73369 E AST ASIA A ND PACI FI C REG I O N Sustainable Development 6 Guidance Note GEN DER AND DI S A S T E R R I S K MA N AGE M E N T - G UIDA N C E N OTES Integrating Gender-Sensitive Disaster Risk Management into Community- Driven Development Programs This note on Integrating Gender-Sensitive Disaster Risk Management in Community-Driven Development (CDD) Programs is the sixth in a series of Guidance Notes on gender issues in disaster risk management (DRM) in the East Asia and the Pacific region. Targeting World Bank staff, clients and development partners, this note gives an overview of the main reasons for incorporating gender-sensitive DRM into CDD programs, identifies the key challenges, and recommends strategies and tools. This note complements Guidance Note 4: Integrating Gender Issues in Community-based Disaster Risk Management WHAT IS COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT? Photo by Sawanpracharak Hospital Community-driven development (CDD) is an approach that gives communities control over resources and decision-making. Poor communities receive funds, decide on their use, plan and implement local projects, and monitor the resulting service provision. CDD fills a critical gap in poverty reduction efforts, complementing market economy and government-run programs. Experience shows that by relying on program beneficiaries to drive development activities, CDD programs have the potential to make poverty-reduction efforts more responsive to demands, more inclusive, sustainable, and cost-effective than traditional centrally-led programs (IDA, 2007). Supporting CDD normally includes activities such as strengthening and financing community groups, facilitating community access to information, and promoting policy and institutional reform. Further information on CDD programs can be found in Community Driven Development - Empowering People to Lead Their Development (IDA, 2010). WHY INTEGRATE COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT WITH DRM? Poor women and men are more at risk from adverse impacts of natural hazards. Vulnerability to the risks and income shocks resulting from natural disasters is one of the fundamental dimensions of poverty (World Bank, 2009). Many of the communities in which CDD programs are being implemented are disaster-prone and sensitive to the impacts of climate change. Initiatives to strengthen the resilience of poor and vulnerable men and women to natural hazard and climate change impacts can not only contribute to improving their livelihoods and safety but also to protecting the substantial investments being made in poverty reduction, infrastructure and services provision. THE WORLD BANK GUIDANCE NOTES on GENDER and 2 Disaster Risk Management What is the difference between community-driven development and community-based DRM? The World Bank recommends the integration of community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) approachesinto CDD programming in places with high disaster risks. CBDRM is highly complementary to CDD. The main difference is that CBDRM focuses specifically on the factors that make communities vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazard and, increasingly, climate change, while CDD addresses a wider range of socio-economic and governance influences on poverty, such as high food prices or socio-political conflict. CBDRM can be built into CDD programs as a core contributing element to poverty reduction strategies. Source: World Bank (2009) Building Resilient Communities: Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters through Social Funds and Community-Driven Development Programs. This source provides detailed information, case studies and examples for implementation. A number of CDD programs have already been making a significant contribution to disaster risk reduction and recovery. The ability of such programs to strengthen community-government relationships allows them to develop critical linkages in disaster early warning, preparedness and mitigation and response systems (World Bank, 2009). CDD programs support disaster response and recovery as well as pro-active disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation initiatives in disaster-prone countries. They can: • Strengthen the capacity of communities and governments to reduce and manage the impact of shocks. • Increase access to basic social services (public health, sanitation, education, etc.) and/or micro-finance/ micro-insurance services to build livelihood security, as well as the ability to cope with current and future shocks. • Develop or strengthening the physical infrastructure to reduce asset losses (e.g. seawalls, irrigation systems, health centers, slope stabilization), including retro-fitting of existing key infrastructure to make it more hazard-resilient. • Assist disaster-affected communities to protect their income and assets through public works and cash transfer programs, and supporting longer-term recovery initiatives to restore and improve income and assets. • Contribute trained community facilitators to assist with Social Impact Analysis (SIA) and vulnerability targeting during government-led post disaster needs