2015/38 93785 k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Integrating Variable Renewable Energy into Power System Operations Wind and solar energy are a fast-growing share of the global energy mix. But integrating Why is this issue important? controlling the amount of electricity generated at any given time and them into power-system dispatching it as needed to maintain balance. Although variability and operations requires significant The variable and unpredictable nature of solar unpredictability are very low in such systems, uncertainty persists adaptations to compensate and wind power poses challenges for conventional because of changes in load over time. (Load is the amount of electric for their variability. Solutions grid operations power delivered or required at specific points in a power system.) include increasing the amount To reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the security of Uncertainly is also inherent in some parts of the grid—for example, of flexible generation within energy supply, many countries are seeking affordable replacements generators and transmission lines can fail. Power systems are the system, combining and for fossil fuels—183 have adopted targets for generation of renew- generally designed to deal with such situations, as described in the dispersing variable resources able energy. Because technology advances and economies of scale next section. to smooth aggregate output, over the past decade have cut the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) and By contrast, wind and solar resources produce electricity only expanding the transmission wind technologies, their share in the global energy mix is expected intermittently—that is, when sun and wind are available. This means network, using smart to grow substantially. However, integrating high levels of variable that, unlike fossil-fueled power, solar and wind power outputs at a spe- technology to control supply renewable energy (VRE) into power system operations is challenging. cific location cannot be controlled at will. (They are “nondispatchable.”) and demand, and storing In a power system, supply must match demand at all times. Moreover, short-term variations in wind and solar resources cannot be electricity. Each power system The necessary balance is achieved in conventional systems by perfectly predicted, even over the next hour or day (figure 1). will require its own set of measures. Figure 1. Variability of wind and solar output over a two-day period Variability Uncertainty 25 25 20 20 PV actual Thomas Nikolakakis is PV forecasted MW (thousands) MW (thousands) 15 15 an energy specialist in the World Bank’s Energy 10 10 and Extractives Global Wind actual Practice. Wind forecasted 5 5 Debabrata Chatopadhyay is a 0 0 senior energy specialist 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 Hours Hours in the same practice. Source: Ela and others (2013). 2 I n t e g r a t i n g V a r i a b l e Re n ew a b l e E n e r g y i n t o P o we r S y s t e m Ope r a t i o n s VRE is integrated into the power system by making adjustments Figure 2. Base, intermediate, and peak demand to controllable sources of generation (including large hydropower 35 installations) and to demand so as to keep supply and demand in constant balance. Peak 30 “To fully account for load What is the conventional practice with interconnected Intermediate 2 variability and be ready to power systems? 25 Intermediate 1 meet peak demand, the Grid operations have been designed to manage MW (thousands) 20 power system’s generating known risks mix must include flexible In its simplest form, operating an interconnected power system can 15 units that can vary their be reduced to a few tasks (Kirby 2007). The first, as noted, is to gener- output in a responsive ate enough power to satisfy aggregate load at all times (including 10 Base load after the unexpected failure of a generator or a link in the transmis- way.” sion chain), while also maintaining frequency. The other tasks are 5 to maintain voltages throughout the power system (under normal and contingency conditions), to avoid overloading system elements (transmission lines, generators, transformers), and to restart the 0 00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00 system after a collapse. Two types of grid operations are deployed to accomplish these Source: Kirby (2007). tasks: (i) energy operations, and (ii) ancillary services. Note that some systems may not incorporate all of the operations described in this section. Also, similar operations are known by different names in The daily profile of energy demand, known as “load,” has different power systems. constant and variable components. So-called base load (the mini- Energy operations serve the function of scheduling energy mum daily demand) is met by a set of generators that run constantly supply ahead of delivery over various time frames that reflect uncer- at close to their rated power output. Base-load generators have high tainties in load forecasting. A large share of aggregate demand can capital and start-up costs but low operational costs. They are usually normally be predicted with high accuracy and is scheduled the day coal, nuclear, or hydro generators. The variable share of demand can before (“day-ahead economic dispatch”1) using a least-cost optimiza- be split into intermediate and peak components. Variable load is met tion process (also called “unit commitment”). To fully