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Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc. 15 TH EDITION Doing Business 2018 Reforming to Create Jobs COMPARING BUSINESS REGULATION FOR DOMESTIC FIRMS IN 190 ECONOMIES A World Bank Group Flagship Report Doing Business 2018 Resources on the Doing Business website Current features Historical data News on the Doing Business project Customized data sets since DB2004 http://www.doingbusiness.org http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query Rankings Law library How economies rank—from 1 to 190 Online collection of business laws and http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings regulations relating to business http://www.doingbusiness.org/law-library Data All the data for 190 economies—topic Contributors rankings, indicator values, lists of More than 13,000 specialists in 190 regulatory procedures and details economies who participate in underlying indicators Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/data http://www.doingbusiness.org/contributors /doing-business Reports Access to Doing Business reports as well Entrepreneurship data as subnational and regional reports, case Data on new business density (number studies and customized economy and of newly registered companies per 1,000 regional profiles working-age people) for 143 economies http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports http://www.doingbusiness.org/data /exploretopics/entrepreneurship Methodology The methodologies and research papers Distance to frontier underlying Doing Business Data benchmarking 190 economies to http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology the frontier in regulatory practice and a distance to frontier calculator Research http://www.doingbusiness.org Abstracts of papers on Doing Business /data/distance-to-frontier topics and related policy issues http://www.doingbusiness.org/research Information on good practices Showing where the many good Doing Business reforms practices identified by Doing Business Short summaries of DB2018 business have been adopted regulation reforms and lists of reforms http://www.doingbusiness.org/data since DB2006 /good-practice http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms Doing Business 2018 Contents iv Foreword ¡ Doing Business 2018 is the 15th in a series of annual reports investigating 1 Overview the regulations that enhance business 11 About Doing Business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative 22 Reforming the Business Environment in 2016/17 indicators on business regulation and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 Case studies economies—from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe—and over time. 39 Starting a Business ¡ Doing Business measures aspects of Transparency of information at business registries regulation affecting 11 areas of the life of a business. Ten of these areas 45 Dealing with Construction Permits are included in this year’s ranking on Private sector participation in construction regulation th the ease e ea doin se of doing g bu busi sine ss: ness star : st ting arti ng a business, dealing with construction 51 Registering Property permits, getting electricity, registering Using information to curb corruption property, getting credit, protecting 56 Resolving Insolvency minority investors, paying taxes, trading The challenges of successfully implementing insolvency reforms across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of labor market regulation, which is not included in this 62 References year’s ranking. 67 Country Tables ¡ Data in Doing Business 2018 are current as of June 1, 2017. The indicators are 131 Labor Market Regulation used to analyze economic outcomes 147 Acknowledgments and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where and why. ¡ This publication is the printed version of Doing Business 2018. The full report (which includes the Data Notes, Distance to Frontier and Ease of Doing i Business ch t and hapter f d the Reform Summaries) can be downloaded from the Doing Business website at http:/ / www.doingbusiness.org. Doing Business 2018 Foreword In its 14 years of publication, Doing Business Since its inception—when Doing Business has come a long way. At a recent interna- covered 145 economies—the scope of tional forum, I heard the leaders of India the report has expanded to 190 econo- and the Russian Federation talking about mies worldwide. The regulatory areas how important it is for their countries to measured by the report have also been improve their Doing Business rankings and expanded to include more aspects that create more jobs for young workers. are relevant to the daily operations of domestic small and medium-size firms. When the first edition was published in For eight of the 11 Doing Business indica- September 2003, little data was available tor sets, the report’s traditional focus on regulation affecting business activity. on efficiency—defined as the time, cost Doing Business created a new approach and number of interactions necessary to to policy reform—one informed by hard incorporate a new business or connect data and focused on domestic compa- a warehouse to the electrical grid—has nies. The objectives of Doing Business are been complemented with a new focus as clear as they are ambitious: to inform on regulatory quality. Doing Business data the design of reforms and motivate these shows that efficiency and quality go hand reforms through country benchmarking. in hand, reinforcing each other. Behind each set of indicators lies rigorous academic analysis, done in coopera- Despite these additions and improve- tion with leading scholars. For example, ments, one aspect of Doing Business has the indicators on efficient insolvency remained unchanged: its focus on pro- systems were created with the help of moting regulatory reform that strength- Professor Oliver Hart from Harvard ens the ability of the private sector to University, the 2016 Nobel Prize winner create jobs, lift people out of poverty in economics.1 In the years since the start and create more opportunities for the of the project, over 3,000 peer-reviewed economy to prosper. The notion that the academic papers and another 7,000 private sector has substantial economic, working papers have been written using social and development impact is now the Doing Business data. Their findings universally recognized. Responsible for improve our knowledge of how economic an estimated 90% of employment in policy works. developing economies, the private sector 1. Djankov and others 2008. FOREWORD v is ideally placed to alleviate poverty by Hard data helps do that. It gives a voice providing the opportunities to secure a to the people to demand improved public good and sustainable standard of living. services. It also increases government accountability. Over the past decade, Policy reforms catalyze private invest- more than 60 economies have estab- ment. Promoting a well-functioning pri- lished regulatory reform committees that vate sector is a major undertaking for use the Doing Business indicators. As a any government. It requires long-term result, governments have reported more policies of removing administrative than 3,180 regulatory reforms, includ- barriers and strengthening laws that ing about 920 reforms that have been promote entrepreneurship. inspired by Doing Business. This is true impact. Kristalina Georgieva Chief Executive Officer The World Bank Washington, DC DOING BUSINESS 2018 Doing Business 2018 Overview This year marks the 15th Doing Business report. Since the inception of the ¡ Doing Business uses 11 indicator sets to project in 2003, the global business regulatory environment has changed measure aspects of business regulation dramatically. Governments around the world have embraced and nurtured that matter for entrepreneurship. advances in information technology to reduce bureaucratic hurdles and ¡ Although good regulatory practices increase transparency. Today, in 65 of the 190 economies covered by Doing can be found around the world, they Business, entrepreneurs can complete at least one business incorporation are most common in OECD high- procedure online, compared with only nine of the 145 economies measured in income economies and the economies Doing Business 2004. Furthermore, in 31 economies it is now possible to initiate of Europe and Central Asia. a commercial dispute online. This kind of progress can also be observed in the other areas measured by Doing Business. ¡ Sub-Saharan Africa has the widest variation in performance among the areas measured by Doing Business, with Doing Business measures aspects of and predictable. Conversely, in an Mauritius standing at 25 in the ranking business regulation and their impli- economy where business regula- and an d So Soma mali a at 190 lia 90. cations for firm establishment and tion is cumbersome or ambiguous, operations. It does not include all she may be less willing to start ¡ South Asia is the only region not the issues that are relevant for busi- her own company. In this case, the represented in the top 50 ranking for ease of doing business. However, India nesses’ decisions, but it does cover economy forfeits a new entrepreneur stands out this year as one of the 10 important areas that are under the —as well as the associated capital economies that improved the most in control of policy makers. Governments investment and job creation. In turn, the areas measured by Doing Business. worldwide recognize the economic consumers have fewer, lower quality and political benefits of improved and more expensive product choices. ¡ The regions with the highest share of business regulation. In fact, 119 of the Such a scenario highlights the way in reforming economies in Doing Business 190 economies measured by Doing which cumbersome regulation can 2018 are Europe and Central Asia, Business 2018 enacted at least one distort resource allocation by stifling South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. business regulation reform in 2016/17. entrepreneurial endeavors in favor of Of these, 79.8% implemented at least maintaining a less optimal status quo. ¡ Crises are opportunities for reform; one reform for a second consecutive economies are more likely to year and 64.7% for a third. Consider the case of the potential implement regulatory reforms in the software entrepreneur. If she were a areas measured by Doing Business when there is fiscal distress. Evidence Business regulation can enable new national of Canada, it would take just sh ows show that s th econ at an econom omic ic cri sis risi crea s cr tes eate s ideas to come to life. When a software two procedures, one and a half days a stronger motivation for reform than a engineer realizes that she can develop and less than 1% of income per capita change of government. a better and less-expensive product to start her business in Toronto. First, than is currently available, she may she would need to file for federal incor- ¡ Better performance in Doing Business choose to start her own company to poration and provincial registration is associated with lower levels of develop the idea. She will be more online via Industry Canada’s Electronic unemployment and poverty. likely to become an entrepreneur in an Filing Centre; this costs 200 Canadian economy where the rules governing dollars ($159) and is completed start-ups are accessible, transparent within a day. Second, she would need to 2 DOING BUSINESS 2018 register online for value added tax; this case, as well as credit and equity market Specifically, incumbent firms are more costs nothing and is completed within regulations and logistics of importing likely to continue operating despite half a day. She can perform these steps and exporting goods (figure 1.1). There poor productivity because there is little online from the comfort of her home. are many other factors that influence competition from new, more productive As her business expands and becomes firm decisions—such as the availability firms. In the absence of effective regula- profitable, she would be expected to of skilled labor or market size—that are tion, firms are also less inclined to leave pay 20.9% of her commercial profits not captured in Doing Business. But the informal sector.1 in taxes and contributions annually. Doing Business focuses on key areas However, if the same entrepreneur were of interaction between the govern- In addition, Doing Business measures a national of the Philippines, living in ment and entrepreneurs, where policy the coverage, scope and quality of Quezon City, the business incorporation makers and regulators can directly credit information available from credit process would require 16 procedures, influence procedures to facilitate these registries and bureaus. When function- take 28 days and cost around 16% of interactions. For more information on ing well, these institutions form an income per capita. She would need to what is measured and what is not, see essential element of an economy’s make 20 different tax and contribution the chapter About Doing Business. financial infrastructure by strengthening payments and visit multiple agencies access to financial services, particularly in person. Furthermore, her business credit. By collecting and sharing credit would be expected to pay 42.9% of WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS information, such agencies reduce infor- its commercial profits in taxes and OF IMPROVED BUSINESS mation asymmetries, increase access contributions annually. Cumbersome REGULATION? to credit for small firms, lower interest business regulatory structures such rates, improve borrower discipline as these constrain the ability of entre- The 11 Doing Business indicator sets and strengthen bank supervision and preneurs to transform their ideas into capture the effectiveness and quality of credit risk monitoring. Indeed, a study viable businesses. business regulation. Research findings of a credit bureau serving the equip- substantiate the economic relevance ment finance industry in the United Doing Business measures the processes of the aspects of business regulation States found that better exchange of for starting a business, obtaining a measured by Doing Business. Recent information between lenders results building permit, getting an electricity research, for example, examines the in improved repayment behavior by connection, transferring property, pay- impact of improving business regulation. firms, including lower incidences of ing taxes, taking a commercial dispute One study finds that high start-up costs delinquencies and defaults. This impact to court, and resolving an insolvency can result in lower overall productivity. was stronger for firms that typically lack FIGURE 1.1 What is measured in Doing Business? Starting a Getting a business location Labor market Dealing with Starting a regulation business construction permits Getting Resolving electricity insolvency Registering Operating in a Enforcing property Accessing secure business contracts finance environment Getting credit Paying taxes Protecting Trading across minority borders investors Dealing with day-to-day operations s database. Source: Doing Business Note: Labor market regulation is not included in the ease of doing business ranking. OVERVIEW 3 informational transparency, such as small by not allowing creditors to take impor- Central Asia and three from East Asia and young firms.2 tant decisions related to the company and the Pacific. Eighteen of the top 20 assets during insolvency procedures. are classified as high-income economies. Doing Business places emphasis on the Another cause was the establishment of The top 5 performers are New Zealand, quality of legal infrastructure and the a compensation scheme for agents man- Singapore, Denmark, the Republic of strength of legal institutions. The pro- aging bankruptcy proceedings based on Korea and Hong Kong SAR, China. The tecting minority investors indicator set, assets sold and operating revenues of a former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is for example, measures the protection of firm, which created a significant increase the only upper-middle-income economy minority shareholders. For businesses to in the cost of bankruptcy procedures on the list, while Georgia is the only low- secure equity finance, legal mechanisms and reduced creditors’ recovery rate.4 er-middle-income one (table 1.1). To date, are needed to prevent the use of corporate no low-income economy has reached the assets by company insiders for personal In the area of cross-border trade, Doing top 20 group. However, being wealthy gain—especially during financial crises Business measures the effectiveness does not guarantee a front-runner posi- or times of market distress. Research of trade logistics. Several studies have tion in the ease of doing business ranking; has shown that during the 2008 global underscored the importance of port many high-income economies still have financial crisis, for example, companies automation and efficiency for both room for progress. Having few bureau- in economies with better investor protec- trade facilitation and regional economic cratic hurdles, robust legal institutions tions and stronger corporate governance development. These studies have found and laws and regulations that are based experienced a smaller decrease in their that ports that are more automated on international good practices is what market value. Conversely, firms in econo- require less maintenance, are more matters most for a good performance in mies with weak legal structures saw a cost-effective and ensure better worker the ease of doing business ranking. more significant decline in value.3 safety. Furthermore, a study of the determinants of shipping costs from Among the top 20 economies, Georgia, The Doing Business indicators on resolv- Latin America to the United States with a ranking of 9, has implemented the ing insolvency provide evidence of a found that—for most exporting econo- highest number of business regulation strong relationship between regula- mies—high transportation costs pose reforms since the launch of Doing Business tory quality and efficient outcomes. even greater barriers to trade than in 2003—a total of 47. With 41, FYR The indicator set measures the qual- import tariffs, and that port inefficien- Macedonia has carried out the second ity of regulation as the recovery rate cies significantly add to these costs. One highest number of reforms among the for secured creditors and the extent to of the most striking findings is that by top 20. During the same period, Latvia which domestic law has incorporated improving port efficiency from the 25th and Lithuania have also actively reformed certain internationally-accepted prin- to the 75th percentile, shipping costs are their business regulatory environments, ciples on liquidation and reorganization lowered by 12%, substantially increasing with 28 and 31 reforms respectively. proceedings. Efficient outcomes occur the volume of bilateral trade.5 One of Among other reforms, Lithuania has when viable businesses are given a the principal causes of port inefficiency made six reforms to its business incor- chance to survive, while loss-prone, is excessive regulation—precisely what poration processes, five reforms to inefficient firms exit the market, putting Doing Business advocates to curb. bankruptcy proceedings and four reforms resources to better use elsewhere in to its taxation system. Many other top- the economy. In the absence of strong ranked economies have followed this pat- legal bankruptcy legislation, however, WHERE IS BUSINESS tern of continuous reform, demonstrating the balance between firm survival and REGULATION BETTER? that comprehensive reform efforts can efficient exit is distorted. This distortion lead to considerable improvements in an was highlighted by research using data The overall measure of the ease of doing economy’s regulatory and business envi- from Hungary, where the majority of business gives an indication of where it ronment. Another feature that the top firms in bankruptcy were preserved and is easier for domestic small and medium- 20 economies have in common—albeit allowed to continue operating as going size firms to do business. Although the not measured by Doing Business—is that concerns—despite generating sub- economies with the most business- on average they have higher labor force stantial operating losses and resulting friendly regulation in this year’s ease participation rates and lower levels of in low recovery rates for creditors. The of doing business ranking are relatively income inequality. Indeed, the average main cause of this distortion was the diverse, the economies within the top 20 Gini coefficient6 of the top 20 economies inadequate allocation of control rights share some common features. Fourteen is 0.3 (with 0 representing perfect equal- between secured and unsecured credi- of the top 20 are OECD high-income ity and 1 representing perfect inequality), tors, which decreased the recovery value economies; three are from Europe and compared to 0.4 for the lowest 20.7 4 DOING BUSINESS 2018 TABLE 1.1 Ease of doing business ranking DB DB DB 2018 DTF DTF 2018 DTF DTF 2018 DTF DTF Rank Economy score change Rank Economy score change Rank Economy score change 1 New Zealand 86.55 -0.18 65 Albania 68.70 + 0.96 129 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 55.72 +0.01 2 Singapore 84.57 +0.04 66 Bahrain 68.13 +0.01 130 Palau 55.58 +0.46 3 Denmark 84.06 -0.01 67 Greece 68.02 +0.01 131 Nicaragua 55.39 +0.09 4 Korea, Rep. p 83.92 0.00 68 Vietnam 67.93 +2.85 132 Barbados 55.20 -0.09 5 Hong g Kong g SAR, China 83.44 +0.29 69 Morocco 67.91 -0.03 133 Lebanon 54.67 -0.10 6 United States 82.54 -0.01 70 Jamaica 67.27 +0.57 134 St. Kitts and Nevis 54.52 +0.18 7 United Kingdom g 82.22 -0.12 71 Oman 67.20 +0.08 135 Cambodia 54.47 +0.23 8 Norway y 82.16 -0.25 72 Indonesia 66.47 +2.25 136 Maldives 54.42 +0.64 9 Georgia g 82.04 +2.12 73 El Salvador 66.42 +3.54 137 Tanzania 54.04 +0.11 10 Sweden 81.27 +0.03 74 Uzbekistan 66.33 +4.46 138 Mozambique q 54.00 +0.97 11 Macedonia, FYR 81.18 -0.21 75 Bhutan 66.27 +1.06 139 Côte d'Ivoire 53.71 +2.04 12 Estonia 80.80 +0.05 76 Ukraine 65.75 +1.90 140 Senegal g 53.06 +3.75 13 Finland 80.37 -0.11 77 Kyrgyz y gy Republic p 65.70 +0.54 141 Lao PDR 53.01 +0.43 14 Australia 80.14 0.00 78 China 65.29 +0.40 142 Grenada 52.94 -0.11 15 Taiwan, China 80.07 +0.41 79 Panama 65.27 +1.25 143 Mali 52.92 +0.30 16 Lithuania 79.87 +1.05 80 Kenya y 65.15 +2.59 144 Niger g 52.34 +2.26 17 Ireland 79.51 -0.19 81 Botswana 64.94 +0.07 145 Nigeria g 52.03 +3.85 18 Canada 79.29 -0.09 82 South Africa 64.89 -0.08 146 Gambia, The 51.92 -0.01 19 Latvia 79.26 -0.79 83 Qatar 64.86 +0.61 147 Pakistan 51.65 +0.71 20 Germany y 79.00 -0.19 84 Malta 64.72 +0.43 148 Burkina Faso 51.54 +0.20 21 United Arab Emirates 78.73 +1.87 85 Zambia 64.50 +3.92 149 Marshall Islands 51.45 +0.03 22 Austria 78.54 -0.15 86 Bosnia and Herzegovina g 64.20 +0.42 150 Mauritania 50.88 +1.56 23 Iceland 78.50 +0.01 87 Samoa 63.89 +2.06 151 Benin 50.47 +1.85 24 Malaysia y 78.43 +0.96 88 Tunisia 63.58 -0.20 152 Bolivia 50.18 +0.32 25 Mauritius 77.54 +2.09 89 Tonga g 63.43 +0.50 153 Guinea 49.80 +0.32 26 Thailand 77.44 +5.68 90 Vanuatu 63.08 +0.02 154 Djibouti j 49.58 +3.99 27 Poland 77.30 +0.18 91 St. Lucia 62.88 +0.01 155 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 48.99 +0.01 28 p Spain 77.02 0.00 92 Saudi Arabia 62.50 +2.92 156 Togog 48.88 +0.64 29 Portugal g 76.84 -0.14 93 San Marino 62.47 -0.03 157 Kiribati 48.74 -0.31 30 p Czech Republic 76.27 +0.03 94 g y Uruguay 61.99 +0.35 158 Comoros 48.52 +0.47 31 France 76.13 -0.06 95 Seychelles y 61.41 +1.01 159 Zimbabwe 48.47 +0.80 32 Netherlands 76.03 +0.51 96 Kuwait 61.23 +1.52 160 Sierra Leone 48.18 -0.06 33 Switzerland 75.92 +0.19 97 Guatemala 61.18 -0.43 161 Ethiopiap 47.77 +2.08 34 p Japan 75.68 +0.07 98 Dominica 60.96 +0.34 162 g Madagascar 47.67 +3.05 35 Russian Federation 75.50 +0.81 99 Dominican Republic p 60.93 +2.52 163 Cameroon 47.23 +2.18 36 Kazakhstan 75.44 +1.06 100 India 60.76 +4.71 164 Burundi 46.92 +0.06 37 Slovenia 75.42 +0.99 101 Fiji j 60.74 +0.04 165 Suriname 46.87 +0.11 38 Belarus 75.06 +0.55 102 Trinidad and Tobagog 60.68 -0.19 166 Algeria g 46.71 -0.01 39 Slovak Republic p 74.90 -0.25 103 Jordan 60.58 +2.38 167 Gabon 46.19 +1.33 40 Kosovo 73.49 +4.98 104 Lesotho 60.42 +0.54 168 Iraqq 44.87 +0.48 41 Rwanda 73.40 +3.21 105 Nepalp 59.95 +2.35 169 São Tomé and Príncipe p 44.84 +0.39 42 Montenegro g 73.18 +1.64 106 Namibia 59.94 +0.54 170 Sudan 44.46 +0.17 43 Serbia 73.13 +0.26 107 Antiguag and Barbuda 59.63 +0.98 171 Myanmar y 44.21 +0.30 44 Moldova 73.00 +0.20 108 Paraguay g y 59.18 +0.06 172 Liberia 43.55 +3.10 45 Romania 72.87 +0.17 109 p New Guinea Papua 59.04 +0.17 173 q Equatorial Guinea 41.66 +1.77 46 Italy y 72.70 +1.15 110 Malawi 58.94 +6.33 174 Syrian y p Arab Republic 41.55 +0.08 47 Armenia 72.51 +0.59 111 Sri Lanka 58.86 +0.13 175 Angola g 41.49 +1.38 48 Hungary g y 72.39 +0.26 112 Swaziland 58.82 +0.25 176 Guinea-Bissau 41.45 +0.23 49 Mexico 72.27 +0.18 113 Philippines pp 58.74 +0.42 177 Bangladesh g 40.99 +0.15 50 Bulgaria g 71.91 +0.10 114 West Bank and Gaza 58.68 +3.80 178 Timor-Leste 40.62 -0.07 51 Croatia 71.70 +0.05 115 Honduras 58.46 -0.07 179 Congo, g Rep.p 39.57 -0.52 52 Belgium g 71.69 -0.23 116 Solomon Islands 58.13 -0.01 180 Chad 38.30 -0.28 53 yp Cyprus 71.63 -0.49 117 g Argentina 58.11 +0.07 181 Haiti 38.24 +0.01 54 Israel 71.42 +0.05 118 Ecuador 57.83 -0.01 182 Congo, g Dem. Rep. p 37.65 +0.22 55 Chile 71.22 +0.37 119 Bahamas, The 57.47 +0.82 183 Afghanistan g 36.19 -1.80 56 Brunei Darussalam 70.60 +5.83 120 Ghana 57.24 +0.34 184 Central African Republic p 34.86 +0.78 57 Azerbaijanj 70.19 +3.12 121 Belize 57.11 +0.03 185 Libyay 33.21 +0.03 58 Peru 69.45 +0.01 122 Uganda g 56.94 +0.42 186 Yemen, Rep. p 33.00 +0.06 59 Colombia 69.41 -0.11 123 Tajikistan j 56.86 +0.93 187 South Sudan 32.86 -0.33 60 Turkey y 69.14 +1.16 124 p Iran, Islamic Rep. 56.48 +0.26 188 Venezuela, RB 30.87 -0.79 61 Costa Rica 69.13 +1.23 125 Brazil 56.45 +0.38 189 Eritrea 22.87 +0.42 62 g Mongolia 69.03 +1.27 126 y Guyana 56.28 +0.39 190 Somalia 19.98 -0.31 63 Luxembourg g 69.01 +0.35 127 Cabo Verde 56.24 +0.42 64 Puerto Rico (U.S.) 68.85 +0.05 128 gyp Arab Rep. Egypt, p 56.22 +0.10 Source: Doing Businesss database. Note: The DB 2018 rankings are benchmarked to June 2017 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in the aggregate ranking. For the economies for which the data cover two cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the two cities. A positive change indicates an improvement in the score between 2016 and 2017 (and therefore an improvement in the overall business environment as measured by Doing Business), while a negative change indicates a deterioration and 0.00 indicates no change in the score. OVERVIEW 5 What can the Doing Business 2018 data tell FIGURE 1.2 Where it is easier to do business and where it is more difficult us about global patterns? Good regulatory practices are present in almost all of the Distance to frontier score (0–100) world’s regions. Aside from 28 OECD 100 high-income economies, the 50 highest- ranked economies include 13 from Europe 80 and Central Asia, five from East Asia and the Pacific, two from Sub-Saharan Africa 60 and one each from the regions of Latin America and the Caribbean and the 40 Middle East and North Africa. Each region also has a relatively wide spectrum of 20 strong and weak performers. Economies are ranked based on the distance to frontier 0 score. This measure shows the distance OECD Europe & East Asia Latin America Middle East South Asia Sub-Saharan high income Central Asia & Pacific & Caribbean & North Africa Africa of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed Highest score Lowest score Average score on each of the indicators across all econo- s database. Doing Business mies in the Doing Business sample (box 1.1). In OECD high-income economies, for example, New Zealand, Denmark and across all regions. Among the economies insolvency is only 33.04. Indeed, Doing Korea have the highest overall distance of Sub-Saharan Africa, Mauritius has the Business data show considerable varia- to frontier scores at 86.55, 84.06 and highest distance to frontier score (77.54), tion in performance between economies 83.92, respectively. Conversely, Greece, while Somalia the lowest (19.98). within the same region and within the Luxembourg and Chile have the lowest same regulatory area. Within South Asia, scores in this group, at 68.02, 69.01 and Regional rankings across different Doing India has the highest score (80) for pro- 71.22. However, the OECD high-income Business indicator sets also show large tecting minority investors compared to group has the smallest gap between the variations. South Asia, for example—the Afghanistan’s score of 10. Similarly, there is highest and the lowest scores, of only only region not represented in the top 50 a substantial difference in scores between 18.53 percentage points (figure 1.2). list—scores comparatively well for starting economies in the Middle East and North Sub-Saharan Africa has the widest gap a business, with an average distance to Africa region. Malta, for example, has (57.56 percentage points), with a regional frontier score of 83.27. In contrast, South a distance to frontier score for trading average score of only 50.43—the lowest Asia’s regional average score for resolving across borders of 91.01, while Algeria only scores 24.15. Interestingly, all regions have at least one economy in the top 20 ranking on the protecting minority inves- BOX 1.1 What is the distance to frontier score? tors indicators and all regions—except the Doing Business measures many different dimensions of business regulation. To OECD high-income group—have at least combine measures with different units such as the number of days to obtain a construction permit and the number of procedures to start a business into a sin- one economy in the bottom 20 ranking on gle score, Doing Business computes the distance to frontier score. The distance to the protecting minority investors indica- frontier score captures the gap between an economy’s current performance and tors. These patterns indicate that there is the best practice across the entire sample of 41 indicators across 10 Doing Business further room for improvement across all indicator sets. For example, according to the Doing Business database across all regions and at all income levels. economies and over time, the least time to start a business is 0.5 days while in the worst 5% of cases it takes more than 100 days to incorporate a company. Half a day is, therefore, considered the frontier of best performance, while 100 days is WHICH ECONOMIES the worst. Higher distance to frontier scores show absolute better ease of doing IMPROVED THE MOST IN business (as the frontier is set at 100 percentage points), while lower scores show DOING BUSINESS 2018? absolute poorer ease of doing business (the worst performance is set at 0 per- centage points). The percentage point distance to frontier scores of an economy on different indicators are averaged to obtain an overall distance to frontier score. Doing Business 2018 captures 264 busi- For more details, see the chapter on the distance to frontier and ease of doing ness regulation reforms across the 10 business ranking available at www.doingbusiness.org. measured indicator sets. As in previous years, Sub-Saharan Africa is the region 6 DOING BUSINESS 2018 with the highest number of reforms (83 economy chose to target for improve- indicator sets capturing the most busi- in total), followed by East Asia and the ment, while the change in the distance ness regulation reforms across regions Pacific (45) and Europe and Central Asia to frontier score indicates the size of the in 2016/17 are paying taxes and trading (44). The regions with the highest share impact those changes had on the Doing across borders. Indeed, the reform agen- of reforming economies are Europe and Business data. Across all economies, the das of OECD high-income and East Asia Central Asia (79%), South Asia (79%) average distance to frontier score increase and the Pacific economies appear to be and Sub-Saharan Africa (75%), while the is 0.76 percentage points, with the highest dominated by regulatory changes cap- OECD high-income group has the lowest regional increase in Sub-Saharan Africa tured by the paying taxes indicator set share (46%). The indicator sets for start- (1.18), although this region does not have (figure 1.3). Lower-middle-income econo- ing a business and getting credit record the highest percentage of economies mies have the highest average reform the highest number of reforms (38 each) implementing at least one business count at 1.9 reforms each; low-income in 2016/17. They are closely followed regulatory reform. Nevertheless, there is a economies are second highest at 1.3 by the trading across borders indicator strong correlation between the number of reforms. Unsurprisingly, high-income set with 33 reforms. The least-reformed reforms and the actual improvement in the economies recorded the lowest average areas as captured by Doing Business distance to frontier score.8 Doing Business reform count (1). continue to be the indicators with a legal data show that it has become easier for focus—for example, resolving insolvency small and medium-size enterprises to Of the 10 economies showing the most (13 reforms) and enforcing contracts do business in 62.6% of economies improvement in performance on the Doing (20). Legal reforms are typically slow to worldwide (or 119 of the 190 economies Business indicators, three are from Sub- advance, mainly because they require measured by Doing Business). Saharan Africa, two from East Asia and long-term political commitments, sub- the Pacific, two from Europe and Central stantial resources and close collaboration While economies in the Sub-Saharan Asia, one from Latin America and the between multiple regulatory agencies and Africa region show the highest aver- Caribbean, one from the Middle East and rulemaking institutions. age increase in the distance to frontier North Africa and one from South Asia. score, economies in the OECD high- Brunei Darussalam, the only high-income It is important to look at both the num- income group have the lowest average economy on the list of top 10 improv- ber of reforms and their impact on the increase (0.11 percentage points). This ers, showed the largest advance toward distance to frontier score because they is not surprising as most OECD high- the global good practice frontier after provide different information. The number income economies are already near to implementing eight reforms in 2016/17; of reforms indicates how many y areas an global good practices. The Doing Business it joins this list for the second year in a FIGURE 1.3 The average number of reforms per economy is highest in South Asia but the average impact is biggest in Sub-Saharan Africa Number of reforms and change in distance to frontier score (average number per economy) 3.0 Average number of reforms making it easier to do business Average number of reforms making it more difficult to do business 2.5 Average change in distance to frontier score 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 South East Asia & Europe & Sub-Saharan Middle East & Latin America & OECD Asia Pacific Central Asia Africa North Africa Caribbean high income Starting Most common Protecting Trading topic of reform Paying Registering a business; Getting Paying minority across by region taxes property Trading across credit taxes investors borders borders s database. Source: Doing Business 8 and Doing Business 2017. Note: The average change in the distance to frontier score shows the change between Doing Business 2018 OVERVIEW 7 row. El Salvador, India, Malawi, Nigeria FIGURE 1.4 Reform intensity tends to rise in response to crises and Thailand also made impressive strides and joined the 10 top improvers Resolving insolvency reforms (average number per economy) for the first time. Among top improvers, 0.18 Brunei Darussalam, India and Thailand 0.16 implemented the highest number of busi- 0.14 ness regulation reforms in 2016/17, with eight reforms each. The remaining four 0.12 economies in the list of top improvers are: 0.10 Kosovo, Uzbekistan, Zambia and Djibouti. 0.08 For details on the reforms these countries 0.06 undertook, see the chapter on reforming 0.04 the business environment in 2016/17. 0.02 0.00 The database of Doing Business reforms DB2005 DB2006 DB2007 DB2008 DB2009 DB2010 DB2011 DB2012 DB2013 DB2014 DB2015 DB2016 DB2017 DB2018 indicates differences in reform momen- tum, both within topics and across regions. Why are reforms more common in some Source: Djankov, Georgieva and Ramalho 2017a. years than others? When do economies tend to reform in the areas covered in Doing Business? Two main theories it. In general, political change is not Reforming in the areas measured by explain the timing of regulatory reform. associated with more reform unless the Doing Business can be particularly ben- The first suggests that economies reform political change takes place after the eficial to employment creation when when they must—that is, when there is fiscal crisis. Indeed, economies tend those reforms take place in the areas no choice but to implement a regulatory to reform when they must, rather than of starting a business and labor market change. In this case, an increase in reforms when they can. regulation.14 Such an assertion, how- would be more likely during crises.9 A sec- ever, is made with some caveats from ond theory argues that economies reform other research exploring causal relation- when they can—that is, when govern- WHAT IMPACT DOES ships between business entry regulation ments are recently elected and are in the BUSINESS REGULATION and job creation.15 Nonetheless, one of “honeymoon period.”10 HAVE ON EMPLOYMENT AND the mechanisms through which busi- POVERTY? ness regulation can impact employment Doing Business data can be used to explore directly is the simplification of business which theory is more likely to hold true Many factors explain poverty. These start-up regulations. Across economies in practice. Recent research shows that can include vulnerability to natural there is a significant positive association governments are more likely to reform disasters, remoteness, quality of gov- between employment growth and the business regulation when their economy ernance, property rights, availability of distance to frontier score (figure 1.5). is experiencing a fiscal crisis.11 This is infrastructure and services, proximity to While this result shows an association, particularly true for regulation concern- markets, social relationships, the gender and cannot be interpreted in a causal ing resolving insolvency, which showed of the head of household, employment fashion, it is reassuring to see that a spike in reform activity in 2010/11,12 a status, hours worked, property owned economies with better business regula- couple of years after the 2008/09 finan- and educational attainment.13 Several tion, as measured by Doing Business, cial crisis. The reason is that these kinds of of these factors have a direct link to the also tend to be the economies that reforms take time to be implemented and areas measured in Doing Business since are creating more job opportunities.16 captured by Doing Business (figure 1.4). the Doing Business indicators measure When it comes to unemployment, the However, the effect of fiscal crises on factors such as the quality of governance expected opposite result is evident. reform intensity is less robust when and property rights. Furthermore, Doing Economies with less streamlined busi- public debt is lower. When a fiscal Business can have an indirect link to these ness regulation are those with higher crisis can be solved—albeit temporar- factors as improvements to business levels of unemployment on average. In ily—by increasing borrowing, the need regulation can drive additional job cre- fact, a one-point improvement in the for reform becomes less urgent. In ation. And ultimately, as a reliable source distance to frontier score is associated contrast, the “honeymoon” theory of of income, employment can lift people with a 0.02 percentage point decline in reforms has less evidence to support out of poverty. unemployment growth rate.17 8 DOING BUSINESS 2018 FIGURE 1.5 Better business regulation is associated with employment growth and poorer regulation with higher unemployment Employment growth rate between Unemployment growth rate between 2010 and 2015 (percentage points) 2014 and 2015 (percentage points) 2.5 2.5 2 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0 0.5 -0.5 0 -1 -0.5 -1.5 -2 -1 -2.5 -1.5 -3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Average distance to frontier score, Distance to frontier score, 2010–2015 (0–100) 2015 (0–100) Sources: Doing Business database; International Labor Organization data (http://www.ilo.org/ilostat). Note: The relationships are significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. The left-hand side relationship also holds when using employment growth rate and distance to frontier average score between 2010 and 2015. Doing Business 2017 reported that there assist with the process of registering business analyzes new data about the is a negative association between the their businesses. information available at business regis- Gini index, which measures income tries. It finds that economies with more inequality within an economy, and the The data support this interpretation as transparent and accessible information distance to frontier score. Economies there is a strong association between have lower levels of corruption on with poor quality business regulation inequality, poverty and business regu- average. The case study on registering have higher levels of income inequal- lation. In fact, economies with better property analyzes the transparency of ity on average. This relationship can business regulation have lower levels information as captured by the quality be partially explained by the strong of poverty on average. Indeed, a 10 of land administration index and shows association between measures of percentage point improvement in the that transparent land administration poverty and the distance to frontier distance to frontier is associated with a systems are associated with a lower score. When business regulation is 2 percentage point reduction in the pov- incidence of bribery. overly cumbersome, entrepreneurs and erty rate, measured as the percentage of workers are pushed out of the formal people earning less than $1.90 a day.21 The case study on dealing with con- sector and must resort to operating Fragility is also a factor linked to poverty. struction permits analyzes private in the informal sector.18, 19 The informal However, even fragile economies can sector participation in construction sector is characterized by a lack of improve in areas that ultimately reduce regulation. It demonstrates that econo- regulation, minimal social protection poverty levels. Despite their fragile mies which employ some form of pri- and increased levels of poverty.20 status, several economies implemented vate sector involvement in construction Individuals living in poverty are likely to reforms as captured by Doing Business regulation tend to have more efficient gain the most from smarter and more 2018 (box 1.2). processes and better quality controls. streamlined business regulation. When However, they also exhibit higher bureaucratic hurdles are high, only the costs and a propensity for conflicts most privileged members of society WHAT IS NEW IN THIS of interest. Finally, the case study on can get things done, either through YEAR’S REPORT? resolving insolvency discusses three hiring third parties or paying bribes. successful insolvency reforms—in In economies with complex company This year’s report presents four case France, Slovenia and Thailand—and the incorporation processes, for example, studies, two of which focus on trans- lessons learned that are transferable to entrepreneurs tend to hire lawyers to parency. The case study on starting a other economies. OVERVIEW 9 BOX 1.2  Crises as opportunities? Fragile states, often characterized by weak governance, residual violence, concentrated poverty and inequality, face myriad devel- opment and humanitarian challenges. Depleted human capital, minimal rule of law and violence all contribute to significant—and often extreme—rates of poverty in fragile states.a While fragile states are not home to the majority of the world’s poor, the poor are disproportionately located in fragile states,b underscoring the need to address poverty in these economies. In poor and fragile states, the private sector is often constrained by a lack of infrastructure, political instability, high rates of informality and poor business skills. Private sector job creation is one of the factors that can diminish the incentives to engage in violence, thereby reducing both fragility and poverty.c Doing Business data show that fragile economies are reforming and approaching crises as opportunities for better business regulations. As a result, the gap with non-fragile economies in some areas of business regulation has been narrowing over time (see figure). In 2016/17, of the 34 economies classified as most vulnerable by the World Bank Group’s 2017 Harmonized List of Fragile Situations,d 14 implemented at least one business regulation reform and six economies implemented two reforms or more. Getting credit was the most reformed area of business regulation, accounting for eight of the 24 reforms implemented by this group. Djibouti recorded five reforms, the highest number among all fragile states. Djibouti reduced the fees associ- ated with starting a business and construction inspections, implemented decennial liability for all professionals involved in construction projects, increased the transparency of its land administration system and established a new credit information system. As a result of these reforms, Djibouti’s distance to frontier score improved by 3.79 percentage points. Fragile states are converging with non-fragile states on the cost to register property and start a business Average cost to register property Average paid-in minimum capital (% of property value) requirement (% of income per capita) 14 600 12 500 10 400 8 300 6 200 4 2 100 0 0 DB2006 DB2007 DB2008 DB2009 DB2010 DB2011 DB2012 DB2013 DB2014 DB2015 DB2016 DB2017 DB2018 DB2006 DB2007 DB2008 DB2009 DB2010 DB2011 DB2012 DB2013 DB2014 DB2015 DB2016 DB2017 DB2018 Non-fragile states Fragile states Non-fragile states Fragile states Source: Doing Business database. Note: Fragile states are classified based on the World Bank Group’s Harmonized List of Fragile Situations for fiscal year 2017. The sample includes 174 economies where data is available back to Doing Business 2006. Kosovo, the second most-reformed country in the fragile states group, implemented three business regulation reforms. Iraq, Madagascar, Myanmar, and Sierra Leone made two reforms each in 2016/17. Iraq simplified the process of starting a business by combining multiple registration procedures and reducing the time to register a company. It also launched a new credit registry, improving access to credit information. Similarly, Myanmar adopted a regulation that allows the creation of credit bureaus, while Madagascar increased the coverage of its credit registry. Kosovo and Liberia undertook reforms in the area of resolving insolvency in 2016/17. Both of these economies introduced a legal framework for corporate insolvency, making liquidation and reorganization procedures available to debtors and creditors. a. World Bank 2011. b. Burt, Hughes and Milante 2014. c. Collier and Hoeffler 2004. d. The harmonized list also includes Tuvalu, the only economy from the list that is not measured by Doing Business. 10 DOING BUSINESS 2018 a simplified preventive settlement procedure NOTES for small companies and a new reconciliation procedure for companies facing financial difficulties, encouraging an agreement 1. Moscoso Boedo and Mukoyama 2012. between a debtor and its main creditors. 2. Doblas-Madrid and Minetti 2013. The OHADA Uniform Act also introduced 3. Enikolopov, Petrova and Stepanov 2014. provisions on cross-border insolvency that 4. Franks and Loranth 2014. were implemented in all 17 OHADA member 5. Clark, Dollar and Micco 2004. states. 6. The Gini coefficient, the most commonly- 13. Kraay and McKenzie 2014; Banerjee and Duflo used measure of inequality, is a measure of 2011; Rodrick, Subramanian and Trebbi 2004; statistical dispersion intended to represent the Buvinic and Gupta 1997. income or wealth distribution of an economy’s 14. Bruhn 2011; Bruhn 2013; Branstetter and residents. others 2014. 7. The relationship is significant at the 1% level 15. Bruhn 2013; Fajnzylber, Maloney and Montes- after controlling for income per capita. Rojas 2011; Kaplan, Piedra and Seira 2011. 8. The correlation between the number of 16. The relationship is significant at the 1% level reforms and the actual improvement in the after controlling for income per capita. distance to frontier score is 0.57. 17. The relationship is significant at the 1% level 9. Drazen and Grilli 1993; Ranciere and after controlling for income per capita and Tornell 2015. population size; it is shown in figure 1.5. 10. Haggard and Williamson 1994. 18. De Soto 1989. 11. Djankov, Georgieva and Ramalho 2017a. 19. Dabla-Norris, Gradstein, and Inchauste 2008. 12. The second peak is explained by substantial 20. Loayza and Serven 2010. business regulation reforms undertaken by 21. Djankov, Georgieva and Ramalho 2017b. the 17 member states of the Organization This association is significant when using the for the Harmonization of Business Law in following indicator sets individually: starting a Africa, known by its French acronym OHADA. business, dealing with construction permits, The organization adopted a revised Uniform getting credit and enforcing contracts. The Act Organizing Collective Proceedings for relationship holds after controlling for income Wiping Off Debts in 2015, which introduced per capita and government expenditure. Doing Business 2018 About Doing Business The foundation of Doing Business is the notion that economic activity benefits from ƒ Doing Business measures aspects of clear and coherent rules: rules that set out and clarify property rights and facilitate business regulation affecting domestic the resolution of disputes. And rules that enhance the predictability of economic small and medium-size firms defined interactions and provide contractual partners with essential protections against based on standardized case scenarios arbitrariness and abuse. Such rules are much more effective in shaping the incentives and located in the largest business city of economic agents in ways that promote growth and development where they are of each economy. In addition, for 11 reasonably efficient in design, are transparent and accessible to those for whom they economies a second city is covered. are intended and can be implemented at a reasonable cost. The quality of the rules ƒ Doing Business covers 11 areas also has a crucial bearing on how societies distribute the benefits and finance the of business regulation across costs of development strategies and policies. 190 economies. Ten of these areas—starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting Good rules create an environment where apply to firms at different stages of their electricity, registering property, getting new entrants with drive and good ideas life cycle. The results for each economy dit, protecti credit t ting mi ity investors, inorit t can get started in business and where can be compared with those for 189 other paying taxes, trading across borders, good firms can invest, expand and cre- economies and over time. enforcing contracts and resolving ate new jobs. The role of government insolvency—are included in the policy in the daily operations of domes- distance to frontier score and ease of tic small and medium-size firms is a FACTORS DOING BUSINESS doing business ranking. Doing Business central focus of the Doing Business data. MEASURES also measures features of labor market The objective is to encourage regulation regulation, which is not included in that is designed to be efficient, acces- Doing Business captures several impor- these two measures. sible to all and simple to implement. tant dimensions of the regulatory ƒ Doing Business relies on four main Onerous regulation diverts the energies environment as it applies to local firms. sources of information: the relevant of entrepreneurs away from developing It provides quantitative indicators on laws and regulations, Doing Business their businesses. But regulation that is regulation for starting a business, deal- respondents, the governments of the efficient, transparent and implemented ing with construction permits, getting economies covered and the World in a simple way facilitates business electricity, registering property, getting Bank Group regional staff. expansion and innovation, and makes credit, protecting minority investors, pay- it easier for aspiring entrepreneurs to ing taxes, trading across borders, enforc- ƒ More than 43,000 professionals in 190 compete on an equal footing. ing contracts and resolving insolvency economies have assisted in providing (table 2.1). Doing Business also measures the data that inform the Doing Business Doing Business measures aspects of features of labor market regulation. indicators over the past 15 years. business regulation for domestic firms Although Doing Business does not pres- through an objective lens. The focus of ent rankings of economies on the labor ƒ Doing Business data are widely used by governments, researchers, the project is on small and medium-size market regulation indicators or include international organizations and think companies in the largest business city of the topic in the aggregate distance to tanks to guide policies, conduct an economy. Based on standardized case frontier score or ranking on the ease of research and develop new indexes. studies, Doing Business presents quantita- doing business, it does present the data tive indicators on the regulations that for these indicators. 12 DOING BUSINESS 2018 TABLE 2.1 What Doing Business measures—11 areas of business regulation marketplace without needlessly hinder- ing the development of the private sector. Indicator set What is measured Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a The distance to frontier and limited liability company ease of doing business ranking Dealing with construction permits Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and safety mechanisms in the To provide different perspectives on the construction permitting system data, Doing Business presents data both for Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, individual indicators and for two aggregate the reliability of the electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs measures: the distance to frontier score Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of and the ease of doing business ranking. the land administration system The distance to frontier score aids in Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems assessing the absolute level of regulatory Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in performance and how it improves over corporate governance time. This measure shows the distance of Paying taxes Payments, time and total tax and contribution rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post-filing processes each economy to the “frontier,” which rep- resents the best performance observed on Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts each of the indicators across all economies Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of in the Doing Business sample since 2005 judicial processes or the third year in which data were col- Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency lected for the indicator. The frontier is set and the strength of the legal framework for insolvency at the highest possible value for indicators Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality calculated as scores, such as the strength of legal rights index or the quality of land administration index. This underscores How the indicators are selected Business indicators on getting credit and the gap between a particular economy’s The design of the Doing Business indica- getting electricity. performance and the best performance at tors has been informed by theoretical any point in time and is used to assess the insights gleaned from extensive research Some Doing Business indicators give a absolute change in the economy’s regula- and the literature on the role of institu- higher score for more regulation and tory environment over time as measured tions in enabling economic development.1 better-functioning institutions (such as by Doing Business. The distance to frontier In addition, the background papers devel- courts or credit bureaus). Higher scores is first computed for each topic and then oping the methodology for each of the are given for stricter disclosure require- averaged across all topics to compute the Doing Business indicator sets have estab- ments for related-party transactions, aggregate distance to frontier score. The lished the importance of the rules and for example, in the area of protecting ranking on the ease of doing business regulations that Doing Business focuses minority investors. Higher scores are complements the distance to frontier on for such economic outcomes as trade also given for a simplified way of apply- score by providing information about an volumes, foreign direct investment, mar- ing regulation that keeps compliance economy’s performance in business regu- ket capitalization in stock exchanges and costs for firms low—such as by easing lation relative to the performance of other private credit as a percentage of GDP.2 the burden of business start-up formali- economies as measured by Doing Business. ties with a one-stop shop or through a The choice of the 11 sets of Doing single online portal. Finally, Doing Business Doing Business uses a simple averaging Business indicators has also been guided scores reward economies that apply a approach for weighting component indi- by economic research and firm-level risk-based approach to regulation as a cators, calculating rankings and determin- data, specifically data from the World way to address social and environmental ing the distance to frontier score.4 Each Bank Enterprise Surveys.3 These surveys concerns—such as by imposing a greater topic covered by Doing Business relates to provide data highlighting the main regulatory burden on activities that pose a different aspect of the business regula- obstacles to business activity as reported a high risk to the population and a lesser tory environment. The distance to frontier by entrepreneurs in more than 131,000 one on lower-risk activities. Thus, the scores and rankings of each economy vary, companies in 139 economies. Access economies that rank highest on the ease often considerably, across topics, indicat- to finance and access to electricity, for of doing business are not those where ing that a strong performance by an econ- example, are among the factors identified there is no regulation—but those where omy in one area of regulation can coexist by the surveys as important to busi- governments have managed to create with weak performance in another (figure nesses—inspiring the design of the Doing rules that facilitate interactions in the 2.1). One way to assess the variability of ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 13 FIGURE 2.1 An economy’s regulatory environment may be more business-friendly in some areas than in others Distance to frontier score (0–100) Average of highest three topic scores Average of all topic scores 100 Average of lowest three topic scores 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 New Zealand Denmark Hong Kong SAR, China United Kingdom Georgia Macedonia, FYR Finland Taiwan, China Ireland Latvia United Arab Emirates Iceland Mauritius Poland Portugal France Switzerland Russian Federation Slovenia Slovak Republic Rwanda Serbia Romania Armenia Mexico Croatia Cyprus Chile Azerbaijan Colombia Costa Rica Luxembourg Albania Greece Morocco Oman El Salvador Bhutan Kyrgyz Republic Kenya South Africa Malta Samoa Tonga St. Lucia San Marino Seychelles Guatemala Dominican Republic Fiji Jordan Nepal Antigua and Barbuda Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka Philippines Honduras Argentina Bahamas, The Belize Tajikistan Brazil Cabo Verde St. Vincent and the Grenadines Nicaragua Lebanon Cambodia Tanzania Côte d'Ivoire Lao PDR Mali Nigeria Pakistan Marshall Islands Benin Guinea Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Kiribati Zimbabwe Ethiopia Cameroon Suriname Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Myanmar Equatorial Guinea Angola Bangladesh Congo, Rep. Haiti Afghanistan Libya South Sudan Eritrea Source: Doing Business s database. Note: The distance to frontier scores reflected are those for the 10 Doing Businesss topics included in this year’s aggregate distance to frontier score. The figure is illustrative only; it does not include all 190 economies covered by this year’s report. See the country tables for the distance to frontier scores for each Doing Businesss topic for all economies. an economy’s regulatory performance is market size, the incidence of bribery and reforms should not focus only on these to look at its distance to frontier scores corruption or the quality of the labor force. aspects, because those that it does not across topics (see the country tables). measure are also important. Morocco, for example, has an overall The focus is deliberately narrow even distance to frontier score of 67.91, mean- within the relatively small set of indica- Doing Business does not attempt to quan- ing that it is about two-thirds of the way tors included in Doing Business. The time tify all costs and benefits of a particular from the worst to the best performance. and cost required for the logistical pro- law or regulation to society as a whole. Its distance to frontier score is 92.46 for cess of exporting and importing goods The paying taxes indicators measure the starting a business, 85.72 for paying taxes is captured in the trading across borders tax and contribution rate, which, in isola- and 81.12 for trading across borders. At indicators, for example, but they do not tion, is a cost to businesses. However, the the same time, it has a distance to frontier measure the cost of tariffs or of interna- indicators do not measure—nor are they score of 34.03 for resolving insolvency, 45 tional transport. Doing Business provides a intended to measure—the benefits of the for getting credit and 58.33 for protecting narrow perspective on the infrastructure social and economic programs funded minority investors. challenges that firms face, particularly with tax revenues. Measuring the quality in the developing world, through these and efficiency of business regulation pro- indicators. It does not address the extent vides only one input into the debate on the FACTORS DOING BUSINESS to which inadequate roads, rail, ports and regulatory burden associated with achiev- DOES NOT MEASURE communications may add to firms’ costs ing regulatory objectives, which can differ and undermine competitiveness (except across economies. Doing Business provides Many important policy areas are not to the extent that the trading across covered by Doing Business; even within the borders indicators indirectly measure TABLE 2.2 Examples of areas not areas it covers its scope is narrow (table the quality of ports and border connec- covered by Doing Business 2.2). Doing Business does not measure the tions). Similar to the indicators on trading Macroeconomic stability full range of factors, policies and institu- across borders, all aspects of commercial Development of the financial system tions that affect the quality of an econo- legislation are not covered by those on Quality of the labor force my’s business environment or its national starting a business or protecting minor- Incidence of bribery and corruption competitiveness. It does not, for example, ity investors. And while Doing Business Market size capture aspects of macroeconomic stabil- measures only a few aspects within each ity, development of the financial system, area that it covers, business regulation Lack of security 14 DOING BUSINESS 2018 a starting point for this discussion and the largest business city, and learning with applicable regulations. In practice, should be used in conjunction with other from local good practices, Doing Business entrepreneurs may not be aware of what data sources. has complemented its global indicators needs to be done or how to comply with with subnational studies (box 2.1). Also, regulations and may lose considerable time coverage was extended to the second trying to find out. Alternatively, they may ADVANTAGES AND largest business city in economies with a intentionally avoid compliance—by not LIMITATIONS OF THE population of more than 100 million (as registering for social security, for example. METHODOLOGY of 2013) in Doing Business 2015. Firms may opt for bribery and other infor- mal arrangements intended to bypass The Doing Business methodology is Doing Business recognizes the limitations the rules where regulation is particularly designed to be an easily replicable way to of the standardized case scenarios and onerous—an aspect that helps explain dif- benchmark specific aspects of business assumptions. But while such assumptions ferences between the de jure data provided regulation. Its advantages and limitations come at the expense of generality, they by Doing Business and the de facto insights should be understood when using the also help to ensure the comparability of offered by the World Bank Enterprise data (table 2.3). data. Some Doing Business topics are com- Surveys.5 Levels of informality tend to plex, and so it is important that the stan- be higher in economies with particularly Ensuring comparability of the data across dardized cases are defined carefully. For burdensome regulation. Compared with a global set of economies is a central example, the standardized case scenario their formal sector counterparts, firms in consideration for the Doing Business usually involves a limited liability com- the informal sector typically grow more indicators, which are developed using pany or its legal equivalent. There are two slowly, have poorer access to credit and standardized case scenarios with specific reasons for this assumption. First, private employ fewer workers—and these workers assumptions. One such assumption is limited liability companies are the most remain outside the protections of labor law the location of a standardized business— prevalent business form (for firms with and, more generally, other legal protections the subject of the Doing Business case more than one owner) in many economies embedded in the law.6 Firms in the informal study—in the largest business city of the around the world. Second, this choice sector are also less likely to pay taxes. Doing economy. The reality is that business reg- reflects the focus of Doing Business on Business measures one set of factors that ulations and their enforcement may differ expanding opportunities for entrepreneur- help explain the occurrence of informality within a country, particularly in federal ship: investors are encouraged to venture and provides policy makers with insights states and large economies. But gather- into business when potential losses are into potential areas of regulatory reform. ing data for every relevant jurisdiction in limited to their capital participation. each of the 190 economies covered by Doing Business is infeasible. Nevertheless, Another assumption underlying the DATA COLLECTION IN where policy makers are interested in Doing Business indicators is that entre- PRACTICE generating data at the local level, beyond preneurs have knowledge of and comply The Doing Business data are based on a detailed reading of domestic laws and TABLE 2.3 Advantages and limitations of the Doing Business methodology regulations as well as administrative Feature Advantages Limitations requirements. The report covers 190 economies—including some of the small- Use of standardized Makes data comparable across economies Reduces scope of data; only regulatory case scenarios and methodology transparent reforms in areas measured can be est and poorest economies, for which systematically tracked little or no data are available from other Focus on largest Makes data collection manageable (cost- Reduces representativeness of data sources. The data are collected through business city a effective) and data comparable for an economy if there are significant differences across locations several rounds of communication with Focus on domestic Keeps attention on formal sector—where Unable to reflect reality for informal expert respondents (both private sector and formal sector regulations are relevant and firms are sector—important where that is practitioners and government officials), most productive large—or for foreign firms facing a through responses to questionnaires, different set of constraints conference calls, written correspondence Reliance on expert Ensures that data reflect knowledge of Indicators less able to capture variation respondents those with most experience in conducting in experiences among entrepreneurs and visits by the team. Doing Business types of transactions measured relies on four main sources of information: Focus on the law Makes indicators “actionable”—because Where systematic compliance with the the relevant laws and regulations, Doing the law is what policy makers can change law is lacking, regulatory changes will not achieve full results desired Business respondents, the governments of the economies covered and the World s covers business regulation a. In economies with a population of more than 100 million as of 2013, Doing Business in both the largest and second largest business city. Bank Group regional staff (figure 2.2). ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 15 BOX 2.1 Subnational Doing Business indicators: regional-level benchmarking in the European Union Subnational Doing Business studies point to differences in business regulation and its implementation—as well as in the pace of regulatory reform—across locations in a single economy or region. For several economies, subnational studies are now periodi- cally updated to measure change over time or to expand geographic coverage to additional cities. Six economies completed sub- national studies this year: Afghanistan, Colombia, three EU member states (Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania) and Kazakhstan. In addition, an ongoing study updated data for Nigeria. With funding from the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO), the first of a series of new subnational reports was launched focusing on the European Union member states. Doing Business in the European Union 2017: Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania builds on subnational studies completed in Italy, Spain and Poland. The next study in the subnational series will cover Croatia, the Czech Republic, Portugal and the Slovak Republic. These studies will provide valuable input to individual country reports produced for the European Semester, the European Union’s economic and fiscal policy coordination framework, and will be closely linked with the Lagging Regions initiative launched by the European Commission in June 2015, which studies constraints to growth and investment in the European Union’s low-income and low-growth regions. Doing Business in the European Union 2017: Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania goes beyond the largest business cities of Sofia, Budapest and Bucharest to benchmark an additional 19 locations. In total, the study measures business regulation in 22 locations—six in Bulgaria, seven in Hungary and nine in Romania. The study benchmarks the locations using five Doing Business indicator sets: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property and enforcing contracts. The study finds that there are locations in each economy that outperform the EU average in at least one area. In Bulgaria, for example, Varna and Pleven outperform the EU average on the starting a business indicators. This is also the case in Pecs and Szeged (Hungary), which outperform the EU average on the dealing with construction permits indicators. All Hungarian cities and Oradea (Romania) perform above the EU average for registering property; most locations also do so for enforcing contracts. However, none of the subnational locations surveyed came close to the EU average on the indicators for getting electricity. While no single location excels in all five areas covered by the study, most demonstrate a noteworthy performance in at least one area, providing reform-minded officials with examples of existing good practices that can be replicated. For example, Bulgarian cities could make starting a business easier by adopting the good practices observed in Varna. Cities in Hungary could make it easier to get electricity by emulating the good practices of Szeged and Szekesfehervar. And Romanian cities could strengthen their own contract enforcement regimes by studying the example of Timisoara. The study, which also includes comparisons with 187 other economies worldwide, provides practical recommendations and showcases good practices for improving the business environment. FIGURE 2.2 How Doing Business collects and verifies the data Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Questionnaire Data collection and analysis Report development ‚The Doing Business team distributes launch the questionnaires and analyzes the relevant laws and regulations along ‚The Doing Business team updates with the information in the Data verification ‚The report is published, the questionnaires and consults questionnaires. followed by media outreach with internal and external experts. and findings dissemination. ‚The Doing Business team travels to ‚The Doing Business team shares approximately 30 economies. preliminary information on reforms with World Bank Group regional teams ‚The Doing Business team engages in for their feedback. conference calls, video conferences and in-person meetings with ‚The Doing Business team analyzes the government officials and private data and writes the report. Comments sector practitioners. on the report and data are received from across the World Bank Group ‚Governments and World Bank Group through an internal review process. regional teams submit information on regulatory changes that could potentially be included in the global count of regulatory reforms. 16 DOING BUSINESS 2018 For a detailed explanation of the Doing maximum number of adjournments in a Extensive consultations with multiple Business methodology, see the data notes commercial court dispute, and read the contributors are conducted by the team at www.doingbusiness.org. insolvency code to identify if the debtor to minimize measurement error for the can initiate liquidation or reorganization rest of the data. For some indicators—for Relevant laws and regulations proceedings. These and other types of example, those on dealing with construc- The Doing Business indicators are based laws are available on the Doing Business tion permits, enforcing contracts and mostly on laws and regulations: approxi- law library website.7 Since the data col- resolving insolvency—the time com- mately two-thirds of the data embedded lection process involves an annual update ponent and part of the cost component in the Doing Business indicators are based of an established database, having a very (where fee schedules are lacking) are on a reading of the law. In addition to large sample of respondents is not strictly based on actual practice rather than filling out questionnaires, Doing Business necessary. In principle, the role of the the law on the books. This introduces a respondents submit references to the rel- contributors is largely advisory—helping degree of judgment by respondents on evant laws, regulations and fee schedules. the Doing Business team to locate and what actual practice looks like. When The Doing Business team collects the texts understand the laws and regulations. respondents disagree, the time indicators of the relevant laws and regulations and There are quickly diminishing returns to reported by Doing Business represent the checks the questionnaire responses for an expanded pool of contributors. This median values of several responses given accuracy. The team will examine the civil notwithstanding, the number of contribu- under the assumptions of the standard- procedure code, for example, to check the tors rose by 60% between 2010 and 2017. ized case (box 2.2). BOX 2.2 Where is the implementation of regulation more predictable and does it matter? Doing Business measures the median duration of each procedure or process individually across the different indicator sets with time components. However, in practice, the time it takes to complete the same transaction can differ significantly from one entrepreneur to another. Because entrepreneurs place a premium on reliability and low risk, this variability in time can have important implications. This year, Doing Business sets out to better understand these differences for the eight indicators with a time component, namely starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. To do so, Doing Business collected data estimating the time to complete a procedure in both the best and worst case scenarios in an economy. The data show that in Spain, for example, a commercial dispute trial takes 280 days on average in a normal case, but can range from 180 days to 550 days depending on the individual circumstances. The data show that—across the eight Doing Business indicators mentioned above—high-income economies have lower time variability and, therefore, more predictable regulatory environments than low- or middle-income economies (see figure below for an example). In addition, the data confirm that the median is very much at the center of the time distribution. In the United Kingdom, for example, the median time for dealing with construction permits is 90 days. The worst case scenario is 120 days and the best case scenario is 60 days, meaning that the distribution is centered around the median plus or minus 30 days. High-income economies have the smallest difference between the best and worst case scenario time estimates Time to start a business (days) Time to resolve insolvency (months) 25 40 35 20 30 15 25 20 10 15 10 5 5 0 0 Low income Middle income High income Low income Middle income High income Median Difference Median Difference Source: Doing Business s database. (continued) ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 17 BOX 2.2 Where is the implementation of regulation more predictable and does it matter? (continued) Doing Business data also show that the median is positively correlated with the difference between the best and worst case scenarios (see figure below). The longer the median time to comply with a regulation, the more difficult it becomes to predict the time needed to do so—the median becomes a measure for the unpredictability in time. In fact, economies with more variability in time do not experience higher levels of corruption on average other than what is already predicted by the median. In economies where it takes longer to start or close a business, the time to do so is less predictable Median time to start a business (days) Median time to resolve insolvency (months) 120 80 70 100 60 80 50 60 40 30 40 20 20 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Difference between the maximum and minimum Difference between the maximum and minimum time to start a business (days) time to resolve insolvency (months) s database. Doing Business Doing Business respondents and getting electricity. Information that an incorporation lawyer may carry out More than 43,000 professionals in 190 is incorporated into the indicators is also 10 such transactions each month. The economies have assisted in providing provided by certain public officials (such incorporation lawyers and other experts the data that inform the Doing Business as registrars from the company or prop- providing information to Doing Business indicators over the past 15 years.8 This erty registry). are therefore better able to assess the year’s report draws on the inputs of more process of starting a business than are than 13,000 professionals.9 The Doing The Doing Business approach is to work individual firms. They also have access to Business website shows the number of with legal practitioners or other profes- current regulations and practices, while respondents for each economy and each sionals who regularly undertake the a firm may have faced a different set of indicator set. transactions involved. Following the rules when incorporating years before. standard methodological approach for The second reason is that the Doing Selected on the basis of their expertise in time-and-motion studies, Doing Business Business questionnaires mostly gather these areas, respondents are profession- breaks down each process or transaction, legal information, which firms are unlikely als who routinely administer or advise such as starting a business or register- to be fully familiar with. For example, on the legal and regulatory requirements ing a building, into separate steps to few firms will know about all the main in the specific areas covered by Doing ensure a better estimate of time. The legal procedures involved in resolving a Business. Because of the focus on legal time estimate for each step is given by commercial dispute through the courts, and regulatory arrangements, most of practitioners with significant and routine even if they have gone through the pro- the respondents are legal professionals experience in the transaction. cess themselves. But a litigation lawyer such as lawyers, judges or notaries. In should have little difficulty in provid- addition, officials of the credit bureau or There are two main reasons that Doing ing the requested information on all registry complete the credit information Business does not survey firms. The first the procedures. questionnaire. Accountants, architects, relates to the frequency with which firms engineers, freight forwarders and other engage in the transactions captured by Governments and World Bank professionals answer the questionnaires the indicators, which is generally low. For Group regional staff related to paying taxes, dealing with con- example, a firm goes through the start- After receiving the completed ques- struction permits, trading across borders up process once in its existence, while tionnaires from the Doing Business 18 DOING BUSINESS 2018 respondents, verifying the information understanding the role of business regu- mean that they are all “action-worthy” against the law and conducting follow-up lation in economic development, Doing in a particular context. Business regula- inquiries to ensure that all relevant infor- Business is also an important source of tory reforms are only one element of a mation is captured, the Doing Business information for researchers. strategy aimed at improving competitive- team shares the preliminary descriptions ness and establishing a solid foundation of regulatory reforms with governments Governments and policy makers for sustainable economic growth. There (through the World Bank Group’s Board Doing Business offers policy makers a are many other important goals to pur- of Executive Directors) and regional staff benchmarking tool useful in stimulating sue—such as effective management of of the World Bank Group. Through this policy debate, both by exposing potential public finances, adequate attention to process, government authorities and challenges and by identifying good prac- education and training, adoption of the World Bank Group staff working on the tices and lessons learned. Despite the latest technologies to boost economic economies covered by Doing Business narrow focus of the indicators, the initial productivity and the quality of public ser- can alert the team about, for example, debate in an economy on the results they vices, and appropriate regard for air and regulatory reforms not reported by the highlight typically turns into a deeper water quality to safeguard public health. respondents or additional achievements discussion on areas where business regu- Governments must decide what set of of regulatory reforms. The Doing Business latory reform is needed, including areas priorities best suits their needs. To say team can then turn to the local private well beyond those measured by Doing that governments should work toward sector experts for further consultation Business. In economies where subnational a sensible set of rules for private sector and, as needed, corroboration. In addi- studies are conducted, the Doing Business activity (as embodied, for example, in tion, the team responds formally to the indicators go one step further in offering the Doing Business indicators) does not comments of governments or regional policy makers a tool to identify good suggest that doing so should come at the staff and provides explanations of the practices that can be adopted within their expense of other worthy policy goals. scoring decisions. economies (box 2.1). Over the past decade governments have Data adjustments Many Doing Business indicators can be increasingly turned to Doing Business Information on data corrections is provid- considered “actionable.” For example, as a repository of actionable, objective ed in the data notes available at the Doing governments can set the minimum data providing unique insights into good Business website. A transparent complaint capital requirement for new firms, invest practices worldwide as they have come procedure allows anyone to challenge the in company and property registries to to understand the importance of business data. From November 2016 to October increase their efficiency, or improve the regulation as a driving force of com- 2017 the team received and responded to efficiency of tax administration by adopt- petitiveness. To ensure the coordination of over 180 queries on the data. ing the latest technology to facilitate the efforts across agencies, economies such preparation, filing and payment of taxes as Colombia, Malaysia and the Russian by the business community. And they Federation have formed regulatory reform USES OF THE DOING can undertake court reforms to shorten committees. These committees use the BUSINESS DATA delays in the enforcement of contracts. Doing Business indicators as one input to But some Doing Business indicators inform their programs for improving the Doing Business was designed with two capture procedures, time and costs that business environment. More than 60 oth- main types of users in mind: policy makers involve private sector participants, such er economies have also formed such com- and researchers. It is a tool that govern- as lawyers, notaries, architects, electri- mittees. In East Asia and the Pacific, they ments can use to design sound business cians or freight forwarders. Governments include Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia; the regulatory policies. Nevertheless, the may have little influence in the short Republic of Korea; the Philippines; Taiwan, Doing Business data are limited in scope run over the fees these professions China; and Thailand. In the Middle East and should be complemented with other charge, though much can be achieved and North Africa: the Arab Republic of sources of information. Doing Business by strengthening professional licensing Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, Saudi Arabia focuses on a few specific rules relevant regimes and preventing anticompetitive and the United Arab Emirates. In South to the specific case studies analyzed. behavior. And governments have no con- Asia: Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. In These rules and case studies are cho- trol over the geographic location of their Europe and Central Asia: Albania, Croatia, sen to be illustrative of the business economy, a factor that can adversely Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, the Kyrgyz regulatory environment, but they are affect businesses. Republic, the former Yugoslav Republic not a comprehensive description of that of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, environment. By providing a unique data While many Doing Business indicators Poland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine and set that enables analysis aimed at better are actionable, this does not necessarily Uzbekistan. In Sub-Saharan Africa: Benin, ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 19 Burundi, the Comoros, the Democratic registration reforms in Mexico also result- competitiveness and prevent them from Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, ed in 14.9% of informal business owners taking full advantage of their productive Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, shifting to the formal economy.13 capacity. With the availability of Doing Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Business indicators on trading across Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Efficient and non-distortionary business borders—which measure the time, pro- Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia and regulations are important drivers of pro- cedural and monetary costs of exporting Zimbabwe. And in Latin America and the ductivity. A study on India, for example, and importing—several empirical studies Caribbean: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa shows that inefficient licensing and size have assessed how trade costs affect the Rica, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, restrictions cause a misallocation of export and import performance of econo- Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru resources, reducing total factor produc- mies. A rich body of empirical research and St. Lucia. Since 2003, governments tivity by preventing efficient firms from shows that efficient infrastructure and a have reported more than 3,180 regulatory achieving their optimal scale and allowing healthy business environment are posi- reforms, about 920 of which have been inefficient firms to remain in the market.14 tively linked to export performance.19 informed by Doing Business.10 The study shows that removing these restrictions would boost total factor pro- Improving infrastructure efficiency and Many economies share knowledge on ductivity by an estimated 40-60%. In the trade logistics bring documented benefits the regulatory reform process related to European Union and Japan, implicit taxes to an economy’s balance of trade and the areas measured by Doing Business. on capital use were shown to reduce the individual traders. However, delays in Among the most common venues for average size of firms by 20%, output by transit time can reduce exports: a study this knowledge sharing are peer-to-peer 8.1% and output per firm by 25.6%.15 A analyzing the importance of trade logis- learning events—workshops where offi- recent study on Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, tics found that a 1-day increase in transit cials from different governments across Ghana and Kenya demonstrates large time reduces exports by an average of 7% a region or even across the globe meet productivity gains following the removal in Sub-Saharan Africa.20 Another study to discuss the challenges of regulatory of firm-level distortions caused by found that a 1-day delay in transport time reform and to share their experiences. uneven regulations and a poor business for landlocked economies and for time- environment.16 Research also shows that sensitive agricultural and manufacturing Think tanks and other research raising the efficiency level of bankruptcy products has a particularly large negative organizations laws in select OECD high-income econo- impact, reducing trade by more than 1% Doing Business data are widely used by mies to that of the United States would for each day of delay.21 Delays while clear- think tanks and other research organiza- increase the total factor productivity of ing customs procedures also negatively tions, both for the development of new the former by about 30% through a rise impact a firm’s ability to export, particu- indexes and to produce research papers. in bank loans to large firms.17 larly when goods are destined for new clients.22 And in economies with flexible Many research papers have shown the Considerable effort has been devoted to entry regulations, a 1% increase in trade importance of business regulation and studying the link between government is associated with an increase of more how it relates to different economic out- regulation of firm entry and employment than 0.5% in income per capita, but has comes.11 One of the most cited theoretical growth. In Portugal, business reforms no positive income effects in economies mechanisms on how excessive business resulted in a reduction of the time and with more rigid regulation.23 Research regulation affects economic performance cost needed for company formalization, has also found that—although domestic and development is that it makes it too increasing the number of business start- buyers benefit from having goods of costly for firms to engage in the formal ups by 17% and creating 7 new jobs per varying quality and price to choose economy, causing them not to invest or 100,000 inhabitants per month. New from—import competition only results in to move to the informal sector. Recent start-ups were more likely to be female- minimal quality upgrading in OECD high- studies have conducted extensive empiri- owned, were smaller and headed by less income economies with cumbersome cal testing of this proposition using Doing experienced, less-educated entrepre- regulation while it has no effect on quality Business and other related indicators. neurs than before the reform, suggesting upgrading in non-OECD economies with According to one study, for example, a that the reform created a more inclusive cumbersome regulation.24 Therefore, reform that simplified business registra- environment for aspiring entrepreneurs.18 the potential gains for consumers from tion in Mexican municipalities increased import competition are reduced where registration by 5% and wage employment In many economies, companies engaged regulation is cumbersome. by 2.2%—and, as a result of increased in international trade struggle with high competition, reduced the income of trade costs arising from transport, logis- Doing Business measures aspects of busi- incumbent businesses by 3%.12 Business tics and regulations that impede their ness regulation affecting domestic firms. 20 DOING BUSINESS 2018 However, research shows that better loans, suggesting that faster processing this negative effect is stronger in econo- business regulation—as measured by of debt recovery cases cut the cost of mies with stricter employment protection Doing Business—is associated with high- credit.30 An in-depth review of global bank legislation.35 Rigid employment protection er levels of foreign direct investment.25 flows revealed that firms in economies legislation can also have negative distribu- Furthermore, foreign direct investment with better credit information sharing tional consequences. A study on Chile, for can either impede or promote domestic systems and higher branch penetration example, found that the tightening of job investment depending on how business evade taxes to a lesser degree.31 Strong security rules was associated with lower friendly entry regulations are in the shareholder rights have been found to employment rates for youth, unskilled host economy. In fact, foreign direct lower financial frictions, especially for workers and women.36 investment has been shown to crowd firms with large external finance relative out domestic investment in economies to their capital stock (such as small firms By expanding the time series dimension with costly processes for starting a or firms in distress).32 and the scope of the data, Doing Business business.26 Another study showed that hopes to continue being a key reference for economies with higher international There is also a large body of theoretical the debate on the importance of business market integration have, on average, and empirical work investigating the regulation for economic development easier and simpler processes for starting distortionary effects of high tax rates and both within and outside the World Bank a business.27 cumbersome tax codes and procedures. Group (box 2.3). According to one study, business licens- Recent empirical work shows the impor- ing among retail firms rose 13% after a Indexes tance of well-designed credit market tax reform in Brazil.33 Another showed Doing Business identified 17 different data regulations and well-functioning court that a 10% reduction in tax complexity is projects or indexes that use Doing Business systems for debt recovery. For example, comparable to a 1% reduction in effective as one of its sources of data.37 Most of a reform making bankruptcy laws more corporate tax rates.34 these projects or institutions use indica- efficient significantly improved the recov- tor level data and not the aggregate ease ery rate of viable firms in Colombia.28 In Labor market regulation—as measured by of doing business ranking. The indicator a multi-economy study, the introduction Doing Business—has been shown to have set most widely used is starting a busi- of collateral registries for movable assets important implications for the labor mar- ness, followed by labor market regulation was shown to increase firms’ access to ket. According to one study, graduating and paying taxes. These indexes typically finance by approximately 8%.29 In India from school during a time of adverse eco- combine Doing Business data with data the establishment of debt recovery tri- nomic conditions has a persistent, harmful from other sources to assess an economy bunals reduced non-performing loans by effect on workers' subsequent employ- along a particular aggregate dimension 28% and lowered interest rates on larger ment opportunities. The persistence of such as competitiveness or innovation. BOX 2.3 Recent Doing Business research drawing on new data from Doing Business and World Bank Enterprise Surveys The Doing Business team conducted several studies in 2016/17 analyzing how the current data on business regulations from Doing Business and the World Bank Enterprise Surveys are associated with various economic and institutional outcomes. These studies found that: • Small and medium-size firms are more likely to be credit constrained. In addition, a more advanced credit information system is associated with lower levels of credit constraints, particularly for smaller firms, firms that are not externally audited or firms that lack a quality certification.a • Fiscal pressures encourage regulatory reform. However, the effect of fiscal imbalances on reform weakens when govern- ments can rely on low borrowing costs.b • Service unreliability is a significant factor in low-income economies, where power outages fluctuate significantly from year to year. Furthermore, burdensome electricity connections are associated with utility corruption and higher electricity sector constraints reduce firm demand for energy inputs.c • There is a significant negative relationship between corruption and firm productivity when business regulation is high, but there is no significant relationship when business regulation is low.d a. Chávez 2017. b. Djankov, Georgieva and Ramalho 2017a. c. Arlet 2017. d. Amin and Ulku 2017. ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 21 The Heritage Foundation’s Index of extent to which the regulatory framework Imperial College London’s Digital Money has changed in ways relevant for the features Index; International Institute for Management Economic Freedom, for example, has used captured by the indicators. The data collection Development’s World Competitiveness 22 Doing Business indicators to measure process should therefore be seen as adding Yearbook; DHL’s Global Connectedness Index the degree of economic freedom in the each year to an existing stock of knowledge (GCI); PricewaterhouseCoopers’ Paying Taxes reflected in the previous year’s report, not as 2016: The Global Picture; Legatum Institute’s world in four areas, including rule of law, creating an entirely new data set. Legatum Prosperity Index; The Millennium government size, regulatory efficiency and 9. While about 13,000 contributors provided data Challenge Corporation’s Open Data Catalog; market openness.38 Economies that score for this year’s report, many of them completed International Civil Service Effectiveness a questionnaire for more than one Doing (InCiSE) Index of Oxford University, Blavatnik better in these four areas also tend to have Business indicator set. Indeed, the total number School of Government and The Institute for a high degree of economic freedom. of contributions received for this year’s report Government. is more than 16,000, which represents a true 38. For more on the Heritage Foundation’s Index measure of the inputs received. The average of Economic Freedom, see the website at Similarly, the World Economic Forum number of contributions per indicator set and http://heritage.org/index. uses Doing Business data in its Global economy is more than seven. For more details, Competitiveness Index to demonstrate see http:/ /www.doingbusiness.org /contributors/doing-business. how competitiveness is a global driver 10. These are reforms for which Doing Business of economic growth. The organization is aware that information provided by also uses 13 Doing Business indicators in Doing Business was used in shaping the reform agenda. five indexes that measure institutions, 11. The papers cited here are just a few examples product market efficiency, labor market of research done in the areas measured by efficiency, financial market development Doing Business. Since 2003, when the Doing Business report was first published, more and business dynamism. These publicly than 10,000 working papers and research accessible sources expand the general articles published in peer-reviewed academic business environment data generated journals have discussed how regulation in the areas measured by Doing Business influences by Doing Business by incorporating it into economic outcomes. the study of other important social and 12. Bruhn 2011. economic issues across economies and 13. Bruhn 2013. 