Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) INTEGRATED PESTMANAGEMENTFRAMEWORK March 2019 Directorate of On-Farm Water Management Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Agriculture play key role in the livelihood of the people in rural area especially in the remote and underdeveloped areas as majority of the population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa depends on agriculture directly or indirectly for their living. Among the different limiting factors in the successful agriculture production, pests play a vital role while pesticide contaminants play key role in decreasing quality of the products and posing threat to the public health and environment. The current assignment is aimed to develop an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Plan for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. IPM Plan is part of the Component –C of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Input Project (KPIAIP). The IPM plan will help to mitigate the use of pesticides in the agriculture system in the Province. It will lead to minimize the potential adverse impacts of pesticides on human health and on environment. IPM packages for crops and pests will be developed to improve the livelihood of the farming communities as well as that of the indigenous people in the target areas. This assignment will be based on Education, Research, Outreach and policies for IPM for Agriculture sector of the Province, however initially intervention will be focused on areas / Districts with great potentials and later it will be extended to the rest of the districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where project activities shall be executed. Farmers have been using Agro-chemicals for the crop production as well as for crop Protection since long. The history of the agro chemical in the country dates back to late 50s when pesticides were introduced for the control of Desert locust and later for Public Health. Since then, Pesticides have been a tool of choice among the farmers against the pests. It has been used so regularly and so indiscriminately that now the production system is in jeopardy and going towards crisis phase. Frequent use of pesticides, use of higher doses and now mixture of two or three pesticides is in practice but the pests are showing no sign of defeat. In the process we have polluted our food, feed, soil, water, air and the whole environment. There is a need to fix it before it is too late. Worldwide, the farmers are moving away from pesticides to Integrated Pest management and even to Organic Production. Keeping the current scenario in mind, an IPM framework is proposed for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in order to mitigate the unnecessary use of pesticides. In this regard detailed studies were carried out of the existing literatures, laws, rules and regulation pertaining to the agriculture, pests and pesticides. Moreover field trips were made to Chitral, Swat, Haripur and D.I.Khan for consultative meetings with the farmers, Extensions workers and pesticides dealers to get firsthand information on the prevailing situation of Crop production and crop protection. Integrated Pest Management Framework I|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) After detail discussions with growers in the target areas, a list of major Insects pests of Crops, Fruits, and Vegetables along with the most commonly used pesticides were documented. This list is self- explanatory, as there is only one solution for pest control and that is Pesticides. After detail study, a comprehensive list of key crops, Insect pests, major diseases and Weeds along with management approaches was developed and could be consulted during the execution of IPM framework. Though this list is not the ultimate one and further addition could be made but it would serve as a quick reference for the concerned peoples. Each intervention has its own impact. What is the Impact of IPM in comparison with use of Pesticides? A detail report on potential Environmental, Health and Socio-economic impact of the IPM is documented. Various components of the IPM including Biological control, Mechanical, Manual Methods and use of quarantine approaches along with Chemical Control methods are presented having their possible impact on the environment, health and economics. Pesticides cannot be eliminated from the system with one stroke rather it has to be phase out gradually. Till such time, farmers have to be educated about the safe use of the pesticides. Safe transportation, storage and proper waste disposal are equally important. Personal hygiene of the pesticides workers, protective gears, safety measures, first aid and treatment in case of any type of poisoning is of great importance. Comprehensive manuals are available on the subjects though but brief description on mitigation measures against the adverse impact of pesticides is documented. Before going in to the real business, critical issues, gaps and bottlenecks regarding implementation of the IPM plan were reviewed. Proposals are made for designing of the IPM framework ; setting up an IPM framework, identification of problems for the subprojects, sampling for damage assessment, determination of Economic Threshold Level, selection of alternate management strategies and monitoring and evaluation of the IPM plan is documented. For Implementation of the IPM Plan, Implementation team, monitoring and evaluation mechanism and institutional structure is proposed. Farmers Field School is the life line for the implementation of IPM programs around the world. For short term measures, the FFS approaches shall be adopted and the existing “Farm Services Centers” shall be strengthening before talking in the loop. For medium term approaches, the existing IPM labs, if any shall be strengthen and needed new facilities shall be established. If there is no such labs, new labs has to be established in the targets areas. Biological control lab/ facilities are the integral part of IPM. For long term solution, such labs have to be established throughout the project target areas. Similarly the pesticide Residue Analysis lab at ARI Tarnab, Peshawar shall be renovated, upgraded and provided with II | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) the needed technical staff, equipment and chemicals. Similar labs shall be established at Swat, Abbottabad, D.i.Khan and elsewhere, where needed. No program could be executed successfully without capacity building of the stakeholders. Existing institutional capacity and Technical Capacity enhancement is proposed for Officers of the OFWM, Extension workers, Farmers, Pesticide value chain & actors, Provincial and authorities. For the IPM Framework, about 5.34 million US dollar budget is proposed for the five year life cycle of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement project (KPIAIP). The main components of the budget are; 1)Capacitybuilding which includes IPM orientation, TOT, Farmer Groupstraining, Pesticide Dealers / value Chain Actors Trainings, Database for Pests, Human Health and Pesticide Contamination, Workshops / Seminars, Trainings for Lab Technicians., 2) R&D includes Biological Control Labs/ facilities, Pesticides Toxicology Labs/ Pesticide Residue Analysis Lab & Facilities, IPM labs Facilities/Renovations, and Lab Equipment and supplies, 3).Advisoryservices which includes Field guides/ IPM materials, Publicawareness, National IPM Coordinator M&E and Coordination., 4). Travelling cost is needed for the travelling of various individuals across the province for the activities mandated for the IPM Plan., 6). Reports writing/ Meetings, and 7). Unforeseen. Budget allocation is also made for Field days to observe field activities and share ideas and progress in the subject projects. In short, the major agriculture products of each district will be targeted in this sub-component of the project to minimize the pesticides use, contaminations and control the pests effectively in these products. For this purpose different government and non-government institutes, laboratories and other available facilities in the area will be utilized and new facilities may be provided. Technical specialists/ experts with experience in IPM will carry out activities of the project in their specified areas. The project will be concluded by providing a sustainable and effective pest management system for major agriculture products in the province. III | P a g e ‫)‪Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP‬‬ ‫‪EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN URDU‬‬ ‫خالصہ‬ ‫زراعت دیہی عالقوں بالخصوص دور افتادہ اور کم ترقی یافتہ عالقوں کے لوگوں کے روزگار میں اہم‬ ‫کردار ادا کرتی ہے جیسا کہ خیبر پختونخوا میں آبادی کی کثیر تعداد کا گزر بسر کا انحصار بالواسطہ‬ ‫یا بالواسطہ زراعت پر ہے۔