account for load by flexible generators that can track changes in demand. Known as variability and be ready to meet peak demand, the power system’s load-following units, these intermediate and peak generators have generating mix must include flexible units that can vary their output relatively low start-up and capital costs but higher operational costs. in a responsive way (figure 2). In most systems the scheduling time Such units are usually gas, oil, or hydro generators. frame is an hour or half an hour. Because unit commitment takes Ancillary services, as described below, allow the system opera- place on a one-hour basis, however, it cannot balance instantaneous tor to balance instantaneous generation and demand while ensuring (subhourly) mismatches between supply and demand. that voltage and frequency remain at acceptable levels even after a generator or transmission line fails. Even a small mismatch between the actual and forecasted load 1. In addition to day-ahead services, some power systems also operate real-time energy markets to balance unanticipated can disturb the frequency of the electricity in the system, which differences. 3 I n t e g r a t i n g V a r i a b l e Re n ew a b l e E n e r g y i n t o P o we r S y s t e m Ope r a t i o n s has to be kept nearly constant to avoid mechanical damage to Figure 3. Movement of load, wind generation, and net load over a generators and transformers. Frequency regulation is performed by two-week period a set of fast-responding oil and gas units that increase or decrease Load Wind their output according to central signaling to balance real-time 50 Net load mismatches not covered by energy operations. 45 Load following ensures that generation meets the variable por- 40 “Although the rapid growth tion of demand. Balancing occurs through an automated generator 35 MW (thousands) of solar and wind power control system. While both frequency regulation and load following 30 have challenged power deal with forecasting errors, their fundamental differences is the time 25 systems, the impact of frame of operation. The former responds to rapid load fluctuations on 20 VRE integration and its the order of a minute or less, whereas the latter responds to changes 15 on the order of 5 to 30 minutes. 10 associated costs can In case of a contingency (such as the loss of a large generator), 5 be reduced by a set of a set of generation units must respond very quickly. For that reason 0 complementary solutions one set of contingency reserves (known as “spinning reserves”) is April 1 April 8 April 15 that enhance the capacity synchronized with the grid and kept ready to respond within a few Source: Denholm and others (2010). minutes of a contingency. Another set of fast-responding units is not of the system to balance synchronized (nonspinning) but can respond within about 10 minutes the net load by minimizing of a contingency. The greater variability and unpredictability introduced into load variability, increasing Other ancillary service operations include voltage control and the system by VRE complicate the operator’s task of balancing the system’s control “black start.” Voltage control equipment provides reactive power supply and demand and maintaining system reliability and stability. when necessary, for example, after a generator fails. Black start Specifically, large-scale VRE integration increases the need for flexible capabilities, or both.” service is provided by generators that can start up quickly without an generation to provide operating and contingency reserves, thus external electricity source. Their role is to restart the system in case lowering the efficiency of short-term dispatch. Adding a substantial of a major blackout. amount of VRE to a system also creates the need for continuous cycling of intermediate, peak, and, in some cases, base-load gener- How does introducing VRE change the situation? ators. Cycling causes wear and tear on mechanical equipment and Adding VRE to a power system greatly increases reduces fuel efficiency. One final effect of the concentrated injection of variable power on a large scale is that it can overload transmission uncertainty and variability, but solutions are available lines and require upgrades to the transmission system. Integrating VRE sources into a power system creates something Although the rapid growth of solar and wind power have referred to as “net load” (net load = actual load – VRE production). challenged power systems, the impact of VRE integration and As in a conventional system, the net load must be managed by grid its associated costs can be reduced by a set of complementary operations, with the key difference that it is more variable and less solutions that enhance the capacity of the system to balance the net predictable than the actual load (figure 3). load by minimizing load variability, increasing the system’s control For example, adding wind power to a system increases (i) the capabilities, or both. These solutions are summarized below. ramping rate, or the speed at which load-following units must Adding flexible generation. The ability of a power system increase their output; (ii) the ramping range, or the difference to vary its output to meet fluctuations in demand depends on how between minimum and maximum demand on a daily basis; and (iii) fast its generation units can alter power output, a process known as forecasting uncertainty. ramping up (or down). The most common thermal generating