92656 Study on Internally Displaced Population, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan Final Report Working Paper June 2014 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved First published September 2014 www.logica-wb.net This Working Papers Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage discussion and exchange of ideas on gender and conflict related issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Papers in this series are not formal publications of the World Bank. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited ac- cordingly. The series is edited by the Learning on Gender and Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA) Program of the World Bank within the Social, Urban Rural and Resilience Global Practice. This paper has not undergone the review accorded to official World Bank publications. 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Cover and layout design: Duina Reyes Photos provided by World Bank photo library and United Nations photo library WORLD BANK Learning on Gender and Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA) Global Program on Forced Displacement Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced and Vulnerable Communities in Eastern Sudan Project (SLDP) Study on Internally Displaced Population, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan FINAL REPORT By Prof. Dr. Awadalla Mohamed Saeed Ali World Bank National Consultant Professor, School of Rural Extension, Education and Development, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan 15 June 2014  Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary............................................................................. 3 2. Introduction........................................................................................ 4 3. Objectives of the Study........................................................................ 5 4. The Targeted Communities.................................................................. 6 5. IDPs and Gender Issues, A Main Focus of the Present Study............... 7 6. Scope of the work................................................................................ 8 7. Methodology....................................................................................... 9 8. An exploration of the circumstances of IDPs and links with their communities of origin, as a vehicle to increase productivity. ..... 10 9. Existing Income Generating Activities in the 6 Locations Targeted by the SLDP........................................................................ 11 Amara....................................................................................................................................... 11 Tagoug – El Madrasa................................................................................................................ 12 Bariai........................................................................................................................................ 12 Hadalia..................................................................................................................................... 12 Krai Dareer............................................................................................................................... 13 El Geneid. ................................................................................................................................. 13 10. Rank ordering of the main livelihood activities engaged on in the targeted locations.................................................................... 14 11. A Gender Analysis of Existing Income Generation Activities in the Targeted Locations. .................................................................. 15 12. Gender Analysis of Access to Farm Land. ........................................... 15 13. Gender Analysis of Household Division of Labor:. ............................ 16 14. Gender Analysis of Need for Financial Services................................. 17 15. Gender Analysis of Participation in Decision Making....................... 17 16. Gender Analysis of Engagement in Livelihoods-Related Networking. ....................................................................................... 17 17. The Potentially Viable Livelihood Activities and Strategies for their Sustainability that Can Be Effectively Supported by the SLDP During it Upcoming 2-Year Piloting Phase. ....................................... 18 Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 1 18. Recommendations for the piloting phase of sustainable livelihoods project............................................................................. 18 19. Guidelines for Implementing the Pilot Project under Component 2.................................................................................... 20 APPENDIXES......................................................................................... 21 Appendix 1............................................................................................................................... 23 Appendix 2 .............................................................................................................................. 26 Appendix 3............................................................................................................................... 32 2 FINAL REPORT Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 1. Executive Summary to increase productivity; • A clear understanding of the restrictions to This study on “internally displaced population, achieving a gender equitable access to land gender and livelihoods in Kassala State, Eastern and credit, as well as the identification of con- Sudan” was carried out to deepen the analytical crete measures to overcome them; and work being conducted by the “Sustainable Liveli- hoods for Displaced and Vulnerable Communities • An assessment of potential measures to ensure in Eastern Sudan Project (SLDP)”. It was under- a gender-balanced definition of community taken to gain a better understanding of gender priorities and participation in decision-mak- and conflict issues that can serve as a direct input ing and development processes. to support project operations and scaling up, and more urgently to provide guidelines for implemen- The methodology employed by the consultant tation of the piloting phase of the SLDP in a gen- involved a review of the literature and study of existing reports on the relevant community devel- der sensitive manner that also targets the provision opment operations that are being carried out in of equitable livelihood support services to the in- Kassala State by United Nations agencies, inter- ternally displaced population groups and members national and national non-governmental organi- of the vulnerable host communities in the targeted zations (NGOs) and by government departments. locations. From a macro view, this study feeds into The methodology also involved collecting primary the larger research project entitled “Learning on data through use of in-depth individual interviews Gender and Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA)”. The and focus group discussions with representatives study is intended to place the focus of the SLDP of the different stakeholders. Structured interview on the improvement of livelihoods and services in schedules were used to collect information from IDP camps and host communities in rural areas by representative IDPs and host community members employing a gender balanced approach based on: in the specified 6 locations that will be targeted • A more integral analysis of conflict and gender during the piloting phase of the SLDP. The analy- related issues in IDP and host communities; sis strategy involved comparative examination of the demographic and socio-economic conditions • Knowledge of livelihood strategies and the of IDPs and host community members, and the livelihood support linkages/networks that ex- extent of their vulnerability in terms of level of ac- ist within and between the IDP camps and the cess to livelihood resources and services, and levels host communities, the existing connections of participation in decision making at household with locality-level organizations, and with and community levels. social and economic institutions in Kassala town; The analysis indicated no significant differences between IDPs and host community members in • Exploring the circumstances of urban IDPs terms of most of the demographic and socio-eco- and their communities of origin, as a vehicle nomic variables. The IDPs and the host communi- Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 3 ty members in each of the 6 locations targeted by tial numbers of the agro-pastoral rural population the SLDP were found to be mostly from the same from their original habitats to more secure areas, tribal groups and are of comparable socio-eco- usually within the boundaries of their recognized nomic conditions. However, the IDPs were found tribal lands. to be relatively more disadvantaged in terms of hu- man and natural resources, and have limited com- Most IDPs in camps arrived in the second half of munity participation for that reason. Social norms the 1990s and early 2000s (specifically in 2002). and traditions constitute a hurdle hindering more They were displaced mainly due to the Eritrea- involvement of women in economic and social Sudan war and civil war. Movements of IDPs to spheres. Some of the tribal groups are very con- Kassala State have not fared that well, having to servative, but it was found that some of the other settle mostly in arid lands with limited possibilities tribes are more tolerant to women involvement in of making a living through agriculture or animal decision making and engagement in income gen- husbandry alone. Presently, IDPs in the State have erating activities. No conflicts between IDPs and practically no access to humanitarian aid. host communities exist, seemingly because of the According to the information dated 5 June 2014 shared tribal norms and cultural heritage of the two groups in each of the locations where IDPs are that was provided to the national consultant dur- found. All IDPs in the sample expressed a desire to ing field work for this study by the Director of remain in their present displacement destination Planning and Projects in Kassala State’s Ministry villages. They have no or little contacts with their of Social Affairs, Culture, Youth and Sports (in ac- areas of origin from where they were displaced. cordance with the estimates made by the Humani- Some IDPs moved to Kassala town and merged tarian Aid Commission), there are 90,842 IDPs with the population in peripheral areas. in Kassala State residing in 12 camps1 (which are currently officially regarded by Kassala State au- The study generated some useful guidelines to be thorities as permanent IDP villages) and in Kassala observed during the piloting phase and afterwards town. The number of IDPs who settled perma- to ensure equitable access to the SLDP services by nently in Kassala town is estimated to be 25,132.2 IDPs and host community members, and by males However, there are indications that large numbers and females in each group. That will foster stability of IDPs have located in the town and that a sig- and set the ground for sustainable improvement of nificant number of IDPs in rural areas commute the livelihoods in the targeted locations. regularly between the villages (the former camps) and Kassala town to engage in income generating 2. Introduction activities and/or to access social services. Kassala State is one of the poorest regions in Su- The present study on the internally displaced pop- dan. As a “host community” to refugees and IDPs, ulation, gender and livelihoods in Kassala State – most of the population in the rural areas suffer of Eastern Sudan is part of the Research and Design acute poverty and limited development prospects, not dissimilar from those experienced by the IDPs and refugee population in their midst. Most of the 1  According to other reports, there are close to 66,000 IDPs in IDPs originated mainly from the war and drought- 11 formally identified camps in Kassala State. The records of the WFP Kassala sub-office indicate that food distribution allocations affected rural areas where the livelihood conditions covered 62,710 IDPs in 11 camps. The term “camp” applies to IDP have continued to deteriorate over the years. Like settlements that often are constituted by several separate sub-units. elsewhere in Sudan, rural people in Kassala State Kassala State has an estimated total population of 1.79 million, of which close to 30% are in Kassala town. Recent research shows that have found themselves under severe stress from there are in fact over 70 IDP locations in rural Kassala that can be chronic food insecurity and poverty caused by the grouped in 12 camps or settlement locations. series of droughts that hit the region during the 2  The released figures on number of IDPs in Kassala town are not 1980s and the 1990s. The spread of land mines in definitive. It is conceivable that more IDPs will relocate and merge the state was also behind the exodus of substan- with the population of Kassala town as permanent residents. 