assessments. Photo by Sawapracharak Hospital 3 Guidance Note 6 WHY INCLUDE GENDER NEEDS? While many CDD programs have been proactive in identifying and addressing gender issues as part of community participation and social inclusiveness strategies, few have addressed the gender- differentiated aspects of disaster and climate risks. The difference is important, as women tend to experience disproportionately higher disaster and climate risks and impacts than men, though men can also be adversely affected (World Bank, 2011c). Case Study: The Evolution of Gender-Sensitive DRM/CCA in a CDD Program The Philippines’ Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services Program (KALAHI-CIDSS), started in 2002, has reached over 4,500 of the poorest villages in 200 municipalities, supporting 5,645 sub projects, and benefited around 1.26 million households. As the program has evolved, its understanding and experience of the impacts of gender and disaster risk management / climate change adaptation (DRM/CCA) issues on poverty reduction have also evolved. Gender concerns. Past evaluations and studies have found relatively high participation rates in project activities, including a number of positive benefits for women, which indicate the value of the program’s intensive social mobilization and participatory planning processes. At the same time, women and men who have not attended schools have been less likely to have their preferences represented in the sub-project proposals. Gender concerns have not been fully discussed in project implementation documents and sub-project proposals. Participatory monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes also have not adequately consulted with male and female beneficiaries nor closely consulted them on the gender impacts of the program. Efforts to address these shortcomings have been underway since 2009-10, including an in-depth analysis of ways to make M&E more gender-sensitive. Disaster and climate change risk. Many communities in which KALAHI-CIDSS works are vulnerable to natural disaster and/or climate-related impacts. While some of these communities have identified and implemented DRM sub-projects, such as sea wall construction, a systematic approach was not in place to analyze these risks across the program, raise awareness among communities and local government, and include a range of programming options to build disaster and climate resilience. In 2010, KALAHI-CIDSS engaged in a participatory consultation and planning process to integrate cost-effective DRM/CCA initiatives into the program. Next steps: Planning for the next phase of KALAHI-CIDSS is underway and builds on this knowledge and experience. The design will incorporate gender-sensitive DRM/CCA strategies, activities and performance indicators to ensure that men and women can equally benefit from, and participate in, building community resilience to disaster and climate-related impacts. Sources: Eusebio and Bonar, 2010; World Bank, 2011d; World Bank, 2011f. Photo by Sawapracharak Hospital GUIDANCE NOTES on GENDER and 4 Disaster Risk Management CHALLENGES IN INTEGRATING GENDER-SENSITIVE DRM IN CDD PROGRAMS Some of the main challenges in integrating gender-sensitive DRM in CDD programs include: 1. Valuing women’s participation: Women’s priorities for projects, whether in DRM and climate change adaptation (CCA) or in other areas, are often bypassed in decisions to allocate limited community-level project resources. Similarly, women often are not included in DRM teams and decision-making bodies. Convincing local government officials and community leaders to fully involve both women and men from communities in DRM and CCA activities and decision-making can be challenging. 2. Capacity to integrate DRM/CCA and gender needs: Frequently, the majority of program staff and government or civil society implementing partners of a CDD program will not be familiar with how to integrate DRM/CCA or gender aspects into their work. 3. Needs assessment, communication, and monitoring and evaluation: Gender-blind assessments, lack of gender-disaggregated data, and robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) pose problems for developing gender- sensitive programs. See also Guidance Note 8: Gender-Sensitive Post-disaster Assessments, and Guidance Note 3: Gender Informed Monitoring and Evaluation in Disaster Risk Management. 4. Quality of post-disaster response and recovery: In a post-disaster context, the sense of urgency that often pervades relief and recovery efforts can lead to shortcuts in consultative processes. This may sideline local decision-making structures and/or poor and vulnerable groups, and in turn, often leads to inappropriate or unsustainable results (World Bank, 2006), including elite capture of the benefits of the assistance (Arnold and Burton, 2010). HOW TO INTEGRATE GENDER-SENSITIVE DRM IN CDD PROGRAMS There are many opportunities to integrate gender sensitive approaches into disaster risk management as part of CDD programs. Key areas are presented below: Promoting women’s participation: To promote women’s substantive contributions, it is important that relevant decisions or proposals made