units 4 I n t e g r a t i n g V a r i a b l e Re n ew a b l e E n e r g y i n t o P o we r S y s t e m Ope r a t i o n s heat water for use in steam turbines, which means that ramping controls that make it possible to reduce the output of individual speeds are relatively slow. An optimal generation mix must include units (or even disconnect them entirely) to avoid violating fast-ramping generators such as gas turbines that use air as the ramping limits set by utilities (through so-called ramp-rate control working fluid or hydropower turbines that can quickly increase or systems). decrease output through regulating pressure valves. Both types of • Demand-response programs made possible by smart technology unit are appropriate for balancing net load, as well as for providing enable utilities to control consumption (and thus load) directly or “Because VRE sources ancillary services. Their deployment adds to the flexibility to the grid. through voluntary load reduction. A smart grid using direct load are site-constrained, Combining resources to reduce variability. Solar and wind controls may regulate consumers’ thermostats or switch from transmission networks resources are often negatively correlated: Solar power peaks in the one power source to another in response to the availability or often must be expanded summer, whereas wind tends to peak in the winter. On the other nonavailability of VRE. On a cold and windy night, for example, to reach them. A ramified hand, solar power peaks during the day, while winds tend to be the smart grid may use the spike in wind power to provide more stronger in the afternoon and at night. These correlations make it heat (by raising the thermostats of consumers), thus maintaining transmission infrastructure possible to mix wind and solar resources to yield a combined power the balance between supply and demand and obviating the need may also be needed output that mimics the demand curve, a phenomenon called natural for base-load generators to operate at inefficient levels. to achieve the optimal balancing. • Smart grids can reduce the operational impacts of VRE by geographic dispersion of Expanding the transmission network. The richest solar and taking advantage of short-term solar and wind forecasts. Smart wind energy sites are often geographically dispersed and distant VRE output.” wind turbines can incorporate millisecond wind forecasting from consumption centers or existing transmission networks. Unlike (“nowcasting”) to optimize power output by dynamically power sources based on fossil fuels, where planners have discretion adjusting the pitch of turbine blades. Short-term solar forecasting over location, moving VRE plant sites can greatly affect the quality of includes ground-based sky imaging to measure cloud speed the resource. Because VRE sources are site-constrained, transmis- and short-term output. In general, increasing a grid’s forecasting sion networks often must be expanded to reach them. A ramified capabilities can lead to more responsive energy markets and transmission infrastructure may also be needed to achieve the more flexible day-ahead and real-time dispatch. optimal geographic dispersion of VRE output. Geographic dispersion of solar and wind generation can dramatically reduce the costs of Storing electricity. Storage can be used to enhance grid their integration because dispersion reduces the variability of the operations because of the quick response times and good cycling aggregated output (Mills and Wiser 2010). efficiency of many storage technologies. Storage technologies Using smart grids. Smart grids use advanced technologies to are differentiated by various attributes, such as rated power and control various grid components and to enlist customers in efforts to discharge time. The three general categories of large-scale energy manage demand (Kempener, Komor, and Hoke 2013). They increase storage technology described in table 1 have specific applications in the efficiency, flexibility, and intelligence of a power system. They also grid operations based on their operational time scale. can contribute to VRE integration. In addition to enhancing grid operations, energy storage can • The codes and standards adopted by smart grids promote be used to increase supply flexibility. As an example, compressed manufacturing of reliable (and smart!) solar and wind equipment air energy storage and pumped hydro can be used to capture high that ensures safe and nondisruptive flow to the network while winds at night when demand is low and release it during peak hours. supporting system operations (e.g., by providing data). This example shows how storage technologies can help decrease • Smart grids increase supply flexibility through the ability to the variability of VRE output. control generation from small-scale distributed PV units with 5 I n t e g r a t i n g V a r i a b l e Re n ew a b l e E n e r g y i n t o P o we r S y s t e m Ope r a t i o n s Table 1. Categories of electricity storage technologies Category Applications Operational time scale Technologies Power quality Frequency regulation, voltage stability Seconds to minutes Flywheels, capacitors, superconducting magnetic storage, batteries Bridging power Contingency reserves, ramping Minutes to about an hour High-energy-density batteries “Smart wind turbines can Energy Load following, capacity, transmission, Hours to days Compressed air energy storage, pumped water, high-energy batteries