among which 30 of them will not be served by the project Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 265 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Photo 8-1:Interview with the head of agriculture cooperative in Zawiet El Beqly 1.6.1.1.1.1.1 Photo 8-2:Group meeting with village female students in Beshtamy Village Photo 8-3: Meeting with an evacuation worker in Beshtamy village Photo 8-4: Meeting with Environment responsible in Zawiet El Beqly village Photo 8-5: Community meeting with village that will not be connected (Ibshway Photo 8-6: Community meeting at a village village) that will not be connected(Amrousy village) Photo 8-7: Meeting with females at a village that will not be connected(Amrousy Photo 8-8: Community meeting at Danasor village) village Sample of the comments included the following: 1- Commitment to the construction time line, as several projects now face delays. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 266 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final 2- Giving special care to women, youth and elderly groups, especially at villages that will be connected 3- Quick provision of service to other villages even at higher cost 4- Instead of implementing the project for free at all of the villages, some women suggested that community members can pay the cost of the household connection in order to provide the service to other deprived areas. 5- Conducting awareness campaigns for target groups (School students - families) 6- Cooperation with the ministry of health to provide health awareness activities and to organize health convoys at areas that will not be connected. 7- A large budget should be allocated by the state to expand the number of beneficiaries. 8.6.2. Public consultation To verify the results of the drafted ESIA including the defined impacts and mitigation measure, a public consultation event was arranged, announced for and conducted with the main purpose of getting diverse stakeholders together to receive their feedback on the ESIA and incorporate their views on the final ESIA. The following actions were taken to arrange for this event:! 1- Selection of El Shohada district to host the event and provision of buses to move people to the event Hall, 2- The avenue was accessible and suitable to host 200 guests, 3- The preparation team deployed brochures and flyers in all project areas, particularly around the pumping station and treatment plant 4- An advertisement was published in public widely disseminating newspaper two weeks before the event 5- Site visits were paid to the project villages in order to invite the community people and their leaders. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 267 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Photo 8-9: Advertisement published in El Photo 8-10: Brochure Ahram Daily National Newspaper Participants profile Participants of the final consultation event represented different categories of stakeholders from the targeted areas. Females represented 6.4% of the participants, as it was anticipated, whereas males represented 93.6%. The participants were of various age categories. The young groups were represented. The older groups also were willing to participate and the availability of buses to transport them to the event hall encouraged them to attend. 6.4! 93.6! !Male!! !Female!! Figure 8-1: % distribution of Photo 8-11: Women participation in the public Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 268 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final participants by sex consultation Given the fact that the study team mobilized the residents of the project areas, about a quarter of the participants came from Beshtamy Village, and the same number came from Danasour Village, while 21.2% represented Zawiet El Bekly. It was obvious that 8.3% of the participants attended from the villages adjacent the project areas. They wanted to attend to raise their willingness to be connected to the new project. 21.8 24.4 8.3 24.4 21.2 Danasor Beshtamy Zawiat El Bekly Other areas Shebein El Kom Figure 8-2: % distribution of participants by Photo 8-12: Participants in the Public area Consultation The participants reflected various occupations, 34% of them were among the high managerial staff among which the heads of villages were represented. 18.6% of the participants were among the farmers. The administrative staff represented 16.7% of the total participants. 16.0% of the participants were among the specialists (doctors, engineers, lawyers…etc). Table 8-3: Distribution of the Public Consultation participants by their occupation Occupation N Percent Manager and high administrative staff 35 22.4 Farmers and fishermen 29 18.6 Administrative 26 16.7 Specialist 25 16.0 Teachers and professors 14 9.0 Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 269 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Assistant specialist 2 1.3 other 3 1.8 Does not work / pension / housewife 22 14.1 Total 156 100.0 Diversity in age and educational backgrounds was reflected in participants’ contributions and enriched the session with a wide range of opinions. The visits paid to introduce the project to the community were an appropriate aperitif that drove the community people to be more willing to get information about the project. The diversity between literate and illiterates, workers and unemployed enriched the discussion to a great extent. A variety of organizations as well as representatives from governmental and community based authorities, institutes, and entities also took part in these scoping session meetings. - 33.5% of the total participants were community people who work as administrative staff, specialists and farmers. - 20.5% represented universities and educational sector - 24.5% were invited from the Water Company in Menoufia - 4 people were attended from press and television sector - EEAA and the associated branches attended the event - Banks, contractors and private companies attended the meeting - The People of Martyrs were interested to attend the event as they became more interested to participate in the national related events. Governorate! 1.3! 1.9! Local!Governmental!!unit! 3.2! 1.3! .6! Agriculture!and!water!resources! 4.5! 1.9! 24.5! EgypLan!Environmental!Affair!Agencies! Health! 20.6! Television!And!Radio! 5.2! Press!People! 33.5! UniversiLes!and!EducaLonal!insLtutes! Private!Companies! 1.3! Community!Leaders/Mayor! Community!People! WWC!in!the!Governorate! Figure 8-3: % distribution of participants by sector Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 270 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Activities of the public Consultation The event started with an introduction presented by Eng. Mohamed El Shazly head of RSU in Menoufia Water and Wastewater Company. He played a role as a moderator of the session. 1- Eng. Ahmed Ragab the representative of EEAA Regional Branch in Tanta made a speech about the ESIA studies and the importance of the project as a water pollution reduction initiative. 2- Eng. Mohamed Naguib the chairman of WWC in Menoufia Governorate made a speech about the following issues: a. The contribution of the community with lands b. The importance of the project c. The potential sewage projects that will serve the deprived areas d. The WB as a funding agency e. The role of the community is sharing the gained information about the project with the community 3- Dr. Magdy Assar the Social Expert from Water and Wastewater Holding Company expressed his satisfaction with the active participation of the community people. As well he wanted to verify and monitor the representation of various villages through asking the participants who came from which village. 4- Eng. Safwat Khasaba the Environmental Expert from Water and Wastewater Holding Company delivered a word about the following issues: a. The contribution of the WB as a funding agency to the project b. The importance of the session as one of the EEAA requirements to accept the ESIA c. It is predicted to have a community acceptance to the project d. The conditions of EEAA that enable the project to be implemented with the minimum impacts on the environment and the community 5- Eng. Mohamed Abd Allah made a presentation about the project. 6- Dr. Abd El Hamid Beshara the environmental expert presented the results of the Environmental impacts of the study. 7- Ms. Zeinab Hafez the social expert in EcoConServ made an interaction presentation about the project social impacts Eng. Ahmed Ragab Eng. Mohamed Naguib Eng. Safwat Khashaba Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 271 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Eng. Mohamed Abd Allah Dr. Abd El Hamid Beshara Ms. Zeinab Hafez Summary of discussions All participants expressed their eagerness for the commencement of project implementation without further delay and many participants demanded the extension of the project to additional areas. Following is a summary of all discussions conducted. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 272 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Table 8-4: Key points raised and actions to be taken Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The duration of It was mentioned in the The Chairman of WWC • Information sharing with the community implementation period presentation that the The total duration of the project is 5 years should be adopted in order to put implementation period will for the whole phases. limitation for the disturbance of take only 18 months. The duration mentioned in this community resulting from any potential However, the Water presentation covered the whole activities of delay Company said it would take the current phase including the preparation 5 years. What is the reason phase for discrepancy People started to lose hope The status of the newly Some of the affiliated Dr. Magdy • The community should be fully aware constructed houses and villages have been expanded. The narrow streets that will not be about the illegibility to get connected to the village extensions Will those village be illegible suitable for networks, the contractor the sewage grid to be connected to the new maneuver by digging 50-60 cm. In case of project wide streets the digging is deeper Approval of the ESIA and When will EEAA approve • Eng. Khashaba • Time plan should be shared with the the time plan the ESIA and what is the The approval of the ESIA might take local governmental unit and the mayors time plan? about one month from EEAA in the project areas Dr. Magdy The construction activities begin after obtaining the approval of the ESIA from