4 Piloting component of the larger World Bank’s “Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced and Vul- 3. Objectives of the Study nerable Communities in Eastern Sudan (SLDP) The present study on internally displaced popu- - Initial Phase Project”. The report on the Baseline lation, gender and livelihoods in Kassala State, Survey (BL) for the SLDP provided updated and emanated from the 2nd component of the SLDP, verifiable data and information on the conditions which has four integral components, namely: of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) and host communities in Kassala State. The overall objective 1. Development of Local Government Struc- of the project is “to strengthen the capacity of local tures and Capacities (including project man- stakeholders, including state authorities, displaced agement) persons and vulnerable host communities, to plan 2. Research and Design of Pilot and deliver services and develop sustainable liveli- hoods”. The project pilots an approach whereby 3. Implementation and Evaluation of Pilot local community groups will plan, prioritize and decide on local development activities and manage 4. Evaluation and Recommendations for Expan- the implementation of projects. Local community sion and Replication groups will select business initiatives, proposed by Component 3, “implementation and evaluation community members, to receive grants and re- of the pilot” focuses on the provision of direct volving loans. This will be done through facilitat- support to the target communities through a de- ed community consultation and decision-making mand driven process and concentrates most of the processes. The approach is intended to empower resources of the project. Given existing conditions IDPs and host communities to become drivers of in the region it is envisaged that the support will their own development, rather than recipients of focus mainly on livelihood promotion activities. aid. The pilot project will focus on a few prior- ity communities identified though the initial BL. However, component 2 “research and design of However, two communities that were not included the pilot” is a key element of the project which in the initial BL survey were later added as target is geared towards conducting in-depth analysis communities for the piloting phase of the SLDP. of livelihoods and service provision processes as a These latter villages include Krai Dareer (in West basis for the design of project interventions. The Kassala locality) and El Geneid (in River Atbara present study is conducted in close coordination locality). A separate baseline survey for these added with other analytical activities conducted as part communities was conducted in late May, 2014. of component 2, in order to support the design and implementation of pilot activities under com- The piloting phase (PP) of the SLDP will be imple- ponent 3. mented for about 2 years under component 3 in order to assess its impact and sustainability of the Thus, this study on “internally displaced popula- financed income generation activities in the tar- tion, gender and livelihoods in Kassala State” is geted communities. This PP performance assess- embarked on to contribute to deepening of the ment would be conducted under mandate spelt analytical work being conducted by the SLDP, to out in component 4 of SLDP with the objective of gain a better understanding of gender and other scaling up the successful Kassala experiment into a related issues that can serve as a direct input to major initiative covering all vulnerable communi- support project operations and scaling up. The ties (i.e. IDPs and refugees and local host commu- study is conducted to provide guidelines that serve nities) in the three states of Eastern Sudan namely to focus the SLDP’s deliveries in Kassala State on Red Sea, Kassala and Gedaref. potentially viable livelihood activities that suit the vulnerable IDP and host community population in the targeted locations in Kassala State with: • Exploring the circumstances of IDPs and links Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 5 with their communities of origin, as a vehicle v. Closeness/interaction with other commu- to increase productivity; nities (that maximizes opportunities for ex- changes and marketing). • Analysis of the existing grassroots livelihood strategies adopted for survival by the vulner- The present study on the internally displaced pop- able IDPs and host community members, and ulation, gender and livelihoods study focuses on the factors that hinder their improvement and gender analysis that covers the following aspects, sustainability; among others: • A gender analysis of issues relating to house- • Division of labour in IDPs and host commu- hold division of labor, participation in deci- nity households sion making, contribution to livelihood ac- tivities, and engagement in livelihood-related • Involvement in community development ac- networking within and between communi- tivities ties; • Memberships in community based organiza- tions • Suggesting potentially viable measures that ensure a gender-balanced definition of com- • Networking within and between IDPs and munity priorities encourage gender-balanced host communities participation in decision-making, and greater involvement in development processes by the • Access to education and training services targeted beneficiaries; • Nature of livelihood activities • A clear understanding of the restrictions to • Access to land and other natural resources achieving a gender equitable access to land and credit, as well as identification of concrete • Land tenure arrangements in practice measures to overcome them; • Access to technical support / production in- • Identification of potentially viable livelihood put supply services activities and strategies for their sustainability that can be effectively supported by the SLDP • Access to extension services during it upcoming 2-year piloting phase. • Access to credit services 4. The Targeted Communities • Access to marketing services As guided by the findings of the BL, the criteria The pilot project focuses on few priority commu- for selection of the communities to be targeted nities. The Government of Kassala has influenced during the piloting phase of the SLDP in Kassala the selection of some of the locations to be tar- State included: geted by the SLDP, but the selection was largely based on the recommendations of the SLDP. It is i. Degree of vulnerability (as reflected by the agreed that the project will target up to 6 loca- percentage of the households headed by tions (four of which have groups of drought- and women); war-affected IDPs (mainly from the Bani Amer and Hadendewa tribes), and the other two (Krai ii. Income/poverty level; Dareer and El Geneid) were selected by suggestion iii. Experience on participation in programs to from the State authorities that call for expanding access services to increase productivity (cred- the piloting to cover other regions (not hosting it/savings); IDPs) which are populated by members of other tribes (in this case the Rashaida and Shukriya). iv. Community organizations; and Thus, the agreed communities for the initial pilot- 6 ing phase of the Sustainable Livelihood for Dis- for vocational training, early marriage and high placed and Vulnerable Communities in Eastern birth mortality contribute to widen the gender Sudan - Initial Phase Project (SLDP), on which gap in eastern Sudan. the present study is focused, are Amara and Ta- goug (in Rural Kassala Locality), Bariai (in Telkuk Presently, some enlightened women in eastern Su- Locality), Hadalia (in North Delta Locality), Krai dan are assuming a more active role in family and Dareer (in West Kassala Locality) and El Geneid community affairs. War had a devastating effect on (in River Atrbara Locality). the social fabric, and had generated the phenome- na of “women-headed households”. Because of the The SLDP will pilot an approach whereby local increasing number of the households headed by community groups will plan, prioritize and de- women, and because of the relative empowerment cided on local development activities and manage that women have acquired through engagement the implementation of projects. Local community in income generating activities, men are becom- groups will select business initiatives, proposed by ing more tolerant of women’s engagement in social community members, to receive grants and re- affairs. Economically active women in the rural volving loans. This was done through facilitated areas are engaged in income-generating activities, community consultation and decision-making including agriculture, livestock; handcraft works, processes. The approach is intended to empower and food processing. IDPs and host communities to become drivers of their own development, rather than recipients of No events of gender based violence specific to the aid. IDP community, or that merit a differentiated treatment than to the local population as a whole, have been reported in Kassala State. This might 5. IDPs and Gender Issues, be partly due to the time elapsed since the actual A Main Focus of the Present displacement, as well as to the IDP communities assuming similar social patterns as the host popu- Study lation. The study will attempt to identify whether gender-based violence or conflicts have been linked According to the recent BL survey conducted by to shifts in gender dynamics under the main areas the IDPs livelihood project, women headed house- of the study: access to land and property; liveli- holds in IDPs camps range between 5% and 12% hoods; service delivery and community gover- of the households. The higher figure corresponds nance. However, important barriers remain to full to the southwestern part of the State, which is female empowerment. Tribal practices as well as close to Kassala town. the pervasiveness of traditional property and ten- ure systems that restrict the capacity of women to Tradition and cultural patterns in Sudan have ham- own land and livestock are among the main factors pered women’s development. As influenced by so- in this regard. cial norms and tribal cultural standards, women’s tasks in the rural areas in Kassala State, are mainly As the objective of the “Sustainable Livelihoods confined to domestic duties. Their involvement in for Displaced and Vulnerable Communities in income generating activities is generally minimal, Eastern Sudan Project” is to strengthen the capac- and their participation in community decision- ity of local stakeholders, including state authori- making is not socially approved. Women comprise ties, displaced persons and vulnerable host com- half of the population in the region and 35% of munities, to plan and deliver services and develop them are reported as extremely poor. The gender sustainable livelihoods, the gender study will focus inequalities faced by women are reflected, among on the priority communities identified though the other indicators, by high illiteracy rates (close to initial baseline survey. Criteria for such selection 56% of women in the region are illiterate). Con- included, among others, degree of vulnerability straints on girls’ education, limited opportunities (women-headed household), income/poverty, ac- Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 7 cess to services to increase productivity, and ef- deepen the analytical work in Kassala State being fectiveness of community organizations. Being a conducted by the “sustainable livelihoods project” pilot project with limited resources, the project in terms of gaining a better understanding of gen- will also consider targeting communities that offer der issues that can serve as a direct input to sup- more cost-effectiveness in the provision of support port project operations and scaling up. and where the impact of intervention would be greater, maximizing opportunities for replication It is envisaged that the study will complement the and scaling up. focus of the project on the improvement of liveli- hoods and services in IDP camps and host com- The project pilots an approach whereby local com- munities in rural area with: munity groups will plan, prioritize and decided on local development activities and manage the a) The identification of livelihood linkages/net- implementation of projects. Local community works between the IDP camps and Kassala groups will select business initiatives, proposed town, while exploring the circumstances of by community members, to receive grants and re- urban IDPs and their communities of origin, volving loans. This was done through facilitated as a vehicle to increase productivity; community consultation and decision-making b) A clear understanding of the restrictions to processes. The approach is intended to empower achieving a gender equitable access to land IDPs and host communities to become drivers of and credit, as well as the identification of their own development, rather than recipients of concrete measures to overcome them; and aid. c) An assessment of potential measures to en- The project consists of four components: sure a gender-balanced definition of commu- 1. Development of Local Government Struc- nity priorities and participation in decision- tures and Capacities (including project man- making and development processes. agement) 2. Research and Design of Pilot 6. Scope of the work The study is guided by the conceptual framework 3. Implementation and Evaluation of Pilot developed by the World Bank’s Learning on Gen- 4. Evaluation and Recommendations for Expan- der and Conflict in Africa (LOGiCA) program sion and Replication and the Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD), aiming at supporting gender-sensitive Component 3, “implementation and evaluation activities related to insecurity and violence in con- of the pilot” focuses on the provision of direct flict-affected and post-conflict countries. LOGi- support to the target communities through a de- CA’s main objective is to increase gender-specific mand driven process and concentrates most of the programming in post-conflict countries in Africa, resources of the project. Given existing conditions while GPFD aims at identifying opportunities to in the region it is envisaged that the support will improve the Bank’s contribution to an enhanced focus mainly on livelihood promotion activities. development response to forced displacement that supports economically and socially sustainable so- However, component 2 “research and design of lutions: the pilot” is a key element of the project geared towards conducted in-depth analysis of livelihoods Forced displacement and its impact on gen- and service provision processes as a basis for the der relations design of project interventions. The study will examine the changes in relations The present study on “internally displaced popula- that took place after displacement to Kassala State, tion, gender and livelihoods” also contributes to as well as to whether changes in gender roles and 8 responsibilities among IDP communities have sta- The study will contribute suggestions for guid- bilized after more than 15 years of resettlement or ing the activities of the livelihoods project from a there are still on-going changes due to livelihood gender–balanced perspective and provide specific and environmental factors. The study will draw recommendations to improve the operation of the conclusions on the comparative situation of IDPs project and facilitate its scaling up. and host communities, and their functional links with urban Kassala community. 