management and deferral of distribution incorporate millisecond Source: Electricity Storage Association (2009); Ibrahim, Ilinca, and Perron (2008). wind forecasting (“nowcasting”) to optimize power output What have we learned? the effects of VRE integration on those operations. The orange area shows the time scale of specific solutions while ranking them based by dynamically adjusting The impact of VRE on grid operations teaches on their cost. the pitch of turbine three key lessons As noted earlier, regulation units must respond within seconds; blades.” “Every power Power systems are different. Every power system has its own set load-following units, within minutes. Economic dispatch (unit system has its own of capabilities and resources for managing VRE integration. Larger set of capabilities and power systems generally have more options available to them and therefore are better able to deal with high levels of VRE. Small, Figure 4. Solutions to the problem of VRE variability resources for managing isolated grids have fewer opportunities—for example, to achieve VRE integration; each geographic dispersion of VRE or to increase the share of dispatch- Manage net load variability Increase system capacity to balance net load country should choose the able hydropower generation in the portfolio. Solutions that fit both categories above actions that best match its Each country should choose the actions that best match e High cost ag tor its circumstances. In few countries today do solar and wind rgys circumstances.” Ene energy account for more than 10 percent of the energy mix. As VRE le penetration increases, however, the least-expensive solutions should xib tion Fle nera ge be implemented first (figure 4). These include demand-side man- ent ilm d ing rta agement, geographic dispersion of solar and wind generation, and an ly shar Cu VRE pp of inter-grid cooperation. Such solutions increase system flexibility with Su erve res hic of rap minimal investment in new equipment. When these solutions are no eog rsion d G pe in dis lar, w longer enough to manage the system’s load, it will be necessary to so increase supply-side flexibility and build energy storage. These are de -si a nd ent m e m expensive solutions that require large investments. De nag ma There is no single global solution to deal with the variability introduced by VRE. Just as power system operations Low cost Increasing RE penetration have their own response times, so do solutions. Figure 5 illustrates solutions to the problem of VRE variability based on their operational Source: Author’s adaptation of figure 5.1 in Denholm and others (2010). time scale and cost of implementation. The green area highlights Note: This figure is indicative, and individual cases may differ. For example, on a small island the time frames of various system operations. The blue area shows grid, energy storage may be cheaper and more effective than adding flexible generation. 6 I n t e g r a t i n g V a r i a b l e Re n ew a b l e E n e r g y i n t o P o we r S y s t e m Ope r a t i o n s Figure 5. Solutions to the problem of VRE variability based on References their operation timescale and cost of implementation Denholm Paul, Erik Ela, Brendan Kirby, and Michael Milligan. 10 sec … 1 min … 10 min … 30 min 1 hour … 1 day … days … Time 2010. “The Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation.” Technical report NREL/TP-6A2-47187. National Power Regulation Load following Unit commitment quality Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA. xxx Contingency Ela, E., V. Diakov, E. Ibanez, and M. Heaney. 2013. “Impacts of reserves System operations Variability and Uncertainty in Solar Photovoltaic Generation at Increased need Multiple Timescales.” Technical report NREL/TP-5500-58274. Voltage Less efficient unit sags for contingency comitment and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA. reserves Increased need Increased need for flexible economic dispatch, congestion issues Electricity Storage Association. 2009. http://www.electricitystorage. for regulation generation units org/about/welcome. Impacts Establishing Ibrahim, H., A. Ilinca, and J. Perron. 2008. Energy Storage Systems— grid code Implement demand response programs; combine resources; Characteristics and Comparisons. Renewable and Sustainable standards disperse VRE; improve ramp rate controls Managing net load Energy Reviews 12(5): 1221–1250. Increase supply and reserve sharing (expand system) Kempener R., Komor P., Hoke A., 2013. “ Smart Grids and Renewables. Transmission expansion A Guide for Effective Deployment”, Working paper by the Add more gas and hydro units Increased supply-side flexibility International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2013 Kirby, Brendan. 2007. “Ancillary Services: Technical and Commercial Flywheels Batteries CAES, pumped hydro Cost of EMS Insights.” Report prepared for WARTSILA. July. Energy storage solution Solutions Mills, Andrew, and Ryan Wiser. 