EEAA. Thereafter, bidding procedures will take place. After finishing the tendering, the construction activities might start after 6 months Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 273 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The status of deprived When will El Galabta village Dr. Magdy • The community should be fully aware villages be connected to the new The hamlets (Ezba) that are not about the illegibility to get connected to project? connected might be supported in the the sewage grid. As well, the deprived future by other initiatives or they can villages should be informed about the mobilize the community there to provide potential plans lands for new pumping stations that will be connected to the project The end disposing point What is the end point for Dr. Magdy • Approvals on the disposing points of the drainage water discharge First of all an approval from the Ministry should be obtained of irrigation should be obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources. It is crucial to tell that (Bypassing) is not approved to be adopted. In case if any damage, an alternative emergency plan will be followed rather that bypassing Installing the sewage The villages situated close to Eng. Abd Allah network to the houses the railways will be The sewage will be installed in those behind the railways connected to the sewage grid houses. The crossing of the railway will or not? be achieved through having deep digging. That will be implemented in coordination with the railway Authority and the local Governmental unit The project received an approval from the railways authority in order to have the train reduced their speed in the areas where the crossings will be constructed Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 274 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The impacts of the What are the potential Dr. Magdy • The executive summary should have pumping stations and impacts of the treatment The pumping stations take sewage water such information to be shared with the treatment plant plant? to the treatment plant. community people Each pumping station receives water Will you connect the from the previous one. All of them have pumping station to each underground tanks that will reduce the other until they reach the noise and odor treatment plant or will they all be connected to the treatment plant The appropriate width to Our village has narrow Dr. Magdy • Such information should be shared with install sewage grid streets. What is the The contractor adopt various techniques the community appropriate width to be to install the grid regardless to the width connected to the sewage of the street network The importance of It is recommended to Dr. Magdy • It is crucial to coordinate with various coordination with various coordinate with other Coordination with all other utilities is entities entities that have different entities that implement any crucial. However, regarding the natural developmental plans (i.e. developmental projects in gas connection, it is the final utility that the Natural Gas) in order the project area. will be installed after the sewage network to have the street dig once for all developmental projects. That will save money and effort Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 275 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The mitigation of any In case of affecting the Dr. Magdy damage to the infrastructure i.e. water pipes The contractor is responsible for infrastructure what will happen? mitigating such impacts and the resident engineer will monitor such activities. In addition, a consulting firm is responsible of monitoring the construction works. The spoil resulting from The spoil resulting from Dr. Magdy digging the streets digging is the village Regarding the spoil resulting from digging property. The spoil should the streets, the contractor is responsible for go to the community people getting rid of all the spoil in cooperation to trade in with the local governmental unit Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 276 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken The pumping stations Will the pumping stations be Eng. Abd Allah linkage to each other linked together or linked to Showed a slide about how the Pumping the treatment plant directly . stations will be connected to each other In case of any electricity cut and the final one to the treatment plant off will it affect the pumping process Dr. Magdy: In case of electricity cut, a power generator will be used. Dr. Beshara There are spare pumps in case on get broken Who will be responsible It is essential to know who Dr. Magdy: • The community should be part of the for the handing over of will be responsible of A consulting firm works in cooperation monitoring activities the new project? handing over the new with the contractor. In addition, A project, as the village guarantee period will be applied to suffered from corruption warrantee the efficiency of the network. In related to water connection addition, during the construction, tests are applied for each 35 meters of works Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 277 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Subject Questions and comments Responses Actions to be taken Impact on the residential In case of affecting the Dr. Magdy and Eng. Safwat units houses will the company pay • The compensation of any damaged any compensation? houses is an item of the contract that will signed with the contractor. • The contractor follows the maximum avoidance procedures in order to put limitation for damaging any houses • The contractor will dry the underground water through digging wells • The water companies have a wide experience regarding the construction. The contractor will compensate for any damage results, subsequently, he will be very cautious in order not to pay any fines Delay in the Nader village suffers due to The chairman • Any delay that might be occurred should implementation schedule the delay in implementation The village suffer from severe be informed about in order not to raise schedule. It has been dug underground water problem that has the concerns of the community since nine years but the been investigated and the solution will be contractor stopped working proposed due to the underground water Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 278 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final Second Public Consultation Disclosure Activities The importance of the project for the government and the community was reflected in media coverage. Various newspaper presented some news related to the project, particularly, because the governor shed light on the project Photo 8-13: Sample of published news http://www.youm7.com http://digital.ahram.org.eg Closing note The key message from the consultation events carried out for this project is that the Public and government acceptance is simply overwhelming. Aside from limited concerns regarding arrangements for installation, delay and the underground water, stark acceptance of the project were highlighted during the consultation events Consultation activities are expected to continuous in cooperation with the community leaders and the local governmental entities. The awareness department will decide on the most appropriate consultation tool to reach out to the different stakeholders during the implementation of the project activities. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 279 ESIA for ISSIP II Project – Final ANNEX 1 – STUDY TEAM ! KEY MEMBERS OF THE STUDY TEAM Environmental management Expert Social Expert EIA Expert Water Quality Expert Water resources Expert Flora and Fauna Expert Occupational Health and Safety Expert Legal Expert Geology and Topography Expert ! ! ANNEX 2 – LAND APPROVALS ! Annex:&Approvals& ! ANNEX 3 – BASELINE MEASUREMENTS ! .... i"'lIJ iil::IJjII iiJljlJ Ministry of and Land Reclamation Agricultural Research Center ii4fJ19 aL!aJI9 uu!:Il).iJI :l1p.! Soils, Water & Environment Res. Inst.(SWERI) ol::l1.9 0...1>.,9 ':'L....G..DI.,9 J.=,l\..:..:iJ\ From :Unit of Soils, Water and Environment Analyses and Studies Component. To : ISSIP II project -Menufeya Governorate-EI Nanaeya - Zawiat EI Baqly . -Receipt No.(668}. Subject : Soluble micro nutrients & Heavy metals content of the water sample which delivered by yours. - mgr l pH - Mo Cr I Cd I Pb Ni CO II Se As Si Al 0.00 0.001 1 0.00 I 0.001 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.015 1.08 0.00 7.28 Address : 9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt Area Code: 12112 P.o. Box : 175 El-Onnan, Egypt .. ,... 0 - 0L-03.) \ \YO , T e l : 0235724269 - 02 35720608 •'\' rov,\,. i''''' - • '\' rov"\'f "I'i 0. '0,3 ,;, I• F a x : 0235720608 ·,\,rOV,\,·i·,.., 'u" .-Ui Website: www.sweri-eg.com e-mail: sweri@sweri-eg.comswerisweri@hotmai1.com &ll.lSljIII =rllBiwllJ iil:IJilI iiJljlJ raatry of i laIIIIlIecIamIIIIIn ii.\dJjlIIlii...... j!:::I. . AgJ"icultural Research Center To : ISSJP IJ Proj ect - You will find b elow the ana lysis of w ater Sam p le (ELN a naeya I _awai t F LH a ql.' ) Th e cos t w as pa id by biJI No. ( 435 ). I Item II Un it )1 , M I T otal Sus pend ed so lid (TSS) _ ull 0_ -- - , Chemical Oxyge n Demand (C OD) M gfl 2X , - Biological Oxyge n Dem a nd (BOD) M_ iff! I:-> __ _ _ _ - . _. I T otal Colifo rm bacte r ia C ft! f I I - - 3--1 --- I -Feca - - l Coliform .- -_ . bacte ria c r 1 1111 12 Sa lmonell a and s hige lla bact e ri a C ft! I 1111 I lid I - I • CF U = Colony Fo nnin g Unit. • Nd = not detected With Best Rcgan!s Address :9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt - - o.)--">\..;;JI d........A4--,y '\ : \ ,\ \,: J From :Unit of Soils, Water and Environment Analyses and Studies Component. To : ISSIP IT project -Menufeya Governorate-EI Nanaeya - Bishtamy . Receipt No.(668). Subject : Soluble micro nutrients & Heavy metals content of the water sample which delivered by yours. mgr l pH MQ Cr Cd Pb Ni Co Se As Si Al 0.00 0.001 0.00 0.003 0.00 0.001 0.00 0.013 1.31 0.003 7.21 Address : 9 Cairo Un iv, Street, Giza, Egypt : Area Code: 12112 HIH : P.o . Box : 175 El-Onnan, Egypt ,) ,0. - \YO : ,"=" T e l : 02 35724269 - 02 35720608 ." \"OV,, · ,\·i\ -." \"OVHn4, : 0.,9 ad; F a x : 02 35720608 ."\"ov,,.,\.i\ Website: www.sweri-eg.com e-mail: sweri@sweri-eg.com swerisweri@hotmaiLcom IIIIiIljII mJjll DJljlJ Mnlstry of AgrIcIftre I.IJDIIIedImati _. IJ III.udI iluD _ IJ - .au:. IiAl=IJillIii..... j!=I... Soils,Water &Environment Res. ins (S.w.E.R.I) Agricultural Resean:h Center :i! .