7. Methodology Positive and negative repercussions due to The methodology used for fulfilling the objectives shifts in gender dynamics of the present study involved The study attempts to identify challenges and op- 1. Initial engagement in review of literature on portunities present in the conflict and displace- gender and displacement in Sudan with em- ment context with regard to promotion of gender phasis on Eastern Sudan. equality. The study will review the main livelihoods strategies of women in the region and conduct and 2. Review of recent projects and activities with in-depth analysis of the business cycle for one or gender components that were implemented two key economic activities. Particular emphasis or are being implemented by other agencies was given to the assessment of skills, production in Kassala State to find the lessons learned and marketing strategies, as well as to rural-urban and the potentially applicable good practices. linkages that contribute toward increased produc- 3. Development of a research methodology tivity and income. For this purpose the study will based on a set of research questions that guid- estimate the extent of existing functional links ed fieldwork, as well as on use of structured established by IDPs and rural host communities schedules for conducting interviews with key with the social and economic service institutions informants and selected community represen- located in Kassala town. tatives in each of the locations targeted by the SLDP in its initial piloting phase. The meth- The study will focus on the review of the provision odology also included conduction of in-depth of services with a direct impact on livelihoods. The interviews and focus group discussions with provision of basic services (e.g. water, health, pri- the different institutional stakeholders includ- mary education, sanitation, etc.) while of extreme ing UN agencies (FAO, UNDP,UNHCR, importance will not be covered by the study. UNIDO - the Integrated Food Security The provision of savings and credit, transport Project (IFSP)- and WFP), World Bank sup- and communication to access markets and secure ported projects (CDF, SLDP), international production inputs, as well as skills, information NGOs (Practical Action, Plan Sudan,, Ger- and technical support to increase productivity, man Agro Action), national NGOs (Friends are some of the services that was appraised by the of Peace & Development Organization study. The provision of information and support (FPDO), and government ministries and de- on legal aspects related to land and property and partments, namely Ministry of Finance, Na- on conflict resolution are also key public services tional Economy and Manpower(interviews to be analyzed with particular consideration to the were conducted with Director of the Director development of gender-balanced responses. of the General Directorate for Planning and Development and his Deputies), the Ministry The study will analyze the extent and quality of of Social Affairs, Culture, Youth and Sports women’s participation in community organiza- (interviews were conducted with the Direc- tions and decision-making. Customary, family tor of Planning, Research and Projects, and related and legal restrictions will be analyzed and with the General Director of Kassala State’s proposals for improvement formulated. Microfinance Corporation), the Ministry of Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 9 Agriculture, Forestry, Irrigation, Livestock resident host community households was selected. and Fisheries (interviews were conducted This applied to four of the piloting communities with the Deputy General Manager and the where IDPs are found, namely Amara and Tagoug Director of the Planning Unit). The names villages (in Rural Kassal locality), Bariai village (in of the interviewees are listed in Appendices 1 Telkuk locality), and Hadalia (in North Delta lo- and 2). Appendix 1 includes a list of the IDPs cality). These communities were formerly covered and host community members that were in- by the baseline survey. The other two communi- terviewed for purposes of the study. Appendix ties of Krai Dareer (in West Kassala locality) and 2 includes the study implementation sched- El Geneid (in River Atbara locality) have no IDPs ule that shows the names and institutional af- living in them. Analysis comparing IDPs and Host filiations of the institutional stakeholders that communities in these two communities is unwar- were interviewed by the national consultant. ranted. However, gender analysis was possible in all six communities, as information on male and 4. Conducting qualitative and quantitative female characteristics and the livelihood strategies analysis of data.3 adopted by the economically active members in 5. Conducting two workshops with key partners each household was collected. The sampling plan and stakeholders in Kassala on the findings was based on selection of 3 male-headed house- and recommendations of the study. holds and 3 female-headed households from each IDP and host community. Thus, the needed data 6. Coordination with the livelihoods project in were collected from males and females and sub- the conduction of the study and in the defini- jected to comparative analysis. tion of the specific outcomes expected by the project as an input to its operations. The extent of socioeconomic participation of males and females among the IDPs and that among the 7. Prepare an inception report, a brief interim host community members was compared and in- report, and a final report on the study. terpreted. The in-depth interviews and focus group discus- The study is also to be viewed as a means for identi- sions that were employed to collect data reflecting fying the development needs of males and females on the socio-demographic and economic charac- in the targeted locations and ways for increasing teristics of IDPs and members of host communi- their socio economic participation. ties in the 6 locations that are targeted for proj- ect implementation during the up-coming 2-year piloting phase of the SLDP. The Household was 8. An exploration of the used as the unit of analysis, meaning that relevant circumstances of IDPs and links data reflecting the status of all members of the family was compiled. Gender analysis of data was with their communities of uniformly conducted to serve the purposes of the study. origin, as a vehicle to increase From each of the targeted communities that host productivity IDPs, a small sample representing the IDP house- The IDPs in the sample households that were in- holds was taken, and an equal one representing terviewed for purposes of the present study were selected on the basis of equal representation of the sexes. The head of the household was interviewed 3  The national consultant conducted all the interviews with the in each case and asked to report information as institutional stakeholders, and led and participated in field data col- required to the posed questions. Most of the IDPs lection from representatives of the communities that are selected for the piloting phase of the SLDP, and conducted the data analysis us- who were interviewed were found to belong to the ing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Hadendewa tribe, followed in magnitude by the 10 Bani Amer. The tribes of West African origin con- and have acquired a sense of being settled mem- stituted a minority, but a more active one in terms bers having equal opportunities to gain a living. of intensive use of the households’ human resourc- Nevertheless, and because of their relative lack of es. They use their human capital more exhaustively livelihood assets, compared with host community in pursuit of their different livelihoods. members, IDPs should continue to be treated for a good while by development agencies as separate The length of stay of the interviewed IDPs in population groups composed of more vulnerable their present locations ranged between 2 and 25 and relatively socially deprived people. years. Over 50% of them have continued to reside in their present settlement locations for over 15 years. They were mainly displaced from near-by ar- 9. Existing Income Generating eas within the boundaries of Rural Kassala, Telkuk and Hameshkoreib localities (the latter locality is Activities in the 6 Locations relatively more distant, and together with Telkuk Targeted by the SLDP. had suffered most from war and severe drought conditions). About 85% of the IDPs indicated From the results of analysis of data compiled that they have escaped from war that was raging for this study, the income generation activities in their areas of origin and moved to their present practiced by the residents in the 6 communities locations to seek refuge in safe communities, pref- (villages) targeted by the SLDP for piloting are erably those populated by members of their tribes mainly farming (plant crop production), livestock where they can be socially fitting. About 11% of rearing, and trade. The practice of making and the IDPs mentioned drought as a main reason for selling home-based food processing products and their forced migration, and only few (3.7%) that handicrafts is common among women in some of they are actually economic migrants. They settled the locations). Information on the types of income in their present locations because of existing op- generation activities already practiced in the tar- portunities for access to social amenities and en- geted communities by IDPs and host community gagement in income generation activities. members in the sample is given below. About 37% of the IDPs were born in their pres- Amara ent displacement destination locations. Those who were born in other locations inside Kassala State Amara village is a rural settlement located in Ru- constituted about 56% of the interviewed IDPs. ral Kassala locality. The population (represented Only a small minority was displaced from more in the sample) is composed predominantly of distant locations in another state, or had crossed members of the Bani Amer tribe. Analysis of the the borders from a neighboring country (specifi- primary data collected from the potential benefi- cally Eritrea in this case). ciaries of the SLDP in Amara indicated the farm- ing is practiced as a means for generating income About 52% of the IDPs have settled in their pres- by males. Animal production activities are not ent location during the 1990s, and about 48% of practiced applied. None of household members them have arrived in 2002 or afterwards. Most (males or females) in the sample depended on ani- of the IDPs (88.9%) indicated that they have mal production as a means for generating income. no links with their rural areas of origin, and that However, trade is practiced mainly by few female they have a desire to remain permanently in their members in the different households as means of present locations. Only 11.1% of the interviewed generating income for their families. Lack of as- IDPs households have members who return sea- sets (including land and financial capital) is stated sonally to their places of origin, mainly for cul- as the principal hurdle hindering engagement in tivation of rain fed crops. All of the IDPs have farming activities, and the other means of income indicated that they have no desire to migrate to generation by both male and female members of other places; they prefer to stay where they are, the community. Women engagement in income Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 11 generating activities outside their homes is socially IDP and host community households alike) en- prohibited because of cultural norms that separate gage women in agricultural activities. It was also the sexes, and that attitude stems from deeply seat- found that none of the IDPs households have fe- ed religious teachings. male members practicing animal production, while only about 15% of the host community household Tagoug – El Madrasa female members are involved in animal produc- tion activities. Animal production is mainly prac- Tagoug village is located in Rural Kassala locality. ticed by male members of the households (about The population (based on the sample) is composed 50% of the host community households have male predominantly of members of tribes of a West members practicing animal production and only African origin (Fallata, Hausa, Barno, etc.), with about one third of the IDPs households have male a minority of Hadendewa and Bani Amer. The members practicing animal rearing for income Hausa people and members of other West Afri- generation). Data analysis also revealed that a little can tribal groups are very visible in Eastern Sudan. over 15% of the IDPs households have male mem- The first non-indigenous settlers in the area were bers practicing trade. None of the IDP households the Fellata people, who migrated from Nigeria in have women engaged in trade, and the same is true 1923–1929, followed by Masaleet, Hausa, Fur, for host community households. Trade is practiced and other West African people who came to find solely by males in about one third of the host com- work as laborers in the Gash Scheme and in the munity households, and to a lesser extent by males mechanized farming areas. They settled in towns to belonging to IDPs families. Thus, engagement in work as casual laborers, and also in villages in the farming and trade in Bariai, at present, is a male’s rural areas where they practiced farming in small business in both of the IDP and host community landholdings (mainly laborers and sharecroppers). households. Since animal production is practiced Data analysis for Tagoug indicated that farming is by male in both IDP and host community house- practiced by males in all of the IDP households. holds, and that about 15% of the host community Females in 50% of the IDP households were also households engage women in animal production, found to be engaged in farming practices. In con- there is a potential for women in IDP household trast, none of IDPs household members in sample to opt for practicing animal production if they get (both males and females) were found to be en- the opportunity. gaged in animal production activities, compared with host community households among whom Hadalia about 45% of the male and female members prac- tice animal production for income generation Hadalia village is located in North Delta locality. purposes. Data analysis also revealed that only a The population (based on the sample) is composed small minority of the IDP and host community predominantly of members of the Hadendewa households have male members engaged in trade. tribe. Data analysis indicated that women are not None of the females in the sample households engaged in income generating activities relating were found to practice trade. to farming, animal rearing or trade. Farming is practiced by male members of the IDP and host community households. Fifty percent of the IDP Bariai households in the sample have males practicing Bariai village is located in Telkuk locality. The farming activities, while 75% of the households of population (based on the sample) is composed the host community have males engaged in farm- predominantly of members of the Hadendewa ing as an income generation activity. Access to land tribe. Data analysis revealed that most of the IDP by IDPs in Hadalia is restricted by the recognized and host community households (two third in rights of the host community members. Their be- each case) have male members engaged in farming ing members of the same tribe of the host commu- practices. However, none of the households (the nity members has facilitated some access to farm 12 land cultivation. The Hadendewa have historically engaged in by males (about 43% of the households enjoyed autonomous control over their resources. reported male member’s engagement in trade ac- They have always allowed landless members of tivities. The remainders are manly wage earners their tribe and others to cultivate land parcels in from laboring work. The Rashyida are known to their territory, but on the condition that the active in local and cross border trade activities. users agree to pay token land rents (referred to in as gudab) in recognition of the land owner- The Rashyida are present in significant numbers ship rights vested on the Hadendewa by custom- in West Kassala locality and elsewhere in Kassala ary laws. States. They are to be regarded as relatively recent migrants. Their forefathers migrated to Sudan Animal production in Hadalia is only practiced by from the Arabian Peninsula a little bit more than a male members of the host community households. century ago, but they have managed to keep their None of the IDP and host community families in cultural heritage and social norms almost intact. the sample have females practicing animal rearing. The Rashyida used to lead a predominantly tran- Also, none of the IDP and host community fami- shumant pastoralist way of life. Lately, however, lies in the sample have females practicing trade ac- they have recently become more inclined to set- tivities. Trade is practiced by males in 75% of the tle. They now reside with greater concentration sample host community households, and by males in West Kassala locality, where they have formally in 50% of the interviewed IDP households. The established a