2010. “Implications of Wide-Area Source: Authors. Geographic Diversity for Short-Term Variability of Solar Power.” Note: CAES = compressed air energy storage; EMS = electromagnetic storage. Report LBNL-3884E, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. September. The peer reviewers for this note were Silvia Martinez (senior renewable commitment) is scheduled hours before. Because solar PV systems energy specialist), Efstratios Tavoulareas (senior operations officer), and Peter can experience very sharp decreases in their output within seconds Johansen (senior energy specialist), all within the World Bank’s Energy and as a cloud passes (thus posing the risk of frequency disruption), Extractives Global Practice. The authors acknowledge contributions from Marcelino Madrigal (Energy Regulatory Commission of Mexico) and from appropriate solutions must be found either to minimize net-load Rhonda Lenai Jordan (energy specialist) and Morgan Bazilian (lead energy variability in the very short term or to increase system capabilities specialist), both at the World Bank. to respond within seconds. Flywheels are a very fast energy storage technology appropriate for frequency regulation (and therefore suitable for mitigating very-short-term variations from solar plants), whereas pumped hydropower is much better suited for load following (and therefore for mitigating the short-term variation from wind plants, which require load-following operations). In sum, each system will require its own set of solutions. Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. 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Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! Do you have something to say? We welcome your ideas through any of the following Say it in Live Wire! channels: Via the Communities of Those working on the front lines of energy and extractives development in emerging economies Practice in which you are have a wealth of technical knowledge and case experience to share with their colleagues but active seldom have the time to write for publication. By participating in the Energy Live Wire offers prospective authors a support system to make sharing your knowledge as easy as and Extractives Global possible: Practice’s annual Live Wire • Trained writers among our staff will be assigned upon request to draft Live Wire stories with series review meeting staff active in operations. By communicating directly • A professional series editor ensures that the writing is punchy and accessible. with the team (contact • A professional graphic designer assures that the final product looks great—a feather in your cap! Morgan Bazilian, mbazilian@ worldbank.org) Live Wire aims to raise the profile of operational staff wherever they are based; those with hands-on knowledge to share. That’s your payoff! It’s a chance to model good uroPe and cenT ral asia 2014/29 all in easTern e ble energy for “knowledge citizenship” and participate in the ongoing change process at the Bank, v i d i n g s u s Ta i n a ess Toward Pro 1 Tracking Progr where knowledge management is becoming everybody’s business. A KNOWLEDGE NOT E SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACT IVES GLOBAL PRAC TICE rgy Providing Sustainable Ene Tracking Progress Toward Or 2014/5 1 U n d e r s ta n d i n g C O 2 emissiOns frOm the glObal energy seCt THE BOTTOM LINE pe and Cen tral Asia for All in Eastern Euro stand where does the region on the quest for sustaina ble based on that frame- measures. This note is databases—technical updated version of energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an has near-universal access to WhyD is this important? ERGY PRACTICE work (World Bank 2014). E G E N O T E S E R I E S F O R T H E E N to electricity, and 93 percent of A K N O W L g regiona l trends is critical monitoring the GTF in 2015. data sources that the GTF uses to Trackin The primary indicator s and the population has access s of the Sustain able Energy for All the three SE4ALL goals are summari zed below. the progres track progress toward Understanding CO Emissions from the Global Energy Sector nonsolid fuel for cooking. is measured to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here t (SE4ALL) initiativ e Energy access. Access connection despite relatively abundan 2 population with an electricity ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the access to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share the energy sector contributes In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives percenta ge of the population with establish ed three global and the and reported about 40 percent of global of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly using household surveys Why is this issue important? access to modern These data are collected 2030: to ensure universal and the World Become an author has remained emissions of CO2. three- consumption to be accomplished by of renewable energy in in the World Bank’s Global Electrification Database high energy knowledge the share of the 2010 . energy requires very relatively low. Mitigating climate change services, to 1 double ld Energy Database quarters of those emissions rate of improvement Organization’s Househo CO2 intensity levels have come and to double the global Figure 1. CO2 emissions Health Figure 2. energy-related The share of renewable energy in the energy come from six major the global energy mix, sources of CO question s2 emissions to the period 1990–201 0 (SE4ALL 2012). by sector Renewab le energy. emissions by country consumption down rapidly. The big economies. although coal-fired in energy efficiency relative countries setting percenta ge of total final energy mix is measured by the of Live Wire and global, with individual LICs evolve les will opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse aregases used to plants account for just are how renewab Identifying The SE4ALL objectives le energy