14. Hsieh and Klenow 2009. regions. They prove that, taken individu- 15. Guner, Ventura and Xu 2008. ally, Doing Business indicators remain a 16. Cirera, Fattal Jaef and Maemir 2017. useful starting point for a rich body 17. Neira 2017. 18. Branstetter and others 2014. of analysis across different areas and 19. Portugal-Perez and Wilson 2011. dimensions in the research world. 20. Freund and Rocha 2011. 21. Djankov, Freund and Pham 2010. 22. Martincus, Carballo and Graziano 2015. 23. Freund and Bolaky 2008. NOTES 24. Amiti and Khandelwal 2011. 25. Corcoran and Gillanders 2015. 1. Djankov 2016. 26. Munemo 2014. 2. These papers are available on the Doing 27. Norbäck, Persson and Douhan 2014. Business website at http:/ /www 28. Giné and Love 2006. .doingbusiness.org/methodology. 29. Love, Martinez-Peria and Singh 2013. 3. For more on the World Bank Enterprise 30. Visaria 2009. Surveys, see the website at http:/ /www 31. Beck, Lin and Ma 2014. .enterprisesurveys.org. 32. Claessens, Ueda and Yafeh 2014. 4. For getting credit, indicators are weighted 33. Monteiro and Assunção 2012. proportionally, according to their contribution 34. Lawless 2013. to the total score, with a weight of 60% 35. Kawaguchi and Murao 2014. assigned to the strength of legal rights index 36. Montenegro and Pagés 2003. and 40% to the depth of credit information 37. The projects or indexes using Doing Business index. In this way, each point included in these as a source of data are the following: Fraser indexes has the same value independent of Institute’s Economic Freedom of the World the component it belongs to. Indicators for all (EFW); The Heritage Foundation’s Index other topics are assigned equal weights. For of Economic Freedom (IEF); The World more details, see the chapter on the distance Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness to frontier and ease of doing business ranking Index (GCI); Networked Readiness Index available at www.doingbusiness.org. (NRI, jointly with INSEAD); Human Capital 5. Hallward-Driemeier and Pritchett 2015. Index (HCI); Enabling Trade Index (ETI); Travel 6. Schneider 2005; La Porta and Shleifer 2008. and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI); 7. For the law library, see the website at http:// INSEAD’s Global Talent Competitiveness www.doingbusiness.org/law-library. Index (GTCI); Global Innovation Index (GII, 8. The annual data collection exercise is an jointly with Cornell University and the World update of the database. The Doing Business Intellectual Property Organization); KPMG’s team and the contributors examine the Change Readiness Index (CRI); Citi and Doing Business 2018 Reforming the Business Environment in 2016/17 ¡ From June 2, 2016, to June 1, 2017, Doing Starting a business in Thailand used to take 27.5 days. Today, thanks to a series of Business recorded 264 regulatory reforms business regulation reforms, the process takes only 4.5 days. First, Thailand eliminated making it easier to do business—with the requirement that companies obtain a company seal. Previously, every certificate 119 economies implementing at least of shares had to be signed by at least one director and bear the company seal. And one reform across the different areas second, Thailand repealed the requirement to obtain approval of the company’s measured by Doing Business. work regulations from the Labor Department. Before the reform, companies with more than 10 employees were required to submit their work regulations to the Labor ¡ The economies that showed the most Department for approval. The company’s work regulations are now checked during notable improvement in Doing Business regular labor inspections. Thailand’s case is not unique. In all, 38 economies reduced 2018 are Brunei Darussalam, Thailand, the complexity and cost of business incorporation processes in 2016/17, making it Malawi, Kosovo, India, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Nigeria, Djibouti and El Salvador. easier and faster for entrepreneurs to start a business. ¡ Starting a business and getting credit we were re the areas wit reas ith the e hi h th ghes highest inci t incidence e denc Reform pays off. Reducing administrative real GDP growth rates by about 1 percent- of reforms in 2016/17, with 38 reforms burdens, simplifying regulation, strength- age point per year on average over the next recorded in each area. Simplifying ening competition and cutting red tape are two decades.4 Improving infrastructure registration formalities was the most reforms that are positively associated with efficiency and trade logistics bring docu- common feature of reforms making it higher manufacturing productivity growth mented benefits to an economy’s external easier to start a business. The most in low-income economies and aggregate trade balance and individual traders but common feature of reforms making it productivity growth in middle-income transit delays can reduce exports. A study easier to get credit was the introduction of economies.1 There is ample evidence of analyzing the importance of trade logistics new credit bureaus and registries. the positive impact of reforming in the found that a 1-day increase in transit time Doing Business areas with a historically reduces exports by an average of 7% in ¡ Europe and Central Asia continued to be the region with the highest share of higher number of reforms—namely start- Sub-Saharan Africa.5 economies (79%) implementing at least ing a business, paying taxes and trading one business regulation reform, a trend across borders. Regulatory reforms that that began over a decade ago. Sub- make it easier to start a formal business, WHO REFORMED THE MOST Saharan Africa, however, was the region for example, are associated with an IN 2016/17? with the highest total number of reforms increase in the number of registered firms in 2016/17, with 83 reforms recorded and with a higher level of employment and From June 2, 2016, to June 1, 2017, Doing across all areas measured productivity.2 The composition and quality Business recorded 264 regulatory reforms by Doing Business. of taxation can have a significant impact making it easier to do business—with 119 on productivity and economic growth.3 economies implementing at least one ¡ East Asia and the Pacific had the highest Tax policies can negatively impact produc- reform across the different areas mea- number of economies recording the tivity by creating disincentives for firms to sured by Doing Business (see table 3A.1 at greatest overall number of reforms engage in innovative activities or distort- the end of this chapter). However, start- making it easier to do business in ing the capital-labor allocation when con- ing a business, getting credit and trading 2016/17. Brunei Darussalam and Thailand sidering labor taxes, including mandatory across borders are the topics with the each implemented eight reforms while social contributions. Research shows that highest incidence of reforms in 2016/17 Indonesia implemented seven reforms. eliminating such fiscal barriers would lift (table 3.1). REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 23 TABLE 3.1 Economies in Europe and Central Asia recorded the highest share of greatest overall number of reforms mak- reforms making it easier to do business in 2016/17 ing it easier to do business in 2016/17; Brunei Darussalam and Thailand each Number of reforms Region with the highest share of Area of reform in 2016/17 reformers in 2016/17 implemented eight reforms while Starting a business 38 South Asia Indonesia implemented seven reforms. Latin America and the Caribbean and Dealing with construction permits 22 Sub-Saharan Africa the OECD high-income group had the Getting electricity 20 Europe & Central Asia smallest shares of economies imple- Registering property 29 Europe & Central Asia menting business regulation reforms. Getting credit 38 South Asia The Middle East and North Africa was Protecting minority investors 21 South Asia also among the regions with a relatively Paying taxes 30 East Asia & Pacific small share of economies reforming (65%). Nonetheless, Saudi Arabia Trading across borders 33 South Asia implemented six reforms. Enforcing contracts 20 South Asia Resolving insolvency 13 South Asia The 10 economies showing the most Source: Doing Businesss database. notable improvement in performance Note: The labor market regulation indicators also recorded 17 regulatory changes in the Doing Business 2018 report. These changes are not included in the total reform count. on the Doing Business indicators in 2016/17 were Brunei Darussalam, The region with the highest share of econ- number of reforms in 2016/17 with 83 Thailand, Malawi, Kosovo, India, omies reforming across all topics is Europe reforms recorded across all areas mea- Uzbekistan, Zambia, Nigeria, Djibouti and Central Asia, continuing a trend that sured by Doing Business. Three-quarters and El Salvador (table 3.2). These econ- began over a decade ago. Indeed, 79% of economies in the region implemented omies together implemented 53 busi- of economies in the region implemented at least one business regulation reform ness regulation reforms across 10 of at least one business regulation reform in 2016/17. Similarly, 75% of economies the areas measured by Doing Business. recorded by Doing Business 2018. With in South Asia have implemented at least Overall, the 10 top improvers imple- five reforms, Uzbekistan is the regional one business regulation reform captured mented the most regulatory reforms leader on the total count of reforms, fol- in Doing Business 2018. in the area of getting credit (eight lowed by Lithuania and Azerbaijan with reforms), starting a business, dealing four reforms each. However, Sub-Saharan East Asia and the Pacific has the great- with construction permits and paying Africa is the region with the highest total est number of economies recording the taxes (seven reforms in each area). TABLE 3.2 The 10 economies improving the most across three or more areas measured by Doing Business in 2016/17 Reforms making it easier to do business Ease of doing Change Dealing with Protecting Trading business in DTF Starting a construction Getting Registering Getting minority Paying across Enforcing Resolving Economy rank score business permits electricity property credit investors taxes borders contracts insolvency Brunei 56 5.77         Darussalam Thailand 26 5.65         Malawi 110 5.42     Kosovo 40 4.94    India 100 4.66         Uzbekistan 74 4.50      Zambia 85 3.94    Nigeria 145 3.82      Djibouti 154 3.79      El Salvador 73 3.56     Source: Doing Business s database. Note:: Economies are selected on the basis of the number of reforms and ranked on how much their distance to frontier (DTF) score improved. First, Doing Business selects the economies that implemented reforms making it easier to do business in three or more of the 10 areas included in this year’s aggregate distance to frontier score. Regulatory changes making it more difficult to do business are subtracted from the number of those making it easier. Second, Doing Business ranks these economies on the increase in their distance to frontier score due to reforms from the previous year (the impact due to changes in income per capita and the lending rate is excluded). The improvement in their score is calculated not by using the data published in 2016 but by using comparable data that capture data revisions and methodology changes. The choice of the most improved economies is determined by the largest improvements in the distance to frontier score among those with at least three reforms. 24 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Among the 10 top improvers, Brunei increased the transparency of dealing the business incorporation process by Darussalam made the biggest advance with construction permits by publishing introducing the SPICe form (INC-32), toward the regulatory frontier for the all relevant regulations, fee schedules and which combined the application for the second consecutive year by implement- pre-application requirements online. In Permanent Account Number (PAN) ing eight reforms making it easier to do addition, Nigeria improved access to credit and the Tax Account Number (TAN) business. Brunei Darussalam removed information by legally guaranteeing bor- into a single submission. Furthermore, post-incorporation procedures and rowers the right to inspect their own data following improvements to the online implemented new building guidelines for and by starting to provide credit scores to system in 2016, the time needed to construction, eliminating the requirement banks, financial institutions and borrow- complete the applications for Employee’s to obtain a hoarding permit and to submit ers. Nigeria also introduced new central- Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) both the commencement and completion ized electronic payment channels for and the Employee’s State Insurance notice to the one-stop shop. Additionally, the payment of all federal taxes. Malawi Corporation (ESIC) decreased. The joint Brunei Darussalam adopted a new secured halved the fees charged by the city council application for the Mumbai Value Added transactions law that strengthened the and reduced the time to process building Tax (VAT) and the Profession Tax (PT) rights of borrowers and creditors and plan approvals. It also improved access to also was fully implemented in January strengthened minority investor protec- credit information by establishing a new 2017. India also strengthened access to tions by increasing shareholders’ rights credit bureau. Zambia made exporting credit by amending the rules on priority and role in major corporate decisions, and importing easier by implementing of secured creditors outside reorganiza- clarifying ownership and control structures the ASYCUDA World data management tion proceedings and adopting a new and requiring greater corporate transpar- system and made tax compliance easier insolvency and bankruptcy code that ency. The economy also introduced an by introducing an online platform for filing introduced a reorganization procedure electronic case management system for and paying taxes. All three economies for corporate debtors. In trading across use by judges and lawyers and introduced introduced or made amendments to their borders, India reduced border compliance an online system for filing and payment secured transactions laws. time by improving infrastructure at the of the contributions to the employee Nhava Sheva Port in Mumbai. Export and provident fund. Finally, in 2016/17 Brunei Kosovo and Uzbekistan are the two import border compliance costs were also Darussalam enhanced its National Single economies in Europe and Central Asia that reduced in both Delhi and Mumbai after Window for goods clearance. made the biggest advances toward the merchant overtime fees were abolished. frontier in 2016/17. Kosovo recorded three Thanks to the increased use of electronic Thailand, the other economy in East Asia reforms making it easier to do business, and mobile platforms, since July 2016 and the Pacific that made it to the list including adopting a new law that estab- importers under the Authorized Economic of the 10 top improvers, implemented lishes clear priority rules inside bankruptcy Operator (AEO) program have been able changes in eight areas measured by Doing for secured creditors and clear grounds to clear cargo faster through simplified Business. Thailand streamlined the post- for relief from a stay for secured credi- customs procedures. registration process to start a new busi- tors during reorganization procedures. ness. Thailand also adopted a new secured Uzbekistan, which recorded five reforms, With four reforms—captured in the transactions law that strengthened the streamlined the process of obtaining an indicators for dealing with construction rights of borrowers and creditors, intro- electricity connection by introducing a permits, getting electricity, paying taxes duced an automated risk-based system “turnkey” service at the utility that fulfills and trading across borders—El Salvador for selecting companies for tax audit and all connection-related services, including is the only economy in Latin America increased the automation and efficiency the design and construction completion of and the Caribbean on this year’s list of of enforcement processes in Bangkok. In the external connection. 10 top improvers. Similarly, Djibouti (with addition, Thailand strengthened its land five reforms) is the only economy in the administration system by implementing a With eight reforms making it easier to do Middle East and North Africa region on geographic information system and scan- business in 2016/17, India was the only the list. ning the majority of maps in Bangkok. economy in South Asia to join the list of the 10 top improvers. India made obtaining Three Sub-Saharan African economies— a building permit faster by implementing REMOVING OBSTACLES TO Nigeria, Malawi and Zambia—made it to an online Single Window System for the STARTING A BUSINESS the list of 10 top improvers in 2016/17. approval of building plans; the new system Nigeria made starting a business faster allows for the submission and approval Entrepreneurs in many economies con- by introducing the electronic approval of building plans prior to requesting the tinue to face significant barriers to entry of registration documents. Nigeria also building permit. India also streamlined when starting a business. Burdensome REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 25 and costly regulation can prevent Since its inception, Doing Business has entrepreneurs from entering the formal captured at least one reform making it STREAMLINING THE economy, negatively impacting both the easier to start a business in almost 95% PROCESS OF OBTAINING public and private sectors. Formalization of economies. These reforms have made A BUILDING PERMIT allows entrepreneurs and employees to it faster and easier for firms to launch access the legal and financial services and formally operate. Fifteen years ago, The construction sector is a critical available to registered companies (such it took entrepreneurs worldwide 52 days indicator of the health of an economy. An as obtaining loans and social secu- on average to start and formally operate abundance of stalled construction proj- rity benefits). There is clear evidence a firm. Today, it takes 20 days. ects is a visible sign of economic hardship, that streamlining regulatory procedures while a booming construction industry is can encourage business entry, busi- Simplifying registration requirements indicative of economic growth. Although ness growth, job creation and rising can range from merging registration various obstacles remain—including the national incomes. procedures to eliminating redundant fragmented nature of the construction processes. Several economies in Sub- industry and its hesitancy to adapt to Thirty-eight economies made starting a Saharan Africa took steps to streamline technological change—governments business easier in 2016/17 by reducing these formalities in 2016/17 (figure 3.1). around the world are focused on imple- the procedures, time or cost associ- By eliminating the requirement that menting reforms that reduce the time ated with the process. Two-thirds of a woman must obtain her husband’s and cost to obtain permission to build.6 these economies simplified registration permission to operate a business, the In 2016/17, five of the 22 economies formalities by, for example, abolishing Democratic Republic of Congo made that reformed their construction permit- requirements to obtain various approv- it easier for women to register firms. ting processes focused their reforms on als or consolidating several registration And by combining multiple business reducing the time to obtain the building processes into one. Others streamlined registration procedures, the Democratic permit itself (figure 3.2). postregistration procedures by eliminat- Republic of Congo also reduced the time ing the need to obtain a general business required to start a business by nearly a Côte d’Ivoire, which showed the most license or company seal. And still others business week. significant improvement in this area in set up or improved one-stop shops, reduced or eliminated minimum capital requirements and set up online platforms FIGURE 3.1 Economies in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest share of reforms making it easier to start a business in 2016/17 for entrepreneurs. Of the 38 economies that reformed in this area, 12 implement- ed complex improvements associated Share of economies that made it easier to start a business in 2016/17 (%) with two or more types of reforms. 40 Equatorial Guinea advanced the most 35 toward the frontier in starting a business in 2016/17. It did this by abolishing the 30 requirement to obtain an authorization of establishment from the Office of 25 the Prime Minister to start a business. Previously, it took four months on aver- 20 age for each new business to obtain 15 this authorization. 10 Niger, another economy that notably improved the ease of starting a business, 5 reduced its minimum capital require- ment, allocated more personnel to its 0 one-stop shop—resulting in a reduc- South Asia Sub-Saharan Middle East & Europe & East Asia Latin America OECD tion in the time required to register a Africa North Africa Central Asia & Pacific & Caribbean high income company—and allowed for the publica- tion of the notice of company incorpora- tion online free of charge. s database. Source: Doing Business 26 DOING BUSINESS 2018 FIGURE 3.2 Many economies made getting construction permits faster in 2016/17 Both an efficient connection process and safeguards to mitigate outage risks are crucial to business owners. Effective cus- Time to get building permit (days) tomer protections and regulations also 400 provide predictability for firms, enabling 350 them to better forecast risks. 300 Given the importance of the electricity sector, many economies aim to improve 250 access to electricity and the quality of 200 supply to strengthen the operating envi- ronment for small and medium-size 150 enterprises. Doing Business recorded 100 reforms in 20 economies making it easier to get electricity in 2016/17. Of these, 50 12 economies focused on improving the 0 connection process and eight on the reli- Côte d'Ivoire Gabon Tanzania Angola Lithuania ability of electricity supply. DB2017 DB2018 The most common feature of elec- Source: Doing Business s database. tricity reforms in the past year was improvement to the connection pro- 2016/17, established a one-stop shop for its permitting process by improving the cess. Regulatory changes that reduce building permits and published deadlines, efficiency of its one-stop shop and increas- the number of interactions required costs and procedures related to obtaining ing the frequency of building permit council between the utility or other third parties the urban planning certificate. As a result, meetings to once a month. and customers when they apply for an Côte d’Ivoire reduced the number of electricity connection are an effective required procedures by four and the time In Europe and Central Asia, Ukraine way to improve the connection process. to process applications by 210 days. reduced the cost of construction by Armenia successfully reduced the num- significantly lowering mandatory inves- ber of interactions required in 2016/17 Notable progress was also made elsewhere tor contributions to Kyiv’s social and by installing a geographic information in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 15 econo- engineering-transport infrastructure. system, eliminating the need for a site mies reformed multiple aspects of their Lithuania reduced the time needed to inspection to issue the technical condi- construction permitting processes. Gabon obtain technical conditions and the build- tions. As a result, the total time to obtain streamlined procedures and reduced the ing permit. Uzbekistan streamlined the a connection was reduced from 138 days time to obtain a building permit by setting process for obtaining approvals of land in 2016 to 127 days in 2017. up an internal pre-approval meeting of plot allocations from various agencies. relevant technical experts who examine In the Dominican Republic and Kenya the application prior to a formal committee changes were made to improve the reli- meeting. Gabon also made its building reg- MAKING ACCESS TO ability of power supply. Major upgrades ulations, fee schedules and requirements ELECTRICITY MORE were made to the network infrastructure to obtain a building permit available online. EFFICIENT AND RELIABLE in Santo Domingo and Nairobi, resulting Similarly, Benin and Ghana improved in a notable reduction in the duration of transparency by making regulations con- World Bank Enterprise Surveys data outages (figure 3.3). In Kenya, the utility cerning construction openly accessible show that business owners in develop- in Nairobi invested in its distribution lines online while Rwanda increased quality ing economies identify access to reliable and transformers and set up a squad control during construction by introducing electrical services as the fourth largest specializing in restoring power when out- risk-based inspections. Kenya reduced obstacle to doing business.7 However, ages occur. In the Dominican Republic, construction fees by eliminating clear- electricity sector constraints vary. A dif- the utility in Santo Domingo built new ance fees from the National Environment ficult connection process is associated substations, redesigned the network Management Authority and the National with utility corruption and may hamper zoning plan and established a response Construction Authority. Malawi halved firms,8 while an unreliable electricity squad to quickly restore service after an building permit fees. Tanzania streamlined supply is linked to low firm productivity.9 outage. The initiatives implemented by REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 27 FIGURE 3.3 The duration of power outages has decreased in the Dominican Republic and Kenya Dominican Republic Kenya Average outage duration Average frequency of outages Average outage duration Average frequency of outages per customer served (SAIDI) per customer served (SAIFI) per customer served (SAIDI) per customer served (SAIFI) 130 60 190 40 120 170 50 110 30 150 100 40 130 90 20 110 80 30 90 70 10 20 60 70 50 10 50 0 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 SAIDI SAIFI SAIDI SAIFI s database. Source: Doing Business Note: The figures show the average number of hours without electricity supply (as measured by SAIDI) and the average number of power outages (as measured by SAIFI) per customer served over the course of a year in the largest business city in each economy. the utilities in both economies resulted in improving the quality of land adminis- 10% transfer tax and registration duty, significant improvements in the reliability tration in 2016/17. The most common implementing a complaint mechanism of electric supply. As a result, Kenya and improvements included increasing trans- and publishing service standards. the Dominican Republic became eligible parency of information and increasing Rwanda also made improvements to its to score on Doing Business’ ’ reliability of administrative efficiency by reducing the property registration process in 2016/17. supply and transparency of tariff index time to transfer property. Rwanda reduced the time for a property as their System Average Interruption transfer by introducing new online ser- Duration Index (SAIDI) and System Mauritius made the biggest improve- vices such as user searches of property Average Interruption Frequency Index ment in the ease of registering property information and online property transfer (SAIFI) scores are now below 100. in 2016/17. It did this by eliminating the filing and registration (figure 3.4). It is FIGURE 3.4 Rwanda has consistently reduced the time it takes to transfer property IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LAND ADMINISTRATION Time to transfer property (days) 400 Valid property rights are necessary to support investment, productivity and 350 economic growth. Evidence from econo- 300 mies around the world suggests that property owners with registered titles 250 are more likely to invest. They also have a better chance of getting credit when using 200 their property as collateral. Likewise, hav- 150 ing reliable, up-to-date information in cadasters and land registries is essential 100 for governments to correctly assess and 50 collect property taxes. 0 Twenty-nine economies made register- DB2008 DB2010 DB2012 DB2014 DB2016 DB2018 ing a property easier by increasing the efficiency of property transfers and s database. Source: Doing Business 28 DOING BUSINESS 2018 now possible to search online for owners credit reporting by operationalizing a new credit bureaus in Nigeria, Qatar and of specific properties, locations and the credit bureau, Credit Data CRB, in July the United Arab Emirates began offer- encumbrances affecting the property. In 2016. The credit bureau distributes posi- ing credit scores to their data users as addition, the parties, or their notary, can tive and negative credit information on a value-added service. Improvements file the property transfer deed for regis- both firms and individuals and borrowers were also made in the distribution of tration online. Niger significantly reduced have a legally-guaranteed right to inspect data from sources other than financial registration costs by reducing notary their own data. Cameroon, Indonesia, institutions. In Bhutan, two utility fees from 4% of the property value to Iraq, Jordan and Slovenia all established a companies began submitting positive a regressive fee scheme based on the new credit bureau or registry in 2016/17. and negative information on consumer property value. The government also Azerbaijan, Djibouti and Myanmar accounts to the credit bureau. In Kenya, made changes to the General Tax Code to improved their regulatory framework for public utility companies and savings and lower property transfer registration fees. credit reporting, enabling the creation of credit cooperative organizations are now new credit bureaus in the near future. required to share credit information. In Among regions, Europe and Central Asia the Islamic Republic of Iran, a vehicle and Sub-Saharan Africa tie as the regions Economies in West Africa also imple- dealership began sharing information on with the most reforms relating to the mented reforms in 2016/17 to improve credit-based transactions with the credit transfer of property in 2016/17. In Europe their credit reporting systems. All West bureau. and Central Asia, Croatia passed the Real African Economic and Monetary Union Estate Transfer Act, which decreased the (WAEMU) member states have now In 2016/17, 18 economies made it real estate transfer tax from 5% to 4%, formally adopted the Uniform Law on the easier for businesses to obtain credit while Kazakhstan made cadastral plans Regulation of Credit Information Bureaus. by modifying legislation to encourage in Almaty available to the public via the WAEMU’s regional credit bureau, the use of moveable property as collat- government’s website and began pub- Creditinfo VoLo, began operations in eral. The most common feature of reform lishing statistics on land disputes. The Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau and Togo in included improvements in the legislative Russian Federation made property regis- early 2017. These economies joined Côte framework for secured transactions tration services available at its one-stop d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Senegal, where encompassing functional equivalents to shop and passed legislation requiring Creditinfo VoLo was launched in 2016 security interests and creating modern, that property registrations be completed (figure 3.5). searchable collateral registries which within nine working days. In Sub-Saharan are accessible on-line for the registra- Africa, the land registry in Mauritania Elsewhere, economies adopted global tion, modification and cancelation of launched a website that provides rel- good practices in credit reporting. The security interests. West Bank and Gaza evant information to the public on land registry services, including property transfer regulations, procedures and fees. FIGURE 3.5 Timeline of West African Economic and Monetary Union regional Senegal decreased property registration credit bureau times by streamlining the interactions between different departments at the WAEMU Council of Uniform Law Creditinfo Volo starts property registry, introducing internal Ministers adopts adopted by National operations in Burkina Uniform Law Assembly of Mali Faso, Guinea-Bissau, mechanisms to identify bottlenecks and Togo; Uniform Law enacting internal time limits to speed up adopted by National Assembly of Benin the registration process. STRENGTHENING ACCESS TO 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 CREDIT Uniform Law Creditinfo Volo starts Twenty-four economies implemented adopted by national operations in Côte assemblies of Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, reforms improving their credit information d’Ivoire, Niger, Senegal; Uniform Law Senegal adopted by national systems in 2016/17. The most common assemblies of Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Togo feature of reform was the introduction of new credit bureaus and registries to improve the sharing of credit information. Malawi made the most improvement in s database. Source: Doing Business REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 29 made the most noteworthy improve- 51% of a company’s assets must be Thirteen economies—Azerbaijan, Brunei ment in 2016/17 by adopting a secured authorized by its shareholders and that Darussalam, Djibouti, Arab Republic of transactions law in 2016 that establishes the notice of meeting should be sent 21 Egypt, France, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, a modern collateral registry and allows days in advance. As a result of these and Lithuania, Malaysia, Nepal, Rwanda, a general description of present and other amendments, Djibouti improved Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan—passed future assets used as security interests. its score on all six indices of the indicator legislation in 2016/17 that increased The new rules also establish priority for set, resulting in a 21.67-percentage point corporate transparency requirements. secured creditors outside insolvency and increase in its distance to frontier score for These laws give more agenda-setting permit out-of-court enforcement. minority investor protections (figure 3.6). power to shareholders and disclose board member activities in other com- Belarus created the Registry of Twenty other economies also strength- panies, executive compensation and Encumbrances on Movable Property ened minority shareholder protections audit reports. As a result, all of these in 2016 to record, store and provide in 2016/17.10 Costa Rica enacted Law economies improved their scores on the information on security interests in No. 9392 in October 2016 which pro- extent of corporate transparency index. movable assets. Mongolia’s Law on vides specific protections for minority Movable and Intangible Property Pledges, investors and strengthens safeguards Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, which entered into force in March 2017, against conflicts of interest. The board Djibouti, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Rwanda, regulates the assignment of receivables, of directors now must vote on transac- Saudi Arabia and Thailand took steps to financial leases and retention-of-title tions with interested parties and board clarify corporate governance, ownership sales, requiring their registration with members who have a personal interest and control structures by, for example, the collateral registry. Similarly, Brunei must clearly disclose their interest and enacting legislation that requires Darussalam, the Kyrgyz Republic, abstain from voting in this case. Should companies to nominate independent Mongolia, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, shareholders choose to file a claim board members and set up an audit Russia, Samoa, Turkey and Zambia intro- against the transaction, the law also committee. These changes resulted in duced new laws establishing modern increases their access to evidence both improvements in the scores of these collateral registries. before and during court proceedings. nine economies on the extent of owner- As a result, Costa Rica’s score improved ship and control index. significantly on both the extent of disclo- PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF sure index and the ease of shareholder Finally, 11 economies enacted regula- MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS suits index, resulting in a 10 percentage tion in 2016/17 enhancing approval and point increase in its distance to frontier disclosure requirements for related-party Djibouti made the most noteworthy score for minority investor protections. transactions. Among them, Luxembourg improvements to minority investor pro- tections in 2016/17. A new law, Law No. FIGURE 3.6 Djibouti strengthened minority investor protections the most in 2016/17 191/AN/17/7, which modified the Code of Commerce, takes significant steps to Index score (0–10) mitigate the risk of prejudicial conflicts of 8 interest in companies. The law requires 7 directors to inform their board in detail of any conflict of interest they may have on 6 a proposed transaction. If they decide to 5 proceed, they must also include the terms 4 of the transaction and the extent of the conflict of interest in the annual report. 3 Even after these precautions, shareholders 2 can file in court to cancel the transac- 1 tion and recover any profits made by the 0 interested parties if the transaction was Extent of Extent of director Extent Extent of Extent of Ease of prejudicial to the company. Shareholders disclosure index liability index of shareholder ownership and corporate shareholder rights index control index transparency suits index can also inspect transaction documents index before filing a suit and seek reimbursement DB2017 DB2018 of their legal expenses. In addition, the law stipulates that transactions representing s database. Source: Doing Business 30 DOING BUSINESS 2018 made it easier for shareholders repre- different assessment criteria for select- progress in the economies of Europe senting 10% of the share capital of their ing companies for a tax audit, with its and Central Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa company to get access to corporate focus now primarily on larger compa- remains the region with the smallest information and to sue directors in nies. Low-risk companies and small share of economies using electronic filing cases of prejudicial third-party transac- businesses would not be selected for a or payments. However, in 2016 the use of tions. These 11 economies—Costa Rica, tax audit in the case of an underpayment online systems for filing and payment of Djibouti, Georgia, India, Kazakhstan, or self-reporting an error in the corpo- taxes resulted in efficiency gains in sev- Luxembourg, Pakistan, Rwanda, Saudi rate income tax return. eral economies in the region, including Arabia, Thailand and Ukraine—improved Botswana, Kenya, Rwanda and Zambia. on the extent of approval, extent of The most common feature of reforms Angola, Mauritania, Senegal and Togo director liability and ease of shareholder in the area of paying taxes over the are improving their systems to enable suits indices. past year was the implementation or taxpayers to shift from manual to online enhancement of electronic filing and filing of tax returns in the near future. payment systems. Besides El Salvador, ENHANCING TAX 16 other economies—Botswana, Brunei Other economies directed efforts at COMPLIANCE SYSTEMS Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Kenya, reducing the financial burden of taxes Lithuania, Maldives, Morocco, New on businesses and keeping tax rates at Properly developed, effective taxation Zealand, the Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi a reasonable level to encourage private systems are crucial for a well-function- Arabia, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam sector development. With the objective ing society. In most economies, taxes and Zambia—introduced or enhanced of promoting more stable employment are the main source of revenue to fund systems for filing and paying taxes online. conditions, Italy exempted employers public spending on education, health India eased tax compliance on businesses from social security contributions for a care, public transport, infrastructure by implementing an online platform for maximum of 36 months for hires with and social programs, among others. the electronic payment of the Employee open-ended contracts from January Tax policy is one of the most conten- Provident Fund and introducing admin- 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Japan tious areas of public policy. A large istrative measures to ease corporate reduced the corporate income tax rate at body of theoretical and empirical work income tax compliance (figure 3.7). the national level from 25.5% to 23.9% examines the effects of high tax rates for tax years beginning on or after April and complex fiscal systems. Although The use of electronic tax filing and pay- 1, 2015. The Bahamas reduced the rate determining the optimal tax system can ment systems has increased substan- of stamp duty on land sales from 10% in be challenging because context matters tially since 2006, with the most notable 2015 to 2.5% in 2016. when economies want to maximize their welfare, there is less uncertainty—from FIGURE 3.7 India made paying taxes faster by requiring the electronic payment of both theoretical and empirical perspec- some taxes tives—about the distortionary effects of high taxes and cumbersome tax sys- Time per year Distance to frontier score tems. A good tax system should ensure (hours) for paying taxes (0–100) that taxes are proportionate and certain 260 70 (not arbitrary) and that the method of 240 paying taxes is convenient to taxpayers. 65 220 Lastly, taxes should be easy to adminis- ter and collect. 200 60 180 El Salvador made the greatest advances 160 55 in tax payment systems in 2016/17. 140 Following regulatory changes, all com- 50 panies are now required to submit their 120 tax returns electronically. Electronic 100 45 payments are now used by a majority DB2017 DB2018 of companies in El Salvador for profit Time (hours) Distance to frontier score for paying taxes taxes, value added taxes and labor taxes, including mandatory contributions. The tax administration also moved to a s database. Source: Doing Business REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 31 of documentary and border compli- Eleven economies significantly upgraded FACILITATING ance by more than 760 hours overall. their trade logistics infrastructure in INTERNATIONAL TRADE More than half of this time savings is 2016/17. Inadequate infrastructure is associated with the enhancement of one of the main burdens in interna- International trade is a cornerstone of existing electronic systems. Zambia tional trade.14 As part of its National economic development, as access to reduced the time to complete docu- Development Plan 2013-2017, Angola international markets is strongly cor- mentary and border compliance by has significantly rehabilitated and related with economic growth.11 Although about 30%, underscoring the impact upgraded the port of Luanda, expanding tariffs on exports and imports have fallen of roll out of the ASYCUDA World the terminals, adding new berths and on average in recent decades, non-tariff system, an automated customs data acquiring equipment. This has resulted in measures have gained increasing promi- management system, to multiple improvements in handling processes and nence.12 Optimizing time and costs in the customs offices nationwide. In 2017 reduced border compliance time for both trade sector is strongly associated with Zambia increased the functionality of exports and imports. trade growth, diversification and eco- the platform, enabling the electronic nomic expansion.13 Accordingly, global submission of declarations, supporting The regions implementing the most trade policies have shifted their focus documents and the online payment of reforms making it easier to trade across from tariffs to trade facilitation, including customs fees. Following its upgrade borders in 2016/17 were Sub-Saharan the elimination of trade-related transac- from ASYCUDA to the Sistema Único Africa (46% of reforms in this area) and tions costs. Doing Business tracks global de Modernización Aduanera (Single East Asia and the Pacific (18%). Together, trade policies and reforms that facilitate Customs Modernization System; the economies in these two regions trade by implementing cost-effective, SUMA), Bolivia has enabled traders to account for nearly 64% of reforms in this time-efficient and transparent regulatory clear their goods electronically, submit- area as captured by Doing Business 2018. practices (figure 3.8). ting customs declarations and support- The remainder of reforms were made ing documents online and eliminating by economies in Latin America and the Of the 33 economies that undertook the need for visits to multiple govern- Caribbean (15%), the Middle East and reforms making it easier to trade ment agencies to obtain clearance. As a North Africa (9%), South Asia (9%) and across borders in 2016/17, 22 improved result, Bolivia reduced the time required Europe and Central Asia (3%). their existing electronic systems for to prepare and submit all required exports or imports, reducing the time documentation by 72 hours overall. ENHANCING JUDICIAL EFFICIENCY FIGURE 3.8 Reforms affecting customs, especially those regarding the implementation of electronic systems, produce the highest time savings across regions A judicial system that provides effective Total time reduction (hours) commercial dispute resolution is crucial 900 to a healthy economy.15 Case manage- 800 ment systems supporting manual case 700 flow through forms and files contribute to the overall timeliness and efficiency 600 of the justice system, especially when 500 combined with increased court automa- 400 tion and information communication 300 technology solutions.16 The introduction 200 of new case management features, or the 100 expansion of existing case management 0 or court automation systems, was the Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America East Asia South Asia Middle East most common reform feature recorded & Caribbean & Pacific & North Africa in 2016/17. Some economies—Guyana Electronic systems Customs administration Risk-based inspections Infrastructure and Kazakhstan, for example—focused on strengthening regulatory case management principles by introducing Source: Doing Businesss database. Note: The time reduction captures reforms that were implemented and had a positive impact on time for the tighter time standards for key court trading across borders indicator set from 2016 to 2017. The reforms recorded during this period are aggregated in events. Others—such as Switzerland four wide-ranging categories: electronic systems, customs administration, risk-based inspections and infrastructure. Regions with no reforms on time are excluded from the figure. and Taiwan, China—focused on the 32 DOING BUSINESS 2018 implementation of a platform for the online case management system. Today a higher overall level of entrepreneurship electronic submission of the initial com- the Windhoek High Court has a case in the economy and preserve jobs.19 By plaint. Hungary strengthened its existing clearance rate of above 110% (figure 3.9), facilitating the efficient business exit electronic-filing system by integrating it higher than some of the most sophisti- and liquidation of nonviable companies, with a platform that allows litigants to cated economies in the world, including an insolvency framework supports the pay court fees electronically. Finland and Sweden.17 efficient reallocation of resources across the economy.20 Namibia, the economy that improved Other economies have strengthened most notably in the area of enforcing judicial efficiency through the introduc- In 2016/17 Doing Business recorded contracts in 2016/17, is witnessing the tion of a specialized commercial court. 13 reforms making it easier to resolve results of a seven-year reform process Bhutan introduced dedicated benches insolvency. The most common feature in case management and information that only hear commercial cases. Guyana, of reform was the introduction of a reor- communication technology systems that Nicaragua, the Slovak Republic and ganization procedure as an alternative to began with a peer learning exercise with Vietnam strengthened their regulatory liquidation. Cabo Verde, the Dominican some of the top-performing economies environment by introducing a new Code Republic, Grenada, India, Kosovo, Liberia, on the enforcing contracts indicators. of Civil Procedure. Malawi, Panama, Singapore and the The reform process led to the approval United Arab Emirates adopted legal of new court rules in 2014 that incorpo- regulations enabling parties to make use rated many case management principles PROMOTING EFFICIENT of reorganization procedures for the pur- such as time limits for key court events, BANKRUPTCY REGIMES pose of saving viable businesses where early case management through pre- there is a prospect of financial recovery. trial conferences, earlier intervention by Efficient regulation of corporate insolven- the judge, tools to dispose of cases that cy is associated with increased access The reform in Kosovo is particularly have been “abandoned” by the parties to credit for firms and on better terms.18 noteworthy. A comprehensive insolvency and court-connected mediation. The Creditors are more willing to lend because law, which was adopted in July 2016, court also upgraded its information they are more likely to recover their loans. introduced a number of modern features communication technology systems Additionally, economies that reform their that are aligned with international good and court users are now able to submit insolvency law to provide a mechanism practices. In addition to establishing their initial complaint online, while judges for business rescue may reduce the reorganization and liquidation proce- and lawyers have access to a dedicated failure rate among firms, help maintain dures, the law provided the debtor with FIGURE 3.9 Namibia has reduced its case backlog by implementing a case management system Number of cases 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 Registered cases Finalized cases Source: Namibia Superior Courts data (http://www.ejustice.moj.na). REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 33 the option to submit a pre-packaged information on the financial affairs of TABLE 3.4 Puerto Rico (U.S.)’s rehabilitation plan before the commence- the debtor at any time. Additionally, Transformation and Labor Flexibility ment of reorganization proceedings Azerbaijan and Georgia granted creditors Act (TLFA) and established expedited insolvency the right to object to the decision accept- Old framework Labor reform proceedings for small and medium-size ing or rejecting creditors’ claims. Length of the maximum probationary period enterprises. These new elements not only for permanent employees streamline liquidation and reorganization 3 months 9 months proceedings in Kosovo in general, but CHANGING LABOR MARKET Wage premium for daily overtime work and are also likely to shorten the timeframe REGULATION weekly holiday work for resolving insolvency. The law also 100% premium rate 50% premium rate allows the debtor to obtain new financ- Regulation of labor markets is essential Mandatory paid annual leave, workers with 1 ing after the commencement of insol- for the achievement of primary economic year tenure vency proceedings to facilitate continued goals, such as the efficient allocation of 15 days 9 days operations, regulates the treatment of resources—that is, the distribution of Mandatory paid annual leave, workers with contracts and establishes a cross-border resources to their most productive uses.21 5-10 years tenure insolvency regime (table 3.3). Labor regulation is also indispensable 15 days 12 days in protecting vulnerable groups from s database. Source: Doing Business Upper-middle-income and high-income market failures, such as forced labor and economies mainly focused their efforts discrimination.22 In addition to these including the hiring of workers, working on strengthening the rights of creditors fundamental functions, smart labor hours, redundancy rules and job qual- in insolvency proceedings in 2016/17. regulation can help advance a myriad of ity. Some economies made their labor Azerbaijan, the Dominican Republic, economic and social goals, ranging from regulation more rigid while others made Grenada, and Panama made important better responses to economic shocks to it more flexible; in some economies, the amendments to their legal frameworks the promotion of equal opportunities and changes were in both directions. Puerto to provide creditors with additional social cohesion. The challenge in devel- Rico (U.S.), for example, undertook a safeguards and enable their participation oping labor policies is to prevent both substantial regulatory reform effort by in important decisions that affect their over- and under-regulation by balancing adopting the Transformation and Labor interests. The Dominican Republic and labor flexibility with worker protection.23 Flexibility Act (TLFA), which introduced Grenada granted creditors the right to comprehensive changes to regulation in approve the sale of substantial assets of In 2016/17, Doing Business recorded all areas measured by the indicator for the debtor. Azerbaijan and Grenada pro- 17 reforms in the areas covered by the labor market regulation (table 3.4). The vided creditors with the right to request indicators for labor market regulation, TLFA increased the length of the maxi- mum probationary period for permanent TABLE 3.3 Kosovo’s previous and new insolvency frameworks employees, decreased the premium for daily overtime work and the wage Previous framework New framework premium for weekly holiday, decreased Can a debtor initiate liquidation or reorganization procedures? the mandatory paid annual leave and No liquidation or reorganization Yes. Debtors can initiate both procedures. established severance payments for all available. employees wrongfully made redundant. Do creditors vote on the reorganization plan? No reorganization available. Yes. Creditors whose rights are affected by the proposed plan vote Kiribati also implemented significant on it. changes to labor regulation by approving Can a court invalidate preferential and undervalued transactions concluded before insolvency proceedings? the Employment and Industrial Relation No provisions. Yes. Code (EIRC) which regulates the number Can a debtor obtain credit after commencement of insolvency proceedings? of work hours per day, establishes paid No provisions. Yes. The debtor or the administrator may obtain new financing after annual leave and paid sick-leave and the commencement of insolvency proceedings and the priorities of clarifies rules governing redundancies. the new financing are clearly established. Can creditors participate in important decisions? Changes to the regulation of working No provisions. Yes. Every creditor has the right to request information on the hours was a common feature of reform debtor's financial situation from the insolvency representative and may object to the decision regarding its own claims as well as claims in 2016/17. Albania reduced the number of other creditors. of work hours to 48 per week. Similarly, Source: Doing Business s database. the Democratic Republic of Congo 34 DOING BUSINESS 2018 established a standard workday of eight 17. CEPEJ 2016. 18. Cirmizi, Klapper and Uttamchandani 2010. hours per day and designated Sunday as a 19. Klapper and Love 2011. weekly rest day. Taiwan, China, increased 20. For more on how insolvency frameworks the number of weekly rest days from one support the efficient reallocation of resources across the economy, see Djankov 2009, to two and also extended the length of Funchal 2008, Klapper 2011 and Visaria 2009. mandatory paid annual leave. Bosnia and 21. World Bank 2012. Herzegovina decreased wage premiums 22. Agell 1999. 23. Kuddo and others 2015. for overtime work, night work and weekly holiday work. Tajikistan abolished restric- tions on night work by non-pregnant women and non-nursing mothers. In addition, some economies made changes to legislation regulating redundancy rules and costs. Tajikistan increased the amount of severance pay that an employer must provide when making an employee redundant. The Bahamas amended its legislation to introduce priority rules that apply to reemployment and Singapore adopted legislation requiring employers to notify the Ministry of Manpower when termi- nating a group of nine redundant workers. Economies also implemented legislation in the area of job quality in 2016/17. The United States (Los Angeles) established a maximum of six working days of paid sick leave a year. Colombia, the Dominican Republic, India and Paraguay increased the duration of paid maternity leave. NOTES 1. Dabla-Norris and others 2013. 2. Klapper and Love 2011. 3. IMF 2015. 4. IMF 2017. 5. Freund and Rocha 2011. 6. World Economic Forum 2017. 7. Enterprise Surveys database (http://www .enterprisesurveys.org/), World Bank. 8. Geginat and Ramalho 2015. 9. Grimm, Hartwig and Lay 2012. 10. The economies that strengthened minority shareholder rights in 2016/17 are Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Costa Rica, Djibouti, Egypt, France, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. 11. World Bank Group and WTO 2015. 12. Hoekman and Nicita 2011. 13. Arvis and others 2016. 14. Lanz, Roberts and Taal 2016. 15. Ramello and Voigt 2012. 16. Gramckow and others 2016. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 35 TABLE 3A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost and/or strengthened legal institutions in 2016/17—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Making it easier to start a business Simplified preregistration Bhutan; China; Democratic Republic of Congo; Djibouti made starting a business more affordable by reducing the fees to register and registration formalities Republic of Congo; Czech Republic; Djibouti; and publish the notice of commencement of activity. (publication, notarization, Dominican Republic; Equatorial Guinea; inspection, and other Ethiopia; Gabon; Indonesia; Iraq; Jamaica; Kenya; requirements) Madagascar; Mauritius; Morocco; Nigeria; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia; Thailand; Uzbekistan Cut or simplified The Bahamas; Brunei Darussalam; Greece; India; The Bahamas made starting a business easier by merging the process of registering postregistration procedures Iraq; Kenya; Kosovo; Madagascar; Malta; Niger; for the business license and value added tax. Greece made starting a business (tax registration, social security Tajikistan; Thailand; Zimbabwe easier by creating a unified social security institution. registration, licensing) Introduced or improved India; Kuwait; Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia made starting a business easier through the use of an online system, online procedures which merges the name reservation and submission of the articles of association into one procedure. Saudi Arabia also improved the online payment system, removing the need to pay fees in person. Created or improved one- Democratic Republic of Congo; Kuwait; Mauritania made starting a business easier by combining multiple registration stop shop Mauritania; Moldova; Niger; Sierra Leone procedures. Abolished or reduced Cameroon; Republic of Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Cameroon made starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capital minimum capital requirement Niger requirement. Gabon made starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capital requirement and by making the notarization of incorporation documents optional. Making it easier to deal with construction permits Reduced time for processing Angola; Brunei Darussalam; Côte d’Ivoire; Lithuania reduced the time it takes to obtain technical conditions and the building permit applications El Salvador; Gabon; India; Kenya; Lithuania; permit. Niger introduced new rules to obtain a water connection as well as service Mauritius; Niger; Nigeria; Tanzania; United Arab delivery objectives, resulting in a reduction in the time to obtain a water connection. Emirates; Uzbekistan The Waste Water Management Authority (WMA) in Mauritius outsourced the design and construction of sewage connection works to five private companies, thereby reducing the time to provide sewage connection. Improved transparency Benin; Cabo Verde; Gabon; Ghana; Niger; Nigeria; Gabon improved the transparency of information by publishing legislation Seychelles related to the construction industry online. Nigeria (Kano and Lagos) increased transparency by publishing all relevant regulations, fee schedules and pre- application requirements online. Streamlined procedures Brunei Darussalam; Gabon; Niger; Nigeria; Brunei Darussalam eliminated the requirement to obtain a hoarding permit and to Uzbekistan submit both the commencement and completion notice to the one-stop shop. Niger streamlined its internal processes and set up a building permit commission which meets every Thursday to rule on permit applications. Adopted new building Djibouti; El Salvador; Niger; Rwanda; United Arab Djibouti implemented a decree clearly establishing decennial liability for all professionals regulations Emirates; Uzbekistan engaged in construction projects. Uzbekistan introduced a new system of allocating land through a competitive selection process for land plots of up to a hectare. Reduced fees Djibouti; Kenya; Malawi; Niger; Ukraine; United Kenya eliminated fees to obtain clearance from the National Environment Arab Emirates Management Authority and the National Construction Authority. Malawi halved the fees to obtain a building permit. The National Laboratory of Djibouti published new official fees for its services, reducing the cost of concrete inspections. Improved or introduced Angola; El Salvador; India El Salvador introduced a single window system, making preliminary construction electronic platforms or online fees payable online. The Municipality of Greater Mumbai introduced an online services single window system that allows for the submission and approval of building plans prior to requesting the building permit along with various other services. Introduced or improved one- Côte d'Ivoire; Tanzania Côte d'Ivoire created a one-stop shop for processing building permits. Tanzania stop shop increased the efficiency of its one-stop shop by improving coordination among agencies. Making it easier to get electricity Facilitated more reliable power Dominican Republic; El Salvador; Jamaica; Kenya; Jamaica improved the reliability of supply in Kingston by investing in the supply and transparency of tariff Mexico; Montenegro; Senegal; Vietnam distribution network through several initiatives, including the installation of smart information meters and distribution automation switches. Improved process efficiency Angola; Armenia; Indonesia; Italy; Niger; Armenia made getting electricity easier by imposing new deadlines for connection Philippines procedures and introducing a new geographic information system at the utility. Streamlined approval process Indonesia; Lithuania; Mozambique; Thailand; Mozambique reduced the time to get an electricity connection by streamlining United Arab Emirates; Uzbekistan procedures through the utility instead of various agencies. Mozambique also reduced costs by eliminating the security deposit for large commercial clients. Improved regulation of Georgia; Indonesia; Mozambique; United Arab Georgia made getting electricity more affordable by reducing connection costs for connection processes and Emirates new customers. costs 36 DOING BUSINESS 2018 TABLE 3A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost and/or strengthened legal institutions in 2016/17—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Making it easier to register property Increased transparency of Benin; Brunei Darussalam; Djibouti; Hong Kong Mauritania created a new section on the government website containing information SAR, China; Kazakhstan; Kuwait; Mauritania; information on the services provided by the land registry. Kazakhstan made Mauritius; Nigeria; Pakistan; Seychelles; Suriname cadastral plans in Almaty available to the public and began publishing statistics on the number of land disputes. Increased administrative Antigua and Barbuda; Costa Rica; Guyana; Saudi Arabia implemented an online system to check for property ownership and efficiency Kuwait; Nigeria; Russian Federation; Rwanda; encumbrances. Rwanda reduced the time to complete a property transfer from 12 to Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Tajikistan seven days, by reducing the time needed to conduct a title search and registration. Reduced taxes or fees Benin; Croatia; Indonesia; Mauritius; Myanmar; Niger decreased registration fees, effectively lowering the cost to register a Niger; Senegal; Turkey property by 15%. Turkey made registering property easier by reducing mortar dues (property transfer registration fees) from 4% to 3%. Increased reliability of Hong Kong SAR, China; Romania; Serbia; Serbia and Thailand improved the reliability of their land administration systems infrastructure Seychelles; Thailand by implementing a geographic information system. Hong Kong SAR, China, linked information recorded by the Lands Department with that of the Land Registry. Romania digitized its land book system in Bucharest. Improved the accessibility of Armenia; Brunei Darussalam; Kazakhstan; Saudi Armenia, Brunei Darussalam, Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia made their land dispute the land dispute resolution Arabia mechanism more accessible by publishing statistics on land-related cases filed at mechanism the court of first instance. Strengthening legal rights of borrowers and lenders Created a unified and/or Belarus; Brunei Darussalam; Kyrgyz Republic; Zambia strengthened access to credit by adopting a new law on secured modern collateral registry for Malaysia; Mongolia; Nepal; Nigeria; Russian transactions that establishes a modern and centralized collateral registry. movable property Federation; Samoa; Turkey; West Bank and Gaza; Zambia Introduced a functional and Brunei Darussalam; Mongolia; Nepal; Nigeria; West Bank and Gaza strengthened access to credit by adopting the Security secured transactions system Samoa; West Bank and Gaza; Zambia Interests in Moveable Property Act. The new law on secured transactions implements a functional secured transactions system. The law regulates functional equivalents to loans secured with movable property, such as financial leases and retention-of-title sales. Allowed for general Albania; Thailand; West Bank and Gaza Albania implemented new laws allowing for the general description of assets that description of assets that can can be used as collateral. be used as collateral Expanded range of movable Thailand; Vietnam Thailand introduced a law that broadens the scope of assets which can be used as assets that can be used as collateral to secure a loan. collateral Granted absolute priority to Albania; Brunei Darussalam; India; Kosovo; Turkey introduced a law that allows out-of-court enforcement. secured creditors or allowed Malawi; Thailand; Turkey; West Bank and Gaza out-of-court enforcement Granted exemptions to India; Kosovo; Thailand Kosovo adopted a new bankruptcy law that includes protections for secured secured creditors from creditors during an automatic stay in reorganization proceedings. automatic stay in insolvency proceedings Improving the sharing of credit information Established a new credit Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Guinea-Bissau; Indonesia improved access to credit information by launching a new credit bureau. bureau or registry Indonesia; Iraq; Jordan; Malawi; Slovenia; Togo Improved regulatory Azerbaijan; Benin; Djibouti; Guinea-Bissau; Kyrgyz Djibouti improved access to credit information by adopting a law that creates a framework for credit Republic; Myanmar; Turkey new credit information system. reporting Expanded scope of Bhutan; Islamic Republic of Iran; Kenya; In Bhutan, two utility companies began submitting positive and negative information collected and Netherlands information on consumer accounts to the credit bureau. reported by credit bureau or registry Introduced bureau or registry Nigeria; Qatar; United Arab Emirates In the United Arab Emirates, the credit bureau began offering consumer credit credit scores as a value- scores to banks and financial institutions as a value-added service to help them added service assess the creditworthiness of borrowers. Guaranteed by law borrowers’ Nigeria; Swaziland Swaziland adopted the Consumer Credit Act 2016 guaranteeing borrowers’ right to right to inspect data inspect their own data. Expanded borrower coverage Madagascar In Madagascar, the credit registry for microfinance institutions was consolidated by credit bureau or registry with the registry for banks, expanding the number of borrowers listed in the registry’s database with information on their borrowing history from the past five years to more than 5% of the adult population. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2016/17 37 TABLE 3A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost and/or strengthened legal institutions in 2016/17—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Strengthening minority investor protections Expanded shareholders’ role Azerbaijan; Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam; Djibouti; Lithuania enacted a law requiring the disclosure of information about board in company management Arab Republic of Egypt; France; Georgia; Indonesia; members’ other directorships as well as basic information on their primary Kazakhstan; Lithuania; Malaysia; Nepal; Rwanda; employment. Saudi Arabia; Thailand; Uzbekistan Enhanced access to Costa Rica; Djibouti; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Luxembourg adopted legislation allowing shareholders that represent at least 10% information in shareholder Luxembourg; Rwanda; Thailand of the share capital to inspect transactions documents before filing a suit. actions Increased disclosure Costa Rica; Djibouti; India; Saudi Arabia; Ukraine Costa Rica adopted a law requiring board members who have a personal interest requirements for related-party in a proposed transaction to clearly disclose it and not participate in the decision. transactions Increased director liability Djibouti; India; Luxembourg; Pakistan Djibouti adopted a law allowing shareholders to hold interested directors (as well as other board members) liable when a transaction with interested parties is unfair or prejudicial to the company and to have them repay profits made from the transaction upon a successful claim. Making it easier to pay taxes Introduced or enhanced Botswana; Brunei Darussalam; El Salvador; India; El Salvador mandated all business taxpayers to file their annual income tax electronic systems Indonesia; Kenya; Lithuania; Maldives; Morocco; return through one of the available electronic methods (DET software or online New Zealand; Philippines; Rwanda; Saudi Arabia; processing). The general online tax processing and payment system was also Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Vietnam; Zambia consolidated. Reduced profit tax rate Japan; Norway Japan adopted the 2016 Tax Reform Bill on February 5, 2016, which reduced the corporate income tax rate at the national level from 25.5% to 23.9% for tax years beginning on or after April 1, 2015. Reduced labor taxes and Belgium; France; Italy; Japan; Ukraine Ukraine introduced in 2016 a flat rate of 22% for the Unified Social Contribution mandatory contributions tax paid by employers, which replaced the previous differentiated rates ranging from 36.76% to 49.7%. Reduce taxes other than The Bahamas; Indonesia; Thailand; Zambia Indonesia reduced the statutory rate for capital gains tax from 5% to 2.5% profit and labor in 2016. Simplified tax compliance China; India; Italy; Nigeria; Mauritania; Palau; India introduced the Income Computation and Disclosure Standards (ICDS) in 2016 processes or decreased Ukraine to standardize the methods of computing taxable income and other tax accounting number of tax filings or standards. Data gathering became more automated in India due to the use of payments modern enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. Introduced a risk-based tax El Salvador; Thailand Thailand implemented a new automatic risk-based system for selecting companies audit selection system for a tax audit in 2016. The system does not flag for a tax audit in cases of self- reporting an error or an underpayment of tax liability due. Introduced time limits for Senegal Senegal mandated by law that value added tax refunds be paid within 90 days processing VAT cash refunds from the moment the tax authority receives the documents from the taxpayer and the request for value added tax credit refund must be taken into account by the administration within 30 days from the time the request has been submitted. These changes were applied in practice. Making it easier to trade across borders Introduced or improved Bolivia; Botswana; Brazil; Brunei Darussalam; Bolivia upgraded its automated customs system (SUMA) and reduced documentary electronic submission and Cabo Verde; Comoros; Malawi; Mauritius; compliance time to export. Zambia expanded its customs management system processing of documents for Oman; Pakistan; Sierra Leone; Sri Lanka; St. Kitts nationwide, allowing electronic payments. exports and Nevis; Swaziland; Taiwan, China; Uganda; Vietnam; Zambia Introduced or improved Bolivia; Brazil; Brunei Darussalam; Cabo Verde; Due to improvements made to their respective electronic customs platforms, electronic submission and Comoros; Indonesia; Jamaica; Kenya; Malawi; Cabo Verde and Kenya both reduced import documentary compliance time by processing of documents for Mauritius; Oman; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Swaziland; 24 hours. Brazil made trading across borders faster by enhancing its electronic imports Vietnam; Zambia system—integrating customs, tax and administrative agencies—reducing import documentary compliance time by 72 hours. Strengthened transport or Angola; India; Malaysia; Mauritania; Mauritius; Angola rehabilitated the Port of Luanda, improving handling processes and port infrastructure for exports Mozambique; Pakistan; Qatar; Russian Federation; reducing border compliance time. The Russian Federation opened a deep water port Singapore; Uganda on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, increasing competition and reducing the cost of border compliance at the Port of St. Petersburg. Strengthened transport or port Angola; India; Malaysia; Mauritania; Mauritius; Qatar made trading across borders easier by inaugurating the Hamad Port. Expansion infrastructure for imports Pakistan; Qatar; Russian Federation; Singapore of existing ports in Singapore and Malaysia improved the terminal handling process. Facilitated customs Botswana; Brunei Darussalam; El Salvador; El Salvador increased the number of customs officers for clearance and inspections, administration for exports Ethiopia; India; Mauritania; Mauritius; São Tomé e reducing border compliance time. Mauritius decreased the number of intrusive and imports Príncipe; Saudi Arabia; Sierra Leone; Vietnam inspections, which reduced border compliance time for both exports and imports by 10 hours. 38 DOING BUSINESS 2018 TABLE 3A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost and/or strengthened legal institutions in 2016/17—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Making it easier to enforce contracts Introduced significant Guyana; Kazakhstan; Nicaragua; Senegal; Serbia; Nicaragua and the Slovak Republic each introduced a new Code of Civil changes to the applicable civil Slovak Republic; Spain; Vietnam Procedure. Serbia adopted a new enforcement law that broadens and clarifies the procedure or enforcement responsibilities of enforcement agents. Spain reduced the fees to file new cases. rules Expanded court automation Azerbaijan; Hungary; Mauritania; Rwanda; Azerbaijan, Hungary and Thailand implemented platforms to pay fees electronically. by introducing electronic Thailand Mauritania and Rwanda made decisions rendered at all levels in commercial cases payment or by publishing publicly available. judgments Introduced or expanded the Brunei Darussalam; India; Namibia; Saudi Arabia India introduced the possibility of generating performance measurement reports. electronic case management Brunei Darussalam, Namibia and Saudi Arabia introduced electronic case system management systems. Introduced electronic filing Namibia; Switzerland; Taiwan, China Namibia, Switzerland and Taiwan, China, introduced electronic filing systems for commercial cases, allowing attorneys to submit the initial summons online. Introduced or expanded Bhutan Bhutan introduced a dedicated bench to resolve commercial disputes. specialized commercial court Expanded the alternative Vietnam Vietnam introduced a new law regulating voluntary mediation. dispute resolution framework Making it easier to resolve insolvency Improved the likelihood of Azerbaijan; Cabo Verde; Dominican Republic; Cabo Verde established the possibility for the debtor to receive new financing successful reorganization Georgia; Grenada; India; Kosovo; Liberia; Malawi; after the commencement of insolvency proceedings and introduced corresponding Panama; Thailand; United Arab Emirates priority rules. Introduced a new Cabo Verde; Dominican Republic; Grenada; India; The United Arab Emirates introduced the option of reorganization for commercial restructuring procedure Kosovo; Liberia; Malawi; Panama; Singapore; entities as an alternative to liquidation. United Arab Emirates Strengthened creditors’ rights Azerbaijan; Cabo Verde; Dominican Republic; The Dominican Republic granted creditors the right to object to decisions of special Georgia; Grenada; Kosovo; Liberia; Panama importance made by the insolvency representative, such as the sale of substantial assets of the debtor in the course of insolvency proceedings. Improved provisions on Azerbaijan; Cabo Verde; Dominican Republic; Liberia allowed avoidance of preferential and undervalued transactions concluded treatment Georgia; Kosovo; Liberia; Malawi; Panama; United prior to commencement of insolvency proceedings. of contracts during insolvency Arab Emirates Regulated the profession of India; Liberia; Malawi; Panama Malawi regulated the profession of insolvency administrator, including its duties, insolvency administrators powers and liabilities. Changing labor legislation Altered hiring rules and Finland; Mongolia; Puerto Rico (U.S.) Puerto Rico (U.S.) increased the length of the maximum probationary period for probationary period permanent employees, hired after the effective date of the Transformation and Labor Flexibility Act (TLFA). Amended regulation of Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Democratic Kiribati established rules for the number of work hours per day and the maximum working hours Republic of Congo; Kiribati; Taiwan, China; number of working days per week. Tajikistan Changed redundancy rules The Bahamas; Kiribati; Puerto Rico (U.S.); Singapore adopted legislation requiring employers to notify the Ministry of and cost Singapore; Tajikistan Manpower when terminating a group of nine redundant workers. Reformed legislation Albania; Colombia; Dominican Republic; India; The United States (Los Angeles) adopted the Paid Sick Leave Ordinance, allowing regulating worker protection Kiribati; Latvia; Paraguay; Puerto Rico (U.S.); for a maximum of six working days of paid sick leave a year upon the oral or and social benefits United States written request of an employee. Source: Doing Businesss database. Note: Reforms affecting the labor market regulation indicators are included here but do not affect the ranking on the ease of doing business. Doing Business 2018 Starting a Business Transparency of information at business registries Governments and civil society have come together in recent years to increase the ¡ Transparent information provided to transparency of business information. New regulations have been adopted to improve the public by business registries can transparency, particularly regarding the dissemination of company data. These reduce transactions costs and facilitate changes have been made in the wake of a series of revelations—such as the Panama investment decisions. papers and the Bahamas leaks—that showed the extent to which individuals take ¡ The most common types of information advantage of obscure company ownership structures to illicitly move money around shared by business registries include the globe. There is now strong momentum behind expanding access to corporate the company’s name, its legal address information, including company ownership. and the names of its directors. ¡ Information on beneficial ownership, One way to increase transparency Providing public access to company corporate structure and annual in the business environment is to information through business registries financial returns is less commonly disclose beneficial ownership information strengthens confidence in businesses collected and made available to the publicly—that is, to reveal the identity and institutions, but it also helps to publ pu ic. blic of individuals who ultimately enjoy the manage financial exposure and increase benefits of property rights in equity, even market stability, thereby reducing the ¡ Technological advances have greatly if they are not legal owners. Disclosure risks associated with doing business. enhanced access to information. of beneficial ownership is useful in iden- Improving transparency necessitates ¡ There is a strong association between tifying suspected money laundering and the drafting of laws that expand public a transparent business registry and potential terrorist financing. access to additional corporate data, such higher efficiency, as well as a lower as the identities of the company direc- incidence of bribery. To make ownership more transparent, tors, shareholders and beneficial owners. Singapore amended its Companies Act to require locally-incorporated compa- This year, Doing Business has collected nies and foreign companies registered in preliminary data on the information gath- Singapore to maintain beneficial owner- ered and shared by business registries in ship information and to make the data 190 economies. Doing Business collects public upon request. Ghana amended data on the public availability of both its Companies Act in 2016 to regulate detailed corporate information (such as disclosure of information on beneficial company name, directors, shareholders, ownership. In May 2017 Germany’s par- beneficial owners and so on) and the liament passed a law requiring that the information needed to start a business owners of all German enterprises (includ- (for example, a documents list, fee ing offshore entities) be identified in an schedule, services standards and official electronic beneficial ownership registry. statistics on firm creation). Each type of Access to corporate information is vital for information obtained without the need individuals and institutions looking to make for any personal interaction is assigned sound investment decisions. It is crucial points to reflect greater transparency. The for investors to know who they are doing features of transparency of information business with in the global economy. range from 0 (least transparent) to 18 40 DOING BUSINESS 2018 (most transparent). The aim is to capture predictability of transactions, transpar- 2011 alone it is estimated that develop- new and actionable aspects related to the ency can also benefit financial institu- ing economies suffered nearly $1 trillion business incorporation framework and to tions and company services providers as in illicit financial outflows.6 Transparent understand how transparency of informa- it becomes easier for them to obtain the data on company ownership are vital in tion in business registration varies across information they need to comply effec- combating money laundering, tax evasion, regions and how it is associated with other tively with due diligence requirements.2 corruption and other illegal activities. institutional and economic outcomes. Registries with clearly-stipulated requirements facilitate the process of registering and verifying information. WHAT KIND OF BUSINESS HOW IMPORTANT IS There tends to be a culture of greater INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE TRANSPARENCY IN competition and economic growth in TO THE PUBLIC? BUSINESS REGISTRIES? economies where it is easier for compa- nies to enter the market.3 Most business registries share some As the principal agency responsible for data with the public about the companies registering firms, business registries allow Transparency of information can broaden registered with them. The types of infor- companies to acquire a legal identity. This the pool of potential investors by reduc- mation that are most commonly made legal status enables a firm to enter into ing the need for personal connections. It public by the business registry are the contracts with other firms, access formal can level the playing field for a budding company’s name, legal address, year of financial systems and bid on public-sector entrepreneur who may lack the necessary incorporation, type of business activity contracts.1 Business registries play a vital connections to formally launch his or her and the names of its directors.7 role by ensuring that the information they company. By reducing the risk associated collect from these companies is not only with an investment, transparency can help Information regarding a firm’s corporate captured within their systems but is also investors determine the viability of a structure, annual returns and beneficial available to the public. Sharing information transaction.4 Revealing public informa- ownership is less commonly made publicly makes it easier to ensure that the tion to curb information asymmetry can available to the public. It is possible information is accurate. also reduce a firm’s cost of capital by to access information on a company’s attracting increased demand from large corporate structure—that is, whether it Business registry transparency can investors (due to increased liquidity of its has subsidiaries or belongs to a holding increase the accountability of firms securities).5 The financial cost of a lack of company—and its beneficial ownership and public officials. By improving the data transparency can be significant: in in only a few economies (figure 4.1). FIGURE 4.1 Data on shareholders and directors are more accessible than data on beneficial owners Type of information publicly available (economies per region, %) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Directors Shareholders Beneficial owners Directors Shareholders Beneficial owners Directors Shareholders Beneficial owners Directors Shareholders Beneficial owners Directors Shareholders Beneficial owners Directors Shareholders Beneficial owners Directors Shareholders Beneficial owners OECD Europe East Asia Middle East Latin America South Sub-Saharan high income & Central Asia & Pacific & North Africa & Caribbean Asia Africa Online In person Not available s database. Source: Doing Business STARTING A BUSINESS 41 Data on a firm’s corporate structure, for may prefer not to disclose their annual economies publish most of the informa- example, is readily available in less than returns or annual accounts. tion collected on their websites. one-third of economies worldwide. Furthermore, the identity of a com- The business registry information most pany’s beneficial owners is made public HOW IS INFORMATION widely available online includes the name in fewer than one-quarter of economies MADE AVAILABLE TO THE of the company, its identification number, globally; only 8% of economies in East PUBLIC? its legal address and the year the com- Asia and the Pacific and 15% of OECD pany was incorporated. The most basic high-income economies collect data During the past decade government information—the company name—is on beneficial ownership and make it agencies around the world have explored the information most commonly made publicly available. ways to increase business registry trans- available online. The names of existing parency. The need for access to corpo- companies are available online in 62% In general, the types of business regis- rate information in the name of greater of economies covered by Doing Business, try information made available to the transparency pushed many economies primarily because a company name must public vary little across economies. to digitize their business registries and be verified before it can be registered as The names of a company’s directors, publish data online. By allowing around- a new business. The business registries for example, are publicly available the-clock, online access to registry infor- in all OECD high-income economies in 92% of high-income economies mation, the need for personal visits has offer online company name search. In covered by Doing Business; this figure been reduced, significantly enhancing contrast, business registries in fewer than is only slightly lower in low-income the utility of these registries. 10 economies in Sub-Saharan Africa— economies (84%). For other cat- including Nigeria and Rwanda—offer egories of information, however, public Where company details can be searched this service (figure 4.2). More detailed access is not equally provided across remotely, information and transaction information—such as information on a economies. In 75% of high-income costs are reduced. Basic information firm’s shareholders, directors or benefi- economies, for example, one can ver- underlying potential trade or business cial ownership—is less commonly made ify the number and type of company dealings—for example, whether an available online. shares. This information can be pub- entity has the legal authority to com- licly accessed at business registries mit to an export contract or whether a Information on a company’s directors, in fewer than half of low-income particular company is in good financial shareholders and beneficial owners is economies. Similarly, while busi- standing—can be obtained quickly. The particularly important because it allows nesses’ annual accounts are avail- majority of the business registries in the both business representatives and pri- able for public consultation in most economies covered by Doing Business vate individuals to identify the owner- high-income economies, these are share some company information online. ship of companies with which they may available in only 10% of low-income Business registries in OECD high-income choose to do business or invest. In some economies. Registries in many developing economies either do not FIGURE 4.2 Company name search is mostly done in person in Sub-Saharan Africa require companies to file annual accounts with the business registry or OECD high income provide limited access to businesses‘ annual accounts. As a result, the Europe & Central Asia economy may be negatively impacted South Asia as poor quality corporate governance regimes can restrict access to informa- East Asia & Pacific tion and reduce investment returns.8 Middle East & North Africa Some kinds of business data are more Latin America & Caribbean accessible than others. In general, public access is greater when the information Sub-Saharan Africa available is considered less sensitive. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Basic data such as a company’s type Share of economies offering name search, by method (%) of activity or year of incorporation can Online In person Not available be found easily in most economies, but for business reasons some companies s database. Source: Doing Business 42 DOING BUSINESS 2018 regions, however, this information is either FIGURE 4.3 Higher levels of transparency at the business registry are associated with not available or can only be obtained in higher overall levels of transparency in an economy person. In South Asia, for example, busi- ness registries in 75% of economies only Control of corruption estimate allow information about shareholders to 2.5 be made available in person. In contrast, 2.0 less than 20% of economies in Europe 1.5 and Central Asia require that those seek- 1.0 ing this information appear in person at 0.5 0.0 the business registry; in the vast majority -0.5 of economies in this region, shareholder -1.0 information can be obtained online. In -1.5 Sub-Saharan Africa, business registries -2.0 in 77% of economies do not make the -2.5 names of registered companies available 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Features of transparency of information online. In East Asia and the Pacific, one- third of economies do not publish the legal address or the names of company Sources: Doing Business s database; Worldwide Governance Indicators (https://www.govindicators.org), World Bank. directors online. This type of information Note:: The Worldwide Governance Indicators control of corruption indicator captures perceptions of the extent to which would allow a company, before doing public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests. Estimate gives the economy’s score on the aggregate indicator in units of a standard business with an individual, to verify, for normal distribution, ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5, with higher values representing lower corruption perceptions. example, whether that person is a legiti- The features of transparency of information range from 0 (not transparent) to 18 (transparent). The sample includes 189 economies covered by both Doing Business s and the control of corruption estimate (data on control of corruption estimate mate company representative. not available for San Marino).The relationship is significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. Even when business registry informa- United Kingdom publish their entire busi- tion is published online, it is not always ness registry database free of charge.9 HOW IS TRANSPARENCY OF provided free of charge or made easily The presentation of the information can INFORMATION ASSOCIATED searchable. In many economies, online also be a barrier. If data are available WITH EFFICIENCY AND access to company information is only only through record-by-record searches, CORRUPTION? available after preregistration or the for example, a person must begin their payment of a subscription fee, limiting search with the company name or iden- Business registries facilitate the opera- the information to those people who can tification number to access information tion of firms in the formal economy and pay for it. In contrast, Denmark and the about it. they are often the first public institution FIGURE 4.4 The time and cost to start a business tend to be lower in economies with higher transparency of information at the business registry Cost to start a business (% of GNI per capita) Time to start a business (days) 200 80 150 60 100 40 50 20 0 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Features of transparency of information Features of transparency of information Source: Doing Business s database. Note: The cost of starting a business is recorded as percentage of GNI per capita. The time required to start a business is recorded in calendar days. The features of transparency of information range from 0 (not transparent) to 18 (transparent). Samples include 185 and 184 economies after the five highest cost estimates and the six highest time estimates are removed as outliers, respectively. The relationship between the cost of starting a business and the features of transparency of information is significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. The same applies when the analysis is done using the time to start a business. STARTING A BUSINESS 43 with which entrepreneurs interact. This Transparency can be approached from registries), particularly when transpar- first interaction can have a formative multiple aspects. Beyond providing ency is conveyed on multiple levels (such impact on the entrepreneur’s perception readily available and reliable information as clearly stating business registration of the efficacy of the public administra- about existing companies, it is important fees and the expected time to receive tion. Indeed, the level of transparency that entrepreneurs can openly access incorporation documents). and trust in an economy has been shown information about the requirements to to be highly correlated with the level establish a business (such as a list of of transparency of information at the required documents, fee schedules and CONCLUSION business registry (figure 4.3). When services standards). When public access business registry information is easily to information on company incorporation The transparency of the information accessible and can be searched remotely, requirements is limited, it can represent provided by the business registry plays it can facilitate business transactions by a substantial obstacle to entrepreneurs a vital role in an economy. Transparent removing unnecessary steps and reduc- who want to start a business. However, business registries reduce information ing transactions costs. when transparency is a priority for busi- asymmetry among entrepreneurs and ness registries and all requirements are broaden the pool of potential investors The level of transparency of information made public, more firms are able to enter by reducing the need for personal con- at business registries is also associated the formal sector. If anyone can easily nections. Transparency can also raise with the time and cost to start a business. obtain transparent information before a the accountability of public officials and Data show that, on average, economies business transaction, it can increase the strengthen trust in public agencies. In with greater transparency of information ability of companies to conduct proper the past decade, government agencies tend to have faster and less costly pro- Know-Your-Client procedures, raising the around the world have used technology cesses for starting a business (figure 4.4). level of trust in transactions and counter- to increase the transparency of public In economies where official information parts. Easy access to relevant information services. Technology can be utilized by on how to incorporate a business is not is also correlated with increased transpar- governments to improve transparency of made readily available, entrepreneurs ency of interactions with public officials. company ownership and the procedures may have to seek legal advice from third Doing Business data show that economies to start a business. This case study has parties or visit various government offices with transparent business registries tend shown that the public availability of to find reliable information. In contrast, to have lower incidences of bribery, both information on company ownership and when the information is consolidated asked and given (figure 4.5). Transparent starting a business is associated with an and easily obtained, entrepreneurs can information provides citizens with the increase in an economy’s overall level of spend less time and money finding it; data they need to hold their counter- transparency, an increase in the efficiency they can dedicate more time to running parts accountable and improves trust of business registration and a decrease their business. in public agencies (including business in bribery. FIGURE 4.5 Levels of bribery tend to be lower in economies with higher transparency of information at the business registry Share of people who have been asked to pay a bribe (%) Share of people who paid a bribe (%) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Features of transparency of information Features of transparency of information Sources: Doing Business s database; Transparency International database (https://www.transparency.org). Note: The features of the transparency of information range from 0 (not transparent) to 18 (transparent). The samples include 100 and 89 economies covered by both the Doing s database and the Transparency International database. The relationships are significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. Business 44 DOING BUSINESS 2018 NOTES This case study was written by Cyriane Coste, Frederic Meunier, Nadia Novik, Morgann Reeves and Erick Tjong. 