by women receive funding. Technical assistance may also be required to develop their skills and confidence to prepare solid proposals. Such measures have been introduced into CDD programs like the Lao Poverty Reduction Fund (see Case Study 2 below). Specific targets/quotas for women and other marginalized groups, along with support to develop their skills and confidence to play such roles, can be useful when there are barriers to their participation or access to program resources. Suggested actions include: • Conduct activities to sensitize local government officials and community leaders to the importance of investing in gender-sensitive DRM in areas at high risk of disaster or climate-related impacts that can be integrated into the social preparation stage of a CDD program development. • Identify ‘change champions’ - e.g. respected political, community, religious, or entertainment figures - to carry out advocacy/education activities with community and government partners at every level. • Develop DRM and gender advocacy strategies and messages which are based on sound evidence and are adjusted to reflect the interests of different stakeholder groups; for instance to demonstrate to health and disaster management authorities how training women in evacuation procedures and first aid can save children’s lives. 5 Guidance Note 6 Case Study: Enhancing Women’s Participation in the Lao Poverty Reduction Fund The Lao Poverty Reduction Fund (PRF) seeks to promote the equitable involvement of women in decision-making and the implementation of its sub-projects. When the operations of the Phase I began in 2003, the focus was on ensuring women’s opportunity to express their preferences for the sub-projects. At the village level, men and women would participate in separate meetings where they each identified three proposed priorities for the use of PRF funds. A village needs priority assessment (VNPA) meeting of both genders created a combined list of three priority sub-projects for the village. However, none of the proposals had to reflect the preferences that women had expressed in their single-sex meetings, and women’s priorities were receiving less support than those of men. A review of the procedures in 2007–08 led to several important changes that have increased women’s roles and opportunities. The single-sex meetings continue (each group proposes three infrastructure sub-projects and two priorities for training) but participants at the VPNA meetings must now select two of the three infrastructure proposals and one of the two training proposals from the women’s list. A recent Independent Completion Report found that the PRF is successfully reaching the poorest women in the Laos PDR, with 91% of the approved sub-projects coming from the women’s lists. Phase II (2011-16) of the PRF has a gender action plan in place which seeks to integrate gender across the project components. The project will incorporate specific gender equality actions into the program, based on the lessons learnt from Phase I, including stronger women’s participation in DRM programs, through meetings and trainings, and other means. In 2009, Typhoon Ketsana crossed Vietnam and hit southern part of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic before moving to Cambodia. Increasing women’s engagement in DRM through PRF and other projects can help increase their resilience towards external shocks, including disasters. Sources: World Bank, 2011e, p 6; J Plummer, 9 May 2012. Strenghtening capacities: The staff and implementing partners need to be sensitized to gender and DRM and CCA issues and skilled in gender analysis, particularly, the community facilitators. Gender and DRM/CCA expertise should be provided by the program team through staff/consultant roles and/or CSO/NGO partners. Gender responsibilities need to be incorporated into job descriptions and performance review systems, and senior program management also needs to demonstrate a clear commitment to gender equality. Case Study 3 shares the experience of the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) following the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, highlighting the need to ensure that the personnel deployed or recruited by partner organizations receives adequate training and on-the-job technical support for gender analysis. See also recommendations in the Guidance Note 8: Gender-Sensitive Post- disaster Assessments. Case Study: Expanding Post-Disaster Community Outreach The PPAF’s Earthquake Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Program (E3RP) deployed Social Mobilization Teams (SMTs) through its partner organizations (47 in Azad Jammu Kashmir and 60 in North West Frontier Province). Each team was designed to include an engineer and a male and female social organizer and had responsibility for 800–1,000 households. The SMTs played a critical role in housing reconstruction by carrying out damage assessments, social mobilization, training, and quality control activities. A constraint faced by the operation was the lack of sufficient female team members for some of the SMTs, despite the requirement to include women. This reduced the capacity of