کامیاب زرعی پیداوار میں مختلف محدود عوامل میں کیڑے مکوڑے اہم‬ ‫کردار ادا کرتے ہیں جبکہ مضر صحت کیڑ ے مار ادویات نہ صرف پیداوار کے معیار کو کم کرنے‬ ‫میں کردار ادا کرتی ہیں بلکہ عوام کی صحت اور ماحول کے لئے خطرے کا باعث ہوتی ہیں۔‬ ‫موجود ہ اسائنمنٹ کا ہدف خیبر پختونخوا کے لئے کیڑوں کے مربوط انتظام )آئی پی ایم( کا منصوبہ‬ ‫تیار کرنا ہے۔آئی پی ایم منصوبہ خیبر پختونخوا کے زرعی آبپاشی کے منصوبے (‪ )KPIAIP‬کے جزو‬ ‫۔سی کا حصہ ہے۔آئی پی ایم منصوبہ صوبے میں زرعی نظام میں کیڑے مار ادویات کے استعمال کو‬ ‫کم کرنے میں مدد کرے گا۔یہ انسانی صحت اور ماحول پر کیڑے مار ادویات کے ممکنہ برے اثرات کو‬ ‫کم سے کم کرنے کی جانب لے جائے گا۔فصلوں اور کیڑوں کے لئے آئی پی ایم پیکجز تیار کئے جائیں‬ ‫گے تاکہ زراعت سے منسلک اور مطلوبہ عالقوں میں جلد متاثر ہونے والے لوگوں کے روزگار کو‬ ‫بہتر بنایا جاسکے۔یہ اسائنمنٹ تعلیم‪،‬تحقیق‪،‬روابط بڑھانے اور صوبے کے زرعی سیکٹر کے لئے آئی‬ ‫پی ایم کی پالیسیوں پر مبنی ہو گی۔تاہم ابتدائی طور پرمداخلت ان عالقوں‪/‬ضلعوں پر مرکوز ہو گی‬ ‫جہاں امکانات زیادہ ہیں اور بعد میں اسے خیبرپختونخوا کے باقی اضالع تک وسعت دی جائے گی‬ ‫جہاں منصوبے کی سرگرمیاں چالئی جائیں گی۔‬ ‫کسان ایک طویل عرصے سے فصل کی پیداوار اور فصل کے تحفظ کے لئے زرعی کیمکلز استعمال‬ ‫کرتے رہے ہیں۔ملک میں زرعی کیمکلز کی تاریخ پچاس کی دہائی بعد سے ہے جب کیڑے مار ادویات‬ ‫کو صحرائی ٹڈی دل پر قابو پانے کے لئے اور بعد میں عوام صحت کے لئے متعارف کرائی گئی‬ ‫تھیں۔تب سے کیڑے مار ادویات کسانوں میں کیڑوں کے خالف ایک مرضی کا ہتھیار رہا ہے۔ اسے‬ ‫اتنا باقاعدگی اور اندھا دھند استعمال کیا جاتا رہا ہے کہ اب فصل کا پیداوار ی نظام خطرے میں ہے اور‬ ‫بحران کے مرحلے کی جانب جا رہا ہے۔کثرت سے کیڑے مار ادویات کا استعمال‪ ،‬زیادہ مقدار کا‬ ‫استعمال اور اب دو یا تین ادویات کا مرکب استعمال میں ہے لیکن کیڑے ہار ماننے کا کوئی نشان نہیں‬ ‫دکھا رہے۔اس عمل میں ہم نے اپنے کھانے ‪،‬خوراک ‪،‬مٹی ‪،‬پانی ‪،‬ہوا اور تمام ماحول کو آلودہ کر دیا‬ ‫ہے۔ہمیں اسے درست کرنے کی ضرورت ہے اس سے پہلے کے بہت دیر ہو جائے۔دنیا بھر میں کسان‬ ‫کیڑے مار ادویات سے ہٹ کر کیڑوں کے مربوط نظام اور یہاں تک کے نامیاتی پیدوار کی جانب‬ ‫راغب ہو رہے ہیں ۔موجودہ صورتحال کو ذہن میں رکھتے ہوئے کیڑے مار ادویات کا غیر ضروری‬ ‫استعمال کم کرنے کے لئے ایک آئی پی ایم فریم ورک خیبر پختونخوا کے لئے پیش کیا گیا ہے۔اس‬ ‫حوالے سے زراعت‪،‬کیڑوں اور کیڑے مار ادویات سے متعلق موجودہ مواد‪،‬قوانین اور قواعد و ضوابط‬ ‫کا تفصیلی مطالعہ کیا گیا۔اس کے عالوہ چترال ‪،‬سوات‪ ،‬ہری پور‪ ،‬اور ڈیرہ اسمعیل خان میں کسانوں ‪،‬‬ ‫اضافی کارکنوں اور کیڑے مار ادویات کے ڈیلرز کے ساتھ مشاورتی مالقاتوں کے لئے فیلڈ ٹرپس کئے‬ ‫‪IV | P a g e‬‬ ‫)‪Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP‬‬ ‫گئے تاکہ ان سے فصل کی پیداوار اور فصل کے تحفظ کی موجودہ صورتحال پر ابتدائی معلومات‬ ‫حاصل کی جائیں۔‬ ‫زیر ہدف عالقوں میں پیداوار کرنے والوں سے تفصیلی بات چیت کے بعد فصل کے بڑے کیڑے‬ ‫مکوڑوں ‪ ،‬پھلوں‪ ،‬اور سبزیوں کے ساتھ عام طور پر زیادہ استعمال ہونے والی ادویات کی فہرست‬ ‫مرتب کی گئی۔یہ فہرست خود واضح کرتی ہے کہ یہاں کیڑوں پر قابو پانے کا صرف ایک ہی حل ہے‬ ‫اور وہ ہے کیڑے مار ادویات۔تفصیلی مطالعے کے بعد کلیدی فصلوں ‪،‬کیڑے مکوڑوں اور جڑی‬ ‫بوٹیوں کے ساتھ انتظامی طریقوں کی جامع فہرست تیار کی گئی اورآئی پی ایم فریم ورک پر عملدرآ‬ ‫مدکے دوران اس پر مشاورت کی جا سکتی ہے۔ چنانچہ یہ فہرست حتمی نہیں ہے اور اس میں مزید‬ ‫اضافہ کیا جاسکتا ہے مگر یہ متعلقہ افراد کے لئے فوری حوالے کے طور پر کام کرے گی۔‬ ‫ہر مداخلت کا اپنا اثر ہے۔ کیڑے مار ادویات کےاستعمال کے مقابلے میں آئی پی ایم کے کیا اثرات ہیں؟‬ ‫آئی پی ایم کے ممکنہ ماحولیاتی‪ ،‬صحت اور سماجی و اقتصادی اثرات پر ایک تفصیلی رپورٹ مرتب‬ ‫کی گئی ہے۔آئی پی ایم کے مختلف اجزاء میں حیاتیاتی کنٹرول‪ ،‬مشینی‪ ،‬ہاتھ سے کئے جانے والے‬ ‫طریقوں اور الگ تھلگ طریقوں کے استعمال کے ساتھ کیمیائی طور پر قابوپانے کے طریقے پیش‬ ‫کئے گئے ہیں جس میں ماحول‪ ،‬صحت اور اقتصادیات پر ممکنہ اثرات شامل ہیں۔‬ ‫کیڑے مار ادویات کو نظام سے ایک ہی وار میں ختم نہیں کیا جا سکتا بلکہ اسے بتدریج ختم کرنا‬ ‫ہوگا۔اس وقت تک کسانوں کو کیڑے مار ادویات کے محفوظ استعمال کے بارے میں تعلیم دینا‬ ‫ہوگی۔محفوظ نقل و حمل ‪ ،‬سٹوریج اور فضلے کو مناسب طور پر تلف کرنا مساوی طور پر اہم‬ ‫ہیں۔کیڑے مار ادویات کے کارکنوں کی ذاتی صفائی‪،‬تحفظاتی آالت‪،‬تحفظاتی اقدامات ‪ ،‬کسی بھی قسم‬ ‫کی زہر خورانی کی صورت میں ابتدائی طبی امداد اور عالج بہت اہم ہیں۔حاالنکہ اس موضوع پر جامع‬ ‫کتابچے دستیاب ہیں مگر کیڑے مار ادویات کے برے اثرات کے خالف تخفیفی اقدامات پر مختصر‬ ‫وضاحت مرتب کی گئی ہے۔‬ ‫حقیقی کاروبار میں جانے سے پہلے آئی پی ایم کے منصوبے پر عمل درآمد کے حوالے سے پیچیدہ‬ ‫مسائل‪،‬خالء اورمشکالت کا جائزہ لیا گیا ہے۔آئی پی ایم فریم ورک کو ڈیزائن کرنے کے لئے تجاویز‬ ‫دی گئی ہیں؛آئی پی ایم فریم ورک کا قیام‪،‬ذیلی منصوبوں کے لئے مسائل کی نشاندہی‪،‬نقصان کے‬ ‫تخمینے کے لئے نمونے‪ ،‬اقتصادی سطح کی شدت کا تعین‪،‬متبادل انتظامی حکمت عملی کا انتخاب اور‬ ‫آئی پی ایم منصوبے کی نگرانی اور تشخیص مرتب کی گئی ہے۔آئی پی ایم منصوبے پر عملدرآمد کے‬ ‫لئے عملدرآمدی ٹیم ‪،‬نگرانی اور تشخیص کا طریقہ کار اور ادارہ جاتی ڈھانچے تجویز کئے گئے‬ ‫ہیں۔دنیا بھر میں آئی پی ایم منصوبوں پر عمل درآمد کے لئے فارمرز فیلڈ سکول زندگی کی حیثیت‬ ‫رکھتے ہیں۔مختصر مدت کے اقدامات کے لئے ایف ایف ایس طریقہ کار اپنائے جائیں گے اور موجودہ‬ ‫فارم سروسز سینٹرز کو دائرے میں لینے سے پہلے مضبوط بنایا جا ئے گا۔درمیانی مدت کے طریقہ‬ ‫کار کے لئے موجودہ آئی پی ایم لیبارٹریاں اگر کوئی ہیں تو مضبو ط بنائی جائیں گی اور ضروری نئی‬ ‫سہولیات قائم کی جائیں گی۔ اگر ایسی کوئی لیبارٹریاں نہیں ہیں ‪،‬زیر ہدف عالقوں میں نئی لیبارٹریاں‬ ‫قائم کی جانی چاہیئں۔حیاتیاتی کنٹرول لیبارٹری‪/‬سہولیات آئی پی ایم کا الزمی حصہ ہیں۔لمبی مدت کے‬ ‫‪V|Page‬‬ ‫)‪Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP‬‬ ‫حل کے لئے منصوبے کے زیر ہدف تمام عالقوں میں ایسی لیبارٹریاں قائم کی جانی چاہیئں۔اسی طر ح‬ ‫اے آر آئی ترناب پشاور میں کیڑے مار ادویات کی باقیات کی تجزیہ لیبارٹری کی تجدید کی‬ ‫جائےگیاور اپ گریڈ کیا جائے گا اور ضروری تکنیکی عملہ‪ ،‬آالت اور کیمکلز سے آراستہ کیا جائے‬ ‫گا۔ سوات‪ ،‬ایبٹ آباد‪،‬ڈیرہ اسمعیل خان اور جہاں کہیں بھی ضرورت ہو اسی طرح کی لیبارٹریاں قائم کی‬ ‫جائیں گی‪-‬‬ ‫کوئی بھی پروگرام فریقوں کی استعداد کار بڑھائے بغیر کامیابی سے نہیں چل سکتا۔موجودہ ادارہ جاتی‬ ‫گنجائش اور اوایف ڈبلیو ایم کے افسروں ‪،‬اضافی کارکنوں‪ ،‬کسانوں کیڑے مار ادویات کی ویلیو چین اور‬ ‫ایکٹرز‪،‬صوبائی حکام کے لئے تکنیکی استعداد بڑھانا تجویز کیا گیا ہے۔‬ ‫آئی پی ایم فریم ورک کے لئے خیبر پختونخوا زرعی آبپاشی بہتری منصوبے کے پانچ سالہ الئف‬ ‫سائیکل کے لئے تقریبا ‪5.34‬ملین امریکی ڈالر کا بجٹ تجویزکیا گیا ہے۔بجٹ کے بنیادی جزو ہیں‪:‬‬ ‫‪)1‬استعداد کار میں اضافہ جس میں آئی پی ایم سے واقفیت شامل ہے‪،‬ٹی او ٹی‪ ،‬کسانوں کے گروپس کی‬ ‫تربیت‪ ،‬کیڑے مار ادویات کے ڈیلرز‪/‬ویلیو چین ایکٹرز کی تربیت‪ ،‬کیڑوں کی معلومات‪ ،‬انسانی صحت‬ ‫اور کیڑے مار ادویات کی آلودگی‪ ،‬ورکشاپس‪/‬سیمینارز‪ ،‬لیبارٹری ٹیکنیشنز کے لئے تربیت۔‪)2،‬تحقیق‬ ‫اور ترقی میں حیاتیاتی کنٹرول لیبارٹریاں‪/‬سہولیات‪ ،‬کیڑے مار ادویات کے زہروں سے متعلق علم‬ ‫کے بارے میں لیبارٹریاں‪/‬کیڑے مار ادویات کی باقیات کی جائزہ لیبارٹری اور سہولیات‪،‬آئی پی ایم‬ ‫لیبارٹریوں کی سہولیات‪/‬تجدید ‪ ،‬اور لیبارٹری کے آالت اور سپالئیز‪)3،‬مشاورتی خدمات جس میں فیلڈ‬ ‫گائیڈز شامل ہیں‪/‬آئی پی ایم مواد‪ ،‬عوامی آگاہی‪ ،‬قومی آئی پی ایم کو آرڈینیٹر ایم اینڈ ای اور‬ ‫کوآرڈینیشن‪) 4 ،‬آئی پی ایم پالن کے لئے مختص سرگرمیوں کے لئےمختلف افراد کے صوبے میں سفر‬ ‫کے لئے سفری الگت درکار ہے۔‪)5،‬رپورٹس تحریر کرنا‪/‬مالقاتیں۔‪ ،‬اور ‪ )6‬غیر متوقع۔فیلڈ کے دنوں‬ ‫کے لئے بجٹ بھی مختص کیا گیا ہے تاکہ فیلڈ کی سرگرمیوں اور خیاالت کے تبادلے اور بتائے گئے‬ ‫منصوبوں میں پیش رفت کی جاسکے۔‬ ‫مختصراً‪،‬ہر ضلعے کی بڑی زرعی مصنوعات کو منصوبے کے اس ذیلی جزو میں ہدف بنایا جائے گا‬ ‫تاکہ ان مصنوعات میں کیڑے مار ادویات کے کم استعمال‪،‬آلودگی اور کیڑوں پر موثر طور پر قابو پایا‬ ‫جاسکے۔