Environmental Assessment/Analysis Reports _____ Report E 0003 Bangladesh - Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Proj ect EA Category B Environmental Assessment July 1992 This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6 Comnmission of the European Communities Environmental Assessment of the Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project: Bangladesh July 1992 Evrnental Resources Limited 106 Gloucester Place, London WlH 3DB Telephone 071-465 7200 Telex 296359 ERL C Facsimile 071-935 8355 T .7 T; ,<.- ['t7~JZP CONTENTS I WRODUC7ON 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 ASSESSAIENr MFODOLOGY 2 1.3 ORGANISA7TON OF THE REPORr 3 1.4 THE PROPOSED PROJECr 3 2 BASELNE iNFORMATION ON EMMRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF 27HE PROJECT AREA 9 z1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 9 2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 13 2.3 CROP PRODUCTION 15 24 FISHRES 21 2.5 FORESMY 25 2.6 IDUSTRy 27 Z27 INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENr 27 2.8 SELECTD NGOs INvOLvED IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES 30 -9 'RELATED DONOR SUPPORT 32 2.1 AGRICULTURE 32 .11 FISHERIES 32 212 FORESTRY 34 3 POTENTIL EVVRONMENTAL IMPACTS 35 31 nE COASTAL EMBANKMENT PROfECT REVIEW OF IMPACTS 35 3.2 POSFTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 37 3.3 NEGA77VE ENWVRONMENTAL IMPACrS 42 4 PROIECT IMPACT ASSESSMENT 43 4.1 IN7RODUCTJON 43 4.2 AGRJCULTURE 43 4.3 FISHERIES 50 44 YDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT DYNAMICS 52 4.5 SoCIo-ECONOM&CS 53 46 MISCELLAEOUS 55 5 ENVIRONMENAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR 171E PROJECT AREA 56 5.1 MRODUCrION 56 5.2 MA NAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL IWFENSIFICAT7ON 57 5.3 MANAGEMENr OF FIShMIES ISSUES 62 5.4 MANAGEMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSES 63 5.5 COASTAL AFFORESTATION 63 &6 INST7IUTIONAL RESPONSIBLITIES FOR ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT 64 5.7 PROCrE CONDIONALTES 65 6 ANALYSIS OFALTERNA77VES 66 il TnE LAISSEZ-FAIRE OPTION 66 7 MAN CONCLUSIONS 68 7.I OVERAU DIRONMENTAL IMPAcF 68 7.2 SCOPE FOR LMPACT Mm7GAo770i 68 7.3 LmPACr MONFTORING 68 7.4 ENviRoNMEENTFAL MANAGEmENT 69 ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. EXECU77VE SUARY 1IIROD1IC7ON 1.1 BACKGROUND This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Limited (ERL) and is an environmental assessment of the proposed Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (CERP) in Bangladesh. The project was formerly bkown as the Cyclone Protection Project 11. ERL's assignment has been funded by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) which is co-financing the project in conjunction with the World Bank and the Government of Bangladesh (GOB). 1.1.1 The Assignment 7he CEC has contracted ERL to provide environmental consulting services to conduct an assessment of the environmental and social aspects of the CPP 11 and to participate in the World Bank's project appraisal mission in Bangladesh. During the latter. ERL consultants will assist the mission in project appraisal and will identify opportunities for CEC support within the project. T7his report is concerned with the environmental assessment of the project which was carried out by an ERL Senior Consultant over a three week period in Bangladesh during June 199Z A report on the World Bank appraisal mission and opportunities for CEC support is the subject of a separate report which will be produced in August after the Bank's appraisal mission (scheduled for July 7992). 2 THE PROJECT The project has the following components: * Rehabilitation and improvements to 12 sea-facing embankments. * Minor rehabilitation and improvements ro the non-coastal sections of polders in the mid-term programme (induding re-excavation of drainage canals and repair or replacement of drainage structures). * Afforestation of embankment slopes and a 700-200m wide strip offoreshore to reduce embankment damage and maintenance costs * Improved Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of all embankments and polders in the mid term programmew with provsfns for the inolvement of displaced/landless people. E-must3.EL RKc LzA,u Com um UG -ESwACmu * Technical assistance jpr implementation support and training of implementing agency staff and communities participating in O&M and afforestation activities. * Vehides and minor equipment for GOB supervision and for Non Covernmental Organisations (NGOs) involved in organising community participation. * Environmental monitoring and mitigation measures. 3 KEY POTE7NIfAL PROJECT IMPACTS The key potential project inputs are summarised in Table 3a. 4 MAiV CONCLUSIONS 4.1 OVERALL ENVIRoNMENrAL DWPACT 7he environmental appraisal confirms that the overall environmental impact of this project is positive The expected impacts on fisheries, agrnogre and soco-economic status of the apouation in the project area will be significantly positive in most reapects. The main source of signifiamnt negative impacts is likely to be lant aeuisition_fr embanknent construction and rehabilitation. Unless compensation and resettlement provisions are adequate, long term residual impacts (which persist after ottempts at mitigation) may arise in relation to: - Loss of fruit trees. L oss of prime aRrltural land * Ibtion of surface water bWes. 4.2 SCOPE FOR IMPACT MIGATION There is adeqate scope for the mitigation of virtually all the identified adverse environmental and social impacts of the project. We have stressed throughout this report the need for those families who are affected by embankment tcm tuon-tsbL compensated for their immediate assets and loss of produce from lost trees and crop land BnuWONmSMAL RMSoWum 1u1 Coinww cwnu Eim.i Commua,m E _ L R a o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TabIc 3a Key Pote,itiail Project limipacts and AMonitoriIj/Mitigation Measures Nature of Impad lmpact Characterization (-, e Miligaltlor/Management Activities Ground water pollution Sig, LT, LP, LO, Irr Promnote efficient use of agrochemcakL Restrict agrochemkal use in areas where problems aris. Promote integrated pest managenenL Changes in ladder availability Insig, LT, LP, La, Rev Encourage growth of lodder pants in afforestation areas and on public land Salinisalion of groundwater 5ig, LT. HP, La, Irr Impose sirks contrls on grmundwater abstraction Promote crops of low water demiand. Drawduwn of surface water resources Sig LT, HP, LO, Rev Encourage cultivation of low water demand cops. Provide LLP irrigation rorn outside pokiers. Rcstrict cropping pallerns. Decline in openwater capture fisheries Insig, LT, LP, LO, Rev Artifkial stocking of captum fisheries. Time drainage schedule to migratory patterns. Increased aquaculture production. Sig, LT. HP, Lo, Rev NGOs to provide assistance in aquacullure development. Increased employment opportunities Sig, LT/ST, HP, Ex, Rev NGO - coordinated ernployment training. Increased credit dependence. Insig, LT, Lo, Rev NGO advice on credit invesiment management Improved socio-economic stalus. Sig, LT, HP, Ex, Rev and income generating activiles. Loss of 14lad to embankment conutructitn and/ar Sig LT, HIP, Ex, Ir Minimise land take on landward side. raw material acquisition. Replace/compensate for affected assets. Ensure adequate compensation for crop lss on long term basis. Provide advke on management of cash compensation. Social conflicts amongst affected groups. Insig. ST, LP, Lo, Rev NGO mediation Social fabric of communities disruptled. Insig, ST, LP, Lo, Rev Beneficiary participation in reseltleawnt plAnning. Genetic erusion Sig, LT, Ex, Iff Colleclion and prescrvation of indigenous varieties. Rodd daiiage and accidlenits caused by Insig, ST, LP, LA), Rev Repair damaged ra sections and property. c(nstruclican tr4ffic. Impuse kiad/spexd restrictions on coristruclion traffic. Nature of Impact Impact Characterization MillatlganJMaaagement Activitie Sedimentaliin (if khidls dnI wdlercourss Inrsig, LT, Lo, Rev Re-excavater allected watercourses if necessary. NGO saistance in fisheries deelopmenwt. Increased recruitment of shrimp I.rvje due to Sig, LT, Lo, Rev NGO advice on patterns of afforeslation and mayngrove affurestatiun. suslainabkl explilakion Suggest ranaagemenl practies as appropriate. Conflicts of ldnd-use amongst rice/shrimp farmers. Sig, LT, HP. In, Rev Introduce land-use zonation Key Sig - Significant Insig - Insignificant LT. Long Term ST - Staort Term HP - High prubability LP - Low probMbility Lo- Localized Ex - Extensive Rev * Reversible hrr. Irreversible 7the fort required to mitigate tte effects of increased water demand and reduced availability of surface water resources will vary widely. In some areas full mitigation may be possible by excavating dep borrow pit ponds, whilst in other areas the provision of surface water irr.gation schemes may be required. The NMIDP could support some of these requirements. 4.3 ImPAClT MONIToRoNG The impacts of the project can be monitored effectively by drawing upon the information collected by other agencs and donor-supported monitoring programmes. The consultants of the Project Implementation Unit will have to formulate and establish mechanisms for this to be achieved. 44 ENViRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT The existing institutional framework is inadequatefor the purpose of long term holistic management of coastal polders. The most appropriate way of achieving this goal is by development of an Environmental Management Cell within the Bangiadesh Water Development4 which could collaborate witlhout coordinating the actions of other agencius involved in poWder management E-moNmoaAL ,.ouwa [Aaw Cdm~ oF 7m Eunapow Cammum. EI'4V.~~~~OtNTLROCULuwC.m aiM Eiuu CoSdu I WNRODUC77ON 11 BACKGROUND This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Limited (ERL) and is an environmental assessment of the proposed Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project (CERP) in Bangladesh. The project was formerly known as the Cydone Protection Project 11. ERL's assignment has been funded by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) which is co-financing the project in conjunction with the World Bank and the Government of Bangladesh (GOB). 1.1.1 The Assigment The CEC has contracted ERL to provide environmental consulting services to conduct an assessment of the environmental and social aspects of the CPP 11, and to participate in the World Bank's project appraisal mission in Bangladesh. During the latter, ERL consultants will assist the mission in project appraisal and will identify within the project opportunities for CEC support. This report is concemed with the environmental assessment of the project which was carried out by an ERL Senior Consultant over a three week period in Bangladesh during June 1992. A report on the World Bank appraisal mission and opportunities for CEC support is the subject of a separate report which will be produced in August after the Bank's appraisal mission (scheduled for July 1992). 1.1.2 Tffm of Refcwc (ToRs) The Terms of Reference for ERL's environmental assessment of the Cyclone Protection D Project are reproduced in Annex A. In summary they involve the foilowing tasks: * Reviewing the adverse impacts of the first Cydone Protection Project and suggesting ways in which the proposed prQject can be modified to mitigate against such impacts. * Identifying potential impacts of the project, in quantitative terms where possible. * Comparing the environmental costs and benefits of project implementation against the laissez-faire option. * Preparing an impact mitigation plan which includes cost estimates and implementation arrangements. * Describing, evaluating and making recommendations on the institutional framework for environmental management of the project. ENV.ONM.rL RUsCIS LDUD Comm or .m Ehm Co%stum *1 * Preparing and costing an impact monitoring plan. 1.