PPAF to work with vulnerable families, particularly those headed by women. Partner organizations did not appear to understand gender issues or disabled-friendly housing design. The PPAF concluded that, in the future, it would be desirable to train and monitor partner organizations on vulnerability and gender issues. Source: World Bank, 2009. GUIDANCE NOTES on GENDER and 6 Disaster Risk Management Engaging male and female staff and volunteers from marginalized groups: Working with CBOs/NGOs that represent these groups, where they exist, can contribute to improved outreach to women in contexts where their mobility or male-female interactions are restricted. The salaries of male and female staff should be equal, and the conditions of service should accommodate their different circumstances. For instance, the Indonesia National Community Empowerment Program in Urban Areas (PNPM-Urban) has included improvements in maternity leave provisions for its female community consultants and facilitators in the program’s gender strategy, along with recruitment targets for women. Balanced needs assessment, communication, and monitoring and evaluation: Gender-sensitive analysis of current and future hazard risks needs to be incorporated into participatory planning processes and poverty reduction strategies. Joint male and female public meetings and events usually need to be supplemented with separate focus group discussions or in-depth interviews with female as well as male household members. In some contexts, women may need to interview women due to restrictions on male-female contact. Women and men may also feel more comfortable to discuss sensitive issues such as reproductive health or gender-based violence with members of the same sex. For post-disaster situations, the World Bank has recently begun to support affected governments to conduct social impact analysis (SIA) - incorporating gender analysis - as part of post-disaster needs assessments (see Guidance Note 8: Gender-Sensitive Post-disaster Assessments). Robust participatory M&E systems: Incorporating specific gender performance indicators can contribute to better and more gender-sensitive outcomes. A number of CDD programs have well-developed systems for community level accountability; however, not all account for gender differences. Approaches should recognize the differences between men and women in their access to information and the channels by which it is given and received. Guidance Note 3: Gender Informed Monitoring and Evaluation in Disaster Risk Management provides further information on how to develop gender-sensitive M&E systems. Guidance manuals have also been developed for the design of gender-sensitive M&E in the Philippines and Lao PDR CDD programs which can be applied to DRM activities. Community outreach mechanisms need to be designed to be accessible to all: Whether or not women and men have high illiteracy levels, the complaints procedures should not rely solely on written submissions; socially- marginalized groups should be provided with separate opportunities to give their views as part of public/separate meetings. The social impact and gender analyses conducted during the design of the program, and consultations with CSOs that represent these groups, should identify the most effective methods of local outreach. Gender audits are another practical tool used by CDD programs to assess whether the specific actions taken ensure equitable male-female programming outcomes. For example, the World Bank-financed Mongolia Sustainable Livelihoods Project, a CDD project with a strong DRM focus, has carried out a gender audit of its activities. Assuring quality in post-disaster response and recovery: CDD programs in disaster prone areas should develop preparedness plans to ensure fast and efficient responses, while ensuring that the relevance, effectiveness and responsiveness to gender-differentiated needs and priorities is not unduly compromised. To achieve this, consultations should be undertaken with staff, implementing partners, and male and female members of the participating communities to identify the appropriate systems and procedures for emergency response and recovery needs assessments, scaling up operations, community facilitation/monitoring, procurement, and fiduciary safeguards. Based on these consultations, the proposed amendments and technical assistance requirements for the repair and reconstruction works need to be incorporated into the post-disaster plans. Specific actions that can positively influence gender-sensitive disaster response include the following: • Temporary redeployment of community facilitators and recruitment and training of additional facilitators for post-disaster needs assessment and recovery programming can help authorities and organizations facing capacity and time constraints. • Involvement of local partner CSOs and NGOs in the response can: provide rapid, accurate information about disaster impacts, and support effective outreach to affected communities; allow authorities to benefit from local knowledge to identify vulnerable people for assistance; as well as facilitate the re-establishment of social cohesion following disasters (World Bank, 2009). 