اس مقصد کے لئے عالقے میں مختلف حکومتی اور غیر حکومتی اداروں‪ ،‬لیبارٹریوں اور‬ ‫دوسری دستیاب سہولتوں کو بروئے کار الیا جائے گا اور نئی سہولتیں مہیا کی جاسکتی ہیں۔آئی پی ایم‬ ‫میں تجربے کے ساتھ تکنیکی سپیشلسٹس‪/‬ماہرین مخصوص عالقوں میں منصوبے کی سرگرمیاں انجام‬ ‫دیں گے۔منصوبہ صوبے میں بڑی زرعی مصنوعات کے لئے پائیدار اور موثر کیڑوں کے انتظامی‬ ‫نظام کی فراہمی کے ساتھ ختم ہو جائے گا۔‬ ‫‪VI | P a g e‬‬ Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ACRONYMS APTA Agricultural Pesticides Technical Advisory Committee ALP Agricultural Linkages Program ARI Agriculture Research Institute BHUs Basic Health Units CABI Centre for Agriculture and Bio-Sciences International CPEC China-Pakistan Economic Corridor DDT Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane DPP Department of Plant Protection FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FFS Farmer Field School GCMS Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GDP Gross domestic product IDM Integrated Disease Management IGC International Growth Centre IPMP Integrated Pest Management Program IPM Integrated Pest Management IVM Integrated Vector Management IWM Integrated Weed Management KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LCD Liquid Crystal Display MINFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture MNFSR Ministry of National Food Security and Research MT Metric Ton MTIs Medical Training Institutions NARC National Agriculture Research Centre NIH National Institute of Health VII | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) NODP National Oceanic and Deposition Program NIAB Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology NIBGE Nuclear Institute for Biology and Genetic Engineering NIFA Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture PAEC Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research PARC Pakistan Agriculture Research Council PCR Polymerase chain reaction PRAs Pest Risk Analysis SCRI Sugar Crops Research Institute SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SMEDA Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary UAP University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan ULV Ultra-Low Volume UN United Nations USA United States of America WTO World Trade Organization VIII | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN URDU .................................................................................................... IV ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... VII 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework ......................................... 2 1.2. Principles of Integrated Pest Management ..................................................................... 2 1.2.1. Legislative measures ................................................................................................. 3 1.2.2. Cultural Methods ...................................................................................................... 3 1.2.3. Mechanical methods................................................................................................. 4 1.2.4. Physical control Methods ......................................................................................... 4 1.2.5. Biological control Methods ....................................................................................... 4 1.2.6. Host Plant Resistance................................................................................................ 5 1.2.7. Chemical Control....................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Techniques and Tools of Integrated Pest Management .................................................. 6 1.4. History of Pesticide Use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ............................................................ 6 1.5. History of Integrated Pest Management in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .................................. 7 1.6. Project Description ........................................................................................................... 8 1.6.1. Background ............................................................................................................... 8 1.6.2. Project Development Objectives .............................................................................. 9 1.6.3. Project Components ............................................................................................... 10 1.6.4. Implementation Arrangements .............................................................................. 12 2. METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION .................................................................................. 15 2.1. Detailed & Literature Review ......................................................................................... 15 2.2. Interactive Discussions ................................................................................................... 16 3. POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.............................................................................. 25 3.1 National and Provincial Laws and Regulations .............................................................. 25 3.1.1. Plant Quarantine Act, 1976..................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 ................................................................. 25 3.1.3 National Food Security Policy, 2017 ...................................................................... 25 Integrated Pest Management Framework IX | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 3.1.4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 .................................. 25 3.1.5 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pesticides Bill, 2014 (Pending Approval) ............................. 26 3.1.6 Agriculture Policy Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-25) ............................................... 26 3.1.7 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy, 2016 .............................................. 26 3.2. The World Bank Operational Policies............................................................................. 26 3.3. Obligations under International Policies ........................................................................ 27 3.4. Institutional Arrangements for Quarantine, Pesticides and Pest Management ........... 28 3.4.1. Regulatory Institutions............................................................................................ 28 3.4.2. Research Institutions .............................................................................................. 29 3.4.3. Pesticides Value Chain and Actors .......................................................................... 29 3.4.4. Pesticides Classification .......................................................................................... 30 4. KEY CROP, THEIR INSECT, PESTS, DISEASES, WEEDS AND CONTROL MEASURES ................. 32 4.1 Common Crops and Their Major Insect Pests ................................................................ 32 4.2. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) ........................................................................ 51 4.3 Common Crop Weeds ................................................................................................... 57 4.3.1 Weeds of Major Rabi Crops and their Management .............................................. 57 4.3.2. Weeds of Major Kharif Crops and their Management .......................................... 63 4.4. Weeds of Summer Vegetables and Their Management. (okra, bitter gourd, cucumber, pumpkin, chilies, brinjal, etc.) ................................................................................................... 66 5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTHAND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PEST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................................................... 69 5.1. Chemical Control Method Including Fertilizers ............................................................. 