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOL OGY This report is based upon the findings of a three week period in Bangladesh during which field visits were undertaken and discussions held with local inhabitants and relevant agencies, primarily in Dhaka. We conducted the environmental assessment in accordance with the World Bank's Operational Directive 4.00 on Environmental Assessment. Consideration was also given to the World Bank's policy and guidelines on resettlement and compensation, and to the environmental assessment guidelines produced under the Flood Action Plan (FAP) environmental component (A j During the time available, it was not possible to collect detailed primary data on the existing environmental and social characteristics of the project area. The assessment is therefore largely based upon the data coDected for Cyclone Protection Project II, other components of the Flood Action Plan and relevant projects such as the Agricultural Support Services Project and the National Minor Irrigation Development Project. Information from these sources is available for environmental and social characteristics at the district and upazila administrative levels but not for individual embankment and polder areas covered by the project. This places limits on the depth to which environmental assessment can proceed though we have attempted to take local conditions into accDunt as far as possible. For many aspects of the environment, there is inadequate data to allow for quantitative analysis of environmental impacts refletiing poor data collection activities in the past. This has imposed constraints on impact analysis of some environmental aspects such as fisheries, water quality and agro-chemical based poilution. Similar difficulties have been noted by the Kampsax International- lead consortium. The term 'environmental impact' is used here in its broadest sense to include socio-economic issues unless otherwise stated. We have characterised environmental impacts, where possible and appropriate in the following ways: * Significance. * Duration. * Likelihood. * Extent. * Reversibility. In devising impact monitoring and mitigation measures we have taken into consideration local institutional difficuties arising from inadequate resources, staffing levels and experfise, mainly bcattempting to combine the monitoring requirements of this project with other related projects. ENwONuL RBVmcu Lmw Commi 0 1F6 Eumww Cosamm Any quantitative assebsments of costs and benefits arising from project impacts are based on the Flood Plan Coordinating Organisadon (FPCO) guidelines on conversion factors. 1.3 ORGANISAT7ON OF TME REPoRT This report consists of various sections which are supported by annexes containing further information. Section I contains information on the proposed project and its context within Bangladesh whilst in Section 2 we outline the environmental and social characteristics of the project area. Section 3 relates the potential environmental and social impacts of the project and coastal embankments in general whilst in Section 4 the positive and negative environmental impacts which we consider could occur are discussed. In Section 5 environmental management of the project area is considered and indudes monitoring and nmtigation measures. In Section 6 a brief consideration of the laissez-faire option is presented. Finally, in Section 7 we present our main findings and conrlusions. The supporting annexes contain the following information: * Annex A: Terms of Reference. A Anner B: Fisheries. * Anner C: Agriculture. * Annex D: Socio-economics. A Annex E: Afforestation. - Annex F: Flora and Fauna. - Annex G: Selected Bibliography. 1.4 THE PROPOSED PRIOJECT 1.4.1 Cotext Bangladesh has suffered from a spate of natural disasters in recent years mainly as a result of its geomorphological and geographical position within the floodplain of three of the world's largest rivers; the Ganges, Brahmaputra Uamuna) and the Meghna which flow into the Bay of Bengal. The country lies within the monsoon zone of the Indian Sub-continent and being a coastal low-lying country is subject to the full force of the monsoon. Annual rainfall totals in coastal areas rank among the highest in the world. Floods associated with the monsoon rains are a frequent phenomenon which vary in the extent and depth of flooding according to rainfall and tidal patterns in the region. The worst floods in recent years were experienced in 1987 and 1988 when much of the country was inundated. Localised flooding of coastal low-lying areas also occurs during periods of high river discharge and spring tides. In some areas 3m high tidal bores have swept over the coastil zone. Flooding, particularly by saline waters, imposes major EzAwnuA. RODUmU Law C0-C 1 Ema h CEu _ j 3 constraints on the agricultural and industrial development of coastal Bangladesh. An additional natural hazard experienced in the Bay of Bengal is that of cydones. Over the last 125 years, 42 cyclones have hit the coastal area of Bangladesh; 14 of these have occurred in the last 25 years. Figure 1.4a indicates the trajectories of more recent cyclones. The most recent cyclone of April 1991 resulted in the loss of 140,000 lives and severe damage to infrastructure and the agriculture and industry sectors of the economy. GOB Protection Mmsures Since the 1960s the Govemments of Pakistan (prior to independence) and more recently, Bangladesh, have taken measures to reduce the risk of coastal flooding and afford some protection against cyclones. The Coastal Embanknent Project (CEP) was originally designed to prevent flooding by spring tides and monsoon associated high river flows. It offered protection to approximately 14,000 km. of coastal land through the construction of embankznents along the coast. Damage to the coastal embankments by successive cydones has been exacerbated by coastal erosion (estimated at 2.5 m3L/rWr) and human disturbance. After the November 1970 cyclone the GOB aided by the World Bank and other donors, initiated a reconstruction programme which was also aimed at rehabilitating affected coastal areas. The benefits of this programme were readily apparent during the May 1985 cyclone when the embankment dissipated much of the tidal energy surge, considerably lessening the cyclones impact Inadequate repair and maintenance of the coastal embankments meant that witfi iadeiintof ihe ApniT9cdonemuchof the coastal embankment system was in a poor state and was overtopped and breached in many areas. The GOB had been conscious of this state of affairs for some time and in 1986 it had formulated a National Cyclone Protection Programme (NCPP) aimed at * Improving the existing coastal embanknent. * Protecting newly accreted land. * Developing coastal forests. * Improving communications. * Rehabilitating local economies. * Providing cyclone protection. This programme was to proceed in two stages: * A mid-term programme for the strengthening of existing embankments. a A long-term programme aimed at the construction of new embankments to extend protection to newly accreted land for example. Following various delays, a contract was awarded to a consortium of consultants lead by Kampsax International ANS. The consultant's studies were in progress when the April 1991 cydone occurred and as a result the E-JE,amiwrAL RZSOIS Ezaimm CcO OF I EAMOILAN C_m 4 Figpm 1.Ua Recent Cyclone Paths aid the Area affected by the 1992 Cyclone _ __ _____ _ _ -r I I I fmq ii BANGLADESHi CYCLONE PATHS AND CYCLONE AFFECTED AREA A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .I.h F City or Town . aMynwn Ryln ainswhil'ea Severey Oaqe..-\ IE N I IA" O I I &~~~~~~~~~~~~~ N 0 1 A . (~~I N } ntil A J l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ R M A LEGEND \ //Stm Milin* i nternational l3vundory------_ / t City or Town - - - a Cyclone Pathms m 99Yew Acfec ed Aea (192 Severey Damaed... /y Sow=c B;WDB (-92 consultants were asked to modify their outputs to produce a Priortv WVorks Programme (PWP) for urgent embankment repair and rehabilitation work. The programme involves the rehabilitation of 135 km-oLexisting embankment and the construction of 55 km of retired embankment. This project is currently being implemented an-disfina1nced by IDA. Separate projects and programmes are addressing the need for improved road access to the coastal areas, the construction of cyclone protection shelters and an effective cydone preparedness system. Flood Action Plan Following the disastrous floods of 1987 and 1988, the donor community and the Government of Bangladesh, lead by the World Bank developed a programme of assistance which will greatly reduce the potential for natural phenomena to create such significant and widespread disruption to the economy of the country and to reduce the risks of loss of life. The Flood Action Plan (FAP) consists of over 20 components which address the risks due to flooding and cyclones. The CERP or Cyclone Protection I! Project constitutes FAP component 7. 1.4.2 ProCct CoGponcts It is intended that the coastal embankment design concepts proposed under the Priority Works Programme should be extended to other coastal areas by the proposed project which has the folowing components: • Rehabilitation and improvements to 12 sea-facing embankments. * Mfinor rehabilitation and improvements to the non-coastal sections of polders in the mid-term programune (including re-xcavation of drainage canals and repair or replacement of drainage structures). * Afforestation of embankment slopes and a 100-200m wide strip of foreshore to reduce embankment damage and maintenance costs. * Improved Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of all embankments and polders in the mid term programme, with provisions for the involvement of displaced/landless people. * Technical assistance for implementation support and training of implementing agency staff and communities participating in O&M and. afforestation activities. * Vehicles and minor equipment for GOB supervision and for Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) involved in organising community participation. * Environmental monitoring and mitigation measures. E,w.A,a,aAL REacB Iuu Cm.m. aF -on EGoCmm Project Area The project will target discrete coastal areas which have been identified on the basis of economic analyses and in relation to their vulnerability and proneness to cydones. The areas range along the coast from Teknaf in the extreme south east to Sarankhola in Bagerhat District (Figure- 7.4b). The figure- distinguishes between those areas which are included in the PWP (shown in red) and those included in the mid term programme. Adi;;4stively, the project ranges over 11 Districts and 32 upazilas of the country. The coastal embankments of Bhola Island are the subject of an Asian Development Bank (ADB) project (Second Bhola Irrigation Project) and are therefore not catered for in this present project. -1.43 Prject Benefits The PWP and Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project will provide the following benefits to the coastal areas affected. * Protection to human life: approximately 140,000 people died during the previous cydlone. = Increased agricultural production: it is expected that flood protection will result in increased production due to the prevention of flooding and by the increased investment in farming inputs which will result from enhanced farmer confidence. e Increased production of fish and shrimp through aquaculture developments. * Protection of property (over 5 million houses) and coastal infrastructure. * The generation of forestry products such as fuel, building materials and foods as a resuit of afforestation. * improved long term employment opportunities in intensified agricultural production, aquaculture development and O&M activities. The area protected by the project is approximately 4 million ha and supports a population of about 30 million. Some insight into the protection afforded by the project can be gained by considering the recorded losses of the April 1992 cyclone: * Human life; @140,000. * Livestock; 1,061,029. D Damaged housing; 819,608. * Crops affected; 55,530 ha. e Educational establishments damaged; 3.865. * Forest destroyed; 112,316 acres. * Embankments affected; 697 miles. * Bridges and culverts affected; 496 Er_awwffAL bSmIa LUm CAmm oN Om ELumqa CmaIi 7 .Lf ..~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iceovnw . . rn*9rI*;p,. , , * Pe4d.(s in M.d Toro ~~. NY'j*~~~~.~ PVO9Iff 1P1410 II . 63AAA, ~~~fWin ..0 BARI CIRCLEfMo~g- , 3e/~~~~? u~~~ I i / / r ~~~~~~ PEOPLE'S NtEPUSUC OF BANGOLADESH I / I~~~~~~~~~~mTI Fm WFATmI4WATER0rFa0;mm 5g,I, RGM6EI1-1 I / M@.m.1 VOTER ODS.otdf som S 7S/IS,NIIIO I H / , ..~~~~~~~73A.H0 CYCLONE PROTECTION PROkJECT It 1. ,UEnds,ip- l~~~~~~~ASS MWP O,MG M toIiIrI - K OIUWSAX INlEWdAOMA Al&. BCIOM and *6/I.Ce.,Sou.r I *. .. -- WMSI KfORAAIACINSTITUTE 015@045 -. .)..~~~~~~~.- . -- - ~~~~~~Toktaf- -.DWLGP9JNT DESIGN CONSULANTMS LID * ~~. -. ..... ..... 23.., .*.* - W OWa % M Figutre 1.41 2 BASELMETORMAT77NONENVIROAN TALAND SOCLALASPECTS OF 771E PROJECT ARE4 In general, the available data in Bangladesh is inadequate for the purpose of environmental assessment. This view is echoed in many reports on the Flood Action Plan such as the Regional Plan Report for the South East region which states that 'views of the available regional database in a number of subject areas have raised concem over the quality of data on which good regional project planning can proceed. Data on climate and soils is adequate though the length of time series data is limited. Official data sources on basic agricultural, irrigation and yield statistics have often proved inconsistent and unreliable on closer examination'. In this section we provide baseline infornation on the foDowing environmental and socio-economic aspects of the project area: * Natural environment * Socio-economic characteristics. * Agriculture sector. * Industrial sector. 0 Institutional framework for environrmental management * Related projects in Bangladesh. - NGO activities in environmental, fisi;eries and agricultural issues. 21 NNATuRAL ENVIRoNMENT - 1.1 Climate General climatic data are available for Comnilla and Noakhali and there are rainfall stations at a number of sites along the coast According to climatic norm data, temperature varies fro:;A 19-28.3"C, relative humidity from 66-875%, windspeed from 0.9-4.3 rn/sec, and rainfall from 6-700mnVmonth. 