series of villages and homesteads with cultural norms of the IDPs and the host commu- permanent building materials in an area stretching nity are similar, all being members of the Hadende- from Kassala town to the Butana bridge on River wa tribe. The deep seated cultural norms are likely Atbara (and that was with the consent of the state to constitute a formidable barrier to engagement government, and the leaders of the other tribes of women in income generation activities outside (notably the Hadendewa who regard the location their homes. Thus, there is a potential for engaging where the Rashyida are settled now to be part of women in home-based income generation activi- their customarily owned ancestral land). Krai Da- ties. Such an engagement is socially permissible, reer is one of the relatively recent settlements of since women are not going to mix with men, and the Rashyida. they can form women productive groups without much social restrictions. El Geneid Krai Dareer El Geneid is located in River Atbara locality. The population (based on the sample) is composed Krai Dareer village is located in West Kassala local- predominantly of members of the Shukriya tribe. ity. The population (based on the sample) is com- The Shukriya are the principal inhabitants of the posed predominantly of members of the Rashyida Butana region (a vast territory rich in rangelands) tribe. This community is not hosting IDPs. It is a and are predominantly agro-pastoralists. They are homogeneous community composed members of regarded as one of the Arabic speaking peoples who settled families. Comparison in terms of engage- emerged as powerful tribes in northern Sudan fol- ment in income generation activities was based on lowing the downfall of the old Nubian Kingdoms. gender analysis. The data revealed that all of the Most of the population of El Geneid is composed households in the sample have male members who of members of the Shukriya tribe who were settled are engaged in farming as an income generation (following the establishment of the New Halfa Ag- activity, compared to only 15% of the households ricultural Scheme following the settlement of the that have females engaged in agricultural produc- Nubians who were forced to migrate to the New tion. Women are more involved in small animal Halfa area because of construction of the High production (in 58% of the interviewed house- Dam in Egypt which resulted in the inundation of holds) and a lesser number of the households have their ancestral lands. The government decided to men engaged in animal production. Trade is solely give tenancies in the New Halfa project to mem- Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 13 bers of the Shukriya in order to prevent any feel- males in 66% of the sample households that were ing of grievance among members of the Shukriya indicated their involvement in animal produc- tribe which has claims over the land in which the tion activities. Trade was also found to be a major New Halfa Agricultural project is located. Thus, a means of livelihood for men in about 56% of the significant number of the households in El Geneid households, and fewer women practice trade as re- have tenancies of 15 feddans in the adjacent irri- vealed to be the case in 22% of the households. gated agricultural scheme. The analysis of the data obtained from the sample 10. Rank ordering of the main household indicated that most of the community livelihood activities engaged on residents are engaged in farming, animal produc- tion and trade activities as means of livelihood. in the targeted locations Farming is practiced by males in 78% of the sample The ranking of the three main livelihood activi- household, compared to 22% of the households ties in the 6 locations as determined by sample where women are also engaged in farming opera- members is displayed in Tables 1, 2 & 3. From tions. Many of the residents practice irrigated ag- the results displayed, farming is practiced by all riculture in tenancies in New Halfa Agricultural male sample members, and by only 42.4% in the Project and some also practice rain fed agriculture. households represented by women. Also animal Animal production is also a main activity in El Ge- production is practiced by more men (29.5%) neid, where 56% of the household in the sample than women (15.2%). Trade is also more practiced have males engaged in animal production, and fe- by men (26.5%) than women (9.1%). Table 1: Ranking of farming by importance as an income generating activities by potential beneficiates of the SLDP Ranking by Male sample Ranking by Female Ranking by All sample Ranking of farming as income members sample members members generating activity % % % 1 (Most important) 47.1 15.2 31.3 2 (Second important) 38.2 24.2 31.3 3 (Third important) 11.8 3.0 7.5 4 (Fourth important) 2.9 0.0 1.5 7 (Not practiced) 0.0 57.6 28.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table2: Ranking of animal rearing by importance as an income generating activities by potential beneficiaries of the SLDP Ranking by Male sample Ranking by Female Ranking by All sample Ranking of animal rearing as members sample members members income generating activity % % % 1 (Most important) 11.8 6.1 9.0 2 (Second important) 8.8 3.0 6.0 3 (Third important) 5.9 6.1 6.0 4 (Fourth important) 2.9 0.0 1.5 7 (Not practiced) 70.6 84.8 77.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 14 Table 3: Ranking of trade by importance as an income generating activities by potential beneficiaries of the SLDP Ranking by Male sample Ranking by Female Ranking by All sample Ranking of trade as income members sample members members generating activity % % % 1 (Most important) 11.8 9.1 10.4 2 (Second important) 8.8 0.0 4.5 3 (Third important) 2.9 0.0 1.5 4 (Fourth important) 2.9 0.0 1.5 7 (Not practiced) 73.5 90.9 82.1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 11. A Gender Analysis of IDP males (61.5%) than among the host com- munity males in the sample, of whom 38% earn Existing Income Generation income from work as wage earners. Activities in the Targeted The practicing of farming is limited among fe- males in the targeted communities (10.1% of the Locations host community females indicated that they prac- tice farming activities, while only 7.1% of the IDP Analysis conducted for males and females in the females revealed that they practice plant crop pro- IDPs and the host communities indicated greater duction). The analysis also indicated that animal engagement of males in the two groups in income production is practiced by significant numbers of generating activities. Host community male mem- females in the sample host communities (42.1%), bers are more engaged in income generation than compared to only 7.1% of engagement in animal their IDP counterparts. While all male host com- munity members are practicing farming, 92% of rearing among their IDP female counterparts. the IDPs do the same. The sustainability of farm- However engagement of female IDP community ing as an income generation activity is threatened members in trade (14.3%) is relatively greater than by low rainfall, desertification and high infesta- that of females of the host communities (10.5%). tion of farm land by the nocuous muskeet shrubs About 5% of the sample host community women that cover large expanses of land and deplete soil (who are relatively more educated) are employed in water. jobs in which they receive monthly salaries. None of the IDPs women in the sample are employed in Animal production is practiced in the different such jobs. They depend on work as casual labor- locations to varying extents. While 52.4% of the ers for earning some income, while none of the male host community members practice animal host community women engage in work as casual production, only 7.7% of the IDP community laborers. male members are involved in animal rearing. While 52.4% of the male host community mem- bers in the sample practice trade for income gen- 12. Gender Analysis of Access eration, only 23% of their IDP community male members are engaged in trade activities. About to Farm Land 38% of the host community males have receive Both men and women are vulnerable in terms of salaries from monthly paid jobs, a smaller segment security of land tenure in the locations targeted by of the male IDPs (30%) are employed in salaried the SLDP. The state land acquisition and tenure jobs. However, the engagement in work as casual policies, coupled with the adverse physical and laborers for earning wages is greater among the socio-economic impacts of drought and the pro- Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 15 longed social instability in the region, have resulted opportunity to leave part of their farm land parcels in wide-spread vulnerabilities in the livelihood ac- to rest for allowing natural regeneration of soil fer- tivities based on farming, and in alarming food in- tility. The possibility of engagement of women in security situations, especially among female farm- farming is also curtailed by their relatively smaller ers. The customary rights to land ownership and family sizes, which translates into possessing limit- access to natural resources have been threatened ed human capital resources. A most limiting factor and eroded in places by the inequitable land distri- facing women engagement in farming, is the cul- bution policies of the past, by the forceful imple- tural tradition of some tribal groups which regard mentation of the recent changes in land ownership farming as males’ business, and that women are legislations, and by the growing competition for ought to remain at home to cater mainly for the access to land and natural resources among the dif- their routine household domestic duties. ferent population groups. The internally displaced persons are the most disadvantaged groups that face problems relating to access to land and other 13. Gender Analysis of natural resources for sustaining their livelihoods. Household Division of Labor: The analysis of data in this study indicated that the The division of in the sample households in the average size of farm land area in possession of the different activities is reflected in Table 4. Gener- male members of the targeted communities was ally, men perform most of the work to be done found to be significantly larger than the average outside the household, and the females are mainly land available to their female counterparts. Men engaged in domestic work at home. Some women on the average have 22.67 feddans of farm land contribute to work outside the household, mainly each, while women on the average have access to in matters related to animal production (usually only 1.17 feddans.4 This indicates the significant within the premises of the household or in nearby inequitable engagement of males and females in locations) and some of them engage in marketing farming operations. The analysis also indicated of non-farm income generation items produced at that larger land parcels (an average of 14.83 fed- home. Female engagement in farming is minimal dans) are actually cultivated by males on the av- for the reasons alluded to above (mainly because erage. Women on the other hand cultivate their of their lack of access to farm land), but engage- much smaller farm land plots without having the ment of women in rearing of small animals is more socially approved and more visible in some loca- tions. 4  One feddan = 4200 square meters. Table 4: Household division of labor in the targeted locations (Extent of involvement in different activities by family members) Animal Non-farm Water Fuel Family Farming Cooking Cleaning Clothes rearing income work fetching fetching members % % % washing % % % % Adult males 63 43 70 56 53 0 0 0 Male children 16 15 5 19 12 0 0 0 Adult females 13 37 23 20 29 88 79 80 Female 8 5 2 5 6 12 21 20 children Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 16 14. Gender Analysis of Need for in some of the targeted locations populated by members of the more conservative tribes. Wom- Financial Services en’s participation in decision making, whether at household or community level, is restricted for a Analysis of the expressed needs for financial ser- host of reasons. Only 28% of the male sample vices among males in the sample indicated that members believe that women have equal oppor- the majority of the male IDPs (54%) and the host tunity to participate in community decision mak- community males (52%) are in favor of getting ing (this indicates the percentage of males who are access to money loans to finance non-farm income more tolerant to women’s engagement in public generation activities. The need for financial sup- affairs). Women are perceived as less educated and port for animal production activities is also sub- less experienced to deal with community issues. stantial (expressed by 43% of male in the host Men are harboring restrictive attitudes concern- communities and 39% by the male IDPs). Money ing women that are enforced by social norms and lending services for support of farming is also sub- traditions. The empowering of women through stantial (43% among host community males and support of income generation livelihood activities, only 23% among the male IDPs). coupled with raising awareness and encourage- ment of cooperative group work, can be viewed The desire to acquire finance for engaging in non- as a viable means for encouraging women to par- farm income generation activities by both IDP and ticipate effectively in household and community host community females is also great and compa- rable with that of the males in the two community decision making. These will constitute potentially groups. Women in both of the IDP and host com- viable measures to ensure a gender-balanced defi- munities expressed desire, but to a lesser degree, to nition of community priorities and participation obtain finance services for animal production ac- in decision-making and development processes. tivities (14% and 11% respectively). There seems to be no desire for getting finance for farming op- 16. Gender Analysis of erations among the IDP females, understandably because of the restriction they are facing in terms Engagement in Livelihoods- of acquiring farm land, and also because of the limiting cultural norms of their respective tribes. Related Networking None of them had expresses need for financing Networking with village-level, locality level and agricultural production. As for the females in the state level organizations (in Kassala town) is very host communities, only few (5%) have expresses a limited among members of the population in the desire for getting their farming operations finance locations targeted by the SLDP. However, in each by relevant agencies. of the communities are found leaders and elites who are dominant figures and relatively more 15. Gender Analysis of connected, and have served as village committee Participation in Decision member for the NGO-supported projects that had targeted some the villages (for example Plan Su- Making dan, Practical Action, CDF). Some of these lead- ers belong to the ruling party, and have access to Males are playing dominant role in community de- party and governmental resources and personnel. cision making, especially those who are members It is rare to find many women in this category. of the host communities. Participation in commu- There is likelihood that the local elites will reap nity decision making is rather limited among the much of the benefits of the livelihood support ser- IDP males because of the vulnerabilities they are vices, if no careful selection is made to target the facing. The participation of females, whether in poorer segments of the population in the different the IDPs or the host communities is almost absent locations. Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 17 17. The Potentially Viable 18. Recommendations for the Livelihood Activities and piloting phase of sustainable Strategies for their Sustainability livelihoods project that Can Be Effectively Based on the study findings, it is recommended Supported By the SLDP During it that: Upcoming 2-Year Piloting Phase 1. The 2-year piloting services of the SLDP should be directed with the objective of ex- Given the agricultural resource base and experi- ploring ways for development of sustainable ences of the targeted rural population in the pi- livelihood strategies that can be advocated loting locations, the SLDP should give priority to as models of financeable poverty alleviation projects during the scaling up phase in the financing projects that will serve to ensure food se- future. curity and adequate human nutrition, as a means for creating a more productive human resource 2. The piloting project should cater equally for base for poverty eradication and sustainable de- the livelihood development needs of the IDPs velopment. The local people have ample crop and and the host community members. These two animal production experiences that can be assisted groups are to be treated as separate entities, through adequate means of financing, preferably each of which should receive a proportional through the formation of cooperatives or private amount from the grant’s money (IDPs are dif- associations involving group work of the more ferent from host community members in sev- disadvantaged. Cottage industries for home-based eral aspects, including level of vulnerability food processing activities involving group work and level of access to social, physical, natural, financial, and human resources needed for should be encourage as another means for alleviat- sustaining livelihoods). The IDPs are rela- ing poverty, and a way for development of self- tively more resource poor and have been sub- reliance among the targeted beneficiaries. The fact jected to devastating circumstances that made that the project is essentially a poverty reduction them more vulnerable and in most need for one, fitting with Millennium Development Goal the financial services of the SLDP. 1, should always be kept in mind by the project management. The project is not meant to serve the 3. Those to be eligible for financing should be relatively rich persons to become more relatively adult members of households, either of IDPs richer. The project should not go for supporting or of the host community, who should be potentially successful projects that are run by the economically active or capable of engaging local elites who are by no means part of the impov- in income generating activities. Each of the erished population. The project should be vigilant selected household members who are eligible for financing should receive support for only about the possibility that local elites may use the one livelihood activity. No beneficiary should project offerings for their own advantage and com- be financed a second time before the elapse of pete with poor people who are in most need for three years, and the priority for financing then financial support. should be given to new eligible applicants. Trade related to supply of inputs for crop and 4. The male individuals eligible for financing animal production, and marketing of agricultural (who should be members of different house- products, can also be given priority in the financ- holds) can formally join up to form groups ing operations of the SLDP. It is preferable to en- engaged in multiple (but related) income courage group engagement in income generation generating activities (for example a joint car activities, especially among women. service workshop). 18 5. The female individuals eligible for financing 11. It is also recommended that the financing (who should be members of different house- concentrates on development of small agri- holds) can formally join up to form groups businesses and animal production, mainly in engaged in multiple (but related) income the form of rearing of small animals - sheep generating activities (for example a joint and goat - and poultry production), because handicrafts workshop). such activities will have positive impacts on household’s nutrition conditions and income 6. Permanent residence of the applicant in the targeted community, and the benefits that can generation capacity. accrue to the rural community at large from 12. Supervised grants can be offered to eligible the income generating activity to be engaged community residents engaged in farming for in, should be among the criteria to be used for purchase of agricultural production inputs identifying eligible grant recipients. and services, or for those who wish to engage 7. It is also recommended that the SLDP be in trade activities for supplying the village managed in a truly gender sensitive manner, resident farmers with agricultural inputs and in that the livelihoods development needs of services. male and female members of the IDP and 13. The projects to be favored should be those that host communities be equitably addressed. At provide direct goods and services to the rural least 25% of the SLDP’s lending grant funds population in the targeted locations (many should be used for financing women’s socially congruent income generating activities, and a trade and service provision income generating balance should be safeguarded in that female activities fall in this diversified category). members of both IDP and host communities 14. It is also recommended that the trade activi- benefit from livelihood support services. ties to be financed should ideally be those that 8. It is recommended that the women livelihood provide production and marketing services to projects to be financed should encourage for- farmers and animal production business op- mation of groups such as private partnerships erations in the targeted communities. or cooperatives. Work of women in groups 15. The projects to be financed in each communi- will be economically advantageous, and will ty should be diversified. This will contribute safeguard sustainability of the women eco- towards availability of diversified services in nomic activities to be financed, and will also the rural villages. increase the capabilities of women to partici- pate in community activities and voluntary 16. The financed projects should be effectively work. monitored and evaluated by the SLDP, and 9. It is also recommended that the SLDP in- that electronic and paper records should be cludes a training component for developing kept for each of the financed individuals or the managerial and technical abilities of the groups. Grant recipient group meetings can individuals or groups to be financed. be used a vehicle for monitoring purposes. 10. It is also recommended that the project should 17. As many UN agencies and international and seek to finance the relatively more impover- national NGOs are engaged in separate and ished members of the targeted communities or joint livelihood activities in Kassala State, so that the funds don’t go to the aggressive and it is recommended that a joint coordination financially able individuals, especially because body be established, involving other institu- the project is essentially targeting poverty al- tional stakeholders, to prevent overlap of ef- leviation and improvement the livelihoods of forts and to ensure effective use of the avail- the poorer people. able resources. Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 19 19. Guidelines for Implement- hazin, it has been decided that the SLDP should direct its activities equally to IDP and host com- ing the Pilot Project under munity members, and that at least 25% of the funds should be used to finance women income Component 2 generation activities, with special consideration to the needs of female-headed households and the The findings of this study on internally displaced relatively more poor segments of the communi- population, gender and livelihoods in Kassala ties. State, Eastern Sudan, were shared by the national consultant with the stakeholders in the workshop It was agreed that the SLDP should include two that was held on Thursday 5 June 2014. That program areas: (1) support for income generation workshop was also attended by the SLDP Coordi- agricultural activities (including plant and animal nator Elhussein Elkhazin, accompanied by Satish production, and food processing cottage indus- Kumar (World Bank international consultant) tries) and (2) support for income generating trade who arrived together on the same day from Khar- activities (including, among others, home-based toum. The above stated recommendations of the small businesses and handicraft works). Funding study were shared by the consultant in advance should be in favor of group action. Thus, group se- with Satish Kumar, with the SLDP coordinator, lection and business management training should and with the SLDP Manager and staff in a meet- receive prime importance as a means for successful ing that was held on 5 June 2014 at the SLDP and more sustainable business management. office in Kassala town.5 These recommendations were ratified by the stake- Based on my recommendations, and the sugges- holders (representatives of UN agencies, NGOs, tion that were brought to the meeting by Mr. Elk- government departments’, and the targeted IDPs and host communities) who participated in the second workshop that was conducted by the na- 5  After the first study workshop that was held on 5 June 2014, I tional consultant on 12 June 2014. The guidelines attended (accompanied by my two assistants) a meeting at the SLDP for implementation of the Pilot Project that was office with Mr. El Khazin, Mr. Satish Kumar, Mohamed Osman (the SLDP Manager) and his staff, and a representative of Kassala State’s developed by Mr. Satish Kumar (see Appendix 3) Ministry of Finance, Economy and Manpower. I was requested by are congruent with the findings and recommenda- Mr. Kumar and Mr. Khazin to give them a concise briefing on the tions of this study, because they were the prod- main findings of my study and the recommendations based on them that can be used as a guide for making the piloting phase of the uct of joint consultation. They complement each SLDP operational. other. 20 APPENDIXES Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 21 22 Appendix 1 World Bank Internally Displaced Population, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State, Eastern Names of community members interviewed in 7 locations in Kassala State Locality Location Category of Gender Ser. # Names of interviewees Tribe interviewee 1 Mohamed Juma Ali Male 2 Idrees Mohamed Ali IDP members 3 Ismail Saad Karrar 4 Khadiga Ali Ahmed Female 5 Fatima Saeed Fayed 6 Amna Osman Himmed Rural Kassala Amara Bani Amer 7 Hamid Mohamed Adam Male 8 Musa Ali Mohamed Musa Host community 9 Mohamed Osman Musa members 10 Sadia Omer Ali Female 11 Hawa Hassan Saad 12 Fatima Mohamed Adam 13 Eisa Ibrahim Mohamed Hausa (West Afican) IDP members Male 14 Ahmed Mohamed Ali Hausa (West Afican) 15 Mohamed Idrees Ali Bani Amer Female 16 Amna Eisa Mohamed Hausa (West Afican) 17 Omer Mohamedain Hussein Hadendewa Male 18 Hafiz Wedalfaki Mohamed Fallata (West Afican) Rural Kassala Tagoug 19 Ramadan Wedalfaki Mohamed Fallata (West Afican) Host community 20 Faiza Ramadan wealfaki Fallata (West Afican) members 21 Eisha Ahmed Arbab Masalit(West Afican) Female 22 Fatima Aldaw Abdalla Bargo (West Afican) 23 Kaltoum Yagoub Salih Bargo (West Afican) 24 Khadiga Abdelrahman Mohd. Fallata (West Afican) Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 23 Locality Location Category of Gender Ser. # Names of interviewees Tribe interviewee 25 Onour Osheek Onour Male 26 Ohag Osheeck Omer IDP members 27 Mohamed Hamid Mohamed 28 Fatima Onour Osheek Female 29 Halima Mahmoud Onour 30 Aisha Osham Gumaa Telkuk Bariai Hadendewa 31 Osheek Musa Hussein Male 32 Mohamed Abuamna Mahmoud Host 33 Mohamed Onour Ali community members 34 Fatima Ahmed Mahgoub Female 35 Nafisa Taksoub Taher 36 Halima Omer Mahmoud 37 Osham Mahmoud Hammed Male 38 Adaroab Mohamed Mahmoud IDP 39 Ohag Mohamed Taher members 40 Fatima Mohamed Deen Female 41 Madina Ali Mohamed Taher 42 Fatima Hamid Ahmed North Delta Hadalia Hadendewa 43 Nayer Ahmad Mohamed Taher Male 44 Ahmed Mahmoud Elgadi Host 45 Mohamed Ibrahim Abufatma community members 46 Fatima Mohamed Omer Female 47 Halima Ali Mohamed Idrees 48 Elat Mohamed Deen Shareef 49 Masoud Abdalla Abufahd 50 Mahmoud Ahmed Bireig Male 51 Obeid Abdalla Masoud Host Krai West Kassala community 52 Ahmed Ali Masoud Rashayda Dareer members 53 Obeida Abdalla Masoud Female 54 Alia Ali Aida 55 Wafia Hameed Mohamed 24 Locality Location Category of Gender Ser. # Names of interviewees Tribe interviewee Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed 56 Geneid 57 Elsir Hassan Ali Male 58 Ibrahim Rahamtalla Atalmawla 59 Hassan Hassan Ali 60 Ali Hassan Ali Shukriya 61 Entisar Hassan Elobeid 62 Fatima Abdelrahman Mohamed Female 63 Eina Abdelazeem Mohamed 64 Aisha Mohamed Ali Male 65 Taher Mohamed Deen Kassala Kassala IDPs 66 Adarat Hamid Hadendewa town Female 67 Fatima Ali Mohamed Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 25 Appendix 2 World Bank Internally Displaced Population, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan Awadalla Mohamed Saeed Ali The National Consultant Professor, School of Rural Extension, Education and Development Research Activities Diary Date Activity Comments/Info 24/4/2014 • Date of signing of my contract with World • From 24 April to May 9, 2014, I engaged in review Bank as National Consultant for the study. of literature on internal population displacement in The study was supposed to start on 1 April, Eastern Sudan and prepared data collection schedules 2014 and to be completed by 15 June 2014, for the study to be tested in Kassala State but the process of my recruitment as National Consultant took more than three weeks, and I • I was also waiting for recruitment of my two assistants. was eventually able to sign my contract on 24 Delays were experienced in the issuing of UPIs for my April 2014 at World Bank office in Khartoum assistants, and for that reason I decided to save time by after being notified by Hassan Baha Eldeen traveling to Kassala and engaged in preparatory work Hassan Elobeid (the Chief Accountant).. for field data collection 05/10/2014 • Travel to Kassala by Al Traifi Bus. • Bus left Khartoum at 8:00 am, arrived at Kassala at 4:30 pm • Abdelmonein, a driver was sent by SLDP to take me from the Bus terminal to the hotel • A booking (only) was made by the SLDP for me in advance to stay in El Huda Hotel in Kassala town. Cost for my stay in this arrival day was covered by the SLDP office. I was to pay for my stay in the Hotel starting from 11 May till the end of my stay in Kassala for purposes of the study. The study is scheduled to be completed by mid-June 2014 05/11/2014 • Interview with Kassala Sustainable • Met with Sulafa Mohamed ElSayed, Nazik Mubarak Livelihoods Project (SLDP) staff in SLDP office. Elmahi (Community Mobilization & Monitoring and Evaluation Officer), Taha Musa • I conducted an orientation Interview with my assistants who volunteered to attend. • Mohamed Osman (Program manager) and Khazin Their official appointment was still process in (Project Coordinator) were in Khartoum. Washington, DC. • I was provided with a temporary office space (office of • I provided a copy of the TORs to the SLDP Khazin, the project Coordinator, who was at the time in (handed to Nazik Mubarak, the project’s Khartoum). Khazin has two offices, one in Kassala and Monitoring and Evaluation Officer). the other in World Bank’s Khartoum office. 