1. ASORLAC, CRF, ECRF and IACA 2016. 2. De Simone and Fagan 2014. 3. Klapper, Laeven and Rajan 2006. 4. Malesky, McCulloch and Duc Nhat 2015. 5. Diamond and Verrecchia 1991. 6. Palstra 2014. 7. Accessibility to 14 types of business information is included in this case study. These are the following: name of company, name of directors, name of shareholders, name of beneficial owners, articles of association, year of incorporation, company identification number, legal address, physical address, type of activity, annual accounts, annual returns, capital structure and corporate structure. In addition, the documents to start a business, fees, service standards and statistics are also included. 8. Bradley 2003. 9. Quintanilla and Darbishire 2016. Doing Business 2018 Dealing with Construction Permits Private sector participation in construction regulation The world has witnessed an unparalleled expansion of cities in recent decades. The ¡ Involving private sector engineers or urban population of developing economies is projected to double by 2030, while firms in construction regulation is a the area covered by cities could triple.1 In tandem with this trend, the construction trend that has been gaining traction in industry is forecast to grow by more than 70%,2 reaching $15 trillion by 2025.3 With economies around the world. the population of cities rising around the world, municipal authorities are struggling ¡ Some form of private sector participation to keep up with increased demand for their services. In developing economies, in construction regulation is employed in particular, building departments operating under tight budgets and resource in 93 of the 190 economies covered by constraints are finding it increasingly difficult to enforce building codes, ensure that Doing Business. quality standards are met and adhere to efficient service delivery processing times. ¡ Private sector participation in building regulatory processes has shown positive In some economies, local municipalities local governments. Hiring private sector results in achieving regulatory goals. have partnered with the private sector experts has addressed this critical gap However, the delegation of authority to supplement their strained capacity to while improving the efficiency of the from from the pub lic ublic to the pri riva vate ecto te sec r ha tor s has oversee construction. However, faster regulatory process. When it solicits the generated significant challenges. and more efficient services provided by experts of private third-party engineering third-party inspectors inevitably cost and architectural firms, the public sector ¡ Economies that employ some form of private sector involvement in more. Doing Business data show that the taps into specialized skills that enable construction regulation tend to have need to hire qualified third-party profes- more robust compliance checks. These more efficient processes and better sionals on construction projects raises firms play a key role in monitoring the quality controls. Yet, they also exhibit the cost of regulatory compliance by enforcement of building regulations and higher costs and a propensity for 1% on average in lower-middle-income ensuring adherence to adequate stan- conflicts of interest. economies and by 1.3% on average in dards of quality control at various stages upper-middle-income economies. The of construction. ¡ The policy choice to integrate private average cost of regulatory compliance sector entities in construction regulation in low-income economies without third- Initially pioneered in high-income econo- should be accompanied by appropriate party involvement is 7.8% lower; the mies—such as Australia, Japan and the safeguards that favor the public interest tradeoff is that it takes longer than in United Kingdom—the trend toward over private profits. those with third-party involvement. involving private third-party engineers or specialized construction firms in The use of independent, private-sector public service delivery has been gradually entities in construction regulation has gaining traction in lower-middle-income provided a conduit for the increased and upper-middle-income economies. participation of the private sector in the Modern construction systems increas- regulatory process and—when appropri- ingly involve licensed or approved private ate safeguards are in place—has offered engineers or firms, often enabled by the an innovative way of addressing regula- municipality and local enforcement agen- tory gaps. Low compensation for public cies, to fulfill a building control function. sector regulators has resulted in a scar- Indeed, data show that 93 out of the 190 city of qualified building professionals in economies covered by Doing Business use 46 DOING BUSINESS 2018 some form of private third-party service in FIGURE 5.1 Private third-party services are more commonly used in construction construction regulation. Of high-income regulation in high-income and upper-middle-income economies and upper-middle-income economies, Share of economies using private third-party 66.1% and 56.9%, respectively, use third- services in construction regulation (%) party services in construction regulation, 70 while 37.7% of lower-middle-income 60 economies use third-party services. In contrast, only 25% of low-income 50 economies make use of private third- party services in construction regulation 40 (figure 5.1). 30 20 THE PRIVATE SECTOR’S ROLE IN CONSTRUCTION 10 REGULATION 0 High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income Over the past two decades, several mod- els of private sector participation in build- s database. Source: Doing Business ing regulatory processes have emerged in economies around the world. Private participation in construction regimes can low-income economies. Under this legal building inspections during project execu- range from a very limited role for the pri- framework, only buildings deemed safe tion, as is the case in 92% of economies vate sector—such as in the Arab Republic by independent third-party entities can with private participation mechanisms. of Egypt, where the Syndicate of Licensed be insured by an insurance company. Of these economies, 61% engage private Engineers merely certifies the qualifica- entities in reviewing building plans, 54% tions of the supervising engineer—to The degree to which the private sector in conducting final inspections upon the a more comprehensive role where a is engaged in regulatory activities varies completion of construction and 33% in private firm has complete authority over significantly across economies (figure conducting risk assessments of projects. the entire process—such as in Australia, 5.2). However, the primary function of Nonetheless, the issuance of building and where private building surveyors directly private third-party entities involved in occupancy permits remains largely under oversee building design, control and construction regulation tends to focus on the purview of local authorities with only inspection. In the United Kingdom, builders are given the option of either working with an approved private FIGURE 5.2 Almost all economies employing private-sector regulatory support allow inspector or completing the required third-party inspections during construction procedures with the public authorities. Share of economies allowing specified third-party service (%) In other economies, such as France and 100 the Republic of Congo, building controls are associated with an insurance-driven 90 regulatory regime in which insurance and 80 warranty firms engage private inspection 70 firms in third-party reviews. While these 60 two economies share the same insur- 50 ance regime, there is a large disparity in 40 terms of their performance on the qual- 30 ity control index, where France scores significantly higher than the Republic 20 of Congo. At least two parties are held 10 liable for any construction failure for a 0 Inspect during Review plans Conduct final Assess risks Issue building Issue occupancy period of 10 years in 32% of high-income construction inspection permit permit economies allowing third-party involve- ment, but this figure falls to just 9% for s database. Source: Doing Business DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS 47 9% of economies delegating these regula- compared with just 40% before June in regulatory cost (figure 5.4). Even the tory roles to the private sector. 2000. By establishing a successful regu- Netherlands—one of the few EU econo- latory system that relies on third-party mies that has maintained exclusive public checks, Japan increased its capacity to enforcement of building regulation— BENEFITS OF THIRD- detect deficiencies in building design and is now preparing to shift toward a more PARTY INVOLVEMENT construction, offering timely and appro- hybrid system of enforcement involving IN CONSTRUCTION priate remedies. Private third-party firms private third-party mechanisms. REGULATION now play an instrumental and dominant role in inspection works (figure 5.3). Introducing private third-party involve- Economies can reap numerous ben- ment in construction regimes can also efits when private sector involvement is Similarly, to improve the energy effi- expand regulatory capacity through carefully implemented within a coher- ciency of its large stock of new buildings, efficiency gains. The use of private sec- ent regulatory framework. In most EU in 2005 the Chinese government intro- tor third-party services allows for the economies, there has been a complete duced an innovative private third-party flexibility to hire specialized expertise shift from public to private governance mechanism to carry out compliance that is usually scarce in local municipal mechanisms in building regulation, checks of green building code provi- governments, particularly in low- and reflecting a desire to improve the quality sions, effectively tapping a vast and middle-income economies. Local govern- of regulation, reduce the administrative readily-available pool of private sector ments are often subject to hiring restric- burden for applicants and support a expertise. Five years after the reform, tions and operate with less competitive greater focus on risk mitigation.4 compliance rates with regulatory pay scales that limit their capacity to hire requirements had effectively doubled.6 well-qualified staff or contain the high Public-private collaboration on con- level of staff turnover. These limitations struction regulation has shown positive The former Yugoslav Republic of are usually compounded by a wide range results including improved compliance Macedonia initiated sweeping construc- of factors, including inadequate local tax with building regulations, more rigorous tion reforms in 2007/08 mandating bases to fund service delivery, limited quality control throughout the project the use of private engineers licensed by transfers from national governments and lifecycle and better processing efficiency. the Chamber of Engineers to undertake institutional capacity constraints. Doing Business data show that private independent building plan reviews. Since third-party involvement is associated then, FYR Macedonia has seen significant Doing Business data show that the with better building quality in construc- improvements in the efficiency of con- process of dealing with construction tion as measured by the building quality struction regulation as measured by Doing permits tends to be faster in economies control index.5 Private sector involvement Business. The tradeoff has been an increase with private participation in construction in construction regulation can support the enforcement of building codes and other applicable regulations. It effectively FIGURE 5.3 Private third-party inspection firms have become instrumental players promotes compliance with the existing in Japan legal framework, particularly in economies Share of inspections (%) where clear, transparent rules and specific 100 technical instructions are prescribed. 90 80 Economies that integrated the private 70 sector into regulatory functions decades 60 ago have seen notable improvements 50 in building quality control. Japan, for 40 example, suffers from an extremely high exposure to natural hazards such as 30 typhoons and earthquakes. The authori- 20 ties reformed building regulations in 1998 10 by introducing private third-party servic- 0 es to significantly expand its capacity to 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 carry out building inspections. By doing Public inspections Private inspections so, it managed to increase the rate of final inspections to more than 90% in 2016 Source: Japan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism database (http://www.mlit.go.jp). 48 DOING BUSINESS 2018 FIGURE 5.4 FYR Macedonia reduced the number of procedures and time it takes to of transparency and accountability. build a warehouse following the introduction of private third-party building plan review The delegation of such a key regulatory mandate to the private sector should Procedures (number) Cost (% of warehouse value) Time (days) always be coupled with strict oversight safeguards designed to hold public 25 300 interest above private profits. Reform 250 20 implementation For the private sector to successfully 200 assume such an important regulatory 15 role, a robust vetting system should be in 150 place. Private third-party entities carrying 10 out controls on construction are entrust- 100 ed to promote compliance with building codes and regulations and enforce 5 50 rigorous safeguards in favor of the public interest. For such an arrangement to work 0 0 as intended, the public sector should 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 regulate private third-party professionals Procedures Cost Time and firms. Public sector agencies do so by enforcing professional certification s database. Source: Doing Business criteria that render individuals and firms eligible to take on a regulatory mandate. regulation. High-income economies gains in efficiency. The planning office in Insufficient qualifications of private employing private sector regulatory sup- Bogotá, Colombia, for example, reduced individuals or firms would undermine the port experience time savings of up to 60 the average time needed to process a objective of such a regulatory mechanism days on average compared to economies construction permit from three years in as the quality of service provided by that do not rely on third-party participa- 1995 to 73 days in 2012 after it began these professionals would fail to meet the tion. Private sector involvement in build- using private professionals to carry out required standards of safety. ing control activities has the potential to plan reviews and issue building permits. promote administrative efficiency, which Given the successful integration of third- Economies with third-party involvement in turn results in favorable economic out- party professionals in building control in regulatory functions often adopt specif- comes. A study of the economic impact activities, the authorities are now con- ic standards of eligibility for private sector of expediting permit processing reveals sidering extending the use of specialized entities to be able to fulfill such a critical that improving administrative efficiency engineers to building inspections, which regulatory role. These standards typically results in a 16.5% increase in property tax remain under the jurisdiction of local include a minimum number of years of collection, a 5.7% increase in construc- public officials. professional experience, certification by tion spending and a 0.6% increase in a recognized professional body and proof the rate of financial return for the inves- of performance on previous contracts. tor.7 In contrast, regulatory delays could CHALLENGES OF THIRD- When private certification requirements undermine the profitability of building PARTY INVOLVEMENT were not properly implemented in New projects,8 adding a financial burden that IN CONSTRUCTION Zealand in the 1990s, the authorities amounts to 5% of total construction REGULATION quickly abandoned the shift to private costs incurred by developers9 and reduc- sector building controls and reverted to ing the likelihood of further investment. Models of private sector participation the traditional public sector regulatory in construction regimes vary. While role. New Zealand’s attempt to adopt Economies with the least efficient con- third-party involvement in construction third-party inspections failed due to the struction permitting procedures have regulation can facilitate doing business lack of strong regulatory safeguards. This enforcement systems that rely exclusive- in the construction industry by reduc- resulted in the “leaky building syndrome.” ly on public authorities. Conversely, some ing the burden on local authorities, it In 2008, the cost to repair 42,000 leaky economies that have transitioned from a comes with tradeoffs—including higher buildings was estimated around 11.3 bil- public approach to a more open system construction costs. Privatization of lion New Zealand dollars (approximately involving partnerships with the private public services should be implemented $8.3 billion).10 Third-party involvement sector have experienced significant carefully, with due regard to standards in construction regulation holds the DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS 49 promise of improving the regula- requirements. This may entail the acceptable levels by enforcing fee tory framework, but it could also result introduction of oversight mechanisms, a schedules (within suggested industry in unintended adverse consequences if liability and insurance regime and a disci- guidelines) or by requiring fewer external inadequately implemented. Although plinary framework that accompanies the professionals to be engaged by investors 22.2% of high-income economies with transfer of regulatory authority from pub- or local construction companies. In third-party involvement covered by Doing lic officials to third-party entities as part the Republic of Korea, for example, an Business have standard eligibility require- of an essential quality assurance mecha- independent third-party may not charge ments—including number of years of nism of third-party providers. China, more than 1.29% of the estimated experience, a university degree and proof for example, directed the Ministry of construction cost, in accordance with of performance on similar projects—only Housing and Urban-Rural Development the Regulation for Scope of Architect 3.3% of low-income economies require to certify private third-party companies Services and Fee Standard. In other these standard qualifications. to carry out compliance checks of green economies, the local building authority building code provisions. The ministry either conducts all construction over- Certifying agencies are mandated with maintains a comprehensive online public sight or absorbs the cost of engaging monitoring the enforcement of profes- database that contains information on external third-party professionals in the sional standards. Government agencies certified third-party firms. It requires the process through outsourcing. In South represent the largest share of certifying management of construction inspection Africa, local authorities can temporar- bodies (68.5%) in those economies companies to maintain accountability ily appoint external building inspectors covered by Doing Business, followed and quality of service, enforcing penalties to conduct inspections on behalf of the by the national order of engineers when violations are discovered by regular local authority. (19.6%) and other independent bodies inspections of third-party firms. (13%) (table 5.1). In the United States, professional certification for third-party When the regulatory framework clearly CONCLUSION services is provided by the International defines the roles and responsibilities of Code Council (ICC), a non-governmen- private service providers, third-party Sound construction regulation can save tal organization. Japan and China, by entities are aware of their rights and human lives, improve health and safety contrast, host this important function obligations under the law and can and support a prosperous and sustain- under central ministerial authorities.11 exercise their authority within a legally able building sector and economy.12 It The United Kingdom has mandated transparent environment. Furthermore, can help facilitate doing business by an independent organization—the accountability provisions governing safeguarding lucrative investments, Construction Industry Council—to conflicts of interest should be put in strengthening property rights and pro- administer the registration system for place to minimize their incidence and tecting the public from faulty building Approved Inspectors (AIs). promote unbiased and independent practices. Private sector involvement in regulatory control. Regulations in 76% the enforcement of building regulations Having strict qualification standards in of economies that make use of third- has shown positive results in achieving place is an essential and necessary ele- party inspectors explicitly require the regulatory goals.13 However, several ment of a third-party regulatory regime, independence of third-party inspectors; challenges should be addressed before but this alone is insufficient to ensure they should have no financial interests in a policy of private sector involvement in that qualified professionals are delivering the project and should not be related to construction regulation is pursued. The a satisfactory service. Special attention the investor or builder. transfer of authority from the public should be given to the effective enforce- to the private sphere could undermine ment of these professional certification Without strong liability and insurance the public interest. Public-private regimes and rigorous professional certifi- collaboration in building regulation cation mechanisms, third-party involve- has delivered successful results when TABLE 5.1 Distribution of certifying ment in construction regulation can authorities have enforced strict quali- bodies for third-party entities involved become inefficient or fail to ensure high fication requirements, effective over- in construction regulation quality building standards. Moreover, sight mechanisms and provisions on Certification agency for third- Number of builders could incur the high costs that conflicts of interest, among other fun- party entities in construction economies often accompany private-sector regula- damental safeguards. A wealth of peer Government 63 tory control without fully benefiting experience accumulated over the past Order of architects or engineers 18 from the advantages that this control 20 years is now available to economies Other independent body 12 is intended to offer. Some economies considering integrating third-party s database. Source: Doing Business regulate the cost of such services to entities in construction regulation. 50 DOING BUSINESS 2018 NOTES This case study was written by Baria Nabil Daye, Marie Lily Delion, Imane Fahli, Thomas Moullier, Keiko Sakoda, Jayashree Srinivasan and Yelizaveta Yanovich. 1. UN-Habitat 2016. 2. Moullier 2013. 3. Global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics 2013. 4. Meijer and Visscher 2005. 5. For more on the building quality control index, see the data notes. 6. As reported by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http:/ /aceee.org /research-report/i121. 7. PricewaterhouseCoopers 2005. 8. Wrenn and Irwin 2015. 9. Hsueh 2010. 10. Lovegrove 2016. 11. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) in Japan and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MoHURD) in China. 12. Van der Heijden 2009. 13. Moullier 2017. Doing Business 2018 Registering Property Using information to curb corruption Transparency is a key element of the quality of land administration systems. ¡ Transparency of information provided Transparency eliminates asymmetrical information between users and officials by land administration systems can with respect to services provided by the land administration, thereby increasing reduce transaction costs and facilitate the efficiency of the real estate market. Transparent systems also strengthen investment in immovable property. public confidence in governments and facilitate substantial reductions in the cost ¡ In economies where information of doing business. on fee schedules and documentary requirements is easily available, the process of completing property In 2013 Transparency International As a component of its registering transfers tends to be more efficient. reported that one in five users of land property indicator set, Doing Business services globally claimed to have paid a has measured the transparency of land ¡ Since 2013, 25 economies have bribe for services such as registering a administration systems for the past four become more transparent by launching land title or obtaining updated property years.3 This research has focused on websites, publishing fee schedules, ownership information. The prevalence whether information concerning the own- se sett ttin ing time g ti me lim imit its s an and impl d im emen plem ting enti ng of bribery in the land sector creates ership and physical location of a property specific complaint mechanisms. a substantial informal cost for those is public, whether essential information trying to register or transfer land. For on the property transfer process is made ¡ In 51 economies, the only way to obtain information about documentary those unable to afford illegal payments, accessible, if there is an independent requirements for property registration it can also reduce access to land admin- and specific complaint mechanism to is by having an in-person interaction istration services, hindering property respond to issues raised by land registry with a public official. registration and increasing land tenure users and whether statistics on property informality. In addition to bribes, cor- transfers in the largest business city of an ¡ Property-specific and independent ruption can take the form of land record economy are published.4 complaint mechanisms are not fraud or alteration, land document forg- common around the globe, indicating ery and multiple allocations of the same Since 2013, 25 economies have improved an area for improvement to increase plot of land. Officials may also leverage transparency by launching websites, transparency. their position to benefit from parties publishing fee schedules, setting time with an interest in acquiring, disposing limits and implementing specific com- ¡ A transparent land administration of and developing land.1 plaint mechanisms. Senegal introduced system reduces opportunities for a comprehensive website for its land corruption. Integral components of a transparent administration system, which includes a and efficient land administration system list of procedures, required documents, include easy access to clear and credible service standards and official fees to information on property ownership, open complete any property transaction.5 public access to information on proce- Similarly, Qatar and Guyana have dures and fees for public services as well as increased transparency in their land active public dissemination of regulations administration systems by expanding affecting land rights. These measures can web-based land administration portals reduce corruption and increase account- to include dedicated and comprehensive ability of land administration authorities.2 sections on the services provided.6, 7 52 DOING BUSINESS 2018 The documentary requirements for land transfer of ownership—should be clearly ACCESS TO INFORMATION registration should also be made available specified, including the timeframes for DURING DUE DILIGENCE to the public. Parties involved in a property their completion. This allows the public transaction can streamline their interac- to know beforehand what level of service Information on the property, the parties tions with the agency in charge of prop- they can expect to receive, how much and the transfer process is fundamental erty registration if they know beforehand it will cost and how long it will take. for a property transaction to occur. what documents they will be required Moreover, by providing clear public guide- Buyers and sellers will only be able to to submit. This greatly reduces the risk lines, governments set the standard for make informed decisions when this infor- of unforeseen delays or obstacles to accountability of services offered by their mation is widely available, either at a low submitting a property transfer—including land administration systems. Land registry cost or free of charge. The parties should the incidence of informal payments. services that lack established timeframes know the costs, required documents and When the list of required documents for completion can foster corruption in the the expected duration of the transfer pro- is public and complete, for example, form of bribes. An official might purposely cess before the transaction takes place. the likelihood that the parties would be delay registration, for example, to encour- Although these conditions are necessary requested to come back with additional age clients to make facilitation payments for a sound land administration, whether documents is reduced, expediting the to accelerate the process. Furthermore, in an agency can deliver its services with registration process. the absence of enforced time limits, land efficiency and accountability depends on registry users are unable to monitor the other variables such as the capacity and Transparency of documentary require- status of their transactions. reliability of its infrastructure. ments may also simplify a transaction by potentially reducing the need to resort Service standards at land registries are Around the world, 158 economies publish to third-party professionals to prepare a rare. Land registry users are not aware fee schedules for services offered at the property transfer application (figure 6.1). In of any specific time limits promulgated land registry. If a fee schedule is public, 51 economies, the only way to obtain infor- by law in 122 economies covered by it is also likely to be available online. In mation about documentary requirements Doing Business. In addition, economies 131 economies, this information can be for property registration is by having an that do not establish service standards, accessed through a dedicated website. in-person interaction with a public official. such as specific time limits, tend to com- Although the use of online platforms is In Zambia, for example, where the list of plete property transfers less efficiently common in high-income economies— required documents is not publicly avail- (figure 6.2). where 80% publish fees on websites— able, a lawyer is hired to complete most of only a third of low-income economies have the property transfer steps for a commer- The Land Revenues Office charter, such portals. One example is Zimbabwe. cial warehouse, costing an entrepreneur an published in June 2013 by Nepal’s In 2016, the economy launched an official additional 2.5% of the property value. Department of Land Reform and website that includes a list of documents Management, provides a good example and fees required to complete a land To promote full transparency, in addi- of how to set effective time limits. The transaction, as well as a specific time tion to document and fee schedules, all charter contains a comprehensive list of frame for delivering legally-binding docu- services provided by land registries—such services provided by the Land Revenue ments proving property ownership. as title search, ownership certificate or Office, the list of documents needed to FIGURE 6.1 Transparency in land systems can bring efficiency gains Average cost to transfer property (% of property value) Average time to transfer property (days) 8 100 7 80 6 5 60 4 3 40 2 20 1 0 0 Documentary requirements Documentary requirements Documentary requirements Documentary requirements not publicly available publicly available not publicly available publicly available s database. Source: Doing Business REGISTERING PROPERTY 53 FIGURE 6.2 Economies that publish effective time limits tend to be more efficient in kept in the land registry. In those econo- completing property transfers mies, parties must hire an authorized pro- fessional to obtain ownership information, Average time to complete property transfer (days) making the process more burdensome. 70 In both cases, the agency in charge of 60 registering immovable property can reject applications to access and retrieve owner- 50 ship information on a discretionary basis. 40 Public access should be embedded in land 30 administration systems. 20 Among the economies covered by Doing 10 Business, more than 70% of upper-middle -income and high-income economies 0 make information on property ownership Economies without service standards Economies with service standards available to the public, whether for a nomi- nal fee or free of charge. By contrast, only Source: Doing Business s database. 50% of low-income economies open their records on land ownership to the public. complete each service, the applicable its owners or creditors—helps to elimi- Globally, information about land owner- fees and the effective deadline within nate uncertainty over property rights ship is restricted to intermediaries and which the agency commits to deliver spe- or obligations that may encumber the interested parties in 31% of economies. cific services. Similarly, the government property. In the absence of any public In 27 out of 190 economies—including of Thailand established a one-day service records or any related rights to a prop- Chile, Poland and the United States—this standard to register property transac- erty, the transaction costs can become information is freely available (figure 6.3). tions. To comply with this commitment, overwhelming, risking that ownership the number of staff is determined based becomes untraceable. Because cadastral maps do not usually on the average number of transactions, contain any personal information about preventing delays.8 In 127 of the 190 economies covered by the property owner, privacy concerns do Doing Business, the information recorded not typically impact mapping agencies. by the land registry is openly available to However, the number of economies ACCESS TO INFORMATION the public. In the remaining economies, offering open access to maps is similar to DURING A PROPERTY mainly because of privacy concerns, only the ones with open ownership informa- TRANSACTION owners or third parties who prove legiti- tion.10 Overall, among the economies mate interest can access the information covered by Doing Business, 33% do not Land administration is defined by the United Nations Economic Commission FIGURE 6.3 Citizens in low-income economies have limited access to land for Europe (UNECE) as “the processes of ownership information determining, recording and disseminat- ing information about the ownership, Share of economies by type of access to land records (%) value and use of land when implementing 60 land management policies.”9 One of the 50 major roles of a land registry is to make 40 land transactions public. By doing so, it safeguards the interests of all parties 30 involved in sales or leases. 20 10 When parties engage in a prop- erty transaction, it is essential that 0 Anyone who pays Freely accessible Only intermediaries Records not publicly they obtain legally reliable information official fee to public and interested parties available regarding the actual property involved Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income in the transaction. The availability of information on the property—as well as s database. Source: Doing Business 54 DOING BUSINESS 2018 make information on land boundaries (figure 6.4). Globally, 22 economies offer Ombudsman, an official responsible for publicly available. Sweden, on the other complaint mechanisms in their cadastre following up on all complaints, whose duty hand, has an online system allowing or mapping agency. Doing Business data is to report to the lands ministry as well as anyone to freely access property owner- suggest that this is one of the areas the client within 30 days. ship information and maps dating back with the most room for improvement 400 years.11 worldwide. Governments can keep their stakeholders engaged by collecting and publishing sta- An independent and specific complaint tistics on land transactions. Transaction ACCESS TO INFORMATION mechanism is important in the fight statistics benefit regulators as well as the AFTER COMPLETION OF A against corruption. A study by Transparency real estate sector, serving as a data analy- PROPERTY TRANSACTION International conducted in Burundi, Kenya, sis tool for policy makers to monitor the Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda found that real estate market. Currently, 122 econo- After property transactions are com- about 90% of respondents that encoun- mies covered by Doing Business publish pleted, it is important to provide citizens tered a bribery incident did not report it statistics on land transactions. In Japan, with a safe environment where they or make a complaint to any authority or for example, data on land transactions are can register complaints. Unlike courts, official; the reasons differed from econ- published monthly at the municipal level. an informal structure allows users to omy to economy. In Kenya, most of the In the United Arab Emirates, numbers on be more forthcoming about possible respondents indicated that they did not land transactions in Dubai are compiled abuses, relieving the courts of additional know where to report the incident, while daily and published on the land registry’s cases. In addition to allowing citizens in Tanzania most felt that no action would web portal. to contribute to a better business envi- be taken to resolve their complaint.13 ronment, an independent and specific As of June 2017 it was possible to file a mechanism for filing complaints would complaint online in only 19 economies REDUCING OPPORTUNITIES also help governments to track issues covered by Doing Business. The Singapore FOR CORRUPTION THROUGH and respond accordingly.12 Land Authority recently introduced a web TRANSPARENCY portal to file complaints about any issues Such complaint mechanisms promote related to their services. The Swedish Transparency in a land administration three desired outcomes. First, the rights Land and Cadastral Authority introduced system provides a defense against of citizens are safeguarded against any a new mechanism for filing complaints bribes intended to expedite the process sub-standard service—whether by mis- regarding errors identified on maps of land of registering property, changing a title, take or fault—provided by the land reg- plots.14 Similarly, Guatemala and Vanuatu acquiring information on land or pro- istry. Consequently, citizens can expect have successfully implemented alternative cessing cadastral surveys. Corruption in the land registry to provide services in offline solutions. In Guatemala, an agency land administration can result in fraudu- accordance with the applicable rules and within the public ministry investigates lent land transfers, undermine public service guidelines. Second, citizens can claims related to the land registry. In confidence in existing land rights while have more confidence in a land tenure 2014 Vanuatu appointed the first Land’s reducing investment and formal land governance system where information is transparent and the officials providing land transfer services are held account- FIGURE 6.4 Most economies do not provide an independent and specific complaint able for their actions. Third, candid feed- mechanism for land registry issues back can help improve the administrative Share of economies with land registry complaint mechanism (%) tasks performed by the land registry, 25 resulting in a higher quality of service. 20 Only 24 economies measured by Doing 15 Business have established complaint mechanisms that improve the overall 10 quality of land registries; half of these 5 (12) are OECD high-income economies or East Asia and the Pacific economies. 0 Such complaint mechanisms are not in East Asia OECD high Latin America Europe & Sub-Saharan Middle East South Asia & Pacific income & Caribbean Central Asia Africa & North Africa place in any of the economies of South Asia or the Middle East and North Africa s database. Doing Business REGISTERING PROPERTY 55 registration.15 Such corrupt behaviors FIGURE 6.5 A more transparent land administration system is associated with a spur inefficient land ownership, with lower incidence of bribery at the land registry land being owned by those most able to Reported incidence of bribery at land registry (%) participate in corrupt activities.16 30 Furthermore, corruption and abuse of 25 power can hinder the development of the 20 real estate market. It can have adverse 15 consequences on the business climate 10 and economic activities by increasing the costs of doing business, thus undermin- 5 ing private sector confidence. High costs, 0 together with inefficient procedures 0–0.9 1–1.9 2–2.9 3–3.9 4–4.9 5–6 Score on transparency of information index (0–6) discourage people from registering land transactions, steering them instead into Sources: Doing Business s database; Transparency International data (https://www.transparency.org/gcb2013). Note: The analysis is based on data collected for the 95 economies covered in 2013/14 by both Doing Business the informal land market. Corruption and Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer 2013. The relationship is significant at the 1% level in land management can have a direct after controlling for income per capita. negative impact on business operations. confidence in them. Having well-defined 12. The registering property indicator set only considers dispute resolution mechanisms that To be successfully deployed, full-fledged rules and standards—in addition to a safe (i) have been designed specifically to cover land reforms are time-consuming, costly, environment to censure wrongdoing—is the services provided by the agency in charge demanding an immense effort from gov- essential to ensure quality and efficiency of land registration and (ii) are managed by a body that is independent from the agency ernments and stakeholders. But a trans- in the administration of land tenure rights. in charge. These requirements are essential parent land administration system—one in constituting an efficient, fair and legitimate in which all land-related information is governance system over land tenure rights. publicly available, all procedures regarding NOTES 13. Transparency International 2014. 14. For more on Sweden’s mechanism for filing property transactions are clearly docu- complaints regarding errors identified on maps mented and information on fees for public This case study was written by Yuriy Valentinovich of land plots, see http://www.sla.gov.sg/. Avramov, Albert Nogués i Comas, Laura Diniz, 15. Transparency International 2013. services is easy to access—minimizes Brendan Meighan, Esperanza Pastor Nunes and 16. Søreide and Williams 2014. the opportunities for informal payments Geyi Zheng. 17. Peisakhin 2012; Rose-Ackerman 2004. and abuses of the system. Indeed, cross- 1. Kakai 2012; Obala and Mattingly 2014. country data show that the greater the 2. Zakout, Wehrmann and Törhönen 2006. quality and transparency of a land admin- 3. For more information on the transparency of information index, see the data notes. istration system, the lower the incidence 4. In 11 economies with a population of more of bribery at the land registry (figure 6.5). than 100 million as of 2013, Doing Business also collects data for the second largest business city. 5. For more on Senegal’s land administration CONCLUSION system, see http://www.impotsetdomaines .gouv.sn/fr/demarches-affaires-domaniales -cadastres. Transparency is one of the most impor- 6. For more on Qatar’s web portal, see https:// tant tools for combating corruption—it is sak.gov.qa/. the basic pillar of enhancing the quality 7. For more on Guyana’s efforts to increase transparency in land administration, see of land administration.17 Moreover, rather http://minbusiness.gov.gy/doing-business/3 than serving as a complementary tool, -how-to-get-property/. transparency should be considered as 8. Zakout, Wehrmann and Törhönen 2006. 9. UNECE 1996. a key component when designing land 10. According to Doing Business data, 129 policies. It is crucial that citizens have economies provide for open access to maps complete access to official land informa- recorded at the agency in charge of surveying privately held land plots, while 127 economies tion, regulations and applicable fees. By provide for open access to ownership establishing mechanisms that shield information recorded at the land registry. citizens from informal payments or other 11. For more information on Sweden’s mapping, cadastral and land registration authority, see abuses, governments not only strengthen http://www.lantmateriet.se. institutions but also increase the public’s Doing Business 2018 Resolving Insolvency The challenges of successfully implementing insolvency reforms ¡ Since 2013/14, 19 economies have Access to finance is key to the development of the private sector. Lenders need tools to introduced reorganization procedures assess not only the risk of non-repayment but also what happens if a debtor cannot repay and another nine economies have debts as they mature. A good insolvency framework—one with clear rules, that efficiently improved their existing procedures. rehabilitates viable companies and liquidates non-viable ones—provides entrepreneurs However, making them workable in and lenders with tools to evaluate the consequences of a worst-case scenario. practice can be challenging. ¡ France introduced a restructuring Existing literature shows that legal pro- may decrease the failure rate of insolvent procedure—the procédure de tection of creditors and efficient enforce- firms. Research on the 1999 Colombian sauvegarde (safeguard procedure)— ment are conducive to larger and more bankruptcy reform shows that by reducing in 2005 to enable debtors to prevent economic and financial difficulties. developed capital markets and that there reorganization costs through, for example, Today, the procedure facilitates is a link between insolvency reforms and streamlining the reorganization process business survival in three out of four access to credit.1 The specific features of and establishing mandatory deadlines on iti initiat d cases. ted an economy’s insolvency regime and its the length of proceedings, the new law enforcement are important aspects for enabled viable companies to reorganize ¡ Slovenia brought its legal framework the legal protection of creditors. Several and inefficient ones to liquidate (this was closer to international good studies show that reforms strengthening not possible before the reform).6 practices in 2013. Greater access to the insolvency framework may reduce the the reorganization procedures for cost of credit, increase the level of credit Doing Business tracks insolvency reforms creditors has been accompanied by and lower interest rates on large loans.2 A across 190 economies. Since Doing an impressive survival rate of viable study on the 2005 Brazilian bankruptcy Business 2005, 110 economies have companies. reform found a reduction in the cost of introduced 205 changes aimed at facili- debt together with a significant increase tating the efficient resolution of corporate ¡ Although it took some time for stakeholders in Thailand to get in the amount of total and long-term insolvency. This case study uses the accustomed to reorganization debt.3 A more recent study found that the specific examples of France, Slovenia and procedures, filings at the Central same reform led to an increase in secured Thailand to illustrate successful insol- Bankruptcy Court increased steadily loans, as well as an increase in invest- vency reforms that can inspire similar from 1% of total insolvency cases in ment and value of output in the years efforts elsewhere. 2011 to almost 9% in 2016. after the reform in Brazilian municipali- ties with less-congested courts.4 Another study shows that, across a sample of HOW HAVE ECONOMIES Organisation for Economic Co-operation REFORMED THEIR and Development (OECD) countries, INSOLVENCY SYSTEMS? efficient bankruptcy procedures are asso- ciated with a higher proportion of new Insolvency laws have traditionally focused bank loans to large firms.5 on enabling the swift liquidation of insolvent companies while organizing the Other studies show that insolvency repayment of creditors. The focus of mod- reforms that introduce or promote reorga- ern insolvency regimes has been to offer nization procedures through the adoption restructuring tools to companies that are of several international good practices economically viable but face temporary RESOLVING INSOLVENCY 57 financial distress in order to maintain the selected for this case study because they Many companies, however, still ended up business activity. Recent reform efforts implemented insolvency reforms that stopping operations and being liquidated, around the world have introduced this brought them closer to internationally mainly because they began the reorgani- modern feature to insolvency frameworks -recognized good practices—particularly zation process when their financial situa- while also allowing the speedy liquidation through the introduction and improve- tion was already severely compromised. of nonviable businesses. ment of restructuring procedures (table In response, the government amended 7.1). There is also a significant amount the insolvency law in 2005 to focus on In 2013/14, the resolving insolvency indica- of information available on the evolu- preventing firms’ economic and financial tors started measuring whether insolvency tion of court procedures following these difficulties. A new restructuring tool—the laws complied with certain international reforms. Business reorganization has procédure de sauvegarde (safeguard proce- standards, including access to reorganiza- become an increasingly utilized option dure)—was introduced. It allowed debt- tion proceedings for debtors and creditors. for viable firms in financial distress in all ors that are facing difficulties (but which Since then, the most common type of three countries. have not yet ceased payments) to apply reform recorded by the indicators has for court protection while they negotiate been the introduction of or improvements The case of France a restructuring plan with creditors. to reorganization procedures. During this Since the 1980s France has regularly period, 19 economies introduced reorgani- assessed and updated its insolvency Contrary to initial expectations, the safe- zation procedures and another nine econo- legal framework to encourage business guard procedure was not widely used. mies improved their existing procedures.7 rescue. In the mid-1980s—when the When the procedure became available number of firms declaring bankruptcy for the first time in 2006, only 509 safe- Providing creditors with greater access to doubled compared to the previous guard applications were filed (compared and participation in insolvency proceedings decade—liquidation was the only to 16,046 judicial reorganizations and has been another common area of reform. option available to companies in finan- 31,045 judicial liquidations).8 One reason Economies including Cyprus, Jamaica, cial distress. The number of business was that the criteria required to initiate Kazakhstan, Mexico, Mozambique, St. liquidations rose from 11,000 in 1970 the safeguard procedure were too strict. Vincent and the Grenadines, Switzerland to 25,000 in 1984. Members of the Debtors had to demonstrate that they and Uganda have implemented reforms in legislature realized that some of these were facing difficulties that would result this direction. Enabling creditors’ meaning- companies could have been saved had in insolvency, which was challenging. ful participation in the process can make they been given the tools to restructure. Another reason was that the law did not them more cooperative and less litigious, The legislature subsequently adopted clearly stipulate which party—the com- and it can result in shorter proceedings. three laws in 1985 with the objective of pany managers or the court-appointed saving viable businesses. A reorganiza- administrator—was responsible for the Many factors, however, can make it tion procedure, open to debtors in ces- preparation of the safeguard plan, an challenging to implement insolvency sation of payments that had a prospect issue which could deter managers from reforms. Doing so requires not only the of survival, was introduced. starting the proceedings. adoption of an insolvency law or amend- ments to existing legislation but also TABLE 7.1 France, Slovenia and Thailand successfully implemented insolvency changes to regulation to make the law reforms workable in practice. An insolvency law Country Motivation Reform content Outcome often requires setting up new structures France High number of bankruptcy Starting in 1985, introduced Increased number of under the regulatory framework such cases; no possibility for restructuring procedures with focus initiated and successful as, for example, a professional body companies to reorganize on preventing firms economic and reorganization cases prior to the reform financial difficulties of insolvency administrators. Successful implementation also requires the buy-in Slovenia High number of insolvent Starting in 2008, introduced Increased number of companies as a result of the preventive restructuring procedure initiated and successful and active participation of the judiciary. 2008 global financial crisis; for medium and large-size reorganization cases features of restructuring companies and simplified procedures not suited; reorganization procedure for micro no preventive procedures and small-size companies; improved WHAT DID SUCCESSFUL available access to reorganization proceedings for creditors REFORMERS DO Thailand High number of non- Starting in 1998, introduced Increased number of DIFFERENTLY? performing loans in the reorganization procedure for initiated and successful context of the 1997 Asian corporate debtors; created reorganization cases financial crisis; no possibility specialized bankruptcy court Doing Business has recorded several for companies to reorganize notable insolvency reforms. However, prior to the reform France, Slovenia and Thailand were s database. Source: Doing Business 58 DOING BUSINESS 2018 The insolvency law was amended again FIGURE 7.1 A significant number of companies undergoing restructuring proceedings in 2008 to make the safeguard proce- in France continue operating at the end of proceedings dure more accessible and attractive to debtors by simplifying the eligibility Companies continuing to operate after specified procedure (%) criteria. Debtors had only to demonstrate 60 difficulties—economic, financial, or legal —that they could not overcome, without 50 having to define or qualify the gravity or extent of those difficulties. The 2008 40 amendment also made the procedure more attractive by clarifying that the man- 30 agers of the company were responsible for preparing the safeguard plan with the 20 assistance of the court-appointed admin- istrator. Furthermore, in 2011 France 10 introduced a procedure—the sauvegarde 0 financière accélérée (accelerated financial 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 safeguard)—under which a debtor can reach an out-of-court arrangement with Safeguard procedure Judicial reorganization a majority of its financial creditors and then initiate summary court proceedings Source: Deloitte and Altares 2016. to validate the agreement without nega- Note: Companies that continue operating include companies that adopted a reorganization or safeguard plan, or that were sold as a whole. tively impacting non-financial creditors. These changes led to a significant increase measured by the rate of new firm entry and financial claims, as well as a new simpli- in the number of new safeguard pro- entrepreneurship support.9 fied compulsory settlement procedure to cedures filed, to 1,386 cases in 2009. offer a reorganization option for micro Since then the number of filings has The case of Slovenia and small companies. A change was also risen steadily, to 1,620 new cases in The early 2000s were a period of sig- made to the existing compulsory settle- 2014. Not only did the use of safeguard nificant reform in Slovenia as the country ment procedure to enable creditors to procedures increase, but three out of prepared to join the European Union initiate the reorganization of companies four cases terminated with an agreement in 2004. A new insolvency law was for the first time. with creditors to enable the company to adopted in 2007, but it was insufficient continue operating (figure 7.1). However, to cope with the challenging economic The procedures quickly became a popu- the increased use of the safeguard proce- and financial conditions brought on by lar option for debtors and creditors. In dure was accompanied by a significant the global financial crisis of 2008; many the first two years following the reform, number of filings for liquidation, which in companies became insolvent. Firms suf- the proportion of companies using one of 2014 amounted to 69% of all insolvency fered from over-indebtedness and had the three procedures more than doubled, cases filed. difficulties repaying their loans, leading to rising from 6% of total insolvency an increase in corporate non-performing proceedings in 2013 to 14% in 2015.11 By allowing viable companies to restruc- loans to around 20% of total loans.10 Microenterprises, however, underwent ture and continue operating as going con- Firms in Slovenia needed effective cor- corporate liquidation proceedings in the cerns, the amendments to the insolvency porate restructuring procedures to guide vast majority of cases (96%) in 2016. law aimed to support entrepreneurial risk- the restructuring of their debt. Microenterprises have less capacity taking and encourage enterprise creation. to face a reorganization and to secure Insolvency reforms may have contributed To address these needs and to bring the resources to enable them to operate in in part to the surge in new businesses legal framework closer to international a situation of financial distress. Despite in France—525,000 companies were good practices, the government modified these challenges, microenterprises have created in 2015, twice as many as in the corporate restructuring framework in also benefited from the restructuring 2000. This growth underscores the con- 2013. The changes included the creation options. Indeed, the number of simplified nection made in the literature between of a new pre-insolvency restructuring compulsory settlement proceedings for sound insolvency systems and the procedure for distressed medium and the benefit of microenterprises increased level of entrepreneurship development as large-size companies to restructure their from 59 cases in 2014 to 85 in 2016. RESOLVING INSOLVENCY 59 Creditors have progressively taken FIGURE 7.2 Corporate reorganizations in Slovenia have become more successful advantage of the enabled access to com- over time pulsory settlement proceedings granted Procedures (number) to them in 2013; by 2016 they initiated almost one-third of all cases. During the 100 same period, the number of successfully 90 terminated reorganization proceedings 80 increased significantly. In 2016, most 70 ended with an approved settlement 60 (figure 7.2). 50 40 One of the companies that benefited from the restructuring procedures was 30 Pivovarna Laško, Slovenia’s largest brewer. 20 By the end of 2014, the company’s total 10 financial liabilities stood at 226.8 million 0 euros (about $268 million). It negotiated a 2013 2014 2015 2016 restructuring plan with its creditors, which Rejected compulsory settlement and simpified compulsory settlement/conversion to bankruptcy included a two-year debt rescheduling, Approved compulsory settlement and simplified compulsory settlement the sale of shares in other companies and an intensive search for additional capital. Source: Slovenia Ministry of Justice 2017. Following the agreement, the company was bought by Heineken International BV, which committed to provide financial regimes may encourage entrepreneur- plan with creditors. A specialized bank- stability to the company. Following the ship and accelerate the speed of adjust- ruptcy court was established in 1999 sale of its assets in various corporations ment of non-performing loans.12 to adjudicate cases. Also, the Business and entering into long-term loan agree- Reorganization Office (within the Legal ments with Heineken, the company was The case of Thailand Execution Department) was set up to able to repay its creditors in full in October The 1997 Asian financial crisis prompted administer new reorganization cases. 2015. Its value increased, the brewery a major insolvency reform in Thailand. was able to continue operating, saving Non-performing loans had been increas- Considerable time was needed in Thailand hundreds of jobs. ing before the crisis, reaching a peak of for stakeholders to become accustomed 42.9% of total loans in 1998. Thailand’s to reorganization procedures. Finding Apart from increasing the likelihood of antiquated insolvency law needed to be expertise within Thailand to prepare business survival—as shown by the ris- revised and given the features necessary reorganization plans proved challenging; it ing number of successfully-terminated to perform. The 1940 Thai Bankruptcy required the capacity to negotiate a plan compulsory settlement and simplified Act established the procedure of judicial with multiple creditors in a short period of settlement procedures—the insolvency liquidation for debtors unable to meet time to return the company to profitability. reform may have contributed to broader their financial commitments. It relied on Managers of companies in financial dif- positive economic effects. First, the an agency within the Ministry of Justice— ficulties found it challenging to formulate level of entrepreneurship and company the Legal Execution Department—to a reorganization plan effectively. Debtors formation in Slovenia increased. One direct the proceedings. The only aim of turned to large companies with foreign year after the reform was introduced, the law was to organize the repayment of human capital that had expertise in draft- 6,243 new businesses were registered in creditors through liquidation procedures; ing such plans. However, this approach Slovenia, the highest number in a decade it did not offer a channel for viable com- was expensive, making reorganization (and similar to pre-crisis levels). Second, panies to survive. procedures accessible to only a small progress has been made in addressing number of large debtors. Slovenia’s high level of non-performing Amendments brought by the Bankruptcy loans, which decreased from 15% of total Act of 1998 built on the existing legal and As a result, in the years following the loans in 2012 to 7.9% in 2016. While institutional framework. They introduced reform, the number of annual applica- these results do not establish a causal a reorganization procedure for corporate tions for reorganization was modest, relationship with the insolvency reform, entities, giving insolvent debtors the averaging 30 to 70 (compared to approx- they suggest that sound insolvency chance to negotiate a reorganization imately 700 annual applications for 60 DOING BUSINESS 2018 liquidation).13 Realizing that the benefits The connection between the insolvency business, compared to 12.2% of firms in of the procedure had to be explained to reform and the likelihood of business the region and 26.5% in all economies. stakeholders, the government undertook survival is reflected in Doing Business While no causal relationship can be outreach efforts. As local firms gained data. Resolving simple reorganization established between these results and the necessary expertise to advise debtors cases in Bangkok has become easier over the bankruptcy reform in Thailand, they during the reorganization process, time. Companies are now more likely to do show that access to credit improved reorganization practices progressively continue operating at the end of reorga- in the years following the reform. became more widespread in Bangkok. nization procedures. Also, today it takes Consequently, all parties were able to 18 months on average, half the time it experience the advantages of the new took in 2010, for a small company to go CONCLUSION mechanism, enabling them to make use through reorganization, counted up to of it to save viable businesses. Together the moment the reorganization plan is The successful implementation of insol- with a greater understanding of the law, approved by creditors. vency reforms is not easy. Many factors reorganization filings rose to 3.5% of must come into play for an insolvency total insolvency cases in 2014 (from 1.1% Studies on the effect of insolvency reform to yield positive effects in both in 2011).14 The share almost doubled in reforms that accelerate the procedures insolvency practice and the economy. 2015 and continued to rise in 2016, when find that they increase the aggregate Even in economies with strong legal 8.5% of insolvency petitions received by level of credit. Other studies suggest frameworks and institutions, insolvency the judiciary were reorganization cases that where insolvency regimes are most reforms take time. It is a complex area (figure 7.3). effective, creditors are more willing to of law, which is why different agencies— lend because they are more likely to including the judiciary as well as insol- The rising use of reorganization proceed- recoup a larger share of a troubled loan.15 vency administrators—need to be trained ings in Thailand has driven an increase Following the reform in Thailand, domes- and given the means to carry out the tasks in the rate of successful reorganizations tic credit to the private sector rose from envisioned in the law. (that is, cases that end up with the 93% of GDP in 2001 to 147% of GDP in approval of the reorganization plan, 2016.16 Banks are more willing to lend in Lessons can be drawn from reforms regardless of whether they continue Thailand than in other parts of East Asia implemented worldwide. The French operating in the longer term). The Central and the Pacific. Data from the World and Slovenian examples show the Bankruptcy Court’s reorganization plan Bank Enterprise Surveys show that only importance of constantly assessing the approval rate reached 25% in 2016, up 2.4% of firms in Thailand identify access insolvency system. Insolvency law is from 20% in 2015. to finance as a major constraint to doing not a static field. Rather, it serves the economic system and needs to adapt as the structure of the economy evolves. FIGURE 7.3 Distressed businesses in Bangkok are more likely to pursue reorganization today than seven years ago Implementing and refining insolvency reform takes time; a quick fix will not New reorganization cases as a share bring positive long-term results. The of total insolvency cases (%) example of Thailand illustrates the 10 importance of utilizing the existing 9 infrastructure to drive change—the focus 8 should be on building on existing laws 7 and institutions and creating new ones 6 only when the existing system cannot 5 be adapted. A new framework requires 4 training along with patience. Amending 3 the law should not be seen as a goal in itself, but rather as a first step to be 2 followed by the thorough implementation 1 of the amended law. 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 All in all, the three examples suggest that sound insolvency reforms can have a positive impact on an economy. Providing Source: Thailand Office of the Judiciary 2016. corporate debtors with the option to RESOLVING INSOLVENCY 61 reorganize increases the chances of debt recovery by creditors, positively influencing their willingness to lend. The availability of reorganization procedures also increases the likelihood that viable firms will continue operating despite financial difficulties, thus decreasing the failure rate of firms, preserving jobs and encouraging entrepreneurship. NOTES This case study was written by Faiza El Fezzazi El Maziani, Raman Maroz and María A. Quesada. 1. La Porta and others 1997; La Porta and others 1998; Klapper 2011. 2. Visaria 2009; Funchal 2008; Rodano, Serrano- Velarde and Tarantino 2011. 3. Araujo, Ferreira and Funchal 2012. 4. Ponticelli and Alencar 2016. 5. Neira 2017. 6. Foley 1999; Dewaelheyns and Van Hulle 2006. For Colombia, Giné and Love 2008. 7. The 19 economies that have introduced reorganization procedures are Brunei Darussalam, Cabo Verde, Cyprus, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kosovo, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, and the United Arab Emirates. The nine economies that improved their existing reorganization procedures are Chile, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Mexico, Romania, Slovenia, Thailand, and Switzerland. 8. Deloitte and Altares 2016. 9. Lee and others 2011; Peng, Yamakawa and Lee 2010. 10. IMF 2015. 11. Slovenia, Ministry of Justice 2017. 12. Carpus-Carcea and others 2015. 13. Wisitsora-at 2015. 14. Thailand, Office of the Judiciary 2016. 15. Visaria 2009; Funchal 2008. 16. These data are from the World Development Indicators database (http:/ /data.worldbank .org/indicator), World Bank. Doing Business 2018 References Agell, Jonas. 1999. “On the Benefits from The International Business Registers Rigid Labour Markets: Norms, Market Report. Available from http:/ /www Failures, and Social Insurance.” The .corporateregistersforum.org/wp-content Economic Journal 109 (453): 143–64. /uploads/IBRR_2016_webb.pdf. Amin, Mohammad. 2007. “Are Labor Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Esther Duflo. 2011. 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COUNTRY TABLES 67 Country Tables  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business AFGHANISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 580 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 183 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 36.19 Population 34,656,032 g a business (rank)  Starting 107 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 175 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.28 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 30.63 Procedures (number) 3.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 7.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 228 Cost (% of income per capita) 82.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 344 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 185 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 189 p Border compliance (US$) 453 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 22.54 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 10.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 1 Documentary compliance (hours) 324 Time (days) 354 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of warehouse value) 89.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 2.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (US$) 900 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (US$) 750 Getting g electricity y (rank) 163 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 44.58 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 181 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 176 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 31.76 Time (days) 114 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 41.97 Time (days) 1,642 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,426.7 Payments (number per year) 19 Cost (% of claim) 29.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 275 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 71.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 186 Postfiling index (0–100) 0.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 161 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 27.50 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 23.62 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 250 Cost (% of estate) 25.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 3.0 ALBANIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,250 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 65 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.70 Population 2,876,101 g a business (rank) Starting 45  Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 24 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.49 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 96.29 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 51.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 10 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 106 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 20 p Border compliance (US$) 55 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.27 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 71.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 8 Time (days) 220 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 10 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 10 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 77 Getting g electricity y (rank) 157 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 48.31 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 120 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 125 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 53.66 Time (days) 134 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 63.94 Time (days) 525 Cost (% of income per capita) 513.0 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 34.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 261 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 37.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 103 Postfiling index (0–100) 57.61 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 41 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 59.28 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 66.13 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 19 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 9.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 68 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business ALGERIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,270 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 166 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 46.71 Population 40,606,052 g a business (rank) Starting 145 Getting g credit (rank) 177 Tradingg across borders (rank) 181 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 77.54 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 10.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 24.15 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 20 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 149 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 118 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 374 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 146 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 170 p Border compliance (US$) 593 g with construction p DTF score for dealing permits (0–100) 58.89 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 33.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 249 Time (days) 146 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 327 Cost (% of warehouse value) 8.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 400 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 466 Getting g electricity y (rank) 120 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 60.56 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 103 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 157 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.49 Time (days) 180 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 54.11 Time (days) 630 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,335.3 Payments (number per year) 27 Cost (% of claim) 19.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 265 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 65.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 163 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.77 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 71 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 43.83 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 49.24 Procedures (number) 10 Time (years) 1.3 Time (days) 55 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 50.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 ANGOLA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,440 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 175 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 41.49 Population 28,813,463 g a business (rank) Starting 134 Getting g credit (rank) 183  Tradingg across borders (rank) 180 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 80.09 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 5.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 25.28 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 36 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 169 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 192 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 240  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 80 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 825 g with construction p DTF score for dealing permits (0–100) 68.80 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 180 Time (days) 173 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 460 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 1,030  Getting g electricity y (rank) 165 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 44.08 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 186 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 103 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 26.26 Time (days) 121 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 69.54 Time (days) 1,296 Cost (% of income per capita) 990.1 Payments (number per year) 31 Cost (% of claim) 44.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 287 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 49.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 172 Postfiling index (0–100) 94.95 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 40.86 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 190 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 2.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 13,400 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 107 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.63 Population 100,963 g a business (rank) Starting 126 Getting g credit (rank) 159 Tradingg across borders (rank) 101 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 81.69 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 68.73 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 22 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 51 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 61 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 121 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 99 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 546 g with construction p DTF score for dealing permits (0–100) 67.09 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 135 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 61 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 546 Getting g electricity y (rank) 39 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 83.50 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 33 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 144 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 68.11 Time (days) 42 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 58.69 Time (days) 476 Cost (% of income per capita) 114.9 Payments (number per year) 57 Cost (% of claim) 27.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 192 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 41.9 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 118 Postfiling index (0–100) 69.40 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 128 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 56.61 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 35.26 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 32 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 10.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 69  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business ARGENTINA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 11,960 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 117 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.11 Population 43,847,430 g a business (rank) Starting 157 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 116 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 75.15 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 65.36 Procedures (number) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 24 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 80.0 p Border compliance (hours) 21 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 44.8 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 60  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 171 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 49.27 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Time (days) 347 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 120 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 1,200 Getting g electricity y (rank) 95 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 70.01 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 102 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 169 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.66 Time (days) 92 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 49.34 Time (days) 995 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.5 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 22.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 311.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 106.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 117 Postfiling index (0–100) 47.94 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 101 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 56.75 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 41.24 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.4 Time (days) 51.5 Cost (% of estate) 16.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 ARMENIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,760 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 47 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.51 Population 2,924,816 g a business (rank) Starting 15 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 52 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.47 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 86.45 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 4.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.2 p Border compliance (hours) 39 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 89 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 100 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.99 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 98 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 41 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 100  Getting g electricity y (rank) 66 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 78.53 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 47 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 87 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 66.00 Time (days) 127 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 72.49 Time (days) 570 Cost (% of income per capita) 78.9 Payments (number per year) 14 Cost (% of claim) 16.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 313 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 18.5 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 13 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.08 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 97 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 87.78 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 43.01 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.9 Time (days) 7 Cost (% of estate) 11.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 AUSTRALIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 54,420 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 14 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.14 Population 24,127,159 g a business (rank) Starting 7 Getting g credit (rank) 6 Tradingg across borders (rank) 95 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 96.47 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 90.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 70.65 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 p Time to export Time (days) 2.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 264 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 6 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 57 p Border compliance (US$) 749 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 84.39 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 60.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Time (days) 121 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 39 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 14.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 525 Getting g electricity y (rank) 47 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.31 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 3 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 26 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 79.00 Time (days) 75 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 85.62 Time (days) 402 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.4 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 23.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 105 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 47.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 51 Postfiling index (0–100) 95.34 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 18 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 74.17 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 78.79 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 4.5 Cost (% of estate) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 82.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 70 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business AUSTRIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 45,230 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 22 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.54 Population 8,747,358 g a business (rank) Starting 118 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.13 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 21 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 52.8 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 42 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 29 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 68.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 222 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 22 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 87.71 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 9 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 39 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 75.49 Time (days) 23 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 83.34 Time (days) 397 Cost (% of income per capita) 93.5 Payments (number per year) 12 Cost (% of claim) 20.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 131 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 51.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 31 Postfiling index (0–100) 98.54 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 23 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 79.97 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 77.43 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.1 Time (days) 20.5 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 80.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 AZERBAIJAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,760 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 57 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 70.19 Population 9,762,274 g a business (rank) Starting 18  Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 83 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.36 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 73.56 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 4.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 33 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 29 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 37.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 300 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 161  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 10 p Border compliance (US$) 214 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 54.90 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 75.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 21 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 38 Time (days) 242 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 30 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 300 Getting g electricity y (rank) 102 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 67.98  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 38 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 35 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.51 Time (days) 69 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.21 Time (days) 277 Cost (% of income per capita) 141.4 Payments (number per year) 6 Cost (% of claim) 18.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 195 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 39.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 21 Postfiling index (0–100) 83.79  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 47 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 82.07 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 62.27 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 5.5 Cost (% of estate) 12.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.0 BAHAMAS, THE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 21,020 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 119 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.47 Population 391,232 g a business (rank)  Starting 108 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 157 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.18 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 53.07 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 21.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 550 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 86 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 129 p Border compliance (US$) 512 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.30 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 45.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Time (days) 180 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 51 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 550 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 1,385 Getting electricity (rank) 117 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 60.96 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 74 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 55 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.43 Time (days) 67 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 78.09 Time (days) 532 Cost (% of income per capita) 124.1 Payments (number per year) 31 Cost (% of claim) 28.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 233 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 31.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 167 Postfiling index (0–100) 95.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 64 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 42.71 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 52.93 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 122 Cost (% of estate) 12.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 71  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business BAHRAIN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 22,858 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 66 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.13 Population 1,425,171 g a business (rank) Starting 75 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 78 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.87 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 75.97 Procedures (number) 7.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 9.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 27.8 p Border compliance (hours) 71 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 47 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 47 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.73 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 84 Time (days) 174 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 54 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 130 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 397 Getting g electricity y (rank) 79 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 74.83 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 111 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 5 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.53 Time (days) 85 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 93.89 Time (days) 635 Cost (% of income per capita) 57.0 Payments (number per year) 14 Cost (% of claim) 14.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 28.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 13.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 25 Postfiling index (0–100) not applicable Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 90 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 81.07 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 44.42 Procedures (number) 2 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 31 Cost (% of estate) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 1.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 BANGLADESH South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,330 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 177 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 40.99 Population 162,951,560 g a business (rank)  Starting 131 Getting g credit (rank) 159 Tradingg across borders (rank) 173 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 80.67 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 34.86 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 19.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 147 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 99.7 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 225 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 130 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 76 p Border compliance (US$) 408.2 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.97 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 56.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14.2 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Time (days) 269 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 183 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 370 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 1,293.8 Getting g electricity y (rank) 185 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 16.97 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 189 Procedures (number) 9 y g taxes (rank) Paying 152 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 22.21 Time (days) 428.9 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 56.13 Time (days) 1,442 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,602.9 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 66.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 435 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 185 Postfiling index (0–100) 44.36 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 152 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 27.67 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 27.71 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 244 Cost (% of estate) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 BARBADOS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 14,830 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 132 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.20 Population 284,996 g a business (rank) Starting 99 Getting g credit (rank) 133 Tradingg across borders (rank) 129 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.11 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 61.88 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 54 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 41 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 109 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 155 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 167 p Border compliance (US$) 350 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 56.63 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 35.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 9 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 74 Time (days) 442 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 104 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 146 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 1,585 Getting g electricity y (rank) 160 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 46.36 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 167 Procedures (number) 8 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 89 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 38.02 Time (days) 88 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 71.90 Time (days) 1,340 Cost (% of income per capita) 64.0 Payments (number per year) 29 Cost (% of claim) 19.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 245 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 133 Postfiling index (0–100) 74.08 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 34 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 52.35 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 69.79 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.8 Time (days) 105 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 65.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 72 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business BELARUS Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,600 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 38 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.06 Population 9,507,120 g a business (rank) Starting 30  Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 30 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.91 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 93.71 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 72.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 140 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 22 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 40 p Border compliance (US$) 108 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 78.34 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 65.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Time (days) 115 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 25 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 86.04 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 24 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 96 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 70.36 Time (days) 105 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 70.81 Time (days) 275 Cost (% of income per capita) 110.0 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 23.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 184 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 52.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 5 Postfiling index (0–100) 50.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 68 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 92.19 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 51.26 Procedures (number) 2 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 3 Cost (% of estate) 17.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.0 BELGIUM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 41,860 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 52 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.69 Population 11,348,159 g a business (rank) Starting 16 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.43 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 16.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 95.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 39 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 57 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.36 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 60.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 212 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 103 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 67.30 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 52 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 59 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 64.25 Time (days) 201 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.69 Time (days) 505 Cost (% of income per capita) 101.1 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 18.