21.2 Physical Zonation of the Coastal Area Much of the coastal area is low lying; a im rise in sea level would inundate much of the south western triangular part of the country from (and including) Khulna to the south of Noakhali. Various studies have delineated geographical zones in Bangladesh based upon physical and chemical characteristics. One of the most comprehensive attempts at this has been the zonation of the country into agro-ecological zones (AEZs). These are based on climatic conditions, soil characteristics, physiography and land use capabilities. The agro-ecological zonation of the coastal zone consists of the following- E,Auma,iWAL RUOLVS LWn Cwo o,i,s Euo.inm Cmwam Q * Ganges Tidal Floodplain (AEZ 13) in the west * Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain (AEZ 18) in the central area. * Chittagong Coastal Plain in the eastern part The agro-ecological zones for embankments and polders of the project are indicated in Annex C of this report The Master Plan Organisation also developed a countrywide zonation on the basis of the depth and duration of flooding, which is a reflection of local hydrology and elevation. Conscious of the fact that these geographical zones are comparatively large and that at the individual polder level there may be considermble variations in soil fertility and crop suitability, the Kampsax consortium have categorised polders in the project area according to soil salinity and cropping intensity Annex C An examination of current physical processes allows one to recognise three distinct physical areas along the coast In the south west, there is a close anastomosing network of rivers and creeks which do not permit extensive erosion. In this area is found the largest mangrove forest in the world, the Sundarbans. In terms of sediment dynamics, this region is relatively stable. It is also less liable to flooding, experiencing on average Z floods in 10 years compared to 3-5 floods in 10 years further eastwards. In the central region of coastal Bangladesh lies the confluence zone of 3 of the world's largest rivers; the Meghna, Jamuna and Ganges. The. sediment dynamics of this region is highly unstable with considerable simultaneous erosion and deposition. The rivers migrate laterally to a large extent, creating new char lands and eroding older lan,d. In the south east, along the Chittagong and Cox's Bazaar coast is found extensive areas of sandy beaches and a coastal belt which rises into the Chittagong H1i Tracts. Parts of the coast can be considered to be seismically active. The south east is a zone of medium risk from earthquakes. v1.3 Soil Resources Within the project area some 9 soil types are recognised and their polder-wise and AEZ occurrence have been described in Appendix D of the Kampsax International reporL In summary they are as follows: * Alluvium (calcareous and non-alcareous). * Floodplain soils (calcareous and non-calcareous). * Acid sulphate soils. * Peat. In the Ganges Tidal Floodplain, the soils are mainly calcareous and non- calcareous floodplain soils with a significant proportion of acid sulphate soils which can be extremely acidic during the dry season. Soils of the Sundarbans ENVo.wmTaAL RasOsnMus Lmmun Cominwm op nm Euummra. C in area are alkaline in nature. In terms of fertility, the soils of this AEZ have medium to high fertility and high organic content. The land capability classification is poor to moderately good, with salinity being the main constraint The Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain has loam and silty clay floodplain soils and alluvium. The general fertility is medium but the soils are reported to be low in nitrogen and organic matter. The land capability status of soils in this AEZ are poor to moderately good with scope for improvement folowing flood protection measures. The soils of the Chittagong Coastal Plains are quite variable with floodplain soils, alluvium and acid sulphate soils being the predomninant types. Soil fertility is classified as medium with some limiting factors. The present land capability classification is poor to moderite but there is scope for improvement with adequate flood protection to moderately good/good. Variations of salinity in coastal soils are illustrated in Annex C Z1.4 zWatcryo There are very little data upon which to characterise the water quality in the projecL GeneraDly it appears that water quality is satisfactory in most areas apart from the Chittagong area where some industrial pollution occurs. Natural Habitats The following natural habitats can be identified along the coast of Bangladesh: * Intertidal estuarine mudflats and sandflats. Forested regons. * RiverOmhals and tidal creeks. * Char lands. * Arable land. The main coastal forest area is the Sundarbans in the south west. This forest has an area of 395,600 ha. The forest supports a varied flora and fauna and is one of the last refuges of the Bengal tiger. The forest is an important source of timber and other products of which Sundari and Gewa constitute 80% of the marketable volume. In addition to the Sundarbans forest, natural mangrove forest also exists along the Chittagong coast though this has been subject to felling by shrimp farmers in recent years and has lost much of its faunal diversity. The crab eating monkeys are reported to have virtually disappeared in some areas. Since 1966, an additional 0.036 million ha of mangrove forest has been planted along the coast in the Noakhali, Chittagong, Patuakhali and Barisal Districts. Mangrove forests are an important spawning and nursery area for many fish and shrimp species. Associated mudflats also support valuable shellfish. * E,AumSONNAL RmuoKi L.AMM Co_> OuF TM Ewus C _wau 11 The char lands support little natural flora and fauna apart from a sparse pnrmary colonising community. 2.1.5 Resecves and Prtectcd Areas Within the coastal region are three protected forest areas: * Sundarbans Forest e Choakhalia Mangroves, south of Chittagong. * Teknaf tropical forest, near Cox's Bazaar. 2.1.6 FPa and Fauna The coastal zone supports communities of flora and fauna which are of economic importance to the fisheries and tourism sectors and are also of conservation importance. Unfortunately the database on wildlife is considered inadequate to allow satisfactory impact assessment by most workers. Partial inventories of the flora and fauna have been compiled by Kampsax International and are presented in Annex F. . Mammals Noteworthy mammals of the -coastal area which are mainly found in the protected areas are spotted deer, leopard, tiger, jungle and leopard cats, civets, Gangetic dolphin and various monkey species (Annex F). Birds Over 660 species of birds have been recorded in Bangladesh, about 80 of which are found in the coastal zone. About 170 birds are associated with wetlands and some 220 are migratory birds. Banglidesh is an important transit area for' birds overwintering, birds migrating latitudinally between India and South East Asia, and for seasonal migrants from Burma and the Himalayan region. Amongst these species are several intemationally imnportant and endangered species such as: * Spoon-billed sandpiper. * Asian dowitcher. * Green shank. Reptes There are many species of terrestrial snake (such as cobra), lizard, tortoise and aquatic reptiles in the project area, including the gavial and saltwater crocodile which are linited to small areas of the coast and are endangered. Fish and Shnmp Over 70 species of fish from the coastal zone can be found in Bangladesh markets and the coastal zone is an important breeding zone for many manne I _ EIvm,aaAL RmE CI c-n h ~Eiom Cmm~ 1X spedes. In addition, there are major spawning beds of the giant shrimp along the coast, particularly near the coast of the Sundarbans and Cox's Bazaar. Flora Bangladesh has over 5000 recorded plant species. However, little is known of the flora of the project area- apart from the mangrove forests which have received considerable attention. Common speces of the coastal area are listed in Annex F. The most common species of mangrove tree found along the coast indude the foUowing * Keora (Sonneratio aseolans). * Baen (Avicennif offinalis). * Gewa (Excoario agailodw). * Kankra (Brugeria gymnorrhiza). * Babul (Acacia niliticz). Keora is the most common tree species and al of the above are used in mangrove afforestation exercises. Acacia which is the main component of plantations in drier littoral areas, is an introduced species. 2.2 SOaO-FcoMoMIc CAuCA uRISTICS The socio-economic characteristics of human settlement vary considerably along the coast of Bangladesh. Some variations such as the nature and size of settlements can be attributed to the 'remoteness' and poorly developed communications network whilst other characteristics such as land use and J socio-economic status may reflect agro-ecological differences. For example the contribution of various economic sub-sectors such as fishing and aquaculture to the local economy vary along the coastal zone. Rural water supply in the project area is mostly from two sources, tubewells and ponds and shallow ditches (Annex D). A small minority of people obtain their water from flowing surface waters such as canals and rivers. Western and Central Coastal Areas In the south westem and central parts of the project area, the land mass is heavily dissected by anastomosing rivers and creeks and there are large numbers of coastal islands and newly accreted 'char lands'. The level of development in these areas is quite low and settlements mainly consist of smal villages and individual homesteads scattered amongst agricultural land. The difficulties of surface communications imposes constraints on the level of econornic development and there is a general absence of 'urban' infrastructure and institutions such as banks. One of the major constraints to economic development is likely to be access to credit facilities; most people borrow from professional moneylenders (who E_vmmarAL Rmamnc LED Cmm oi in EzmcwLvh Co_amu 13 charge exorbitant interest rates) or less commonly from family or friends. NCO credit provisions are limited to those small areas in which the NGOs operate. Targets for agricultural lending by the formal credit sector have been poorly met over a number of years (Annex D). Markets are an important focal point in the rural communities and they provide some opportunites for families to supplement their incomes by seling excess produce and livestock and homemade items. The costs of transport to remote polder areas also result in higher prices for goods and supplies which is also a constraining factor. This is likely to be less of a problem as the rural road network improves. The main forms of transport in these areas are boats and rickshaws; motor vehides are scarce. There appear to be no major official river navigation routes in the project area (apart from the Meghna) which could be affected. Any unregistered routes from the coast or river delta area along smalE tidal rivers have long since been disrupted by the construction of the original coastal embankments. Despite the absence of large hospitals, health care is reasonably well developed and in areas visited villagers report that several doctors are available localEy. Most people are engaged in agricultural activitiess ch as crop cultivation, fishing and aquaculture (Annex D). Livestock rearing is also important but supports tew families in its own right. In some areas it is reported that up to 17% of males may be engaged in migrant labour in other parts of Bangladesh and neighbouring countries. This can create local labour deficiencies and provides opportunities for women to gain employment. Generally, it appears however that female employment in the agricultural sector is comparatively uncomnon. There are appreciable numbers of landless people living upon the embankments or upon char lands (Annex D). Often tbese people have lost their own land through debt repayment or because of river erosion. They appear to subsist mainly by fishing, crop cultivation and labouring. Eastern Coastal Areas The coastal stretch from Chittagong to Teknaf is markedly different in several ways. Firstly, the area is much more sparsely populated than further north and the land rises from a narrow low lying coastal strip into the foothills. As a result, cropping patterns are different. The infrastructure of the area is much more developed, being served by two airports, good quality roads, train links and port facilities. Tourism is promoted in the vicinity of the sandy beach resort of Cox's Bazaar. Industrial activities in the Chittagong area are quite diverse and support a significant labour force. The fisheries sector also supports many families, especially the landless people living along the beaches who catch shrimp larvae. FieNwWaxr RKoucTs EmIw Cowm oN am Ew a Comm_um On some islands such as Moaskhali agricultural labour shortages have been noted since most families are engaged in the fisheries sector. 