resources. Data 0.5% picks upunderstanding of the main sources ofin those a way that is consistent with emis- the overall that is derived from renewab energy balances published 40 percent of world energy when energy demand requires a clear their own national targets in their ability are obtained from calculate this indicator Other Carbonrates for more than 80 percent of differ greatly countries Residential production, they were again and whethersions.recent dioxide (CO2) accounts spirit of the initiative. Because 6% sectors progress Other MICs nal Energy Agency and the United Nations. will make more rapid 15% intensity gas emissions globally, 1 primarily from the burning s, some 10% by the Internatio China improvement of energy efficiency is contribute to your responsible for more than of decline in energytotal greenhouse to pursue the three objective on their Other HICs . The rate of energy sector—defined include toexcel elsewhere, depending Energy efficiency 30% growth rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The will 8% in one area while others by the compound annual Energy 70 percent of energy-sector as well as on 41% approxim and heat generation—contributed and compara tive advantages 41 ated Japan 4% energy the ratio of total primary Industry emissions in 2010. despite fuels consumed for electricity respective starting points 20% Russia energy intensity is that they are able to marshal. in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related intensity, where USA product (GDP) measured in purchas- improvements in some percent of global CO2 emissions the resources and support 7% gross domestic practice and career! up the bulk of such ent of the SE4ALL Other consump tion to India 19% intensity is an at the point of combustion make for the achievem calculate energy countries, the global CO2 Elisa 2 emissions COPortale To sustain momentum transport Road 7% EU terms. Data used to andinare generated by the burning of fossil is needed. global progress to 2030 6% transport fuels, industrial ing power parity (PPP) the International economist objectives, a means of charting balances published by emissions 11% emission factor for energy energy 16% EnergyandSector nonrenewable municipal waste to generate nal Energy Agency led electricity Internatio a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the thewaste, generation has hardly changed United Nations. ent Assistance venting and leakage to establish the emissions SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the sector at the point and over the last 20 years. and heat. Black carbon and methane Managem tium of 15 international agencies Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy from the GTF to provide a regional of the for regular This note usesanddata domestic Program (ESMAP) are not included in the analysis presented in this rk note. which provides a system (GTF), of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine aviation bunkers, of SE4ALL for Eastern Extractives Tracking Framewo available Other Sectors rail and pipeline transport; perspect ive on the three include pillars commercial/public World Bank’s Energy and given aviation and navigation, country on rigorous—yet practical, services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat genera- Global Practice. global reporting, based elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and Where do emissions come from? tion, and other emissions not specified as has in the opening paragraph. HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when on the planet heat generation, every person defined The universal access goal of countries heating fuels, energy economistare Emissions concentrated in 1 in a handful to modern energy services provided through electricity, fuels, clean and low-income clean cooking countries. cooking solutions” to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural The term “modern Source: IEA 2012a. Solid fuels are defined and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and come primarily from burning and energy coal for productive electricity or gaseous fuels involve (including liquefied petroleum gas), of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed Vivien Foster is sector Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates at or near those other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting or solid/liquid fuels paired emissions closely manager for the Sus- The geographical pattern of energy-related CO Practice. gas 2 (www.sustainableenergy forall.org). liquefied petroleum middle-income countries, and only 0.5 percent by all low-income tainable Energy Depart- mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, ment at the World Bank countries put together. almost half of all such emissions were associated with the two (vfoster@worldbank.org). Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). Daron Bedrosyan were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining works for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed Economics in Toronto. power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other Previously, he was an power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly energy analyst with the more CO emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural 2 World Bank’s Energy Practice. Gas Inventory 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Greenhouse 0.php gas. Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/380