26 Date Activity Comments/Info 05/12/2014 • Met with Mohamed Osman (the SLDP • The selection of the locations for the piloting phase Manager) was identified in consultation with the Ministry of Finance, Economy and Manpower of Kassala State. Two • The different stakeholders for contact during communities not hosting IDPs were included for the the first week of field work inside Kassala piloting phase, namely Krai Dareer (populated by the town were identified for visiting with them Rashida tribe members) and El Geneid (populated by on Tuesday 05/13/2014 and afterwards. members of the Shukriya tribe). • The 6 Communities identified for the piloting • The communities of Amara, Tagoug are mainly phase of the SLDP that that constitute site populated by members of the Bani Amer tribe, while of the study were specified in the Interview the communities of Bariai and Hadalia are mainly with Mohamed Osman (SLDP Manager) populated by members of the Hadendewa tribe. and Nazik Mubarak (M&E Officer). They are Amara and Tagoug (in Rural Kassala Locality), Krai Dareer (in Rural West Kassala Locality), Hadalia (in North Delta Locality), Bariai (in Telkuk Locality), and El Geneid (in River Atbara locality). 05/13/2014 • Interview with Gamal Mohamed El Hassan • The Ministry of Finance, Economy and Manpower Osman, Director of the General Directorate provide local financial component for all development for Planning and Development, Ministry programs in Kassala State. of finance, Economy and Manpower, Kassala State. The directorate is involved • Gamal Mohamed El Hassan Osman, Director of the coordination of relief, recovery and General Directorate for Planning and Development, community development work for all Ministry of finance, Economy and Manpower is a main population groups. stakeholder in the World Bank’s Sustainable Livelihoods Project in Kassala State. • Interview with Rahamtalla Hamid Osman, the Deputy Director of the General Directorate for Planning and Development, Ministry of finance, Economy and Manpower, Kassala State 05/13/2014 • Interview with Abdelmageed Gaber, • The Sudanese Red Crescent organization provides Programs Manager, Sudanese Red Crescent mainly health, sanitation, nutrition and related services (SRC) – Kassala State. to IDPs, especially in areas most affected by war. • Interview with Hassan Mohamed Ahmed , Branch Director, Sudanese Red Crescent – Kassala State. • Interview with Ibrahim Abdalla Faraj, Emergency Coordinator, SRC, Kassala State. 05/13/2014 • Interview with Maria Ahmed El Khidir, • Microfinance loans are advanced to women groups General Director of Kassala State’s without requiring collaterals. The group members Microfinance Corporation. jointly guarantee repayment of loans received by each of its members. • Maria emphasized that 40% of the microfinance funds are loaned to women. • The records show that 11,138 women were provided She indicated that repayment of loans with microfinance services. The loaned moneys were among women is 95%. used in trading, perfume making, and a minority were provided with loans for agricultural crop and animal • The Kassala State’s Microfinance Corporation production income generating activities. is under direct supervision of the State’s Ministry of Social Affairs, Culture, Youth and Sports. Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 27 Date Activity Comments/Info 05/13/2014 • Interview with Imtithal Taha Omer, Deputy • The ministry provides veterinary and animal nutrition Director General, Ministry of Agriculture, services on demand and the clients are charged fees for Forestry, Irrigation, Livestock and Fisheries. the services provided. • Interview with Anwar Mohamed Osman, • Engagement in animal rearing and production Director of the Planning Unit, Ministry of activities is greater in host community members in Agriculture, Forestry, Irrigation, Livestock and Kassala State relative to IDP communities. Fisheries. • Extension services are provided to farmers, mainly on demand basis. 05/13/2014 • Interview with Mubarak Malik Head of the • Population displacement resulted into changes in Council for NGOs Harmonization and Foreign gender roles. A substantial number of women became Aid Coordination heads of households, especially in IDPs communities. 05/14/2014 • Visit to UNHCR office in Kassala town. • The UNHCR office guards were reluctant to allow the research team to visit with program officers. • Hussein El Rayah Osman (Administrative Associate) facilitated a brief Interview with Miss Okuga Hope (Agriculture Specialist) UNHCR, Sub-Office Kassala who declined to release relevant information. 05/14/2014 • Interview with Ibrahim Omer Osman, • Mr. Ibrahim Omer Osman indicated that there were PRACTICAL ACTION Project Coordinator for three IDP camps in Kassala town which are now closed Eastern Sudan. (namely Wau Noor, Kadugli and Sawa Sawa). Some of the IDPs left those camp areas (mainly the South • Practical Action now services communities Sudanese), but most of them are now fully integrated in Kassala State on the basis that the former inside Kassala town. Some of the South Sudanese, who IDPs are now fully integrated. lived in IDPs camps before, have returned to Kassala town. • Host community members are benefiting more from Practical Action Programs because of their possession of land and other resources. 05/14/2014 • Interview with Ahmed Jemal Ahmed, Project • Mr. Ahmed Jemal Ahmed facilitated for the research Manager, Transitional Solution Initiative Joint team to conduct a focus group discussion with UNDP Programme (TSI JP), UNDP, Eastern Sudan programme staff. Area, Kassala Field Office. • UNDP is involved in broad action programmes in • UNDP has programmes supporting selected locations that offer life skills development and agricultural production involving close vocational training and small enterprise development, association with the State’s Microfinance and women empowerment in Khashm Elgirba town, organization. Umjummeiz, El Sharafa, and Andala. • UNDP programme staff who participated • The UNDP focus group discussion suggested that the in the focus group discussion relating to IDPs are fully integrated with the host communities objectives of the study include: because of their similar tribal affiliations. ˏˏ Abdel Aziz Mohamed Warrag, ˏˏ Ahmed Mohamed Elkarouri ˏˏ Faisal Salih Sabir, and ˏˏ Mohamed Ibrahim (Project Analyst). 05/14/2014 • Interview with Salih Orabi, National • The services provided to IDP by the IFSP include supply Programme Coordinator, Integrated Food of agricultural livestock production inputs, extension Security Project (IFSP), FAO – Kassala Office. packages, training, and water harvesting services. The IFSP targets mainly communities in Women activities are also supported Rural Aroma and Rural Khashm Elgirba communities. 28 Date Activity Comments/Info 05/14/2014 • Interview with Ameer Babo, Program • PLAN Sudan is targeting 37 host communities in Manager, and Neimat Elaaz Ibrahim, PLAN- Kassala State, mainly in areas most affected by war. IDPs Sudan. are provided with Child-Centered programmes. With IDPs, the focus is on female-headed and aged-headed households and orphans. Work with IDPs is focused on 11 communities targeted by WFP. • Interview with Ahmed Mohamed Abdalla • According to Lummumba, Kassala State has a total (Lummumba), Head of WFP Kassal Sub-Office number of 62,970 IDPs (WFP is targeting 28,000 of them). 05/15/2014 • Interviews and Focus group discussion with • The focus of the discussion on services provided to Hyder Ibrahim Kafi, Director of Planning, the vulnerable groups, including IDPs. The Ministry of Research and Projects, Mohamed Eisa Social Affairs, Culture, Youth and Sports, Kassala State Abdelgader (Administrative Director), and cooperated with other governmental agencies, NGOs Hashim Saeed Ali (Director of Projects, and and community-based organizations in delivering their Iltaf Elhaj Ramadan (Directorate of Planning, social support services. Research, and Projects) - Ministry of Social Affairs, Culture, Youth and Sports, Kassala State 05/15/2014 • Meeting in the headquarters of the • This project supported community driven development Community Development Fund Project (CDF) projects, mainly water, health and education projects with Noreldin Ahmed Abdel Rahman (Project that target the community at large. Manager), Omer Dafalla Omer (Community Mobization Officer), and Muawia Awad • At present the project is at the inception phase of a Elseed Idress (Administrative Officer). new 5-year project. 05/15/2014 • Interview with Babiker Gameel Mohamed • This organization is active in peace building, conflict Nour, Office Manager, and Elfadil Ismail resolution, cleaning of mine fields, mine risk education, Kuwa, Projects Manager, Friends of Peace and rehabilitation and psychological support for mine Development Organization victims. It provides livelihoods support and health awareness services (mainly in HIV/AIDS). 05/16/2015 • Finalization and duplication of the study • I prepared and pre-tested a 14-page data collection and field data collection instruments for in-depth instrument for use in data collection from IDPs and host 05/17/2014 interviews and focus group discussions in IDP community members in the locations that are targeted and Host communities targeted by the SLDP. for piloting activities by the SLDP. 05/18/2014 • Field data collection from IDPs and host • The methodology used involved selection of 6 IDPs community members in Amara village, Rural (3 males and 3 females) and 6 host community Kassala locality. members (3 males and 3 females). The unit of analysis is the household. For that reason most of the • The community has groups of IDPs residing sample is composed of heads of households. Special in it. consideration is given to selection of female heads of households. All males in the sample, with the exception of one elderly man are heads of households. Females (in both IDPs and host communities) are either heads of households or members in male-headed households. 05/19/2014 • Field data collection from IDPs and host • The methodology used involved selection of 6 IDPs community members in Tagoug village, Rural (3 males and 3 females) and 6 host community Kassala locality. members (3 males and 3 females). The unit of analysis is the household. For that reason most of the • The community has groups of IDPs residing sample is composed of heads of households. Special in it living among members of the host consideration is given to selection of female heads of community. households. All males in the sample, with the exception of one elderly man are heads of households. Females (in both IDPs and host communities) are either heads of households or members in male-headed households. Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 29 Date Activity Comments/Info 05/20/2014 • Field data collection from IDPs and host • The methodology used involved selection of 6 IDPs community members in Bariai village, Telkuk (3 males and 3 females) and 6 host community locality. members (3 males and 3 females). The unit of analysis is the household. For that reason most of the • The community has groups of IDPs residing sample is composed of heads of households. Special in it living among members of the host consideration is given to selection of female heads of community. households. All males in the sample, with the exception of one elderly man are heads of households. Females (in both IDPs and host communities) are either heads of households or members in male-headed households. 05/20/2014 • Interview with Hatim Mirghani, Deputy Head • The German Agro Action project became operational of Project, German Agro Action Organization in Kassala State in 2008It has projects in three localities (Wlt Hunguer HI/FE – WHH). in Kassala State (Hameshkoreib, Telkuk and Rural Kassala localities). Seven villages in each of these • The prime focus of the German Agro localities are targeted by the Agro Action programme Action programme is on natural resources (a total of 27 communities). management and food security and livelihoods. Its food security and livelihoods • The organization provide diverse services, including project targets 5000 households in 27 supply of agricultural inputs, water harvesting, communities in Kassala State. community development, education (primary school education), literacy classes and support for smallholder • The German Agro Action organization rain fed agriculture (farmers cultivating 5-10 feddans in is funded by the German government – rain fed farming areas(targeting 3000 for 3 years). BMZ and the EU. It has an Institute for the handicapped in Moe (Hameshkoreib).. From • The research assistants Hawa Mohamed • The lengthy recruitment process has eroded a Wednesday Abdalla Mohamed and Mawada Beshir significant chunk of the time needed for completion 05/21/2014 Abdalla Al Beshir traveled to Khartoum of the study before the specified deadline (Mid June to Friday for signing their contracts at World Bank – 2014). 05/23/2014 Khartoum Office. 05/24/2014 • Field data collection from IDPs and host • The methodology used involved selection of 6 IDPs community members in Hadalia village, (3 males and 3 females) and 6 host community North Delta locality. members (3 males and 3 females). The unit of analysis is the household. For that reason most of the • The community has groups of IDPs residing sample is composed of heads of households. Special in it living among members of the host consideration is given to selection of female heads of community. households. All males in the sample, with the exception of one elderly man are heads of households. Females (in both IDPs and host communities) are either heads of households or members in male-headed households. 05/25/2014 • Field data collection from IDPs and host • The methodology used involved selection of 6 IDPs community members in Krai Dareer village, (3 males and 3 females) and 6 host community West Kassala locality. members (4 males and 3 females). The unit of analysis is the household. For that reason most of the • The community has no IDPs residing in sample is composed of heads of households. Special it living among members of the host consideration is given to selection of female heads community. of households. All males in the sample are heads of households. Females are either heads of households or members in male-headed households. 