2.3 CROP PRODUCTION In this section we briefly review the nature of crop production practices in the coastal area of Bangladesh in relation to the potential environmental and social impacts of coastal embankments. More detailed information on agriculture in the project area can be obtained from Appendix D of the 'Draft Project Preparation Report for CPP 11 Feasibility and Design Studies' produced by the Kampsax-lead consortium (BWDB,1992). 2.31 Farming Put ices There are two main cropping seasons in Bangladesh (Table 23a): * Kharif: March to%November (pre-monsoon and monsoon periods). * Rabi: November to March (dry or winter period). Kiarnf Crpping Practices In the pre-monsoon period, water can be in short supply and soil salinity is at its highest. During this period an 'aus' rice crop may be planted in field moistened by the pre-monsoon showers. This crop is a short season crop and matures in about 3 months. Transplanted aus rice (T.aus) is grown as seedlings in watered beds and transplanted to the land after its preparation. It is usually harvested in July though the time of harvesting and crop yield depend to a large extent on the timing of pre-monsoon and monsoon rains. Transplanted varieties usually produce higher yields than broadcast (B.aus) rice. The monsoon rice crop ('aman') can be grown from broadcast or transplanted seedlings. In the case of transplanted aman (T.aman), seedlings are transplanted into prepared fields which have a water depth of about 0.3m. This is usually in late July/August. The crop is harvested in November or December. In some areas B.aus and B.aman crops are sown together though they are harvested at the usual periods. This strategy is adopted in areas where flooding is unpredictable to an extent and the farmer hopes to secure at least one crop. The Baman used in this fashion is a long stalked floating variety and can survive prolonged extensive flooding. This practice is declining with the development of FCD schemes. Rabi Cropping Practices During this period the crops grown are generally of lower water demand, unless irrigation is possible using surface or ground water. Such crops are wheat, vegetables, lentils, chilies, oilseeds and pulses and these are grown for home use and for sale. EwwamPffAL Rmoua Umu Coaau ouiW Ehmima Coammum 11 r Table 73. Gamemlised Cropping Pattern in the Project Area Season Crps C Land Ptcp.rmon S owinElTrnsPiueamC lIr ng Khalif-I B. Aus Febmry/Maveb Mid Match-Mid Apnil Mld July-Mid Augu (MarchJunc) T. Aus March Early March-Early :..jrly July-Lame July Jute Febnaary/marh Apnil Early July-Early Augt 5 Tm! Marh Eary March-Early June S. Vegable March April Juiy- September MardiL Apnl I;hrir-ll T. Amen (HYV) June Early July-Lame July Laie Nuvcmbcr-Mid (July-Otober) T. Amon (L) July Late July-Late Augst Dccembcr ______________ .________________ loNwomber/Dccemnber Rabi Born (IIV) DeCember/Jauu- LAtc Jan.-Mid Febria- Early June-Lage June (Novenbef- Wheat am ivy Late Februar-Eavly Fcbruny Oil Seels November March Poawr November Mid Nov.-Early Dec. February Spaao Novcmber December March W.Melon Decerber January May ului Dccember January Apnl-May W.Veptablc November Latc Nov.-Mid Dcc. Fcbrnary-Mareh G. Nut November Mid Nov.-Mid Dcr January-Maelab C-PC (Fal o Ner Deembr March SpucS Dceinber. January Marth-Apul December Janmuaty March-April Soue: BWDB (1992) If irrigation is possible by pumping with low lft pumps from surface waters (groundwater is not available for irrigation purposes in the coastal zone), a dry season ('Boro) rice crop can be grown. Generally HYVs are used and grown in seed beds prior to transplanting in late January/early February. The crop is harvested in May and June. 212 Faras Ad Farm Sim Those people whose livelihoods mainly depend on the agriculture sector can be categorised as follows. Squatters; having no land or homesteads. * Sharecroppers; who may have homesteads but cultivate anothers land. * Small farmers cum sharecroppers. * Marginal farmers. * Large farmers; these may be absentee landlords. The proportion of each category vanies widely throughout the project area. Generally as one would expect there are a greater number of landless and hmaWlmarginal farmers (Annex C). In the south west, farms tend to be larger and many are owned by absentee landowners who lease their land. 2.33 Land Use ad Cropping Patterns There is little irrigated agriculture in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. This is because the sparse freshwater aquifer bodies are conserved for potable supplies. Agriculture is therefore constrained in the drier periods of the year. General comments on the cropping patterns and land use of the project area, which varies on an annual basis to a certain extent, are presented below. They are based on a categorisation of land use devqloped by the Kampsax International consortium. K tha Area (Category 1) In the south western Districts of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagherhat, the land is generaDy flat with little significant variation in elevation. Approximately 80% of this region is cultivated, the remainder is accounted for by rural infrastructure, homesteads and water bodies. The soils have moderate to high dry season salinity. This is the main limiting factor for crop cultivation and the soils of this area support a low cropping intensity, mainly of T.aman. Only about 8% of this area can support a second crop as a result. Barisal Artr (Category II) Approximately 65% of the Districts of Borguna and Patuakhali are cultivated. About 5,575 ha remains uncultivated. The principal crops grown in this area of low to moderate dry season soil salinity are T.aman, and B.aman in the lower areas which are more prone to flooding. Single cropping predominates (78% of cultivated area) though some double cropping is possible. ENvu0MWENAL RBOI*C L&AED Ca_ O Eaumu Commm '17 Northem Boin Area (Category 111) In the northern part of Bhola District (which has less saline soils) and on Sandwip Island, about 76% of the land is cultivated. Double cropping is predominant (50% of cultivated area), mostly with local and high yield varieties (HYV) of T.aman and T.aus. About 15% of the cultivated area supports triple cropping consisting of rabi crops, B.aus and LYV Taman. Jute is grown in a small portion of this area during the pre-monsoon period. Southern Bhola and Suidharom (Category IV) The southern part of Bhola District is characterised by high dry season soD and water salinity and the soils generaDy support only a low cropping intensity though 75% of the total land area (36,150 ha) is cultivated. Single cropping with BJT aman predominates (83% of cultivated area) whilst double cropping is possible to a lesser extent (rabi(T.aman, B.aus). NoakhalilLaximpur/Feni Areas (Category V) In these central areas of the coastal belt about 85% of the available land (99,640 ha) is cultivated, mostly by a single LYV T.aman crop. Soils are often inundated by saline water through breaks in the embankments and this liniits dry season and pre-monsoon cropping. In the drier season, before the monsoon, crops of lower water demand such as chilies and lentils may be grown. Chittago/Cox's Baaar Area (Category VI) In this eastem region of the coast lies the second largest concentration of infrastructure in Bangladesh, mainly around the port of Chittagong. About 64% of the area is cultivated out of a gross area of 48,240 ha, mainly with B.aus and T.aman rice. Besides B.aus, other pre-monsoon crops are water melon, chilies and cowpeas. In the Teknaf area, betal leaves are the main cash crop. Dry season soil salinity can be high in this eastem part of the coast. Some triple cropping is reported in this area with rabi crops,B.aus and LYV T.aman (12% of cultivated area). Z3.4 Agricultnl Inputs Seed Supplies Statistics collected on an upazila basis suggest that the use of improved seed varieties is very limited. The rabi crops and T.aman crop are grown almost entirely from local seed varieties whilst some improved varieties are used for T.aus, boro and water melon crops. There is scope for substantial improvement of crop yields by promoting the adoption of new improved varieties of seed. Agrodiemicals Agrochenical usage varies widely throughout Bangladesh, particularly at the polder leveL The use of fertblise.s is dictated largely by soil fertility and the economic status of the fanner. In some cases, fertiiiser use is consbtained by the E_awmANaL Raswi Duv Cawmot ow we EiMoaF h Ca _u 18 occurrence of unpredictable adverse conditions which may damage crops; farmers will not invest heavily in agrochemicals unless they can be reasonably sure that the crop can be successfully brought to harvest. In some areas of the country where the constraints of climate uncertainties have been removed; by the provision of irrigation water for example; the use of fertilisers and pesticides has increased by a factor of 2 to 3 fold. It appears from district-wise statistics on fertliser consumption (Annex C) that ferdliser consumption in the project area is quite low compared to the rest of the country (13-17% of the national average usage). This low usage is probably related to the level of farmer uncertainty since fertiiser appears to be available in anl areas. Financial constraints are possibly a major factor determining the rates of ferdliser usage in some areas. There is no information on the variation in pesticide use at the polder level; statistics are only available at the district level, produced by the Pesticides Association (Annex C). As in other parts of Bangladesh, farmers have a poor knowledge of the appropriate application and safety issues of pesticide use and use poor quality inefficient sprayers. A wide range of pesticides are reported to be in use, particularly in the Chittagong area where the usage appears to be the highest for project areas. Noakhali district has the second highest consumption rate followed by Barisal, Patuakhali and Khulna. In the Chittagong area herbicides are also in use. Rural Credit It is reported that the main forms of credit are provided through the informal sector (moneylenders, friends and relatives). Institutional lending is mainly provided through the Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Rural Development Bank. Short term loans are available for the purchase of farm inputs such as seed and agrochemicals. These loans are repayable after the harvest. Medium term loans (1-4 years) is available for the purchase of livestock and minor equipment. Longer termn loans are also available. NGO credit is also available in some areas. Proshika, BRAC and the Grameen Bank are predominant in this area. Labour Most small holdings are managed by household members and it is only on the larger farm holdings that farm labour is hired. Generally the requirement for farm labour is seasonal and local demand is affected by a number of factors such as the following: * Farm size and cropping intensity. * Availability of landless and low income marginal farmerAabourers. * Crop value. EW,UQImar.fAL RmSOUaK LaaMM Cnmm.u ou we EuRo,wj CowAuwws * Labour costs. Labour requirements are at their highest in June and July when the T.aman crop requires transplantation. The daily wages for labouring do not vary significantly throughout the country; this is partly because migrant labour is cheap and suppresses any tendency for local prices to rise. In some areas, women are also able to provide labour though they role is still mainly confined to household activities and homestead farming. Extension and Research Support The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has an extensive network of extension officers (Block Supervisors) who offer extension advice to farmers on cropping practices and the control of pests. The DAE will shortly receive institutional strengthening to improve its effectiveness and outreach capabilities. This is considered further in Section 2.9). There are numerous research institutes charged with the task of improvingtrop varieties, cultivation methods and disease and pest resistance. Those relevant to the crops grown in the project area are as folows. * Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI). * Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI). - Bangladesh Jute Research Institute. - Fisheries Research Institute. Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI). * Forest Research Institute. BARI conducts research on all crops not covered by the specialist crop research mstitutes. The activities of the research institutes has been evaluated in relation to the World Bank's Agricultural Support Services Project, a component of which is to improve the quality of research, making it more farmer orientated. Amongst the conclusions drawn are that the research institutes are to some extent 'out of touch' with farmer requirements and that there is some reluctance of the farmers to adopt locally produced strains when better strains can be obtained illegally from neighbouring countries. Several NGOs are also actively supporting agriciltural development in the project area. These are considered in Section 2.8. 