>J3J:jj To : ISSIP II Project - M o no fyifl ga vcrnoratc . Y o u w iU nnd below the a n a ly sis of water S a mple ( LLNa!l ' - Hi:-. lll;1I . ) The cost w a s pa id by bill No. ( 435 ). Ite m II Unit II I ---r [ I Total Susp end ed solid (TSS) -- - --- 111 0 __ b /1 » Che mica l Oxygen Demand (C OD) mo M_ll _ .' - Oxx.gen Demand (BOD) 111 (T M_il _ 2() - Total C oliform bacteria C fu I 1111 () 7 - -- -- Fecal Coliform bacteria C fll I 1111 .- I .- .- n .- \ SalmonclJa and shi ge lla ba cte ria C fu I III I \I .I • CFU = C olonyF or ming Uni t. • Nd = n o t det ected Wi th Best Rega r ds _ __ i-.? . .... .\ .. '1 -,.1.,,--, .. .. ,",' "', -'---"..:>.1 . I ' Address :9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt - - oy-A>\.;J\ 0:u '\ : Area Code : 12112 ''"'" '"': ($..LJyj-A.,) P.O. Box : 175 E1-0rrnan, Egypt .,) 1<"" - IYo : "-:-" T e l : 02 35724269 - 02 35720608 . n"ov,", '-\'A - . n"ovn n'\: Uj .; .Ii Fax : 02 35720608 • '"' '\ oV,",' -\. A : U" Website: www.sweri-eg.com e-mail: sweri@sweri-eg.comswerisweri@hotmail.com vw.aIJili ii.cIJjlI iJljlJ Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation ......._..... ei"e,IJ.i!=JII Agricultural Research Center ii4!J 1 9 Soils. Water & Environment Res. Inst.(SWERI) ol:!l13 0...1>3 J=..! I From :Unit of Soils, Water and Environment Analyses and Studies Component. To : ISSIP II project -Menufeya Governorate-Bishtamy G.W. Receipt No.(668). Subject : Soluble micro nutrients & Heavy metals content of the water sample which delivered by yours. mgrl pH Mo Cr Cd Pb Ni Co Se As Si Al 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.002 0.007 0.017 12.97 0.00 7.42 Address : 9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt HI'" : Area Code: 12112 P.o. Box : 175 El-Orman, Egypt ";)-0---"" - 0 L--o3.) IV 0 : T e l : 0235724269 - 02 35720608 \"oVHn,\ : Wj F a x : 0235720608 Website: www.sweri-eg.com e-mail: sweri@sweri-eg.com swerisweri@hotmaiLcom ...at :lIlaiwllJ iidJiD IrY lit ll.alld 8edaIutIoII . I dll. iiWJI ....II·lIIDIdlil - Ba _ un . Soils, Water & Environment Res. ins (S.W.E.R.I) AgricUltural Cl!nter "41 '!!tlj To : ISSIP II Projec t - M onofyi a gav c rnora tc. You w ill fi nd helm.v th e an alysis of w Me r Sample (Irs h a lllY C . W The cost was paid by bill No. ( 435 ). - I Item II Un it II 1 T ot al S uspe.nded solid (TSS) noll __ _h I I 2:;;; {) .- - Chemica l Oxy ge n Dt'm and (C OD) III (J II 12 b_ -- i Biological Oxygen D em a nd (BOD) mg/l () -- -- -- Total Coliform b acteri a C fu I ml 22 - - ._ .- ia Fecal Colifo rm ba cter C fu - I-- 1111 - II r----'- - . Salmonella a nd shigella ba cte r ia C rll / 111 1 lId ! • C FU = C olony Forming Unit. • Nd = not d clcded With Best Re gards . "-1 ' ,)0 -'->..:\ . ..!...U. \ ./:'t-L.> I .J .; 'S.. . \'\ J, .J"': I{ Address :9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt Area Code: 12112 \n \r : 1SJ..J'y' j-<..J P.O. Box : 175 El-Orman, Egypt .J ',...,Q - IYo : ,-:-,. T e l : 02 35724269 - 02 35720608 ·r'ovr·,,\·A- ·r'oVHn,\: U3 oJI; F a x : 02 35720608 ·r'ovr·,,\·A: Website: www.sweri-eg.com e-mail: sweri@swen-eg.comswerisweri@hotmail.com I __ i ""1J M:IJilI iiJljlJ Ministry of Agr iculture and Land Reclamation Agricultural Research Center al!al 1 9 :uua Soils , Water & Environment Res . Inst. (SWERI) From :Unit of Soils, Water and Environment Analyses and Studies Component. To : ISSIP II project -Menufeya Governorate-Danasour Drain. Receipt No.(668}. Subject : Soluble micro nutrients & Heavy metals content of the water sample which delivered by yours. mgr 1 pH Mo Cr Cd Pb Ni Co Se As Si Al 0.00 0.002 0000 0.00 0000 0.001 0.00 0.029 8.16 0.00 7.46 With Our Best Regards, Address : 9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt : Area Code: 12112 \"1'' ' : (5.J....Jyj..o.) P.o. Box : 175 El-Orman, Egypt ..) \YO : ..,.,. T e l : 02 35724269 - 02 35720608 ,","OV"·i·A-·","OV"\'t"l'i'\ :0j ad; F a x : 0235720608 ." ,"oV"·i·A : Website: wwwosweri-eg.com e-mail: sweri@sweri-egocomswerisweri@hotmail.com uuSljIII il:IJilI iiJlj'l raiI1rY 01 "1.JIad IIedImation _ UIaIJiII iilJll! . . iiAclJjll liill=lloll jm... Soils, Water & Environment Res. ins (S.W.E.R.ll Agricultural Research Center To : ISSIP )J Proj ec t - Monofyia g a vc rnOrtltc . You will find helow th e an aly sis of wate r Sa mple (D,lnaso\lr \) 'ai ll) Th e cost w as paid hy hill No. ( 435 ). I Item II U nit I! Total Suspended soli d (TSS) m g/l I ()::; - C he mical Oxygen Demand (COl?) merl _ b -IX De mand (BqD) 111 (r1\ -10 - T otal Col ifor m h acteria - C fu I III I () 2 1 - -- . ---. - .. - - - -- - . - - - -- .. I I Feca l C olifo rm hacteria C 'u I Illi- ! , U I Salm one lla an d s hi ge lla ba cte ria C fu I 1111 I III I 1 .1 • C FU = C ol o ny Formi n g Un it. • Nd = not d et ert ed With Best '{ 'g a r , Address :9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt Area Code: 12112 ,n, 't: jj\lI1Yo : l04- '-:-l' ua T e l : 0235724269 - 02 35720608 · n "oy't·\·!\- U,,9 oJI; F a x : 0235720608 ·'t'\OY't·\·!\:u" (\:9 Website: www.swen-eg.com e-mail: sweri@sweri-eg.comswerisweri@hotmail.com vu=tJJlI. "JjlI iiJljlJ Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Agricultural Research Center al!all; ;uu.a Soils. Water & En vi ro nment Res. Inst.(S WERI) c4llj .5..1>j ..::.L.""I,)..DIj J=..!Go.:i.!\ From :Unit of Soils, Water and Environment Analyses and Studies Component. To : ISSIP II project -Menufeya Governorate-Danasour G.W. Receipt No.(668). Subject : Soluble micro nutrients & Heavy metals content of the water sample which delivered by yours. mgrl pH Mo Cr Cd Pb Ni Co Se As Si Al 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.007 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.026 16.02 0.005 7.54 I With Our Best Regards, -----::---. - - Q, : Address : 9 Cairo Univ. Street, Giza, Egypt H\\,\, : i,S.J....lY.j.A.) Area Code : 12112 .) "H - 0I....-oj}·J{\ WO : '":' . (.)"> P.o. Box : 175 EI-Orman, Egypt . '\' r-oY,\,.,\./\-.,\, r-OY,\,tY'lQ, : Wj ;, . 1; Tel : 0235724269 - 02 35720608 .,\,r-OY'\'.,\./\ : Fax : 0235720608 Website: www.sweri-eg.com e-mail : sweri@sweri-eg.comswerisweri@hotmail.com IilDIJII iiJljlJ .utry of I. Laad IIBcIImaIloD ( .RC) iiAl=lJill1ii ;=.... Agricultural Research Center .. T o : ISSIP II Proj ect - Mon ofyia ga ve rnora te. You w ill fi nd below the ana lysis of w ater Sa mple ( Dan :lsoll r C .\\) The cost was paid by bill No. ( 435 ). II _ ._ 11 .--'- - I Item II Un it T ota l C h emic a l O xyge Bio!Qgical - - - _. - n so li d (TSS) De De - -.. Tota l C olifo rm- bact eri m m a a nd nd (CO - "- D) (BOD) - .- . - - a ---_._ - - . __.. - .. - f - - .- - _ O I-- - - C - - nw/ l J!l g/l mg/l fu I Illi n I , -IX V, 70 Feca l C olifor m bacteria C fu I 1111 I -W - .. - I Sa lmonell a and s higella bacte r ia C fu I Ill! s I ! • C FU = Colo ny Formin g Un it. • Nd = not d e tected Wi t h Bcsi f 'ga r -:j..oj Area Code : 12112 1 .) '''4 - WO : ,":-" P.o. Box : 175 EI-Orrnan, Egypt Tel : 0235724269 - 02 35720608 :w" ;,,1; rOV,\,.'\'A : F a x : 02 35720608 Website: www.sweri-eg.com e-mail: sweli@sweri-eg.comswerisweri@hotmail.com Table (1) : Chemical analysis of the extracted soil (1:5) and the percentage of organic matter. O.M pH T.S.S Anions (meq. / IOOg) Cations (meq. /IOOg) 1:2.5 % 0/0 CO=3 HCO-j cr SO=4 Ca++ Mg++ Na+ ](" 1.60 7.69 0.18 - 0.70 2.9 1.5 1.7 0.90 2.0 0.5 Table(2): Total mac.ro and micro nutrients c.ontent of the soil sample. (0/0) (mg/kg) N K P Fe Mn Zn Co B 0.11 0.5 0.074 4.96 0.089 74.85 50.20 1l.85 Table(3}: Total heavy metals content of the soil sample. (mg/kg) (0/0) Mo Cr Cd Ni Co Se As Si Al 16.00 57.20 2.73 46.95 21.00 0.00 0.00 0.078 2.954 2 ..I .... ..... . . "'!!"'I - . - __ .,..0lil CUJ=If 1- Soils, Water &Environment Res. ins (S.W.E.R.O .. 'l!t\j To : ISSIP II Project - Monofeyia Gover norate. You w ill fi nd below th e an alysis of Dan as o ll r tra tmc nt pl a n l Sa mpl e drived to our Lab., on 7/1112013 The cost was pa id by bill No. ( 2S4 ). I Item II Unit II nd I To ta l C oliform bacteria C fll 1 g -. - - - - Fecal Coliform bacteria C rn 1 g nel Sa lm onella and shigella bacteria Crn 1 g rd CFU = Colony Forming Unit. With Best Rcganls c- ):!..L I, J . \ \" <----" J =0\1\ Address :9 Cairo Uillv. Street, Giza, Egypt - - ;;.,r-lA.J1 d.....u,4- '\ : u1j----i.t.J1 Area Code: 12 112 , n , r : LSJ...Jyj.-AJ P.O. Box : 175 El-Orman, Egypt J \Y o: '-;-'. Tel : 02 35724269 - 02 35720608 ·rrov r ·,,\ ·A- · r r ovn n ,\ : Uj F a x : 02 35720608 . r r 0 vr . "\ . A : u" Website: www .swen-eg.com e-mail : sweri@sweri-eg.comswcrisweri@hotmail.com Meas uremen t & Cali b nltio n La b. o.HL...s....JI.J u L......4-i-!1 J.....u...o Of E ngin eerillg - Ca iro Ull i. '>JALilI - L.,;ls ISO ,' IfC 17025 TEST REPORT E nvironmental Measurement In Eco-Conserve - ISSIP n Proj ec t EI Monofeva Gover norate PREPARED By Measurement &Calibration Laboratory Cai."o University - Faculty of E ngineering Oct.2013 l\1 haikh Zaied (Bra ncb): Phone: 385070 64 - Fax: 38 507064 - PCG.MCL.ZArD@gmail.com - .,,-J'- .1;') ';'w,w I.>: .....:..oJ' <,.L> Page 4 of 11 TF 5 10/02 Issue Date 27/0 1/20 13 Test No : TR30313 01/Z Measurement type : The intens ity of the noise Measurement Measurement parameter : dB . ", .. ,-; .... " . 1 !:.l..' '' " H -1 / " . ,' , -I 1 , < 1 . , 1 =- .,. " .- .rJl ... I --- 11 , - _. .Q -- Q,.> ... ..... E co ....... _ Q,.> = ::::;I .." .> - < 1 9 -- n3 Q...I ...... dJ 1§ 0( i I .g - :2- "" C"O -' = Q...I "- ='f --- .2 :9 = = C) 7" . ' --- -./) ""- C"O c::. ro = 1 '-' t .-. j , I" , " I " .1-..> .1-...: , 1 I. I ) ..,-. f? ffl "'" ':::t ;r---; p. <""': ."""',I! ,' , ••• ••• TestedJD:-- Nam e: Taher Mo hamed Position: lab engineer Note: - - These results are app licable on ly fo r the environmental cond itions during the measuring process. Giza (Ma in Branch): I'hone: 35678496 I 356 78546 I 357 398 55 - Fax: 35702687 '-:!ls haildl Zaied ( Branch): Phone: 38 507064 - FlIl: 38 50 70 64 - PCG,MCL.ZAlD@gmllil.com - "" ) ir\iJI .... L....,J' l.,IS" Page 5 of I I TF 5111/02 Issue Date 27101120 13 Test No : TR30 31301/Z Measurement type : The intens ity of the noise Measurem ent Measurement parameter : dB ' .j . '";'0';', ....-. ' I " ( .:> ...., !> .1. " "'1 I ·, -1" I , :> ," ... J -- = -= -- -- QJ E 0 , 1 , ::::- - n:::s "'- ..,. => ..,., 1 . 0' n " ·l ...- CL. n::> E ..- i t => ..... <=> co •__ f , = , / ... ---- 0 "'- ro ..,., c:=. ": .1 -:-, : . rt '1 I I )..; I "" r , ', I • 1-1 I 1 :- 11 '" ..! . 1'": ..;1t.I • • ! A Tested by Name: Taher Mohamed Position: lab engineer Note: These resul ts are applicable only fo r the env ironmental conditions during the measuring proces .,. (\1ai n Bran ch): Ph(lne: 356 96 356 785 46 I 35739855 - Fax : 35702687 - •.;'LllI ..... 4- '-411 Za icd (Branc h): Phone: 38 SO 70 64- Fax: 38 507064 - PCG.MCL.ZAID@glllflil.com - ,rJ1- -', ;;"-411i¥ Page 6 of II TF 5 10/02 Issue Dalc 27/01/2013 Test No : TR303 1301/Z Measurement type : The intensi ty of the noise Measurement Measurement parameter : dB 't "";' ., • ...... 1 • "1 . -,' ., 1'-· 1 " 0-1 _1 ,, ," . = -'-"