7 Guidance Note 6 Case Study: Gender-Sensitive Disaster Response in Indonesia Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Indonesia’s Kecamatan Development Program recruited 28 sub-district information facilitators in addition to its existing network of male and female village technical and empowerment facilitators to support post-disaster response efforts. The responsibilities of the information facilitators covered most aspects of gender-disaggregated data collection, information sharing, and communication with stakeholders and external partners (NGOs, donors, etc). The facilitators were also responsible for dissemination of information about the program to local stakeholders, documenting program activities, and interacting with the media. The facilitators contributed to the high level of participation of villagers at all stages of the relief and recovery process, an important factor in the overall reconstruction and recovery process. Source: World Bank, 2009. TOOLS Annex 1 summarizes the options available for Integrating Gender-Sensitive DRM into CDD Programs, listing areas for both DRM and gender action steps. The table is complementary to Guidance Note 7: Integrating Gender- Sensitive Livelihoods and Social Protection into Disaster Risk Management Programs which identifies issues and options for integrating gender-sensitive initiatives into programs designed to strengthen livelihoods and social resilience to disaster impacts. Annex 2 lists the entry and actions points for integrating gender-sensitive DRM into a CDD project cycle. Additional information on gender and DRM project cycle entry points can be found in Guidance Note 2: Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management Policy Development and in Projects. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES World Bank. 2012. What Have Been the Impacts of CDD Programs. By Susan Wong. Washington DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2011. Analyzing the Social Impacts of Disasters, Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2011. Gender Dimensions of Community Driven Development Programs: A Toolkit for Practitioners. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2011. Climate Resilience and Social Change: Operational Toolkit. Washington, DC: World Bank. 1 Module 4 of the World Bank Building Resilient Communities: Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters through Social Funds and Community-Driven Development Programs provides detailed information on the issues and options for more effective disaster response. ANNEX 1 Summary - Integrating Gender-Sensitive DRM into CDD Programs Phase Action LIVELIHOOD SECURITY Prevention, Mitigation • Diversify the livelihoods sources of poor people living in disas- • Include livelihoods activities that respond to the different needs, and Preparedness ter/climate change prone areas (robust market analysis, provi- priorities and preferences of men and women; and ensure sion of investment capital and business advisory support). women’s home-based businesses and activities are included. • Promote climate-resilient crop varieties/livelihoods infrastruc- • Introduce labor- and resource-saving technology for women, ture (e.g. building strengthened pens/trap ponds to retain fish e.g. more fuel efficient cook stoves. during floods, waterproof storage containers for business stock, • Do not stereotype women’s livelihoods activities and provide etc). new opportunities in non-traditional areas, such as production • Support/facilitate access to community micro-credit and sav- of construction materials. ings schemes that support households vulnerable to disaster/ • Ensure women have access to extension and information ser- climate change impacts to protect and diversify their income vices oriented to their productive roles. and assets. • Ensure eligibility criteria for micro-finance, micro-insurance and • Promote accessible/affordable forms of disaster micro-insur- savings schemes/products do not inadvertently exclude women ance for low-income households/businesses, e.g. for death, (e.g. targeting only male heads of households or requiring col- disability and health; to cover small-scale assets, livestock, lateral female household members may not have). crop losses. • Support actions to improve the access of women - and other • Strengthen informal community-based social capital arrange- marginalized groups - to land and property rights (e.g. joint ments to reduce and mitigate disaster impact risks, e.g. sup- titling of land and house, legal reforms of discriminatory laws). port to burial and health insurance societies/associations. • Include small/micro-business continuity and asset protection planning in disaster preparedness (DP) activities and assist mi- cro-finance institutions to develop DP policies and strategies. Response and Recovery • Organize labor-intensive emergency public works programs to • Ensure eligibility criteria do not exclude female household replace and/or protect community assets and household income members and heads of households; target to include poor/vul- (e.g. marketplaces, access roads, rubble clearance, drought