2.35 Constraints on Agricudtural Production Food production is generally low compared to more northerly parts, for example, the per capita food grain production in polder 59/2 is estimated at >0.4kg/day whilst in Gumti it is estimated at 0.6 kg/day. E_AUcNgAL RSSLY* Comama r rA Eumai Cbm, 20 The main constraints on agricultural production in the coastal area of the country are listed below. Not all these constraints operate within individual polder areas though in general the list is fairly indicative of average conditions. * Variability in the weather, mainly the timing and intensity of rainfali events. * Short winter season which limits the time available for rabi crop cultivation. * Comparatively high soi salinity and saline intrusions. * Low fertility status of soils; particularly in terms of individual macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations. * Inadequate supplies of irrigation water during the dry season which limits boro and rabi crop cultivation. * Unavailability of improved crop varieties. * Highly variable soil conditions which dictate different cropping patterns and irrigation schedules and detract from the value of general extension messages. * Perennial waterlogging in some areas arises due to inadequate O&M of drainage structures. Land use conflicts with shrimp farmers who often breach embankmnents and introduce saline waters to the detriment of crop production. * Inadequate agricultural extension activities. * Poor communication networks which mitigate against effective provision of farm inputs. - Unequitable distribution of cultivable land, often concentrated amongst a few large landowners, which discourages land improvements by tenant farmers. * Inadequate fodder provision may also be a limiting factor for the use of draught animals in some areas. There is considerable scope for these constraints to be addressed through various means of assistance. The pre-requisite to success is an initial improvement in flood prevention, drainage and cydone protection. e4 FISHEES The fisheries sector contributes approximately 35% of Bangladesh's CDP (World Bank,1991) and accounts foar_0%-of the national protein intake. The sector earns about 12% of the nation's eiport earrngs; mainly from shrimp export. The sector employs about 1.2 million commercial fishermen and the numbers of occasional or subsistence fishermen is likely to be considerably higher. The Regio-nal Plan Report for the South East Region (FAP 5) remarks that 'there is a dearth of data on the actual numbers of full time and subsistence fishermen' but reports that rapid rural appraisal suggests that 2% of the population are full-time fishermen whilst 5% fish on a subsistence basis. Over 62% of the area under surface water in Bangladesh is located in the project area and thus these waters contribute a considerable proportion of the nation's protein supply. We can conveniently subdivide the activities in the fisheries sector into the folowing categories which are considered further in this section. E_NNOAMAL REWMcS LOAM Co asn< o; Ewopuivi Co_mwu '1 * Freshwater capture fisheries. * Freshwater aquaculture. * Brackish water aquaculture. * Marine fisheries. * 2.41 Freswauter Capture Fishies It is estimated that the total annual fish catch from open surface waters in the project area is 166,681 mt, mainly from rivers and estuanies. The contributions of the various water body types in the project area to this total is indicated in Table 24a. It is estimated that in the average 150 days when floodplain spilling occurs, I ha of land produces over 100 kg/ha of fish. The World Bank (1992) recognises that this could be infcreaseWd k 150 with appopriate management Fishing in major govemment water bodies requires a licence; this is a far more equitable arrangement for the poor than the previous system where water bodies were leased to (comparatively wealthy) individuals who then sub-leased or sold fishing rights to others. Many of the important food fish species such as hilsa and carp are migratory and there is circumstantial evidence in many areas that the abundance of freshwater fish is declining due to the construction of flood control, drainage and irrigation structures which have prevented the migrations necessary to complete the life cycle, and which also prevent fish from dispersing across flood plains during the monsoon season. These issues are clouded by the fact that indigenous fish biology is not weU understood. The 1992 Regional Plan Report for the South East region (FAP 5) comments that 'there is not any weil documented study of fish migration in the river systems of Bangladesh and misgration patterns of the majority of fish...are very poorly understood'. There are reported to be 4 species of freshwater crab and 20 freshwater shrinmp species which are captured, of these, the freshwater giant prawn (Macrobradhium rosenbergii) is an important additional fishery resource. It also is migratory, returning to the sea in order to breed in identified breeding grounds. FCDI structures are reported to adversely affect this species. Z4.2 Frskwater Aquaculturc A recent survey by the Bangladesh Fisheries Resource System (Annex B) estimates that there are about 1%,000 ponds in the project area of which the majority support fish cuture (54%) whilst 32% are 'culturable'. The remaining 14% are stated to be 'derelict' which means that due to poor maintenance they could not support fish life. These ponds account for about 8% of the project area (31,024 ha). Many of these ponds are multi-purpose, supplying domestic water requirements, laundry and bathing facilities. Fish production from pond aquiculture in the project area is about 53,861 mt The Kampsax International report estimates the yield from these ponds to be E,AvMo,P_L Rmasuc lai Comwio oF n Euma Cmas_ ".1 Tabk Z4a Distsibution of Fish Catch by Inulad Open Water Bodies in Project Districts, 1987-88 _________________ _______________ ___________ in mn ) District Riwuis & esauan= Sundem BHeels Floodlnds Rnw toal Onilagong 270019 -191 12519 39726 NoakhIli 1651 I 1 9722 26291 Banral 41300 n7 11391 59718 Khulna EE B066 125 87 21972 Patuakhali 15 . 3222 18974 PrJt Tool 112437 1066 251 45877 16681 Bangladcsh Total 133817 8066 45610 182037 419530 Projc shae as % 61.2 10.0 0.3 25. 39.7 of Bangi oc BEWDE (9 Table 2.4b Princp modes of bnakish uwteaqnaclturm deelopmet in Bangkdesh Si. Mode Major Physica Componcn«s NcL 1. Shnmp/rish only (pesent Minor embankmcnt. eanhworl; wOoden inliLs. pOst larvac pracce) and traps- 2. Shnmp and nce (presen Mmnor cmbankmcnt. carthwork. wooden inlets, post larvac. _____ practic) taps and additional inputs for nec cultivation 3. Shrimp and salt (present Minor embanukment. eanhworLk wooden inleuts post-lame. practie) traps and additional embankment for salt 4. Shnmp only - Major embankment. canhworL &enilizcr, ltnc. sccncd trei4i..intensire) minlt and oullenL concretc replaors and pstl4aivac S. Shnrmp only Major cmbankmnct earthworl, screened inlets and oulcts (Intensie) concte mgulaiots past-lamc, fetiizcr, lime and Iced 6 Shnmp only and ncc Shnmp Major cmbankment, carh worL screcned concrctc (impmved) inlets and outlets, lare and fertslizcr. Rwc: Requircd inputs for riee cultivation 7 Shnrnp only and salt Shrmp: Major embankmenL carthwork, screened concr,te (imped and outlet pon lam and fcrilizer. Salt Additil S c BWahwo19 soumv BWDB (19,) 281 kg/ha, This is comparatively low and there is considerable scope to increase this yield to 3000 kg/ha without substantial inputs. Yields as high as 9000 kg/has are possibleiwith intensive culture methods, including pond aeration. A small number of hatcheries are located in the project area; at Raipur, in Lakshmipur and at Chhagainaiya near the Muhuri river. The former was established in 1979 to mitigate against the adverse effects of FCDI schemes in the area. Pond species recorded in the Noakhali and ComiDa districts include the folowing. * Rohu (Labco rohita); 34% of catches. * Catla (Catla catla); 28-31%. * Mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala); 19%. * Silver carp (Hypophtlwlmichthys molitrix). * riapia (0. Niloticus, mossambicus). * Boal (Wallago atts). * Shol (Channa sp.). * Shing (?Chrnna batranc*s). Puti (Puntius sp.). Prices quoted (April 1991) for these species vary in different areas of the country, for example, catla vanes from 35-90 Tklkg and carp vanes from 30-60 24.3 Brackish Water Aquaultuve Coastal brackdsh water aquaculture is mainly concemed with shrimp farming. bie v4b. sumnmarises the prindpal modes of brackdsh water aquaculture in Bangladesh. This activity has increased rapidly in recent years, primarily due to the high export value of the commodity. Exports of shrimp in 1989/90 eamed about 84 million ecu in foreign exchange. The species Peneus monodoa is farmed in the Satkhiia, Khulna and Cox's Bazaar areas. During shrimp culture, post-larvae are netted in coastal waters and introduced into brackish water ponds where they are allowed to grow and mature before harvesting. A more traditional method simply involves flooding ponds with brackish water which introduces the larvae. Both approaches tend to give variable yields since predatory fish larvae may also be introduced and these can consume much of the potential shrimp yield. Shrimp culture was a long practised activity along the coast of the Khulna region which was interrupted, temporarily by the construction of coastal embankmnents. The rise in market values has caused a resurgence of shrimp culture in the Khulna and Cox's Bazaar areas. Generaily farmers stock up to 20,000 post larvae per hectare-in ponds of up to 40 hectares in size. The ponds are often fertilised and may incorporate sluice E&-.MrAL _ RoSmcES Cobau o WE EuoW.4 Caa.u 24 gates and fry screens. Average production is reported to be about 100-175 kglha though up to 700 kg/ha is possible without supplementary feeding; even this is considered low by intemational standards. Rottional Skrimp/Rice Farming In some areas, such as Khulna, 'double cropping' in agricultural fields with shrimp and aman rice occurs. The shrimp are grown from January to late July and rice is grown from August to December. It. has been reported in some areas that shrimp farming in this manner has adversely affected adjacent crop production due to salinisation of the soil. It has also been reported that rice farmers are being forced to allow shrimp cultivation on their land after the aman crop. In the Cox's Bazaar area shrimp farming is carried out in rotation with salt production. 24.4 Constrints in Coastal Aquaclture The following constraints on coastal aquaculture have been identified from existing reports and discussions. * -High tidal amplitude causes soil erosion and the subsequent loss of valuable nutrients. * Cyclones and tidal bores tend to discourage capital investment. * Crabs often seriously damage shrimp farm embankments, allowing shrimp to escape. * Variable quality of collected wild seed. * Conversion of mangrove forest to ponds leads to loss of spawning and nursery areas. Inadequate draiage provisions and O&M which results in poor water circulation and control of water supply by shrimp farmers. 2.5 FORESMr Natural forest in the project area is almost entirely restricted to the coastal mangrove; the Sundarbans, Choakhalia and Teknaf forests. It is estimated that there are about 587,380 ha of natural mangrove forest. Very little natural forest exists further inland in southem Bangladesh though there is a considerable amount of social forest, particularly around homesteads. The Forestry Department has been involved in coastal afforestation since the mid 1960s and has planted an estimated 1.08 million hectares along the coast using species from the Sundarbans. The initial plantations of the Coastal Afforestation Project were in Chittagong, Noakhali, Barisal and Patuakhali Districts (Figure 2.5a). Initial afforestation rates in the 1970s were about 4000 ha/yr but this slowed down to about 1000 ha/yr in the early 1980s. Etwahn. ROOM= Lam Ccminu oruE Ewi m 75 Khtdna ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NoakhaII -4 -I MNIA 0 htaog) ,,,°I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Se.i -ii. NOAI'C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00HALI -4 ~~ CA DIV. ICHITTAGONG C/A Div. PATUAKHALI 0 S °ARISAL C/A Div. C/A Div. B A Y OF 8 E N G A L N Coas Baz ar "BURMA Figure 2.5a Planltations of the Coastal Afforestation Project _ 30 * Sl .0 Ic0 Attempts at afforestadon have yielded nixed results. The Regional Plan report for the South East (FAP 5) notes that 'attempts at afforestation to stabilise the coast have had mixed results for a number of ecological, social and administrative reasons. The coastline is generaUy too active to support extensive areas of mangrove'. Some of the ecological factors are physical factors such as soil salinity and other physico-chemical characteristics, the nature of flooding and the degree of maintenance. Some species establish themselves better in certain regions. For example, Avicennia officinalis is now mostly confined to the Chittagong area whilst Excoecaria agullocha is linited to areas within Noakhali Division. Attempts at