  • C2.... = V') E :::iI C2.... ,, C; ...... Q.> = ..:2: = t::r .. =";:-, ; .: -= -;:: rQ -:',-: = --- -- -.u " , ::= =>-- -.:-' 0:::::::1 r'"CI ' ro .I.' 1 :-< , I '''; . , '. 1I -1 _ ,, I r, " -' , . I: .;.,. I, ,-: A 111 -: -9-' .11 Tested by Sign. tll"M!!-A Name: Taher Mohamed Position: lab engineer Note: - - These resu lts are app licable on ly for the environmenta l cond itions during the measuring process. Giza (:\11Iin Bmnch): Phone: 356784 96 35678546 1 35739855 Fa x: 35702687 - ...... '-.,Js Shaikh Zaied (Branch): Phone: 38 507064 - Fax: 3850 7064 - PCG.MCLl.AID@gmail.cQIII - Jii l ..rJl - -'11) 0.r'''', ..... 1<- .... J..fll ys" Page 7 of I I TF' 5 10/02 hsue Dale 27/0112013 Test No : TR30313 01/Z Measurement type : T he intensity of the noise Measu rement Measurement parameter : dB I. t l ...; ....1 .... "'; .' .... , 1 ·· _ "\ :.. t - -\ ... .,., -I , ..- ' 1' . 1 ........ = Q..> = E Q..> -= - B c:::. ......, = = ..,. c:::::L "> 1 < 5 '"'" Q..> E ....... ;;::5 ClI.... a = :>-- --= - C> E ..:. - = "" -= ...--- " , v? 0..:> B -= 2 1 ...! ....I I t : -<: , , I . , l' , , -, I j ,,' .... III ,,' •• a-t .w ••• Tested by j Sign. -r?iley HILi?(. Name: Taher Mohamed Position: lab engineer Note: These resu lts are appl icable only for the environmental conditio ns during the measuring process. (Main Branch): I'hooe: 356784 96 I 35678546 I 357 39855 - Fax: 357026 87 '.;AW I i..;ls Shnikh Za icd (Branch): I'hone: 38 507064 - Fax: 3850 70 64 - I'CG.MCL.ZAID@gmail.com - .,rJ1- ir'.!h """" L .c.,;JI 4,lS' PaGe 8 of II TF 5 10/02 Issue Dille 271()I/ 201 3 Test No : TR3 03 130 1/Z Measurement type : Particulate Matter Concentrati on Measurement Measurement parameter : PM I,PM 2.5,PM7,PM IO,TS P Table (5) Limit As Law Variables Expanded Location Mean Value No.9 for Year Environmental Evaluation S Uncertainty Name (mg/m3) 2009 Indicates Condition (m glm3) 3 (mg/m ) PM 1 0.02 ±0.O01 0.08 28 °C - 40% Complied PM 2.5 0. 02 ±0.O01 0.08 28°C - 40% Complied Danasour 1 treatment PM7 0. 064 ±0.004 0.15 28 °C - 40% Compl ied station PM ,o 0.075 ±0.OO5 0.1 5 28°C - 40% Complied TSP 0.087 ±0.O05 0.23 28 °C - 40% Compl ied PM 1 0.02 ±0.001 0.08 33 °C - 35% Comp li ed PM 2.5 0.02 ±0.00 1 0.08 33 °C - 35% Complied Danasour 2 PM7 0.025 ±0.004 0.15 33 °C - 35% Compl ied pump station PM,o 0.034 ±0.OO6 0.15 33°C - 35% Complied TSP 0.034 ±0.006 0.23 33 °C - 35% Complied - - - - - - - - L- - - . - Tested by Na me: Ta her Moham ed Position: lab engineer Note: These results are applicabl e onl y for the environ mental condit ions duri ng the measurin g process. GizlI (Main BrAncb): I'hone: 356784 96 35678546 I 357 39855 Fax: 357 02687 .j>\UlI ........4- ........>.it-!I4s haikh Zaied (Branch): Phone: 38 SO 70 64 - Fax: 38 50 70 64 - PCG.MCLZAID@g m'lil,com - ....'j O"..Ui I ....."" L-4' !.)S' Page 9 of II TF 510/02 Issue Date 27101/201 3 Test No : TR 303130 1/Z Measurement type : Particu late Matter Concentration Measurement Measurement parameter : PM 1,PM 2.5,PM7,PM IO,TSP Table (6) Limit As Law Variables Expanded No.9 for Year Location Mean Value Environmental Evaluation S (mg/m3) Uncertainty 2009 Na me Condition I (mg/m3) Indicates I (mg/m3) PM 1 0.02 ±0.001 0.08 31 °C - 33% Complied I PM 2.5 0.02 ±0. 001 0.08 31 °C - 33% Complied Zawyat el 3 baqly pump PM? 0.074 ±0.005 0.15 31 °C - 33% Complied J station PM 10 0085 ±0.OO6 0.15 31 °C - 33% Complied I TSP 0.097 ±0.007 0.23 31 °C - 33% Complied PM 1 0.02 ±0.00 1 0.08 31 °C - 29% Complied I PM 2.5 0.02 ±0.001 0.08 31°C - 29% Complied Beshtamy 4 pump station PM7 0.025 ±0.004 0.15 31 °C - 29% Complied PM10 0.035 ±0.006 0.15 31 °C - 29% Complied TSP 0.035 ±0.006 0.23 31 °C - 29% Complied '--- -- -- - - - '---- - - '------- - - Tested by Na me: Taher Moham ed Position: lab engineer Note: These results are app licable only for the environmenta l condi tions du ring the measuring process. Giza ( I'hill Bra nch): Phone: 356 78496 3% 785 46 1 357398 5S - fax: 35702687 _'JP...!l.i ...... IlJI ...... 4- ..... -'-'dJ I 41s Shaikh Zaied (Uraneh ): Phone: 38 50 70 64 - FI1X: 38 50 70 64 - PCG.MCL.ZAIO@gmall.eom - "r-JI- ...,1 ; ;....\lJ I...... i.,JS Page 10 o f II TF 5 10102 Issue Date 271011201 3 • Summary: All measurements are accept according to environmental law no (9) for year 2009 . • Increasing the noise measurement:- All measurements are not accept accordin g to env ironmental law no (9) for year 2009. Giza (Mai n Branch): Phone: 35678496 I 35678546 I 3:'739855 - Fax: 357 02687 - •..iAJ4 ;-"'I.lll ....... ..... -"tJ1 haikJl Zaied (Branch): Phone: 3850 70 64- Fllx: 38 50 70 6-4 - PCG.MCLZAID@gmail.com - ...1) '.r'illl;"'\.>- '-·4)1 J.,!S" Page II or I I TF 5 10102 Issue Date 27/01nOl3 ANNEX 4 – PUBLIC CONSULTATION ATTENDANCE LISTS ! Annex 8_ 1 List of participants ِ◌ ! Name Occupationcode sector Village District !‫ﺳ)ﻠﺔ &ﻹﺗﺼﺎ‬+ Subhi Abdul Latif Abdul Wahab Farmers and fishermen Danasor Danasor Al shohda Ghoneim 1 01006967167 Jamal Mohammed satah Business sales and services Al shohda Danasor Al shohda 2 01143488535 Husseini Abd almogad chazly Does not work / pension / Al shohda Danasor Al shohda housewife 3 01066966342 Ragab Mohamed Abu Laban Does not work / pension / Al shohda Danasor Al shohda housewife 4 01092105892 Afifi Abdel-Alim alafifi Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Danasor Al shohda 5 011144169382 Abdul gaied Ismail Haggag Manager and high Al shohda Danasor Al shohda administrative staff 6 01225046926 Husseini Abd El Mhdy El Shoura Does not work / pension / Al shohda Danasor Al shohda housewife 7 Muhammad Ali Dndouh Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Danasor Al shohda 8 01140916279 Mahmoud Abdo Dndouh Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Danasor Al shohda 9 Ali Abdel-Hamid Sidky Manager and high School Dnassour new Danasor Al shohda administrative staff 10 01119866127 Mohammed Fathi Barbar Administrative EEAA Tanta Al shohda 11 01006343163 Wael Zakaria Administrative EEAA Tanta Al shohda 12 01063357307 Mohammed Abdo Ibrahim Administrative EEAA Tanta Al shohda 13 01274212618 Ayman Abdel Aziz Mahmoud Administrative Magazine ad Al shohda Al shohda Zayat 14 01062440526 Ahmed Abdel Samad Manager and high Shuhada educational Department Beshtame Al shohda administrative staff 15 01008252799 Nadia Mohamed chazly Manager and high City Council Shuhada Beshtamy Al shohda administrative staff 16 01116595645 Jamal Saad Teachers Zawiat Bakly Zawiat Al shohda Bakly 17 01025120222 Hamdi Ahmed Arafa specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Zawiat Al shohda Technician/Imam in Bakly mosque----- 18 01143488527 Ahmed Abu Yazid Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Kafr El Al shohda Galita 19 01274553558 Abdul Majeed Abdul mawgod Manager and high Residents Danasor Al shohda shazly administrative staff 20 01009536956 Alameddine Abdel Sabour Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Al shohda 21 Reda Abo el Fotouh Administrative Social Al shohda Al shohda 22 01007978937 Ahmed Said Ahmed Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company company Al shohda 23 01220999550 administrative staff in the Governorate Mohammed Hassan Does not work / pension / Zawiat Bakly Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 24 01120649318 Salah Salah Mohammed Does not work / pension / Danasor Danasor Al shohda housewife 25 01145207852 Hassan Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Al shohda 26 2753786 Abdul Aziz Abdel gaied Farmers and fishermen Youth and Sports Beshtamy Al shohda 27 01115604684 Essam Abdel Atti Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Kafr El Al shohda Galita 28 0114632513 Imad Abdul Hamid Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Kafr El Al shohda Galita 29 0109345156 Eid Abdullah Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Kafr El Al shohda Galita 30 0120700025 Samir Ahmed Kandil Farmers and fishermen Al shohda Kafr El Al shohda Galita 31 01007091378 Ibrahim Ahmed Kholi Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Danasor Al shohda administrative staff in the Governorate 32 01022892279 Ahmed Abdel-Maksoud Does not work / pension / Danasor Al shohda GEWEILI housewife 33 01125275031 Saeed Mohammed chazly Does not work / pension / Danasor Al shohda housewife 34 01141882138 Ibrahim Bakr Almaras Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 35 01061448611 Bakir Bakri Mari Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Danasor Al shohda in the Governorate 36 01211992523 Ahmed Shaker Abdel Shafi Amer Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 37 01007434168 Rifai Ahmed Allaat Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 38 01147498474 Mohamed Ahmed Kholi Administrative Of Education Danasor Al shohda 39 01063232664 Abdul Salam Mohammed shazly Does not work / pension / Danasor Al shohda housewife 40 01024000168 Ibrahim Ahmed Kholi Administrative Of Education Danasor Al shohda 41 01022892279 Sabri Abdel-Latif El-Shazly specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Of Education Danasor Al shohda Technician/Imam in mosque----- 42 01145595561 Abdul Majeed abdule mawgod Manager and high Of Education Danasor Al shohda shazly administrative staff 43 01009536956 Saber Abdel Majid ter elbar Manager and high City Council Shuhada Danasor Al shohda administrative staff 44 01124331888 Arif Imam Ali Abed Rabbo Farmers and fishermen Local Unit martyrs Danasor Al shohda 45 01146371900 Hussein Moussa Mahmoud Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 46 01098941292 Cewdet Saadawi Cewdet Farmers and fishermen Danasor Danasor Al shohda 47 01027925644 Mahmoud Muhammad Ali Abd- Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 48 01010673428 Rabbo Essam Mustafa specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Al- Menoufia Danasor Al shohda Technician/Imam in mosque----- 49 01001042938 Ayman Mohamed Shehata Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 50 01118934048 Ahmed Ali Zakaria Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 51 01143599058 Adel Ibrahim Moussa Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 52 01008804440 Mohammed Ibrahim Abu Naja Does not work / pension / Danasor Al shohda housewife 53 01146303114 Mahmoud Abdul Hai Hamouda Farmers and fishermen Danasor Al shohda 54 Hatem Noureddine salama Administrative Danasor Al shohda 55 Sabri Abdullah Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 