69 5.1.1. Environmental Impacts ........................................................................................... 69 5.1.2 Health Impacts ........................................................................................................ 69 5.1.3 Economic Impacts ................................................................................................... 70 5.2. Use of Biological Method ............................................................................................... 70 5.2.1. Environmental Impacts ........................................................................................... 70 5.2.2. Health Impact.......................................................................................................... 70 5.2.3. Economic Impacts ................................................................................................... 70 5.3 Use of Mechanical Methods .......................................................................................... 70 Integrated Pest Management Framework X|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 5.3.1. Environmental Impacts ........................................................................................... 71 5.3.2. Health Impacts ........................................................................................................ 71 5.3.3. Economic Impacts ................................................................................................... 71 5.4 Use of Manual Method .................................................................................................. 71 5.4.1 Environmental Impacts ........................................................................................... 71 5.4.2 Health Impacts ........................................................................................................ 71 5.4.3. Economic Impacts ................................................................................................... 71 5.5 Use of Quarantine. ......................................................................................................... 72 5.5.1. Environmental Impacts ........................................................................................... 72 5.5.2. Health Impacts ........................................................................................................ 72 5.5.3. Economic Impacts ................................................................................................... 72 6. MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST ADVERSE IMPACTS ......................................................... 72 6.1. Management of Pesticide Use ....................................................................................... 72 6.2. Management of Pesticide Storage ................................................................................. 73 6.2.1. Large Scale Pesticides Storage ................................................................................ 73 6.2.2. Small Scale Pesticide Storage .................................................................................. 75 6.3. Management of Pesticide Transport ............................................................................. 75 6.3.1 Long Distance Transportation ................................................................................. 75 6.3.2 Local Transportation ............................................................................................... 76 6.3.3. Workers Safety and Protection ............................................................................... 76 6.4. Management of Pesticide Waste ................................................................................... 79 6.4.1. Disposal of the containers ...................................................................................... 79 6.4.2. Re-use of the containers ......................................................................................... 79 6.4.3. Leftover pesticides: ................................................................................................. 80 6.4.4. Pesticide Poisoning, First Aid, and Medical treatment........................................... 80 6.5. Institutional Structure for Implementing Mitigation Measures .................................... 86 7. METHODOLOGIES FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................ 88 7.1. Critical Issues Regarding Integrated Pest Management Plan and Pesticides in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ............................................................................................................................. 88 7.1.1. Gaps and Bottlenecks ............................................................................................. 88 Integrated Pest Management Framework XI | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 7.1.2. Suggested Short-Term and Long-Term Solutions ................................................... 89 7.2. Designing an Integrated Pest Management Plan ........................................................... 91 7.2.1. Setting up an IPM Program ..................................................................................... 91 7.2.2. Identification of Problems for Subproject .............................................................. 91 7.2.3. Sampling for Damage Assessment .......................................................................... 92 7.2.4. Possible Management Alternatives ........................................................................ 92 7.2.5. Selection among Alternatives ................................................................................. 92 7.2.6. Determination of Economic Threshold Levels ........................................................ 93 7.2.7. Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Program ............................................ 93 7.3. Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Plan ................................................. 94 7.3.1. Identification of Implementation Team.................................................................. 94 7.3.2. Monitoring and Evaluation ..................................................................................... 94 7.3.3. Institutional Structure for Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Plan 96 8. CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ............................................ 97 8.1. Existing Institutional Capacity ........................................................................................ 97 8.1.1. Pesticide Value Chain Actors (Pesticide Dealers) ................................................... 97 8.1.2. Extension Workers / On Farm Water Management (OFWM) Personals ............... 97 8.1.3. Beneficiary Farmers ................................................................................................ 97 8.1.4. Provincial Authorities / Employees ......................................................................... 97 8.2. Technical Capacity Enhancement Assistance................................................................. 97 8.2.1. Pesticide Value Chain Actors .................................................................................. 97 8.2.2. Extension Workers/ OFWM- Personals .................................................................. 97 8.2.3. Beneficiary Farmers ................................................................................................ 98 8.2.4. Provincial Authorities /employees.......................................................................... 98 9. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET ................... 98 9.1. IPMF Implementation and Budget ................................................................................. 98 9. 2 Estimated Budget ............................................................................................................ 99 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................ 106 Appendix 1. Institutions Involved in IPM and Pesticides Related Research in Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .............................................................................................................. 