afforestation with Bruguiera gymnorrhiza are reportedly not very successful whilst Acacia is reported to grow most successfully on higher drier ground. v 6 INDUSTRY Industry along the coast is predominantly concentrated within the Patenga area of Chittagong area (polder 62). This area supports a variety of industrial plant which include the following: * Fertiliser manufacturing plant (TSP). * Chittagong steel mills. * General Electrical Manufacturing. * Chittagong Cement Clinker Factory. Eastern Cable. * Eastern Refinery. Another concentration in this industrial area is the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone which was established in 1983. Industry continues to be attracted to the area and it is reported that when all recently approved developments are established, the total value of investment will reach 473 million US dollars. *Z61 Salt Production It is reported that 14,600 ha of land are used for salt production, mainly in the Chittagong area Table 26a. Approximately 29,000 farmers were estimated to be involved in this activity recently (Kampsax 1992). Production estimates suggest that 50 tonnes of unrefined salt can be produced from I hectare of land. Z7 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT In this section we briefly describe the activities, organisational structure and environmental management capabilities of selected agencies and describe any institutional strengthening activities which are in progress or forthcoming. Z7.1 Depabnent of Ervimnment The DoE, formerly known as the Department of Pollution Control has recently become the focus of attention by the Government in terms of its functions in E_rN.L RuEmxI L1_ Cbm cr n, Egmw C _muwm 27 Table 26 Main Areas of Salt Production Pdlder No. Upazila Salt-Ccntrc Area Undcr P.C. Salt Malking l __________ _____________________ (in ha.) P 71 1.Kutubdia 1.LCmSILhali 1473.09 10.08 P 69 2.Maheskhali ' U[iara Nalbila 2024.28 13.86 P 70 3.Gorokghata 1274.38 .72 4.Maiarbari 1809.80 19 Sub-Td2al 5108.46 34.97 P 66/3 3.Cox's Bazar 5.Gomatoli 1341.96 9.19 6.Cloufaldandi 842.17 5.76 7.Dulhazari 49.78 0.34 8.Fulchari 1320.52 9.04 l________ .Sub-Total 3554.43 24.33 P 64/2B 4.Chokoria 9.Darbcshata 328M88 22.47 P 64/IA 5Banskhali 10.Purbo Boroghona 800.48 5.48 11Sarol 299.07 2.05 i_________ ________________ Sub-ToLal 1099.55 753 P 68 6.Tcknaf 12. Tcknaf 91.06 0.62 Total 14609.47 100.00 Soure: BWDB (1992) potlution control and the development planning process. This is mainly due to increasing global (and donor) awareness of environmental issues. The DoE has been involved in the sporadic monitoring of river polution for several years, mainly at well known polluted environments such as the Kharnafuli River. The central office is based in Dhaka and there are regional offices in Khulna and Chittagong. The DoE is inadequately staffed, particularly at the middle and higher management levels. This is not due to inadequate financial resources but is a reflection of the inadequacies of the education system which fails to deliver sufficient expertise for the DoE's needs. Expertise in environmental issues is mainly concentrated in the private sector where the remunerative rewards are higher. The DoE has received substantial donor support in recent years, particularly from the Asian Development Bank's institutional strengthening programmes. Pollution monitoring capabilities and EIA expertise have been strengthened though the management of natural resource issues has not been specifically addressed. The regional offices are deficient in skilled technical manpower and are poorly equipped. This may be addressed by further donor support; principally the World Bank. Given the existing state of affairs and the emphasis on the management of industrial pollution and EIA, it is unlikely that the DoE will be able to substantially contribute to the management of natural resource issues in the near future apart from giving general advice and guidance. 27.2 Fowst Department (IFD) The FD of the Ministry of Ernvironment and Forests is the main agency concerned with -the management of forest resources. Field operations are managed on a regional basis, with each of 6 regional offices headed by a Conservator of Forests. Each regional cirde is sub-divided into several divisions patrolled by Divisional Forest Officers. At the end of 1991, the FD had a staff of about 10,000 which includes 4850 technical and professional staff. There is also an additional manual labour force of 0.5 million. The SAR for the World Bank's Forest Resources Management Project makes the following points about the operational capabilities of the DF. * Performance of the field organisation varied widely due to inadequate monitoring of quality and effectiveness. * The structure relies too heavily on the Chief Conservator of Forests for control and decision-making. * The organisation is not sufficiently developed on functional lines. * The headquarters is weak in project planning, programming, monitoring, and evaluating and has poor environmental management capabilities. E,4vm_waFErAL RlCES~XUCWS L~UmI comN lwe Ei ar C_aiww * There is a shortage of technical staff at the .iddle and upper management levels. The SAR also comments that the FD has been slow to introduce 'people- orientated forestry'. There has been on-going donor support for mangrove afforestation for several years assisting not only in the area of plantations but also in training, remote sensing and colorisation research. The proposed Forest Resources Management Project will also finance the strengthening of environmental management capabilities. This would involve the FD establishing an Environmental Management Wing which would be concerned with: * Planning and implementation of nature conservation activities. * Establishing environmental standards and criteria for forest management. * Collecting environmental data. Monitoring environmental effects of forestry operations. U The staff salaries of the Environmental Management Wing woultd alsro be financed by the project, in addition to the short term inputs of a mangrove afforestation research scientist and an entomologist These developments should substantially enhance the capabilities for environmental management of forestry issues under the CPP H. .7.3 Bangladesh Water Development Board The BWDB is the responsible agency for all aspects of FCDI development, operation and management within the Ministry of Irrigation. It has been in existence since 1972. Its operations are administered on a regional and divisional basis and there is a total of 18,000 staff in the organisation. The World Bank's draft Final Executive Project Summary notes several problems within the BWDB which include financial constraints, management system deficiencies and poor staff motivation. It further notes that benefits of past projects have not been fuly realised due to weaknesses in the O&M system. At present the BWDB does not have environmental management capabilities though environmental issues related to water quality and supply can be adequately addressed by existing technical staff resources. ZZ4 Departmnt of Agricultural Extension The DAE is the executing agency within the Ministry of Agriculture that is concerned with providing knowledge support to the farming community. There are urrently some 12,000 officers (Block Supervisors) who interface with the farming community. Technically, they come under the administration of the Upazila Pauishad (village council) though their extension activities are directed by the Ministry through higher levels in the DAE. The block supervisors are &m"awwAL Rawcu Lum Camm oP 76 EAman C auwuhs ,n involved in the collection of basic aricultural data on cropping pattems, yields and use of agrochemicals amongst other things. Deficiencies in the efficiency and adequacy of the DAE's extension work with the farming community is being addressed through the World Bark's Agricultural Support Services Project which amongst other things improves the training and outreach capabilities of the field staff. 2.8 SELEcTED NGOs INVOLVED IN ENiRONMENAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES Of the several thousand NGOs operating in Bangladesh, the following are the main ones operating in the areas relevant to the project. It is likely that many smaller ones operate at the village level. 2.8.1 NGO Involvement in Embankment Leasing The concept of leasing stretches of embankment to the landless is not new to the BWDB. One NCO which has been involved in such activities is Bithahin Shamabaya Society which is an organisadon geared to catering for landless, destitute or widowed women. 2.8.2 iVNGOs mwolved ix Agrwcultre, Fisheries and Forcstry Activities Bangladesh RumOL Aduancament Committer (BRAC) Founded in 1972, this is the largest national NGO with over 3000 staff working in health, agriculture, education and income-generating programmes for the rual poor. BRAC activitie., are not uniformnly distributed around the country; they are presently concentrated in the districts of Manikganj, Sherpur, Ramgpur and Pabna Districts. Recently some agricultural development activties have begun on Kutubdia. In terms of social forestry, BRAC's main area of involvement has been in roadside planting and homestead gardening. Fodder. cultivation has also been a main area of farmer encouragement. Experience of coastal afforestation is limited. Proshik&aManobik Unnayan Kendra Proshika branched off from BRAC in 1976 and has become involved with rural groups in the areas of group formation, training and income and employment generation. It has organised approximately 20,000 groups of farmers throughout the country (72 upazilas) and- conducts training and group formation activities through over 35 Area Development Centres. Like BRAC, it has a rural credit scheme which operates on a revolving basis. Proshika's objectives in the forestry sector are to develop environmental awareness and provide training and credit for self development of the poor. The organisation has considerable experience of roadside afforestation, homestead agroforestry, nursery developmer.t and protection of natunrl forests. Eua_OMamA RamUac LaM C a_aFmAL Rocus Lau ComN ov nlE EfiAN Couaim Ic 7.4 EmnRONMENrAL MANAGEMENr The existing institutional framework is inadequate for the purpose of long tern holistic management of coastal polders. The most appropriate way of achieving this goal is by development of an Environmental Management CeD within the DWDB which could collaborate without coordinating the actions of other agencies involved in polder management. _,dNUG&_AL KUicis LEMi C m ism AEa Caa..mu 70 Annex A Terns of Reference 0 ANNEX liI Part I : Environmental Assessment of the Coastal Embankment Prolect The terms of reference shall involve completion of the following tasks: review of the adverse Impacts of the first Cyclone Protection Project. suggesting ways in which the proposed project may be modified to mitigate against such impacts; compare the relative environmental costs and benefits of project Implementation against the laissez faire option; Identify potential impacts of the project and attempt to assess in quantitative terms where possible these impacts; prepare an impact mitigation plan which includes details ot cost estimates and implementation arrangements; describe and evaluate the existing institutional arrangements for environmental management of the project and recommend measures to strengthen these where required. prepare and cost a plan for impact monitoring and for taking corrective measures where required. Methodoloay The consultant will conduct his assessment of the project based upon the World Bank's operational guidelines on environmental assessment. To the fullest extent possible all potential impacts will be characterised in terms of their likelihood. duration. extent. reversibility and significance. The extent to which identified impacts are assessed snall. in addition to the measures listed, be determined by their significance relative to other impacts. The following observations regarding potential impacts arising from the project shall guide the contractor in his assignment: - The mission will start from. u.e and develop the information and analysis in the EC-financed "Cyclone Protection 1I Study" reports produced by KAMPSAX. Impacts on Open Water Catchment Fisheries The mission will attempt to assess the effects of the proposed project on fish production in the coastal areas included in the proposed project. Account shall be taken of the special characteristics of the proDosed embankment project. Special attention snall go to ensure that effects on fishing in the khals can be minimised through, among others. aporopriate operation of regulators (which the mission should prescribe in the report). In assessing the project's likely impact on fisheries and in recommending Possible corrective measures, the mission will make maximum use of knowledge and information generated under the Flood Action Plan (particularly in the fields of environment and fisheries). -2- Loss of Agricuitural Land to Embankments This is likely to be a major impact of tne proposed