05/26/2014 • Field data collection from IDPs and host • The methodology used involved selection of 7 host community members in El Geneid village, community members (5males and 4 females). The unit River Atbara locality. of analysis is the household. For that reason most of the sample is composed of heads of households. Special • The community has no IDPs residing in consideration is given to selection of female heads of it living among members of the host households. All males in the sample, with the exception community. of one elderly man are heads of households. Females are either heads of households or members in male- headed households. 30 Date Activity Comments/Info 05/27/2014 • Field data collection from IDPs residing • Only three IDPs (one male head of household and 2 in Kassala town. Kassala has IDPs residing females in male-headed households) were interviewed. in it living among members of the town’s population. • Start of preparation of coding and raw data sheets in preparation for data analysis using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). 5/28/2014 – • Preparation of the brief interim report 4/6/2014 06/04/2014 • Interview with Mohamed Nour M&E Officer, • UNIDO is funded by the Canadian International United Nations Industrial Development Development Agency (CIDA). It operated an integrated Organization (UNIDO). Interview with Wigdan food security programme (IFSP) IFSP implementation Abdulrahman, Head of FAO Kassala State Sub involves partnership with FAO. Office. 06/04/2014 • Interview with Wegdan Abdelrahman, Head • Wigdan provided useful verbal explanations and of FAO Kassala State Sub Office. documents reflecting FAO activities in Kassala State. They have multiple programmes running in parallel. 5 June 2014 • First workshop held in Kassala town • Many stakeholder were invited and representatives from all of them have attended the workshop 12 June 2014 • Second workshop held in Kassala town 13 – 15 June • Revision of the final report Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 31 Appendix 2 Sustainable Livelihoods for Displaced and Vulnerable Communities in Eastern Sudan Project (SLDP) P13640 Guidelines for Implementing the Pilot Project Under Component 2 in Terms of Mandate Under Component 3 Project Coordination Unit and SPU SLDP Khartoum and Kassala and Satish Kumar, World Bank Consultant SECOND and FINAL EDITION (Updated after holding meetings with stakeholders at Kassala including meetings with target communities) June 2014 32 Chapter 1 Background Introduction 1.0 SLDP core project activities: The unique feature of this experimental project is to develop a pilot project for implementation in terms of consultations with the stakeholders which include the identified communities comprising of the IDPs and the host communities, the state agencies, the federal govern- ment and their project units as well as other partners such as the UNHCR and the UNDP who have been engaged in humanitarian assistance to some 79,000 refugees, mostly from Eritrea, for the past over 30 years. This PP was expected to be implemented for about 2 years under component 3 in order to assess its impact on the targeted communities in generating sustainable livelihoods. This PP performance assess- ment and the following recommendations would be conducted under mandate spelt out in component 4 of SLDP with the objective of scaling up the successful Kassala experiment into a major initiative cover- ing all vulnerable communities (i.e. IDPs and refugees and local host communities) in the three states of Eastern Sudan namely Red Sea, Kassala and Gedaref. 1.1 Major Change: A major change has, however, occurred between the time the project was final- ized and approved by the Bank and the government and now when the project implementation has com- menced. The federal government has asked the donors to dissociate this project as far as the refugees are concerned and it is learned that they have also stopped UNHCR and UNDP from extending any further support to the refugees in eastern Sudan. Under this dispensation the federal government expects that the project would be implemented only for the IDPs, who are Sudanese citizens, and their respective local host communities. 1.2 Reach of the Pilot Project: There are 66,000 IDPs in Kassala state out of about 147,000 in east- ern Sudan. Together with the host communities we may be looking at some 200,000 population within the ambit of IDPs and host communities for full coverage. Most of the IDPs are concentrated in 11 camps in Kassala state but a number of them have settled amongst the host communities making it dif- ficult to make a clear cut demarcation as to who is an IDP and who is a member of the local community. This aspect will need to be kept in view while devising implementation methodology on the one hand, and on the other making a count as to how many of the IDPs and how many of the members of local community have been provided coverage under the PP. 1.3 PP coverage defined: However, the pilot project under SLDP is supposed to identify only 30 communities and at the rate of 10 households’ coverage per community, the trial support will be provided to some 300 households. In discussion with the government and stakeholders the level of coverage has been increased to 90 communities, as explained in Chapter 2. 1.4 The project document has envisaged a dual arrangement of implementation. The state govern- ment of Kassala as the frontline implementing agency of the SLDP is entrusted the responsibility of implementing components 1, 3 and 4 of the project. However, the World Bank has been entrusted with the task of implementing component 2 on Research and Design of Pilot. As the arrangement has the consent of the government of Sudan, the World Bank will implement component 2 on behalf of the Re- cipient namely the government of Sudan. The Bank funding will flow to the federal Ministry of Finance Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 33 and National Economy (MoFNE) in terms of a Grant agreement signed between the World Bank and MoFNE on behalf of the Government of Sudan. The grants received by MoFNE will be transferred by it to the Kassala state Ministry of Finance and Economy and Labor (MFEL). For this a Subsidiary Grant Agreement will be signed between the MoFNE and the MFEL. 1.5 Under the project concept the SLDP is a phase 1 project of the hopefully long term rehabilita- tion and development program targeting the IDPs and host communities in all the three states of Eastern Sudan. However, its extension and scaling up will depend on the pilot project achieving success in terms of its development objectives. In case these expectations are not met no further initiatives would be sup- ported. 34 Chapter 2 Infrastructure Established/or In Process For implementation 2.0 The following infrastructure, institutional and physical, has already been established as a first step for implementing the project. 1. Establishment of the TSI CA i.e. PCU and SPU: In terms of the understandings reached during SLDP design, the PCU established and functioning for the Sudan Peace building and Development Project 2 (SPDP 2), and based at Khartoum, has been designated to be the PCU for the SLDP as well. A sub unit of the PCU called the State Project Unit *(SPU) has been established at Kassala which will look after implementation of project activities on the ground, in close consultation and collaboration with the state government of Kassala and other stakeholders such as the communities and the partner donors. SPU is supposed to have counterparts nominated by the state government to be understudy who, it is expected would take over, at the conclusion of Phase 1 SLDP, the task of implementing the scaled up phase 2 of IDPs and host communities rehabilitation program. The oversight institutional structure in the form of Technical Working Group (TWG) of concerned stakeholders has been created at Kassala which is headed by the administrative ministry in-charge of project implementation namely the Ministry of Finance and Economy and Labor (MoFEL). A project steering committee headed by the federal Ministry of Finance has also been established for policy and general oversight. With state government assistance an office for the SPU has been established and project has fur- nished it with furniture and office equipment. A guest house for visiting officials has also been pro- vided by the State government. 2. A baseline survey was conducted under component 2 with the following purposes in view: i. To facilitate the selection of target locations for project implementation; ii. To identify the main focus areas for livelihoods support; iii. To develop proposal for pilot support activities; iv. To identify the need for in-depth analysis to support project implementation; and v. To provide and framework for the project monitoring and evaluation system. 3. Based on the results of the Baseline survey the Government of Kassala approved the selection of six locations in early May 2014: Hadalia, Beryay, Tagoug, Amara, KarayDareer and ElGnaid. The PP will be implemented in these six locations. 4. The baseline survey assisted in the definition of the main focus of the pilot activities. These were identified as follows: 1. Agriculture Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 35 2. Small business: Livestock 3. Small business: Poultry/community farming 4. Small business: Mechanics, metal carpentry, FURTHER ADDITION 5. Animal driven carts 6. Such others as may be proposed by the communities based on local demand and marketing op- portunities 5. Existing Pattern of Community Livelihoods: Based on survey results the following table depicts the livelihood patterns of the IDPs and the host communities in Kassala (April 2014) This pattern is atypical of the rural livelihood patterns in Sudan and for that matter in rest of the rural Kassala. The reasons appear to be two fold. (i) Inadequacy of survey design which resulted in bundling of business activities without sub classification such as shops, goat/animal rearing for sale. Milk sale; and (ii) Amongst IDPs, who do not possess land, livelihoods could only be wages through employment in nearby towns and communities, and self-started low investment shops such as minor grocery, cigarettes, food shop. Further, the data also do not reveal the classification between the two major target groups namely the IDPs and the host communities. 2.1 Although the refugees have been excluded from coverage but the overall number of households to benefit from the trial PP has in fact increased. The SLDP provided for a sample of 30 communities with 300 households which have now been increased to 90 communities with 900 households. 36   Chapter 3 Project Implementation Status-Components 1 and 2 Implementation Imperatives for Methodology 3.0 The SLDP broadly implements two categories of activities. Firstly, establishing and capacitating the project implementing agency named by the project as “ TSI Coordinating Agency”; and secondly formulating and implementing the Pilot Project (PP) based on research, studies and baseline surveys, as described in component 2. The project document is silent regarding the period allowed for research, studies and surveys. It is also silent in respect of the minimum period for which the PP must operate before it is assessed for impact on the target communities, and if successful for its eventual replication/ scaling up. The project document envisaged a period of 33 months for SLDP implementation including implementation of the PP. However, since the SLDP became effective only on October 29, 2013 and closes in March 2016 its implementation period is reduced to 29 months. This implementation period encompasses only two rainy seasons of June through September/October of years 2014 and 2015. The project and task teams consensually agreed that utilizing both the rainy seasons must be accorded a high priority. 3.1 The project has so far devoted itself to two main activities respectively under component 1 and component 2. (1) Component 1 activity: • Project implementation arrangement established with a PCU at Khartoum1 (PCU of SPDP will also function as PCU of SLDP) • A State Project Unit (SPU) established at Kassala to act as the main front line organization of the PCU. However, the head of SPU namely the PC of PCU but located at Kassala, reports to state Ministry of Finance, Economy and Labor (MFEL) • Orientation session for government agencies and partners held-------------February 2014 • 1st round of information/orientation provided to target communities-----April 2014 (2) Component 2 activity: • Baseline survey completed-----March 2014 • TORs for in-depth studies finalized and Bank no objection obtained 1  PCU of SPDP2 to also act as PCU of SLDP to save costs on project administration thus saving more funds for livelihood activities, under a World Bank decision concurred in by the Government of Sudan Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 37 • Identification of 6 target communities completed----------------March 2014 • Capacity assessment study in progress-------------------------------May 2014 • Identification of 90 communities commenced ---------May/June 2014 • Identification of key categories for livelihood support done—May 2014 3.2 In terms of expectations expressed in component 2 areas/subjects on which reports have not been submitted and/or study TORs are silent • Social assets, capacities • Social structures, decision making processes, intra and inter group relations • Systems of problem solving and conflict resolution • Systems for managing money and small savings • Formal, informal markets and constraints to accessing markets and solutions • Capacities of local NGOs and CSOs and local government to plan and manage public services; and • Identifying appropriate facilitators; their qualifications; 3.3 Discussions with PCU and SPU revealed that the project teams have been waiting for the com- pletion of the studies and drafting of a full scale Pilot Project document in an appropriate format before they commence its implementation. The current time table of the studies planned under component 2 shows that its first draft report will be available in September 2014 and thereafter it will go through the usual process of seeking comments and finally its presentation to a stakeholders’ workshop. Based on workshop observations the report will be finalized and then handed over to the government and project staff for implementation. This process is likely to spill over to Nov 2014. 3.3 This time table leaves less than 17 months for SLDP completion and arguably about a year or less for PP implementation. More importantly one of the two rainy seasons will be lost, if PP implementation commences after finalization of the PP post studies recommendations. The MFEL, the state executing agency, is already nervous about the lack of tangible progress on the ground and have been urging for a quick start of the core project activities. Following detailed discussions with all stakeholders, MFEL, project units and task team it has been decided to commence core project activities under component 3 forthwith which should be based on a first draft of the Guidelines for PP implementation” prepared jointly by the project team and the task team during this mission. The process for PP implementation is described in Chapter 4. 