106 Integrated Pest Management Framework XII | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Appendix 2. .Institutions Involved in IPM Related Extension and Outreach Activities in Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ......................................................................................... 108 Appendix 3. List of Banned Pesticides in Pakistan (2016) ....................................................... 112 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Chitral. ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 Table 2: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Dera Ismail Khan ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Table 3: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Haripur .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 4: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Swat......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 5: Major Crops, Major Pests and Suggested Pest Management Approaches................................... 32 Table 6:Major Insects Pests of Fruits and Their Management ................................................................... 39 Table 7: Major Insects Pests of Vegetables and Their Management.......................................................... 44 Table 8: Major Insect Pests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Their Host Plants and Management Approaches .. 46 Table 9: Important Bio-control Agent, Their Families and Orders.............................................................. 50 Table 10: Most Important Diseases and Their Management ..................................................................... 52 Table 11: Agro –Ecological Zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ........................................................................ 67 Table 12: New Administrative districts after FATA Merger with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ............................. 67 Table 13: Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of Common Pesticides ........................................................... 86 Table 14: Participatory Impact Monitoring Approach in IPM ..................................................................... 95 Table 15: Budget Components for implementation of IPMP-KP (in USD) .................................................. 99 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Color Code for the FourClasses of Pesticides 43 Figure 2. Agro-Ecological Zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 77 Integrated Pest Management Framework XIII | P a g e 1. INTRODUCTION Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has an agrarian economy where 80 percent of the total population is rural and mostly reliant on agriculture as main source of livelihood. Agriculture contributes 22 percent to the provincial GDP and provides employment to 40 percent of the labor force. The agriculture sector in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa comprises crops, livestock and fisheries. Although a considerable increase in production of some major crops has been recorded in the past decade or so, performance of the agriculture sector as a whole and the crop sub-sector in particular is not keeping pace with its potential. The Total area under cultivation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 29.53 percent and irrigated area is 50 percent of the total cultivated area 1. Land use intensity is 61.27 percent and cropping intensity was 94.52 percent for the year 2011-12.2Agriculture (14% of KP’s GDP) is a large contributor to the economy of KP, providing direct and indirect livelihood to a majority of the rural population. However, despite the centrality of the sector, the overall performance in terms of growth has remained poor 3. One of the main constraints in increasing crop production is the pests. The word ‘pest’ refers to organisms such as insects, pathogens, weeds, nematodes, mites, rodents and birds that cause damage or annoyance to man, his animals, crops or possessions. According to an estimate, annual yield losses due to insect pest are 20-40 percent in overall agricultural products4. In the past, pesticides were considered as the ‘universal remedy’ for the control of agricultural pests. Although pesticides did provide temporary relief, it is now widely accepted that indiscriminate and excessive use of pesticides and the long-term dependency on them threaten sustainable crop production. Excessive reliance on chemical pesticides is not only expensive but also leads to environmental degradation, in addition to increased health hazards to both, the growers and consumers. Alternate pest management methods were being used in several regions and civilizations around the world since time immemorial however; the need for their usage was felt more severely after the negative effects of the pesticides were witnessed. Thus the concept of Integrated Pest control was 1 Planning & Development, 2015 2 Bureau of Statistic, KP, 2013. 3 IGC 2014 4 Oerke, 2006 Integrated Pest Management Framework 1|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) developed which soon turned into Integrated Pest Management (IPM). IPM got popularity among the scientists and other sections of the society relevant to the field. The term and practices IPM were promoted by Dr. Perry and Dr. Smith though 1970’s and 80’s5. Since then several IPM programs have been designed and successfully implemented for suppression of various agricultural and public health pests. In Pakistan, several IPM programs have been implemented for management of some major agricultural pests. In majority of the cases these programs were successful in pest suppression for the time being. However, owing to reasons like high initial cost, inconsistent availability of the required inputs, complexities of the techniques and non-existent value chains for the produce, etc., these programs could not attain the required level of social acceptance, hence discontinued by the farmers after withdrawal of the support. Beside the aforementioned as well as other such like reasons; several newly emerging phenomena like climate change, CPEC and WTO (SPS) etc. are adding new dimensions to agriculture including crop protection. In order to cope with these challenges posed by the above mentioned factors, it is therefore, imperative to formulate a comprehensive IPM policy that is in line with the strategic national and provincial goals of food security and poverty alleviation. 1.1 Objectives of Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework a) To develop an IPM plan for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project b) To propose Pest management strategies for the major pests in KP c) To mitigate the negative impacts of the pesticides on Food, Feed, and Environment d) To make proposal for the legal issues for the IPM plan e) To identify capacity needs and technical assistance for successful implementation of the IPM Plan f) To establish Farmers Field Schools in the target areas g) To identify IPM research areas for the major pests in the major crops. 1.2. Principles of Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the consideration, evaluation and consolidation of pest control methods into a unified program to manage pest populations so that economic damage is avoided and adverse side effects on environment are minimized6. FAO defined IPM as a pest management system 5 Smith and Adkisson 1997 6 Metcalf and Luckmann, 1975 Integrated Pest Management Framework 2|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) that, in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques in as compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury. Being a realistic approach, it seeks to reduce pest populations to economically manageable level7s through a combination of pest control methods including even the use of chemical pesticides. It is also worth mentioning here that selection of techniques for a particular IPM program should ideally be based on the specific agro-ecological production conditions in any given location; hence, a few general principles can be followed and no absolute standards can be set for production. 