56 01009536903 Fathallah Mohammed Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 57 01272836346 Sami Ahmed Abdel Ghaffar Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 58 01123944162 Abbas Abul Naga Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 59 01007502147 Imad Said Farmers and fishermen Al shohda 60 Jamaluddin Ahmed Hamouda Manager and high Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 61 01006032576 Subhi Abdul Latif Ghoneim Manager and high Residents Danasor Al shohda administrative staff 62 1006997167 Subhi Abdel-Latif El-Shazly specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Residents Danasor Al shohda Technician/Imam in mosque----- 63 01145955961 Ali Ahmed Mourad Teachers Shuhada educational Department Beshtamy Al shohda 64 1004769473 Mahmoud Suleiman Teachers School Bashtama Elementary Beshtamy Al shohda School 65 2.64063E+12 Mohamed Abdel Fattah Administrative School Bashtama Elementary Beshtamy Al shohda School 66 1401897 Badr Bakhit specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Endowment Shuhada Beshtamy Al shohda Technician/Imam in mosque----- 67 2.69062E+13 Sobhi Awad Abu Zeid Teachers School Bashtama Elementary Beshtamy Al shohda School 68 2.64082E+13 Metwally Ahmed Eid Assistant Specialist Industrial Secondary martyrs Beshtamy Al shohda 69 2.63122E+13 Osama Abdel Hafez Administrative Medical management Shuhada Beshtamy Al shohda 70 01064606869 Abdel Fattah Mohamed Bakly specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Al Gomhouria Beshtamy Al shohda Technician/Imam in mosque----- 71 01005474306 Ibrahim Abdul Salam Aser Manager and high Bank of Cairo Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 72 01007380121 Asmaa Mohamed Abdel Atti specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Technician/Imam in in the Governorate mosque----- 73 1143584432 Nancy Lutfi specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Technician/Imam in in the Governorate mosque----- 74 1223759980 Said El saied Khalif specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Beshtamy Al shohda Technician/Imam in in the Governorate mosque----- 75 1287424290 Said el saied Abu -Hamad Does not work / pension / Water and Wastewater Company Beshtamy Al shohda housewife in the Governorate 76 1004948564 Ibrahim elsaied Mohammed Does not work / pension / Water and Wastewater Company Beshtamy Al shohda housewife in the Governorate 77 482700097 Mokhtar Abdel Fattah Does not work / pension / Water and Wastewater Company Beshtamy Al shohda housewife in the Governorate 78 111009694 Abdul-Hadi Mohammed Manager and high Ministry of Education Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 79 1147754551 Khaled Osman Manager and high Ministry of Education Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 80 1060690895 Noha Abdel Hamid Manager and high Local Government Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 81 2170097872 Ali Said Hamed specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Local Government Beshtamy Al shohda Technician/Imam in mosque----- 82 1022017854 Islam Subhi Nomani Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 83 1226000887 Doria Abbas Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 84 1000729941 Majid Qadri Rafael Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 85 1007803014 Hamad Ali Hamad specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 86 1097228014 Mervat Samir Hamed Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 87 1220994999 Ahmed Abdel Fattah Atta specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 88 1007267571 Mohammed Hasan Bilal specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 89 1285556785 Khaled Badawi Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El in the Governorate Kom Kom 90 1003116797 Mohammed Abdullah Abdel Aal Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El 91 1223118660 in the Governorate Kom Kom Ahmed Ibrahim Saad Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El in the Governorate Kom Kom 92 1002822088 Mahmoud Said Zain Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El in the Governorate Kom Kom 93 1010155157 Zainab Mohamed Hafez specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Aycocknserf Shben El Technician/Imam in Kom mosque----- 94 1066127117 Asmaa Reda Abdel Aziz specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 95 01007443255 Heba lamee specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 96 01062003004 Hend Fathi specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 97 01064549949 Iman Moaaz specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 98 0106474826 Reda Abdel Aziz Abu alghar specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 99 01220900744 Safaa Hassan Khalifa specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Technician/Imam in in the Governorate Kom Kom mosque----- 100 012285533792 Fouad Mahmoud Abu Saud Teachers Of Education Beshtamy Al shohda 102 01702434 Shawki Mohammed Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Al shohda Al shohda administrative staff in the Governorate 103 0100275314 Sami Ahmed Mohamed El-Shazly Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 104 01140219541 Sami Ismail Abdul Rasul Manager and high Shuhada educational Department Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 105 01140901438 Mohammed Omar Abdel- Hamid Does not work / pension / Shuhada educational Department Zawiat Al shohda Abu Sulaiman housewife Bakly 106 01122117752 Abdel- Hamid Abdel Hamid Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 107 0106594713 Ahmed Abdel -Ghani Teachers Farmers Syndicate Zawiat Al shohda Bakly 108 01124256611 Subhi Abdel Fattah Teachers Of Education Beshtamy Al shohda 109 0106323654 Ahmed Abdul Muttalib Teachers Azhar Beshtamy Al shohda 110 01000910275 Hamdi Abdel Mowgod Teachers Azhar Beshtamy Al shohda 111 01022953536 Mohamed Ahmed el shazly Manager and high Credit and Development Bank Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 112 Ihab Hassan Shafie Manager and high Radio and TV Zawiat Al shohda administrative staff Bakly 113 Muhammad Ali Habash specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Credit and Development Bank Zawiat Al shohda Technician/Imam in Bakly mosque----- 114 Jamal el saied Hasan Farmers and fishermen Beshtame Beshtamy Al shohda 115 01016409022 Hassan Mabrouk Faraj omara Farmers and fishermen Beshtame Beshtamy Al shohda 116 01126934461 Sobhi Ibrahim Mustafa Teachers Directors Amrous Beshtamy Al shohda 117 01069337529 Subhi Abdel Hafez Meshaal Manager and high School Bashtama Elementary Beshtamy Al shohda administrative staff School 118 0106989377 Mamdouh Abdel Fattah Teachers School Bashtama Elementary Beshtamy Al shohda School 119 01002672405 Abdel-Hamid Mohammed Abu - Manager and high Petrojet Beshtamy Al shohda Hamad administrative staff 120 01006079150 Mohamed Awad Manager and high Zawiat Bakly Beshtamy Al shohda administrative staff 121 0128471521 Ibrahim Mohamed Abdel Rahim Administrative Beshtame Beshtamy Al shohda 122 01009576787 Najib Mohammed Awadallah Teachers Beshtame Beshtamy Al shohda 123 01099100230 Hassan Hassan Shafie Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda housewife Bakly 124 Sami Salah Sweilem Teachers School tribal angle Zawiat Al shohda 125 Bakly Mustafa Mohammed Suleiman specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Railway Authority Zawiat Al shohda Technician/Imam in Bakly mosque----- 126 Mahmoud ahmed Dabbous specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ School Shahid Moustafa Hafez Zawiat Al shohda Technician/Imam in Bakly mosque----- 127 01128742194 Mohamed Ibrahim Ahmed Administrative School Shahid Moustafa Hafez Zawiat Al shohda Bakly 128 01065706585 Mohammed Suleiman Mahmedon specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ New graduate Zawiat Al shohda Technician/Imam in Bakly mosque----- 129 Ahmed Fathi Shoaib Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Beshtamy Al shohda administrative staff in the Governorate 130 01001350941 Mohamed Abdel -Hadi Muslim Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Beshtamy Al shohda in the Governorate 131 01125565578 Ahmed Ragab Manager and high Maintain its Beshtamy Al shohda administrative staff 132 01063327192 Hani el saied specialist(Engineer/ Doctor/ Maintain its Beshtamy Al shohda Technician/Imam in mosque----- 133 0106201973 Mohamed Abdel Rahim Does not work / pension / Zawiat Al shohda Mahmoud housewife Bakly 134 01003449101 El saied Abdul Khaliq Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 135 01006543410 Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El Pasha in the Governorate Kom Kom 136 01006473094 Abdul Rahman Shehata Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Kafr Shben El in the Governorate Donshowy Kom 137 0111523402 Ali Mohammed Shaheen Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Meleg Shben El in the Governorate Kom 138 Melad waheb Administrative Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El in the Governorate Kom Kom 139 Jamal Ahmed chazly Teachers Of Education Zawiat Al shohda Bakly 140 01005574052 Hafiz Saeed Jalil Administrative Electricity martyrs Kafr Al shohda Donshowy 141 0122506148 Mohsen Potros Attia Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 142 01224133493 Seif El-Nasr Ahmed Manager and high Shuhada educational Department Beshtame Al shohda administrative staff 143 01007881017 Mohammed Ali Abu Shehata Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Al com Al Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Akhder Kom 144 012850085004 Asaad Munira saad Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 145 01224602553 Gamal Manager and high Water and Wastewater Company Shben El Shben El administrative staff in the Governorate Kom Kom 146 Ali Muhammad Ali Farmers and fishermen Meleg Al shohda 147 Melad waheb Farmers and fishermen Shebein El Kom Shben El Shben El Kom Kom 148 Fathi Mohammed Noor Abdul Assistant Specialist Roads martyrs Zawiat Al shohda Hadi Bakly 149 01124333180 Essam Ahmed Alcazly other Zawiat Bakly Zawiat Al shohda Bakly 150 01144667382 Ashour Mohamed Mohamed Administrative Local Unit angle of tribal Zawiat Al shohda Bakly 151 01017436069 Abdel Fattah Abdel- Ati Administrative City Council Shuhada Beshtamy Al shohda 152 01060975141 Sherif Mohamed Abu Saud Skilled laborer Beshtamy Al shohda 153 01012297458 El saied Mahmoud Abu Ahmed Administrative Public Tax Beshtamy Al shohda 154 01000626614 Ahmed El saied Mohammed Mayor and Sheik balad Zawiat Bakly Zawiat Al shohda Mattar Bakly 155 01283014681 Samir Mohamed