38 Chapter 3 Implementation Arrangements for Pilot Project Under Component 3 of SLDP 4.0 The Pilot Project implementation will commence from June 2014 under the Guidelines de- scribed in this document. Implementation of the PP will follow the undernoted steps. Pilot Project Target Communities: The following 6 communities located in 3 Localities of the Kassala state: • Hadalia, • Beryay, • Tagoug • Amara, • KarayDareer and • ElGnaid. Project target: • 150 beneficiary households (HH) per community • 900 beneficiary households (HH) in the above 6 communities Project Benefit • SDG 10,000 per household • Selected Households can join together to form a Group to be called Beneficiary Group (BG) • A Group will be given INTO ITS BANK ACCOUNT the sum of individual benefit of SDG10,000 multiplied by the number in the BG e.g. a BG of 5 will get SDG50,000, a BG of 10 will get SDG 100,000 Individual household will not be required to open an account. • A Women BG of 10 and above will get a special bonus of SDG 10,000. No bonus for women groups with BG number below 10. The Bonus Amount is fixed at 10,000 irrespective of the number of women in BG above 10. For example a woman BG with 12 members will get 12X10,000 +10,000= SDG130,000. Selection Methodology Usually the communities live in clusters in the same habitation i.e. same social group or members of a tribe may live in one cluster. For example Amara community in the list above has about 1,000 HH and live in 11 council areas, they will be treated to live in 11 clusters, and therefore the selection of 150 ben- eficiaries of Amara community will be conducted in each of the 11 clusters. Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 39 Depending on population of the cluster the number of beneficiary HH will be determined. For example one cluster in Amara has 60 households then they will select 4 beneficiary HH. Supposing another cluster in Amara has 100 households, they will select 15 beneficiary HH. The total number of beneficiary HH in Amara’s 11 clusters will, therefore, add up to 150. Eligibility Criteria: The following will be eligible under the PP: • Adult members of household either of IDPs or of the host community who should be economically active or be capable of economic activity • The household must be one of the poorest in the cluster • At least 25% of those to be selected must be women, with priority to the woman-headed household PP Implementation Process SPU shall take the lead in implementing the Pilot Project in terms of the guidelines provided in this docu- ment. The supervisory responsibility will rest with PCU. Since PC is located in Kassala he shall provide leadership to the SPU team and ensure that required resources are available to SPU team to satisfactorily perform the assigned tasks. The head of the SPU called the project manager will have the frontline respon- sibility for carrying out the project. Selection shall be made in open public meetings of as many members of the community as can be pres- ent. The decision on selection will be by full consensus. SPU/PCU will chair the meeting and conduct its proceedings. STEP 1- Meetings Announcement: SPU will announce a dated program for holding meetings in each of the 6 selected locations. Firstly the time table for holding the start-up meeting as explained below will be announced. Announcement must be made at least 10 days before the proposed date of meeting. As six to even 11 such meetings (one per cluster) may have to be held per community, SPU time table should provide sufficient number of days for conducting these meetings. After the SPU has gained experi- ence it may be possible to hold two to three cluster meetings in a day. So a community, such as Amara, having 11 clusters should not require more than 3-4 days in completing the cluster tasks. STEP 2- First Meeting called the START- UP MEETING: Upon arrival in the location of the one of the six selected community the team should meet the village elders and members of the village development committee (where established) and ensure that adequate number of people have gathered for the meet- ing. The team will explain to them in brief the purpose of the visit comprising of the following 4 main activities: (1) The team will explain to the meeting the basic elements of the scheme particularly relating to ob- jective of the Pilot Project (PP) in providing livelihood opportunities to poor households of IDPs and host communities. (2) Explain the eligibility criteria for selection of beneficiaries (3) Explain what procedure will be followed for selection of the appropriate livelihood for the benefi- ciary HH and that its suitability will be confirmed by the meeting. (4) Announce the dates when cluster meetings will be held in the community and beneficiary HH will be selected and each HH will identify his/her means of livelihood. STEP3: Cluster Meeting 40 SPU team leader or the PC (if present) will conduct the proceedings of the meeting. The following key tasks will be performed at this meeting: (1) The first task would be the selection of at least three community facilitators (CFs) by the people in open meeting will be the first task of the meeting. The CFs will represent the cluster community and assist in the selection of the HH beneficiaries. They will also help in livelihood asset selection and provide help to HH beneficiaries in procurement of the asset and later in its management and problem solving. (2) The second task would be to select beneficiary HH who would be provided livelihood assistance under the project. These will be selected based on the eligibility criteria. The CFs selected under step 1 will actively assist in this process. However, care will be taken that CFs do not impose their will on the people and they are allowed to freely express their views. The selection should be by full consensus of the meeting. (3) The third task would be identifying the means of livelihood support for the Beneficiary HH: No doubt the choice of the beneficiary HH must be given the highest priority but obtaining commu- nity opinion can be helpful in concluding whether the beneficiary can really mange the asset/means of livelihood selected by him. (4) Data Collection on the HH beneficiary: This will be the fourth task. After the required number of beneficiaries has been consensually identified and their means of livelihood also selected, the SPU team should proceed to collect data in respect of each selected HH. The data will be written in a reg- ister maintained cluster wise for each community. For example Amara have one register giving data of 150 households maintained cluster wise for each of the 11 clusters. The data should comprise of the following three parts: Part 1: Data on the family head and other family members, such as whether IDP or host commu- nity, gender and age, their education standards, whether earning or not, means of earnings/liveli- hood, levels of income, whether income is sufficient or below the poverty line, Part 2: Description of household assets such as a house (mud walls and a thatched roof ), a donkey cart, a bicycle, stored grain, household goods, pots and pans, tools Part 3: HH Liabilities: Loans, things obtained on credit. PCU will prepare a format for collection of this data which will also serve the purpose of the baseline survey in respect of the selected ben- eficiary HH. Later this data will help in assessing the impact of pilot project after the beneficiaries have availed off the benefits of the supplemental livelihood provided under the PP for about a year or more. (5) Asset Purchase: Except in special circumstances authorized by the SPU, cash funds will not be giv- en to the beneficiary for purchase of asset. A Purchase Committee comprising of the SPU member, the CF and beneficiary will jointly make the purchase. The choice of the beneficiary should prevail. The price of the asset selected by the beneficiary will be given by the purchase committee directly to the seller. The livelihoods and costs of assets have been compiled and are provided in Annex 1. However, the purchase committee will re-check the prices while making purchases in the market. (6) Skill Training: When a member of the HH is selected for a livelihood which requires him/her to receive skill training such as for bicycle repair work, motor repair work, motor driving for obtaining driving license, he/she shall be first imparted such training at a vocational training institute or with a Master Craftsman. The training will be organized by the SPU and full cost of training including Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 41 the travel cost and per diem for the training period will be provided to the trainee as soon as he joins the training course. It shall be made obligatory for the training institute head to provide a report certifying that trainee completed the course satisfactorily. Persons undergoing skill training at a training institute will also be provided a two-week attachment with a master craftsman to undergo on- the- job training as a part of the skill training course. (7) List of Livelihood Opportunities and Unit costs: The studies have identified the following liveli- hood opportunities. 1. Agriculture; 2. Small business: Livestock; 3. Small business: Poultry/community farming 4 Small business: Mechanics, metal carpentry, FURTHER ADDITION 5 Rural transport vehicles such as animal driven carts such as Oxcart, donkey cart, TABALIAH) 6 Corner micro shops such as mini grocery; a desk top shop displaying mobile phone charging (going rate is SDG 01 per charge) cigarettes, batteries, sim cards, tooth paste, tooth brush, razors. This list of Livelihood opportunities with present-day tentative costs is attached as an Annex.   42 Annex 1 List of Livelihood Opportunities and Unit Costs (Unit costs will be verified and confirmed by the SPU/PCU after-market visits and checking at least three sellers) 1. Agriculture (i) For Individual Household: SDG 10,000 per household. Items qualifying for support: • Inputs such as improved seeds and fertilizer*, pesticides as required • Tractor hiring cost for ploughing • 50% of labor cost for harvesting • Constructing irrigation channels for irrigated land • Water pumping cost not exceeding 10% of the total assistance • Any other activity considered reasonable and necessary by SPU and CFs (ii) Group Farming: The PP will encourage more households to join together to cultivate special- ized or group farms activity. There are many irrigated farms in and around Kassala. Approx cost is SDG250,000 and above. A minimum of 25 members would need to join the group to take care of costs of (i) borehole and pumping set; (ii) a solar power unit (approx SDG50,000) and land prepara- tion and cultivation/harvesting costs (SDG5,000) 2. Livestock and poultry: (i) A pack of 5 goats per goat SDG800-goats and sheep come with babies. Feed cost of up to SDG800 (ii) A pack of 5 sheep-the average cost is SDG700/sheep; feed cost as goats (iii) Poultry unit-30 chicks two weeks plus old, chick shed and feed for 35 days –total not exceed- ing SDG10,000 per household (iv) Cows –up to two cows per HH but subject to SDG10,000 total. Average cost per cow is SDG 5,000 to 7,000; feed cost for 3 months @SDG 100 per cow i.e. SDG 200 per month for 2-cow unit; feeding cost of up to i.e. SDG 800 3. Small business: (i) Small grocery shop with storage and display vessels, scales, a steel cash box: Approx. SDG9,000 plus SDG1,000 as working capital (ii) Corner shop as above: SDG4,000 to 5,000 including SDG500 as working capital Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 43 (iii) Tailoring: Cost of sewing machine and accessories-SDG4,000 (iv) Clothing shop /Handicrafts shop/Household pots and pans shop: SDG10,000 for each (v) Vegetable shop: SDG 6,000 (vi) Beauty salon-SDG7,000 to 10,000 (Only after training and attachment with a beauty salon in a town for one to two months) (vii) Rural restaurant i.e. food shop-SDG10,000 (viii) Slaughter/meat shop-SDG10,000 (ix) A generator for supplying electricity to houses on charges-SDG10,000 4. Activities suitable for Groups (i) Tent renting-SDG20,000 (ii) Motor rickshaw vehicle: SDG28,000 (iii) TV viewer shop-SDG20,000 5. Rural Transport (all carts will have rubber tires) (i) Donkey cart: SDG 4,500 for 2-tyre cart and SDG6,000 for 4-tyre cart. In rural areas 2-tyre carts are popular. In habitations nearer towns and for plying in towns 4-tyre carts are popular. 6. Skill development based Livelihoods (i) Bicycle repair: Trg. cost as estimated in SPDP POM OR as furnished by the Training Institute plus kit of SDG750 (ii) Motor Repair: Trg cost as in (i) above plus kit of about SDG1,000 (iii) Carpentry: As above plus kit of SDG750 (iv) Black smithy: As above plus kit of SDG1,000 (v) Tailoring: Cost of a sewing machine and accessories- SDG3,500   44 Annex 2 Explanation for Level of Support Level of Support: The project provides US$1.8 million for PP coverage under component 3. Assuming US$1.6 million2 net would be available for livelihood support to 900 households under the pilot, per head support share per HH works out to US$1,778 i.e. about SDG10,000. The following criteria are suggested for providing livelihood support against SDG10,000 per HH. 1) The livelihood support shall have a ceiling of SDG10,000 per household 2) A HH may choose more than one and up to three means of support within the ceiling of SDG10, 000. For example the woman in the household may select a sewing machine of the value of SDG4,000, as she knows stitching; the man may select 3 goats and a ram to supplement his existing 2 goats (cost SDG3,200) and the economically active son may select to train as an electrician with a kit of the value of SDG2,500. 3) Group economic activities will be encouraged and permitted under the PP. Groups of two HH and above will be permitted. For example 10 members may join to form a farming group. With in- vestment of SDG100,000 they may establish a nursery, bring 10 hectares under irrigated agriculture. Depending on total fund of the BG the support may include (i) improved seeds; (ii) fertilizers and pesticides; (iii) tractor hire costs and 50% of costs of harvesting; (iv) agricultural hand tools; (v) a pump to draw water for irrigation, and irrigation channels. For groups it will be a requirement to open a joint bank account into which the grants under the PP will be deposited; there will be no such requirement for individual HH. If possible SPU will invite applications after widely publicizing the requirement of facilitators. A short list will be prepared which will include the names of eligible applicants, a name(s) suggested by the lo- cal community leaders, school headmaster, and local government. A candidate must fulfill the following qualifications: High school pass, above 25 years of age, in good health and owns a motorbike, knows the community well and is on first-name basis with people of the community where he has applied to work, people of the community speak well of him, gets along with people well and inculcates team spirit. Shall get a stipend of SDG1,000 per month (SDG 500 minimum plus another 500 linked to completion of prescribed target) plus SDG 200 for motorbike allowance to meet fuel etc. costs. The selection shall be done by a committee chaired by DG MFEL, PC SLDP, Head SPU and an outsider nominated by DG and PC jointly. 2  About $0.2 million will be required for meeting the administrative costs of field operations. Study on Internally Displaced Populations, Gender and Livelihoods in Kassala State – Eastern Sudan 45 THE WORLD BANK 1818 H, Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 www.logica-wb.org