project since virtually everywhere in tne coastal zone. cultivable land is extremely scarce. The approach In assessing land take impacts on agricultural production will therefore take Into account potential increases In agricultural production due to Improved crop protection afforded by embankments. Assessment of this impact must also take Into account the status of affected farmer/producers; as it is likaly that landless producers and lessees will be more significantly affected. special attention will go to analyse the project's impact on these categories. lmnacts of FarPer Land Use Chanoss ImDrovements within the agricultural sector in Bangladesh over recent years have caused significant chanqes In cropping patterns throughout the country. D -elopments In irrigated agriculture and FCDI are the main causative factors. The mission will attempt to identify changes in farming practices and land use due to improvements in the embankment system of coasta, areas. Conversion to shrimp cuiture foLlowing embankment construction will be given special attention. Increased Use of Aaro-Chemicals Assessment of the impacts of increased agro-chemical usage will be carried out within the Agriculture Support Services lioject (ASSP) and the NMIDP. The mission will examine mechanisms to satisfy the mutual renuirements of these projects and the Coastal Embankment Project in order to overcome the lack of information adequate for quantitative assessment of agro-chemical impacts in future. Qothr IRRAWIS The impacts described above are, to a large extent, adverse in nature. It is important that the mission seeks to identify both positive and adverse impacts of the project. Potential positive impacts include enhanced employment opportunities (short term), improved security of life and Property and also secondary benefits derived from afforestation of embankments and foreshore areas. ImpaCt Monitoring and Mitigation Many of the impacts which will need to be monitored and mitigated against in this project will also be addressed within the context of the Agricultural Sector Services Project (ASSP). The mission shall explore ways in which overlapping impacts can be monitored jointly for both projects with due consideration to the relatively weak capabilities of Bangladeshi agencies in terms of environmental/agricultural monitoring and management. - 3 - This part of the mission provides for uP to 20 days in Banglaaesni (including travel) plus 10 days of report writing in EuroDe. The mission will produce a report (in English) acceptable to both the Commission and the World Bank. A draft report will be available in 10 copies latest 5th of July 1992. A final report will be produced by 30th of September 1992 In 15 copies. Annex B Fisheries r Lr, rilgr,uti(iii aiioal 1'iuislwcries (Talki,dar iii the South Fast Region Man FWw t hCt Monih J FM A M | N B amaii t bofo F3 land ItYV bola Crop Ptlses calendar Oil seed .F4 LboF Spawning migration Spawning l j j HLisa IRivoliinhavsl - __: Harvest al sea . - - Dispersal of young in rivers Spawniing migration Spawniing Disporsal ol young over flood plain Major carp fletuirii tolyonig to beel and river I laivost in beal and liVer Ilarvest dtiuifkg spawning migration Laloral migiation to (lood plain - Floodplain Roproditlion Floocfplc-in ~~Dispaisat and GiowLh resident Ilotiuri to standing waite species I farvestl tI Dry season residence in standing water - - Mglrtalioi to estluary Siiawrniino in esatuary Giant Fresh Water Prawn JIivaL,iloiniufatioi to fieoslwaler f outinirj dipisoeal into flood plain I .larvusl , I II ,_ .. , Stiurce: I'AI' GHNER&LIZKI PINARID SEBIMP LIFK CYCLE No. of Approx. Stage Duration Moults Total Length Comments Egg 15 hours - 0.3mm Demersal marine Nauplius 24-48 hours 5 lm Demersal marine Protozoea 5-7 days 3 3mm Planktonic marine Mysis 5-7 days 3 4-lO. Planktonic marine Post-larvae 1 month about 10 1-3cm. Enters nursery area; gradual metamorpho- sis to juvenile form Juvenile 3-4 months many 3-10cm Estuarine phase, males often mature as they leave nursery area. Adult 8 months many iO-30cm Marine phase; females generally mature at sea and spawn after ferti- lization. Source: MPO (1987) Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture Resourrces Enclosue 15: Distribution of Ponds in the Study Areas Poldcr Upazila Numbcr of Ponds Toul Arcah No. of pun:ds Prop. of ponj Numbcr Cultivcd Cult:- |Dcrclic Total Under per R0I arca to ZICt I vabic I nlld ilia: liusuchlcIls cronned arci Group 1: AEZ. 13 Sub-croup 1: P-S Kalieani 1835 636 408 1059 27('.2 4 1:82 P-7/1 & P-7/2 Asashuni 11(14 383 293 1 7X0 168.0 SI. I cis P-10.12 Paikeacha 2121 735 565 3421 322.5 11 1:93 P-14/1 & P-14/2 Kovra 4217 1462 133 6802 641 4 3( 1:30 P-S (pan) & P-15 Shamnacar 485 168 130 783 j 73.7 2 1:461 P-31 & P-32 D;aconc 4443 1541 1182 7166 675 x 4.4 1-24 Sub-eroup 2 . P-35/1 |Sarankhob | 3S7 | 134 | 103 624 5 5 7 4 1 j :17tn Sub-eroup 3: P-40/l & P-40/2 4Patherchala 2736 1315 932 | 4983 3 ;75.6 2| 4 1:53 P-45 Bareuna 4377 2105 1491 7973 t4(1 1 4 25 1:44 P45 & P46 IKalanara 4346 2090 1481 7917 597(1 | 32 1:53 Group 11: AEZ - li Group 4: P-57/56 Char Fasson 81|77 3932 27R5 14894 1123.0 33 1:40 Daulatkhan 3556 1710 1212 6478 488.5 27 1:29 Burhanuddiii 3435 1651 1170 6256 |471.9 17 1:56 T;azumnuddin 4073 1959 1387 7419 559.7 66 1;28 LalmoiGn 4425 | 2032 1439 7696 58(0.3 23 1:41 P-5912 Ramcati 6734 I 3442 1374 11550. 1297-4 26 1:32 P-5913B & P-59/3C(Pan) Sudharam 11148 5699 2276 19123 214s8.5 23 1:29 P-59/C (pan) Comnanican: 2870 11467 586 4923 553 3 20 1:4| 1 i P.60 Sonacaza 2594 I 1326 530 4450 |499.8 - 14 1.2b P-732rB Hanava 11011 J 5628 2247| 1886 2121 s| 44h 1.23 7 P-72 Sandwi.p 4439 T 4808 1297 10544 I 1401. i 2- J 1:12 rGroup III: AEZ - 23 Sub-eroup 5: P-62 ChaiL2conePon I 755 | 818 | 220( 1793i 248.5 5 1:37 Sub Group 6: P-61/1 Siiakundu 2355 2 '551 689 5 S595 775.0 ! 13 ! :I(1 P-63/IA Anowara 876 948 256 | 2080 288.1 15 | S 1:32 P-64/1A Banslikhali 2114 2290 617 7 5021 695.5 11 1:26 P-64/2B Chokoria 3518 3811 1028 7 8337 1157.8 17 | 1:26 P-66/1 Ramu 2250 2437 65.7 5344 74(1.T 25 1:10 P|66/3 Coxs Bazar 1163 12601 339 2762 3X2.8 12 1:23 PC68 Tduaf 2144 2322 627 5093 705.4 4 1:16 jP.9&P-70 Maheskhali 1887 2044 52 24483 61.2| 19 1:13 IP-71 Kutubdia 619 | 670 181 1470 203.6 -1 1:21 Sourcc: DcparneCn of FisheriCs. GOvL of Bangladesh Tab-3/CPPI[ i~~~~~~~~~ EENv f@ENGA L %5 LSJ - - - \s !AJ _n. 1' 1°- '. ' ,'l E//XA~~~~~~~~ ~~ A-t s. 0 Ft V .~~~~~l- PERCtJARE- OF UPA; IL;. \1 <,,*.,."z.^,l.*c_ ..................... F. . . F.qO _...___. ....... ..... . ----jl. v ......, _,,<, BANGLADESH BRACKISH WATER SHRIMP AND FISH CULTURE CROPPING PATTERN M 0 N T H S I TRAOITIONAL JAN M WARt &FII t 0^ JU JUL AV IcP oclr Nov ote A. Shrlmp/ Fl oh i sCOU'u 11ArAR--;- B.Shrimp/Ralh/RCe. I 111HULMAISATUINA, 4 ' - /Rl E /FRESHWATER SHRINIP/ q X~~~~~~~~~ ha _ 9.Shrlmr /Safl " ".coXs ^z^|*_S A L T : ** I SEMIU-INTEA SIVE _ INTENSIV E- A. O A ShrImp /SaIhmHv _ Ricl/FProdeshwa Ot Shrimp ro *1~~| 'ol -AA.. S2 £rwt JrdcLoJlrt ptTr a~~ A| Shbtp4tmw. Hers, Ecoza~~ Rlco.~... .. -.swoo ..n ro or Salt. Note. Brackish water required throughout growth and production period is 1-5 % of the total water volume exchanged/ day MPO/HARZA JULY 1CS. Souwe MPO (19S8 Coasta s9imp Aqucahiw Rcsosac EMPLOYMENT( MANDAYS/HA I IN BRACKISH WATER SRm"|p DULY SHRIMP FARMING ACTIVITIES L.ARVAL SHRIMP!} '9 COllECTION*- O \ IN RIVERS p F00S\\5 S present: liN M e..hih.ot \ _h:\ Pusure. 333-555 " ' a PrPV.g: 2.5i: 222lso iteru SSmn Futur: m O- ; 12. O O 2 hg/I StOtlI uuIUUWin Y I E LD r"zw; ,000-2.000l/z: >; :S PROCESSING BEHEADING FOR ExPORTI. Ptgfl: 1.4 a wejs/ma.tPof uwu Present: 6 MsedayeeU/S. of Produce Pufure 29-S_mori.IrNfp'UiS Fuiurm: 25-S0 Iloamedsdbo. of produce /eUoud on ! future Sloctifig r"eq mnI of 60.000 -iO0,O0O/Io. 3,For Softife Dlelct. See TibIas 2 and 3 of Sefhumlro S5uy 3/Mar6w narf D. CMfftg"O. 0oor; ama o a .rw m HE ed by U/S. siwimo sM Fish TuCeGeS. P1o.1 LTO. CT6 Anex C Agriculture - . l - - ____ _____ ____ w .fI,0 B SS 8> t 0t S b a 0 b: a _. g 3 r- n a FI2 |~ EdP i!-UrUHa-ifi P I1 LA,, ,, ,. E ' ' ' ' '' A * -~~~~~~~~~~~~~s FiGURE 1I5- ~~~~~~** I * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * ~ ~~~~~~~ A r o~. .4 * X * 9 s~|t,.,,,-,., . E,,,,. * __ . Wor"Z_ l,.,\,* .K_. _I" _ 'aS es *.fwze.X ..........'..'. - . ' !-.CATLAE i lo, 111gM, lob. 3-4 I~fl a- ~~~ernernmg S.W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1v, -_",o *1,I'WI S..WAv~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ WA be.4 .~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~% IIp.*US S3Wd8~~~~~~~ M@~~~ ~ ~~ COASTAL AREA~~~~N Simon WI 01540 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MOF,mw, f.smNe..a.~oc..A OLSLNT A ______________ ___________________________ -- - (DRY EASON CNDITIO') a ~aeoumaA a-n~~~~~LANOV Peveatage DistibutionI of Farms as per Si= of Holding 1w | UpBh ]PUmemap DsanbuLon jPcanuia Domnbuton: ; Avenue Famn Suac 1' of Non. Nkgu INo. of Forms Operued Ama n in Ilecuatm Fann lIeou. I Smal iMediu Lro ia | Tmil Smalnl ed%uv4 LarteI Total Small Miedium | I AvcVS holds (No GCnp l:AEZ -13 Sab.toup 1: P-5 ';almann 66.7 24.6 3.7 1000 20 1 399 0 0(11 000 033 1 76 4Jh| 1.111 276 P.711 & P72 Asaihuni 67.0 24.1 3.2 11100 22.7 395 37.3 inno0 037 . 32 50J 4 I On 263 P.10.12 Paikgacha 61.1 23.1 10.3 I M0. 173 40.0 42.2 100 0 0 36 2_77 435 1.24 21 5 P-l4I1 & P-1472 I;ovm 64.5 26. 9.3 1000. 19.3 29.3 5t) 4 l00 n 0 35 1 74 5 03 2.1 222 P*S(pool& P-15 Shamunar 60.7 27.2 11.i i 0.n0 154 38.5 46.1 100.0 0.32 1.30 5000 1. 272 P_31 &P-32 D cop Iso. 50.1 35.3 14.1 10001 12.5 43.2 44.3 1000 0.38 12 4 73 1.51 205 Sub.um2 2_- P_3511 _S_ankho1a f 6912 254 5.5 1100O0 22.6 4Sh 1 23S| Ion o02e 171 |.1641 70 266 Sub-emu3 _ __ PA4ll & P. 40R Padhcrvh1am 67.1 26.3 6 1 InO0 22.E 43.5 2H 7 1000 032 1.72 452 { 095 | 93 P.45 Barruna 7. 1 27 5. 1.0 266 43.6 29- -0-.o 0.33 169 5.0 0 O 203 P-4&p.46 I;aapa n 55.0 29.5 15.5 100.0 1Z.1 32.7 55.1 I0001 0.35 1.7b | 5 159 3,0 GrowlI: AEZ- 15 GNup 4: P.57/5 CharFasmo 62.2 25.4 3.4 100.0 .21.6 39.0 394 1n0.0 10.37 1.73 5.30 1.13 30.2 Daulaikhan |73.7 13.1 3.2 100.0| 36.2 41.4 22.4 200.01 0.33 2.66 4|96 0W72 35.1 Burhanuddin 71.7 23.3 5.0 100.0 23.3 412.2 7 100.0 I035 2.67 4 73 0339 27 3 Tazumuddun 73.4 22.6 4.0 100.0 32.6 45.5 21.9 100.0 0-37 1.67 4 57 (133 26 5 |_______________ Lalmoh|an 70.0 I 23.3 6.2 1200.0 26.4 42.2 31 4 1000 0.36 1.69 4.34 095 28.5 IP-5912R_ me41i 66.3 25.3 7.4 100.0 23.3 42.0 34 7 100.0 0.36 1.70 4.95 1.05 | 29 P-5W03B& P-5913CfPan) Sudharam 73.3 20.3 6.4 1100.01 26.3 36.5 36.7 100.01 0.34 1.65 5.30 0.92 21.9 P-5913C(panI Comnanmean, 79.6 17.1 3.3 100.01 35.9 37.9 26.2 100.0 0.33 1.61 5 71 073 25.5 P.60 Snsaea2z 32.9 15.7 1.4 100.0 490 40.2 10.3 100.0 0.36 1.55 4 72 0.61 294 P.73)29 a Haiwva 66.2 25.0 38.3 TIO.O 20.54 39.3 40.2 100.01 034 .-75 5104 111 256 P.2 {Sandwnp 70.61 25.6 3.3 100.01 31.8 1 46.1 22.1 100.l0 0.381 1.50 4 301 03 4 I 51 U Crua I11 : AEZ - D Sub.gw,u 5: P-62 |Omunaon Pn 36.7 I 11.9 1.4 1 00LO 50.9 36.5 12.6 1000 10.32 1-6 i 49 | 1 054 539 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ I _ _ I T 1 T P.6111 $Siukundu 36.0 13.2 0.3 1200.0 554 37.5 71 1000 0 5 1.53 5.24 0.54 62.3 P-M IA IAnOwara I39 l0.4 0.7 2000 62.9 30.2 6.9 tOO0 0.7 1.52 404 0.52 310 1 P-6411A lBanshkhab 34.2 14.3 1.5 1000 50.7 37.1 12.2 100.0 G.,36 1.55 494 1 060 305 I P.64)2B lChokona 734 2.:4 4.2 1OO 337 41.7 246 1000 1040 7n0 452 f(96 311.1 |D6/ iRamu 63.1 26.9 5.0 100.0 23.6 47.7 23.7 100.0 04n 1.70 1 4521 096 331 ____________Cocs .fLawa T777 19.5 2-3 100.0 331.0 43.0 19. 200.0 0.36 1.63 4-90 0.74 41.3 P.6| Tdknaf 67.4 26.0 166 100.0 224 45.4 3Z2 100.0 033 2.76 4.92 I.00 42.2 IP69&P-70 Mabcskhai | 77914 2.7 100.0 416 40.9 17.5 1000 041 |62 5.22 0.77 47.3 P171 IKuubdia 773 19.3 I.9 200.0 40.7 422 17.1 100.0 0.40 1.6T 4.46 077 I 33.3 Sa am giWes, Cems of Agncaltum Lavsad. 193486 Distrct-wise Distibution of pfeticides (Mectric Tonne) |Pamo Yer _On- Cam1- sail Amnc- Fin. Rait- We- D lu4a uI N1MI_ law. Idn PC *iuadea edic. /Doep. twiod idu mks l ~ ~pies--- Oimu 19UJ7 m 55 2.5 2 2 20 0.5 prg 191174 345 52 2 5 2 0.5 16 193.9 405 63 1.5 3 2 0o5 10 Nok- 1986.17 210 33 1 1 2 0.5 hail 19740 230 32 1 5 I 1953 270 46 1.5 Z 3 05 . Bar l9 13687 190 32 0.5 I . 193743 212 30 - , . . 13199 245 34 . 1.5 . * KUzhulm 193617 so 20 1 0.5 - 19I74S 92 IS I I I . . 193549 107 26 1.5 1.5 Z atuak- 1964 ISO 16 - OS hbe 197-43 130 16 2 . . . 