Abdel Rahman Farmers and fishermen Beshtame Beshtamy Al shohda Zeidan 156 0101552565 Mohammed Hassan Hussein Does not work / pension / Zawiat Bakly Zawiat Al shohda Osman housewife Bakly 157 01120649318 ANNEX 5 – CSC REPORT TEMPLATE ! Construction*Supervision*Consultant*Quarterly*Report* * Date:* * Section*1*:*Key*Performance*Indicators*(KPI)* * * Impact* KPI* ✔ If* If available, does it include all the mitigation Action*to*be* available* measures stated in the ESMP Put “Complete” or “incomplete”* taken* ✖ If*not* available* Air*Quality* B*EMP*Document* * * * Noise** B*Occupational*H&S*plan* * * * documented* B*EMP*Document*including* noise*measurements* locations* * Waste* B*Waste*Management*Plan* * * * Document** Archaeology* Permit* * * * Chance*finds*procedures* documented* Occupational* B*Occupational*H&S* * * * Health&*Safety* Document* * Community* B*Community*Safety* * * * Safety* procedures*dicumented* Visual*impacts* B*Tree*belt*design*drawing* * * * available** General* B*Complaints*Handling* * * * System*in*place** Section*2*:*Monitoring*Results* * AIR$QUALITY$ Site*Location* Measures* Year*1* Year*2* Q1* Q2* Q3* Q4* Q1* Q2* Q3* Q4* * HC* * * * * * * * * CO* * * * * * * * * Opacity* * * * * * * * * Visual* * * * * * * * * * NOISE$(Attach$map)$ Site*Location* * Noise*levels*(dB)* Year*1* Year*2* Q1* Q2* Q3* Q4* Q1* Q2* Q3* Q4* 1* * * * * * * * * * 2* * * * * * * * * * 3* * * * * * * * * * 4* * * * * * * * * * * WASTE$ Site*Location* * Waste*accumulation*(Score*0*to*5*:*“0”*refers*to*no*accumulation*and*“5”*to*very*large*and*disturbing*)** Year*1* Year*2* Q1* Q2* Q3* Q4* Q1* Q2* Q3* Q4* 1* * * * * * * * * * 2* * * * * * * * * * 3* * * * * * * * * * 4* * * * * * * * * * * * CHANCE$FINDS$$ Site*Location* Date* Time* Status*of*chance*find* Photo*documentation* 1* * * * * 2* * * * * 3* * * * * 4* * * * * * ANNEX 6 OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONTRACTOR OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONTRACTOR Air Quality Implement a construction site management plan including the following measures:  Store construction materials in pre-identified storage areas.  Cover friable materials during storage.  Wet the network of unpaved roads on site. The use of water should be restricted to extremely active areas.  Regulation of speed to a suitable speed (20 km/h) for all vehicles entering the village’s boundaries.  Implement preventive maintenance program for vehicles and equipment working on site and promptly repair vehicles with visible exhaust fume. Noise On site Construction noise shall be mitigated to ensure a safe work environment by implementing an occupational health and safety plan, which considers national and international requirements. The plan shall include the following measures:  Ear muffs/protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in noise critical areas  Training on how and when to use protective hearing equipment shall be conducted as part of the workers’ induction sessions.  Place visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant. Off-site construction noise shall be mitigated as follows:  Optimize the use of noisy construction equipment and turn off any equipment if not in use.  Regular maintenance of all equipment and vehicles  Stop all construction activities during the night  Communicate the construction schedule with neighboring communities and sensitive receptors  Implement a complaints system Soil and groundwater  Design and construct an impermeable protective base layer underlying areas with potential hazardous liquids storage or use  Implement a site construction management plan including segregation and reuse options of excavated soil. Waste management Solid non-hazardous waste A waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall be developed and implemented by the construction contractors. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plan shall include the following measures:  Implement a segregation system based on compatibility of different waste streams during each phase of project implementation  Specify an area/containers for non-hazardous wastes which accommodate for the generated segregated streams  Dispose of non-recycled wastes in the nearest landfill; the location of which needs to be confirmed at the beginning of the construction phase.  Register the amounts of disposed of wastes and keep waste disposal and transportation receipts/manifests, to be ready for review by the PMU/HCWW. Liquid waste  Prior estimation of dewatered liquid volume during the digging works  Collect and analyze samples of the dewatered liquid.  Arrange for disposal by tankers in nearest sewers, PSs, existing WWTP or pre- determined drain locations, depending on the sample analysis results in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PMU  Evacuation of closed household cesspits and construction site sewage to existing WWTP, or pre-determined drain locations in consultation with and after getting approval of the CSC and RSU/PIU Hazardous waste A hazardous waste management plan complying with international best practice and relevant Egyptian regulations and covering all types of construction waste shall be developed and implemented by the construction contractors. This plan shall define exact procedures and locations for waste management and disposal. The waste management plans should also refer to health and safety procedures, and emergency procedures for containing and managing accidental spillages. a) General measures  All types of hazardous waste can only be transported by licensed hazardous waste service providers and disposed of in licensed landfill. Both, the service providers and disposal sites have to be identified at the beginning of construction works. At the time of producing this study, the nearest (only) hazardous waste disposal site is the Nasreya Centre in Alexandria.  The different types of hazardous wastes should not be mixed.  Spent mineral oils shall be collected, stored in sealed containers and recycled using a licensed company which also has to be identified by the contractor b) Adopting an Identification system for hazardous wastes generated on site The Contractor shall be able to identify the different potential hazardous wastes. Identification shall be performed according to the Egyptian hazardous waste classification system by the contractor’s in-house staff or with the aid of an independent waste management consultant appointed by the contractor. c) Storage and Management of the waste accumulation area The waste storage area for hazardous wastes could be integrated with the general waste storage area but shall be fenced, secured with limited admission and shaded from rain and sun heat/light.:  It is recommended that the maximum period for storing hazardous waste is 270 days from the start date of accumulation of waste.  The storage area must have a water supply  A hazardous waste label that has a “Hazardous Waste” mark on it must be placed on the container while still at the generation point. d) Emergency Response For the purpose of first response, when a hazardous substance release is first discovered or witnessed, the individual of concern who had to be previously trained would initiate an emergency response sequence by notifying the proper authorities of the release. The individual will take no further action beyond self-evacuation and notification. The aim of the response at this level is limited to protect nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. No trials are performed at this stage to actually stop the release. This level of response includes;  actions to contain the release from a safe distance  prevent its spreading  evacuation Archaeology  Prior to construction works the project's construction plan should be presented to the Supreme Council for Antiquities, who shall identify project locations (including PSs, WWTPs, sewer lines and FMs) that require providing protection against possible damage to near antiquities.  Chance find procedures will be employed, in case an antiquity is found during excavation. The process includes immediate cessation of excavation works, leaving the antiquity object exactly on its found location, taking photographs to document time and status of the object, assigning guards to watch the found antiquity and contacting the Supreme Council of Antiquities to handle the site within 48 hours. Traffic and difficulty of access  All mitigation measures for safeguarding long delays of vehicles and trains traffic will be undertaken by Local Traffic Department. The role of the project management will be focused on involving the authorities in the project planning process, to identify the type of crossing works, and to take permission for the duration and method of execution for specific crossings.  During the excavation of roads in villages, there should be a wood or metal bridge for pedestrians access over each opened trench. Pedestrian paths beside or across trenches should be as flat as possible, and clearly marked with warning signs that are visible at night. In all cases the maximum length of an open trench in certain road should not exceed 500 meters1.  Alternate access routes should be identified and communicated with the residents before starting /during construction.  Assign one worker to be present 24 hours for helping people with difficulty in access or respond to falling accidents Occupational Health and Safety Plan The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and safety plan. According to OSHA standards the main mitigations measures to prevent common construction hazards are: • Workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating • Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly. • Workers must comply with OSHA’s general rule for the safe use of ladders and stairways • The scaffolding hazard shall be addressed as stated by OSHA standards. They give specific requirements for the maximum load, when to use scaffolding, bracing systems and the use of guardrails. • To prevent Heavy Construction Equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents • The best way to prevent the Electrical hazard is for the workers to be at a safe working distance away from the power lines. Other precautionary measures include guarding and insulating of the vehicle from which they might work. This would help prevent electrical hazards from injuring them while working. The Occupational Health and safety plan shall also include the Egyptian Labor law No. 12 for 2003 and the international construction standards requirements, including , but not limited to , the following measures:  Identification of hazard sources to workers  Eliminating the sources of hazards  Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to how to use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  Inspection and testing of all equipment and machines 1 This condition has been recommended by the HCWW  Appointing an Accident Prevention Officer at the site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents  Designation of restricted areas, such as construction sites  Preparation of an emergency response plan  Provision of necessary rescue equipment  Elaboration and management of a safety guarantee plan  Provision of appropriate and sufficient first aid equipment • To prevent Excavation and Trenching accidents and injuries, both the contractors and workers must follow safety standards and use protective equipment to minimize hazards while trenching and excavating. The sides of the trenches should be strengthened by wood or aluminum reinforcement sheets installed on both sides of the excavated trench, in critical areas (adjacent to existing houses and near canals and drains). • Using fences and warning signs during the construction phase • Using protective barriers and safe walkways  Appointing of an officer on site, to take protective measures to prevent accidents and/or to respond to accidents.  