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 136 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 57.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 138 Postfiling index (0–100) 83.45 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 11 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 51.40 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 81.46 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 0.9 Time (days) 56 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 12.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 84.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 BELIZE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,410 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 121 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.11 Population 366,954 g a business (rank) Starting 161 Getting g credit (rank) 170 Tradingg across borders (rank) 104 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 73.24 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 20.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 68.13 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 43 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 38 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 28 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 114 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 132 p Border compliance (US$) 710 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 65.28 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 43.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Time (days) 127 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 688 Getting g electricity y (rank) 83 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 72.97 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 132 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 48 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 50.11 Time (days) 66 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 79.90 Time (days) 892 Cost (% of income per capita) 317.7 Payments (number per year) 29 Cost (% of claim) 27.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 147 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 31.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 132 Postfiling index (0–100) 85.09 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 83 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 52.42 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 45.74 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 60 Cost (% of estate) 22.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 55.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 73  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business BENIN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 820 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 151 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 50.47 Population 10,872,298 g a business (rank) Starting 56  Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 136 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.58 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 60.78 Procedures (number) 5.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 8.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 78 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 5.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.7 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 80  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 46 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 412 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.85 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 59 Time (days) 88 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 82 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 529 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 599 Getting g electricity y (rank) 174 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 33.84 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 170 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 174 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 36.34 Time (days) 90 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 44.73 Time (days) 750 Cost (% of income per capita) 12,304.6 Payments (number per year) 57 Cost (% of claim) 64.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 270 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 57.4 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 127 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.31 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 105 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 54.14 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 40.46 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 120 Cost (% of estate) 21.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 BHUTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,510 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 75 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 66.27 Population 797,765 g a business (rank)  Starting 88  Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 26 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 86.33 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 94.25 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 25.9 p Border compliance (hours) 5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 82  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 124 p Border compliance (US$) 59 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.69 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 46.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 21 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 8 Time (days) 150 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 5 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 110 Getting g electricity y (rank) 56 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 80.36  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 25 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 17 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 69.99 Time (days) 61 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 88.00 Time (days) 225 Cost (% of income per capita) 461.4 Payments (number per year) 18 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 85 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 56 Postfiling index (0–100) 95.50 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 73.41 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 77 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 BOLIVIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,070 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 152 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 50.18 Population 10,887,882 g a business (rank) Starting 179 Getting g credit (rank) 133  Tradingg across borders (rank) 89 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 62.95 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 71.59 Procedures (number) 14 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 45 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Cost (% of income per capita) 54.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 49.8 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 16.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 25 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 158 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 65 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 55.56 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 1 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 322 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 114 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 30 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 315 Getting g electricity y (rank) 101 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 68.18 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 109 Procedures (number) 8 y g taxes (rank) Paying 186 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.65 Time (days) 42 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 21.62 Time (days) 591 Cost (% of income per capita) 689.0 Payments (number per year) 42 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 1,025 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 83.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 144 Postfiling index (0–100) 50.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 99 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 49.89 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 42.32 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 1.8 Time (days) 90 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 74 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,880 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 86 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.20 Population 3,516,816 g a business (rank) Starting 175 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 37 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 65.91 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 91.87 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 65 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 12.1 p Border compliance (hours) 5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 41.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 92 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 166 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 106 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 51.77 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 8 Time (days) 193 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of warehouse value) 17.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 97 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 109 Getting g electricity y (rank) 122 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 60.18 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 71 Procedures (number) 8 y g taxes (rank) Paying 137 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.67 Time (days) 125 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 60.43 Time (days) 595 Cost (% of income per capita) 357.7 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 36.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 411 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 23.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 97 Postfiling index (0–100) 47.68 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 40 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 61.56 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 67.28 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 3.3 Time (days) 24 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15.0 BOTSWANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,610 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 81 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.94 Population 2,250,260 g a business (rank) Starting 153 Getting g credit (rank) 77  Tradingg across borders (rank) 50 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 76.22 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 86.65 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 48 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 18 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 54.0 p Border compliance (hours) 5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 179 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 59 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 76 p Border compliance (US$) 317 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 72.27 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 56.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 106 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 67 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 98 Getting g electricity y (rank) 124 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 59.38 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 133 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 47 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 49.99 Time (days) 77 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 80.01 Time (days) 660 Cost (% of income per capita) 283.8 Payments (number per year) 34 Cost (% of claim) 39.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 120 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 25.1 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 81 Postfiling index (0–100) 82.70 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 79 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 65.45 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 47.76 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 1.7 Time (days) 27 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 65.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 BRAZIL Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 8,840 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 125 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.45 Population 207,652,865 g a business (rank) Starting 176 Getting g credit (rank) 105  Tradingg across borders (rank) 139 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 65.05 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 59.78 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 79.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 79.3 p Border compliance (hours) 49 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 75.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 226.4 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 170 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 958.7 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 49.83 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19.2 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 434 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 63.1 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 106.9 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 969.6 Getting g electricity y (rank) 45 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.46 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 47 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 184 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 66.00 Time (days) 64.4 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 32.97 Time (days) 731 Cost (% of income per capita) 54.5 Payments (number per year) 9.6 Cost (% of claim) 22.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5.4 Time (hours per year) 1,958 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.1 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 68.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 131 Postfiling index (0–100) 7.80 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 80 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 52.60 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 47.46 Procedures (number) 13.6 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 31.4 Cost (% of estate) 12.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 12.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.8 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 75  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business BRUNEI DARUSSALAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 32,840 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 56 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 70.60 Population 423,196 g a business (rank)  Starting 58  Getting g credit (rank) 2  Tradingg across borders (rank) 144 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.23 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 95.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 58.70 Procedures (number) 5.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 12 p Time to export Time (days) 12.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 155 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 117 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 71.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 90  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 48  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 40 p Border compliance (US$) 340 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.62 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 65.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 20 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Time (days) 83 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 395  Getting g electricity y (rank) 24 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 86.46  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 61 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 104 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 60.95 Time (days) 36 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 69.41 Time (days) 540 Cost (% of income per capita) 41.5 Payments (number per year) 15 Cost (% of claim) 36.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 64.2 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 8.0 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 136 Postfiling index (0–100) 0.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 60 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 51.48 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 55.11 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 298.5 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 47.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 BULGARIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,470 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 50 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.91 Population 7,127,822 g a business (rank) Starting 95 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 21 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.37 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 97.41 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 23 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 74.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 52 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 51 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 24 p Border compliance (US$) 55 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.35 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 70.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 97 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 141 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 54.80 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 40 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 90 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.04 Time (days) 262 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 71.78 Time (days) 564 Cost (% of income per capita) 468.4 Payments (number per year) 14 Cost (% of claim) 18.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 453 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 27.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 67 Postfiling index (0–100) 69.30 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 50 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 69.30 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 60.02 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 3.3 Time (days) 19 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.0 BURKINA FASO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 640 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 148 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.54 Population 18,646,433 g a business (rank) Starting 74  Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 113 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 88.17 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 66.58 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 84 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.3 p Border compliance (hours) 75 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 6.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 86 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 53 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 261 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.20 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Time (days) 121 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 102 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 197 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 265 Getting g electricity y (rank) 179 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 29.42 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 163 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 153 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 41.05 Time (days) 169 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 55.89 Time (days) 446 Cost (% of income per capita) 9,438.4 Payments (number per year) 45 Cost (% of claim) 81.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 270 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 41.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 140 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.31 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 104 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 50.44 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 40.68 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 67 Cost (% of estate) 21.0 Cost (% of property value) 12.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 76 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business BURUNDI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 280 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 164 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 46.92 Population 10,524,117 g a business (rank)  Starting 42 Getting g credit (rank) 177 Tradingg across borders (rank) 164 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.94 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 10.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 47.02 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 33.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 59 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 4.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 168 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 132 p Border compliance (US$) 136 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 51.16 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 43.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 180 Time (days) 70 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 154 Cost (% of warehouse value) 12.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 2 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 3.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 1,025 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 444 Getting g electricity y (rank) 182 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 26.45 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 150 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 138 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 45.74 Time (days) 158 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 60.34 Time (days) 832 Cost (% of income per capita) 15,517.3 Payments (number per year) 25 Cost (% of claim) 38.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 232 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 41.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 95 Postfiling index (0–100) 28.21 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 144 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 62.54 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 30.71 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 5.0 Time (days) 23 Cost (% of estate) 30.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 7.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 CABO VERDE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,970 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 127 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.24 Population 539,560 g a business (rank) Starting 98 Getting g credit (rank) 122  Tradingg across borders (rank) 107 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.14 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 67.41 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 19.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 125  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 67 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 164 p Border compliance (US$) 780 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.25 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 36.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 1 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Time (days) 107 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 125 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 588 Getting g electricity y (rank) 145 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 53.47 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 43 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 75 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 66.69 Time (days) 88 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 75.15 Time (days) 425 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,136.3 Payments (number per year) 30 Cost (% of claim) 19.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Time (hours per year) 180 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 36.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 71 Postfiling index (0–100) 80.65  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 66.57 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 22 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 2.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 CAMBODIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,140 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 135 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.47 Population 15,762,370 g a business (rank) Starting 183 Getting g credit (rank) 20 Tradingg across borders (rank) 108 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 51.91 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 67.28 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 99 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Cost (% of income per capita) 51.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 49.9 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 82.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 179 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 375 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 41.73 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 20 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Time (days) 652 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 10 Border compliance (hours) 8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 1 Documentary compliance (US$) 120 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 240 Getting g electricity y (rank) 137 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 56.56 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 179 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 136 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 32.67 Time (days) 179 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 61.28 Time (days) 483 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,993.2 Payments (number per year) 40 Cost (% of claim) 103.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Time (hours per year) 173 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 21.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 123 Postfiling index (0–100) 25.97 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 74 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 55.00 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 48.25 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 6.0 Time (days) 56 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 77  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business CAMEROON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,200 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 163 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 47.23 Population 23,439,189 g a business (rank)  Starting 122  Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 186 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 82.39 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 15.99 Procedures (number) 6.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 16.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 66 Cost (% of income per capita) 35.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 202 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 16.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 8.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 306 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 140 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 983 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 59.74 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 163 Time (days) 135 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 271 Cost (% of warehouse value) 15.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 849 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 1,407 Getting g electricity y (rank) 121 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 60.35 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 162 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 183 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 41.76 Time (days) 64 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 36.34 Time (days) 800 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,776.9 Payments (number per year) 44 Cost (% of claim) 46.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 624 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 57.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 176 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.31 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 125 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 37.33 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 36.73 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 2.8 Time (days) 86 Cost (% of estate) 33.5 Cost (% of property value) 19.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 CANADA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 43,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 18 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.29 Population 36,286,425 g a business (rank) Starting 2 Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 46 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 98.23 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 88.36 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 1.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 156  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 54 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 8 p Border compliance (US$) 167 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 72.87 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 78.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 249 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 14.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 163 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 172 Getting g electricity y (rank) 105 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 66.89 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 114 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 16 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.35 Time (days) 137 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 88.05 Time (days) 910 Cost (% of income per capita) 125.3 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 22.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 131 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 20.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 33 Postfiling index (0–100) 73.23 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 11 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 79.31 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 81.46 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 0.8 Time (days) 4 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 370 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 184 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 34.86 Population 4,594,621 g a business (rank) Starting 188 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 145 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 37.02 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 58.64 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 22 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 154.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 141 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 446.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 180 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 280 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 38.86 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Time (days) 219 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 98 Cost (% of warehouse value) 17.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 500 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 209 Getting g electricity y (rank) 183 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 24.64 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 182 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 187 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 30.46 Time (days) 98 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 18.89 Time (days) 660 Cost (% of income per capita) 12,688.1 Payments (number per year) 56 Cost (% of claim) 82.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 483 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 73.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 169 Postfiling index (0–100) 5.13 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 150 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 41.92 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 28.13 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 4.8 Time (days) 75 Cost (% of estate) 76.0 Cost (% of property value) 11.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 78 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business CHAD Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 720 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 180 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 38.30 Population 14,452,543 g a business (rank) Starting 185 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 172 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 50.26 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 40.12 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 60 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 87 Cost (% of income per capita) 171.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 106 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 25.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 188 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 153 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 160 p Border compliance (US$) 319 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 56.79 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 38.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 172 Time (days) 226 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 242 Cost (% of warehouse value) 12.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 500 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 669 Getting g electricity y (rank) 177 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 32.17 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 154 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 188 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 44.58 Time (days) 67 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 17.92 Time (days) 743 Cost (% of income per capita) 9,821.1 Payments (number per year) 54 Cost (% of claim) 45.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 766 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 63.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 159 Postfiling index (0–100) 13.07 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 150 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 44.67 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 28.13 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 44 Cost (% of estate) 60.0 Cost (% of property value) 12.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 CHILE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 13,530 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 55 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.22 Population 17,909,754 g a business (rank) Starting 65 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 68 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.55 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 80.56 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.3 p Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 49.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 15 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 57 p Border compliance (US$) 290 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 80.28 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 60.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Time (days) 133 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 54 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 290 Getting g electricity y (rank) 44 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.49 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 56 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 72 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 62.81 Time (days) 43 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.17 Time (days) 480 Cost (% of income per capita) 68.1 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 28.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 291 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 61 Postfiling index (0–100) 58.36 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 52 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 70.90 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 59.47 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 28.5 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 1.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 8,260 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 78 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.29 Population 1,378,665,000 g a business (rank)  Starting 93 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 97 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.47 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 69.91 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 22.9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 21.2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 21.4 p Border compliance (hours) 25.9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 95.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 84.6 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 172 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 119 p Border compliance (US$) 484.1 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 47.28 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 48.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 23 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 65.7 Time (days) 247.1 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 92.3 Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.6 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 170.9 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 745 Getting g electricity y (rank) 98 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 68.83 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 5 Procedures (number) 5.5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 130 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 78.23 Time (days) 143.2 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 62.90 Time (days) 496 Cost (% of income per capita) 356.0 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 16.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 207 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.1 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 67.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 41 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.08 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 56 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 76.15 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 55.82 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 1.7 Time (days) 19.5 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 79  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business COLOMBIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,320 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 59 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 69.41 Population 48,653,419 g a business (rank) Starting 96 Getting g credit (rank) 2 Tradingg across borders (rank) 125 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.32 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 95.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 62.83 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 12 p Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 94.5 p Border compliance (hours) 112 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 81 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 16 p Border compliance (US$) 545 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.71 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 73.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 64 Time (days) 132 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 112 Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 545 Getting g electricity y (rank) 81 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 74.18 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 177 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 142 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 34.29 Time (days) 106 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 59.08 Time (days) 1,288 Cost (% of income per capita) 542.3 Payments (number per year) 12 Cost (% of claim) 45.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 239 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 69.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 60 Postfiling index (0–100) 48.17 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 33 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 71.34 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 70.02 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 1.7 Time (days) 15 Cost (% of estate) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 1.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 66.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 COMOROS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 760 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 158 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.52 Population 795,601 g a business (rank) Starting 166 Getting g credit (rank) 122  Tradingg across borders (rank) 111 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 72.01 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 66.87 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 16 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 84.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 51 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 29.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 9.8 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 124 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 79 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 651 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 69.19 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Time (days) 108 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 70 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 4.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 93 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 765 Getting g electricity y (rank) 135 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 57.58 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 180 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 168 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 32.05 Time (days) 120 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 49.86 Time (days) 506 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,050.5 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 89.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 100 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 216.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 111 Postfiling index (0–100) 57.33 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 57.66 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 30 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 8.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 CONGO, DEM. REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 420 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 182 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 37.65 Population 78,736,153 g a business (rank)  Starting 62 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 188 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.78 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 1.26 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 698 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 515 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 9.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.7 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 2,500  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 121 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 164 p Border compliance (US$) 2,223 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 63.91 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 36.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 216 Time (days) 122 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 588 Cost (% of warehouse value) 8.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 875 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 3,039 Getting g electricity y (rank) 175 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 33.59 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 172 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 181 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 36.06 Time (days) 54 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 39.40 Time (days) 610 Cost (% of income per capita) 14,885.8 Payments (number per year) 52 Cost (% of claim) 80.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 346 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 54.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 158 Postfiling index (0–100) 27.08 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 45.85 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 38 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 11.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 80 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business CONGO, REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,710 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 179 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 39.57 Population 5,125,821 g a business (rank)  Starting 177 Getting g credit (rank) 133 Tradingg across borders (rank) 184 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 64.69 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 19.68 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 49 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 1 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 77.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 276 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 11.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 165 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 125 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 1,975 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 63.07 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 208 Time (days) 164 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 397 Cost (% of warehouse value) 8.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 310 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 1,581 Getting g electricity y (rank) 181 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 28.42 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 155 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 185 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 43.99 Time (days) 134 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 26.79 Time (days) 560 Cost (% of income per capita) 6,957.7 Payments (number per year) 50 Cost (% of claim) 53.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 602 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 54.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 177 Postfiling index (0–100) 12.29 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 118 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 36.04 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 37.98 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.3 Time (days) 55 Cost (% of estate) 25.0 Cost (% of property value) 16.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 COSTA RICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 10,840 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 61 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 69.13 Population 4,857,274 g a business (rank) Starting 127 Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 73 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 81.65 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 79.32 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 22.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 20 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 32.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 70  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 119 p Border compliance (US$) 375 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.02 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 48.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Time (days) 135 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 80 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 420 Getting g electricity y (rank) 21 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 88.21 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 129 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 60 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 51.48 Time (days) 45 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.46 Time (days) 852 Cost (% of income per capita) 168.1 Payments (number per year) 10 Cost (% of claim) 24.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 151 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 58.3 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 49 Postfiling index (0–100) 85.06 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 131 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 74.36 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 34.42 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 11 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 CÔTE D’IVOIRE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,520 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 139 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 53.71 Population 23,695,919 g a business (rank) Starting 44 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 155 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.72 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 54.15 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 4.0 p Border compliance (hours) 110 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 136  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 152 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 387 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 57.50 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 21 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 89 Time (days) 162 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 125 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 267 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 456 Getting g electricity y (rank) 129 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 58.73 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 101 Procedures (number) 8 y g taxes (rank) Paying 175 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.74 Time (days) 55 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 43.88 Time (days) 525 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,280.8 Payments (number per year) 63 Cost (% of claim) 41.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 270 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 50.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 113 Postfiling index (0–100) 44.50 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 77 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 57.56 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 47.81 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.2 Time (days) 30 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 81  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business CROATIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 12,110 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 51 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.70 Population 4,170,600 g a business (rank) Starting 87 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 86.39 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 126 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 29 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 63.00 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 68.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 126 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 9.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 75 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 76.26 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 23 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 95 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 70.60 Time (days) 65 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 70.90 Time (days) 650 Cost (% of income per capita) 298.5 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 15.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 206 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 20.6 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 59 Postfiling index (0–100) 61.20 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 60 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 71.44 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 55.11 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.1 Time (days) 62 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 CYPRUS Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 23,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 53 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.63 Population 1,170,125 g a business (rank) Starting 50 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 45 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.19 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 88.44 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 72.9 p Border compliance (hours) 18 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 120 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 300 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 63.99 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 8 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 507 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 15 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 335 Getting g electricity y (rank) 67 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 78.32 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 138 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 44 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.59 Time (days) 137 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 80.59 Time (days) 1,100 Cost (% of income per capita) 133.2 Payments (number per year) 28 Cost (% of claim) 16.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 127 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 22.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 92 Postfiling index (0–100) 76.07 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 21 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 63.41 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 78.46 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 9 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 73.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.5 CZECH REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 17,570 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 30 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 76.27 Population 10,561,633 g a business (rank)  Starting 81 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.44 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 79.5 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 127 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 62.77 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 21 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 247 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 15 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 90.33 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 91 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 53 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.21 Time (days) 68 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 79.26 Time (days) 611 Cost (% of income per capita) 23.8 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 33.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 248 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 50.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 32 Postfiling index (0–100) 90.75 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 25 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 79.68 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 76.69 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.1 Time (days) 28 Cost (% of estate) 17.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 67.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 82 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business DENMARK OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 56,730 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 3 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 84.06 Population 5,731,118 g a business (rank) Starting 34 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.50 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 3.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.4 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 1 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 33 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 86.79 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 66.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 7 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 64 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 16 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 90.21 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 32 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 8 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 68.37 Time (days) 38 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 91.22 Time (days) 485 Cost (% of income per capita) 106.2 Payments (number per year) 10 Cost (% of claim) 23.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 130 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 24.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 11 Postfiling index (0–100) 89.06 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 89.88 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 84.93 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 4 Cost (% of estate) 4.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 DJIBOUTI Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,908 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 154 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 49.58 Population 942,333 g a business (rank)  Starting 115  Getting g credit (rank) 183 Tradingg across borders (rank) 159 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.38 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 5.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 51.87 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 35.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 109 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 95  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 84  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 944 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.48 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 50 Time (days) 111 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 78 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 1,209 Getting g electricity y (rank) 169 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 40.75 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 175 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 108 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 34.78 Time (days) 125 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 68.91 Time (days) 1,025 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,979.9 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 34.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 76 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 37.7 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 168 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.57 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 73 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 42.65 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 48.32 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.3 Time (days) 39 Cost (% of estate) 11.0 Cost (% of property value) 12.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 DOMINICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,750 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 98 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.96 Population 73,543 g a business (rank) Starting 67 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 81 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.29 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 74.26 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 74 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 625 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 70.07 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Time (days) 191 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 39 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 906 Getting g electricity y (rank) 46 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.43 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 79 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 77 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.17 Time (days) 61 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 74.91 Time (days) 681 Cost (% of income per capita) 466.1 Payments (number per year) 37 Cost (% of claim) 36.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 117 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 164 Postfiling index (0–100) 79.66 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 132 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 43.40 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 34.41 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 42 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 13.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 83  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,390 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 99 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.93 Population 10,648,791 g a business (rank)  Starting 116 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 59 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.23 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 83.51 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 16.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 68.3 p Border compliance (hours) 16 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 33.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 26.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 15 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 62 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 488 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.73 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 14 Time (days) 184 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 579  Getting g electricity y (rank) 108 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 64.74 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 136 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 149 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.71 Time (days) 67 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 57.45 Time (days) 590 Cost (% of income per capita) 248.6 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 40.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 317 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 48.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 79 Postfiling index (0–100) 10.71  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 121 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.67 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 37.59 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.5 Time (days) 45 Cost (% of estate) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.5 ECUADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,820 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 118 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.83 Population 16,385,068 g a business (rank) Starting 168 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 102 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 70.50 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 68.65 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 48.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 71.0 p Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 140 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 105 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 124 p Border compliance (US$) 560 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.32 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 46.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Time (days) 132 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 250 Getting g electricity y (rank) 85 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 72.16 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 75 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 145 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.38 Time (days) 74 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 58.39 Time (days) 523 Cost (% of income per capita) 636.1 Payments (number per year) 10 Cost (% of claim) 27.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 666 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 32.5 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 74 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.54 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 157 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 66.18 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 25.01 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 5.3 Time (days) 38 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 EGYPT, ARAB REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,460 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 128 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.22 Population 95,688,681 g a business (rank) Starting 103 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 170 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.53 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 42.23 Procedures (number) 8.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 14.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 88 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 25.3 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.8 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 66  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 258 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.43 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 265 Time (days) 172 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 240 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 14.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 1,000 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 554 Getting g electricity y (rank) 89 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 71.24 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 160 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 167 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 42.75 Time (days) 53 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 50.67 Time (days) 1,010 Cost (% of income per capita) 324.7 Payments (number per year) 29 Cost (% of claim) 26.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Time (hours per year) 392 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 45.3 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 119 Postfiling index (0–100) 26.62 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 115 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 55.50 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 38.89 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 75 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 84 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business EL SALVADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,920 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 73 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 66.42 Population 6,344,722 g a business (rank) Starting 140 Getting g credit (rank) 20  Tradingg across borders (rank) 43 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 78.88 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 89.29 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 16.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 41.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 35.4 p Border compliance (hours) 30 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 28.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 50  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 139 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 160 p Border compliance (US$) 128 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 60.16 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 38.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 23 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 13 Time (days) 122.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 36 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 67 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 128  Getting g electricity y (rank) 88 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 71.40 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 105 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 61 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.20 Time (days) 56 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.35 Time (days) 786 Cost (% of income per capita) 502.0 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 19.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 180 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 69 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.54 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 84 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 67.92 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.69 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.5 Time (days) 31 Cost (% of estate) 12.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,550 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 173 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 41.66 Population 1,221,490 g a business (rank)  Starting 182 Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 174 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 54.96 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 32.05 Procedures (number) 16 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 33 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 154 Cost (% of income per capita) 103.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 132 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 30.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 6.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 85 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 160 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 760 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 54.95 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 240 Time (days) 144 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 240 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 1.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 985 Getting g electricity y (rank) 146 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 53.44 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 104 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 177 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.25 Time (days) 106 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 41.54 Time (days) 475 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,185.2 Payments (number per year) 46 Cost (% of claim) 19.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 492 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 79.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 162 Postfiling index (0–100) 93.12 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 44.45 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 23 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 12.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 ERITREA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 823 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 189 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 22.87 Population 5,869,869 g a business (rank) Starting 184 Getting g credit (rank) 186 Tradingg across borders (rank) 189 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 50.60 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 0.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 0.00 Procedures (number) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 84 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) no practice Cost (% of income per capita) 27.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance p (hours) p no practice Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 118.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) no practice Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 186 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 172 p Border compliance (US$) p no practice DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 31.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) no practice Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) no practice Time (days) no practice Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) no practice Cost (% of warehouse value) no practice Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 0.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) no practice Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) no practice Getting g electricity y (rank) 187 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 0.00 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 119 Procedures (number) no practice y g taxes (rank) Paying 148 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 53.68 Time (days) no practice p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 57.50 Time (days) 490 Cost (% of income per capita) no practice Payments (number per year) 30 Cost (% of claim) 22.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 216 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 83.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 178 Postfiling index (0–100) 99.54 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 35.29 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 11 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 78 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 9.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 85  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business ESTONIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 17,750 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 12 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.80 Population 1,316,481 g a business (rank) Starting 12 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 17 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 95.15 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 99.92 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 3.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 35.2 p Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 16.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 8 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 76 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 82.50 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 56.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 103 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 41 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 83.21 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 11 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 14 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 74.34 Time (days) 91 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 89.56 Time (days) 455 Cost (% of income per capita) 168.8 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 21.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 50 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 48.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 6 Postfiling index (0–100) 99.38 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 44 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 91.02 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 65.62 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 17.5 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.0 ETHIOPIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 660 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 161 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 47.77 Population 102,403,196 g a business (rank)  Starting 174 Getting g credit (rank) 173  Tradingg across borders (rank) 167 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 68.43 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 15.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 45.34 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 33 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 76 Cost (% of income per capita) 57.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 51 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 175 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 169 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 176 p Border compliance (US$) 172 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 50.55 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 28.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 194 Time (days) 130 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 166 Cost (% of warehouse value) 16.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 2 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 750 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 738 Getting g electricity y (rank) 125 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 59.29 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 68 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 133 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.99 Time (days) 95 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 62.14 Time (days) 530 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,027.9 Payments (number per year) 30 Cost (% of claim) 15.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 306 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 38.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 139 Postfiling index (0–100) 50.89 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 122 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 51.32 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 37.31 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 52 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 FIJI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,840 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 101 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.74 Population 898,760 g a business (rank) Starting 160 Getting g credit (rank) 159 Tradingg across borders (rank) 75 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 73.26 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 77.57 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 40 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 56 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 56 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 76 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 92 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 317 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.69 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 34 Time (days) 141 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 42 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 58 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 320 Getting g electricity y (rank) 84 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 72.19 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 89 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 120 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.44 Time (days) 81 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 66.00 Time (days) 397 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,391.9 Payments (number per year) 38 Cost (% of claim) 38.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 247 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 58 Postfiling index (0–100) 62.62 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 92 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 71.86 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 43.72 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 1.8 Time (days) 69 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 46.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 86 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business FINLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 44,730 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 13 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.37 Population 5,495,096 g a business (rank) Starting 26 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 34 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 93.15 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 92.44 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 20.9 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 6.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 37 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 213 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.74 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 65 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 20 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 88.97 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 46 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 12 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 66.40 Time (days) 42 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 90.14 Time (days) 485 Cost (% of income per capita) 27.1 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 16.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 93 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 38.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 27 Postfiling index (0–100) 93.09 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.73 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 92.82 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 0.9 Time (days) 47 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.5 FRANCE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 38,950 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 31 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 76.13 Population 66,896,109 g a business (rank) Starting 25 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 93.28 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 3.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 47.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 18  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 33 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 79.29 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 66.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 9 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 183 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 14.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 26 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 10 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 85.89 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 15 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 54 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 73.04 Time (days) 71 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 78.55 Time (days) 395 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.0 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 17.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 139 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 62.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 100 Postfiling index (0–100) 92.40 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 28 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 60.69 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 73.91 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 1.9 Time (days) 64 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 73.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 GABON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 7,210 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 167 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 46.19 Population 1,979,786 g a business (rank)  Starting 132 Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 169 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 80.48 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 43.94 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 33 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 28.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 200  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 149 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 160 p Border compliance (US$) 1,633 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 58.33 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 38.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Time (days) 276 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 84 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 170 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 1,320 Getting g electricity y (rank) 170 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 40.21 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 178 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 165 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 32.84 Time (days) 148 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 51.64 Time (days) 1,160 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,294.5 Payments (number per year) 26 Cost (% of claim) 34.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 488 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 46.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 173 Postfiling index (0–100) 42.47 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 126 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 40.00 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 36.11 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 5.0 Time (days) 102 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 87  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business GAMBIA, THE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 440 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 146 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.92 Population 2,038,501 g a business (rank) Starting 171 Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 105 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 69.00 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 67.81 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 25 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 128.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 109 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 133 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 118 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 164 p Border compliance (US$) 381 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 64.31 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 36.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 32 Time (days) 144 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 87 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 4.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 152 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 326 Getting g electricity y (rank) 156 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 49.29 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 107 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 169 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.84 Time (days) 78 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 49.34 Time (days) 407 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,517.9 Payments (number per year) 49 Cost (% of claim) 37.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 326 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 51.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 129 Postfiling index (0–100) 53.46 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 130 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 53.28 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 34.71 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 66 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.5 GEORGIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,810 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 9 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 82.04 Population 3,719,300 g a business (rank) Starting 4 Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 62 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 97.84 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 82.43 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 2 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 95.7 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 35 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 29  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 2 p Border compliance (US$) 383 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 77.57 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 81.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 63 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 15 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 189 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (US$) 396  Getting g electricity y (rank) 30 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 84.32 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 7 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 22 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 75.97 Time (days) 71 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 87.14 Time (days) 285 Cost (% of income per capita) 176.8 Payments (number per year) 5 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 269 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 16.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 4 Postfiling index (0–100) 85.89  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 57 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 92.85 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 55.59 Procedures (number) 1 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 1 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 GERMANY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 43,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 20 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.00 Population 82,667,685 g a business (rank) Starting 113 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 39 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.46 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 91.77 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 10.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 32.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 45 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 24 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 345 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 78.16 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 9 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 126 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 5 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 98.79 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 22 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 41 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 71.32 Time (days) 28 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 82.14 Time (days) 499 Cost (% of income per capita) 40.2 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 14.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 218 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 48.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 77 Postfiling index (0–100) 97.67 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 4 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 65.71 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 90.27 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.2 Time (days) 52 Cost (% of estate) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 80.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 88 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business GHANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,380 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 120 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.24 Population 28,206,728 g a business (rank) Starting 110 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 158 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.02 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 52.32 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 89 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 16.5 p Border compliance (hours) 108 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 155  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 131 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 490 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.90 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 76 Time (days) 170 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 89 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 474 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 553 Getting g electricity y (rank) 136 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 56.81 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 116 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 116 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.00 Time (days) 78 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 66.47 Time (days) 710 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,080.5 Payments (number per year) 31 Cost (% of claim) 23.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 224 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 119 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.54 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 158 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 55.50 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 24.77 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.9 Time (days) 47 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 GREECE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 18,960 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 67 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.02 Population 10,746,740 g a business (rank)  Starting 37 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 29 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.30 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 93.72 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 12.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 78.3 p Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 30 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 58 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 300 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 72.48 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 124 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 76 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 75.97 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 131 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 65 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 50.19 Time (days) 55 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.97 Time (days) 1,580 Cost (% of income per capita) 70.1 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 14.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 193 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 51.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 145 Postfiling index (0–100) 75.70 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 57 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 49.67 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 55.59 Procedures (number) 10 Time (years) 3.5 Time (days) 20 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 GRENADA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 8,830 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 142 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 52.94 Population 107,317 g a business (rank) Starting 82 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 131 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.09 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 61.52 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 101 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 128 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 132 p Border compliance (US$) 1,034 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 62.22 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 43.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Time (days) 146 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 37 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 1,745 Getting g electricity y (rank) 73 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 76.41 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 76 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 141 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.33 Time (days) 38 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 59.39 Time (days) 688 Cost (% of income per capita) 187.8 Payments (number per year) 42 Cost (% of claim) 32.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 140 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 48.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 141 Postfiling index (0–100) 48.85  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 50.15 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 32 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 89  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business GUATEMALA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,790 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 97 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.18 Population 16,582,469 g a business (rank) Starting 139 Getting g credit (rank) 20 Tradingg across borders (rank) 79 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 79.30 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 75.31 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 26.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.4 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 16.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 17.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 105  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 116 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 172 p Border compliance (US$) 310 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 64.63 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 31.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 32 Time (days) 205 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 140 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 405 Getting g electricity y (rank) 36 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 84.02 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 176 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 100 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 34.55 Time (days) 44 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 70.30 Time (days) 1,402 Cost (% of income per capita) 550.6 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 26.