1.2.1. Legislative measures Legislative or legal control regulates the activities of man through legislation or law approved by the Government. These laws, rules and policies regulate domestic and international trade of agriculture commodities and other goods and means that could possibly carry unwanted organisms. These legal instruments also govern the manufacture, sale and use of pesticides. In cases of outbreaks of pests of agriculture or public health in epidemic form, the individual farmer becomes helpless in suppressing these problems. To meet these challenges, the entire community, district, province or the nation as a whole has to make collective efforts for massive operations. For such purposes, first approval of the public is obtained through legislation and then resources are mobilized and funds made available by the Government. Legislative control, therefore, has three major thrusts. ✓ Quarantine Regulations for the prevention of shipment or transportation of insects, diseases and weeds and their seeds from one country to the other or one province to another. ✓ Pesticides Regulations to regulate manufacture sale and use of pesticides. ✓ Other regulations related to the control of insect pests like locusts in epidemic form, the malarial mosquitoes and the insect pests of cash crops through community/ participatory IPM/ IDM and/or aerial spraying. 1.2.2. Cultural Methods Cultural control involves the modification of regular farm operation, to destroy the insects or to prevent them from causing injury. These farm practices may be ploughing, sowing, irrigating, 7 FAO 1967 Integrated Pest Management Framework 3|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) harvesting, hoeing, weeding etc. A large number of insects get normally killed by the farmers unconsciously when exposed to adverse environmental & biological conditions through these practices. By adopting cultural practices as preventive measures the pests can be killed either directly or indirectly. More effective kill can be obtained by following improved agricultural practices. Moreover, these methods cost hardly anything, because all that is required to be done is to adjust the time of ploughing, sowing, irrigation, harvesting, crop rotation and improved farm management. Life history, behavior, habitat and ecology of the pests play key role in this type of control. 1.2.3. Mechanical methods Mechanical control involves the use of force with or without special equipment. Although this control measure is time consuming, laborious, ineffective on large scale and cannot be applied commercially, yet it can give immediate results and is generally popular and convincing to the farmers. Use of Male Annihilation Technique against fruit flies, cod lure against codling moth, Scare Crow as deterrent for birds, traps for wild boars, shooting of wild boars, automatic noise making devices for birds and bats and electric traps for mosquitoes and flies etc, are few successful examples of mechanical control. 1.2.4. Physical control Methods Physical factors of the environment, like temperature, sunlight, humidity and moisture are important natural regulators of pest populations. As the saying goes “Sunlight is the greatest disinfectant”; utility of physical environmental factors was realized by the human beings long ago and these were manipulated for pest suppression particularly so in case of stored grains. 1.2.5. Biological control Methods Natural Biological control is the action of predators, parasitoids, parasites and pathogen in maintaining another organism’s density at a lower average than would occur in their absence. While applied biological control constitutes deliberate attempts to use natural enemies, either by introducing new species into the environment of a pest or by increasing effectiveness of those already present. The applied biological control has three different modalities i.e. importation, augmentation and conservation. Importation is the introduction of a bio-control agent in an area where it does not exist. Augmentation is the mass rearing and release of the existing bio-control agents in an agro-ecosystem Integrated Pest Management Framework 4|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) as and when required. Conservation is the preservation of the existing bio-control fauna through provision of food, shelter and/or careful use of pesticides. There are several examples of successful biological control of different pests around the world as well as in Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the biocontrol agent Epipyrops melanoleuca successfully controlled the pyrilla of sugarcane crop. Some laboratories of different public sector institutions like NIFA, Tarnab, SCRI, provincial extension department and Department of Plant Protection, UAP are carrying out augmentation of Trichogrammas pp on limited scale in KP. There is however, a dire need for not only enhancing the scale of the current activities of these public institutions but involvement of private sector in rearing and release of such beneficial insects. Moreover, there are numerous indigenous bio-control agents still prevailing and struggling for survival in most of the agro-ecosystems around Pakistan and KP. Serious effort for awareness and education of the farmers regarding identification and conservation of these beneficial agents are required so that this precious resource is conserved. A list of some important bio-control agents and/or their families and orders is given in table8. 1.2.6. Host Plant Resistance Host plant resistance is the ability of plants to resist invading insects and diseases. This ability of plants can be attributed to their morphological and chemical characteristics. The morphological or physical features include tissue thickness and hardness, foliage color and presence of spiny hair on the leaves and stems. The chemical plant barriers comprise secondary plant compounds that give the plants their peculiar aroma and in some cases act as strong deterrents. Additionally, resistant plants also have the ability to alter their own physiology in case of invasion and compensate for the damage caused by the pests. Breeding of crops for pest resistance through orthodox breeding methods was a time consuming process, hence could not get due attention of the investors and researchers. However, with the advancements in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering in the past three decades, several resistant varieties of crops like cotton, rice, maize, fruits and vegetables have been developed and marketed. 1.2.7. Chemical Control Chemical control is the use of various chemicals that bring about control of pests either by toxic properties that cause death to the pests, or by other effects like changing the behavior, imparting Integrated Pest Management Framework 5|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) sterility or causing metabolic disorder in the target pest. In general usage, the chemical control denotes killing of pests by toxic chemical, called “Pesticides”. Literarily, pesticide means ‘pest killer’. Pesticides are chemicals that affect the biological processes of many living organisms and may thus act or poison many animal species. Broadly speaking, pesticides are chemicals used to combat pests. With the passage of time, chemical control has evolved drastically as the new chemistry pesticides are far more selective and less persistent as compared to the organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates. Additionally, the pesticide application equipment like the Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) sprayers are designed to cover more area with much lesser volume of the chemical. 