Provision of appropriate and sufficient of first aid equipment on site  Design, plant and maintain a suitable landscape (tree belt) around the site in order to improve the aesthetics as well as reducing other environmental impacts such as odor and noise propagation Infrastructure  Coordination with the Local Governmental Units and the water and network companies to repair any damages. The contractor should pay for this cost.  Conducting surveillance activities to detect available pipelines or networks (water or electricity) Physical Integrity of structures  Measuring ground water levels before construction  Boreholes should be used to identify the type of soil and the potential of impacts on the current structures  In case the soil is fragile, wood support may be provided to the houses and land Impacts on existing septic tanks  Ensuring that construction is conducted far from the septic tanks  Repairing septic tanks in cases of damage occurring Street paving quality  A time plan should be developed for street rehabilitation  Inform the local community with any potential delay of street rehabilitation  Paving the streets immediately after the construction. That should be done by specialized companies or the contractors but not by the Local Governmental Units  Monitor the process of street rehabilitation and realistic fines should be applied on the entities responsible of street rehabilitation ANNEX 7 SUPPLEMENTARY HEALTH ENHANCEMENT INTERVENTIONS Conceptual framework The social ecological model represents a way of understanding and applying the principles of health promotion in the community setting. This means it helps communities recognize, explore and address the social and environmental factors that influence  citizens’  health  and  learning,  particularly  in  the  area  of  drug  use. The   model   recognizes   that   a   person’s   relationships   and   environment   have   a   strong   influence over  their  individual  behavior.  In  other  words,  an  individual’s  choices  and   behaviors are often the result of what they see, hear and experience in the world. Therefore, health initiatives in a community should focus on addressing the factors that influence the individual, family, cultural values, community norms, public policy, and institutions ". Socio-ecological model of ill-health The ISSIP II project is considered an intervention on the top level "public policy level". It should influence all the underserved population in the villages and impact the whole community. On the lower levels of intervention organizations such as "villages, schools, mosques, churches, health units, and NGOs" should take part in supporting the main intervention as well as providing the enabling environment to promote health and hygiene. On the inter-personal or the household level there should be also an enabling environment to promote health of the individuals. On the smallest circle, health education and behavior of individuals comes to serve as a key player, but not the sole player, to promote health. To ensure the desired outcome of the project, interventions have to address the different levels of the layers influencing ill- health. Thus in order to complement the current project with regards to health promotion, additional proposed interventions will aim at the following: 1- Enhance the hygienic measures at schools and other institutions 2- Promote hygiene inside the households 3- Increase knowledge and encourage positive attitude and promote hygienic behaviors. 4- Decrease the prevalence of diseases caused by water contamination Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 1 Developing public health interventions Bottom-Up approach As the project aimed to cover large number of villages in different governorates, the key factor in ensuring sustainability of any supplementary intervention is to build the different interventions based on the local community needs using a participatory approach. Community ownership of the planned interventions will enhance the positive effect of the project. Community and stakeholders engagement in the planning for supplementary public health interventions includes the following steps from the project owner: A. Introducing the ISSIP II project to the villagers, explaining the needs for such interventions, and introducing the importance of having supplementary interventions to support ISSIP II B. Exploring   the   local   partners’   needs   and   capacities   to   improve   the   hygiene in their communities. C. Using a participatory approach to design a local intervention plan tailored for each local community/village. D. Develop a local monitoring plan for each community to follow up on their achievement and increase their sense of ownership and loyalty to the project. When needed, the project owner shall provide technical assistance, training and support of the local community to conduct the required tasks Top-Down approach The local tailored plans are very effective in active communities that hold social responsibility and are willing to invest in their health and hygiene. However, in some communities top-down approach could be needed instead of the more effective bottom-up approach. Below are some suggested interventions to be conducted in the targeted villages based on their needs assessment. Hand washing interventions It is well documented in the literature that washing hands with soap decreases the risk of diarrhea. Suggested interventions for hand washing include the following measures:  On the social policy level o Develop national standards for WASH for schools and households o Develop a school curriculum about hygienic practices  School interventions o Health education sessions for school children o Distribution of soaps to  schools’  bathrooms    Soap distribution campaigns o Provide soap with low-cost/free to local grocery shops, provided that they have to sell the soap as part of an offered package with other essential  products  such  as  "oil,  bean,  rice,  et…"            Mosque health awareness campaigns o Introducing health awareness messages on Fridays' prayer on personal hygiene including hand washing  Health units Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 2 o Hanging posters at the health unit posters for illiterate on hand washing o Provide health education session to school children o Train teachers on how to deliver health messages on hygienic practices Bathrooms development and reconstruction Improving the sanitation system of the villages should be complemented with improving the structure of the local latrines inside the households and public facilities. Household level The head of the household holds the primary responsibility of improving the household latrine facility. However the project owner could provide technical assistance in the form of providing the available options to improve latrines. Suggested intervention at household level:  Developing a catalogue that contains photos of healthier options for bathroom/latrine designs including an approximation of the expected cost of each design  To ensure equity, local NGOs could collect donations to support the disadvantaged head of households (females, elderly, non-working, disabled, ect…)   who   want   to   improve   their   latrine   facilities   but   they   cannot   afford   its   cost. School level Development of school infrastructure is the primary responsibility of the Ministry of Education MOE "General Authority of Educational Buildings" (GAEB). Suggested interventions at school level  The project owner shall introduce the idea to the MOE indicating that the support of the latrines' reconstruction and development activities is crucial for the pupils' health. The message should be tailored to touch the effect of having good hygiene on decreasing school absenteeism and drop out resulted from frequent episodes of infection. The message should indicate that prioritizing schools enrolled in ISSIP II is crucial to complement the development efforts done by the government and local communities.  Till reconstruction the local community NGOs can provide a hand washing units in a clean place outside the bathrooms. Mosques/Churches For institutions that receive donations (Mosques and churches) the stakeholder awareness in these institutions should be raised to direct their donation to improve sanitation and reconstruct the latrines that it needs. Health messages should be religiously tailored to address the religious importance of such reconstruction and the overall impact on community health. Malnutrition interventions ISSIP II has a potential to reduce chronic diarrhea and the spread of intestinal parasites which will have a positive impact on children nutritional status. To magnify Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 3 the long term impact of ISSIP II on child nutrition, a wide variety of interventions should be introduced to address children malnutrition Interventions  On social policy level o Develop an effective antenatal care standard practice guides and ensure that all pregnant women have sufficient supply of iron and calcium. o Promote the breastfeeding practices by allowing flexible working hours for breastfeeding mothers o Develop national guidelines on weaning practices o Provide students with clean healthy meal o Develop school curriculum on healthy food habits  On school level o Establishing a healthy school kitchen program to teach students how to prepare healthy food o Providing clean vendors for food sellers around the schools o Promoting fresh vegetable and fruit in school canteens Solid waste disposal To complement the environmental hygiene activities a fourth arm should be attached to the three previous interventions. Solid waste should be managed as previously mentioned. In summary, to enhance the positive health impact of ISSIP II four intervention packages should be introduced according to the needs of each village/community. In each intervention category different layers of the socio-ecological model should be considered.  