nerable women. mitigation works, etc). • Establish criteria to support some of women’s reconstruction • Provide cash, credit, and/or in-kind assistance to re-establish priorities, alongside those of men. small businesses (replace tools, restock, etc.) and replace lost • Support replacement of productive assets of both poor men and assets (e.g. livestock, etc.) through established channels/part- women within same households (e.g. agricultural/ gardening ners. tools). • Redirect a portion of community block grant resources to com- • Provide hiring opportunities for women to participate in con- munity-level longer-term reconstruction activities. struction activities; set equal wages for men and women. • Support community-based and/or owner self-build housing and • Improve access to employment opportunities for women, e.g.: settlement reconstruction, if appropriate. provide childcare; identify job roles that do not require hard labor for pregnant/nursing women (e.g. meal provision); set timing/duration of shifts with consideration of women’s other family responsibilities • Ensure women have safe access to payment systems (e.g. di- rect labor wage payment, mobile banking for women with re- stricted mobility, in-kind if risk of male relatives taking part of payment, etc). • Pro-actively and separately seek women’s, as well as men’s, views on housing and settlement reconstruction. ANNEX 1 Summary - Integrating Gender-Sensitive DRM into CDD Programs Phase Action PUBLIC SERVICES Prevention, Mitigation • Support hazard-proofing/retrofitting of key ‘lifeline’ facilities • Involve men and women from diverse groups actively in the and Preparedness (e.g. access roads, hospitals, schools, etc) and key public as- selection, design, construction, and maintenance of risk mitiga- sets (e.g. land tenure records) from disaster/climate change tion works. impacts. • Require that some sub-projects identified as priorities by wom- • Provide technical/financial assistance for construction of haz- en be supported, alongside those of men. ard-resilient infrastructure; avoid construction of key facilities • Train women, as well as men, in hazard-resilient construction in hazardous locations, such as floodplains. and environmental management techniques accounting for • Strengthen local capacity in hazard-resilient construction. their different time constraints, workloads, education levels and • Support activities to limit the impact of natural hazards and en- preferences. vironmental degradation, e.g. slope stabilization; reforestation; • Assess the gender-sensitivity of proposed changes to, or devel- seawall/dyke construction; water and soil conservation; etc. opment of land use plans, environmental legislation and build- • Support complementary activities to physical infrastructure ing codes. construction, e.g. public health, adult education, etc. • Advocate and provide technical assistance to government to develop/ implement land use zoning/planning, environmental legislation, and hazard-resistant building codes. Response and Recovery • Contribute to restoration of public goods and services, with at- • Ensure the equitable participation of men and women from di- tention to disaster risk reduction measures. verse groups in these activities (described under Livelihoods). EMPOWERMENT Prevention, Mitigation • Provide technical and financial assistance to local governments • Take gender risk profiles into account in DRM activity design, and Preparedness and communities to design and implement DRM and CCA plans e.g. the high-risk nature of some rescue methods and safer al- and mechanisms. ternatives, may need to be emphasized with men, while women • Create opportunities for the poor and vulnerable to develop po- may need guidance on safe evacuation of disabled/ older family litical capital to demand access to DRM and CCA instruments, members. e.g. through public education, CBDRM activities, participation in • Ensure design/testing of early warning systems includes both local disaster risk management bodies, etc. men and women from all parts of community to accurately • Build capacities of local institutions to coordinate effectively determine information dissemination/ timing/mobility support with the national government to mitigate risks and facilitate needs. coordinated disaster response during times of emergency. • Put in place targets/quotas for balanced representation of wom- en and men from diverse groups in disaster response teams and DRM decision-making bodies/committees. Response and Recovery • Provide technical support and community data to local and na- • Temporarily redeploy gender- and diversity-balanced team tional governments to develop frameworks for post-disaster community facilitators/consultants to support post-disaster entitlements/assistance and shelter/ housing policies that meet needs assessment and recovery programming. the needs of all vulnerable groups in the affected population. • Actively promote the participation of local partners with ex- • Use established community decision-making mechanisms and perience in working with women/vulnerable and marginalized institutions to participate in delivery of relief/recovery