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 248 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 85 Postfiling index (0–100) 33.04 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 153 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 64.44 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 27.57 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 24 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 490 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 153 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 49.80 Population 12,395,924 g a business (rank) Starting 125 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 165 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 81.77 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 46.24 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 139 Cost (% of income per capita) 67.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 8.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 128  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 75 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 778 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 69.92 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 156 Time (days) 161 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 91 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 180 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 909 Getting g electricity y (rank) 158 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 47.88 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 117 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 182 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 53.87 Time (days) 69 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 38.93 Time (days) 311 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,639.8 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 45.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 400 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 61.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 143 Postfiling index (0–100) 12.77 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 111 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 50.07 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 39.27 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.8 Time (days) 44 Cost (% of estate) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 8.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 GUINEA–BISSAU Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 620 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 176 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 41.45 Population 1,815,698 g a business (rank) Starting 178  Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 141 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 63.76 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 59.60 Procedures (number) 8.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 8.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 48.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.3 p Border compliance (hours) 118 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 273.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 160 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 176 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 585 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 44.40 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Time (days) 143 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 84 Cost (% of warehouse value) 28.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 205 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 550 Getting g electricity y (rank) 180 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 29.01 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 168 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 155 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 36.76 Time (days) 257 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 54.93 Time (days) 1,785 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,399.8 Payments (number per year) 46 Cost (% of claim) 28.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 218 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 45.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 126 Postfiling index (0–100) 45.34 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 54.41 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 48 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 5.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 90 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business GUYANA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,250 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 126 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.28 Population 773,303 g a business (rank) Starting 92 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 142 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.55 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 59.33 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 18 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 200 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 52.8 p Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 78 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 163 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 378 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 54.66 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 156 Time (days) 208 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 84 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 4.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 63 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 265 Getting g electricity y (rank) 132 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 58.35  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 93 Procedures (number) 8 y g taxes (rank) Paying 123 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 57.87 Time (days) 82 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 65.08 Time (days) 581 Cost (% of income per capita) 441.7 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 27.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 256 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 32.3 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 110 Postfiling index (0–100) 54.24 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 162 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 57.90 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 22.38 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 45 Cost (% of estate) 28.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 HAITI Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 780 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 181 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 38.24 Population 10,847,334 g a business (rank) Starting 189 Getting g credit (rank) 177 Tradingg across borders (rank) 77 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 33.70 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 10.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 76.90 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 97 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 22 Cost (% of income per capita) 200.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 28 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 14.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 48 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 177 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 188 p Border compliance (US$) 368 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 44.15 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 20.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 28 Time (days) 98 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 83 Cost (% of warehouse value) 21.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 563 Getting g electricity y (rank) 138 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 0 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 55.40 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 125 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 147 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 52.49 Time (days) 60 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 57.55 Time (days) 530 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,522.0 Payments (number per year) 47 Cost (% of claim) 42.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 184 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 42.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 180 Postfiling index (0–100) 48.17 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 32.22 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 312 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 6.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 2.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 HONDURAS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,150 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 115 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.46 Population 9,112,867 g a business (rank) Starting 150 Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 115 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 76.98 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 65.85 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 41.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 44.9 p Border compliance (hours) 88 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 20.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 113 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 129 p Border compliance (US$) 601 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 65.44 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 45.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 94 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 483 Getting g electricity y (rank) 144 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 53.61 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 152 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 164 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 45.54 Time (days) 39 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 51.74 Time (days) 920 Cost (% of income per capita) 790.8 Payments (number per year) 48 Cost (% of claim) 35.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 224 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 44.4 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 91 Postfiling index (0–100) 35.14 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 142 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 63.42 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 32.07 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.8 Time (days) 29 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 91  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business HONG KONG SAR, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 43,240 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 5 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 83.44 Population 7,346,700 g a business (rank)  Starting 3 Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 31 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 98.14 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 93.56 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 1.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 57 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 5 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 9 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 84.86 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 76.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 72 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 19 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 57 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 266 Getting g electricity y (rank) 4 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 99.02 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 28 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 3 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 69.13 Time (days) 27 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 98.82 Time (days) 385 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.4 Payments (number per year) 3 Cost (% of claim) 23.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 72 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 22.9 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 55 Postfiling index (0–100) 98.85 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 43 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.54 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 65.69 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 0.8 Time (days) 27.5 Cost (% of estate) 5.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 HUNGARY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 12,570 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 48 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.39 Population 9,817,958 g a business (rank) Starting 79 Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.60 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 89.8 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 43.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 90 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.93 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 20 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 205.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 110 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 63.26  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 13 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 93 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 73.75 Time (days) 257 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 71.49 Time (days) 605 Cost (% of income per capita) 90.3 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 15.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 277 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 46.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 29 Postfiling index (0–100) 63.94 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 62 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 80.09 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 54.75 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 17.5 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.0 ICELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 56,990 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 23 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.50 Population 334,252 g a business (rank) Starting 55 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 69 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.71 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 80.27 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 11.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 6.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 64 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 29 p Border compliance (US$) 655 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.72 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 68.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 84 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 655 Getting g electricity y (rank) 11 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 92.24 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 29 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 33 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 69.10 Time (days) 22 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.54 Time (days) 417 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.4 Payments (number per year) 21 Cost (% of claim) 9.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 140 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 29.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 15 Postfiling index (0–100) 87.20 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 13 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 86.61 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 81.44 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 3.5 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 84.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 92 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business INDIA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 100 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.76 Population 1,324,171,354 g a business (rank)  Starting 156  Getting g credit (rank) 29  Tradingg across borders (rank) 146 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 75.40 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 58.56 Procedures (number) 11.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 29.8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 38.4 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 43.5 p Border compliance (hours) 106.1 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 91.9  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 181  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 4 p Border compliance (US$) 382.4 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 38.80 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 80.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 30.1 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 61.3 Time (days) 143.9 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 264.5 Cost (% of warehouse value) 23.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (US$) 134.8 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 543.2 Getting g electricity y (rank) 29 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 85.21  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 164 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 119 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 40.76 Time (days) 45.9 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 66.06 Time (days) 1,445 Cost (% of income per capita) 96.7 Payments (number per year) 13 Cost (% of claim) 31.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 214 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.3 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 55.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 154 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.31  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 103 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 47.08 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 40.75 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 4.3 Time (days) 53 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 8.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.2 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 INDONESIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,400 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 72 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 66.47 Population 261,115,456 g a business (rank)  Starting 144  Getting g credit (rank) 55  Tradingg across borders (rank) 112 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 77.93 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 66.59 Procedures (number) 11.2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 23.1 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 61.3 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 18.3 p Border compliance (hours) 53.3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 55.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 138.8 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 108  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 253.7 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.08 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 119.2 Time (days) 200.2 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 99.4 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 2 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 164.4 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 382.6  Getting g electricity y (rank) 38 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 83.87 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 145 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 114 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 47.23 Time (days) 34 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 68.04 Time (days) 403 Cost (% of income per capita) 276.1 Payments (number per year) 43 Cost (% of claim) 70.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 207.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.9 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 30.0 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 106 Postfiling index (0–100) 68.82 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 38 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 59.01 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 67.61 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 1.1 Time (days) 27.6 Cost (% of estate) 21.6 Cost (% of property value) 8.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.5 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,683 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 124 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.48 Population 80,277,428 g a business (rank) Starting 97  Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 166 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.16 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 46.11 Procedures (number) 8.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 55.8 p Border compliance (hours) 101 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 54.7 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 125 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 25 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 170 p Border compliance (US$) 565 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 78.07 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 33.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Time (days) 99 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 141 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 1 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 197 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 660 Getting g electricity y (rank) 99 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 68.43 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 80 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 150 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.07 Time (days) 77 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 56.57 Time (days) 505 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,064.9 Payments (number per year) 20 Cost (% of claim) 17.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 344 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 44.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 87 Postfiling index (0–100) 26.88 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 160 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 64.16 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 23.93 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 4.5 Time (days) 12 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 93  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business IRAQ Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,430 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 168 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.87 Population 37,202,572 g a business (rank)  Starting 154  Getting g credit (rank) 186 Tradingg across borders (rank) 179 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 75.87 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 0.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 25.33 Procedures (number) 8.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 26.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 504 Cost (% of income per capita) 43.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 85 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 18.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 1,800 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 93 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 124 p Border compliance (US$) 1,118 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.66 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 46.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 176 Time (days) 167 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 131 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 500 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 644 Getting g electricity y (rank) 116 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 61.64 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 144 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 129 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.02 Time (days) 51 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 63.55 Time (days) 520 Cost (% of income per capita) 466.6 Payments (number per year) 15 Cost (% of claim) 28.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 312 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 1.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 30.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 101 Postfiling index (0–100) 21.43 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 59.97 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 51 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 5.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 IRELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 52,560 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 17 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.51 Population 4,773,095 g a business (rank) Starting 8 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 47 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 95.91 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 87.25 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 30 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 10 p Border compliance (US$) 305 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 76.99 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 75.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 149.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 253 Getting g electricity y (rank) 35 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 84.22 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 98 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 4 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 56.03 Time (days) 85 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 94.46 Time (days) 650 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.8 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 26.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 82 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 26.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 40 Postfiling index (0–100) 92.93 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 17 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 76.29 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 79.00 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 0.4 Time (days) 31.5 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 85.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.5 ISRAEL OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 36,190 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 54 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.42 Population 8,547,100 g a business (rank) Starting 37 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 60 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.30 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 82.85 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 71.4 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 73 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 65 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 16 p Border compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.69 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 73.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Time (days) 209 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 64 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 307 Getting g electricity y (rank) 77 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 75.20 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 92 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 99 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 57.93 Time (days) 102 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 70.35 Time (days) 975 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.1 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 25.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 235 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 27.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 130 Postfiling index (0–100) 61.36 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 29 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 52.84 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 72.74 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 81 Cost (% of estate) 23.0 Cost (% of property value) 8.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 62.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 94 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business ITALY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 31,590 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 46 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.70 Population 60,600,590 g a business (rank) Starting 66 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.42 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 6.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 30.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 96 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.26 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 227.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 0  Getting g electricity y (rank) 28 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 85.27 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 108 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 112 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.79 Time (days) 82 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 68.29 Time (days) 1,120 Cost (% of income per capita) 156.5 Payments (number per year) 14 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 238 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 48.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 23 Postfiling index (0–100) 52.39 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 24 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 81.70 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 76.97 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 1.8 Time (days) 16 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 JAMAICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 70 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 67.27 Population 2,881,355 g a business (rank)  Starting 5 Getting g credit (rank) 20  Tradingg across borders (rank) 130 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 97.30 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 61.54 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 3 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 47 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 24.1 p Border compliance (hours) 58 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 98 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 876 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.22 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 56 Time (days) 141.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 80 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 906  Getting g electricity y (rank) 91 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 71.11 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 127 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 122 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 51.87 Time (days) 95 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 65.67 Time (days) 550 Cost (% of income per capita) 237.3 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 50.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 268 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 128 Postfiling index (0–100) 19.68 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 35 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 53.70 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 69.31 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 1.1 Time (days) 18 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 9.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 JAPAN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 38,000 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 34 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.68 Population 126,994,511 g a business (rank) Starting 106 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 51 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.37 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 86.51 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 12.2 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2.4 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 22.6 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 54 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 50 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 264.9 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.36 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 3.4 Time (days) 197 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 39.6 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 107 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 299.2 Getting g electricity y (rank) 17 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 89.88 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 51 Procedures (number) 3.4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 68 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 65.26 Time (days) 97.7 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.71 Time (days) 360 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Payments (number per year) 14 Cost (% of claim) 23.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 151 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 47.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 52 Postfiling index (0–100) 71.69 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 1 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 73.92 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 93.44 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 0.6 Time (days) 13 Cost (% of estate) 4.2 Cost (% of property value) 5.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 92.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 95  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business JORDAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,920 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 103 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.58 Population 9,455,802 g a business (rank) Starting 105  Getting g credit (rank) 159 Tradingg across borders (rank) 53 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.40 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 85.93 Procedures (number) 7.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 12.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 15.3 p Border compliance (hours) 38 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 16 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 110 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 131 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 65.74 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 55 Time (days) 62 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 79 Cost (% of warehouse value) 12.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 2 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (US$) 30 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 181 Getting g electricity y (rank) 40 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 83.33 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 118 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 97 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 53.71 Time (days) 55 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 70.75 Time (days) 642 Cost (% of income per capita) 384.1 Payments (number per year) 25 Cost (% of claim) 31.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 128.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 28.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 72 Postfiling index (0–100) 34.69 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 146 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.40 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 30.53 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 17 Cost (% of estate) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 9.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 KAZAKHSTAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 8,710 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 36 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.44 Population 17,797,032 g a business (rank) Starting 41 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 123 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.95 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 63.19 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 128 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 54.4 p Border compliance (hours) 133 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 320 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 52  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 1 p Border compliance (US$) 574 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.30 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 85.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Time (days) 123 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 70 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 76.77  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 6 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 50 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 77.55 Time (days) 77 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 79.47 Time (days) 370 Cost (% of income per capita) 47.4 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 22.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 178 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 29.2 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 17 Postfiling index (0–100) 48.85 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 39 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 84.61 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 67.52 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 3.5 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15.0 KENYA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,380 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 80 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.15 Population 48,461,567 g a business (rank)  Starting 117  Getting g credit (rank) 29  Tradingg across borders (rank) 106 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.20 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 67.63 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 25 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 26.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 30.4 p Border compliance (hours) 21 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 191  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 124 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 143 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 63.16 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Time (days) 159 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 180 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 115 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 833  Getting g electricity y (rank) 71 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 76.68 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 90 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 92 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.27 Time (days) 97 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 71.67 Time (days) 465 Cost (% of income per capita) 724.7 Payments (number per year) 26 Cost (% of claim) 41.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 185.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 37.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 125 Postfiling index (0–100) 62.03 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 95 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 54.49 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 43.11 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 4.5 Time (days) 61 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 96 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business KIRIBATI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,380 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 157 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.74 Population 114,395 g a business (rank) Starting 147 Getting g credit (rank) 170 Tradingg across borders (rank) 127 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 77.47 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 20.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 62.08 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 31 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 40.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 16.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 310 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 111 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 124 p Border compliance (US$) 420 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 65.72 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 46.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 150 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 120 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 685 Getting g electricity y (rank) 168 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 41.50 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 121 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 94 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 53.39 Time (days) 97 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 71.42 Time (days) 660 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,022.3 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 25.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 168 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 32.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 146 Postfiling index (0–100) 26.68 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 49.12 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 513 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 KOREA, REP. OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 27,600 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 4 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 83.92 Population 51,245,707 g a business (rank) Starting 9 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 33 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 95.83 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 92.52 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 13 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 11 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 28 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 20 p Border compliance (US$) 185 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 77.74 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 71.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 27.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 27 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 315 Getting g electricity y (rank) 2 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 99.89 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 1 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 24 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 84.15 Time (days) 13 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 86.69 Time (days) 290 Cost (% of income per capita) 37.0 Payments (number per year) 12 Cost (% of claim) 12.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 188 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 39 Postfiling index (0–100) 93.04 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 5 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 76.34 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 89.33 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 5.5 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 84.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.0 KOSOVO Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,850 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 40 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.49 Population 1,816,200 g a business (rank)  Starting 10  Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 48 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 95.67 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 86.87 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 p Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 38 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 28 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 40.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 127 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 122 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 89 p Border compliance (US$) 105 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 63.72 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 53.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Time (days) 152 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 16 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 42 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 128 Getting g electricity y (rank) 106 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 66.12 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 49 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 45 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 65.66 Time (days) 36 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 80.28 Time (days) 330 Cost (% of income per capita) 219.1 Payments (number per year) 10 Cost (% of claim) 34.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Time (hours per year) 155 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 15.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 34 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.16  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 49 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 78.12 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 60.13 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 27 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 97  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business KUWAIT Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 39,050 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 96 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.23 Population 4,052,584 g a business (rank)  Starting 149 Getting g credit (rank) 133 Tradingg across borders (rank) 154 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 77.21 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 54.24 Procedures (number) 9.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 38.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 31.0 p Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 8.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 15.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 191 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 129 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 602 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 62.20 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 23 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Time (days) 236 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 89 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 332 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 491 Getting g electricity y (rank) 97 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 69.60 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 73 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 6 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.58 Time (days) 85 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 92.48 Time (days) 566 Cost (% of income per capita) 64.2 Payments (number per year) 12 Cost (% of claim) 18.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 98 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 13.0 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 70 Postfiling index (0–100) not applicable Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 110 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 67.55 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 39.44 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 4.2 Time (days) 35 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,100 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 77 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.70 Population 6,082,700 g a business (rank) Starting 29  Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 84 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.94 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 73.34 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 21 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 37.0 p Border compliance (hours) 20 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 145 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 31 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 51 p Border compliance (US$) 445 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 76.85 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 61.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Time (days) 142 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 512 Getting g electricity y (rank) 164 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 44.19 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 139 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 151 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.57 Time (days) 125 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 56.55 Time (days) 410 Cost (% of income per capita) 814.4 Payments (number per year) 51 Cost (% of claim) 47.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 225 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 29.0 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 8 Postfiling index (0–100) 37.38 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 119 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 90.21 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 37.67 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 3.5 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 LAO PDR East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,150 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 141 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 53.01 Population 6,758,353 g a business (rank) Starting 164 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 124 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 72.56 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 62.98 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 67 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 216 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 12 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 11.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 235 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 40 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 172 p Border compliance (US$) 73 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.25 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 31.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 216 Time (days) 83 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 14 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 115 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 153 Getting g electricity y (rank) 149 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 52.65 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 97 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 156 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 56.22 Time (days) 134 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 54.18 Time (days) 443 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,132.5 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 31.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Time (hours per year) 362 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 26.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 65 Postfiling index (0–100) 18.57 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 69.55 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 53 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 1.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 98 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business LATVIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 14,630 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 19 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.26 Population 1,960,424 g a business (rank) Starting 21 Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 25 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.11 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 95.26 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 43.1 p Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 88.8 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 35 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 49 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.41 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 192 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 62 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 79.05 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 20 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 13 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 71.66 Time (days) 107 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 89.79 Time (days) 469 Cost (% of income per capita) 278.1 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 168.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 22 Postfiling index (0–100) 98.11 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 53 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 81.87 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 59.10 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 16.5 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 LEBANON Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 7,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 133 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.67 Population 6,006,668 g a business (rank) Starting 143 Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 140 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 78.17 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 59.71 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 42.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 22.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 142 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 410 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 59.66 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 249 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 180 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 135 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 695 Getting g electricity y (rank) 123 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 60.07 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 134 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 113 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 49.85 Time (days) 75 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 68.21 Time (days) 721 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.2 Payments (number per year) 20 Cost (% of claim) 30.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 181 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 30.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 102 Postfiling index (0–100) 27.48 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 147 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 59.93 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 29.42 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 34 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 LESOTHO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,210 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 104 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.42 Population 2,203,821 g a business (rank) Starting 119 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 40 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.06 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 91.60 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 29 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.5 p Border compliance (hours) 4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 167 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 51.57 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 183 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 5 Cost (% of warehouse value) 12.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 150 Getting g electricity y (rank) 152 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 52.09 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 95 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 111 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 57.18 Time (days) 114 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 68.68 Time (days) 615 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,341.8 Payments (number per year) 32 Cost (% of claim) 31.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 333 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 13.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 109 Postfiling index (0–100) 66.94 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 124 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 58.12 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 36.91 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.6 Time (days) 43 Cost (% of estate) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 8.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 99  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business LIBERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 370 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 172 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 43.55 Population 4,613,823 g a business (rank) Starting 54 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 177 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.77 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 27.77 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 193 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 155 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 184 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 177 p Border compliance (US$) 1113 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 28.94 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 26.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 25 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Time (days) 87 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 217 Cost (% of warehouse value) 39.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 2.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 230 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 1,013 Getting g electricity y (rank) 176 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 32.95 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 174 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 69 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 35.23 Time (days) 482 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.70 Time (days) 1,300 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,174.9 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 35.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 139.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 45.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 183 Postfiling index (0–100) 98.62  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 106 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 31.04 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 40.43 Procedures (number) 10 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 44 Cost (% of estate) 30.0 Cost (% of property value) 13.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.0 LIBYA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,193 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 185 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 33.21 Population 6,293,253 g a business (rank) Starting 167 Getting g credit (rank) 186 Tradingg across borders (rank) 118 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 71.72 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 0.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 64.66 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 35 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 30.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 41.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 186 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 183 p Border compliance (US$) 575 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 25.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) no practice Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Time (days) no practice Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 79 Cost (% of warehouse value) no practice Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 0.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 637 Getting g electricity y (rank) 130 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 58.66 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 141 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 128 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.41 Time (days) 118 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 63.61 Time (days) 690 Cost (% of income per capita) 422.4 Payments (number per year) 19 Cost (% of claim) 27.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 889 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 32.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 187 Postfiling index (0–100) 90.16 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 0.00 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) no practice Time (years) no practice Time (days) no practice Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) no practice Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 LITHUANIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 14,770 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 16 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.87 Population 2,872,298 g a business (rank) Starting 27 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 19 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 93.05 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 97.70 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 19.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 45.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 28  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 12  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 58 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 81.43 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 75 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 0  Getting g electricity y (rank) 33 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 84.25 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 4 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 18 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 78.80 Time (days) 85 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 87.81 Time (days) 370 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.0 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 23.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 109.3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 42.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 3 Postfiling index (0–100) 97.52 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 70 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 92.94 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 49.37 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 2.3 Time (days) 3.5 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 45.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 28.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 100 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business LUXEMBOURG OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 76,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 63 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 69.01 Population 582,972 g a business (rank) Starting 70 Getting g credit (rank) 173 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 88.76 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 15.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 16.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 18.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 7  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 119 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 83.71 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 48.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 157 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 15.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 31 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 84.31 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 14 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 21 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 73.32 Time (days) 56 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 87.37 Time (days) 321 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.4 Payments (number per year) 23 Cost (% of claim) 9.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 55 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 20.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 88 Postfiling index (0–100) 83.75 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 86 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 63.85 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.42 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 26.5 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 MACEDONIA, FYR Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,980 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 11 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 81.18 Population 2,081,206 g a business (rank) Starting 22 Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 27 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 93.94 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 93.87 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 39.7 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 45 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 26 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 4 p Border compliance (US$) 103 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 78.01 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 80.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 96 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 150 Getting g electricity y (rank) 53 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 81.42 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 35 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 29 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.79 Time (days) 97 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.72 Time (days) 634 Cost (% of income per capita) 200.1 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 28.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 119 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 13.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 48 Postfiling index (0–100) 56.36 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 30 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 74.49 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 72.54 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 30 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 47.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15.0 MADAGASCAR Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 400 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 162 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 47.67 Population 24,894,551 g a business (rank)  Starting 76  Getting g credit (rank) 133 Tradingg across borders (rank) 134 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.76 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 60.95 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 49 Cost (% of income per capita) 35.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 70 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 5.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 117 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 183 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 868 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 35.88 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 58 Time (days) 185 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 99 Cost (% of warehouse value) 54.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 595 Getting g electricity y (rank) 184 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 21.07 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 158 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 131 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 42.85 Time (days) 450 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 62.70 Time (days) 871 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,322.0 Payments (number per year) 23 Cost (% of claim) 33.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 183 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 38.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 161 Postfiling index (0–100) 21.84 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 133 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 44.63 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 34.24 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 100 Cost (% of estate) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 9.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 11.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 101  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business MALAWI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 320 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 110 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.94 Population 18,091,575 g a business (rank)  Starting 152  Getting g credit (rank) 6  Tradingg across borders (rank) 117 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 76.43 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 90.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 65.29 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 p Time to export Time (days) 37 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 75 Cost (% of income per capita) 44.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 23.5 p Border compliance (hours) 78 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 342  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 144 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 243 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 59.22 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 55 Time (days) 153 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 55 Cost (% of warehouse value) 11.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 162 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 143 Getting g electricity y (rank) 166 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 43.43 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 151 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 134 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 45.55 Time (days) 127 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 62.10 Time (days) 522 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,341.6 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 69.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 177.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 34.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 96 Postfiling index (0–100) 33.41  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 138 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 62.45 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.28 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.6 Time (days) 69 Cost (% of estate) 25.0 Cost (% of property value) 1.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 12.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 MALAYSIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 9,850 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 24 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.43 Population 31,187,265 g a business (rank) Starting 111  Getting g credit (rank) 20  Tradingg across borders (rank) 61 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.78 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 82.75 Procedures (number) 8.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 18.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 82.6 p Border compliance (hours) 45 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 63.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 45 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 11  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 4 p Border compliance (US$) 321 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 82.19 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 80.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Time (days) 78 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 69 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 321 Getting g electricity y (rank) 8 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 94.33 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 44 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 73 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 66.61 Time (days) 31 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.07 Time (days) 425 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.0 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 37.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 188 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 39.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 42 Postfiling index (0–100) 52.65 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 46 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 76.06 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 62.51 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 13 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 81.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 MALDIVES South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,430 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 136 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.42 Population 417,492 g a business (rank) Starting 68 Getting g credit (rank) 133 Tradingg across borders (rank) 152 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.06 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 55.87 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 42 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 18.8 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 300 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 54 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 132 p Border compliance (US$) 596 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 72.87 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 43.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 61 Time (days) 140 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 100 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 180 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 981 Getting g electricity y (rank) 143 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 53.69 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 106 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 118 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.07 Time (days) 91 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 66.08 Time (days) 760 Cost (% of income per capita) 283.5 Payments (number per year) 17 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 390.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 30.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 174 Postfiling index (0–100) 46.10 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 139 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 39.97 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 33.26 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 57 Cost (% of estate) 4.0 Cost (% of property value) 15.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 50.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 2.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 102 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business MALI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 750 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 143 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 52.92 Population 17,994,837 g a business (rank) Starting 104 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 85 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.46 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 73.30 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 8.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 58.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.8 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 5.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 33 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 134 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 242 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.36 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 77 Time (days) 124 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 98 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 545 Getting g electricity y (rank) 154 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 51.12 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 159 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 166 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 42.80 Time (days) 120 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 51.55 Time (days) 620 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,794.6 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 52.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 270 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 48.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 137 Postfiling index (0–100) 25.71 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 94 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 51.43 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 43.22 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.6 Time (days) 29 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 11.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 MALTA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 24,140 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 84 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.72 Population 436,947 g a business (rank)  Starting 102 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 41 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.83 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 91.01 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 16 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 53.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 25 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 45 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 51 p Border compliance (US$) 325 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 73.86 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 61.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 167 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 230 Getting g electricity y (rank) 78 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 75.16 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 37 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 71 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.57 Time (days) 106 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.19 Time (days) 505 Cost (% of income per capita) 222.5 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 21.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 139 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 43.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 147 Postfiling index (0–100) 52.51 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 117 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 48.86 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 38.07 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 15 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 13.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.5 MARSHALL ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,450 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 149 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.45 Population 53,066 g a business (rank) Starting 72 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 67 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 88.49 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 80.59 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 17 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 20 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 71 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 177 p Border compliance (US$) 220 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 70.93 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 26.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 7 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Time (days) 38 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 84 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 1.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 43 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 220 Getting g electricity y (rank) 126 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 59.26 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 99 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 83 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.93 Time (days) 67 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 73.45 Time (days) 616 Cost (% of income per capita) 675.4 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 32.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 120 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 64.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 187 Postfiling index (0–100) not applicable Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 167 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 0.00 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 9.19 Procedures (number) no practice Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) no practice Cost (% of estate) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) no practice Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 103  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business MAURITANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,120 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 150 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 50.88 Population 4,301,018 g a business (rank)  Starting 43 Getting g credit (rank) 159  Tradingg across borders (rank) 138 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.80 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 60.30 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 51 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 62 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 92 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 109 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 749 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.03 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 64 Time (days) 104 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 69 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 400 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 580 Getting g electricity y (rank) 148 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 53.31  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 65 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 179 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 60.43 Time (days) 67 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 40.71 Time (days) 370 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,628.4 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 23.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Time (hours per year) 270 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 71.3 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 98 Postfiling index (0–100) 17.20 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 61.25 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 49 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 MAURITIUS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 9,760 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 25 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 77.54 Population 1,263,473 g a business (rank)  Starting 40 Getting g credit (rank) 55  Tradingg across borders (rank) 70 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.00 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 79.90 Procedures (number) 5.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 38 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 86.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 128  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 9 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 33 p Border compliance (US$) 303 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 82.45 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 66.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Time (days) 98 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 41 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 14.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 166 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 372 Getting g electricity y (rank) 51 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.03 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 27 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 10 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 69.58 Time (days) 81 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 90.85 Time (days) 519 Cost (% of income per capita) 229.4 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 152 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 21.9 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 35 Postfiling index (0–100) 87.65 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 36 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 77.89 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 69.06 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 1.7 Time (days) 17 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 67.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.5 MEXICO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,040 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 49 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.27 Population 127,540,423 g a business (rank) Starting 90 Getting g credit (rank) 6 Tradingg across borders (rank) 63 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.84 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 90.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 82.09 Procedures (number) 7.8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 8.4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 20.4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 60  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 87 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 400 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.28 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14.7 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 17.6 Time (days) 82.3 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 44.2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 9.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.7 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 450  Getting g electricity y (rank) 92 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 70.99 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 41 Procedures (number) 6.8 y g taxes (rank) Paying 115 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.01 Time (days) 100.4 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 67.01 Time (days) 341 Cost (% of income per capita) 314.3 Payments (number per year) 6 Cost (% of claim) 33.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 240.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.1 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 52.1 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 99 Postfiling index (0–100) 40.51 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 31 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 60.81 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 72.31 Procedures (number) 7.7 Time (years) 1.8 Time (days) 38.8 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 67.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 104 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business MICRONESIA, FED. STS. East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 155 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.99 Population 104,937 g a business (rank) Starting 170 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 58 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 69.56 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 84.00 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 16 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 141.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 137 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 183 p Border compliance (US$) 168 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.05 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 25.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 35 Time (days) 86 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 56 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 0.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 180 Getting g electricity y (rank) 109 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 0 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 64.48 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 183 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 110 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 29.39 Time (days) 105 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 68.78 Time (days) 885 Cost (% of income per capita) 343.2 Payments (number per year) 21 Cost (% of claim) 66.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 128 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 60.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 187 Postfiling index (0–100) not applicable Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 119 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 37.67 Procedures (number) no practice Time (years) 5.3 Time (days) no practice Cost (% of estate) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) no practice Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 3.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 MOLDOVA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,120 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 44 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.00 Population 3,552,000 g a business (rank)  Starting 23 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 35 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 93.76 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 92.32 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 13.6 p Border compliance (hours) 3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 44 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 165 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 33 p Border compliance (US$) 76 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 51.98 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 66.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 28 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 276 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 41 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 83 Getting g electricity y (rank) 80 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 74.65 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 62 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 32 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 60.87 Time (days) 87 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.55 Time (days) 585 Cost (% of income per capita) 721.4 Payments (number per year) 10 Cost (% of claim) 28.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 181 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 40.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 20 Postfiling index (0–100) 90.79 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 65 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 82.60 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 52.56 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 2.8 Time (days) 5.5 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 MONGOLIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,550 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 62 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 69.03 Population 3,027,398 g a business (rank) Starting 59  Getting g credit (rank) 20 Tradingg across borders (rank) 110 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.08 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 66.89 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 62 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 45.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 64 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 23 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 33 p Border compliance (US$) 191 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 78.19 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 66.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 115 Time (days) 137 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 14.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 83 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 210 Getting g electricity y (rank) 139 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 55.00 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 88 Procedures (number) 8 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 62 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.48 Time (days) 79 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.32 Time (days) 374 Cost (% of income per capita) 618.9 Payments (number per year) 19 Cost (% of claim) 30.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Time (hours per year) 134 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 24.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 50 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.08 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 93 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 74.18 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 43.54 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 10.5 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 105  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business MONTENEGRO Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 6,970 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 42 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.18 Population 622,781 g a business (rank) Starting 60 Getting g credit (rank) 12 Tradingg across borders (rank) 44 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.07 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 85.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 88.75 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 12 p Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 8 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 31.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 67 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 78 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 51 p Border compliance (US$) 158 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 69.30 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 61.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 8 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Time (days) 152 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 23 Cost (% of warehouse value) 10.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 306  Getting g electricity y (rank) 127 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 59.17 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 42 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 70 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 66.75 Time (days) 142 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.67 Time (days) 545 Cost (% of income per capita) 425.6 Payments (number per year) 18 Cost (% of claim) 25.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 300 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 22.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 76 Postfiling index (0–100) 70.49 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 37 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.76 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 68.70 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.4 Time (days) 69 Cost (% of estate) 8.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 49.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 MOROCCO Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,850 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 69 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 67.91 Population 35,276,786 g a business (rank)  Starting 35 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 65 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.46 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 81.12 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 25.0 p Border compliance (hours) 19 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 107 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 17 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 156 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 79.73 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Time (days) 88.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 106 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 116 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 228 Getting g electricity y (rank) 72 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 76.52 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 57 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 25 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 61.85 Time (days) 49 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 85.72 Time (days) 510 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,791.6 Payments (number per year) 6 Cost (% of claim) 26.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 155 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 49.8 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 86 Postfiling index (0–100) 98.62 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 134 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 64.35 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 34.03 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.5 Time (days) 22 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 MOZAMBIQUE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 480 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 138 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.00 Population 28,829,476 g a business (rank) Starting 137 Getting g credit (rank) 159  Tradingg across borders (rank) 109 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 79.86 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 67.25 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 19 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 70 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 66 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 220 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 56 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 602 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 72.80 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Time (days) 118 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 14 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 171 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 354  Getting g electricity y (rank) 150 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 52.54 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 184 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 117 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 27.32 Time (days) 68 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 66.13 Time (days) 950 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,817.3 Payments (number per year) 37 Cost (% of claim) 119.