Hand washing interventions  Bathroom reconstruction  ISSIP II  Nutritional intervention  Solid waste management Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 4 Monitoring /Evaluation of the health impact of the project Evaluation of the health impact of ISSIP II shall be assessed based on the four main objectives of the project that are designed to address different level of the ecological model of ill-health caused by bad water, sanitation and hygiene. 1- Enhance the hygienic measures at schools and other public institutions 2- Promote hygiene inside the households 3- Increase knowledge and encourage positive attitude and promote hygienic behaviors of individuals, especially for children 4- Decrease burden of diseases caused by contaminated water, bad sanitation and hygiene Short term indicators The short term outcomes are the outcomes that happen right after implementing ISSIP II   and   the   supplementary   interventions.   Working   on   changing   villager’s   knowledge   and their attitude and practices towards personal hygiene can be observed after few weeks to few months of the implementation. These indicators will be measured by two surveys 1) Household survey that interviews the head of the household 2) School survey that interviews students directly The surveys should be conducted on biannual in the first year then annual for the succeeding three years then every three years for the rest of the project period. The survey is about personal hygiene and risk factors of the related diseases and will include the following indicators: Knowledge  Increase in the knowledge about diseases transmitted by contaminated water  Increase in the knowledge about proper treatment of diarrhea in children (for both general public and married women)  Increase in the knowledge about proper hygienic practices  Increase in the knowledge about the importance of balanced food intake  Increase  in  women’s  knowledge  about  waste  segregation     Attitude  Increase in the positive attitude towards specific hygienic practice o Washing hands after defecation o Washing hand before eating o Washing hand before preparing food (for females) o Solid waste disposal Practice A. Improve hand washing practicing Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 5 o Increase in the percentage of individual reports washing their hand with soap after defecation o Increase in the percentage of individual reports washing their hands with soap before eating o Increase in the percentage of women reports washing their hands with soap before preparing food o Increase in the percentage of children OBSERVED washing their hands with soap after defecation in schools B. Improve the bathrooms conditions and reconstruction o Establishment of standard guide to healthy bathrooms o Increase in the percentage of bathrooms that meet the standard characteristics of healthy bathrooms C. Improve the healthy nutritional practices o Increase in the number of children receives proper breastfeeding o Increase in the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables D. Improve solid waste management system o Percentage of households that segregate solid waste o Percentage of schools where solid waste is properly disposed Intermediate term indicators After   implementing   ISSIP   II   and   the   supplementary   interventions   villagers’   health   will improve. This improvement can be measured after several months of the implementation. To monitor this improvement an annual assessment of intestinal parasite will be done throughout the project course via; 1) Collecting a representative urine and stool samples from households 2) Collecting urine and stool samples from all school children The respiratory illnesses and eye infection will be monitored using the household and school surveys. Main indicators are presented below. Gastro-intestinal diseases  Decrease in the percentage of children that have diarrheal diseases by 35%  Decrease in the cause specific mortality rate from diarrhea in children 20%  Decrease in the percentage of adult who suffers from intestinal parasite in stool analysis o Decrease in the prevalence of ameba by 20% o Decrease in the prevalence of Giardiasis by 20% o Decrease in the prevalence of hock worm infection by 20% Bilharzias  Decrease in the percentage of adult suffering from active Bilharzias infestation by 20% Respiratory illnesses  Decrease in the number of ARI in children by 20% Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 6 Eye infection  Decrease in the percentage of children suffering from eye infection or inflammation Long term indicators On the long term, after reducing the rates of children diarrhea and implementing the supplementary nutritional interventions, the project will have a positive impact on children nutritional status. The following indicators should be measured every three years through an anthropometric assessment tool. The height and weight of a representative sample of children under-five years will be measured during the conduction of household survey. Improving health condition will potentially reduce the school absenteeism and drop out and increase the success rate. These indicators could be obtained from the schools’  records.       Children nutrition status  Improvement in children nutritional status (equivocal evidence, that needs targeted intervention in addition to WASH) o 20% improvement in prevalence of stunting after 5 years o 20% improvement in prevalence of wasting after 2 years o 20% improvement in the children with normal weight for height after 2 years Children cognitive development  Increase in success rate in schools by 10%  Decrease in school drop out by 10% Outcome indicators sewage disposal workers All workers involved in sewage disposal should be identified. All the above indicators shall be collected for all workers in addition to some indictors related to occupational hazards of sewage disposal workers The following indicators shall be collected annually  Percentage of workers with skin sores    Percentage of workers who suffer from persistence musco-skeletal pain in the last 6 months    Percentage of workers who had scabies in the last year The matrix below summarizes all the indicators discussed above. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 7 Outcome indicators matrix Indicator Risk Knowledge Percentage of individuals/students who know specific facts about hygiene. factors Percentage of individuals who know the proper treatment of diarrhea in children Percentage of married women who know the proper treatment of diarrhea in children Percentage of women who know about the proper balanced food intake Percentage of women who know how to segregate solid waste Attitude Percentage of individuals/children who have negative attitude towards non-adherence to hand washing after defection Percentage of individuals/children who have negative attitude towards non-adherence to hand washing before preparing food Percentage of individuals/children who have negative attitude towards nonadherence to hand washing before eating Percentage of individuals/children who have negative attitude towards improper solid waste disposal Practice percentage of individual reports washing their hand "regularly" with soap after defecation in the last 7 days   (hand percentage of individual reports washing their hands "regularly" with soap before eating    in the last 7 days washing) percentage of women report washing their hands "regularly" with soap before preparing food  in last 7 days Intermediate term indicators Short term outcome indicators the percentage of children OBSERVED washing their hands with soap after defecation in schools Practice percentage of bathrooms that meet the standard characteristics of healthy bathrooms (bathrooms) Percentage of latrine/toilets with flush in (schools/households) Percentage of renovated bathrooms in (schools/households ) Percentage of bathrooms that contains soap (school / household) Percentage of schools with facilities (e.g. sink with water) where students can wash their hands after they use the toilets or before they eat Practice Percentage of infants receives exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (nutrition) Percentage of individuals consuming fresh fruits or vegetables as recommended Practice Percentage of households that segregate solid waste (solid waste) Percentage of schools with solid waste separation trash Health Diarrhea percentage of children that have diarrhea in the last 2 weeks status Number of children that died out of diarrheal attack in the last 2 weeks Percentage of adult with dysentery in the last 2 weeks Parasitic percentage of adult/children who suffers from any intestinal parasites in stool analysis infection prevalence of ameba (adult/ children) prevalence of Giardiasis (adult/ children) prevalence of hock worm infection (adult/ children) Bilharzias Prevalence of Bilharzias (adult/children) Respiratory Percentage of (adult/children) who suffered from ARI in the last 2 weeks Eye percentage of children suffering from eye infection or inflammation in the last 6 months infection Health Nutritional Percentage of children under five with height for age more than -2 SD outco status Percentage of children under five with weight for age more than -2 SD Long term indicators mes Percentage of children under five with weight for height more than -2 SD Cognitive Percentage of failed students in schools development Percentage of school drop out Workers In addition to the Percentage of workers with sores (waste above indicators Percentage of workers who have ever had scabies in the last year disposal) Percentage of workers with persistence musco- skeletal pain in the last 2 weeks All indicators will be segregated by (sex, wealth index, educational status for adult, and mother's educational status for children) Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) 8 ANNEX 8 The agreement with the land owner.