139U39 115 21 - 13 _ . Distrit-wi Cosmption of Fertilir 1985-86 1986-87 198748 1988-89 Chittagong 5 5 4 3 Noakhali 3 3 4 3 Barisal 2 3 3 3 Khulna 3 2 3 7 Patuakhaii 1 1 1 Total 13 14 15 17 Bangladesh 100% 100% 100% 100% rofDis- 13% 14% 15% 17% relation to Bla:ngladesh Sour=: DWDB (192) Annex D Sodo-economics a Position of Agricultural Lending by the Institutional Credit Agencies ______ ________ ______ ________ ______ ______ ____ _ 'Am ount in Crore Taka) Targei Ior Disbursed P.C. of Turgei Dcmand for Net Credit Flow P.C. of Oulsianding P.C. of Overdue to Year Disbu:semcnt Acliicved Rccovcry Rccovcry Rccovcry Overducs including Outstmnding (Col. 3 - 6) overdues 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 1980-81 548.30 373.42 68.1 452.36 221.35 152.07 48.9 234.91 678.51 34.6 1981-82 653.740 423.84 64.8 648.30I 314.34 109.5(1 48.5 322.30 839.87 38.4 1982-83 817.20l 678.55 83.0 817.27 342.33 336.22 41.9 456.69 1321.51 33.8 1983.84 II 5s.nn 1005.30 90.1 1238.22 517.57 488.73 41.8 755.67 2077.35 36.4 1984.85 I ' .n0 1149.68 1(1.0 15I5.50 583.90 565.78 38.5 1158.89 3034.24 38.2 1985.86 1276 50 631.72 49.5 2375.19 607.15 24.57 25.6 1778.77 3514.25 50.6 1986-87 1075.0 667.28 62.1 2683.54 1107.56 (-1 440.28 41.3 1575.98 3294.41 47.8 1987.88 050.0 656.31 6'.5 '528.16 595.78 60.53 23.6 1932.38 3863.49 50.0 1988.89 1250M.0 807.62 64.6 2933.66 577.96 229.66 19.7 2355.68 .411M66 50.0 1989-90 1350.00 686.7T 50.9 3986.27 701.95 15.17 17.6 3284.33 5381.29 61.0 (Provisional) Includes lk. 200 Crore uniir SACP * Includcs the T1. 625 Crure E&riiaukeld fur inisc.AgpicuIure Source: Bangladesh Bank Availability and Settlement of Khas Agricultural LAnd in the Coastal Districts C Area In Hectares ) H Coastal District IKthas Agril.land: Land actually 5 No. of farm Average land :Agr1l. land yet It of Total Available for settled upto I families alloted per to be settled avallable tH t settlement 1 31.10.90 t benefitted family ' land I 1 Khulna t 875.82 557.51 , 1,657 0.34 318.31 36.3 t 2 Bagerhat 854.21 672.85 3,131 0.21 , 181.62 21.3 t 3 Borguna 1399.94 . 1219.35 2,464 0.50 180.59 12.9 t 4 Patuakhali I 4720.88 713.31 1,302 t 0.55 4007.57 84.9 :, t 5 Bhola 1046.43 4577.50 7,858 0.53 2468.93 35.6 ; 6 6 Satkhira t 3066.70 1 2341.43 8,683 0.27 1 724.05 23.6 : 1I 7 Chittagong 7669.32 ' 4035.99 11,127 0.36 3633.33 47.4 ' 8 Cox's Bazar 4497.08 1 960.71 3,924 ' 0.24 3536.38 78.6 : tig Feni 2364.08 1938.00 ' 8,409 0.23 426.07 18.0 " 1o Laxmipur 12252.08 0 2046.37 4,286 0.48 426.07 83.3 HII Noakhali 9211.95 6086.91 7,650 0.80 3125.03 ' 33.9 '':::=:=--=-=:===,-:::=::=: -------,::-:::-:t--- --====-:=:z==='--:=:-::==-==, 't Total : t 53958.55 25149.73 a 60,491 0.42 . 19027.95 35.26 :, Source : Hinistry of Land Reforms and Land Administration. Oovernment of Bangladesh , Dhaka. Pautarg' U of VarwouS Drinking Water Sourac Polder | Upazila | Tap, Tube- Pond. Shallow Rivcrs. Surcams Numberg Waler Wells Wells Canals Total Group I: AEZ-13 SUb-grOUp 1: P_ _ _ Kaligani 0.01 73.05 26.92 0.0 10.0 P_.1/ &P-7/2 Asashuni 0.01 48.76 51.08 0.15 100.0 P-10-12 Paikgacha - 61.43 38.38 0.19 100.0 P-14/1 & P.1412 Kovra 1.21 98.61 0.18 100.0 P-S {) & P-Is Shamnaear 0.01 7.77 92.05 0.17 100.0 P-31 & P-32 Dacope 0.08 9.02 83.48 7.42 100.0 Sub-iroup 2: P-35/1 |Sarankhok | 0.05 4.37 78.59 16.99 100.0 Sub-g tp 3: _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ P-40/1 & P-40/2 Patherchata 0.03 8.90 72.89 18.18 100.0 P-45 Bareuna 0.25 50.78 27.94 21.03 100.0 P-48 &P-46 Kalapa 0.06 49.10 46.34 4.50 100.0 Group 11: AEZ-18 Grou 4: P-57/56 Char Fasson 0.06 44.29 48.71 6.94 100.0 DaulatIchan 0.13 66.66 24.89 8.32 100.0 Burhanuddin 0.26 44.15 52.08 3.51 100.0 Tazmnuddin 0.15 43.01 52.69 4.15 100.0 Laimohon 0.11 46.91 46.85 6.13 100.0 P-592 Ramnau 0.13 46.98 48.18 4.71 100.0 P-59/3B & P-59/3CParz) Sudharam 0.99 38.72 60.08 0.21 100.0 P-59/3C (pan) Copmoanianj 0.30 60.76 38.59 0.35 100.0 P-60 * Sonarazi - 67.46 31.90 0.64 100.0 P-7312B Hativa 0.22 46.43 51.74 1.61 100.0 P72- Sandwip 0.70 34.50 94.60 0.90 100.0 Group m: AEZ-23 Sub-group 5: P-62 *ChiuaIong Pon I Sub Group 6: P-61/1 Simakundu 5.57 50.34 43.58 0.51 100.0 P-63/1A Anowaa . 62.78 37.10 0.02 100.0 P-64/lA Banshkhaili 0.40 67.70 31.00 0.90 100.0 P-64/2B Chokona . 78.12 17.13 4.75 100.0 P.66/I Ramu 0.96 72.83 14.58 11.63 100.0 P-66/3 Cox's BaZar 2.57 68.90 25.71 2.82 100.0 P-68 Teknaf 0.96 40.37 57.58 1.09 100.( P469 & P-70 Mahcskhali . 0.09 59.08 39.43 _ 1.40 100.0 P-71 KulUbdia 67.00 33.00 100.0 Saurce: UIpazila Sucs of Bangladesh 1988. BBS Pentage Distrinbution of Households as per Ownuship of Laud and Homestd and Agricultural labour -_________________ _____________(Figueis Pcrcenar cl Pdider Upala Total Households Households Houschold with Agnculural Nunber Farm & with no with no Homes- Honc t ad but no Labour .__________________ _______________ Non-Farm Owned Land tead Amca cultivatcd Iland Households Group I AEZ 13 _ Sub.anup 1: P-5 KaliSani 100.0 IOA 1.5 18.0 46.3 P-71i & P-7/2 Asashuni 100.0 3.8 1.6 20.5 62.0 P-10-12 Paikpacha 100.0 6.5 1.3 15A. 42.4 P-15 Shunnaiar 100.0 3.0 0.1 20.9 58.7 P-31 & P-32 Dacope 100.0 10.6 1.4 13.2 44.1 Sub-rroup 2 : P-3SA 2 ISarankhola 100.0 1 12. 1.2 13.0 42.9 Sub-crotup3: P-4011 & P-4012 IPatherIphaia 100.0 4.0 1.4 Iii5 40.5 P.45 jBaraun| 100.0 5.1 2.6 . 10.9 36.2 P-46&P-48 Kaiapara 100.0 15.9 1.5 25.3 41.0 P.54 Amioii 100.0 10.7 6.2 23.4 43.1 Group nI AEZ 18 GMup 4: P*57/56 Chr Fasson & 100.0 18.7 1.8 19.6 51.0 _ OiUpazila P-s9/2 Raogati 100.0 17.8 17 19.2 48_7 P-59/313 & P-59/3EnPrt) Sudharsun 100.0 1.0 1.9 11.3 40.7 P-5913C (pa) Companizuani 100.0 3.9 1.7 15.1 33.7 ,P0 Sonarazi 100.0 23 3.3 I 20.4 32.2 P-73l2B Hauva 100.0 1.8 2.0 17.2 47.5 P-72 Sandwip 100.0 167 1.9 473 35.9 Group M: AEZ 23 Sub-Ump 5: P-62 IChittagong P 100.0 2.2 1.9 46.7 24.9 Sub Group 6: P-6111 Sitakundu 100.0 35.6 6.6 46.2 16.0 P-6311A Anowan 100.0 1.6 1.7 34.8 37.3 P-6411A Banshkhali 100.0 1.6 1.6 19.1 44.5 P-64/2B Chokoria 100.0 9.8 1.7 26.1 39.7 P.66/ RUnu 100.0 15.5 I 2.2 35.8 28.3 P366/ Coxs Bazar 100.0 10.8 2.6 37.4 45.7 P.68 Teknaf 100.0 19.2 25 36.1 27.0 P69&P-70 Mahcskhali 100.0 6.6 3.1 45.7 1 345 P-71 KUIbdir 100.0 5.7 1.3 31.7 1 32.3 Soumace: B _Aadesh Cawu of Agiculnae & Liv _ok. 198344 Annex E Afforestation a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ lOOm. COCONUT DATE FULM TREES MANGROVE CA5UARIIIA SP. SEA/RIVER L BOUIROW PIT OERM EMBANKMEIIT SliOY SOIL TYPICAL DESIGN OF AFFORESTATION (SAHDY SOIL IN 1 HE BERN AND FOREL A) Source BWDB (1992) MINIMUM zoom. | I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IE F@ MANGROVE ' HEE [HOULA PATA SEA/RIVER BORROW PIT TYPICAL DESIGN OF AFroRESTATION (CLAY/SILTY SOILS) Source BWDB (1992) Annex F Flora and Fauna * COMMON FLORAL SPECIES IN THE SUNDARBANS Tree Species 1. Keora Sonneratia apetala 2. Gewa Exeoecaria agallocha 3. Kankra Bruguicra gymnorhiza 4. Bean Avicennia officiualis 5. Goran Ceriops decandra 6. Pussur Carapa moiuceensis 7. Sundari Heriteria fomes Shrub Species 1. Gol-patta Nypa fruitcms 2. Hogla-patta Typha angustata 3. Keya Dandanus odoratissimus COMMON FISH AND CRUSTACEANS FISH Scientific Name Common Name L Rohita Rohit Catla catla Kada Cirrhinus mrigal Mrigal Lalbeo calbasu Kal-Baush Hilsa sp. Elish, Hilsha Pangasius Pangas Mystus or M. seenghala Shilong Rita rita Rita Scrranus lanceolatus Bhol, Poma Bhol, Koia Bhole S. Sonneratt VetWi Anabus testudincus Koi (climbing fish) Heteropucustes fassilis Shinghi (stinging fish) Carias batrachus Magur Plotosus carUus Gang-Magur Carcharhinus gangeticus Hangur, Kamot MastoLembelus pancalus Bain, eel Notopterus notopterus FoBi M. (Rhinomtugil) corsula Bhata E. ambuinensis Bale A- (Tachystopus) gugord Ghagra E. (Thryssa) hamiltonii Physa pellona elungata Toposhi (Mango fish) Trichopaster sp. Khalisha Silania silondia Bancha Mystus gulio Tangra T. savala Puttii Drepane punciata Rupi Chanda C. Hamiltona Bashpatta CRUSTACEANS Scientific Name Common Name Panulirus hontarus Galdha Chingri (Lobster) Metapenucus affinis Shawla Chingri (Prawn) M. brevicornis Bagdha Chingri (Prawn) Acetes enythracus Chamuya Chingri (Prawn) Matutol lunanis Lonai kakra Daranuthrox aculeatus Macorsa kakra Ocypoda cratopthalma - Lal kakra Chrydis cruciara Jugi kakra Scylla serrata Shila kara Neptumus pelagicus Santaru kakra Paratelphusa lamrelifvons Patafalak kakra N. sangvinolentus Neptune kakra AMMNALS Scientifc Name Common Name Axis aids Spotted Deer Panthera pardus Leopard Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat Felis chaus Jungle cat V. zibertha Civet cat Canis qureus Jackal Vulpes bengalensis Fox Homa sapiens Hanuman M. mulatta Monkey Herpestes Edwardsil Mongoose S. scrofa Hog Antherurua macrourus Sajaru - (Hedge-hog) Lepus nigricoUlis Hare B. indica Rabbit Callasciurus pygerythus Squirrel Pieropus gigamten Bat (Flying fox) Megoderma lyra Vampire bat Rattus rattus Rat Bankdicota bergulensis Mole-rat Vandeleuria aleracea Tree Mouse Gargetic dolphin .Tiger REPTILES Scenific Name Common Name Crocodylus porosus Crokodile (Saltwater) Gavials gangeticus Ghorial (Reptile) Trionyx gangeticus Turtle (Soft shelled) Chitra indica Kachim (Tortoise) Naja naja Cobra Dryophis mycterizans Tree Snake Hernidactylus flavivindis tik-ti-kd (wall lizard) Gecko gecko Girgiti (tree lizard) BIRDS Scientific Name Common Name Lethyophoga Icthyactus Grayhinded Fishing Eagle Gyps Bengalensis White-backed Vulture G. fulvas Griffin Vulture (Falco chicquera) Red-headed Falcon Perms pidorhynchus Crested Honey Buzzard Sariddiomis melanotos Knob-biRed Gosse Ardea cineyea Gray Heron Ardeala grayii Pond Heron BIRDS (CONTINUED) Scientific Name Common Name Egretta alba Great Egret Ciconia-cconia White Stork Ibis leucocephalus Painted Stork Milvas migrans Chil, Black Kite Haliastur indus Laichil, Brahmini Kite Flanus caeyuleus Black Winged Kite Anas sp. Duck, wigeon, teal A. poecilorhyneha Spot BiRled Duck Carina scutulata White winged wood duck S. aurantia Gang-chil, River Tern Laurs ridibundus Sea gul p. capensis Stork Biled Kingfisher H. smyrnensis White breasted kingfisher Aleedo atthis Common Kingfisher Gallinago sp. Snipe Cafdris niinutus Little Stint T. hypolcueos Sand Piper S. nilotica Gull biled Tem S. fhscata Sooty Tem Rhynchops albicollis Indian Skimmer Haloyon cioris Swallow Gallicyex cincrea Water-cock Numentus arquata Curlew Chaleophops indica Emerald dove Streptopelia chnensis Spotted dove T. pompadora , Pigeon C Toulou Cuckoo Apus Sp. Swift Cypstursn parras Pal Swift Catandrella Raytal Sand lark Gallus gallus Red jungle foul Eudynomis scalopacea Koel Corvus macroyhynchas Raven C. splendens Crow Source: BWDB (1992) Annex G Selected Bibliography SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ATAUR RAHMAN, AK. (1989). Freshwater Fishes of Bangladesh. Zool. Soc. Bangladesh. BARC. (1986). Women's Work in Rural Bangladesh. Winrock Intemational. BWDB. (1986). Feasibility Report Package 1: Khulna Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project. Asian Development Bank. BWDB. (1987). Rehabilitation of Water Development Project: Draft Feasibility Report Rehabilitation of CEP Polder 59/1A. BWDB. (1992). Cydone Protection Project Il-FAP 7 Feasibility and Design Studies: Draft Project Preparation Report. Kampsax Intemational. CHOU-rlRY, SA. (1986). Women in Development in Bangladesh: briefing Material for Country Dept on WID Policy. CHOWDHURY, AN. (1989). Let Grass Roots Speak: Peo-tle's Participation Self-help Groups and NGOs in Bangladesh. Dhaka. FAO/SIDA. (1986). Fisherwomen's Activities in Bangladesh: A Participatory Approach to Development FAO/UNDP. (1987). The Maturing Mangrove Plantations of the Coastal Afforestation Project FAO Field Document No 2. FAO/UNDP Proiect No BGDI15/085. FALLON, L (1989). Aquatic Resources and Fisheries in Bangladesh. World Resources Institute (WRI) Washington. HIFAB & MARC. (1991). Land Acquisition and Resettlement Study. Flood Action Plan Component 15. IUCN. (1989). Proposal for Rapid Assessment of Areas of Environmental Concem in Bangladesh. JHINGRAM, VG. (1968). Fish Synopsis on Rohu. FAO Fish Synop. Vol 32, p386-401. KHAN HA & JHINGRAM, VG. (1975). Synopsis of Biological Data on Rohita. FAO Fish Synopsis VoL 111. LEEDSHILL DE LEUW ENGINEERS. (1968). Coastal Embankment Project: Engineering and Economic Evaluation Volume 1. Master Plan Organisation (MPO). (1987). Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture Resources. Technical Paper No 18. MPO. (1987). Fisheries and Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Development Technical Report No 17. PILLAY, SR & ROSA A. (1963). Synopsis of Biological Information on Hilsa. FAO Fish. Bio. Synopsis Vol. ;3. PROSHIKA. (1989). A Proposal on Embankment Protection and Management: An Afforestation and Environmental Eduction Programme in the Meghna- Dhonagoda Irrigation Project Area. Comilla Proshika Centre for Development SHOWLER, A. (1989). Pesticide Use and Environmental Polution in Bangladesh. WRI, Washington. YOUSSOUF ALI. Environmental Conservation and Fisheries Resources in Bangladesh. In: Inland Fisheries Management in Bangladesh. DOF/BCASAICLARM. WORLD BANK Involving NGOs In Bank-supported Activities. Operational Directive 14.70. WORLD BANK. (1989). Bangladesh Action Plan for Flood Control. WORLD BANK (1990). Third Fisheries Project: Bangladesh. Staff Appraisal Report (No 8392-BD). WORLD BANK (1990). Bangladesh Third Fisheries Project Staff Appraisal Report. WORLD BANK (1992). Bangladesh Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project Staff Appraisal Report WRL (1990). Bangladesh Environment and Natural Resources AssessmenL Washington. Annex H Photographic Material ~~~~- a *~~~~.. r "cV. t. L_~~- - _ - ' - \', -~~~~~~~~ ~ -. - -C _*4. - F - -- :,= . ...... =, ........... - -_ II~ - '. -_ CSar Lands Homesteads I ._ _ __ _ ................................ , .... . . . _ ~ ~ - _-- Embasnkmet at Polder 59 Embankmcnt Bach along Cowwe of Natural Channel Homstads adjacent to Existing Embankment