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 200 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 36.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 104 Postfiling index (0–100) 58.56 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 75 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 59.27 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 48.20 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 40 Cost (% of estate) 20.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 106 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business MYANMAR East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,315 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 171 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.21 Population 52,885,223 g a business (rank) Starting 155  Getting g credit (rank) 177 Tradingg across borders (rank) 163 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 75.42 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 10.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 47.67 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Cost (% of income per capita) 40.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 142 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 140 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 73 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 183 p Border compliance (US$) 432 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 70.33 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 25.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 95 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 230 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 210 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 457 Getting g electricity y (rank) 151 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 52.52 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 188 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 125 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 24.53 Time (days) 77 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 63.94 Time (days) 1,160 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,155.3 Payments (number per year) 31 Cost (% of claim) 51.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 282 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 31.2 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 134 Postfiling index (0–100) 45.54 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 164 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 52.30 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 20.39 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 5.0 Time (days) 85 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 NAMIBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,620 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 106 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.94 Population 2,479,713 g a business (rank) Starting 172 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 132 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 68.90 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 61.47 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 66 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 90 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 61.0 p Border compliance (hours) 120 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 348 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 107 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 89 p Border compliance (US$) 745 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.10 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 53.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 160 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 63 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 145 Getting g electricity y (rank) 68 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 78.12  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 59 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 79 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 61.58 Time (days) 37 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 74.52 Time (days) 460 Cost (% of income per capita) 343.7 Payments (number per year) 27 Cost (% of claim) 35.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 302 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 20.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 175 Postfiling index (0–100) 77.17 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 123 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 38.35 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 37.04 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 52 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 13.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 NEPAL South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 730 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 105 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.95 Population 28,982,771 g a business (rank) Starting 109  Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 76 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.04 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 77.17 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 16.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 43 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 1.7 p Border compliance (hours) 56 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 110 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 157  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 288 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 55.74 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 117 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 61 Cost (% of warehouse value) 16.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 190 Getting g electricity y (rank) 133 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 57.95 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 153 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 146 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 45.26 Time (days) 70 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 58.01 Time (days) 910 Cost (% of income per capita) 993.7 Payments (number per year) 34 Cost (% of claim) 26.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 339 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 29.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 84 Postfiling index (0–100) 33.35 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 76 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 64.82 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 48.15 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 6 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 107  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business NETHERLANDS OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 46,310 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 32 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 76.03 Population 17,018,408 g a business (rank) Starting 20  Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.28 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 3.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 95.2 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 76 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 69.33 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 161 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 52 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 81.58 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 69 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 20 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.94 Time (days) 110 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 87.59 Time (days) 514 Cost (% of income per capita) 29.5 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 23.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 119 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 40.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 30 Postfiling index (0–100) 91.95 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.04 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 84.22 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 1.1 Time (days) 2.5 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 89.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 28.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 NEW ZEALAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 39,070 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 1 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 86.55 Population 4,692,700 g a business (rank) Starting 1 Getting g credit (rank) 1 Tradingg across borders (rank) 56 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 99.96 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 100.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 84.63 Procedures (number) 1 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 12 p Time to export Time (days) 0.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 37 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 67 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 3 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 2 p Border compliance (US$) 337 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 86.36 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 81.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 93 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 25 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 15.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 367 Getting g electricity y (rank) 37 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 83.97  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 21 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 9 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 71.48 Time (days) 58 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 91.08 Time (days) 216 Cost (% of income per capita) 72.4 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 27.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 140 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 34.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 1 Postfiling index (0–100) 96.90 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 32 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 94.47 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 71.85 Procedures (number) 2 Time (years) 1.3 Time (days) 1 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 84.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 NICARAGUA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,050 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 131 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.39 Population 6,149,928 g a business (rank) Starting 138 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 74 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 79.61 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 78.99 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 65.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 55.9 p Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 20.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 47 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 174 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 167 p Border compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 45.82 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 35.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 1 Documentary compliance (hours) 16 Time (days) 225 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 3.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 86 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 400 Getting g electricity y (rank) 100 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 68.33  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 87 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 159 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.58 Time (days) 55 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 52.86 Time (days) 490 Cost (% of income per capita) 856.5 Payments (number per year) 43 Cost (% of claim) 26.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 201 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 60.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 148 Postfiling index (0–100) 52.55 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 102 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 48.85 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 40.89 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.2 Time (days) 56 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 108 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business NIGER Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 370 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 144 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 52.34 Population 20,672,987 g a business (rank)  Starting 24 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 122 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 93.65 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 63.61 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 51 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.2 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 39  Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 164 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 543 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 53.70 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 156 Time (days) 91 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 78 Cost (% of warehouse value) 13.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 282 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 462  Getting g electricity y (rank) 162 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 44.86 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 137 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 160 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.70 Time (days) 97 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 52.49 Time (days) 430 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,632.6 Payments (number per year) 41 Cost (% of claim) 52.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 270 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 47.3 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 116 Postfiling index (0–100) 38.02 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 112 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 57.15 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 39.19 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 5.0 Time (days) 35 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 NIGERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,450 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 145 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 52.03 Population 185,989,640 g a business (rank)  Starting 130  Getting g credit (rank) 6 Tradingg across borders (rank) 183 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 80.80 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 90.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 19.93 Procedures (number) 8.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 18.9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 131.4 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.8 p Border compliance (hours) 135.4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 250  Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 147 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 33 p Border compliance (US$) 785.7 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 58.81 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 66.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15.1 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 172.7 Time (days) 110.3 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 283.7 Cost (% of warehouse value) 18.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.8 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 564.3 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 1,076.8 Getting g electricity y (rank) 172 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 34.68 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 96 Procedures (number) 9.8 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 171 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 56.32 Time (days) 149.4 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 48.44 Time (days) 454 Cost (% of income per capita) 334.8 Payments (number per year) 59 Cost (% of claim) 42.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 360.4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.9 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 34.8 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 179 Postfiling index (0–100) 47.48 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 145 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 34.08 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 30.60 Procedures (number) 11.3 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 68.9 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.4 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 NORWAY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 82,330 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 8 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 82.16 Population 5,232,929 g a business (rank) Starting 19 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 22 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.30 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 96.97 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 4.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 21 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 10 p Border compliance (US$) 125 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 78.83 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 75.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 110.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 125 Getting g electricity y (rank) 23 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 10 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 87.46 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 8 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 28 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 75.71 Time (days) 66 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 85.18 Time (days) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.4 Payments (number per year) 4 Cost (% of claim) 9.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 83 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 37.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 14 Postfiling index (0–100) 63.69 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 6 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 87.26 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 85.94 Procedures (number) 1 Time (years) 0.9 Time (days) 3 Cost (% of estate) 1.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 93.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 109  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business OMAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 15,871 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 71 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 67.20 Population 4,424,762 g a business (rank) Starting 31 Getting g credit (rank) 133  Tradingg across borders (rank) 72 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.85 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 79.39 Procedures (number) 4.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 6.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 52 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 26.7 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 107 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 60 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 124 p Border compliance (US$) 261 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 72.15 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 46.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 7 Time (days) 172 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 70 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 124 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 394 Getting g electricity y (rank) 61 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 79.35 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 67 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 11 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 60.02 Time (days) 62 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 90.60 Time (days) 598 Cost (% of income per capita) 77.7 Payments (number per year) 15 Cost (% of claim) 15.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 68 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 23.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 54 Postfiling index (0–100) 85.32 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 98 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.62 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 42.40 Procedures (number) 2 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 16 Cost (% of estate) 3.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 PAKISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,510 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 147 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.65 Population 193,203,476 g a business (rank)  Starting 142 Getting g credit (rank) 105  Tradingg across borders (rank) 171 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 78.61 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 41.94 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 17.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 55 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.7 p Border compliance (hours) 75 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 9.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 257 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 141  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 20 p Border compliance (US$) 406 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 59.72 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 71.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 143 Time (days) 262.1 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 129.3 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 735 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (US$) 936.6 Getting g electricity y (rank) 167 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 42.39 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 156 Procedures (number) 5.4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 172 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 43.49 Time (days) 180.7 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 46.43 Time (days) 1,071 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,663.7 Payments (number per year) 47 Cost (% of claim) 20.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 311.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.7 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.8 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 170 Postfiling index (0–100) 10.49 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 82 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 41.41 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 7.7 Time (years) 2.6 Time (days) 154.8 Cost (% of estate) 4.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.6 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 PALAU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 12,450 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 130 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.58 Population 21,503 g a business (rank) Starting 124 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 133 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 81.96 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 60.98 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 28 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 102 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 7.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 85 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 177 p Border compliance (US$) 505 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.38 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 26.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 19 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Time (days) 72 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 84 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 605 Getting g electricity y (rank) 140 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 54.84 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 126 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 107 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 52.21 Time (days) 125 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 69.22 Time (days) 810 Cost (% of income per capita) 64.7 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 35.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 52 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 75.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 43 Postfiling index (0–100) not applicable Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 166 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 75.16 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 16.38 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 14 Cost (% of estate) 22.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 110 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business PANAMA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 12,140 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 79 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.27 Population 4,034,119 g a business (rank) Starting 39 Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 54 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.02 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 85.47 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 66.8 p Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 88 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 270 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.16 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Time (days) 105 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 490 Getting g electricity y (rank) 18 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 89.77 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 148 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 180 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 46.19 Time (days) 35 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 39.66 Time (days) 790 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.2 Payments (number per year) 52 Cost (% of claim) 38.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 417 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 37.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 83 Postfiling index (0–100) 12.84  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 107 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.17 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 39.59 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 22.5 Cost (% of estate) 25.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.0 PAPUA NEW GUINEA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,528 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 109 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.04 Population 8,084,991 g a business (rank) Starting 129 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 137 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 81.04 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 60.47 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 41 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.0 p Border compliance (hours) 42 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 117 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 89 p Border compliance (US$) 660 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 64.42 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 53.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Time (days) 217 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 85 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 790 Getting g electricity y (rank) 107 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 65.53 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 171 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 91 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 36.21 Time (days) 66 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 71.71 Time (days) 591 Cost (% of income per capita) 27.2 Payments (number per year) 32 Cost (% of claim) 110.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 199 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 39.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 122 Postfiling index (0–100) 77.12 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 141 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 55.38 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 32.31 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 72 Cost (% of estate) 23.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 PARAGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,070 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 108 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.18 Population 6,725,308 g a business (rank) Starting 146 Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 120 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 77.52 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 64.03 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 35 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 39.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 44.6 p Border compliance (hours) 120 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 25.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 120 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 72 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 815 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 70.52 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Time (days) 121 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 135 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 500 Getting g electricity y (rank) 104 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 67.09 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 70 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 127 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.77 Time (days) 67 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 63.73 Time (days) 606 Cost (% of income per capita) 161.6 Payments (number per year) 20 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Time (hours per year) 378 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 75 Postfiling index (0–100) 46.56 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 100 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 66.12 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 41.32 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.9 Time (days) 46 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 1.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 111  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business PERU Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,950 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 58 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 69.45 Population 31,773,839 g a business (rank) Starting 114 Getting g credit (rank) 20 Tradingg across borders (rank) 92 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.39 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 71.45 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 26.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 37.4 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 61 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 51 p Border compliance (US$) 460 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.90 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 61.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 188 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 583 Getting g electricity y (rank) 63 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 79.01 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 63 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 121 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 60.70 Time (days) 67 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 65.81 Time (days) 426 Cost (% of income per capita) 349.6 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 35.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 260 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 44 Postfiling index (0–100) 19.24 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 84 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 74.90 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.69 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.1 Time (days) 7.5 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 PHILIPPINES East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,580 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 113 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.74 Population 103,320,222 g a business (rank) Starting 173 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 99 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 68.88 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 69.39 Procedures (number) 16 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 28 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 8.0 p Border compliance (hours) 42 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 3.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 53 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 101 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 456 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.84 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 23 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Time (days) 122 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 580  Getting g electricity y (rank) 31 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 84.31 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 149 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 105 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 45.96 Time (days) 37 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 69.27 Time (days) 962 Cost (% of income per capita) 25.3 Payments (number per year) 20 Cost (% of claim) 31.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 182 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 42.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 114 Postfiling index (0–100) 50.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 59 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 57.55 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 55.22 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.7 Time (days) 35 Cost (% of estate) 32.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.0 POLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 12,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 27 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 77.30 Population 37,948,016 g a business (rank) Starting 120 Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 82.78 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 37 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 85.7 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 10.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 41 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 51 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.16 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 61.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 12 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 153 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 54 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 81.35 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 55 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 51 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 63.44 Time (days) 122 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 79.42 Time (days) 685 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.6 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 19.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 260 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 40.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 38 Postfiling index (0–100) 77.36 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 22 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 76.49 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 77.71 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 33 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 112 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business PORTUGAL OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 19,850 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 29 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 76.84 Population 10,324,611 g a business (rank) Starting 48 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.26 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.8 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 32 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 57 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 76.52 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 60.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 113 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 58 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 80.18 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 19 Procedures (number) 7 y g taxes (rank) Paying 38 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 71.74 Time (days) 46 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 83.75 Time (days) 547 Cost (% of income per capita) 36.0 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 17.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 243 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 39.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 28 Postfiling index (0–100) 92.71 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 15 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.26 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 79.67 Procedures (number) 1 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 1 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.5 PUERTO RICO (U.S.) Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 29,697 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 64 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.85 Population 3,411,307 g a business (rank) Starting 47 Getting g credit (rank) 6 Tradingg across borders (rank) 64 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.29 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 90.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 81.86 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 p Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 138 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 386 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 60.17 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 22 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 165 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 1 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 386 Getting g electricity y (rank) 69 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 76.94 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 113 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 161 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.41 Time (days) 32 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 52.42 Time (days) 630 Cost (% of income per capita) 228.3 Payments (number per year) 16 Cost (% of claim) 30.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 218 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 63.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 153 Postfiling index (0–100) 13.76 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 9 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 47.19 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 84.20 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 191 Cost (% of estate) 11.0 Cost (% of property value) 1.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 69.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15.0 QATAR Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 67,630 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 83 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.86 Population 2,569,804 g a business (rank) Starting 89  Getting g credit (rank) 133  Tradingg across borders (rank) 90 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 86.00 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 71.51 Procedures (number) 8.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 25 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 28.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 19 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 177 p Border compliance (US$) 382 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 79.16 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 26.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 58 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 2 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 290 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 558 Getting g electricity y (rank) 65 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 78.60 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 123 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 1 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 52.79 Time (days) 90 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 99.44 Time (days) 570 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.7 Payments (number per year) 4 Cost (% of claim) 21.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 41 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 11.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 26 Postfiling index (0–100) not applicable Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 116 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 81.06 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 38.41 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.8 Time (days) 13 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 113  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business ROMANIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,470 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 45 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.87 Population 19,705,301 g a business (rank) Starting 64 Getting g credit (rank) 20 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.67 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 54.8 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 17.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 150 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 57 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 58.13 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 60.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 24 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 260 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 147 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 53.34 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 17 Procedures (number) 9 y g taxes (rank) Paying 42 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 72.25 Time (days) 174 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 80.86 Time (days) 512 Cost (% of income per capita) 510.9 Payments (number per year) 14 Cost (% of claim) 25.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 163 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 38.4 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 45 Postfiling index (0–100) 76.82 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 51 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 74.70 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 59.78 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.3 Time (days) 16 Cost (% of estate) 10.5 Cost (% of property value) 1.4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.0 RUSSIAN FEDERATION Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,720 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 35 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.50 Population 144,342,396 g a business (rank) Starting 28  Getting g credit (rank) 29  Tradingg across borders (rank) 100 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 93.03 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 69.20 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 10.1 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 25.4 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 81.8 p Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 92 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 115 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 51 p Border compliance (US$) 665 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 65.25 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 61.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14.4 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 42.5 Time (days) 239.4 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 38.6 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 152.5 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 587.5 Getting g electricity y (rank) 10 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 92.81 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 18 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 52 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 72.18 Time (days) 83 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 79.29 Time (days) 337 Cost (% of income per capita) 41.5 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 168 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 47.5 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 12 Postfiling index (0–100) 73.14 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 54 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 88.72 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 57.83 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 13 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 RWANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 700 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 41 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.40 Population 11,917,508 g a business (rank) Starting 78 Getting g credit (rank) 6 Tradingg across borders (rank) 87 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.66 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 90.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 72.44 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 42 Cost (% of income per capita) 44.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 19.5 p Border compliance (hours) 97 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 8.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 110  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 112  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 16 p Border compliance (US$) 183 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 65.56 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 73.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 113 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 86 Cost (% of warehouse value) 13.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 14.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 121 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 282 Getting g electricity y (rank) 119 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 60.69  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 85 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 31 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.62 Time (days) 34 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.60 Time (days) 230 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,722.6 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 82.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 94.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.2 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 2 Postfiling index (0–100) 63.68 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 78 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 93.26 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 47.79 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 7 Cost (% of estate) 29.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 28.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 114 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SAMOA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,100 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 87 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.89 Population 195,125 g a business (rank) Starting 33  Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 148 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.54 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 57.81 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 51 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 180 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 83 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 76 p Border compliance (US$) 1,400 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 68.68 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 56.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 25 Time (days) 58 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 84 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 230 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 900 Getting g electricity y (rank) 60 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 79.70 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 86 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 64 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.59 Time (days) 34 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.04 Time (days) 455 Cost (% of income per capita) 615.2 Payments (number per year) 37 Cost (% of claim) 24.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 224 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 19.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 66 Postfiling index (0–100) 91.88 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 137 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.51 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.38 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 15 Cost (% of estate) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 SAN MARINO Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 46,447 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 93 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.47 Population 33,203 g a business (rank) Starting 112 Getting g credit (rank) 183 Tradingg across borders (rank) 20 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 83.65 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 5.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 97.48 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 12.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 30.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 68 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 175 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.20 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 30.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 145.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 50 Getting g electricity y (rank) 14 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 0 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 90.63 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 78 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 40 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.25 Time (days) 45 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 82.32 Time (days) 575 Cost (% of income per capita) 60.8 Payments (number per year) 18 Cost (% of claim) 13.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 52 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 78 Postfiling index (0–100) 67.80 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 109 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 65.68 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 39.48 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.3 Time (days) 42.5 Cost (% of estate) 5.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 47.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.5 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,730 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 169 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.84 Population 199,910 g a business (rank) Starting 148 Getting g credit (rank) 159  Tradingg across borders (rank) 114 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 77.33 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 66.03 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 46 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 83 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 192.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 11.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 194 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 103 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 187 p Border compliance (US$) 426 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.49 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 21.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 17 Time (days) 67 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 150 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (US$) 406 Getting g electricity y (rank) 115 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 61.97 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 185 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 135 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 27.00 Time (days) 89 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 61.81 Time (days) 1,185 Cost (% of income per capita) 370.8 Payments (number per year) 46 Cost (% of claim) 50.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 424 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 37.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 171 Postfiling index (0–100) 92.20 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 41.06 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 52 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 10.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 115  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SAUDI ARABIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 21,750 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 92 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.50 Population 32,275,687 g a business (rank)  Starting 135 Getting g credit (rank) 90  Tradingg across borders (rank) 161 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 80.04 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 49.59 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 18 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 81 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 50.2 p Border compliance (hours) 69 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 105 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 38  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 10 p Border compliance (US$) 363 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.52 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 75.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 122 Time (days) 89.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 228 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 390 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (US$) 779 Getting g electricity y (rank) 59 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 79.88  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 83 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 76 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.78 Time (days) 68 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 75.00 Time (days) 575 Cost (% of income per capita) 32.1 Payments (number per year) 3 Cost (% of claim) 27.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 47 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 15.7 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 24 Postfiling index (0–100) 0.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 81.19 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 2 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 1.5 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 SENEGAL Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 950 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 140 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 53.06 Population 15,411,614 g a business (rank)  Starting 63 Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 135 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.70 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 60.85 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 33.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 2.4 p Border compliance (hours) 61 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 4.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 96 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 145 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 547 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 59.11 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 177 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 53 Cost (% of warehouse value) 10.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 545 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 702  Getting g electricity y (rank) 118 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 60.76  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 142 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 178 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.15 Time (days) 75 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 40.79 Time (days) 740 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,619.6 Payments (number per year) 58 Cost (% of claim) 36.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 441 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 45.1 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 121 Postfiling index (0–100) 42.67 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 91 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 55.41 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 44.12 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 56 Cost (% of estate) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 SERBIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,280 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 43 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.13 Population 7,057,412 g a business (rank)  Starting 32 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 23 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.57 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 96.64 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 35 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 10 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 76 p Border compliance (US$) 47 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 82.38 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 56.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 110 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 35 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 52 Getting g electricity y (rank) 96 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 69.97  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 60 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 82 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 61.41 Time (days) 125 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 73.63 Time (days) 635 Cost (% of income per capita) 223.5 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 40.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 225.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 39.7 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 57 Postfiling index (0–100) 91.09 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 48 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 72.59 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 60.49 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 21 Cost (% of estate) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 116 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SEYCHELLES Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 15,410 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 95 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.41 Population 94,677 g a business (rank) Starting 141 Getting g credit (rank) 133 Tradingg across borders (rank) 88 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 78.68 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 35.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 71.79 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 32 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 82 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 66.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 115  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 131 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 332 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.90 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 33 Time (days) 151 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 97 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 93 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 341 Getting g electricity y (rank) 134 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 57.86 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 130 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 29 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 51.25 Time (days) 137 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.72 Time (days) 915 Cost (% of income per capita) 349.6 Payments (number per year) 29 Cost (% of claim) 15.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Time (hours per year) 85 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 30.1 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 62 Postfiling index (0–100) 93.42 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 67 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 70.75 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 52.14 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 33 Cost (% of estate) 11.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10.0 SIERRA LEONE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 490 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 160 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.18 Population 7,396,190 g a business (rank)  Starting 83 Getting g credit (rank) 159  Tradingg across borders (rank) 162 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 86.95 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 48.99 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 36.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 55 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.5 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 227 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 182 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 552 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 38.43 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 137 Time (days) 182 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of warehouse value) 22.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 387 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 821 Getting g electricity y (rank) 178 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 30.65 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 100 Procedures (number) 8 y g taxes (rank) Paying 85 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 55.92 Time (days) 82 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 72.86 Time (days) 515 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,365.7 Payments (number per year) 34 Cost (% of claim) 39.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 343 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 31.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 165 Postfiling index (0–100) 95.41 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 159 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 43.27 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 24.72 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.3 Time (days) 56 Cost (% of estate) 42.0 Cost (% of property value) 10.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 11.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 SINGAPORE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 51,880 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 2 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 84.57 Population 5,607,283 g a business (rank) Starting 6 Getting g credit (rank) 29  Tradingg across borders (rank) 42 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 96.49 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 89.57 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 2.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 67.8 p Border compliance (hours) 10 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 37 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 16 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 4 p Border compliance (US$) 335 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 80.26 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 80.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Time (days) 54 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 33 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 220 Getting g electricity y (rank) 12 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 91.33 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 2 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 7 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 83.61 Time (days) 30 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 91.58 Time (days) 164 Cost (% of income per capita) 25.3 Payments (number per year) 5 Cost (% of claim) 25.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 64 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 20.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 19 Postfiling index (0–100) 71.97  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 27 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 83.57 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 74.31 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 0.8 Time (days) 4.5 Cost (% of estate) 4.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 29.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 117  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SLOVAK REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 16,810 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 39 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 74.90 Population 5,428,704 g a business (rank) Starting 83 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 86.95 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 12.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 79.4 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 17.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 91 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 89 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.82 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 53.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 286 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 57 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 80.31  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 84 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 49 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.63 Time (days) 121 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 79.88 Time (days) 775 Cost (% of income per capita) 50.8 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 30.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 192 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 51.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 7 Postfiling index (0–100) 87.17 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 42 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 91.00 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 66.08 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 16.5 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 47.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.0 SLOVENIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 21,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 37 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.42 Population 2,064,845 g a business (rank) Starting 46  Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.48 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 39.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 100 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 24 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.01 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 70.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 239.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 19 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 89.16 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 122 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 58 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 52.97 Time (days) 38 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.78 Time (days) 1,160 Cost (% of income per capita) 107.1 Payments (number per year) 10 Cost (% of claim) 12.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 245 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 31.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 36 Postfiling index (0–100) 59.94 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 10 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 77.05 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 83.69 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 0.8 Time (days) 49.5 Cost (% of estate) 4.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 SOLOMON ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,880 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 116 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.13 Population 599,419 g a business (rank) Starting 94 Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 156 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.42 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 53.45 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 1.1 p Border compliance (hours) 110 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 257 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 57 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 630 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 72.74 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 37 Time (days) 98 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 108 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 215 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 740 Getting g electricity y (rank) 113 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 63.10 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 156 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 37 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 43.49 Time (days) 53 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 83.81 Time (days) 497 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,273.7 Payments (number per year) 34 Cost (% of claim) 78.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 80 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 32.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 152 Postfiling index (0–100) 100.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 143 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 47.37 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 31.95 Procedures (number) 10 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 86.5 Cost (% of estate) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 118 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SOMALIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 442 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 190 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 19.98 Population 14,317,996 g a business (rank) Starting 187 Getting g credit (rank) 186 Tradingg across borders (rank) 160 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 45.77 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 0.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 51.60 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 70 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 73 Cost (% of income per capita) 203.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 44 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 350 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 186 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 190 p Border compliance (US$) 495 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 0.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) no practice Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 76 Time (days) no practice Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 85 Cost (% of warehouse value) no practice Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 0 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 0.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (US$) 300 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (US$) 952 Getting g electricity y (rank) 187 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 0 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 0.00 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 110 Procedures (number) no practice y g taxes (rank) Paying 190 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.58 Time (days) no practice p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 0.00 Time (days) 575 Cost (% of income per capita) no practice Payments (number per year) no practice Cost (% of claim) 21.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) no practice Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) no practice g Registering gp p y (rank) property 150 Postfiling index (0–100) no practice Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 47.83 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 188 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 1.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 SOUTH AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,480 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 82 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.89 Population 55,908,865 g a business (rank) Starting 136 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 147 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 79.97 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 58.01 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 45 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 68 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 64.4 p Border compliance (hours) 100 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 170 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 94 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 24 p Border compliance (US$) 428 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.53 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 70.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 20 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Time (days) 149 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 144 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 213 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 657 Getting g electricity y (rank) 112 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 63.21 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 115 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 46 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.10 Time (days) 84 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 80.02 Time (days) 600 Cost (% of income per capita) 146.6 Payments (number per year) 7 Cost (% of claim) 33.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 210 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 28.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 107 Postfiling index (0–100) 55.45 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 55 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 58.43 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 57.59 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 23 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.5 SOUTH SUDAN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 182 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 187 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 32.86 Population 12,230,730 g a business (rank)  Starting 181 Getting g credit (rank) 177 Tradingg across borders (rank) 178 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 55.68 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 10.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 26.19 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Cost (% of income per capita) 305.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 146 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 194 Dealingg with construction p permits (rank) 178 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 177 p Border compliance (US$) 763 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 42.54 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 26.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 23 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 360 Time (days) 124 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 179 Cost (% of warehouse value) 15.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (US$) 350 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 781 Getting g electricity y (rank) 187 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 0.00 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 81 Procedures (number) no practice y g taxes (rank) Paying 66 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.99 Time (days) no practice p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.75 Time (days) 228 Cost (% of income per capita) no practice Payments (number per year) 37 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 210 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 31.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 181 Postfiling index (0–100) 95.87 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 31.79 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 50 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 14.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 119  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SPAIN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 27,520 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 28 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 77.02 Population 46,443,959 g a business (rank) Starting 86 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 1 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 86.65 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 100.00 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 15.9 p Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 79.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 123 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 24 p Border compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 63.50 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 70.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 208 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 42 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 9 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.99  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 26 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 34 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 69.97 Time (days) 95 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.44 Time (days) 510 Cost (% of income per capita) 100.1 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 17.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 152 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 46.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 53 Postfiling index (0–100) 93.60 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 19 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.88 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 78.74 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 12.5 Cost (% of estate) 11.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 SRI LANKA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,780 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 111 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.86 Population 21,203,000 g a business (rank) Starting 77 Getting g credit (rank) 122  Tradingg across borders (rank) 86 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.74 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 73.29 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 35.0 p Border compliance (hours) 43 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 58 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 76 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 43 p Border compliance (US$) 366 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 69.33 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 63.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 115 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 283 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 300 Getting g electricity y (rank) 93 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 70.98 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 165 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 158 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 39.31 Time (days) 100 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 53.70 Time (days) 1,318 Cost (% of income per capita) 777.0 Payments (number per year) 47 Cost (% of claim) 22.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 168 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 55.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 157 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.31 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 88 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 45.92 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 44.99 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 1.7 Time (days) 51 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 2.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.0 ST. KITTS AND NEVIS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 15,850 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 134 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.52 Population 54,821 g a business (rank) Starting 91 Getting g credit (rank) 159  Tradingg across borders (rank) 66 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.76 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 81.04 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 18.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 27 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 33 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 119 p Border compliance (US$) 335 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 76.27 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 48.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 33 Time (days) 105 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 37 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 311 Getting g electricity y (rank) 94 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 70.10 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 50 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 124 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 65.51 Time (days) 18 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 64.41 Time (days) 578 Cost (% of income per capita) 239.2 Payments (number per year) 39 Cost (% of claim) 26.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 203 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 49.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 184 Postfiling index (0–100) 75.73 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 28.80 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 224 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 11.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 120 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business ST. LUCIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,670 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 91 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.88 Population 178,015 g a business (rank) Starting 69 Getting g credit (rank) 159 Tradingg across borders (rank) 82 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 88.79 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 73.87 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 27 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 63 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 34 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 718 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 76.21 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 14 Time (days) 116 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 27 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 98 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 842 Getting g electricity y (rank) 43 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.88 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 71 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 74 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.67 Time (days) 26 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 75.73 Time (days) 645 Cost (% of income per capita) 203.7 Payments (number per year) 35 Cost (% of claim) 37.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 110 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 34.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 105 Postfiling index (0–100) 77.80 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 127 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 59.16 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 35.83 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 17 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.0 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,790 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 129 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.72 Population 109,643 g a business (rank) Starting 85 Getting g credit (rank) 159 Tradingg across borders (rank) 93 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 86.82 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 25.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 71.08 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 28 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 44 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 96 p Border compliance (US$) 425 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 74.42 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 51.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Time (days) 92 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 875 Getting g electricity y (rank) 90 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 71.14 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 53 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 101 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 63.66 Time (days) 52 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 70.26 Time (days) 595 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.5 Payments (number per year) 36 Cost (% of claim) 30.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 108 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 39.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 166 Postfiling index (0–100) 63.89 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 43.10 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 47 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 11.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 SUDAN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,140 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 170 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.46 Population 39,578,828 g a business (rank) Starting 159 Getting g credit (rank) 173 Tradingg across borders (rank) 185 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 73.51 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 15.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 19.16 Procedures (number) 10.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 36.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 190 Cost (% of income per capita) 27.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 2.4 p Border compliance (hours) 162 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 428 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 133 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 186 p Border compliance (US$) 950 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.63 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 23.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Time (days) 270 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 144 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 420 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 1,093 Getting g electricity y (rank) 110 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 63.26 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 146 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 163 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 46.91 Time (days) 70 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 51.80 Time (days) 810 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,311.2 Payments (number per year) 42 Cost (% of claim) 19.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Time (hours per year) 180 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 45.4 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 89 Postfiling index (0–100) 20.20 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 154 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 63.62 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 26.39 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 11 Cost (% of estate) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 3.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 121  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SURINAME Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,070 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 165 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 46.87 Population 558,368 g a business (rank) Starting 186 Getting g credit (rank) 177 Tradingg across borders (rank) 80 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 48.27 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 10.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 75.02 Procedures (number) 13.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 84.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 97.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 84 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 104 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 167 p Border compliance (US$) 468 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.40 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 35.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 1 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Time (days) 223 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 0 Border compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 658 Getting g electricity y (rank) 131 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 58.55 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 187 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 102 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 25.94 Time (days) 113 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 69.55 Time (days) 1,715 Cost (% of income per capita) 633.7 Payments (number per year) 30 Cost (% of claim) 37.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 199 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 27.9 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 156 Postfiling index (0–100) 48.85 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 135 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 45.95 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.98 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 5.0 Time (days) 46 Cost (% of estate) 30.0 Cost (% of property value) 13.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 SWAZILAND Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,830 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 112 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.82 Population 1,343,098 g a business (rank) Starting 158  Getting g credit (rank) 77  Tradingg across borders (rank) 32 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 74.35 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 92.92 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 30 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 44.2 p Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 76  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 102 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 134 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 66.72 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Time (days) 116 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 7.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 76 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 134 Getting g electricity y (rank) 159 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 47.24 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 169 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 63 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 36.72 Time (days) 137 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.27 Time (days) 956 Cost (% of income per capita) 753.7 Payments (number per year) 33 Cost (% of claim) 56.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 122 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 35.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 115 Postfiling index (0–100) 83.15 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 114 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 57.40 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 38.90 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 21 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 SWEDEN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 54,630 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 10 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 81.27 Population 9,903,122 g a business (rank) Starting 13 Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 18 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.67 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 98.04 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 27 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 29 p Border compliance (US$) 55 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 77.89 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 68.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 8 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Time (days) 117 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 6 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 96.21 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 36 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 27 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.61 Time (days) 52 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 85.28 Time (days) 483 Cost (% of income per capita) 31.2 Payments (number per year) 6 Cost (% of claim) 30.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 122 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 49.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 9 Postfiling index (0–100) 90.75 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 16 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 90.11 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 79.53 Procedures (number) 1 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 7 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 78.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 122 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business SWITZERLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 81,240 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 33 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.92 Population 8,372,098 g a business (rank) Starting 73 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 38 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 88.38 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 91.79 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 25.6 p Border compliance (hours) 1 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 25.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 62 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 201 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.73 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 156 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 201 Getting g electricity y (rank) 7 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 94.41  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 45 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 19 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 66.49 Time (days) 39 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 87.66 Time (days) 510 Cost (% of income per capita) 59.2 Payments (number per year) 19 Cost (% of claim) 24.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 63 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 28.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 16 Postfiling index (0–100) 83.21 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 45 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 86.12 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 62.63 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 16 Cost (% of estate) 4.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 46.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.0 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,037 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 174 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 41.55 Population 18,430,453 g a business (rank) Starting 133 Getting g credit (rank) 173 Tradingg across borders (rank) 176 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 80.43 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 15.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 29.83 Procedures (number) 7.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 15.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 84 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 84.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.1 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 725 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 186 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 89 p Border compliance (US$) 1,113 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 53.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) no practice Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 149 Time (days) no practice Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 141 Cost (% of warehouse value) no practice Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 0.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 742 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 828 Getting g electricity y (rank) 153 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 51.99 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 161 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 81 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 42.58 Time (days) 146 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 73.97 Time (days) 872 Cost (% of income per capita) 247.3 Payments (number per year) 20 Cost (% of claim) 29.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 336 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 42.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 155 Postfiling index (0–100) 92.20 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 163 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 46.88 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 21.44 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 4.1 Time (days) 48 Cost (% of estate) 16.0 Cost (% of property value) 28.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 10.