assis- groups. tance, i.e. to avoid bypassing local groups/institutions in the • Put in place targets/quotas for gender- and diversity-balanced urgency to respond and harness well-tested participatory com- participation in relief and recovery decision-making bodies. munity engagement and monitoring methodologies. • Identify opportunities to improve gender equality when rebuild- • Contribute to restoration of local government capacity. ing local government. ANNEX 2 CDD Project Cycle Entry Points for Gender-Sensitive DRM Project cycle Phase Entry Point Action Social Preparation • Social Investiga- • Participatory • Fully consult men and women, both separately and together, in the development tion and Assess- Community Hazard of community level hazard maps and vulnerability and capacity profiles. ment Mapping • Take gender differences in literacy, mobility and access to public venues, pro- • Participatory Situa- • Vulnerability ductive/domestic labor schedules and preferences into account in design of par- tion Analysis and Capacity ticipatory planning/consultation/social mobilization activities. • Social Mobilization Assessment • Conduct a self-standing gender analysis: Identify women’s and men’s produc- and Community • Hazard/ Climate tive/family care roles and access to/control over resources and benefits within Organizing Risk Scenario participating households and communities and how these influence risk, vulner- • Community Orien- Development ability and the ability to participate in project decision-making and benefits. tation/ Communi- • Education/ • Explore structures beyond the community that affect gender equality and how cation Activities Advocacy on DRM/ they may be influenced by the project. CCA • Promote equal participation of women in decision-making at all levels: set tar- gets/quotas for balanced male/female representation on DRM-related teams and bodies and for community facilitators/consultants. • Train and coach/mentor women to build confidence and be able to fully partici- pate in these bodies. • Build gender awareness among project staff/partners; provide gender analysis training to staff at all levels. • Work with and strengthen existing local organizations that represent women and diverse groups in order to encourage broad community participation in DRM and CCA. • Develop a disaster preparedness plan for the project that specifies expedited decision-making, community facilitation, procurement, financial administration and other procedures. • Design communication strategies to respond to men’s/women’s different work- loads, timing constraints, educational levels and preferred/most accessible methods of communication. • Incorporate gender equality considerations into all DRM and CCA communica- tions events and materials (e.g. orientation videos, brochures, theatre plays, social media, etc). Project Identification, • Setting Sub- • Inclusion of DRM/ • Develop chapter on DRM and CCA in operations manual and specify how DRM Selection and Planning Project Selection CCA in Sub-project and CCA gender considerations will be addressed within it. Criteria/Process Menu • Require gender-differentiated disaster and climate change risk analysis for • Proposal Develop- • Design and all sub-projects and require that some sub-projects identified as women by ment Approval of Sub- supported, alongside those of men. Projects • Provide gender expertise to support development and appraisal of DRM and CCA sub-projects. Implementation • Sub-project Imple- • Capacity Building • Ensure that women’s and men’s particular needs are addressed equally in DRM/ mentation Man- and Training CCA initiatives. agement • Community • Design capacity development strategies to respond to men’s and women’s Managed different workloads, timing constraints, educational levels and preferred/accessible Implementation communication methods. • Incorporate gender equality considerations into all DRM and CCA training materials. Monitoring and • Participatory M&E • Design and imple- • Develop gender-sensitive outcome indicators and include them in results Evaluation mentation of DRM framework. and CCA perfor- • Disaggregate data and analysis by gender and age in project reporting and mance indicators evaluations. GUIDANCE NOTES on GENDER and Disaster Risk Management 6 CONTACTS Helene Carlsson Rex, Senior Social Development Specialist (hcarlsson@worldbank.org) Zoe Trohanis, Senior Infrastructure Specialist (ztrohanis@worldbank.org) East Asia and Pacific Disaster Risk Management Team (eapdrm@worldbank.org) East Asia and the Pacific Region (www.worldbank.org/eap) ©2012 The World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA October 2012 Disclaimer: This report is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The �ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent, or those of the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). Acknowledgement: The team wishes to acknowledge the generous support from the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) provided through the World Bank East Asia and Pacific Infrastructure for Growth Trust Fund (EAAIG) which enabled the technical work to take place. THE WORLD BANK