1.3. Techniques and Tools of Integrated Pest Management The following are some popular techniques in Integrated Pest management a) Using clean and certified seeds and saplings b) Growing resistant varieties c) Regular hoeing and removal of weeds d) Following proper spacing e) Thinning and pruning at proper time f) Scouting regularly g) Encouraging natural enemies h) Growing companion crops i) Using low and high tunnel technologies j) Using screens , nets , fruit bags etc k) Removing fall fruits, leftovers and mummified fruits l) Limiting chemical fertilizers m) Using Biological control agents n) Utilizing sterile male techniques o) Following strict quarantine regulations p) Storing grains in proper containers q) Storing storage materials at proper places r) Cleaning storage facilities s) Using proper dose and proper pesticides t) Cleaning spray equipments u) Developing early warning system 1.4. History of Pesticide Use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, chemical pest control has been the main stay for the farmers since early 1970s. Initially for combating locust attacks in 1954, The Government of Pakistan imported some 254 tons formulated pesticides. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa a DDT factory was established in 1963 at Aman Integrated Pest Management Framework 6|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Ghar, Nowshera8, the main use of the pesticides was against the malarial disease victor. From then onwards, the Government promoted the use of pesticides by supplying them free of cost to farmers. Throughout the country, The Government regularly carried out free aerial pesticide application programs for suppression of locust, malarial mosquitoes and pests in crops like cotton, rice, sugarcane and tobacco. Later on the subsidy was gradually withdrawn and the business was transferred to private sector in 1980 in most parts of the country including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa9. Due to the complexities in cropping system and small holdings, ground spray has always been preferred by the individual farmers and the government has also restricted Aerial spray to epidemic outbreaks of Locusts. After the transfer of pesticide business to the private sector in Pakistan, pesticide consumption increased sharply from 906 metric ton (active ingredient) in 1980 to 5519 metric ton (active ingredient) in 1992, at a rate of 25% per annum. According to rough estimates, Pakistan is suffering a loss of PKR 6.5 billion (US$ 85 million) in major food and cash crops (cotton, rice, sugarcane, and maize) every year, while a continuous increase in pesticide usage has been observed. Use of pesticides increased from 23,212 tons in 1994 to over 69,897 tons in 2002. At present about 400 products comprising over 200 active ingredients are registered. This increasing trend must be discouraged by identifying appropriate measures10. Tobaccos in Swabi area of KP use to be the main crop being treated with pesticides but now apple and Peaches from Swat valley are the two fruit crops getting maximum load of pesticides. Other crops, fruits , and vegetables, in one of way or the other are getting their share of pesticide treatment regularly. A huge surge was recently observed after the Dengue epidemics in the province. 1.5. History of Integrated Pest Management in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa There is a need to increase food production on a sustainable basis to the meet the challenges of the growing population. At the same time, pests continue to cause serious damages to crops and the use of synthetic pesticides is the major pest control method. Such continued heavy reliance on chemicals has already led to serious health and environmental consequences. The exclusive reliance on these poisons is no longer an option and there must be some kind of alternate ways to address the issue. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has now been considered as the most appropriate strategy in this 8 Younas et al 2012. 9 Ahmad, 1988 10 Nafees et al, 2008 Integrated Pest Management Framework 7|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) respect. There is an increased awareness among the masses; general public, policy makers, politicians and farmers regarding the role of IPM. The history of IPM in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is brief and inconsistent. The concept of an integrated approach for management of these pests first evolved in the early 1960s. In Pakistan , research and development on IPM started in 1971 by PARC-IIBC station, Rawalpindi (Now CABI Bioscience Regional Centre, Pakistan). Biological control of Sugarcane pyrilla through its external parasite; Epipyrops melanoleuca was carried out in the KP. Few projects were carried out on IPM with partial success. Most of the IPM activities remained scattered and done in isolation. A number of plant protection related institutes including universities are involved in the IPM throughout the province. Again their work is scanty and there is a lack of proper policy and institutionalization of the subject. 1.6. Project Description This component describes various aspects of the proposed project including its background, objectives, its components, and activities under each component. 1.6.1. Background With geographical proximity and community ties to Afghanistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has suffered from the fallout of the Afghan conflicts. Associated hostilities and extremist violence have caused far-reaching disruption to economic activity and inflicted extensive damage on livelihoods, public infrastructure, and private properties, which resulted in a precarious security situation as well as prolonged socio-political and economic instability and generated significant negative impacts on government’s institutional and implementation capacity. Most socioeconomic indicators, such as literacy, infant mortality, school enrolment, employment, and out-migration rates compare quite unfavourable to the rest of the country, which as a whole already ranks toward the end on the list of income. In order to overcome this difficult situation, the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has reached an agreement with the World Bank to develop a broad program for economic development in the province with financial assistance from the World Bank: the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigation Agriculture Improvement Project. It consists of three main components: improvement of community irrigation systems; promotion of water-saving technologies; and capacity Integrated Pest Management Framework 8|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) enhancement and investment in farming, processing and marketing. The direct beneficiaries are the smallholder farmers and rural communities. The tentative project cost is estimated at approximately USD211.5 million, of which the World Bank would finance up to USD157.3 million from the International Development Association. The project will contribute to the development of the agriculture sector through addressing: (i) water management as an important and limiting factor to productivity and overall production; and (ii) training and technology for improving productivity, post-harvest management and value addition. It will support six key priority areas in the government strategy for the sector: (i) improving performance of the delivery system and reducing water wastages; (ii) making water distribution equitable; (iii) increasing financial sustainability of the irrigation system management; (iv) increasing climate resilience; (v) increasing productivity and promoting high value agriculture and value chains (production, processing and marketing); and (iv) strengthening the department for improved service delivery and governance. 