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 TAIWAN, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 23,284 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 15 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.07 Population 23,539,816 g a business (rank) Starting 16 Getting g credit (rank) 90  Tradingg across borders (rank) 55 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.43 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 84.94 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 98.4 p Border compliance (hours) 17 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 84 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 4 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 24 p Border compliance (US$) 335 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 86.32 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 70.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Time (days) 93 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 47 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 13.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 65 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 340 Getting g electricity y (rank) 3 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 10 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 99.45  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 10 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 56 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 75.11 Time (days) 22 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.96 Time (days) 510 Cost (% of income per capita) 38.9 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 18.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 221 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 34.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 18 Postfiling index (0–100) 63.17 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 20 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 83.89 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 78.63 Procedures (number) 3 Time (years) 1.9 Time (days) 4 Cost (% of estate) 4.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 82.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 28.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 123  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business TAJIKISTAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,110 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 123 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.86 Population 8,734,951 g a business (rank)  Starting 57 Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 149 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.54 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 57.17 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 66 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 39.4 p Border compliance (hours) 75 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 330 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 136 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 33 p Border compliance (US$) 313 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.21 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 66.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 25 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 126 Time (days) 182 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 107 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 260 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 223 Getting g electricity y (rank) 171 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 35.00 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 54 Procedures (number) 9 y g taxes (rank) Paying 132 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 63.49 Time (days) 133 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 62.27 Time (days) 430 Cost (% of income per capita) 811.5 Payments (number per year) 6 Cost (% of claim) 25.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 224 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 65.2 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 90 Postfiling index (0–100) 40.40 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 148 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 63.50 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 28.76 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 1.7 Time (days) 36 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 3.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 3.0 TANZANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 900 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 137 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.04 Population 55,572,201 g a business (rank) Starting 162 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 182 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 73.03 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 20.21 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 28 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.2 p Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 275  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 156 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 129 p Border compliance (US$) 1,160 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 56.43 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 45.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 24 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 240 Time (days) 184 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 402 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.6 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 375 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 1,350 Getting g electricity y (rank) 82 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 73.96 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 58 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 154 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 61.66 Time (days) 109 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 55.49 Time (days) 515 Cost (% of income per capita) 843.8 Payments (number per year) 60 Cost (% of claim) 14.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 207 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 44.1 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 142 Postfiling index (0–100) 67.17 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 108 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 50.13 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 39.52 Procedures (number) 8 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 67 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 THAILAND East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 5,640 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 26 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 77.44 Population 68,863,514 g a business (rank)  Starting 36  Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 57 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 92.34 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 84.10 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 4.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 11 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 56.6 p Border compliance (hours) 51 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 97 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 43  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 16 p Border compliance (US$) 223 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 74.58 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 73.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Time (days) 104 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 50 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 43 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 233  Getting g electricity y (rank) 13 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 90.99  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 34 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 67 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.91 Time (days) 32 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 76.73 Time (days) 420 Cost (% of income per capita) 63.1 Payments (number per year) 21 Cost (% of claim) 16.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Time (hours per year) 262 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 28.7 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 68 Postfiling index (0–100) 73.41  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 26 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 68.75 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 75.64 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 1.5 Time (days) 7 Cost (% of estate) 18.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 68.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 124 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business TIMOR–LESTE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,861 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 178 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 40.62 Population 1,268,671 g a business (rank) Starting 151 Getting g credit (rank) 170 Tradingg across borders (rank) 98 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 76.60 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 20.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 69.90 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 33 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 268.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 5.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 159 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 350 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 55.29 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Time (days) 207 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 100 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 3.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 115 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 410 Getting g electricity y (rank) 114 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 62.96 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 190 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 139 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 6.13 Time (days) 93 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 60.32 Time (days) 1,285 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,258.0 Payments (number per year) 18 Cost (% of claim) 163.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 276 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 2.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 11.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 187 Postfiling index (0–100) 1.38 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) no practice Time (years) no practice Time (days) no practice Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) no practice Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 TOGO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 540 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 156 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.88 Population 7,606,374 g a business (rank) Starting 121  Getting g credit (rank) 142 Tradingg across borders (rank) 121 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 82.51 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 30.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 63.66 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 11 Cost (% of income per capita) 66.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 67 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 31.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.6 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 25 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 173 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 146 p Border compliance (US$) 163 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 47.24 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 40.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 180 Time (days) 163 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (hours) 168 Cost (% of warehouse value) 13.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 3.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 252 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 612 Getting g electricity y (rank) 142 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 54.30 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 143 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 173 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.10 Time (days) 66 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 44.99 Time (days) 488 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,017.6 Payments (number per year) 49 Cost (% of claim) 47.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 216 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 48.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 182 Postfiling index (0–100) 14.85 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 81 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 31.57 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 46.41 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 283 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 9.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.0 TONGA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,020 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 89 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.43 Population 107,122 g a business (rank) Starting 53 Getting g credit (rank) 42 Tradingg across borders (rank) 103 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 90.81 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 70.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 68.20 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 p Time to export Time (days) 16 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 17.0 p Border compliance (hours) 52 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 13 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 138 p Border compliance (US$) 201 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 80.86 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 41.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 13 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 77 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 26 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (US$) 148 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 330 Getting g electricity y (rank) 74 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 76.28 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 94 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 98 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 57.32 Time (days) 42 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 70.56 Time (days) 350 Cost (% of income per capita) 89.9 Payments (number per year) 30 Cost (% of claim) 30.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 200 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 27.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 160 Postfiling index (0–100) 52.53 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 136 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 44.64 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 33.97 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.7 Time (days) 112 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 15.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 125  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 15,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 102 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.68 Population 1,364,962 g a business (rank) Starting 71 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 126 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 88.57 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 62.60 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 10.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 32 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 75.5 p Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 250 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 119 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 499 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 64.19 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 16 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Time (days) 253 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 78 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 250 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 635 Getting g electricity y (rank) 33 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 2 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 84.25 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 173 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 162 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 35.62 Time (days) 61 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 52.22 Time (days) 1,340 Cost (% of income per capita) 212.4 Payments (number per year) 39 Cost (% of claim) 33.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 210 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 36.2 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 151 Postfiling index (0–100) 8.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 72 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 47.50 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 48.48 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.5 Time (days) 77 Cost (% of estate) 25.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 TUNISIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,690 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 88 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.58 Population 11,403,248 g a business (rank) Starting 100 Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 96 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 85.02 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 70.50 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 p Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 50 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 26.9 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 95 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 119 p Border compliance (US$) 469 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.49 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 48.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 27 Time (days) 96 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 80 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.2 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 144 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 596 Getting g electricity y (rank) 48 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.28 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 76 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 140 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 59.33 Time (days) 65 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 60.14 Time (days) 565 Cost (% of income per capita) 712.1 Payments (number per year) 9 Cost (% of claim) 21.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 145 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 64.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 93 Postfiling index (0–100) 22.91 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 63 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 63.21 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 54.53 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 1.3 Time (days) 39 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 TURKEY Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,180 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 60 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 69.14 Population 79,512,426 g a business (rank) Starting 80  Getting g credit (rank) 77 Tradingg across borders (rank) 71 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 87.59 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 55.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 79.71 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 6.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 16 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 7.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 80.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 87 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 96 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 20 p Border compliance (US$) 376 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 67.26 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 71.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 9 Documentary compliance (hours) 11 Time (days) 103 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 41 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 142 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (US$) 655 Getting g electricity y (rank) 55 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 81.02 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 30 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 88 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 68.87 Time (days) 55 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 72.40 Time (days) 580 Cost (% of income per capita) 457.7 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 24.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 215.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 41.1 g  Registering gp p y (rank) property 46 Postfiling index (0–100) 50.00  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 139 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 74.67 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 33.26 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 5.0 Time (days) 7 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 126 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business UGANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 660 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 122 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.94 Population 41,487,965 g a business (rank) Starting 165 Getting g credit (rank) 55  Tradingg across borders (rank) 127 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 72.25 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 62.08 Procedures (number) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 24 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 51 Cost (% of income per capita) 33.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.4 p Border compliance (hours) 64 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 102 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 148 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 209 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 58.37 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 18 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 138 Time (days) 122 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 154 Cost (% of warehouse value) 8.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 296 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 412 Getting g electricity y (rank) 173 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 6 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 34.11 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 64 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 84 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 60.60 Time (days) 66 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 73.10 Time (days) 490 Cost (% of income per capita) 7,508.4 Payments (number per year) 31 Cost (% of claim) 31.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 195 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 33.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 124 Postfiling index (0–100) 72.28 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 113 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 54.99 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.94 Procedures (number) 10 Time (years) 2.2 Time (days) 42 Cost (% of estate) 29.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 UKRAINE Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,310 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 76 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.75 Population 45,004,645 g a business (rank) Starting 52 Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 119 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.05 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 64.26 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 6.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 47.3 p Border compliance (hours) 26 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 292  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 35  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 75 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.81 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Time (days) 76 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 212 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 100 Getting g electricity y (rank) 128 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 58.80 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 82 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 43 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 58.96 Time (days) 281 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 80.77 Time (days) 378 Cost (% of income per capita) 525.2 Payments (number per year) 5 Cost (% of claim) 46.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 327.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 37.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 64 Postfiling index (0–100) 85.95 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 149 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 69.61 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 28.24 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) 2.9 Time (days) 17 Cost (% of estate) 40.5 Cost (% of property value) 1.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 40,480 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 21 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.73 Population 9,269,612 g a business (rank) Starting 51  Getting g credit (rank) 90 Tradingg across borders (rank) 91 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.16 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 50.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 71.50 Procedures (number) 4.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 p Time to export Time (days) 8.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 54.5 p Border compliance (hours) 27 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 8.8 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 178  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 2 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 10 p Border compliance (US$) 462 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 86.38 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 75.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 12 Time (days) 50.5 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (hours) 54 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.3 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 4 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 15.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 283 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 9 Border compliance (US$) 678  Getting g electricity y (rank) 1 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 99.92 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 12 Procedures (number) 2 y g taxes (rank) Paying 1 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 74.02 Time (days) 10 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 99.44 Time (days) 445 Cost (% of income per capita) 25.2 Payments (number per year) 4 Cost (% of claim) 21.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 12 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 15.9 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 10 Postfiling index (0–100) not applicable  Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 69 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 90.02 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 49.80 Procedures (number) 2 Time (years) 3.2 Time (days) 1.5 Cost (% of estate) 20.0 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 127  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business UNITED KINGDOM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 42,390 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 7 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 82.22 Population 65,637,239 g a business (rank) Starting 14 Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 28 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 94.58 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 93.76 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 p Time to export Time (days) 4.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 25 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 14 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 10 p Border compliance (US$) 280 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 80.39 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 75.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 9 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 10 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Time (days) 86 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 7 Border compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 0 Getting g electricity y (rank) 9 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 8 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 93.29 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 31 Procedures (number) 3 y g taxes (rank) Paying 23 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 68.69 Time (days) 79 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 86.70 Time (days) 437 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.9 Payments (number per year) 8 Cost (% of claim) 45.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 110 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 30.7 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 47 Postfiling index (0–100) 71.00 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 14 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 74.51 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 80.24 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 21.5 Cost (% of estate) 6.0 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 85.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.0 UNITED STATES OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 56,180 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 6 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 82.54 Population 323,127,513 g a business (rank) Starting 49 Getting g credit (rank) 2 Tradingg across borders (rank) 36 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 91.23 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 95.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 92.01 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 p Time to export Time (days) 5.6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 1.5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 36 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 42 p Border compliance (US$) 175 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 75.77 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 64.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 15.8 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7.4 Documentary compliance (hours) 7.5 Time (days) 80.6 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 8.6 Border compliance (hours) 1.5 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 9 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4.4 Border compliance (US$) 175 Getting g electricity y (rank) 49 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5.4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.14 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 16 Procedures (number) 4.8 y g taxes (rank) Paying 36 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 72.61 Time (days) 89.6 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 84.13 Time (days) 420 Cost (% of income per capita) 23.7 Payments (number per year) 10.6 Cost (% of claim) 30.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7.2 Time (hours per year) 175 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.8 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 43.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 37 Postfiling index (0–100) 94.04 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 3 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 76.80 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 91.07 Procedures (number) 4.4 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 15.2 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 82.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.6 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15.0 URUGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 15,230 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 94 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.99 Population 3,444,006 g a business (rank)  Starting 61 Getting g credit (rank) 68 Tradingg across borders (rank) 151 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 89.80 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 60.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 56.29 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 p Time to export Time (days) 6.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Border compliance (hours) 120 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 100.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 231 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 161 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 132 p Border compliance (US$) 1,095 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 54.90 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 43.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 21 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 251 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 8 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 8.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 285 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 375 Getting g electricity y (rank) 50 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 1 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 82.12 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 112 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 106 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 54.44 Time (days) 48 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 69.26 Time (days) 725 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.4 Payments (number per year) 20 Cost (% of claim) 23.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 190 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 41.8 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 112 Postfiling index (0–100) 49.54 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 66 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 57.59 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 52.15 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 1.8 Time (days) 66 Cost (% of estate) 7.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 128 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business UZBEKISTAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,220 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 74 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 66.33 Population 31,848,200 g a business (rank)  Starting 11 Getting g credit (rank) 55 Tradingg across borders (rank) 168 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 95.54 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 65.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 44.31 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 p Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 174 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 40.1 p Border compliance (hours) 112 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 292  Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 135  Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 62 p Border compliance (US$) 278 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 61.26 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 58.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 17 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 174 Time (days) 246 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (hours) 111 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.4 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 11.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 292 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) 278  Getting g electricity y (rank) 27 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 85.50 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 39 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 78 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 67.26 Time (days) 88 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 74.78 Time (days) 225 Cost (% of income per capita) 883.1 Payments (number per year) 10 Cost (% of claim) 20.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Time (hours per year) 181 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 38.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 73 Postfiling index (0–100) 48.39 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 87 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.34 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.00 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 2.0 Time (days) 46 Cost (% of estate) 10.0 Cost (% of property value) 1.2 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.0 VANUATU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,815 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 90 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.08 Population 270,402 g a business (rank) Starting 128 Getting g credit (rank) 29 Tradingg across borders (rank) 143 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 81.23 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 59.13 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 p Time to export Time (days) 18 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 44.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 9.4 p Border compliance (hours) 38 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 190 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 151 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 108 p Border compliance (US$) 709 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 57.58 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 50.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 14 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Time (days) 124 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 126 Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 5.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 183 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (US$) 681 Getting g electricity y (rank) 86 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 72.01 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 135 Procedures (number) 4 y g taxes (rank) Paying 57 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 49.27 Time (days) 120 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 77.85 Time (days) 430 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,090.4 Payments (number per year) 31 Cost (% of claim) 56.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Time (hours per year) 120 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 8.5 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 80 Postfiling index (0–100) 69.04 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 96 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 65.63 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 43.04 Procedures (number) 4 Time (years) 2.6 Time (days) 58 Cost (% of estate) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 45.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 VENEZUELA, RB Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,258 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 188 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 30.87 Population 31,568,179 g a business (rank)  Starting 190 Getting g credit (rank) 122 Tradingg across borders (rank) 187 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 25.00 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 40.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 7.93 Procedures (number) 20 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 p Time to export Time (days) 230 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 528 Cost (% of income per capita) 351.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 27.4 p Border compliance (hours) 288 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 375 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 143 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 177 p Border compliance (US$) 1,250 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 59.27 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 26.67 Time to import p Procedures (number) 11 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1,090 Time (days) 434 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 240 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.8 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (US$) 400 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 3 Border compliance (US$) 1,500 Getting g electricity y (rank) 186 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 16.85 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 147 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 189 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 46.89 Time (days) 208 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 15.18 Time (days) 720 Cost (% of income per capita) 16,713.5 Payments (number per year) 70 Cost (% of claim) 43.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 792 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 65.0 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 135 Postfiling index (0–100) 19.72 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 165 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 52.29 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 18.66 Procedures (number) 9 Time (years) 4.0 Time (days) 52 Cost (% of estate) 38.0 Cost (% of property value) 2.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 5.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. COUNTRY TABLES 129  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business VIETNAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,050 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 68 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 67.93 Population 92,701,100 g a business (rank) Starting 123  Getting g credit (rank) 29  Tradingg across borders (rank) 94 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 82.02 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 75.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 70.83 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 22 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 19.7 p Border compliance (hours) 55 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 51.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 139 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 20 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 81 p Border compliance (US$) 290 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 79.03 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 55.00 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 76 Time (days) 166 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) 56 Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 2 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 183 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (US$) 373  Getting g electricity y (rank) 64 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 7 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 78.69  Enforcing g contracts (rank) 66 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 86 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 60.22 Time (days) 46 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 72.77 Time (days) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,191.8 Payments (number per year) 14 Cost (% of claim) 29.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Time (hours per year) 498 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 38.1 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 63 Postfiling index (0–100) 95.71 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 129 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 70.61 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 35.16 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 5.0 Time (days) 57.5 Cost (% of estate) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 WEST BANK AND GAZA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,230 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 114 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.68 Population 4,551,566 g a business (rank) Starting 169  Getting g credit (rank) 20 Tradingg across borders (rank) 49 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 69.59 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 80.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 86.67 Procedures (number) 10.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 p Time to export Time (days) 43.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 45.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Border compliance (hours) 6 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 19.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 154 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 160 p Border compliance (US$) 51 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 56.70 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 38.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 20 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 45 Time (days) 108 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of warehouse value) 13.9 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 6 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 12.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 2 Documentary compliance (US$) 85 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 1 Border compliance (US$) 50 Getting g electricity y (rank) 87 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 3 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 71.46 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 124 Procedures (number) 5 y g taxes (rank) Paying 109 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 52.51 Time (days) 47 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 68.84 Time (days) 540 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,475.3 Payments (number per year) 28 Cost (% of claim) 27.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Time (hours per year) 162 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 15.3 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 94 Postfiling index (0–100) 34.47 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 168 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 62.71 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 7 Time (years) no practice Time (days) 51 Cost (% of estate) no practice Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0.0 YEMEN, REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,040 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 186 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 33.00 Population 27,584,213 g a business (rank) Starting 163 Getting g credit (rank) 186 Tradingg across borders (rank) 189 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 72.68 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 0.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 0.00 Procedures (number) 6.5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 p Time to export Time (days) 40.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) no practice Cost (% of income per capita) 73.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance p (hours) p no practice Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.3 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) no practice Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 186 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 132 p Border compliance (US$) p no practice DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 43.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) no practice Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) no practice Time (days) no practice Extent of director liability index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (hours) no practice Cost (% of warehouse value) no practice Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 3 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 0.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) no practice Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 4 Border compliance (US$) no practice Getting g electricity y (rank) 187 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 0.00 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 140 Procedures (number) no practice y g taxes (rank) Paying 80 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 48.52 Time (days) no practice p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 74.13 Time (days) 645 Cost (% of income per capita) no practice Payments (number per year) 44 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 248 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 26.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 82 Postfiling index (0–100) 96.34 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 156 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 65.21 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 26.14 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 3.0 Time (days) 19 Cost (% of estate) 15.0 Cost (% of property value) 1.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. 130 DOING BUSINESS 2018  Reform making it easier to do business  Change making it more difficult to do business ZAMBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,300 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 85 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.50 Population 16,591,390 g a business (rank) Starting 101  Getting g credit (rank) 2  Tradingg across borders (rank) 150 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 84.89 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 95.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 56.88 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 p Time to export Time (days) 8.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 8.7 p Border compliance (hours) 120 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 69 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 89 p Border compliance (US$) 370 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 71.04 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 53.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Time (days) 189 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 6 Border compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.1 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 7 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 10.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 175 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 380 Getting g electricity y (rank) 155 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 4 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 49.92 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 128 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank)  Paying 15 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 51.74 Time (days) 117 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 88.71 Time (days) 611 Cost (% of income per capita) 588.5 Payments (number per year) 11 Cost (% of claim) 38.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 164 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 15.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 149 Postfiling index (0–100) 85.94 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 89 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 48.69 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 44.85 Procedures (number) 6 Time (years) 1.0 Time (days) 45 Cost (% of estate) 9.0 Cost (% of property value) 9.9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 48.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.0 ZIMBABWE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 940 Ease of doing business rank (1–190) 159 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.47 Population 16,150,362 g a business (rank)  Starting 180  Getting g credit (rank) 105 Tradingg across borders (rank) 153 g a business (0–100) DTF score for starting 59.28 g DTF score for gettingg credit (0–100) 45.00 g across borders (0–100) DTF score for trading 55.47 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 p Time to export Time (days) 61 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 99 Cost (% of income per capita) 110.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 32.0 p Border compliance (hours) 74 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.2 p Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) 170 Dealing p g with construction permits (rank) 175 Protecting g minority y investors (rank) 89 p Border compliance (US$) 285 DTF score for dealing p g with construction permits (0–100) 44.73 DTF score for protecting p g minorityy investors (0–100) 53.33 Time to import p Procedures (number) 10 Extent of disclosure index (0–10) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 81 Time (days) 238 Extent of director liability index (0–10) 2 Border compliance (hours) 228 Cost (% of warehouse value) 22.5 Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) 5 Cost to import Building quality control index (0–15) 9.0 Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) 5 Border compliance (US$) 562 Getting g electricity y (rank) 161 Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) 5 g DTF score for getting y (0–100) g electricity 44.90 Enforcing g contracts (rank) 166 Procedures (number) 6 y g taxes (rank) Paying 143 DTF score for enforcingg contracts (0–100) 38.73 Time (days) 106 p y g taxes (0–100) DTF score for paying 58.83 Time (days) 410 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,602.6 Payments (number per year) 51 Cost (% of claim) 83.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Time (hours per year) 242 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.0 Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit) 31.6 g Registering gp p y (rank) property 108 Postfiling index (0–100) 52.84 Resolvingg insolvency y (rank) 155 g g property DTF score for registering p p y (0–100) 58.21 g insolvency DTF score for resolving y (0–100) 26.21 Procedures (number) 5 Time (years) 3.3 Time (days) 36 Cost (% of estate) 22.0 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.0 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5.0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. In starting a business, procedures (number), time (days) and cost (% of income per capita) are calculated as the average of both men and women. For the postfiling index, a result of “not applicable” may be recorded for an economy. Doing Business 2018 Labor Market Regulation Regulation of the labor market is an employees—poor firm productiv- important aspect of the business envi- ity. Doing Business 2018 data show that ronment that can influence employment 68.9% of economies provide at least dynamics and productivity.1 Labor market five fully-paid days of sick leave annu- imperfections can negatively affect job ally. The under-regulation of the labor quality and job creation.2 Regulation can market may disproportionally affect mitigate market failures and contribute specific groups. For female employees, to a more productive allocation of labor discrimination in access to employment resources within an economy. While and persistent gaps in income may reforms toward more flexible labor regu- discourage them from entering the labor lation could increase employment,3 labor market or participating in it to their full under-regulation can also have negative potential. Doing Business 2018 data show impacts by, for example, creating an that 48% of economies prohibit gender- unsafe workplace or undermining worker ba sed base disc d discri rimi mina nation in hi tion ring hiri 5% ng and 40.5% quality of life. By setting the right incen- mandate equal remuneration for work tives and deterrents for both employers of equal value. and employees, labor regulation could contribute to labor mobility and produc- In recent years Doing Business has tivity growth.4 developed a more nuanced approach to its labor market indicators by expanding The challenge in developing labor policies its methodological scope, going beyond is to avoid the extremes of both over- and the areas traditionally measured by under-regulation by balancing labor flex- the report. Historically, Doing Business ibility with worker protection. More flex- measured flexibility in the regulation of ible regulation may allow an economy to employment as it relates to the hiring and better adjust to economic shocks, varia- redundancy of employees and the sched- tions in the business cycle and long-term uling of working hours. However, several structural shifts, such as technological new components were added since Doing and demographic changes. Data collected Business 2016, including the availability of for Doing Business 2018 show that 64.7% at least five fully-paid days of sick leave of economies allow the use of fixed-term a year, length of paid maternity leave, contracts for permanent tasks and 78.9% unemployment protection, gender do not have restrictions on night work. In nondiscrimination in hiring and equal 21.4% of economies the law requires the remuneration for work of equal value. employer to reassign or retrain a worker This methodological expansion stemmed before making that worker redundant. from a collaborative dialogue with inter- ested stakeholders and the International On the other hand, a lack of worker protec- Labor Organization. The changes tion can lead to lower standards of living implemented were aimed at providing a and—with unhealthy and unmotivated more comprehensive measure by setting 132 DOING BUSINESS 2018 the right balance in labor market regula- tion. The Doing Business labor market indicators serve as an essential resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in labor market regulation. NOTES 1. Martin and Scarpetta 2012. 2. World Bank 2012. 3. Amin 2007. 4. Martin and Scarpetta 2012. LABOR MARKET REGULATION 133 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Hiring Working hours Fixed-term contracts prohibited probationary period (months) c Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday age 19, with one year of work non-nursing women can work Maximum number of working Premium for work on weekly Minimum wage for a cashier, the same night hours as men Premium for overtime work Restrictions on night work? Whether non-pregnant and Ratio of minimum wage to rest day (% of hourly pay) experience (US$/month) b Premium for night work value added per worker for permanent tasks? Maximum length of contracts (months) a Paid annual leave (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) (working days)d days per week work? Economy Afghanistan No No limit 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 15.0 50.0 25.0 Yes No No Yes 20.0 Albania Yes No limit 182.3 0.4 3.0 5.5 50.0 25.0 25.0 Yes Yes No No 20.0 Algeria Yes No limit 187.1 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Yes No No No 22.0 Angola No 120.0 148.4 0.3 3.0 6.0 10.0 75.0 20.0 Yes Yes Yes No 22.0 Antigua and Barbuda No No limit 604.9 0.4 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 12.0 Argentina Yes 60.0 936.7 0.6 3.0 5.5 13.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 18.0 Armenia Yes No limit 117.0 0.3 3.0 6.0 30.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Australia No No limit 2,068.3 0.3 6.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Austria No No limit 1,590.5 0.3 1.0 5.5 67.0 100.0 50.0 Yes Yes No No 25.0 Azerbaijan No 60.0 95.5 0.2 3.0 6.0 40.0 100.0 100.0 Yes No No Yes 17.0 Bahamas, The No No limit 867.5 0.3 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 11.7 Bahrain No 60.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 No Yes No No 30.0 Bangladesh (Chittagong) No No limit 0.0 0.0 3.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 No Yes No No 17.0 Bangladesh (Dhaka) No No limit 0.0 0.0 3.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 No Yes No No 17.0 Barbados No No limit 518.2 0.3 n.a. 5.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 20.3 Belarus No No limit 156.9 0.2 3.0 6.0 20.0 100.0 100.0 No Yes No No 18.0 Belgium No No limit 2,280.1 0.4 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Yes Yes Yes No 20.0 Belize No No limit 332.0 0.6 6.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No Yes 12.0 Benin No 48.0 70.2 0.6 2.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 12.0 No Yes No No 24.0 Bhutan No No limit 54.1 0.2 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 15.0 h Bolivia Yes 24.0 291.7 0.7 3.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 100.0 No No No No 21.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina No 36.0 232.5 0.4 6.0 6.0 25.0 15.0 25.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Botswana No No limit 84.5 0.1 3.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 15.0 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Yes 24.0 382.0 0.4 3.0 6.0 20.0 0.0 50.0 Yes Yes No No 26.0 Brazil (São Paulo) Yes 24.0 348.9 0.3 3.0 6.0 20.0 0.0 60.0 Yes Yes No No 26.0 Brunei Darussalam No No limit 0.0 0.0 n.a. 6.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No No 11.7 Bulgaria No 36.0 266.8 0.3 6.0 6.0 7.6 0.0 50.0 Yes Yes No Yes 20.0 Burkina Faso No No limit 90.8 0.9 2.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 No Yes Yes No 22.0 Burundi No No limit 2.4 0.1 6.0 6.0 35.0 0.0 35.0 No Yes No No 21.0 Cabo Verde Yes 60.0 115.3 0.3 2.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 35.0 No Yes No No 22.0 Cambodia No 24.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 6.0 30.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 19.3 Cameroon No 48.0 72.2 0.4 2.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 No Yes No No 25.0 134 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if 1 worker Priority rules for reemployment? contribution period (in months) Equal remuneration for work of Priority rules for redundancies? protection scheme exists after Severance pay for redundancy for unemployment protection Minimum length of maternity Gender non-discrimination in Retraining or reassignment? e Notice period for redundancy Dismissal due to redundancy Availability of five fully paid Paid/unpaid maternity leave Whether an unemployment dismissal (weeks of salary) d dismissal (weeks of salary)d Receive 100% of wages on Third-party notification if Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? 9 workers are dismissed? one year of employmenti 1 worker is dismissed? Third-party approval if leave (calendar days) g Minimum duration of mandated by law? f days of sick leave? maternity leave? allowed by law? is dismissed? equal value? hiring? Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes 4.3 17.3 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No Yes 10.1 10.7 Yes Yes Yes 365 No No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 4.3 13.0 Yes No Yes 98 Yes No No 36.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 4.3 13.6 Yes No Yes 90 Yes No No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes Yes No 3.4 12.8 No Yes Yes 91 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 7.2 23.1 Yes Yes Yes 90 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No Yes No No 8.7 4.3 No No Yes 140 Yes No No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes No No 3.3 8.7 Yes Yes Yes 126 No Yes Yes 0.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 2.0 0.0 Yes No Yes 112 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 8.7 13.0 No Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes 6.5 Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes 2.0 10.7 No Yes Yes 91 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 60.7 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes Yes 0.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 26.7 No No Yes 112 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 26.7 No No Yes 112 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No No Yes 3.7 12.5 No No Yes 84 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No Yes Yes No 8.7 13.0 Yes No Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes 0.0 Yes No No No No No No No 19.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 105 No Yes No 14.4 Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.7 8.3 No No Yes 98 No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 7.3 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 8.3 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 56 Yes Yes No n.a. No n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Yes No Yes 90 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes 2.0 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 365 No Yes Yes 8.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 3.8 16.8 No No Yes 84 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 6.6 8.9 No Yes Yes 120 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No No No No 6.6 8.9 No Yes Yes 120 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No No No No 3.0 0.0 No No Yes 91 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 4.3 Yes Yes Yes 410 No Yes Yes 9.0 Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 6.1 Yes No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes 8.7 7.2 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 2.1 15.2 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes 7.9 11.4 No Yes Yes 90 No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 11.6 8.3 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. LABOR MARKET REGULATION 135 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Hiring Working hours Fixed-term contracts prohibited probationary period (months) c Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday age 19, with one year of work non-nursing women can work Maximum number of working Premium for work on weekly Minimum wage for a cashier, the same night hours as men Premium for overtime work Restrictions on night work? Whether non-pregnant and Ratio of minimum wage to rest day (% of hourly pay) experience (US$/month) b Premium for night work value added per worker for permanent tasks? Maximum length of contracts (months) a Paid annual leave (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) (working days)d days per week work? Economy Canada No No limit 1,565.7 0.3 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No Yes 10.0 Central African Republic Yes 24.0 77.1 1.4 2.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 .. No Yes Yes No 25.3 Chad No 48.0 111.4 0.9 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 Yes No No No 24.7 Chile No 12.0 393.9 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 30.0 50.0 No Yes No No 15.0 China (Beijing) No No limit 290.1 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 6.7 China (Shanghai) No No limit 353.0 0.4 6.0 6.0 34.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 6.7 Colombia No No limit 267.5 0.3 2.0 6.0 35.0 75.0 25.0 No Yes No No 15.0 Comoros No 36.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 28.3 0.0 25.0 No Yes Yes No 22.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. Yes 48.0 65.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 25.0 0.0 37.5 Yes Yes No No 13.0 Congo, Rep. Yes 24.0 198.6 0.7 4.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 13.7 No Yes Yes Yes 29.7 Costa Rica Yes 12.0 588.3 0.4 3.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 Yes No No No 12.0 Côte d'Ivoire No 24.0 103.7 0.4 2.0 6.0 37.5 0.0 23.8 No Yes No No 27.4 Croatia Yes No limit 497.1 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Yes Yes Yes No 20.0 Cyprus No 30.0 1,076.2 0.4 24.0 5.5 0.0 100.0 100.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Czech Republic No 108.0 559.6 0.3 3.0 6.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Denmark No No limit 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 25.0 Djibouti Yes 24.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No Yes 30.0 Dominica No No limit 344.9 0.4 6.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 13.3 Dominican Republic Yes No limit 334.7 0.4 3.0 5.5 0.0 100.0 35.0 No Yes Yes No 16.7 Ecuador Yes No limit 434.8 0.6 3.0 5.0 25.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No Yes 12.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. No No limit 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 No Yes No No 24.0 El Salvador Yes No limit 252.7 0.5 1.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 125.0 Yes Yes Yes No 11.0 Equatorial Guinea Yes 24.0 745.9 0.8 1.0 6.0 25.0 50.0 25.0 No Yes Yes No 22.0 Eritrea Yes No limit 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 No Yes No No 19.0 Estonia Yes 120.0 533.2 0.2 4.0 5.0 25.0 0.0 50.0 Yes Yes No No 24.0 Ethiopia Yes No limit 0.0 0.0 1.5 6.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 No Yes No No 18.3 Fiji No No limit 296.3 0.5 3.0 6.0 4.3 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 10.0 Finland Yes 60.0 2,026.1 0.3 6.0 6.0 15.7 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 30.0 France Yes 18.0 1,765.1 0.3 2.0 6.0 7.5 20.0 25.0 Yes Yes Yes No 30.3 Gabon No 48.0 275.0 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 No Yes No No 24.0 Gambia, The No No limit 0.0 0.0 12.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 0.0 Georgia No 30.0 17.7 0.0 6.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 24.0 136 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if 1 worker Priority rules for reemployment? contribution period (in months) Equal remuneration for work of Priority rules for redundancies? protection scheme exists after Severance pay for redundancy for unemployment protection Minimum length of maternity Gender non-discrimination in Retraining or reassignment? e Notice period for redundancy Dismissal due to redundancy Availability of five fully paid Paid/unpaid maternity leave Whether an unemployment dismissal (weeks of salary) d dismissal (weeks of salary)d Receive 100% of wages on Third-party notification if Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? 9 workers are dismissed? one year of employmenti 1 worker is dismissed? Third-party approval if leave (calendar days) g Minimum duration of mandated by law? f days of sick leave? maternity leave? allowed by law? is dismissed? equal value? hiring? Yes No No No No No No No 5.0 5.0 Yes No Yes 105 No No Yes 3.2 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4.3 17.3 No No Yes 98 No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 7.2 5.8 Yes Yes Yes 98 No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 23.1 No No Yes 126 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 23.1 No Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 23.1 No Yes Yes 128 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 16.7 No No Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 8.7 5.0 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes .. No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 10.3 0.0 No Yes Yes 98 No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 8.7 6.9 No No Yes 105 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 14.4 No No Yes 120 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No No Yes 5.8 7.3 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 7.9 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 208 Yes Yes Yes 9.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes 5.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 No No Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 8.7 11.6 Yes Yes Yes 196 No No Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 No Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes 4.3 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No Yes 10.1 9.3 No No Yes 84 No No No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.0 22.2 No No Yes 98 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 0.0 31.8 Yes No Yes 84 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 10.1 26.7 No No Yes 90 Yes No Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 22.9 No No Yes 112 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4.3 34.3 Yes No Yes 84 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 3.1 12.3 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes Yes No 8.6 4.3 Yes Yes Yes 140 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 10.5 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 5.3 No Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes 10.1 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 105 No Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 7.2 4.6 Yes Yes Yes 112 Yes No Yes 4.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 14.4 4.3 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No Yes Yes 26.0 26.0 No No Yes 180 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 4.3 No No Yes 183 Yes Yes No n.a. LABOR MARKET REGULATION 137 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Hiring Working hours Fixed-term contracts prohibited probationary period (months) c Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday age 19, with one year of work non-nursing women can work Maximum number of working Premium for work on weekly Minimum wage for a cashier, the same night hours as men Premium for overtime work Restrictions on night work? Whether non-pregnant and Ratio of minimum wage to rest day (% of hourly pay) experience (US$/month) b Premium for night work value added per worker for permanent tasks? Maximum length of contracts (months) a Paid annual leave (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) (working days)d days per week work? Economy Germany No No limit 1,736.1 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 24.0 Ghana No No limit 45.4 0.2 n.a. 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 15.0 Greece Yes No limit 687.5 0.3 12.0 6.0 25.0 75.0 27.5 No Yes Yes No 22.3 Grenada Yes No limit 250.4 0.2 1.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 13.3 Guatemala Yes No limit 411.2 0.7 2.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes 15.0 Guinea No 24.0 50.0 0.7 1.0 6.0 20.0 0.0 30.0 No Yes Yes No 30.0 Guinea-Bissau Yes 12.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 6.0 25.0 50.0 0.0 No No No No 21.0 Guyana No No limit 202.9 0.4 n.a. 5.5 0.0 0.0 50.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Haiti No No limit 154.1 1.5 0.0 6.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No No 13.0 Honduras Yes 24.0 460.4 1.6 2.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 37.5 Yes Yes No No 16.7 Hong Kong SAR, China No No limit 885.3 0.2 1.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 10.3 Hungary No 60.0 465.9 0.3 3.0 5.0 15.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No Yes 21.3 Iceland No 24.0 2,079.3 0.3 3.0 6.0 0.9 0.8 1.4 No Yes No No 24.0 India (Delhi) No No limit 217.6 1.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Yes No Yes Yes 15.0 India (Mumbai) No No limit 134.1 0.6 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Yes No Yes Yes 21.0 Indonesia (Jakarta) Yes 36.0 248.9 0.6 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 No Yes No No 12.0 Indonesia (Surabaya) Yes 36.0 244.5 0.6 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 No Yes No No 12.0 Iran, Islamic Rep. No No limit 300.8 0.5 1.0 6.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 No Yes No No 24.0 Iraq Yes 12.0 120.4 0.1 3.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 Yes No No No 23.0 Ireland No No limit 1,832.8 0.3 12.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Israel No No limit 1,280.4 0.3 n.a. 5.5 0.0 50.0 25.0 No Yes Yes No 18.0 Italy No 36.0 1,973.7 0.5 2.0 6.0 15.0 30.0 15.0 No Yes No No 26.0 Jamaica No No limit 213.7 0.4 3.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 No Yes No No 11.7 Japan (Osaka) No No limit 1,329.5 0.3 n.a. 6.0 25.0 35.0 25.0 No Yes No Yes 15.3 Japan (Tokyo) No No limit 1,403.3 0.3 n.a. 6.0 25.0 35.0 25.0 No Yes No Yes 15.3 Jordan No No limit 299.4 0.6 3.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 25.0 Yes No No Yes 18.7 Kazakhstan No No limit 91.4 0.1 3.0 6.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No No 18.0 Kenya No No limit 233.2 1.1 12.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 21.0 Kiribati No No limit 173.7 0.5 n.a. 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Yes Yes No Yes 30.0 Korea, Rep. No 24.0 967.7 0.3 3.0 6.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No No 17.0 Kosovo No No limit 150.0 0.3 6.0 6.0 30.0 50.0 30.0 No Yes No No 21.0 Kuwait No No limit 198.6 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 25.0 No No Yes Yes 30.0 138 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if 1 worker Priority rules for reemployment? contribution period (in months) Equal remuneration for work of Priority rules for redundancies? protection scheme exists after Severance pay for redundancy for unemployment protection Minimum length of maternity Gender non-discrimination in Retraining or reassignment? e Notice period for redundancy Dismissal due to redundancy Availability of five fully paid Paid/unpaid maternity leave Whether an unemployment dismissal (weeks of salary) d dismissal (weeks of salary)d Receive 100% of wages on Third-party notification if Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? 9 workers are dismissed? one year of employmenti 1 worker is dismissed? Third-party approval if leave (calendar days) g Minimum duration of mandated by law? f days of sick leave? maternity leave? allowed by law? is dismissed? equal value? hiring? Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 10.0 11.6 No Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 3.6 46.2 No No Yes 84 Yes No No n.a. Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No 0.0 15.9 Yes Yes Yes 119 Yes No Yes 4.0 Yes No No No No No No No 7.2 5.3 Yes Yes Yes 84 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 27.0 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 5.8 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 26.0 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 7.0 Yes Yes Yes 91 No No No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 10.1 0.0 No No Yes 42 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 7.2 23.1 No Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 1.4 No Yes Yes 70 No No Yes 0.0 Yes No No No No No No No 6.2 7.2 No Yes Yes 168 No Yes Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No No No No 13.0 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 90 No Yes Yes 3.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 11.4 No Yes Yes 182 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 11.4 No Yes Yes 182 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 0.0 57.8 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 0.0 57.8 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 0.0 23.1 No No Yes 270 No No Yes 6.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 0.0 10.7 No Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No No No 3.7 10.7 Yes Yes Yes 182 No No No 24.0 Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 23.1 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.5 0.0 Yes No Yes 150 No No Yes 3.0 Yes No No No No No No No 4.0 10.0 No No Yes 56 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 0.0 No Yes Yes 98 No No Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 0.0 No Yes Yes 98 No No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 4.3 0.0 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes No 36.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 4.3 No Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes 0.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 2.1 Yes Yes Yes 90 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 3.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 84 No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes 4.3 23.1 No Yes Yes 90 Yes No Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 270 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 13.0 15.1 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 LABOR MARKET REGULATION 139 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Hiring Working hours Fixed-term contracts prohibited probationary period (months) c Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday age 19, with one year of work non-nursing women can work Maximum number of working Premium for work on weekly Minimum wage for a cashier, the same night hours as men Premium for overtime work Restrictions on night work? Whether non-pregnant and Ratio of minimum wage to rest day (% of hourly pay) experience (US$/month) b Premium for night work value added per worker for permanent tasks? Maximum length of contracts (months) a Paid annual leave (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) (working days)d days per week work? Economy Kyrgyz Republic Yes 60.0 17.4 0.1 3.0 6.0 50.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Lao PDR No 36.0 105.8 0.4 2.0 6.0 15.0 150.0 50.0 No Yes No No 15.0 Latvia Yes 60.0 434.6 0.2 3.0 5.5 50.0 0.0 100.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Lebanon No 24.0 438.9 0.5 3.0 5.5 0.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No Yes 15.0 Lesotho No No limit 140.7 0.8 4.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 25.0 Yes Yes No No 12.0 Liberia No No limit 141.4 2.5 3.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No Yes 16.5 Libya No 48.0 323.7 0.5 1.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 30.0 Lithuania No 60.0 433.5 0.2 3.0 5.5 50.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 20.7 Luxembourg Yes 24.0 2,764.4 0.3 6.0 5.5 0.0 70.0 40.0 No Yes Yes No 25.0 Macedonia, FYR No 60.0 262.5 0.4 6.0 6.0 35.0 50.0 35.0 Yes Yes No No 20.0 Madagascar Yes 24.0 55.7 0.9 3.0 6.0 30.0 40.0 30.0 No Yes No No 24.0 Malawi Yes No limit 27.5 0.5 12.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 18.0 Malaysia No No limit 257.2 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 13.3 Maldives No 24.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 25.0 No Yes No No 30.0 Mali Yes 72.0 67.4 0.5 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 No Yes No No 22.0 Malta No 48.0 837.4 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 24.0 Marshall Islands No No limit 517.5 0.8 n.a. 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 0.0 Mauritania No 24.0 90.8 0.6 1.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 No Yes Yes No 18.0 Mauritius No 24.0 236.8 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 17.0 Mexico (Mexico City) Yes No limit 151.7 0.1 1.0 6.0 0.0 25.0 100.0 No Yes No Yes 12.0 Mexico (Monterrey) Yes No limit 151.7 0.1 1.0 6.0 0.0 25.0 100.0 No Yes No Yes 12.0 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. No No limit 361.7 0.7 n.a. 7.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 0.0 Moldova Yes No limit 110.4 0.5 0.5 6.0 50.0 100.0 50.0 Yes Yes Yes No 20.0 Mongolia No No limit 116.9 0.3 3.0 5.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes No Yes 16.0 Montenegro No 24.0 218.9 0.3 6.0 6.0 40.0 0.0 40.0 No No No No 20.7 Morocco Yes 12.0 268.3 0.8 1.5 6.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 No Yes Yes No 19.5 Mozambique Yes 72.0 103.4 1.3 3.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes Yes No 24.0 Myanmar No No limit 68.3 0.4 n.a. 6.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Yes Yes No No 10.0 Namibia No No limit 0.0 0.0 n.a. 5.5 6.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Nepal Yes No limit 89.1 0.9 12.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 No No No No 18.0 Netherlands No 24.0 931.8 0.2 2.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 20.0 New Zealand No No limit 1,942.8 0.4 3.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 20.0 140 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if 1 worker Priority rules for reemployment? contribution period (in months) Equal remuneration for work of Priority rules for redundancies? protection scheme exists after Severance pay for redundancy for unemployment protection Minimum length of maternity Gender non-discrimination in Retraining or reassignment? e Notice period for redundancy Dismissal due to redundancy Availability of five fully paid Paid/unpaid maternity leave Whether an unemployment dismissal (weeks of salary) d dismissal (weeks of salary)d Receive 100% of wages on Third-party notification if Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? 9 workers are dismissed? one year of employmenti 1 worker is dismissed? Third-party approval if leave (calendar days) g Minimum duration of mandated by law? f days of sick leave? maternity leave? allowed by law? is dismissed? equal value? hiring? Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 13.0 No No Yes 126 No No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 6.4 27.7 No No Yes 105 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes Yes No 4.3 8.7 Yes Yes Yes 112 No No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 8.7 0.0 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 10.7 Yes No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 21.3 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 15.2 Yes No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes Yes No 8.7 15.9 Yes Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes No 18.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes 17.3 4.3 Yes Yes Yes 112 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 8.7 No Yes Yes 270 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 5.8 8.9 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 12.3 Yes Yes Yes 56 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No No No 6.7 17.2 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 7.2 0.0 No Yes Yes 60 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 9.3 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No Yes Yes 7.3 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 No Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No No n.a. n.a. No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 6.1 No Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 69.3 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 22.0 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 22.0 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No No n.a. n.a. No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 15.0 No Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes 9.0 Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 4.3 No No Yes 120 Yes Yes Yes 9.0 Yes No No No No Yes No No 4.3 6.9 Yes Yes Yes 45 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 7.2 13.5 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes No No 36.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 33.2 No No Yes 60 Yes No No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 18.8 No No Yes 98 No Yes No 36.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 5.3 Yes Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4.3 22.9 No No Yes 52 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 8.7 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 112 Yes No Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No Yes No No 0.0 0.0 No Yes No n.a. No Yes No n.a. LABOR MARKET REGULATION 141 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Hiring Working hours Fixed-term contracts prohibited probationary period (months) c Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday age 19, with one year of work non-nursing women can work Maximum number of working Premium for work on weekly Minimum wage for a cashier, the same night hours as men Premium for overtime work Restrictions on night work? Whether non-pregnant and Ratio of minimum wage to rest day (% of hourly pay) experience (US$/month) b value added per worker Premium for night work for permanent tasks? Maximum length of contracts (months) a Paid annual leave (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) (working days)d days per week work? Economy Nicaragua No No limit 227.3 0.9 1.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes 30.0 Niger Yes 48.0 52.6 0.8 6.0 6.0 37.5 0.0 10.0 No Yes No No 22.0 Nigeria (Kano) No No limit 81.8 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 6.0 Nigeria (Lagos) No No limit 81.8 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 6.0 Norway No 48.0 3,286.3 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 Yes Yes Yes No 21.0 Omanh No No limit 845.3 0.5 3.0 5.0 50.0 100.0 25.0 Yes No No Yes 22.0 Pakistan (Karachi) Yes 9.0 129.8 0.6 3.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Yes No Yes No 14.0 Pakistan (Lahore) Yes 9.0 129.8 0.6 3.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Yes No Yes No 14.0 Palau No No limit 693.5 0.5 n.a. 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 0.0 Panama Yes 12.0 558.8 0.4 3.0 6.0 13.0 50.0 50.0 No Yes Yes Yes 22.0 Papua New Guinea No No limit 213.0 0.6 n.a. 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 11.0 Paraguay Yes No limit 365.0 0.7 1.0 6.0 30.0 100.0 50.0 Yes Yes No Yes 20.0 Peru Yes 60.0 258.3 0.3 3.0 6.0 35.0 100.0 25.0 No Yes No No 13.0 Philippines No No limit 293.5 0.6 6.0 6.0 10.0 30.0 25.0 No Yes No No 5.0 Poland No 33.0 540.2 0.4 3.0 5.5 20.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 22.0 Portugal Yes 36.0 735.2 0.3 3.0 6.0 25.0 50.0 31.3 No Yes Yes No 22.0 Puerto Rico (U.S.) No No limit 1,256.7 0.3 9.0 7.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 11.0 Qatar No No limit 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 Yes Yes No Yes 22.0 Romania Yes 60.0 365.7 0.3 3.0 5.0 25.0 100.0 75.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Russian Federation Yes 60.0 299.0 0.3 3.0 6.0 20.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes Yes No 22.0 (Moscow) Russian Federation Yes 60.0 272.5 0.2 3.0 6.0 20.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes Yes No 22.0 (St. Petersburg) Rwanda No No limit 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 19.3 Samoa No No limit 207.6 0.4 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 10.0 San Marino Yes 18.0 2,147.1 0.4 1.6 6.0 35.0 0.0 26.3 No Yes No No 26.0 São Tomé and Príncipe Yes 36.0 71.0 0.3 1.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 37.5 No No Yes No 26.0 Saudi Arabia No 48.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 No No Yes No 23.3 Senegal Yes 24.0 160.9 1.1 2.0 6.0 38.0 0.0 10.0 No Yes Yes Yes 24.3 Serbia Yes 24.0 212.0 0.3 6.0 6.0 26.0 110.0 26.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Seychelles No No limit 575.5 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 21.0 Sierra Leone Yes No limit 84.5 1.1 6.0 5.5 15.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 23.0 Singapore No No limit 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 10.7 142 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if 1 worker Priority rules for reemployment? contribution period (in months) Equal remuneration for work of Priority rules for redundancies? protection scheme exists after Severance pay for redundancy for unemployment protection Minimum length of maternity Gender non-discrimination in Retraining or reassignment? e Notice period for redundancy Dismissal due to redundancy Availability of five fully paid Paid/unpaid maternity leave Whether an unemployment dismissal (weeks of salary) d dismissal (weeks of salary)d Receive 100% of wages on Third-party notification if Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? 9 workers are dismissed? one year of employmenti 1 worker is dismissed? Third-party approval if leave (calendar days) g Minimum duration of mandated by law? f days of sick leave? maternity leave? allowed by law? is dismissed? equal value? hiring? Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 14.9 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 9.7 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No Yes No 3.2 0.0 No No Yes 84 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No Yes No 3.2 0.0 No No Yes 84 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes 8.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 343 No Yes Yes 0.0 No n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. No No Yes 50 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No Yes Yes 4.3 22.9 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No Yes Yes 4.3 22.9 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No No n.a. n.a. No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 0.0 18.1 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 3.3 9.2 No No Yes 0 n.a. Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 10.8 18.6 Yes No Yes 126 No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 0.0 11.4 Yes No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 23.1 Yes No Yes 60 Yes No No n.a. Yes No No No No No Yes Yes 10.1 8.7 No Yes Yes 140 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 7.9 9.1 Yes Yes Yes 120 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes No No No No No Yes Yes 0.0 0.0 No Yes Yes 56 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 7.2 16.0 No No Yes 50 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No Yes Yes 4.0 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 No Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 8.7 No Yes Yes 140 Yes Yes Yes 0.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 8.7 No Yes Yes 140 Yes Yes Yes 0.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 8.7 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 3.3 0.0 Yes No Yes 28 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 0.0 No No Yes 630 No Yes Yes 9.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 4.3 26.0 No No Yes 98 Yes No No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 8.6 15.2 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 10.5 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes No Yes 0.0 7.7 Yes Yes Yes 135 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 7.6 No No Yes 98 No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 13.0 62.5 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No No No 3.0 0.0 No No Yes 105 Yes Yes No n.a. LABOR MARKET REGULATION 143 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Hiring Working hours Fixed-term contracts prohibited probationary period (months) c Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday age 19, with one year of work non-nursing women can work Maximum number of working Premium for work on weekly Minimum wage for a cashier, the same night hours as men Premium for overtime work Restrictions on night work? Whether non-pregnant and Ratio of minimum wage to rest day (% of hourly pay) experience (US$/month) b value added per worker Premium for night work for permanent tasks? Maximum length of contracts (months) a Paid annual leave (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) (working days)d days per week work? Economy Slovak Republic No 24.0 502.1 0.3 3.0 6.0 20.0 0.0 25.0 No Yes No No 25.0 Slovenia Yes 24.0 919.8 0.3 6.0 6.0 75.0 100.0 30.0 No Yes No No 22.0 Solomon Islands No No limit 114.5 0.4 n.a. 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No No No No 15.0 Somalia No No limit 0.0 0.0 n.a. 6.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 No No No No 80.0 South Africa Yes No limit 285.5 0.4 n.a. 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 Yes Yes No No 18.3 South Sudan No 48.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No No No No 23.3 Spain Yes 48.0 1,005.9 0.3 6.0 5.5 6.6 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 22.0 Sri Lanka No No limit 75.1 0.2 n.a. 5.5 0.0 0.0 50.0 Yes No No No 14.0 St. Kitts and Nevis No No limit 563.3 0.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 14.0 St. Lucia No 24.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 21.0 St. Vincent and the No No limit 311.9 0.4 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 18.7 Grenadines Sudan No 48.0 67.1 0.2 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No No No No 23.3 Suriname No No limit 215.4 0.2 2.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 16.0 Swaziland No No limit 130.5 0.3 3.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 15.0 Sweden No 24.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes Yes No 25.0 Switzerland No 120.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 6.0 25.0 50.0 25.0 Yes Yes Yes No 20.0 Syrian Arab Republic No 60.0 35.2 0.2 3.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 37.5 No No Yes No 21.7 Taiwan, China Yes No limit 649.8 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 100.0 33.0 No Yes No No 12.7 Tajikistan Yes No limit 60.4 0.4 3.0 6.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 Yes Yes No No 18.0 Tanzania Yes No limit 54.5 0.4 6.0 6.0 5.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 20.0 Thailand Yes No limit 229.4 0.3 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 6.0 Timor-Leste Yes 36.0 115.0 0.4 1.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes Yes No 12.0 Togo Yes 48.0 92.0 1.1 2.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 No Yes No No 30.0 h Tonga No No limit 0.0 0.0 n.a. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes Yes No 0.0 Trinidad and Tobago No No limit 411.9 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 10.0 Tunisia No 48.0 243.4 0.5 6.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 25.0 No No No No 19.0 Turkey Yes No limit 616.3 0.4 2.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 Yes No No No 18.0 Uganda No No limit 1.9 0.0 12.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 21.0 Ukraine Yes No limit 133.8 0.5 3.0 5.5 20.0 100.0 100.0 No No Yes Yes 18.0 United Arab Emirates No No limit 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 25.0 No No Yes No 26.0 United Kingdom No No limit 1,409.2 0.3 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Yes No No 28.0 144 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if 1 worker Priority rules for reemployment? contribution period (in months) Equal remuneration for work of Priority rules for redundancies? protection scheme exists after Severance pay for redundancy for unemployment protection Minimum length of maternity Gender non-discrimination in Retraining or reassignment? e Notice period for redundancy Dismissal due to redundancy Availability of five fully paid Paid/unpaid maternity leave Whether an unemployment dismissal (weeks of salary) d dismissal (weeks of salary)d Receive 100% of wages on Third-party notification if Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? 9 workers are dismissed? one year of employmenti 1 worker is dismissed? Third-party approval if leave (calendar days) g Minimum duration of mandated by law? f days of sick leave? maternity leave? allowed by law? is dismissed? equal value? hiring? Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 11.6 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 238 No No No 24.0 Yes No No No No No Yes No 5.3 5.3 Yes Yes Yes 105 Yes Yes Yes 9.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 10.7 No No Yes 84 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 23.1 No No Yes 98 No No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 4.0 5.3 Yes No Yes 120 No Yes Yes 0.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 21.7 No No Yes 56 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 2.1 15.2 Yes No Yes 112 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 54.2 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No Yes 8.7 0.0 No No Yes 91 No No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 3.7 9.3 Yes Yes Yes 91 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No No Yes 4.0 10.0 No No Yes 91 No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 21.7 No No Yes 56 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 0.0 8.8 No No No n.a. n.a. No No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No Yes No 5.9 8.7 No No Yes 14 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 14.4 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 480 No No Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 10.1 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 98 No Yes Yes 12.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 8.7 0.0 No No Yes 120 Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes 3.8 11.6 Yes Yes Yes 56 Yes No Yes 12.0 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 13.0 Yes Yes Yes 140 Yes No No 18.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 4.0 5.3 Yes Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 31.7 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 3.6 0.0 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 8.8 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. No No No No No No No No n.a. n.a. No No No n.a. n.a. No No n.a. Yes No No Yes No No No No 6.4 14.1 No Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.3 17.2 No No Yes 30 No Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No Yes 6.7 23.1 Yes Yes Yes 112 No Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 8.7 0.0 Yes No Yes 84 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes 8.7 4.3 No Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes 6.0 Yes No No No No No No No 4.3 0.0 No No Yes 45 Yes Yes No n.a. Yes No No No No No No No 5.3 4.0 Yes Yes Yes 14 No No Yes 0.0 LABOR MARKET REGULATION 145 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Hiring Working hours Fixed-term contracts prohibited probationary period (months) c Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday age 19, with one year of work non-nursing women can work Maximum number of working Premium for work on weekly Minimum wage for a cashier, the same night hours as men Premium for overtime work Restrictions on night work? Whether non-pregnant and Ratio of minimum wage to rest day (% of hourly pay) experience (US$/month) b Premium for night work value added per worker for permanent tasks? Maximum length of contracts (months) a Paid annual leave (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) (working days)d days per week work? Economy United States No No limit 1,762.1 0.2 n.a. 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 0.0 (Los Angeles) United States No No limit 1,846.0 0.3 n.a. 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 0.0 (New York City) Uruguay No No limit 628.1 0.3 n.a. 6.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 No Yes No No 21.0 Uzbekistan Yes 60.0 129.2 0.5 3.0 6.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 No Yes No No 15.0 Vanuatu No No limit 271.5 0.7 6.0 6.0 0.0 50.0 25.0 No No No No 17.0 h Venezuela, RB Yes 24.0 1,217.0 6.0 1.0 5.0 30.0 50.0 50.0 Yes Yes Yes No 19.3 Vietnam No 72.0 168.4 0.7 1.0 6.0 30.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 13.0 West Bank and Gaza No 24.0 371.3 0.8 6.0 6.0 0.0 150.0 50.0 Yes No Yes No 12.0 Yemen, Rep. No No limit 75.7 0.5 6.0 6.0 15.0 100.0 50.0 No No No No 30.0 Zambia Yes No limit 176.4 0.8 n.a. 6.0 4.3 100.0 50.0 No Yes No No 24.0 Zimbabwe No No limit 304.5 2.2 3.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 No Yes No No 22.0 a. Including renewals. b. Economies for which 0.0 is shown have no minimum wage in the private sector. c. Some answers are not applicable (n.a.) for economies in which there is no statutory provision for a probationary period. d. Average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure. e. Whether the law requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker before making the worker redundant. f. If no maternity leave is mandated by law, parental leave is measured if applicable. g. The minimum number of days that legally have to be paid by the government, the employer or both. h. Some answers are not applicable (n.a.) for economies where dismissal due to redundancy is disallowed. i. Some answers are not applicable (n.a.) for economies that do not have an unemployment protection scheme. w team: The following data were collected jointly with the World Bank Group’s Women, Business and the Law • Can non-pregnant and non-nursing women work the same night hours as men? • Equal remuneration for work of equal value? • Gender non-discrimination in hiring? • Paid/unpaid maternity leave mandated by law? • Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days)? • Receive 100% of wages on maternity leave? 146 Dismissal due to redundancy No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes allowed by law? Third-party notification if No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a. 1 worker is dismissed? Third-party approval if 1 worker No No No No No No No No No No n.a. is dismissed? DOING BUSINESS 2018 Third-party notification if No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a. 9 workers are dismissed? Third-party approval if No No No No No No No No No Yes n.a. 9 workers are dismissed? Redundancy rules No No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment? e Yes Yes Yes n.a. No No No No No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies? Yes n.a. No No No No No No No No No Priority rules for reemployment? Yes n.a. Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 13.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 0.0 9.3 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 n.a. cost Severance pay for redundancy Redundancy 46.2 23.1 23.1 24.6 23.1 8.7 20.8 0.0 0.0 n.a. dismissal (weeks of salary)d 12.3 Equal remuneration for work of No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes equal value? Gender non-discrimination in No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes hiring? Paid/unpaid maternity leave Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes mandated by law? f Minimum length of maternity leave (calendar days) g 98 84 70 84 180 182 84 126 98 0 0 Receive 100% of wages on No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a. n.a. maternity leave? Job quality Availability of five fully paid No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes days of sick leave? Whether an unemployment No No No No No protection scheme exists after Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes one year of employmenti Minimum duration of contribution period (in months) 12.0 12.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 12.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. for unemployment protection Doing Business 2018 Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis for Doing Anna Reva, Margarida Rodrigues, Julie Business 2018 were conducted by a team Ryan, Jayashree Srinivasan, Mihaela led by Santiago Croci (Acting Manager, Stangu, Erick Tjong, Camille Henri Vaillon, Doing Business) under the general direc- María Adelaida Vélez Posada, Jerry Wu, tion of Rita Ramalho (Acting Director, Yelizaveta Yanovich, Marilyne Florence Global Indicators Group, Development Mafoboue Youbi, Inés Zabalbeitia Múgica, Economics). Overall guidance for the Philip Christopher Zager, Yasmin Zand, preparation of the report was pro- Muqiao Zhang and Geyi Zheng. Rami vided by Shantayanan Devarajan (Senior Abdulaziz Al Shaibani, Nyanya Browne, Director, Development Economics) and Melissa Bueno, Daniel De la Hormaza, Paul Romer (Senior Vice President and Joseph El-Cassabgui, Francesca Ermice, Chief Economist of the World Bank). Ismael Eduardo Wilson Franco Gonzales, The project was managed with the Xu Han, Marcy Jagdeo Adekoya, Edison support of Adrian Gonzalez, Valentina Ja kurt Jaku i, Zai rti ain n Ja Jarr rrar Sarp ar, Sa anki rp Yan alfa ki Kal fa, Saltane and Hulya Ulku. Other team Valeriya Khoroshun, Chung Myung members included Nadine Abi Chakra, Kim, Jamie Lee-Brown, Yousef Majzoub, Ahmad AlKhuzam, Jean Arlet, Yuriy Ahmed Medhat M Garoub, Marie Parent, Valentinovich Avramov, Erica Bosio, Izabela Prager, Victoria Ryan, Egiimaa Édgar Chávez, Maria Magdalena Chiquier, Tsolmonbaatar, Gergana Tsvetanova, Cyriane Marie Coste, Baria Nabil Daye, Yarmi Jose Vidal Horscheck, Hong Jing Christian De la Medina Soto, Marie Lily Wang, David Weinstein, Anthony Paul Delion, Laura Diniz, Faiza El Fezzazi El Winszman, Xinyu Wu, Rongpeng Yang Maziani, Imane Fahli, Cécile Ferro, Dorina and Mohamed W. Zakaria assisted in Georgieva, Pelayo Gonzalez-Escalada the months before publication. Thomas Mena, Maksym Iavorskyi, Nan Jiang, Moullier and Keiko Sakoda contributed to Herve Kaddoura, Klaus Adolfo Koch- the writing of the chapter on dealing with Saldarriaga, Olena Koltko, Magdalini construction permits. Konidari, Khrystyna Kushnir, Nicole Anouk Leger, Tiziana Londero, Silvia The online service of the Doing Business Carolina Lopez Rocha, Raman Maroz, database is managed by Varun Doiphode, Brendan Meighan, Margherita Mellone, Fengsheng Huang, Manoj Mathew, Nuno Filipe Mendes Dos Santos, Frédéric Arun Chakravarthi Nageswaran, Kunal Meunier, Joanna Nasr, Marie-Jeanne Patel, Kamalesh Sengaonkar, Bishal Raj Ndiaye, Albert Nogués i Comas, Nadia Thakuri, Vinod Thottikkatu, and Hashim Novik, Kennedy Oyugi Okoyo, Tigran Zia. The Doing Business 2018 outreach Parvanyan, Esperanza Pastor Nuñez De strategy is managed by Indira Chand, Castro, Madwa-Nika Phanord-Cadet, under the general direction of Phillip Martin Andres Poveda Amarfil, María Jeremy Hay with support from World Antonia Quesada Gámez, Parvina Bank Group communications colleagues Rakhimova, Morgann Courtney Reeves, around the world. 148 DOING BUSINESS 2018 The team is grateful for the valuable com- John Litwack, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Doing Business would not be possible ments provided by colleagues, both within William F. Maloney, Trimor Mici, Mamo without the expertise and generous input and outside the World Bank Group, and Esmelealem Mihretu, Andrei Mikhnev, of a network of more than 13,000 local for the guidance provided by World Bank Ashish Narain, Claudia Nassif, Tatiana partners, including legal experts, busi- Group Executive Directors. The team Nenova, Juri Oka, Sandie Okoro, Alice ness consultants, accountants, freight would especially like to acknowledge Ouedraogo, Madalina Papahagi, Samuel forwarders, government officials and the comments and guidance of Gabi Pienkangura, Martin Rama, M. Masrur other professionals routinely admin- George Afram, Miah Rahmat Ali, Ashani Reaz, Massimiliano Santini, Jaehyang istering or advising on the relevant Chanuka Alles, Amjad Bashir, Karim So, Sylvia Solf, The Corporate Registers legal and regulatory requirements in Ouled Belayachi, Eugene Bempon, Lilia Forum, Moussa Traore, Yvonne M. Tsikata, the 190 economies covered. Contact Burunciuc, Cesar Calderon, Mierta Capaul, Linda Van Gelder, Carlos Alberto Vegh details for local partners are available Efrem Zephnath Chilima, Ted Haoquan Gramont, Julien Vilquin, John Wille, Ali on the Doing Business website at http:// Chu, Amila Indeewari Dahanayake, Zafa and Albert G. Zeufack. www.doingbusiness.org. Fernando Dancausa, Annette Dixon, Simeon Djankov, Christian Eigen-Zucchi, The paying taxes project was conducted The names of the local partners wishing Jorge Familiar Calderon, Manuela V. Ferro, in collaboration with PwC, led by Stef to be acknowledged individually are listed Alvaro Gonzalez, Cemile Hacibeyoglu, van Weeghel. below. The global and regional contribu- Lucia Hanmer, Caroline Heider, Andras tors listed are firms that have completed Horvai, Joyce Antoine Ibrahim, Jane Bronwen Brown edited the manuscript. multiple questionnaires in their various Jamieson, Aphichoke Kotikula, Aart Corporate Visions, Inc. designed the offices around the world. Kraay, Esperanza Lasagabaster, Yue Li, report and the graphs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 149 GLOBAL CONTRIBUTORS Mohammad Afzal Hassanzada Haris Syed Raza Lorena Gega DA AFGHANISTAN BANK GERRY’S DNATA PVT. LTD. PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS ADVOCATES FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUDIT SH.P.K. Khalid Hatam Mohammad Taimur Taimur AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, SECTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW RIAA BARKER GILLETTE AFG DA AFGHANISTAN BANK Enida Gerxholli BAKER & MCKENZIE REGISTRY OF SECURITY Saduddin Haziq Roshan Kumar Thapa PLEDGES BDO AFGHAN UNITED BANK RGM INTERNATIONAL GROUP LLC Gjergji Gjika DELOITTE Hussain Ali Hekmat GJIKA & ASSOCIATES IKMAL ENGINEERING Madan Upadhyay DENTONS Valbona Gjonçari CONSTRUCTION COMPANY RGM INTERNATIONAL DLA PIPER GROUP LLC BOGA & ASSOCIATES Rashid Ibrahim EY A.F. FERGUSON & CO., Najibullah Wardak Shirli Gorenca CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, MINISTRY OF FINANCE KALO & ASSOCIATES FIABCI, THE INTERNATIONAL REAL ESTATE FEDERATION A MEMBER FIRM OF Maseeh Ahmad Wassil Bojana Hajdini GRANT THORNTON PWC NETWORK DA AFGHANISTAN BANK DRAKOPOULOS LAW FIRM GRATA INTERNATIONAL Waheed Iqbal Rohullah Zarif Esa Hala LEGAL ORACLES IUS LABORIS - ALLIANCE OF LABOR, EMPLOYMENT, ACCL INTERNATIONAL TONUCCI & PARTNERS BENEFITS AND PENSIONS LAW FIRMS Sanzar Kakar Ergys Hasani AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA KPMG GJIKA & ASSOCIATES HOLDING GROUP LAW SOCIETY OF ENGLAND AND WALES WOLF THEISS Shpati Hoxha M. Wissal Khan LEX MUNDI, ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT LAW FIRMS LEGAL ORACLES Anjola Aliaj HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA OPTIMA LEGAL Elira Hroni PWC1 Thomas Kraemer AND FINANCIAL KAKAR ADVOCATS KALO & ASSOCIATES REED SMITH LLP Artur Asllani Evis Jani Khalid Massoudi TONUCCI & PARTNERS RUSSELL BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL GJIKA & ASSOCIATES MASNAD LEGAL CONSULTANCY WHITE & CASE Artan Babaramo Brunilda Jegeni Ghulam Reza Mohammady GENERAL DIRECTORATE KAKAR ADVOCATS REGISTRY OF SECURITY REGIONAL CONTRIBUTORS OF TAXATION PLEDGES Saqib Naseer Sabina Baboci A.P. MOLLER - MAERSK GROUP Ilir Johollari A.F. FERGUSON & CO., KALO & ASSOCIATES CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA AL TAMIMI & COMPANY A MEMBER FIRM OF Eglantina Bakiu Lala Bledar Kabashi ARIAS LAW PWC NETWORK BITRI & BAKIU LAW FIRM MINISTRY OF JUSTICE ASHURST LLP Abdul Nasser Nazari Ledia Beçi Neritan Kallfa ASSOCIATION OF CONSUMER CREDIT RAINBOW CONSULTING HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA TONUCCI & PARTNERS INFORMATION SUPPLIERS (ACCIS) SERVICES Renis Bega Miranda Kapllani BOGA & ASSOCIATES Tariq Nazarwall HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA BENIMPEX & CO. DEHSABZ CITY DEVELOPMENT Boiken Bendo CENTIL LAW AUTHORITY, INDEPENDENT Olta Kaziaj BENDO LAW, ADVOCATES AVANNTIVE CONSULTING DFDL BOARD OF KABUL NEW & LEGAL CONSULTANTS CITY DEVELOPMENT SH.P.K. ENSAFRICA Jona Bica Habibullah Pirzada Migena Kolonja EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND EY BOGA & ASSOCIATES ACCL INTERNATIONAL GARCÍA & BODÁN Artan Bozo Rudi Laze Habiburahman Qaderdan BOZO & ASSOCIATES QADERDAN ELECTRICITY BOZO & ASSOCIATES JOHN W. FFOOKS & CO. LAW FIRM COMPANY LAW FIRM LEXINCORP Njazuela Braholli Shakir Rahimi Gilda Lika MAYER BROWN GJIKA & ASSOCIATES BENDO LAW, ADVOCATES PRAELEGAL Irma Cacaj & LEGAL CONSULTANTS SCHOENHERR Tamsil Rashid BOGA & ASSOCIATES Petraq Lika SORAINEN AFGHANISTAN INTERNATIONAL BANK Doris Carcani OSHEE (OPERATORI TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) ALBANIAN ENERGY I SHPERNDARJES SE Irisglyn Rivero REGULATOR (ERE) ENERGJISE ELEKTRIKE) TRANSUNION INTERNATIONAL RGM INTERNATIONAL GROUP LLC Megi Caushi Arbër Lloshi VDA - VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA & ASSOCIADOS AVANNTIVE CONSULTING OPTIMA LEGAL Abdul Wahid Rizwanzai SH.P.K. AND FINANCIAL AFGHANISTAN Haidar Barak RIAA BARKER GILLETTE AFG RGM INTERNATIONAL Rozana Çelmeta Tetis Lubonja Taqi Ahmad GROUP LLC Ali Saberi MINISTRY OF JUSTICE GENERAL DIRECTORATE A.F. FERGUSON & CO., IKMAL ENGINEERING Nadia Bazidwal OF TAXATION Rezarta Mataj CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, CONSTRUCTION COMPANY A MEMBER FIRM OF THE ASIA FOUNDATION Ilir Daci TIRANA DISTRICT COURT PWC NETWORK Abdul Sami Sabir OPTIMA LEGAL Sultan Maqsood Fazel DA AFGHANISTAN BANK Andi Memi QADERDAN ELECTRICITY AND FINANCIAL HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA Gloria Ahmadi KAKAR ADVOCATS COMPANY Zahid Safi Besnik Duraj RIAA BARKER GILLETTE AFG Eglon Metalia Bari Alkozai Hasibullah Ghaforzai DRAKOPOULOS LAW FIRM EY PRAELEGAL PRAELEGAL Abdul Nasser Sahak Ana Dylgjeri DA AFGHANISTAN BANK Naim Mete Shaheryar Aziz Chantal Grut BANK OF ALBANIA GENERAL DIRECTORATE A.F. FERGUSON & CO., ROSENSTOCK LEGAL SERVICES Saeeq Shajjan Sokol Elmazaj OF TAXATION CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, SHAJJAN & ASSOCIATES BOGA & ASSOCIATES Naheed Habibi Aigest Milo A MEMBER FIRM OF DA AFGHANISTAN BANK Aali Shan Ahmed KALO & ASSOCIATES PWC NETWORK Dorina Fezollari ICON TRADING AND AVANNTIVE CONSULTING Khan Hadawal FORWARDING COMPANY Orgita Milo Mazhar Bangash DA AFGHANISTAN BANK SH.P.K. BOGA & ASSOCIATES RIAA BARKER GILLETTE AFG 1. “PwC” refers to the network of member firms of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited (PwCIL), or, as the context requires, individual member firms of the PwC network. Each member firm is a separate legal entity and does not act as agent of PwCIL or any other member firm. PwCIL does not provide any services to clients. PwCIL is not responsible or liable for the acts or omissions of any of its member firms nor can it control the exercise of their professional judgment or bind them in any way. No member firm is responsible or liable for the acts or omissions of any other member firm nor can it control the exercise of another member firm’s professional judgment or bind another member firm or PwCIL in any way. 150 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Eno Muja Adnane Bouchaib Hakim Zerbout Joana Pacheco Hugh C. Marshall BOGA & ASSOCIATES BOUCHAIB LAW FIRM MICHEL HUREL ALGERIE SARL ANGOLA COUNSEL MARSHALL & CO. Kristo Myridinas Hamid Boughenou Júlio Pascoal Gloria Martin PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS BECOME SCP ANGOLA ENDE-EP FRANCIS TRADING AUDIT SH.P.K. Luís Andrade AGENCY LIMITED Rachida Boughenou Antonio Pereira Gjergji Nestor BECOME SCP PWC ANGOLA EY David Matthias GENERAL DIRECTORATE Sika Awoonor ANTIGUA BARBUDA SOCIAL Hafida Bounefrat Joaquim Piedade OF TAXATION GLOBAL CHOICE ANGOLA LDA SECURITY BOARD ACCOUNTANT UNICARGAS Dorina Nika Jeanine Batalha Ferreira Septimus A. Rhudd Merouane Chabane Djamila Pinto de Andrade LAWYER PWC PORTUGAL RHUDD & ASSOCIATES SOCIÉTÉ DE DISTRIBUTION LEAD ADVOGADOS Albulen Pano DE L’ELECTRICITÉ ET DU Pedro Bequengue Stedroy Roache André Miguel Pitéu PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS GAZ D’ALGER (SDA) CÂMARA DOS DESPACHANTES ANTIGUA PUBLIC UTILITIES AUDIT SH.P.K. TRANSITEX ANGOLA AUTHORITY (APUA) Djamel Chorfi OFICIAIS DE ANGOLA Laurinda Prazeres Cardoso Loreta Peci Edvaldo Cahombo Andrea Roberts Said Dib LEAD ADVOGADOS PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS GUICHÉ ÚNICO DE EMPRESA ROBERTS & CO. BANQUE D’ALGÉRIE AUDIT SH.P.K. José Quarta Guilherme Carreira Safiya Roberts Ahmed Djouadi INSTITUTO REGULADOR DOS Ardjana Shehi EDIFER ANGOLA ROBERTS & CO. LAW FIRM HADJ-HAMOU SERVIÇOS DE ELECTRICIDADE KALO & ASSOCIATES & DJOUADI - ASSOCIATE Luis Filipe Carvalho E ÁGUAS (IRSEA) Megan Samuel-Fields Enian Sina OFFICE OF DENTONS ADCA LAW FIRM, MEMBER SAMUEL FIELDS CONSULTING Gonçalo Antunes Rita GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF DLA PIPER AFRICA GROUP GROUP LTD. Mourad El Besseghi BANCO NACIONAL DE ANGOLA OF TAXATION CABINET EL BESSEGHI Jaime Carvalho Esteves Sharon Simmons Sandra Saraiva Ketrin Topçiu PWC PORTUGAL LAND REGISTRY Hamil Faidi GABINETE LEGAL BOZO & ASSOCIATES STUDIO A Irineu Chingala ANGOLA – ADVOGADOS Owren Smith LAW FIRM LOURDES CAPOSSO FERNANDES DEVELOPMENT CONTROL Mohamed Lahbib Goubi Bruno Serejo Anora Topi & ASSOCIADOS (LCF) AUTHORITY BANQUE D’ALGÉRIE ELA – EXPERT LEGAL GENERAL DIRECTORATE Nelson Couto-Cabral ASSISTANCE Eleanor R. Solomon OF TAXATION Khaled Goussanem 3C INTERNATIONAL CLARKE & CLARKE Bruno Turabi LAW FIRM GOUSSANEM Dinamukueno Lukie Sérgio & ALOUI Inês Barbosa Cunha OLICARGO ANGOLA SA Frederick Southwell BOGA & ASSOCIATES PWC PORTUGAL DEVELOPMENT CONTROL Mohamed El-Amine Haddad Tatiana Serrão Alketa Uruçi AUTHORITY CABINET DE MAÎTRE Alwin Leon Das FBL ADVOGADOS BOGA & ASSOCIATES AMINE HADDAD FAMS TRANSITÁRIOS LDA Arthur Thomas Gervasio Simao Gerhard Velaj THOMAS, JOHN & CO. Samir Hamouda Patricia Dias GEPLI ANGOLA BOGA & ASSOCIATES CABINET D’AVOCATS AVM ADVOGADOS Marietta Warren Hugo Sipitali Flavia Xhafo SAMIR HAMOUDA INTERFREIGHT LTD. KALO & ASSOCIATES Fernando F. Bastos ANGOLA COUNSEL Halim Karabadji FBL ADVOGADOS Beatriz Calcida Soares ARGENTINA Donald Xhelili SOCIÉTÉ DE DISTRIBUTION Lourdes Caposso Fernandes Catumbela FIRST COURT OF TIRANA DE L’ELECTRICITÉ ET DU PETROBRAS GAZ D’ALGER (SDA) LOURDES CAPOSSO Daniela Tavares Nunes Evis Zaja FERNANDES & ASSOCIADOS Lucas Abal Abdelmalek Kherbachene ABREU ADVOGADOS OPTIMA LEGAL RIVERA & ASOCIADOS AND FINANCIAL BOUCHEMLA LANOUAR João Fialho Elsa Tchicanha & ASSOCIÉS VDA - VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA GABINETE LEGAL Ignacio Acedo Enida Zeneli & ASSOCIADOS GONZALEZ & FERRARO MILA Farouk Lakli ANGOLA – ADVOGADOS BOZO & ASSOCIATES LAW FIRM LAKELEC Marcelino Franco Renata Valenti Cecilia Andrea Acosta GUICHÉ ÚNICO DE EMPRESA GABINETE LEGAL MBB BALADO BEVILACQUA Lareda Zenunaj Mohamed Lanouar ABOGADOS BOUCHEMLA LANOUAR Luís Fraústo Varona ANGOLA – ADVOGADOS GJIKA & ASSOCIATES & ASSOCIÉS ABREU ADVOGADOS Ricardo Veloso Pablo J. Alliani ALGERIA PWC ANGOLA ALLIANI & BRUZZON Walid Laouar Marilia Frias CABINET LAOUAR VDA - VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA António Vicente Marques Jose María Allonca CABINET MOHAMMED TAHAR BENABID & ASSOCIADOS AVM ADVOGADOS ALLONCA ABOGADOS LEGAL Vincent Lunel & BUSINESS CONSULTING TRANSIT SAIDJI DS AVOCATS Alberto Galhardo Simões Orlanda Vuite MIRANDA & ASSOCIADOS ADCA LAW FIRM, MEMBER Marina Altieri Amel Aiad Harous Madjid DE DIOS & GOYENA Paulo Lobo OF DLA PIPER AFRICA GROUP ACCOUNTANT PWC ALGERIA ABOGADOS CONSULTORES ABREU CARGA E TRÂNSITOS, Mohamed Nadir Aissani Sid-Ahmed Mekerba LDA - ANGOLA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Ignacio E. Aramburu PWC ALGERIA GHELLAL & MEKERBA ESTUDIO MOLTEDO Dilma Lopes ANTIGUA & BARBUDA Salima Aloui Mohamed Mokrane FBL ADVOGADOS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & Sebastian Ariel Uberti LAW FIRM GOUSSANEM MINISTÈRE DES FINANCES - COMMERCE OFFICE (ABIPCO) CITY OF BUENOS AIRES & ALOUI DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DU Chindalena Lourenço DOMAINE NATIONAL FÁTIMA FREITAS ADVOGADOS MINISTRY OF LABOR Ariadna Artopoulos Arab Aoudj M. & M. BOMCHIL Hamid Ould Hocine António Manuel da Silva Aisha Caleb CABINET D’AUDIT ET DE STUDIO A INSTITUTO REGULADOR DOS MINISTRY OF INFORMATION, María Fernanda Arturi CONTRÔLE DES COMPTES SERVIÇOS DE ELECTRICIDADE BROADCASTING, CENTRAL BANK OF ARGENTINA Djelloul Aouidette Malika Redouani E ÁGUAS (IRSEA) TELECOMMUNICATIONS PWC ALGERIA AND INFORMATION Mercedes Balado Bevilacqua UNION NATIONALE DES TRANSITAIRES ET Arcelio Matias TECHNOLOGY - CUSTOMS MBB BALADO BEVILACQUA Lazhar Sahbani ARCÉLIO INÁCIO DE ABOGADOS COMMISSIONNAIRES PWC ALGERIA AND EXCISE DIVISION ALGÉRIENS (UNTCA) ALMEIDA MATIAS – ARDJA- Neil Coates Vanesa Balda Mourad Seghir PRESTAÇÃO DE SERVIÇOS Mohamed Atbi GRANT THORNTON VITALE, MANOFF & FEILBOGEN BENNANI & ASSOCIÉS LLP E CONSULTORIA, LDA ETUDE NOTARIALE Gonzalo Carlos Ballester Madiha Silini Antonio Morgado Nkosi Cochrane MOHAMED ATBI J.P. O’FARRELL ABOGADOS LPA-CGR AVOCATS GUICHÉ ÚNICO DE EMPRESA DEVELOPMENT CONTROL Hind Belhachmi AUTHORITY Maria Laura Barbosa LPA-CGR AVOCATS Rabah Tafighoult Marcos Neto Gilbert Findlay ZANG, BERGEL & CABINET TAFIGHOULT BANCO NACIONAL DE ANGOLA Abdelouahab Benali ANTIGUA PUBLIC UTILITIES VIÑES ABOGADOS TRANSIT MOUHOUB KAMAL Redouane Tazerouti Henrique Nogueira Nunes AUTHORITY (APUA) Federico Martín Basile MICHEL HUREL ALGERIE SARL ALBUQUERQUE & ASSOCIADOS Othmane Benali Colin John Jenkins M. & M. BOMCHIL ACCOUNTANT Hachemi Yanat Janota Nzogi ROBERTS CONSTRUCTION Néstor J. Belgrano ACCOUNTANT ENERGY AND WATER MINISTRY & ENGINEERING CO. LTD. M. & M. BOMCHIL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 151 Pilar Etcheverry Boneo Javier M. Gattó Bicain Laura Piedrahita Abella Adolfo Tombolini Anahit Hakhumyan MARVAL, O’FARRELL CANDIOTI GATTO RIVERA & ASOCIADOS RUSSELL BEDFORD MINISTRY OF URBAN & MAIRAL, MEMBER BICAIN & OCANTOS ARGENTINA - MEMBER DEVELOPMENT Segundo Pinto OF LEX MUNDI OF RUSSELL BEDFORD Juan José Glusman LLERENA & ASOCIADOS Gevorg Hakobyan INTERNATIONAL Ignacio Fernández Borzese PWC ARGENTINA ABOGADOS ELAWPHANT LAW FIRM LUNA REQUENA & FERNÁNDEZ Valentina Toquier Gonzalo María Gros Alejandro Poletto Andranik Harutyunyan BORZESE TAX LAW FIRM M. & M. BOMCHIL J.P. O’FARRELL ABOGADOS ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA ELECTRIC NETWORKS Fernando L. Brunelli María Paola Trigiani OF ARMENIA Eduardo Guglielmini Gustavo M. Prestipino ALLIANI & BRUZZON ALFARO ABOGADOS MINISTRY OF ENERGY INEC INGENIERIA ELECTRICA SA Hasmik Harutyunyan Damián Burgio AND MINING María Victoria Tuculet PWC ARMENIA María Clara Pujol SALAVERRI, DELLATORRE, M. & M. BOMCHIL Sandra S. Guillan WIENER SOTO CAPARRÓS Artak Hovakimyan BURGIO & WETZLER MALBRÁN DE DIOS & GOYENA Gonzalo Ugarte BIG ENERGO LLC Julio R. Martinez Eduardo Bustamante ABOGADOS CONSULTORES BARBOSA ABOGADOS MITRANI CABALLERO Izabela Hovhannisyan ESTUDIO MOLTEDO Federico Guillermo Absi OJAM & RUIZ MORENO Emilio Beccar Varela Mariam Hovsepyan Adriana Paola Caballero G. BREUER ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA Rafael Ramognino TER-TACHATYAN LEGAL AND WIENER SOTO CAPARRÓS Carlos Hernandez ECOVIS ARGENTINA Abraham Viera BUSINESS CONSULTING Federico Carenzo CONSULTORES SRL RAMOGNINO, DE ALBALADEJO PLANOSNET.COM Angela Hovshannisyan LEONHARDT & DIETL & ASOCIADOS SC CONSULTORIA MUNICIPAL Gabriela Hidalgo TER-TACHATYAN LEGAL AND Gabriela Carissimo Natalia Rauchberger Eduardo J. Viñales BUSINESS CONSULTING Fabián Hilal ALFARO ABOGADOS MITRANI CABALLERO FUNES DE RIOJA & ASOCIADOS, CASELLA & HILAL ABOGADOS Vahe G. Kakoyan OJAM & RUIZ MORENO MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS Mariano E. Carricart Mailen Hilen Rico Anna Karapetyan BADENI, CANTILO, Federico José Reibestein Germán Wetzler Malbrán ESTUDIO MOLTEDO MINISTRY OF JUSTICE LAPLACETTE & CARRICART REIBESTEIN & ASOCIADOS SALAVERRI, DELLATORRE, Daniel Intile BURGIO & WETZLER MALBRÁN Andranik Kasaryan Luciano Cativa Juan Manuel Reyes Santa Cruz RUSSELL BEDFORD YEREVAN MUNICIPALITY LUNA REQUENA & FERNÁNDEZ PLANOSNET.COM Roberto Wiman ARGENTINA - MEMBER BORZESE TAX LAW FIRM CONSULTORIA MUNICIPAL GREEN INGENIERÍA David Khachatryan OF RUSSELL BEDFORD AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Ma. Cecilia Herrero de Pratesi INTERNATIONAL Julio Cesar Rivera Joaquín Emilio Zappa REGISTRO DE LA RIVERA & ASOCIADOS J.P. O’FARRELL ABOGADOS Georgi Khachatryan Andrea Junquera PROPIEDAD INMUEBLE DE AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP CANDIOTI GATTO Matías Rivera LA CAPITAL FEDERAL ARMENIA BICAIN & OCANTOS SALAVERRI, DELLATORRE, Rafik Khachatryan Hector Osvaldo Chomer BURGIO & WETZLER MALBRÁN THE STATE COMMITTEE OF KPMG Federico Leonhardt JUZGADO DE PRIMERA REAL PROPERTY CADASTRE LEONHARDT, DIETL, GRAF Sebastián Rodrigo Vigen Khachatryan INSTANCIA EN LO COMERCIAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF & VON DER FECHT ALFARO ABOGADOS AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Agustín Comastri THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA Francisco Lobos Ignacio Rodriguez Stanislav Kolesnikov G. BREUER Mher Aghabekyan LLERENA & ASOCIADOS PWC ARGENTINA ELECTRIC NETWORKS Roberto O. Condoleo ABOGADOS YEREVAN MUNICIPALITY OF ARMENIA Juan Ignacio Ruiz RCBM AUDITORES Y Sergey Aghinyan Pilar Lodewyckx Hardy ALFARO ABOGADOS Hayk Mamajanyan CONSULTORES TRIBUTARIOS PUBLIC SERVICES REGULATORY ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA ARLEX INTERNATIONAL CJSC Diego Salaverri COMMISSION OF ARMENIA Julio Condomí Alcorta Juan Manuel Magadan SALAVERRI, DELLATORRE, Gor Margaryan ESCRIBANÍA CONDOMÍ Mike Ahern PWC ARGENTINA BURGIO & WETZLER MALBRÁN LEGELATA Roberto H. Crouzel PWC Tomas Martinez Casas Luz María Salomón Nshan Martirosyan ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA Amalia Artemyan LLERENA & ASOCIADOS J.P. 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Baptiste Ludovino Colón Carlos Marte BECH-BRUUN LAW FIRM SERVICE DES DOMAINES ET DE MAGISTRATE COURT EY AGENCIA DE COMERCIO LA CONSERVATION FONCIÈRE EXTERIOR CM Troels Kjersgaard Marvlyn Estrado Pamela Contreras LETT LAW FIRM Thierno Barry KPB CHARTERED JJ ROCA & ASOCIADOS Jesús Geraldo Martínez ACCOUNTANTS Alcántara Christian Kjølbye Loubna Bawazir Leandro Corral SUPERINTENDENCIA DE BANCOS PLESNER BANK OF AFRICA MER ROUGE Rhoda Joseph GUZMÁN-ARIZA INVEST DOMINICA AUTHORITY Vanessa Mateo Kamilla Krebs Idriss Bouha Rachel Cortes JJ ROCA & ASOCIADOS KROMANN REUMERT, MASSIDA SMART SOLUTIONS Glen Khan HEADRICK RIZIK ALVAREZ MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI INDEPENDENT REGULATORY & FERNÁNDEZ Fabiola Medina Sofia Curradi COMMISSION MEDINA GARRIGÓ ABOGADOS Mikkel Stig Larsen José Cruz Campillo Ali Dini KROMANN REUMERT, Noelize Knight Didier JIMÉNEZ CRUZ PEÑA Laura Medina AVOCAT À LA COUR MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI HARRIS & HARRIS JIMÉNEZ CRUZ PEÑA Caleb de la Rosa Hassan Mohamed Egue Susanne Schjølin Larsen Michelle Matthew DYNATEC Ligia Melo DIRECTION LEGISLATION KROMANN REUMERT, NATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE MEDINA GARRIGÓ ABOGADOS & CONTENTIEUX DE LA Leonardo de la Rosa MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI CREDIT UNION LIMITED DIRECTIONS DES IMPOTS DYNATEC Melissa Mercedes Lise Lauridsen Bertilia McKenzie JJ ROCA & ASOCIADOS Félix Emok N’Dolo Sarah de León Perelló BECH-BRUUN LAW FIRM DOMINICA ELECTRICITY GROUPE CHD HEADRICK RIZIK ALVAREZ Rodolfo Mesa Chávez SERVICES LIMITED (DOMLEC) Pelle Lykke Rørbæk & FERNÁNDEZ MESA & MESA ABOGADOS Fahmi Fouad ROVSING & GAMMELJORD Severin McKenzie SELECT Rosa Díaz Apolinar Muñoz MCKENZIE ARCHITECTURAL & Kasper Lykkegaard Sorensen JIMÉNEZ CRUZ PEÑA SCHAD CONSULTING Djama Guelleh CONSTRUCTION SERVICES INC. 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Nadia Ali Mostafa Helmy Juan José Campaña CAIRO GOVERNORATE SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, IBRACHY LEGAL CONSULTANCY del Castillo CAIRO GOVERNORATE MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI P&P ABOGADOS UTILITY DATA CENTER Mamdouh Ali Ahmed Omneia Helmy Emad El Shalakany FACULTY OF ECONOMICS David Cornejo EGYPTIAN HOLDING COMPANY Ashraf Alkafrawy SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, PWC ECUADOR OF WATER AND WASTE WATER MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Mohamed Allam CAIRO UNIVERSITY Augusto Curillo ISLAND AGENCIES AM LAW FIRM Khaled El Shalakany Taher Helmy EMPRESA ELECTRICA DE QUITO AND SERVICES Serene Almaleh SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, HELMY, HAMZA & PARTNERS, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Juan Carlos Darquea Naguib Abadir SULTANS LAW MEMBER FIRM OF BAKER & FERRERE ABOGADOS NACITA CORPORATION Sherry El Shalakany MCKENZIE INTERNATIONAL Abd El Wahab Aly Ibrahim SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, Hossam Hilal Fernando Del Pozo Contreras Omar Abd el Salam ABD EL WAHAB SONS MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI GALLEGOS, VALAREZO & NEIRA AL KAMEL LAW OFFICE GRANT THORNTON LLP Mahmoud Alzayat Khaled El Sharkawy Paola Gachet Alaa Abd El Wahed ALZAYAT LAW FIRM Mohamed Hisham Hassan SARWAT A. SHAHID LAW FIRM MINISTRY OF INVESTMENT FERRERE ABOGADOS GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF Ahmed Amin EXPORT & IMPORT CONTROL Mohamed El Sherbini Martín Galarza Lanas SCOPE Badawi Hozaien SARWAT A. SHAHID LAW FIRM HOZAIEN LAW OFFICE PUENTE SÁENZ & GALARZA Mohamed Abd El-Sadek Sayed Ammar ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW, CIA LTDA INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR Passant El Tabei AL KAMEL LAW OFFICE Haytham Hussein LAW, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PWC EGYPT EGYPTIAN GLOBAL LOGISTICS Leopoldo González R. AND ARBITRATION (ICLIPA) PAZ HOROWITZ ABOGADOS 170 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Nada Hussein Mohamed Ahmed Salah El Din Mona Zobaa Ligia Maria Lazo Ventura Oscar Torres SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, Mostafa El Sayed GENERAL AUTHORITY LAZO ARQUITECTOS GARCÍA & BODÁN MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI MINISTRY OF JUSTICE FOR INVESTMENT GAFI ASOCIADOS Laura Urrutia Muhammad Hussein Sabaa Marina Mouris Thelma Dinora Lizama de EL SALVADOR Mauricio Antonio Urrutia FACHHOCHSCHULE IBRACHY & DERMARKAR Osorio Urrutia SÜDWESTFALEN LAW FIRM LEÓN SOL ARQUITECTOS SUPERINTENDENCIA DEL SUPERINTENDENCIA DEL SISTEMA FINANCIERO Abdel Hamid Ibrahim Mostafa Nagi Francisco Armando Arias SISTEMA FINANCIERO EGYPTIAN FINANCIAL TANTA ECONOMIC Rivera Mario Lozano Julio C. Vargas Solano SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY COURT OF APPEAL ARIAS LAW ARIAS LAW GARCÍA & BODÁN Badawy Ibrahim Mariam Negm Mauricio Bernal Lorena Madrid Karla Elizabeth Zelaya MINISTRY OF FINANCE AM LAW FIRM AES EL SALVADOR AGUILAR CASTILLO LOVE Rodríguez Mona Ibrahim Shimaa Omar Abraham Bichara Guillermo Massana SUPERINTENDENCIA DEL UTI READYMADE GARMENTS AES EL SALVADOR ATCASAL ASOCIACIÓN SISTEMA FINANCIERO EXPORT COUNCIL DE TRANSPORTISTAS DE Mehiar Joulji Rafael Burgos CARGA DE EL SALVADOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA SARWAT A. SHAHID LAW FIRM Ryham Ragab ARIAS LAW RAGAB LAW FIRM Astrud María Meléndez de EY Saif Allah Kadry Alexander Cader Chávez SOLIMAN, HASHISH Tamer Ragy PWC EL SALVADOR SEGESA (SOCIEDAD ASOCIACIÓN PROTECTORA AND PARTNERS RAGY & PARTNERS LAW FIRM DE ELECTRICIDAD DE Claudia Castellanos DE CRÉDITOS DE EL Mohamed Kafafi Said Ramadan Arafa SALVADOR (PROCREDITO) GUINEA ECUATORIAL) LA OFICINA DE PLANIFICACIÓN THE EGYPTIAN CREDIT EGYPTIAN FINANCIAL DEL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE Antonio R. Méndez-Llort Elisabeth Ajamen BUREAU I-SCORE SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY SAN SALVADOR (OPAMSS) ROMERO PINEDA & BEAC SIÈGE Omar Sherif Kamal El Din Hoda Sabry Carlos Roberto Alfaro Castillo ASOCIADOS, MEMBER Rui Andrade SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, ALEXANDRIA PORT AUTHORITY, AGUILAR CASTILLO LOVE OF LEX MUNDI VDA - VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION & ASSOCIADOS Christian Castro Raúl Alberto García Mirón Khaled Sherif Kamal El Dine Nouv Salama AES EL SALVADOR BUFETE GARCÍA MIRÓN & CÍA Maria Araujo SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, AL KAMEL LAW OFFICE Miriam Eleana Mixco Reyna VDA - VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Armando Chacon & ASSOCIADOS Maaly Salim LEXINCORP GOLD SERVICE Mohamed Kamel MINISTRY OF TRADE Irene Balaguer Delgado Walter Chávez Ricardo Molina AL KAMEL LAW OFFICE AND INDUSTRY NOVITAS L&S ABOGADOS GOLD SERVICE Mohamed Kandel Zeinab Samir Francisco Campos Braz Eduardo Iván Colocho Catota Fernando Montano AL KAMEL LAW OFFICE AL KAMEL LAW OFFICE ARIAS LAW SOLEGE INNOVATIONS & INTEGRATED Ahmed Khairi Mohamed Serry SOLUTIONS, SA DE CV Angel-Francisco Ela Ngomo Jose Navas MINISTRY OF JUSTICE SERRY LAW OFFICE ALL WORLD CARGO, SA DE CV Nchama Luis Alfredo Cornejo Martínez JUZGADO DE INSTRUCCION Mohanad Khaled Khalil Shaat CORNEJO & UMAÑA, LTDA Moises Orlando Pacas M. DE BATA BDO KHALED & CO. MUNICIPALITY OF DE CV - MEMBER OF RUSSELL ATCASAL ASOCIACIÓN GREATER CAIRO BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL DE TRANSPORTISTAS DE Philippe Fouda Fouda Taha Khaled BDO KHALED & CO. Doaa M. Shabaan CARGA DE EL SALVADOR BEAC SIÈGE Celina Cruz INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LA OFICINA DE PLANIFICACIÓN Geraldine Palma Soraia Lacerda Ahmed Khaleel LAW, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DEL ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE AES EL SALVADOR MIRANDA ALLIANCE Mohamed Khodeir AND ARBITRATION (ICLIPA) SAN SALVADOR (OPAMSS) GENERAL AUTHORITY Carlos Pastrana Marta López-Pena González Mohammad Shamroukh Porfirio Díaz Fuentes L&S ABOGADOS FOR INVESTMENT GAFI RESTAURO ELETTRICITÀ MINISTRY OF JUSTICE DLM, ABOGADOS, NOTARIOS È COSTRUZIONI Ashraf Maamoun Farag João Mayer Moreira Sharif Shihata & CONSULTORES BOSCH CENTER Sergio Perez VDA - VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA SHALAKANY LAW OFFICE, David Ernesto Claros Flores AES EL SALVADOR & ASSOCIADOS Gomaa M. 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BODEGUITAS JOHN TRIPIDAKIS & Garvey Louison Eva Cacacho González CPS LOGISTICS LOUISON CONSULTING Jose Rosales ASSOCIATES LAW FIRM QIL+4 ABOGADOS SA Luis Amilcar GARCÍA & BODÁN Kimon Tsakiris Debra Brenda Mason Emanuel Callejas Mazariegos Ramos GRENADA NUTMEG & Luis Alfonso Ruano KG LAW FIRM CARRILLO & ASOCIADOS Abelardo Medina COCOA PRODUCTS CGW Angeliki Tsatsi Natalia Callejas Aquino MINISTRY OF ECONOMY Gail Ann Newton Maricela Sagastume KARATZAS & PARTNERS AGUILAR CASTILLO LOVE Magbis Mardoqueo Méndez GRENADA PORT AUTHORITY REGISTRO GENERAL Antonios Tsavdaridis Rodrigo Callejas Aquino López DE LA PROPIEDAD DE IKRP ROKAS & PARTNERS Karen Samuel REGISTRO GENERAL GUATEMALA (RGP) CARRILLO & ASOCIADOS SAMUEL PHILLIP & ASSOCIATES DE LA PROPIEDAD DE Panagiota Tsinouli Delia Cantoral Glendy Salguero Safiya Sawney GUATEMALA (RGP) KYRIAKIDES GEORGOPOULOS EY PWC GUATEMALA LAW FIRM TRADSHIP INTERNATIONAL Ricardo Mendez Tello Jorge Castañeda Salvador Augusto Valentino Sawney EEGSA Panagiota D. Tsitsa SPEC Saravia Castillo NOTARY PANAGIOTA TSITSA TRADSHIP INTERNATIONAL Edgar Mendoza SARAVIA & MUÑOZ Raul Castañeda PWC GUATEMALA Katerina Tzamalouka David R. Sinclair Alfredo Skinner-Klee SPEC KYRIAKIDES GEORGOPOULOS SINCLAIR ENTERPRISES LIMITED Pedro Mendoza Montano SKINNER-KLÉE & ASOCIADOS LAW FIRM Juan Carlos Castillo Chacón IURISCONSULTI ABOGADOS AGUILAR CASTILLO LOVE Alejandro Solares Y NOTARIOS QIL+4 ABOGADOS SA 176 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Claudia Solares Soukeina Fofana Abdourahamane Tounkara Alcide Gomes Alfredo Silva REGISTRO DE GARANTIAS BANQUE CENTRALE DE GUINÉE CONSULTING QUID JURIS SARL CÁMARA MUNICIPAL MOBILIARIAS GUINÉE (BCRG) DE BISSAU Aboubacar Salimatou Toure Fernando Gomes Francisco Solórzano Guy Laurent Fondjo BANQUE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT TSK LEGAL ADVOGADOS A. Ussumane So SUPERINTENDENCIA DE AFRILAND FIRST BANK DE GUINÉE E JURISCONSULTOS LOSSER LDA BUSINESS ADMINISTRACIÓN TRIBUTARIA DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS Joachim Gbilimou Mohamed Lamine Touré Vladimir Jorge Gomes José Augusto Toledo Cruz BANQUE CENTRALE DE BANQUE ATLANTIQUE Jorge Sousa Yéké Goumou ARIAS LAW GUINÉE (BCRG) CAMARA DE COMERCIO MINISTÈRE DE L’INDUSTRIE, DES Neil Gomes Pereira INDUSTRIA PORTUGAL Arelis Yariza Torres de Alfaro PME ET DE LA PROMOTION Mariama Cire Traore CENTRO DE FORMALIZAÇÃO GUINÉ BISSAU (CCIPGB) SUPERINTENDENCIA DE BANCOS DU SECTEUR PRIVÉ EY DE EMPRESAS Fernando Tavares Rodrigo Valladares Madigbe Kaba Barry Traoré Liliane Gomis TRANSMAR SERVICES LDA REGISTRO MERCANTIL SYLLA & PARTNERS CABINET MAÎTRE FATOUMATA MAERSK LINE AMADOU BARRY Fernando Teixeira Elmer Vargas Rene-Marie Kadouno Numna Gorky Mendes de ORDEM NACIONAL PACHECO COTO EY Diallo Youssouf Medina DOS ARQUITECTOS TRANSMAR SA GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF Ivar Vega Diawara Karamokoba CONTRIBUTIONS AND TAXES Gabriel Umabano RV INSTALACIONES APIP-GUINÉE DIRECTION Kalivogui Zeze TSK LEGAL ADVOGADOS GÉNÉRALE DES DOUANES CABINET D’AVOCAT DE Monica Indami Roselyn Villatoro E JURISCONSULTOS ME KALIVOGUI ZEZE BISSAU FIRST INSTANCE COURT, NOVALES ABOGADOS Aribot Karim COMMERCIAL DIVISION Carlos Vamain DIRECTION NATIONALE Togba Nicolas Zomy Marlon Virula GOMES & VAMAIN DES IMPÔTS CABINET MAÎTRE ZOMY Alceine Indjai EY ASSOCIADOS BUREAU PROSPECTIVA BISSAU Namory Keita DIRECTION NATIONALE GUINEA-BISSAU Carlos Leles GUYANA GUINEA DES IMPÔTS BCEAO CÁMARA MUNICIPAL Camara Abdoul Kabele DE BISSAU DIGICOM CABINET CAMARA ABDOUL Mariama Ciré Keita Diallo CREDITINFO VOLO NIMBA CONSEIL SARL Suzette Maria Lopes da Costa RODRIGUES ARCHITECTS LTD. Yves Constant Amani ELECTRICIDADE E AGUAS Graça Tracey Bancroft CABINET D’AVOCATS Fatoumata Koulibaly DA GUINE-BISSAU CONSERVATÓRIA DO REGISTO CITY ENGINEERS OFFICE BAO & FILS BANQUE CENTRALE DE MINISTÉRIO DA ECONOMIA PREDIAL, COMERCIAL MAYOR & COUNCILLORS OF GUINÉE (BCRG) Toure Aïssata Aribot E INTEGRAÇÃO REGIONAL E AUTOMÓVEL CITY OF GEORGETOWN PORT AUTONOME Maténin Kourouma MINISTÉRIO DA JUSTIÇA Gregorio Malu Wiston Beckles DE CONAKRY APIP GUINÉE - AGENCE TRANSMAR SERVICES LDA CORREIA & CORREIA LTD. DE PROMOTION DES Serge Agbomenou Pierre Kodjo Avode INVESTISSEMENTS PRIVÉS BISSAU EQUIPAMENTOS Miguel Mango Marcel Bobb SYLLA & PARTNERS AUDI - CONTA LDA FRASER, HOUSTY Nounké Kourouma José Alves Té Mohamed Aly Baldé ADMINISTRATION DES Duarte Marques da Cruz & YEARWOOD MINISTÉRIO DA JUSTIÇA ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW PWC GUINEA GRANDS PROJETS ET DES MC&A - SOCIEDADE MARCHÉS PUBLICS Duarte Amaral da Cruz DE ADVOGADOS RL Mody Sory Barry Julius Campbell MC&A - SOCIEDADE CORREIA & CORREIA LTD. DIRECTION NATIONALE Boua Kouyaté DE ADVOGADOS RL Vítor Marques da Cruz DES IMPÔTS SECRÉTARIAT DU DIALOGUE MC&A - SOCIEDADE Desmond Correia PERMANENT PUBLIC-PRIVÉ Emílio Ano Mendes DE ADVOGADOS RL Aguibou Bérété CORREIA & CORREIA LTD. GB LEGAL - MIRANDA MINISTÈRE DE L’INDUSTRIE, DES Gbamon Kpoulomou ALLIANCE Marciano Mendes Lucia Desir-John PME ET DE LA PROMOTION TRIBUNAL DE PREMIÈRE EQUITAS-ADVOCACIA & D & J SHIPPING SERVICES DU SECTEUR PRIVÉ INSTANCE DE MAFANCO Luís Antunes CONSULTORIA JURIDICA LUFTEC – TÉCNICAS Rocky Hanoman Renaud Bidault Mohamed Lahlou ELÉCTRICAS LDA Ismael Mendes de Medina POLLONAIS, BLANC, DE DÉMÉNAGEMENTS PWC GUINEA GB LEGAL - MIRANDA LA BASTIDE & JACELON INTERNATIONAUX ET Jorcelene Badilé Nhaga ALLIANCE GARDE-MEUBLES Augustin Lovichi LUD TRÂNSITO - TRANSITÁRIOS Renford Homer ELECTRICITÉ DE GUINÉE BISSAU Ruth Monteiro GUYANA POWER & LIGHT INC. Ismaila Camara TSK LEGAL ADVOGADOS MAERSK LOGISTICS SA Jean Alfred Mathos Serafim Baptista Kalam Azad Juman-Yassin E JURISCONSULTOS NOTAIRE MATHOS LUD TRÂNSITO - TRANSITÁRIOS GUYANA OLYMPIC Souleymane Camara JEAN ALFRED BISSAU Halen Armando Napoco ASSOCIATION Francis Charles Haba EQUITAS-ADVOCACIA & Kaba Moriba Tiago Bastos Kashir Khan CABINET BABADY ET CONSULTORIA JURIDICA CABINET D’AVOCAT AICEP PORTUGAL GLOBAL ATTORNEY-AT-LAW FRANCIS SCPA KABA MORIBA Eduardo Pimentel Humiliano Alves Cardoso CENTRO DE FORMALIZAÇÃO Rhonda La Fargue Sally Oussouby Cissoko Badara Niang GABINETE ADVOCACIA DE EMPRESAS GUYANA POWER & LIGHT INC. DIRECTION NATIONALE EY DES IMPÔTS Malam Cassama Carlos Pinto Pereira Edward Luckhoo Lamah Pierre PRIVATE SECTOR LUCKHOO & LUCKHOO Fatoumata Condé PINTO PEREIRA & ASSOCIADOS COMMISSION NATIONALE REHABILITATION AND APIP GUINÉE - AGENCE OHADA DE GUINÉE Tony Luis Pires Alexis Monize AGRO-INDUSTRIAL DE PROMOTION DES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT GUYANA OFFICE FOR INVESTISSEMENTS PRIVÉS Rassi Raja Armando Procel INVESTMENT CABINET D’AVOCAT KOUMY Januario Pedro Correia REPÚBLICA DA GUINÉ-BISSAU Abdelaziz Derrahi Harry Noel Narine Mamadou Saliou Baldé BANCO DA ÁFRICA Fernando Resina da Silva ELECTRICITÉ DE GUINÉE OCCIDENTAL PKF INTERNATIONAL MINISTÈRE DE LA VDA - VIEIRA DE ALMEIDA Ahmadou Diallo CONSTRUCTION, DE & ASSOCIADOS Charles Ogle Seco Dafe CHAMBRE DES NOTAIRES L’URBANISME ET HABITAT BANCO DA ÁFRICA MINISTRY OF LABOUR, Marta Sampaio HUMAN SERVICES AND Mamadou Aliou Diallo David Sandouno OCCIDENTAL MEDITERRANEAN SHIPPING SOCIAL SECURITY GROUPE MAD BUREAU DES TRAVAUX Adelaida Mesa D’Almeida COMPANY LISBON (MSC) TOPOGRAPHIQUES Carolyn Paul Youssouf Diallo JURISCONTA SRL Frederico Sanca AMICE LEGAL CHAMBRE DES NOTAIRES Camara Mamadou Sanoussy Ibrahim Demba MAERSK LINE CONSULTANTS INC. Hann Dienaba Keita NOTAIRE CAMARA MAERSK LOGISTICS Suleimane Seide Vishwamint Ramnarine APIP-GUINÉE MAMADOU SANOUSSY Mamadjan Djalo MINISTRY OF FINANCE PFK BARCELLOS, NARINE & CO. Barry Fatoumata Satouma Yari Sounah MADJENS SARL José Semedo Reginald Roach CABINET ARCHI PLUS ETUDE YANSANE Jose Carlos Esteves TSK LEGAL ADVOGADOS R&D ENGINEERING SERVICES Naby Moussa Fofana Mohamed Sidiki Sylla JCE CONSULTING E JURISCONSULTOS SYLLA & PARTNERS Ronald Roberts BANQUE CENTRALE DE Juliano Augusto Fernandes Dickson Siedi INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR GUINÉE (BCRG) Paul Tchagna JULAFER & LOPESFINO ARQUIDIS ESTUDOS PWC GUINEA E PROJECTOS Ryan Ross ADVOGADOS ASSOCIADOS GUYANA POWER & LIGHT INC. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 177 Shantel Scott HONDURAS Gabriela Padilla Selraniy Chow Mat Ng FRASER, HOUSTY CASCO-FORTIN, CRUZ PWC HONG KONG JLA-ASIA & YEARWOOD CNBS - COMISIÓN NACIONAL & ASOCIADOS DE BANCOS Y SEGUROS Robert Chu James Ngai ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Dino Rietti FINANCIAL SERVICES AND RUSSELL BEDFORD HONG Judy Semple-Joseph COMISIÓN NACIONAL ARQUITECNIC THE TREASURY BUREAU KONG - MEMBER OF RUSSELL DE ENERGÍA CREDITINFO GUYANA OF THE GOVERNMENT OF BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL José Rafael Rivera Ferrari Mario Aguero THE HONG KONG SPECIAL Leslie Sobers CONSORTIUM LEGAL Kok Leong Ngan ARIAS LAW ADMINISTRATIVE REGION ATTORNEY-AT-LAW CLP POWER HONG Milton Gabriel Rivera Urquía Daniel Aguilera Tony Chu KONG LIMITED Allyson West PWC HONDURAS TRANSCOMA VICTON REGISTRATIONS LTD. PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Yeung Or Conrado Rodriguez LIMITED Edward Aguilera Cynthia Chung INLAND REVENUE ADVOCATUS LAW FIRM DEACONS, MEMBER DEPARTMENT, HKSAR Tonika Wilson-Gabriel TRANSCOMA Enrique Rodriguez Burchard OF LEX MUNDI PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Olvin Aguilera Martinal Quan LIMITED AGUILAR CASTILLO LOVE Jimmy Chung METOPRO ASSOCIATES LIMITED TRANSCOMA Fanny Rodríguez del Cid RUSSELL BEDFORD HONG Horace Woolford Vanessa Aguilera Hin Han Shum ARIAS LAW KONG - MEMBER OF RUSSELL GUYANA POWER & LIGHT INC. TRANSCOMA BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL SQUIRE PATTON BOGGS Germany Salgado Roger Yearwood Juan José Alcerro Milla Holden Slutsky ADVOCATUS LAW FIRM Joanna Chung BRITTON, HAMILTON & ADAMS AGUILAR CASTILLO LOVE FINANCIAL SERVICES AND PACIFIC CHAMBERS René Serrano THE TREASURY BUREAU Alberto Alvarez Brett Stewien HAITI ARIAS LAW OF THE GOVERNMENT OF ADDLESHAW GODDARD AGUILAR CASTILLO LOVE BANQUE DE LA Juan Sinclair THE HONG KONG SPECIAL Valmir Araujo ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Keith Tam RÉPUBLIQUE D’HAÏTI EMPRESA NACIONAL DE DUN & BRADSTREET (HK) LTD. OPERADORA PORTUARIA ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA MÉROVÉ-PIERRE - CABINET CENTROAMERICANA Victor Dawes TEMPLE CHAMBERS Tammie Tam D’EXPERTS-COMPTABLES Gustavo Solorzano Geovanni Ayestas MAYER BROWN JSM COHEP (CONSEJO Jorge Forton Theodore Achille III EMPRESA NACIONAL HONDUREÑO DE LA Yuk Ting Fiona Fok UNOPS DE ENERGIA DUN & BRADSTREET (HK) LTD. EMPRESA PRIVADA) JLA-ASIA Marc Kinson Antoine José Simón Azcona Wilson Fung Cristian Stefan Handal MAYER BROWN JSM Anita Tsang ADEKO ENTERPRISES INMOBILIARIA ALIANZA SA ADVOCATUS LAW FIRM PWC HONG KONG Jude Baptiste Freddy Castillo Keith Man Kei Ho Valerya Theodoracopoulos WILKINSON & GRIST William Tsang CABINET JUDE BAPTISTE GARCÍA & BODÁN ARIAS LAW Y H TSANG & CO. ET ASSOCIÉS Samuel Ho Helui Castillo Mariano Turnes Lawrence Tsong Larissa Bogat COHEP (CONSEJO TRANSUNION LIMITED OPERADORA PORTUARIA TRANSUNION LIMITED CABINET LISSADE HONDUREÑO DE LA CENTROAMERICANA Reynold Hung EMPRESA PRIVADA) PWC HONG KONG Paul Tsui Jean Baptiste Brown Daysi Gricelda Urquía HONG KONG ASSOCIATION BROWN LEGAL GROUP Jaime Alberto Colindres Hernández Peter Kwon OF FREIGHT FORWARDING Rosales ASHURST HONG KONG Martin Camille Cangé TRANSUNION & LOGISTICS LTD. (HAFFA) DYCELES S DE RL ELECTRICITÉ D’HAÏTI Armando Urtecho López Billy Lam King Wai Leonard Chan Natalie Ann Cooper Umaña MAYER BROWN JSM Karl B. Couba COHEP (CONSEJO JLA-ASIA INVERSIONES CELAQUE SA HONDUREÑO DE LA David Lafortune Christie Lam Christopher Whiteley Alejandra Cruz EMPRESA PRIVADA) HONG KONG FINANCIAL BROWN LEGAL GROUP ASHURST HONG KONG CASCO-FORTIN, CRUZ Lizzeth Villatoro SECRETARY Ronald Laraque & ASOCIADOS Fergus Wong CASCO-FORTIN, CRUZ Kai Chiu Lam AAU & ASOCIADOS PWC HONG KONG Graciela Cruz CLP POWER HONG Patrick Laurent GARCÍA & BODÁN KONG LIMITED David Wu Mauricio Villeda Jr. CABINET PATRICK GUTIERREZ FALLA CYTS-SPIRIT LOGISTICS LTD. Heidy Cruz Eva Lau LAURENT & ASSOCIÉS GARCÍA & BODÁN & ASOCIADOS Erica Xiong THE LAND REGISTRY Camille Leblanc Jose Emilio Zablah Ulloa OF HONG KONG RUSSELL BEDFORD HONG Gilda Espinal Veliz CABINET LEBLANC & ASSOCIÉS PWC HONDURAS KONG - MEMBER OF RUSSELL ASJ - ASOCIACIÓN PARA Ka Shi Lau BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Garry Lhérisson UNA SOCIEDAD MÁS JUSTA Mario Rubén Zelaya BCT FINANCIAL LIMITED ATELIER D’ARCHITECTURE (BCTF) / BANK CONSORTIUM Yuan Xu Jose Luis Haya ENERGÍA INTEGRAL ET D’URBANISME S. DE RL DE CV TRUST COMPANY SHANDONG STARMEN CO. LTD. ARQUITECNIC Dieuphète Maloir LIMITED (BCTC) Kwok Kuen Yu Evangelina Lardizábal Benito Arturo Zelaya Cálix SAM CONSTRUCTION LEXINCORP Yolanda Lau COMPANIES REGISTRY ARIAS LAW Joel Nexil ADDLESHAW GODDARD Sunny Yu Erick Lezama AIR COURRIER & SHIPPING HONG KONG SAR, CHINA Gina Lee FINANCIAL SERVICES AND ARIAS LAW THE TREASURY BUREAU Jean Yves Noël AECOM ASIA TRANSUNION LIMITED Rafael Enrique Medina Elvir OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NOËL, CABINET CÁMARA DE COMERCIO E COMPANY LIMITED Camille Leung THE HONG KONG SPECIAL D’EXPERTS-COMPTABLES INDUSTRIA DE TEGUCIGALPA SQUIRE PATTON BOGGS ADMINISTRATIVE REGION ALLEN & OVERY Joseph Paillant Jesús Humberto Medina-Alva Jenny Liu STEINBERG HKC BUCOFISC CENTRAL LAW MEDINA, ASHURST HONG KONG HUNGARY ROSENTHAL & ASOCIADOS Albert P.C. Chan Micosky Pompilus Terry LK Kan HELLMANN WORLDWIDE THE HONG KONG CABINET D’AVOCATS Juan Carlos Mejía Cotto SHINEWING SPECIALIST LOGISTICS KFT POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY CHALMERS INSTITUTO DE LA PROPIEDAD ADVISORY SERVICES LIMITED Balázs Balog Nick Chan Margarette Antoine Sanon E. Mendoza Albert Lo RETI, ANTALL AND SQUIRE PATTON BOGGS CABINET MARGARETTE COHEP (CONSEJO TRANSUNION LIMITED PARTNERS LAW FIRM ANTOINE SANON HONDUREÑO DE LA Vashi Chandiramani Kathy Lo Dénes Balog EMPRESA PRIVADA) EXCELLENCE INTERNATIONAL Michel Succar FINANCIAL SERVICES AND ELM̈́ HÁLÓZATI KFT CABINET LISSADE Ramón E. Morales Jacqueline Chiu THE TREASURY BUREAU Sándor Békési PWC HONDURAS MAYER BROWN JSM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF Salim Succar PARTOS & NOBLET CABINET LISSADE Nikki Chong THE HONG KONG SPECIAL HOGAN LOVELLS Juan Diego Napky ADMINISTRATIVE REGION GARCÍA & BODÁN ASHURST HONG KONG Jean Vandal Sándor Benkei VANDAL & VANDAL Lillian Chow Psyche S.F. Luk ÓBUDA-ÚJLAK ZRT Vanessa Oquelí FAIRBAIRN CATLEY GARCÍA & BODÁN THE OFFICIAL RECEIVER’S LOW & KONG Hédi Bozsonyik OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL SZECSKAY ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Louise Ng OF HONG KONG SQUIRE PATTON BOGGS 178 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Beata Bujnoczki Kinga Mekler Margrét Berg Sverrisdóttir Steinþór Þorsteinsson Raghav Bansal PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS SÁNDOR SZEGEDI COURT OF ARBITRATION TOLLSTJÓRI - DIRECTORATE RSB LEAGUE CONSULTANTS, HUNGARY LTD. SZENT-IVÁNY KOMÁROMI OF THE ICELAND CHAMBER OF CUSTOMS ATTORNEYS & SOLICITORS EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND OF COMMERCE Szilágyi Csaba Jon Vilhjalmsson Shashwat Bansal ÓBUDA-ÚJLAK ZRT Zsolt Miklóshalmi Arnar Bjarnason EFLA CONSULTING ENGINEERS RSB LEAGUE CONSULTANTS, ÓBUDA-ÚJLAK ZRT FRAKT.IS ATTORNEYS & SOLICITORS Sárosi Csanád OBUDA-UJALK Mariann Miskovics Jakob Björgvin Jakobsson INDIA Subhash Bansal SÁNDOR SZEGEDI ARCTIC LEGAL SERVICES ASHOK DHINGRA ASSOCIATES RSB LEAGUE CONSULTANTS, Zsuzsanna Cseri SZENT-IVÁNY KOMÁROMI ATTORNEYS & SOLICITORS CSERI & PARTNERS Karen Bragadóttir ASIATIC ELECTRICAL EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND LAW OFFICES TOLLSTJÓRI - DIRECTORATE SWITCHGEAR (P) LTD. Sumitava Basu László Mohai OF CUSTOMS JURIS CORP Krisztián Devecz AUM ARCHITECTS MOHAI LAW OFFICE PARTOS & NOBLET Margret Anna Einarsdottir Sumant Batra HOGAN LOVELLS Gyorgy Nadas JÓNATANSSON & CO. CONSULTA JURIS KESAR DASS B & ASSOCIATES UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN LEGAL SERVICES FCA INDIA AUTOMOBILES Nóra Elmer-Szabó Neeraj Bhagat SÁNDOR SZEGEDI Viktor Nagy Eymundur Einarsson PVT. LTD. NEERAJ BHAGAT & CO. SZENT-IVÁNY KOMÁROMI BISZ CENTRAL CREDIT ENDURSKOÐUN OG JAYNIX ENGINEERING PVT. LTD. M.L. Bhakta EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND INFORMATION PLC RÁÐGJÖF EHF M.D. ARCHITECTS KANGA & CO. Gyula Gábriel Sándor Németh Ásta Margrét Eiríksdóttir MAHARANI LAXMI AMMANNI Pradeep Bhandari BOGSCH & PARTNERS SZECSKAY ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW BBA LEGAL CENTRE FOR SOCIAL INTUIT MANAGEMENT Laszlo Gaspar Christopher Noblet Ólafur Eiríksson SCIENCE RESEARCH CONSULTANCY FBIS ARCHITECTS PARTOS & NOBLET LOGOS, MEMBER Ajay Abad M.P. Bharucha HOGAN LOVELLS OF LEX MUNDI Mihály Gerhát SKP BUSINESS CONSULTING LLP BHARUCHA & PARTNERS PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Galbavi Pál Sigríður Anna Ellerup Jolly Abraham Deepak Bhaskar HUNGARY LTD. ÓBUDA-ÚJLAK ZRT REGISTERS ICELAND DESAI & DIWANJI TRILEGAL Ervin Gombos Örs Pénzes Björg Finnbogadóttir Alfred Adebare Moksha Bhat GMBS KFT REGISTERS ICELAND Sipka Péter LEXCOUNSEL TRILEGAL Zoltán Gurszky UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN Anna Björg Guðjónsdóttir Ca Surabhi Agarwal Gurleen Bhatia ELM̈́ HÁLÓZATI KFT BBA LEGAL Eszter Piller SS KOTHARI MEHTA & CO. KNM & PARTNERS Csaba Attila Hajdu PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Gudrun Gudmundsdottir Kritika Agarwal Gurpriya Bhatia BNT ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW HUNGARY LTD. JÓNAR TRANSPORT MAJMUDAR & PARTNERS I.L.A. PASRICH & COMPANY Tamás Halmos Henriett Rabb Marta Guðrún Blöndal Sanjay Kumar Agarwal Saurav Bhattacharya PARTOS & NOBLET UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN COURT OF ARBITRATION HOGAN LOVELLS OF THE ICELAND CHAMBER PWC INDIA Rita Rado Vinay Agarwal OF COMMERCE MIRC ELECTRONICS LIMITED Sukanya Bhattacharya Attila Horváth CSERI & PARTNERS ÓBUDA-ÚJLAK ZRT LAW OFFICES Andri Gunnarsson LUTHRA & LUTHRA Mayank Aggarwal LAW OFFICES NORDIK LEGAL SERVICES LUTHRA & LUTHRA Dóra Horváth Richard Safcsak LAW OFFICES Mona Bhide RETI, ANTALL AND BISZ CENTRAL CREDIT Reynir Haraldsson PARTNERS LAW FIRM INFORMATION PLC JÓNAR TRANSPORT DAVE & GIRISH & CO. Neeharika Aggarwal Zsófia Sallai KNM & PARTNERS Hetal Bilaye József Horváth Hörður Davíð Harðarson ÓBUDA-ÚJLAK ZRT BNT ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW TOLLSTJÓRI - DIRECTORATE NISHITH DESAI ASSOCIATES Rahul Agrawal OF CUSTOMS ZOOM IN GROUP Nidhi Bothra Andrea Jádi Németh István Sándor BPV / JÁDI NÉMETH KELEMEN, MESZAROS, Burkni Maack Helgason VINOD KOTHARI & CO. Padmakar Agte PRACTICING COMPANY ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW SANDOR & PARTNERS CREDITINFO ICELAND POWER SOLUTIONS SECRETARIES Atilla Jambor Szilvia Szeleczky Jón Ingi Ingibergsson Jotinder Ahluwalia Amit Brid DR. JÁMBOR ATTILA BUDAPEST 1ST DISTRICT PWC ICELAND RELIANCE INFRASTRUCTURE LAW OFFICE MUNICIPALITY BRID ELECTRIC CORPORATION Aðalsteinn E. Jónasson LTD. Ágnes Szent-Ivány J.K. Budhiraja Zoltán Janosi LEX LAW OFFICES Aqil Ahmed PARTOS & NOBLET SÁNDOR SZEGEDI INSOLVENCY PROFESSIONAL Hróbjartur Jónatansson SOUTH DELHI MUNICIPAL AGENCY OF INSTITUTE OF COST HOGAN LOVELLS SZENT-IVÁNY KOMÁROMI CORPORATION EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND JÓNATANSSON & CO. ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA Ferenc Kalla LEGAL SERVICES Praveen Alok Adám Tóth K.K. Chadha GTF KFT KHAITAN AND COMPANY Lára V. Júlíusdóttir ARCHITECT DR. TÓTH ÁDÁM Veronika Kiss LÖGMENN LAUGAVEGI 3 EHF Saurabh Babulkar KÖZJEGYZZ͆I IRODA Harshala Chandorkar PARTOS & NOBLET SETH DUA & ASSOCIATES József Vizer Antoine Lochet TRANSUNION CIBIL LIMITED HOGAN LOVELLS RSM HUNGARY TAX AND BBA LEGAL Surendrakumar Badge Sravani Channapragada Andrea Kladiva BEST FINANCIAL ADVISORY Bjorn Mar Olafsson J. SAGAR ASSOCIATES, CSERI & PARTNERS SERVICES PLC LAW OFFICES PWC ICELAND Tarun Baidya ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS Marton Leo Zaccaria Helga Melkorka Óttarsdóttir VARDHAMAN CUSTOMS Charu Lata Andrea Kocziha CLEARING & FORWARDING UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN LOGOS, MEMBER UNIVERSAL LEGAL PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS AGENCIES OF LEX MUNDI HUNGARY LTD. Anand Chatrath ICELAND Kristján Pálsson Shashi Bala B. M. CHATRATH & CO. Csaba Kovács MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ELM̈́ HÁLÓZATI KFT REYKJAVIK MUNICIPAL JÓNAR TRANSPORT OF GREATER MUMBAI Jyoti Chaudhari BUILDING CONTROL OFFICER Ásgeir Á. Ragnarsson LEGASIS SERVICES PRIVATE Gergely Kovács Shrenik N. Bamb BOGSCH & PARTNERS Ásta Sólveig Andrésdóttir BBA LEGAL SHRENIK N. BAMB Sanjiv Kumar Chaudhary REGISTERS ICELAND Arna Sigurjónsdóttir Miklós Machács & ASSOCIATES Aseem Chawla MEASUREMENT AND Benedikt Egill Árnason LMB LEGAL SERVICES Pallavi Banerjee PHOENIX LEGAL TECHNICAL SAFETY AUTHORITY LOGOS, MEMBER Gunnar Sturluson J. SAGAR ASSOCIATES, Chandni Chawla (BUDAPEST CAPITAL CITY OF LEX MUNDI LOGOS, MEMBER ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS GOVERNMENT OFFICE) PHOENIX LEGAL Ragnar Tomas Árnason OF LEX MUNDI Pritam Banerjee Daizy Chawla Csaba Máté LOGOS, MEMBER Rúnar Svavar Svavarsson DEUTSCHE POST DHL GROUP SINGH & ASSOCIATES, ÓBUDA-ÚJLAK ZRT OF LEX MUNDI VEITUR, DISTRIBUTION- Anupam Bansal ADVOCATES AND SOLICITORS Dóra Máthé Heiðar Ásberg Atlason ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ABRD ARCHITECTS Manjula Chawla PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LOGOS, MEMBER Jón Þórarinsson HUNGARY LTD. OF LEX MUNDI Neeraj Bansal PHOENIX LEGAL CREDITINFO ICELAND Stefán Árni Auðólfsson JAWAHARLAL NEHRU Vinita Chhatwal Helgi Þór Þorsteinsson PORT TRUST LMB LEGAL SERVICES I.L.A. PASRICH & COMPANY LEX LAW OFFICES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 179 Vinod Chithore Tarun Ghia Rohit Jain Dhiraj Khandelwal Yogesh Malhan MUNICIPAL CORPORATION SINGHANIA & PARTNERS LLP KHANDELWAL DHIRAJ SINGH & ASSOCIATES, Arup Ghosh OF GREATER MUMBAI & ASSOCIATES ADVOCATES AND SOLICITORS TATA POWER DELHI Sanjiv Kumar Jain Priyanka Choksi DISTRIBUTION LTD. VARDHAMAN CUSTOMS Naveen Khanna Pragati Malik DESAI & DIWANJI CLEARING & FORWARDING SUNRISE FREIGHT FORWARDERS SPACES ARCHITECTURE STUDIO Manoj Gidwani AGENCIES Poorvi Chothani SKP BUSINESS CONSULTING LLP Tanya Khare Vipender Mann LAWYER Sanyogita Jain KHAITAN AND COMPANY KNM & PARTNERS Prabhakar Giri KNM & PARTNERS Sachin Chugh VARDHAMAN CUSTOMS Rajeev Kharyal Rishabh G. Mastaram SINGHI CHUGH & KUMAR, CLEARING & FORWARDING Chinmay Jani TATA POWER DELHI RGM LEGAL CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS AGENCIES CHINMAY JANI ARCHITECT DISTRIBUTION LIMITED Manish Mathur Chirag Dabhi Mukund Godbole Abhinava Jayaswal Gautam Khurana MATHUR ASSOCIATES C & D LOGISTICS GODBOLEMUKADAM LAWYER INDIA LAW OFFICES N ARCHITECTS AND ASSOCIATES Manish Dadhania Anand Kumar Jha Ankit Khushu HL Meena PRECISION SINTERED PRODUCTS Ankit Goel CENTRAL BOARD OF KACHWAHA & PARTNERS DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIES GTECH INFRA ENGINEERS EXCISE & CUSTOMS Chetan Daga Kamal Kishore Ajoy Mehta PVT. LTD. SUDIT K. PAREKH AND CO. Abhijit Joglekar SUNRISE FREIGHT FORWARDERS MUNICIPAL CORPORATION Gourav Goyal RELIANCE INFRASTRUCTURE OF GREATER MUMBAI Neelesh Datir Shashank Kokil NEERAJ BHAGAT & CO. LTD. ALBIEA Atul Mehta Ravinder Komaragiri Amit Gupta Sanjay Joseph MEHTA & MEHTA Amin Dayani AAY AAR ELECTRICALS THE TATA POWER INCOME TAX CONTROL (P) LTD. COMPANY LIMITED Dara Mehta Rhuta Deobagkar DEPARTMENT (INDIA) LITTLE & CO. TRILEGAL Shinoj Koshy Ashish Gupta Piyush Joshi ARMS & ASSOCIATES LUTHRA & LUTHRA Dipti Mehta Sunil Deole CLARUS LAW ASSOCIATES LAW OFFICES MEHTA & MEHTA DEOLE BROS Atul Gupta Yogesh Joshi Saniya Kothari Pankaj Mehta Nimish Desai TRILEGAL SPEEDWELL TECHNOLOGIES LEXCOUNSEL FORTUNE LEGAL ADVOCATES NHD FORWARDERS PVT. LTD. PVT. LTD. G. D. Gupta & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Vinod Kothari Vishwang Desai AAY AAR ELECTRICALS Kunal Juneja CONTROL (P) LTD. VINOD KOTHARI & CO. Preeti G. Mehta DESAI & DIWANJI MP LAW OFFICES PRACTICING COMPANY KANGA & CO. Pushkar Deshpande Gunjan Gupta Kumalya Kale SECRETARIES Anand Mohan Mishra KOCHHAR & CO. SINGHANIA & PARTNERS LLP SHELTER ASSOCIATES Gordhan Kukreja UNO ARCH Rishi Dev Naveen Gupta Vikas Kallianpur LAWYER Gunjan Mishra RISHI DEV ARCHITECTS DASS GUPTA AND ASSOCIATES VASTU SHILP Abhijeet Kulkarni LUTHRA & LUTHRA AND ASSOCIATES Pulkit Gupta Atul Kansal CAPEX EQUIPMENT LAW OFFICES Farida Dholkawala EY INDUS ENVIRONMENTAL RENTAL SOLUTIONS Nikhil Mohan Mishra DESAI & DIWANJI SERVICES PVT. LTD. Sameer Gupta Anup Kulkarni UNO ARCH Rajiv Dogra PHOENIX LEGAL Pranay Kapadia J. SAGAR ASSOCIATES, Nilendu Mishra KODIAK CONTAINER NAVYATA LIFESPACE ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS Shubham Gupta MINISTRY OF CORPORATE LINES PVT. LTD. LUTHRA & LUTHRA Aditi Kapoor Ajai Kumar AFFAIRS - REGISTRAR Rakesh Dogra LAW OFFICES TRILEGAL Jagmohan Kumar Saurabh Misra Anagha Dongre Sudhanshu Gupta Vishal Kapoor AARKITEK COMBINE SAURABH MISRA SUDIT K. PAREKH AND CO. SINGHANIA & PARTNERS LLP MINISTRY OF POWER & ASSOCIATES, Manoj Kumar INTERNATIONAL LAWYERS Rajesh Dongre Prakash Hamirwasia Rajas Kasbekar MANOJ & ASSOCIATES ABRD ARCHITECTS SKP BUSINESS CONSULTING LLP RAJAS KASBEKAR Amit B. Mistry Mrityunjay Kumar PRIVATE PRACTICE LAXMICHAND CHHEDA Jigar Doshi Parma Nand Hans DHINGRA & CONSULTANCY SKP BUSINESS CONSULTING LLP MNC MANAGEMENT Shrinath Kasi SINGH - ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW SOLUTIONS & KAPSON LAW RELIANCE INFRASTRUCTURE Ajay Mital Jitendra R. Doshi Mukesh Kumar LTD. SOUTH DELHI MUNICIPAL SHREEJI SERVICES Anil Harish KNM & PARTNERS CORPORATION D.M. HARISH & CO. Kripi Kathuria Maulik Doshi Nitin Kumar PHOENIX LEGAL Bhavin Modi SKP BUSINESS CONSULTING LLP Bhanu Harish AARKITEK COMBINE SPACE VISION - ARCHITECT SINGHANIA & PARTNERS LLP Vandita Kaul Atul Dua Raj Kumar & PLANNER DEPARTMENT OF SETH DUA & ASSOCIATES Akil Hirani RAJ ENGINEERS FINANCIAL SERVICES, Hemal Modi MAJMUDAR & PARTNERS Manojkumar Dubal MINISTRY OF FINANCE Vinay Kumar SHARP & TANNAN MANOJ DUBAL & ASSOCIATES Michael D. Holland MADHAV DESIGN GROUP GROUP - MEMBER OF RUSSELL Charandeep Kaur FIABCI BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Harshit Dusad TRILEGAL Arvind Kumar Bhatnagar JURIS CORP Suresh L. Hulikal ARVIND KUMAR & ASSOCIATES Priyanka Mongia Ramneet Kaur ALLIANZ DE ARCHITECTURE PHOENIX LEGAL Riya Dutta ASP ASSOCIATES Parveen Kumar Sharma ADVAYA LEGAL Jomy Jacob CERSAI Avikshit Moral Mitalee Kaushal OFFICE OF CHIEF JURIS CORP Sunil G. Ambre KNM & PARTNERS Manoj Kumar Singh COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS Jitendra Mukadam SUNIL AMBRE & ASSOCIATES SINGH & ASSOCIATES, Arun Kedia Jyoti N. 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OFFICE DE REGULATION DELTA AUDIT DELOITTE CENTRAL REGISTRY OF THE Maryann Chitseko Marijana Gjoreska ÉLECTRICITÉ (ORE) Laingo Ramarimbahoaka REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA EY CENTRAL REGISTRY OF THE MADAGASCAR CONSEIL REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Sonja Risteska Lalaina Andrianina Rakotonaivo INTERNATIONAL Gautoni D. Kainja ANALYTICA MK LEXEL JURIDIQUE & FISCAL Angelina Gogusevska KAINJA & DZONZI Andry Andriantsilavo Tsiry Ramiadanarivelo TITANIJA DOOEL – SKOPJE Ljubica Ruben Innocent Kalua MENS LEGIS LAW FIRM OFFICE DE REGULATION William Randrianarivelo Verica Hadzi D&A ATTORNEYS ÉLECTRICITÉ (ORE) PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Vasileva-Markovska Sasho Saltirovski TAX & LEGAL MADAGASCAR - Griffin Kamanga AAG - ANALYSIS AND EVN MACEDONIA Cedric Catheline PWC MADAGASCAR SPINE CARGO CO. ADVISORY GROUP BUREAU DE LIAISON SGS Radovan Sanclic Felanasoa Randrianjafy Cyprian Kambili Ana Hadzieva-Angelovska LAW FIRM TRPENOSKI Frédéric Christophe Ranjatoely LEXEL JURIDIQUE & FISCAL MINISTÈRE DE LA JUSTICE Dannie J. Kamwaza DDK ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Lidija Sarafimova-Danevska Oméga Rasetanarimalala KAMWAZA DESIGN Aleksandar Ickovski NATIONAL BANK OF THE Eric Diore De Perigny MINISTÈRE DE L'EQUIPEMENT, PARTNERSHIP REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA S.E.A.L. Maja Jakimovska DES PROJETS PRÉSIDENTIELS Frank Edgar Kapanda THE LAW OFFICE OF Simonida Yves Duchateau ET DE L'AMÉNAGEMENT SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL MAJA JAKIMOVSKA Shosholceva-Giannitsakis BOLLORÉ AFRICA LOGISTICS DU TERRITOIRE IKRP ROKAS & PARTNERS MADAGASCAR Alfred Kaponda Aneta Jovanoska Trajanovska Sylvia Rasoarilala ESCOM LAWYERS ANTEVSKI Djino Skrijelj Raphaël Jakoba BANKY FOIBEN'I VICTORIA SPED D.O.O. SKOPJE MADAGASCAR CONSEIL MADAGASIKARA / BANQUE Mavbuto Kasote Emilija Kelesoska Sholjakovska INTERNATIONAL CENTRALE DE MADAGASCAR KAMWAZA DESIGN DDK ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Sonja Stojcevska PARTNERSHIP CAKMAKOVA ADVOCATES Hanna Keyserlingk Sahondra Rasoarisoa Risto Kitev CABINET HK JURIFISC DELTA AUDIT DELOITTE Alfred Majamanda MEPOS OPERATIVA LTD. Blagoj Stojevski MBENDERA & NKHONO EVN MACEDONIA Jody Pruvot Henintsoa Ratiarison Zlatko T. Kolevski ASSOCIATES CABINET HK JURIFISC MADAGASCAR LAW OFFICES KOLEVSKI LAW OFFICE Ana Stojilovska James Masumbu ANALYTICA MK Pascaline R. Rabearisoa Michael Ratrimo Stanko Korunoski TEMBENU, MASUMBU & CO. DELTA AUDIT DELOITTE MADAGASCAR INTERNATIONAL CENTRAL REGISTRY OF THE Dragica Tasevska CONTAINER TERMINAL Noel Misanjo REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA NATIONAL BANK OF THE Mirado Ambininjara SERVICES LTD. SAVJANI & CO. REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Rabearintsoa Vladimir Kostoski MADAGASCAR LAW OFFICES Mahery Ratsimandresy Vyamala Aggriel Moyo APOSTOLSKA & Paul Tobin PRIME LEX PWC MALAWI ALEKSANDROVSKI PWC BULGARIA Rija Rabeharisoa CABINET MAZARS FIVOARANA Rotsy Ratsimbarison Misheck Msiska Andrea Lazarevska Elena Todorovska MADAGASCAR CONSEIL EY GEORGI DIMITROV ATTORNEYS LAWELL ATTORNEYS Ketakandriana Rabemananjara OFFICE DE REGULATION INTERNATIONAL Arthur Alick Msowoya Ivana Lekic Toni Trajanov ÉLECTRICITÉ (ORE) Théodore Raveloarison WILSON & MORGAN PWC MACEDONIA MACEDONIAN CREDIT JARY - BUREAU D'ÉTUDES BUREAU AD SKOPJE Sahondra Rabenarivo Charles Mvula Georgi Markov MADAGASCAR LAW OFFICES ARCHITECTURE INGÉNIERIE DUMA ELECTRICS LTD. - PWC MACEDONIA Dragan Trajkovski Princy Raveloharison CONTROL SYSTEMS AND ELTEK Jeannot Julien Padoue Emil Miftari PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS ENERGY MANAGEMENT Rafanomezana EMIL MIFTARI LAW OFFICE Svetlana Trendova ETUDE DE ME JEANNOT TAX & LEGAL MADAGASCAR - Matthews Mwadzangati APOSTOLSKA & RAFANOMEZANA PWC MADAGASCAR BLANTYRE CITY COUNCIL Vlatko Mihailov ALEKSANDROVSKI Andriamisa Ravelomanana EMIL MIFTARI LAW OFFICE Tahina Rajaona Mtchuka Mwale Stefan Trost MADAGASCAR LAW OFFICES PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS NICHOLLS & BROOKES Petra Mihajlovska TAX & LEGAL MADAGASCAR - EVN MACEDONIA CAKMAKOVA ADVOCATES Pierrette Rajaonarisoa PWC MADAGASCAR Patricia Mwase Natasha Trpenoska BOLLORÉ AFRICA LOGISTICS CREDIT DATA CREDIT Oliver Mirchevski Landy Raveloson Trenchevska MADAGASCAR REFERENCE BUREAU LTD. EVN MACEDONIA CABINET HK JURIFISC LAW FIRM TRPENOSKI Irena Mitkovska Jean Sylvio Rajaonson Yusuf Nthenda Slavce Trpeski ETUDE ME. RAJAONSON Jean Marcel Razafimahenina CHIDOTHE, CHIDOTHE LAWYERS ANTEVSKI DELTA AUDIT DELOITTE AGENCY FOR REAL & COMPANY Biljana Mladenovska Dimitrova ESTATE CADASTRE Fetrahanta Sylviane Rakotomanana Chantal Razafinarivo Grant Nyirongo LAWYERS ANTEVSKI Vladimir Vasilevski CABINET RAZAFINARIVO PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS ELEMECH DESIGNS Martin Monevski BETASPED D.O.O. TAX & LEGAL MADAGASCAR - MONEVSKI LAW FIRM PWC MADAGASCAR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 193 Reena Purshtam Puan Morhaniza Hamir Khairon Niza Md Akhir Shu Shuen Tan Mohamed Munavvar MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY COMPANIES COMMISSION ZUL RAFIQUE & PARTNERS, MUNAVVAR & ASSOCIATES Donns Shawa CORPORATION ADVOCATE & SOLICITORS LAW FIRM RD CONSULTANTS Arvind Menon Khalid Hashim RANHILL BERSEKUTU SDN BHD Raphael Tay Ahmed Murad MALAYSIA AZMI & ASSOCIATES CHOOI & COMPANY MAZLAN & MURAD Hasliana Mohamad LAW ASSOCIATES BANK NEGARA MALAYSIA Noor Hassan TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Hemant Thakore MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY RANHILL BERSEKUTU SDN BHD Ismail Nashid BURSA MALAYSIA Hanani Hayati Mohd Adhan CORPORATION MALDIVES CUSTOMS SERVICE AZMI & ASSOCIATES Kenneth Tiong INLAND REVENUE BOARD Andrew Heng THE ASSOCIATED CHINESE Hassan Raaif Mohamed OF MALAYSIA Azmi Mohd Ali FERRIER HODGSON CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE MALDIVES MONETARY MH SDN BHD AZMI & ASSOCIATES AND INDUSTRY OF AUTHORITY PLATINUM TAX CONSULTANTS SDN BHD Nik Mohd Fadhil Bin Salleh MALAYSIA (ACCCIM) Abdul Hafiz Bin Hidzir Sulakshan Ramanan TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD FIRE AND RESCUE DEPARTMENT Vijayakumar Varutharaju EY WORLDGATE EXPRESS OF KUALA LUMPUR SERVICES SDN BHD TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Wong Hin Loong Sumeera Rodrigo Muzzamir Mohd Mydin Aniza Abd Manaf AZMAN, DAVIDSON & CO. Siti Wahida Binti Sheikh EY AZMI & ASSOCIATES Hussien CREDIT BUREAU Ang Seng Hing Ahmed Saif MALAYSIA SDN BHD Zuhaidi Mohd Shahari CREDIT BUREAU USHAMAS FORWARDING MALAYSIA SDN BHD STELCO (M) SDN BHD AZMI & ASSOCIATES Azura Abd Rahman Shuaib M. Shah LAND & MINES OFFICE Rohaizad Mohd Yusof Anne Wai Yee Wong Wei En Hoong SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. NORTH PORT (MALAYSIA) BHD JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG Nor Azimah Abdul Aziz TAY & PARTNERS BARRISTERS & ATTORNEYS COMPANIES COMMISSION Mohd Yusoff Mokhzani Aris Wan Rosmawati Wan Ibrahim Mohamad Ali Abdul Husain Mizna Shareef MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY MALAYAN BANKING BERHAD Idayu Abdul Rahim NORTH PORT (MALAYSIA) BHD SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. CORPORATION Chee Lin Wong BARRISTERS & ATTORNEYS COMPANIES COMMISSION Dato’ Dr. Sallehudin Ishak Marina Nathan SKRINE, MEMBER Sonia Abraham LAND & MINES OFFICE Manal Shihab COMPANIES COMMISSION OF LEX MUNDI AZMAN, DAVIDSON & CO. SUOOD ANWAR & CO. - Kumarakuru Jai Swee Kee Ng Keat Ching Wong ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Wilfred Abraham FERRIER HODGSON ZUL RAFIQUE & PARTNERS, MH SDN BHD SHEARN DELAMORE & CO. Fathimath Sodhaf ZUL RAFIQUE & PARTNERS, ADVOCATE & SOLICITORS ADVOCATE & SOLICITORS Noor Wahida Noordin MALDIVES CUSTOMS SERVICE Abdul Azis Japri MINISTRY OF INTERNATIONAL Yeoh Keng Yao Wan Nur Ain Nabilah TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Sumudu Wijesundara TRADE AND INDUSTRY TITIMAS LOGISTICS SDN BHD AZMI & ASSOCIATES EY Norhaiza Jemon Allison Ong Khairani M. Yusof Muhammad Arif Harinder COMPANIES COMMISSION Lubna Zahir Hussain AZMAN, DAVIDSON & CO. MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY TITIMAS LOGISTICS SDN BHD CORPORATION THE LAW COMMISSION Manfred Tee Jeok Renn Hock An Ong OF THE MALDIVES Nur Sajati Binti Asan SHEARN DELAMORE & CO. BDO Mohamed Jamielyn Jimmy MALDIVES Tamilmaran A/L Palaniappan MALI AZMI & ASSOCIATES JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG NORTH PORT (MALAYSIA) BHD AVANT-GARDE LAWYERS Wan Amir Azlan BCEAO Dato’ Dr. Ir. Andy K. H. Seo BANK OF MALDIVES PLC AZMI & ASSOCIATES Kim Yong Pang CREDITINFO VOLO Komathi P. Karuppanan FERRIER HODGSON Samih Adam Shamsuddin Bardan AZMI & ASSOCIATES MH SDN BHD Assadeck Allasane MALDIVES MONETARY MALAYSIAN EMPLOYERS DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE Amos Kok Tan Kar Peng AUTHORITY FEDERATION DES DOUANES JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG KAMARUDDIN WEE & CO. Junaina Ahmed Mohd Nawawi bin Hj Said ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS Oumar Bane LOH Kok Leong SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. Abdullah JURIFIS CONSULT RUSSELL BEDFORD LC Aurobindo Ponniah BARRISTERS & ATTORNEYS TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD & COMPANY - MEMBER PWC MALAYSIA Mariam Bocoum Mohamed Ahsan Ahmad Fuad bin Md Kasim OF RUSSELL BEDFORD MATRANS Aminah Bt Abd Rahman ARCHENG STUDIO TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD INTERNATIONAL MINISTRY OF URBAN Mahamane I. Cisse Mohamed Shahdy Anwar Che Adnan Bin Mohamad Christopher Lee WELLBEING, HOUSING AND CABINET LEXIS CONSEILS SUOOD ANWAR & CO. - NADI CONSULT ERA SDN BHD CHRISTOPHER LEE & CO. LOCAL GOVERNMENT ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Boubacar Coulibaly Tahir bin Mohd Deni Cing-Cing Lee Ahmad Ridha Abdul Razak MATRANS Jatindra Bhattray TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD AZMI & ASSOCIATES ABRAZ ARKITECTS PWC MALDIVES Sekou Dembele YM Tengku Rohana Binti Richard Lee Muzawipah Bt Md. Salim ETUDE MAÎTRE Asma Chan-Rahim Tengku Nawawi JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SEKOU DEMBELE SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. LAND & MINES OFFICE Seen Yin Lee Sugumar Saminathan BARRISTERS & ATTORNEYS Fatoumata D. Diarra KC Chan JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY AFRICAN LEGAL & TAX Fazleena Fakir FREIGHT TRANSPORT CORPORATION MALI (ALT-MALI) Jeff Leong MALDIVES MONETARY NETWORK SDN BHD JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG Victor Saw Seng Kee AUTHORITY Mamadou Diarra Hong Yun Chang PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS CABINET JURI-PARTNER Alex Lian Aishath Haifa TAY & PARTNERS ADVISORY SERVICES SDN BHD JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. Mariama Doumbia Lee Cheng Keat Zamzuri Selamat BARRISTERS & ATTORNEYS MATRANS PERUNDING MEKTRIK SDN BHD Koon Huan Lim SYARIKAT BEKALAN AIR Mohamed Hameed Abdoulaye Fofana SKRINE, MEMBER Chow Keng Chin SELANGOR SDN BHD (SYABAS) ANTRAC HOLDING PVT. LTD. MATRANS OF LEX MUNDI INDRA GANDHI & CO. Fiona Sequerah Ameelia Hussain San Peen Lim Baba Haidara Eric Chin CHRISTOPHER LEE & CO. MALDIVES MONETARY ETUDE GAOUSSOU HAIDARA PWC MALAYSIA CTOS DATA SYSTEMS SDN BHD Jagdev Singh AUTHORITY Lim Litt Gaoussou Haîdara Jacky Choi PWC MALAYSIA Abdul Rasheed Ibrahim ETUDE GAOUSSOU HAIDARA FERRIER HODGSON JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG MH SDN BHD Adeline Thor Sue Lyn CUSTOMS SERVICE Mamadou Ismaïla Konate Jack Chor RUSSELL BEDFORD LC Ishan Ibrahim JURIFIS CONSULT Kin Sin Low CHRISTOPHER LEE & CO. & COMPANY - MEMBER ASIA FORWARDING PVT. LTD. JEFF LEONG, POON & WONG Abdoul Karim Samba Timbo OF RUSSELL BEDFORD Melinda Marie D'Angelus Ahmad Lutfi Abdull Mutalip INTERNATIONAL Yameen Ibrahim Konaté AZMI & ASSOCIATES AZMI & ASSOCIATES SUOOD ANWAR & CO. - AGENCE D'ARCHITECTURE Muhendaran Suppiah ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW CADET Ruzaida Daud Ir. Bashir Ahamed Maideen MUHENDARAN SRI ENERGY COMMISSION NADI CONSULT ERA SDN BHD Savithri Karunaratne Gaoussou A.G. Konaté Esther Tan EY AGENCE D'ARCHITECTURE Indra Gandhi John Matthew ZUL RAFIQUE & PARTNERS, Prasanta Misra CADET INDRA GANDHI & CO. CHRISTOPHER LEE & CO. ADVOCATE & SOLICITORS PWC MALDIVES Mohamadi Magassa ICON SARL 194 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Celestin Maiga Katia Cachia Avelino R. Gimao Jr. Mohamed Salem Mah Satyajit Bundhoo SYTRAM GVZH ADVOCATES MARSHALL ISLANDS SOCIAL TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE BANYMANDHUB SECURITY ADMINISTRATION DE NOUAKCHOTT BOOLELL CHAMBERS Bérenger Y. Meuke Simon Camilleri JURIFIS CONSULT CREDITINFO Richard W. Hamlin Moustapha Maouloud Adele Catherine OKNEY & HAMLIN GUICHET UNIQUE MAURITANIA ENSAFRICA (MAURITIUS) Claudia Randrianavory Joseph Caruana JOHN W. FFOOKS & CO. MALTA FINANCIAL SERVICES Don Hess Bah Elbar M'beirik Bernard Chan Sing AUTHORITY (MFSA) COLLEGE OF THE CHAMBRE COMMERCIALE MAURITIUS NETWORK Bourema Sagara MARSHALL ISLANDS AUPRÈS DE LA COUR SERVICES LTD. JURIFIS CONSULT Laragh Cassar D'APPEL DE NOUAKCHOTT CAMILLERI CASSAR Jerry Kramer D.P. Chinien Alassane T. Sangaré ADVOCATES PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. Abdou M'Bodj REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES NOTARY AND BUSINESSES, Kyle DeBattista Lani Milne Ould Med Yahya Oumar Sanogo CORPORATE AND BUSINESS CAMILLERI PREZIOSI ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DIRECTION DE L'INSPECTION REGISTRATION DEPARTMENT AGENCY - MARSHALL ISLANDS DES DOMAINES ET DU DU TRAVAIL David Felice PATRIMOINE DE L’ÉTAT Stephanie Chong Mei Lin ARCHITECTURE PROJECT Philip A. Okney Djibril Semega Ah Tow LAW OFFICE OF Mazar Mohamed Mahmoud CABINET SEAG CONSEIL Neville Gatt MCB GROUP LIMITED PHILIP A. OKNEY Hmettou PWC MALTA SOCIÉTÉ MAURITANIENNE Jenifer Chung Mamadou Moustapha Sow Steve Philip CABINET SOW & ASSOCIÉS Steve Gingell D'ELECTRICITÉ (SOMELEC) PWC MAURITIUS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE PWC MALTA Ahmed Salem Mohamed Vall Jessen Coolen Boubacar Thiam Dennis James Reeder ASSOCIATION Sandro Grech DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE MCB GROUP LIMITED REEDER & SIMPSON DES IMPÔTS PROFESSIONNELLE DES SG MALTA LIMITED - Asmaa Coowar BANQUES ET ETABLISSEMENT CORRESPONDENT OF RUSSELL Michael Slinger Layti Ndiaye PWC MAURITIUS FINANCIERS DU MALI BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE SOGECO MAURITANIA Amritraj Dassyne Abdoulaye Toure Karl Grech Orr David M. Strauss Mine Ould Abdoullah CHAMBERS OF NOTARIES CELLULE TECHNIQUE GANADO ADVOCATES ATTORNEY-AT-LAW CABINET D'AVOCAT OF MAURITIUS DES REFORMES ET DU Roberta Gulic Hammett OULD ABDOULLAH CLIMAT DES AFFAIRES MAURITANIA Veda Dawoonauth PWC MALTA Ishagh Ould Ahmed Miské EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND Moctar Toure Mohamed Abdallahi Bellil Kurt Hyzler CABINET ISHAGH MISKE (MAURITIUS) COMMISSION DE REGULATION DE L'ELECTRICITE ET DE L'EAU GVZH ADVOCATES Wane Abdelaziz Moustapha Ould Bilal Martine de Fleuriot de la Consuelo Marzi CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE, TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE Colinière Imirane A. Touré D'INDUSTRIE ET D'AGRICULTURE GANADO ADVOCATES DE NOUAKCHOTT ENSAFRICA (MAURITIUS) DIRECTION NATIONALE DE DE MAURITANIE L'URBANISME ET DE L'HABITAT Michael Mifsud M’Hamed Ould Bouboutt A. Delbar IDENTITY MALTA AGENCY Sid'Ahmed Abeidna MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES CUSTOMS HOUSE Lasseni Touré SOGECO MAURITANIA ECONOMIQUES ET DU BROKERS ASSOCIATION ETUDE GAOUSSOU HAIDARA Henri Mizzi DÉVELOPPEMENT CAMILLERI PREZIOSI Jemal Abde Nasser Ahmed Carolyn Desvaux de Marigny Alassane Traoré DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE Abdellahi Ould Charrouck ENSAFRICA (MAURITIUS) ICON SARL John Paris DES DOUANES ATELIER ARCHITECTURE CREDITINFO Shalinee Dreepaul-Halkhoree Kane Aly ET DESIGN MALTA JURISTCONSULT CHAMBERS Jonathan Scerri GUICHET UNIQUE MAURITANIA Hassena Ould Ely CENTRAL BANK OF MALTA ENEMALTA PLC Amil Emandin Mohamed Lemine Ould Babiye PORT AUTONOME DE NOUAKCHOTT ASSOCIATION Shawn Agius Jude Schembri BANQUE CENTRALE PROFESSIONNELLE DES INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT PWC MALTA DE MAURITANIE Ahmed Ould Radhi TRANSITAIRES Matthew Attard Ian Stafrace Dieng Adama Boubou BANQUE CENTRALE Yannick Fok GANADO ADVOCATES IAN STAFRACE LEGAL BANQUE CENTRALE DE MAURITANIE EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND Pierre Theuma DE MAURITANIE Haimoud Ould Ramdan (MAURITIUS) Nicole Attard GVZH ADVOCATES MALTA ENTERPRISE Mohamed Marouf Bousbe MINISTÈRE DE LA JUSTICE J. Gilbert Gnany Mark Attard Montalto Dimitris Tsoukalas Moulaye Ahmed Boussabou Mohamed Elmokhtar Roueiha MCB GROUP LIMITED MINISTRY OF JUSTICE W.J. PARNIS ENGLAND BANQUE CENTRALE BUREAU CAUPID Tilotma Gobin Jhurry DE MAURITANIE Aliou Sall BANK OF MAURITIUS Anthony Azzopardi Andrei Vella DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CAMILLERI PREZIOSI Mohamed Cheikh Abdallah ETUDE ME ALIOU Chavi Gonpot AND EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS AFACOR - AUDIT FINANCE SALL & ASSOCIÉS Luca Vella BLC CHAMBERS GVZH ADVOCATES ASSISTANCE COMPTABLE Sophie Teffahi Kevan Azzopardi Yandraduth Googoolye ORGANISATION SARL PORT AUTONOME DE MALTA FINANCIAL SERVICES Simone Vella Lenicker BANK OF MAURITIUS AUTHORITY (MFSA) Brahim Ebety NOUAKCHOTT ARCHITECTURE PROJECT Moorari Gujadhur Leonard Bonello Moulaye El Hassen Kamara Mohamed Yarguett Quentin Zahra MINISTÈRE DU PÉTROLE, DE MADUN GUJADHUR GANADO ADVOCATES SOCERE LAMBERT SOMEC CHAMBERS EUROFREIGHT L'ENERGIE ET DES MINES MAURITANIE (SLSM) Amanda Bonnci Andrew J. Zammit Gopaul Gupta GVZH ADVOCATES Fadel Elaoune MAURITIUS VELOGIC LTD. GVZH ADVOCATES MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES Christopher Borg ECONOMIQUES ET DU SUPREME COURT Arvin Halkhoree ENEMALTA PLC MARSHALL ISLANDS DÉVELOPPEMENT JURISTCONSULT CHAMBERS Daygarasen Amoomoogum Kris Borg BANK OF MARSHALL ISLANDS Boumiya Hamoud MAURITIUS CHAMBER OF Arzeenah Hassunally DR. KRIS BORG & COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY PWC MAURITIUS ASSOCIATES - ADVOCATES MARSHALLS ENERGY Cheikhany Jules COMPANY CHEIKHANY JULES LAW OFFICE Wasoudeo Balloo Rubishwur Hemoo Mario Raymond Borg KPMG MINISTRY OF LOCAL INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT Helkena Anni Oumar Sada Kelly MARSHALL ISLANDS REGISTRY GOVERNMENT AND ASSURIM CONSULTING Keshav Beeharry OUTER ISLANDS Martina Borg Steven MCB GROUP LIMITED GVZH ADVOCATES Kenneth Barden Mohamed Koum Maloum ATTORNEY-AT-LAW Nooreena Hosany BETEM INGENIERIES DE Khoushwant Bheem Singh MINISTRY OF LOCAL Karl Briffa L'ENERGIE ET DE L'EAU NOTARY GVZH ADVOCATES Tune Carlos GOVERNMENT AND PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. Mohamed Lemine O/Bah Valerie Bisasur OUTER ISLANDS Josianne Brimmer BLC CHAMBERS FENECH & FENECH ADVOCATES Raquel De Leon Mohamed Lemine Selmane Deoyani Hurrynag MARSHALL ISLANDS SOCIAL MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES Urmila Boolell REGISTRAR GENERAL Joseph Buhagiar SECURITY ADMINISTRATION ECONOMIQUES ET DU BANYMANDHUB MALTA ENTERPRISE Navin Jowaheer Kenneth Gideon DÉVELOPPEMENT BOOLELL CHAMBERS WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT Jeanelle Cachia PII SHIPPING AUTHORITY GVZH ADVOCATES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 195 Nishi Kichenin Steven Sarangavany Sengayen Rodrigo Barros Carlos De la Garza Ricardo Gonzalez Orta JURISTAX STEVEN & ASSOCIATES MINISTRY OF FINANCE MARTINEZ, ALGABA, DE HARO, GALAZ, YAMAZAKI, RUIZ LAW FIRM CURIEL Y GALVAN-DUQUE SC URQUIZA SC, MEMBER Thierry Koenig Hernando Becerra de Cima OF DELOITTE TOUCHE ENSAFRICA (MAURITIUS) Bhavish Sewraz GONZALEZ CALVILLO SC Jorge de Presno TOHMATSU LIMITED JURISTCONSULT CHAMBERS BASHAM, RINGE Y CORREA, Anthony Leung Shing Luis Horacio Bortoni Vazquez MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS Antonio Gonzalez Rodriguez PWC MAURITIUS Deviantee Sobarun SECRETARIA DE DESARROLLO GALAZ, YAMAZAKI, RUIZ REGISTRAR GENERAL URBANO (SEDUE) - Franco Alberto Del Valle Prado Jayram Luximon URQUIZA SC, MEMBER SECRETARIAT FOR URBAN DEL VALLE, PRADO Y OF DELOITTE TOUCHE CENTRAL ELECTRICITY BOARD Menzie Sunglee DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY FERNANDEZ, SC TOHMATSU LIMITED CENTRAL ELECTRICITY BOARD Malcolm Moller Andrea Burgos Harfush Tracy Delgadillo Miranda APPLEBY Dhanesswurnath Vikash Jose Gonzalez-Elizondo CREEL, GARCÍA-CUÉLLAR, J.A. TREVIÑO ABOGADOS BAKER & MCKENZIE Thakoor Bala Moonsamy AIZA Y ENRIQUEZ SC SA DE CV BANK OF MAURITIUS Alvaro Gonzalez-Schiaffino CMT INTERNATIONAL LTD. Gilberto Calderon Julia Díaz Muhammad R.C. Uteem BASHAM, RINGE Y CORREA, Ramdas Mootanah GALAZ, YAMAZAKI, RUIZ MULTITRASLADOS MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS UTEEM CHAMBERS URQUIZA SC, MEMBER ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN LTD. Carlos Diez Garcia Amy Vaulbert de Chantilly OF DELOITTE TOUCHE James Graham Manisha Mootoocurpen TOHMATSU LIMITED GONZALEZ CALVILLO SC 3CT JURISTCONSULT CHAMBERS BANYMANDHUB Felipe Dominguez BOOLELL CHAMBERS Nashenta Vuddamalay Zindel Adrian Martin Camacho Sergio Granados Fernandez MOORE STEPHENS PWC MEXICO ENSAFRICA (MAURITIUS) OROZCO MEDINA SC Ashwin Mudhoo COMISIÓN FEDERAL JURISTCONSULT CHAMBERS Bobby Yerkiah Adrian Guarneros DE ELECTRICIDAD Dolores Enriquez KPMG SERVICIO DE ADMINISTRACIÓN Loganayagan Munian Enrique Camarena Dominguez PWC MEXICO TRIBUTARIA ARTISCO INTERNATIONAL MAQUEO, DE GARAY David Escalante MEXICO Antonio Guerra Gomez Khemila Narraidoo Y AGUILAR SC KPMG CARDENAS DOSAL SC COMISIÓN REGULADORA GUERRA GOMEZ, ABOGADOS JURISTCONSULT CHAMBERS Samuel Campos Leal Isaura Escobar DE ENERGÍA Mario Alberto Gutiérrez Nicholas Ng GONZALEZ CALVILLO SC DELEGACIÓN DE INSTITUTO REGISTRAL Y PWC MEXICO EVERSHEDS SUTHERLAND Carlos Cano AZCAPOTZALCO (MAURITIUS) CATASTRAL DEL ESTADO Yves Hayaux-du-Tilly DE NUEVO LEÓN PWC MEXICO Miguel Espitia NADER, HAYAUX & GOEBEL Daniel Ng Cheong Hin Jaime Cantú BUFETE INTERNACIONAL MAURITIUS CARGO NOTARÍA PÚBLICA 62 F. 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ADVOCATES Gül΅en Engin TARLAN – BAKSI LAW FIRM ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK Ba΅ak Karakoç Yusuf Mansur Özer Robert Apenya ORTAKLI͚I MORO͚LU ARSEVEN ERSOY BILGEHAN LAWYERS Eser Ta΅cı ENGORU, MUTEBI ADVOCATES AND CONSULTANTS TUYID - TURKISH IR SOCIETY Gökben Erdem Dirican Elçin Karatay Leria Arinaitwe PEKIN & PEKIN PEKIN & PEKIN Duygu Ozmen Mehmet Ali Taskin SEBALU & LULE ADVOCATES PEKIN & BAYAR LAW FIRM ODAMAN & TASKIN LAW FIRM Goktug Ersoy Özge Kavaso͛lu Justine Bagyenda PAKSOY LAW FIRM THE BANKS ASSOCIATION Özlem Özyi͛it Selen Terzi Özsoylu BANK OF UGANDA OF TURKEY YASED - INTERNATIONAL PAKSOY LAW FIRM Naz Esen Edward Balaba INVESTORS ASSOCIATION TURUNÇ LAW OFFICE Betül Kencebay Deniz Torun EY TUYID - TURKISH IR SOCIETY Ahmed Pekin ADMD - MAVIOGLU & Özgür Can Geçim Robert Bbosa PEKIN & PEKIN ALKAN LAW OFFICE EY Burak Kepkep KYEYUNE ROBERT PAKSOY LAW FIRM Ferhat Pekin Oguz Tumis Tuba Gedik Alice Namuli Blazevic PEKIN & BAYAR LAW FIRM 3E DANII΄MANLIK LTD. ΄TI. 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ADVOCATES Hafize Gökçe PWC TURKEY HERGUNER BILGEN OZEKE ADMD - MAVIOGLU & Serhan Koçaklı Matovu Emmy ALKAN LAW OFFICE KOLCUO͚LU DEMIRKAN Gülbin ΄ahinbeyo͛lu Sait U͛ur MARMA TECHNICAL SERVICES KOÇAKLI ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW CENTRAL BANK OF THE ADMD - MAVIOGLU & Alev Güçlüer Nasali Joan REPUBLIC OF TURKEY ALKAN LAW OFFICE MORO͚LU ARSEVEN Korhan Kocali BUWEMBO & CO. ADVOCATES CERRAHO͚LU LAW FIRM Batuhan ΄ahmay Leyla Ulucan Serkan Gul Lwanga John Bosco BENER LAW OFFICE, ERSOY BILGEHAN LAWYERS HERGUNER BILGEN OZEKE Galya Kohen MARMA TECHNICAL SERVICES MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS AND CONSULTANTS TABOGLU & DEMIRHAN Kenan Güler Nicholas Kabonge Bulent Sarac Özlem Üntez GÜLER DINAMIK GÜMRÜK Umut Korkmaz PWC UGANDA MINISTRY OF CUSTOMS MINISTRY OF ECONOMY MÜ΄AVIRLI͚I A΄ PEKIN & PEKIN AND TRADE Marion Kakembo Burcu Urganci Onur Gülsaran Vedia Nihal Koyuncu KSK ASSOCIATES Selim Sarıibrahimo͛lu HERGUNER BILGEN OZEKE CERRAHO͚LU LAW FIRM TARLAN – BAKSI LAW FIRM SARIIBRAHIMO͚LU LAW OFFICE Francis Kamulegeya Ü. Barı΅ Urhan Omer Gumusel Nazım Olcay Kurt PWC UGANDA Gülce Saydam Pehlivan TÜSSȉAD PEKIN & BAYAR LAW FIRM HERGUNER BILGEN OZEKE PAKSOY LAW FIRM Ali Kankaka Do͛a Usluel Arzum Gunalcin Aybala Kurtuldu KYAZZE, KANKAKA & U͛ur Sebzeci ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK ORTAKLI͚I GÜNALÇIN HUKUK BÜROSU SERAP ZUVIN LAW OFFICES BEZEN & PARTNERS CO. ADVOCATES Anil Uysal Nurettin Gündo͛mu΅ Dilara Levento͛lu Doreen Kansiime ΄imal ΄eker TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH AKTIF INVESTMENT BANK AS TABOGLU & DEMIRHAN PWC TURKEY LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) SEBALU & LULE ADVOCATES Zeki Gündüz Orhan Yavuz Mavio͛lu Stephen Kasenge Selen ΄enocak Ufuk Yalçın PWC TURKEY ADMD - MAVIOGLU & KOLCUO͚LU DEMIRKAN HERGUNER BILGEN OZEKE KSK ASSOCIATES ALKAN LAW OFFICE KOÇAKLI ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Burcu Güray Allan Katangaza Ay΅egül Yalçınmani MORO͚LU ARSEVEN Maral Minasyan BOWMANS (AF MPANGA, Ömer Kayhan Seyhun CERRAHO͚LU LAW FIRM KOLCUO͚LU DEMIRKAN CENTRAL BANK OF THE ADVOCATES) Can Gürlek KOÇAKLI ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Hasan Ya΅ar MINISTRY OF ECONOMY REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Arthur Katende PEKIN & PEKIN Gokhan Mirahmetoglu KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA Ay΅egül Gürsoy Irmak Seymen UNION OF CHAMBERS Cüneyt Yetgin & CO. ADVOCATES CERRAHO͚LU LAW FIRM ADMD - MAVIOGLU & AND COMMODITY GÜLER DINAMIK GÜMRÜK ALKAN LAW OFFICE Baati Katende Tuna Gürsu EXCHANGES OF TURKEY MÜ΄AVIRLI͚I A΄ Sinan ΄ı͛va KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA MINISTRY OF CUSTOMS Busra Nur Muhammet Yi͛it & CO. ADVOCATES AND TRADE GENERAL DIRECTORATE ODAMAN & TASKIN LAW FIRM OF LAND REGISTRY BENER LAW OFFICE, David Katende Göktu͛ Halaç MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS Zumbul Odaman Taskin AND CADASTRE ENVIROKAD BEZEN & PARTNERS ODAMAN & TASKIN LAW FIRM Beste Yıldızili Sezil Simsek Sim K. Katende Gülin Halebak Ku΅ako͛lu PWC TURKEY TURUNÇ LAW OFFICE Pelin Oguzer KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA TUYID - TURKISH IR SOCIETY MORO͚LU ARSEVEN Can Yilmaz & CO. ADVOCATES Murat Soylu Timur Hülagü BEZEN & PARTNERS SERAP ZUVIN LAW OFFICES Mert Oner Collins Dicksons CENTRAL BANK OF THE KPMG Senay Yılmaz Kateshumbwa REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Ça͛ıl Sünbül PWC TURKEY TOBB - THE UNION OF UGANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY Yavus Oner Tolga ȉpek CHAMBERS AND COMMODITY KPMG Vincent Katutsi HERGUNER BILGEN OZEKE Esin Tabo͛lu EXCHANGES OF TURKEY TABOGLU & DEMIRHAN KATEERA & KAGUMIRE Volkan Oray Mustafa Isik Melis Yüksel ADVOCATES GÜLER DINAMIK GÜMRÜK Aysenaz Tahmaz SARIIBRAHIMO͚LU LAW OFFICE MINISTRY OF CUSTOMS MÜ΄AVIRLI͚I A΄ Assumpta Kemigisha AND TRADE ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK ORTAKLI͚I Murat Yülek NANGWALA, REZIDA Mine Orer Sevi Islamagec Dilara Tamtürk PGLOBAL GLOBAL ADVISORY & CO. ADVOCATES ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK ORTAKLI͚I ADMD - MAVIOGLU & AND TRAINING SERVICES LTD. MORO͚LU ARSEVEN Lucy Kemigisha Kerem Utku Örer ALKAN LAW OFFICE M. Ya͛ız Kacar Izzet Zakuto EY TARLAN – BAKSI LAW FIRM Elif Tan SOMAY HUKUK BÜROSU TURUNÇ LAW OFFICE Sebaggala M. Kigozi Burcu Osmanoglu MORO͚LU ARSEVEN Ali Can Kahya Serap Zuvin UGANDA MANUFACTURERS OSMANOGLU HUKUK | Eda Tanriverdi SERAP ZUVIN LAW OFFICES ASSOCIATION MINISTRY OF ECONOMY OSMANOGLU LAW FIRM TURUNÇ LAW OFFICE Zeynep Kalaycı Kenneth Kihembo PAKSOY LAW FIRM UGANDA KSK ASSOCIATES MMAKS ADVOCATES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 223 Mubaraka Nkuutu Kirunda Paul Semanda Oleksandr Fomenko Oles Kvyat Viktor Poternak UGANDA MANUFACTURERS FBW GROUP KIEVENERGO ASTERS AIG LAW FIRM ASSOCIATION Alan Shonubi Andriy Fortunenko Yulia Kyrpa Viktoriia Prokharenko Lillian Helen Kuteesa SHONUBI, MUSOKE & CO. AVELLUM AEQUO AURORA PJSC NANGWALA, REZIDA Charles Lwanga Ssemanda Oleksandr Frolov Oleksii Latsko Vadym Samoilenko & CO. ADVOCATES BESTIN LIMITED CMS CAMERON EGOROV PUGINSKY ASTERS Mercy MCKENNA LLC AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Ambrose Turyahabwe Olga Samusieva Kyomugasho-Kainobwisho DHL GLOBAL Ivan Nikolaevich Gelyukh Yevgen Levitskyi HLB UKRAINE UGANDA REGISTRATION SERVICES BUREAU FORWARDING (U) LTD. KIEVENERGO AEQUO Iuliia Savchenko Bemanya Twebaze Leonid Gilevich Nikolay Alexandrovich Lezin ASTERS Musuuza Lawrence BUWEMBO & CO. ADVOCATES UGANDA REGISTRATION ILYASHEV & PARTNERS KIEVGORSTROY Maryana Sayenko SERVICES BUREAU Vitalii Grusevych Maksym Libanov ASTERS Arnold Lule ENGORU, MUTEBI ADVOCATES CONFEDERATION OF NATIONAL SECURITIES AND UKRAINE Natalia Selyakova BUILDERS OF UKRAINE STOCK MARKET COMMISSION Michael Malan DENTONS Yaroslav Abramov Yaroslav Guseynov Nickolas Likhachov COMPUSCAN CRB LTD. 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ADVOCATES EGOROV PUGINSKY DENTONS CONFEDERATION OF Naida Shykhkerimova AFANASIEV & PARTNERS BUILDERS OF UKRAINE Olexander Martinenko KPMG Albert Mukasa Olga Ivanova CMS CAMERON BKA ADVOCATES Anna Babych Dmytro Simashko ARZINGER MCKENNA LLC Cornelius Mukiibi AEQUO DLA PIPER Tetyana Ivanovich Olena Martsynovska C. MUKIIBI SENTAMU Anastasia Belkina Anton Sintsov & CO. 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HLB UKRAINE ARZINGER Artem Naumov EGOROV PUGINSKY Matthias Nalyanya INYURPOLIS LAW FIRM AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Timur Bondaryev Halyna Khomenko LEX UGANDA ADVOCATES ARZINGER EY Yuriy Nechayev Andriy Stetsenko & SOLICITORS AVELLUM CMS CAMERON Alexander Borodkin Vadym A. Kizlenko Priscilla Namusikwe MCKENNA LLC VASIL KISIL & PARTNERS ILYASHEV & PARTNERS Mykola Negrych SHONUBI, MUSOKE & CO. GEOS DEVELOPMENT Mykola Stetsenko Pavlo Byelousov Uliana Kolodii AND CONSTRUCTION AVELLUM Jane Nankabirwa AEQUO ZAMMLER 3PL FBW GROUP Anna Ogrenchuk Artem Stoyanov Kateryna Chechulina Maryana Kolyada Diana Nannono LCF LAW GROUP LCF LAW GROUP CMS CAMERON PWC KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA MCKENNA LLC Olena Ohonovska Dmitriy Sykaluk & CO. ADVOCATES Nataliia Kondrashyna EGOROV PUGINSKY DLF ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Iaroslav Cheker ASTERS AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Nusula Kizito Nassuna KPMG Dmytro Symanov CAPITAL MARKETS AUTHORITY Stanislav Koptilin Kateryna Oliynyk CAI & LENARD Sergey Chulkov ILYASHEV & PARTNERS EGOROV PUGINSKY Martin Ngugi KIEVENERGO Marharyta Tatarova BROSBAN CONSULTANTS Andrey Kosharny AFANASIEV & PARTNERS ETERNA LAW ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING Graham Conlon ELIT GROUP Maryna Opirska CMS CAMERON Anna Tkachenko Charles Odere Andrii Koshman DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC MCKENNA LLC DENTONS LEX UGANDA ADVOCATES KPMG Liliya Palko & SOLICITORS Ivan Demtso Dmytro Tkachenko Vladimir Kotenko KPMG KPMG DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC Mercy Odu EY Olena Papazova BOWMANS (AF MPANGA, Aleksandr Deputat Dmytro Tkachenko Alla Kozachenko KPMG ADVOCATES) ELIT GROUP RIQUEZA CAPITAL GROUP, LLC DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC Alesya Pavlynska William Okello Dmytro Donenko Ivan Trofimenko Alona Kravchenko ARZINGER ENGARDE DEPT. OF STATE REGISTRATION Joseph Oteng Otogo INYURPOLIS LAW FIRM Yuriy Petrenko AND NOTARIAT AT THE ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW ELECTRICITY REGULATORY Alina Kuksenko SPENSER & KAUFFMANN MINISTRY OF JUSTICE AUTHORITY Mariana Dudnyk ASTERS OF UKRAINE PWC Konstantin Pilkov Alex Rezida Vitaliy Kulinich CAI & LENARD Oleg Tsvyah NANGWALA, REZIDA Igor Dykunskyy EGOROV PUGINSKY STATE GEOKADASTRE & CO. ADVOCATES DLF ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Serhiy Piontkovsky AFANASIEV & PARTNERS BAKER & MCKENZIE Andriy Tsvyetkov Moses Segawa Anna Folvarochna Tatyana Kuzmenko ATTORNEYS' ASSOCIATION SEBALU & LULE ADVOCATES ASTERS Sergiy Popov AIG LAW FIRM GESTORS KPMG 224 DOING BUSINESS 2018 Serhii Uvarov Hussain Almatrood Jonia Kashalaba Azizur Rahman Baher Yousef AVELLUM AL TAMIMI & COMPANY PWC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES CHANCE ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS ADVOCATES & LEGAL WORKS LLC GROUP (ECG) Camiel van der Meij Khaled Kilani CONSULTANTS PWC ARAMEX EMIRATES LLC Mohammed Sanaur Rahman Mohammed Zeen Layali AlMulla AL BADHA ELECTRICAL NAFFCO Andriy Valentinovich Vavrish Saurbh Kothari DUBAI MUNICIPALITY & SANITARY INS. LLC CHIEF DEPARTMENT OF TOWN- AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER PLANNING, ARCHITECTURE Mohammed Alsuboosi OF LEX MUNDI Nooshin Rahmanijade UNITED KINGDOM AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT DUBAI COURTS ARAA GROUP ADVOCATES EXPERIAN LTD. Vipul Kothari DESIGN OF THE KIEV CITY & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Yousaf Al-Suwaidi KOTHARI AUDITORS THE INSOLVENCY SERVICE STATE ADMINISTRATION DUBAI COURTS & ACCOUNTANTS Johnson Rajan Slava Vlasov INTUIT MANAGEMENT WHITE & CASE LLP LONDON Piyush Bhandari Ravi Kumar PWC CONSULTANCY Alexandra Adams INTUIT MANAGEMENT DUBAI TRADE Yuliia Volkova CONSULTANCY Mehul Rajyaguru CLYDE & CO. Charles S. Laubach AEQUO AL HILI STAR Philip Allenby Priyanka Bhandari AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER ELECTROMECHANICAL DLA PIPER UK LLP Elena Volyanskaya INTUIT MANAGEMENT OF LEX MUNDI WORKS LLC LCF LAW GROUP CONSULTANCY Clare Barras Daniele Lavalle Chatura Randeniya CMS CAMERON MCKENNA LLP Olexiy Yanov Maryam Bin Lahej Al-Falasi AL ETIHAD CREDIT BUREAU AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER LAW FIRM IP & C CONSULT LLC DUBAI COURTS OF LEX MUNDI Corina Barsa Rana Madi Yulia Yashenkova Mazen Boustany DUBAI MUNICIPALITY CLYDE & CO. Jochem Rossel AIG LAW FIRM BAKER & MCKENZIE PWC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Ravi Basra Christine Maksoud Aleksandra Yevstafyeva Omar Bushahab BAROUDI & ASSOCIATES LUBBOCK FINE - MEMBER Mohammad Safwan OF RUSSELL BEDFORD EGOROV PUGINSKY BUSINESS REGISTRATION AL HASHEMI PLANNERS, Arslan Malik INTERNATIONAL AFANASIEV & PARTNERS IN DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OHM ELECTROMECHANIC Vasyl Yurmanovych Marie Batchelor Junaid Malik Said Said BIRKETTS LLP INTEGRITES Diego Carmona AL ETIHAD CREDIT BUREAU DUBAI TRADE AL TAMIMI & COMPANY Andrew Booth Anton Zaderygolova ADVOCATES & LEGAL Srikrishnan Mannapara Mohammed Ahmed Saleh ANDREW BOOTH ARCHITECT DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC CONSULTANTS DUBAI MUNICIPALITY SONY MEA Galyna Zagorodniuk Moshe Bordon R. 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HER MAJESTY’S WORKS LLC AL TAMIMI & COMPANY LAND REGISTRY PEARL HOMES TECHNICAL Abdulla Mohamed ADVOCATES & LEGAL SERVICES LLC DUBAI UAE Ghassan El Asmar Jonathan Caldwell ARAA GROUP ADVOCATES CONSULTANTS DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND DLA PIPER UK LLP REED SMITH WATER AUTHORITY & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Izabella Szadkowska Badih Moukarzel AL TAMIMI & COMPANY Brendon Christian Qurashi Abdulghani Amany El Bagoury DUBAI MUNICIPALITY HUQOOQ LEGAL PRACTICE ADVOCATES & LEGAL BUSINESS LAW BC AL SAFAR & PARTNERS CONSULTANTS ADVOCATES AND LEGAL Udayan Mukherjee Karen Clarke Nadia Abdulrazagh NADIA ABDULRAZAGH CONSULTANTS DENTONS Walid Takrouri CMS CAMERON MCKENNA LLP ADVOCACY & LEGAL AL ETIHAD CREDIT BUREAU Colin Cochrane Syed Ali Hussnain Gilani Mohammed Murshed Alam CONSULTATIONS AL MEHER CONTRACTING AL MURJAN ELECTRICAL Hamad Thani Mutar REED SMITH LLP Saleh Abdurahman CO. LLC INSTALLATION LLC DUBAI COURTS Simon Cohen ARAA GROUP ADVOCATES Nasim Hashim Sarathe Natarajan Nitin Tirath SHEARMAN & STERLING LLP & LEGAL CONSULTANTS AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER NAFFCO DUBAI TRADE Michael Collard Laith Abu Qauod OF LEX MUNDI 5 PUMP COURT CHAMBERS Himadri Pathak Mohsen Tomh TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH Talal Mohammed Hassan INTUIT MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ENGINEERING LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) James Collinson Al-Tamimi CONSULTANCY CONSULTANCIES DLA PIPER UK LLP Hesam Aghaloui AL TAMIMI & COMPANY Vijendra Vikram Singh Paul Arun Udayabhanu James Cross OHM ELECTROMECHANIC ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH BRIGHT ELECTRICAL REED SMITH LLP Laila Al Asbahi LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) WORKS LLC TAMLEEK REAL ESTATE Ahmed Hegazy Ashley Damiral Iqbal Pedhiwala Hannan Uddin CMS CAMERON MCKENNA LLP REGISTRATION TRUSTEE TAMLEEK REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION TRUSTEE SHABMANS TRADING EST CHANCE ELECTROMECHANICAL Mahmood Al Bastaki WORKS LLC John Dewar Bedarul Hoque Sinoj Philip MILBANK, TWEED, HADLEY DUBAI TRADE Sriram Viswanathan POWER ELECTROMECHANICAL Silvia Pretorius & MCCLOY LLP Obaid Saif Atiq Al Falasi WORKS LLC DYNATRADE AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER AUTOMOTIVE GROUP Shannon Diggory DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND OF LEX MUNDI WATER AUTHORITY Rita Jaballah REED SMITH LLP Gary Watts AL TAMIMI & COMPANY Motaz Qaoud Zaki Ejaz Yousuf Mohd Al Khazraji ADVOCATES & LEGAL AL TAMIMI & COMPANY AL KHAWAJA ENGINEERING ADVOCATES & LEGAL RIGHT LEGAL ADVICE DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND CONSULTANTS CONSULTANCY WATER AUTHORITY CONSULTANTS Thomas Fancett Tara Jamieson Samer Qudah CMS CAMERON MCKENNA LLP Abdullah Al Nasser Jody Waugh AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER AL TAMIMI & COMPANY ARAA GROUP ADVOCATES OF LEX MUNDI AL TAMIMI & COMPANY Paul Fleming ADVOCATES & LEGAL ADVOCATES & LEGAL & LEGAL CONSULTANTS CONSULTANTS DECHERT LLP Edger Larose Joseph CONSULTANTS Marwan Sultan Al Sabbagh AMPTEC Mohamed Younus Rafeeq Claire Fourel DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND Anna White ASHURST LLP ELECTROMECHANICAL LLC BINLAHEJ WATER AUTHORITY AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER Sony Joseph ELECTROMECHANICAL LLC OF LEX MUNDI Nick Francis Buti Al Subosi INTERTECHS Yusuf Rafiudeen PWC UNITED KINGDOM TAMLEEK REAL ESTATE Alan Wood ELECTROMECHANICAL DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND REGISTRATION TRUSTEE PWC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Robert Franklin CONTRACTORS LLC WATER AUTHORITY CLYDE & CO. Faizan Asif Ali Victoria Yates Gul Kalam Ashraf M. Rahman BLUE ZONE AFRIDI & ANGELL, MEMBER Jack Gardener OHM ELECTROMECHANIC ADAM GLOBAL ELECTROMECHANICAL LLC OF LEX MUNDI CLYDE & CO. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 225 Donald Gray Tom Neilson Manish Antani David Newberg Gaston Atchugarry DARWIN GRAY LLP MILBANK, TWEED, HADLEY EISNER JAFFE PC COLLIER, HALPERN, GASTON ATCHUGARRY & MCCLOY LLP NEWBERG, NOLLETTI, LLP ARQUITECTURA-URUGUAY Louise Gullifer Pamy J. S. Arora OXFORD UNIVERSITY, Peter Newman CORNELL GROUP, INC. Samuel Nolen Leticia Barrios COMMERCIAL LAW CENTER MILBANK, TWEED, HADLEY RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER, Eve Brackmann Juan Bonet & MCCLOY LLP P.A., MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Marc Harvey STUART KANE GUYER & REGULES, DLA PIPER UK LLP Kevin Nicholson Christopher O’Connell MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Steven Clark PWC UNITED KINGDOM PARKER, MILLIKEN, CLARK, Andrew Haywood CLARK FIRM PLLC Sofia Borba O'HARA & SAMUELIAN PENNINGTONS MANCHES LLP Phil Norton ARCHITECT Federico Cruz CLYDE & CO. 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