1.6.2. Project Development Objectives The Project Development Objective is to improve the performance of irrigated agriculture on smallholder farms in the project area. This objective will be achieved through: (i) improving on-farm water management (OFWM) system by upgrading watercourses, introducing advanced irrigation technologies, and strengthening the capacity of communities, farmers, and OFWM Directorate; and (ii) increasing agriculture productivity as well as promoting agro-processing and value addition. The Project would cover all districts and tehsils of the province. Project Beneficiaries: The majority of beneficiaries will be smallholder farmers with less than 5 hectares of land. They account for 96% of total farms in the province and 540,000 farmer households, or 4.3 million people. Rural communities will also benefit, since the project activities include improvement of community mobilization for enhance water use on farm. The capacity of the government institutions involved will also be strengthened on management of water resources, provision of public services and development of policies and programs. The project aims at paying particular attention to gender and providing equal opportunities for women to participate in project activities. Indicators for Project Development Objectives: The achievement of the Project Development Objective will be measured with the following indicators: Integrated Pest Management Framework 9|Page Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) (i) Area provided with new/improved Irrigation services (ha); (ii) Water productivity at farm level (kg agricultural production/m3 water consumption); (iii) Crop structure changed (% of high value crops); and (iv) Direct beneficiaries reached (number of direct beneficiaries and % share of women) 1.6.3. Project Components Component A: Upgrading Community Irrigation Systems (USD118.6 million, of which USD91.3 million is from the International Development Association). The objective of this component is to improve the efficiency of on-farm water delivery. It consists of four sub-components: (A1) watercourse improvement in canal command areas; (A2) watercourse improvement in non-canal-command areas, in particular, very large watercourses or channels shared by many users; (A3) other watercourses in non-canal- command areas; and (A4) piped water schemes in non-canal-command areas whose water sources are tube wells, springs, or tanks. In order to enhance management of on-farm irrigation systems, water user associations (WUAs) will be developed, or strengthened if they have been already established. The associations will be responsible for organizing the labor required for the upgrading of watercourses. They must procure the necessary material, which will be finance by loans under this project. Component B: Promoting Innovative Technologies for Efficient Water Use (USD35.8 million, of which USD21.1 million is from the International Development Association). This component consists of: (B1) installation of high efficiency irrigation systems; (B2) installation of water storage tanks and ponds; and (B3) strengthening precision-land-leveling service in the private sector. The component will support installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or sprinkler irrigation systems for improvement in water use efficiency at the farm level. The financial costs of systems installation will be shared by the farmers and the project: 40% and 60% respectively. Other associated costs, such as administration and management, will be shouldered by the project. Technical assistance will be provided by system vendors to farmers; further assistance and training will be provided under Component C of the project. Increase in water use efficiency obtained is expected to contribute to crop Integrated Pest Management Framework 10 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) diversification and higher productivity. Water storage tanks and ponds will be constructed; they will contribute to water conservation by allowing intermittent and timely releases at higher volumetric flow rates. As in the case of watercourses, farmers would provide labor and the project will pay for the material. Uneven terrain causes inefficient water use and low yields. Laser land leveling can save up to 30% of irrigation water, allow uniform seed germination, and increase fertilizer uptake efficiency so that crop yields is increased as much as 20%. The leveling equipment will be made available to service providers on a shared cost basis. The service providers are to run a business of land leveling for the farmers. The providers will be selected according to a determined set of criteria, which will be updated every six months to reflect the monitoring results. Component C: Capacity Building and Investment in Farming, Processing, and Marketing. (USD27 million, of which USD15 million is from the International Development Association). The project will help the beneficiaries in capitalizing on the farming opportunities created by improvement in water use efficiency; the focus will be on high-value crop farming. This Component consists of two subcomponents: (C1) strengthening capacity in farming, processing and marketing; and (C2) investing in production, processing, and value addition. The capacity of the farmers will be strengthened through: participatory training; demonstration and assistance on new technologies and practices; farmer-to-farmer study tours; and establishment of ICT based Farmers Service Center. The subjects to be touched upon include: farm management; irrigation agronomy; marketing and value addition; and operation and maintenance of high efficiency irrigation systems. The ultimate goal is to promote diversification into high-value crops. The smallholders should take advantage of growing urban population, which is more demanding in terms of assortment of vegetables and fruits as well as processing; post-harvesting management can be improve through adequate practices and equipment, in addition to participation of women. Matching grants will be used for financing farmers’ access to: post-harvest practices and technology; storage and product delivery mechanisms; and market. Component D: Project Management, Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Strategic Studies (USD 28 million, all of which is from International Development Association). This component is to ensure that all project activities are carried out according to the provisions in the Financing Integrated Pest Management Framework 11 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Agreement, the World Bank-approved project documents as well as its Project Implementation Manual and applicable environment and social policies and fiduciary guidelines. This component will finance: (D1) project management supervision and monitoring and evaluation; (D2) technical assistance, capacity building and training; (D3) strategic studies on selected topics related to water and agriculture sector to solidify knowledge foundation for long-term development. 1.6.4. Implementation Arrangements Project Implementation: The Director General of Agriculture Water Management (DGAWM) of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will act as the Project Director, who is responsible for all aspects of the project, most importantly implementation. A Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be created, involving all government agencies concerned, for providing strategic guidance as well as for coordinating support within the government. .It will be headed by DGAWM. The Project Leadership Committee (PLC) will comprise of heads of relevant government institutions, who meet quarterly to review the physical and financial progress as well as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in the field for execution of project activities. It will be chaired by the Secretary of Agriculture. The Project will have three Regional Directors (RD), each covering southwest, middle and north regions of the province. Every RD will be assisted by two technical staff members and, if necessary, support staff. Under a RD will be District Officers of On-Farm Water Management in the region. District Offices of On-Farm Water Management will be responsible for supervision, coordination and internal monitoring at the district level. The Project Implementation Committee (PIC) would be chaired by the Director General of Agriculture Water Management. Its member will include: Regional Directors, District Officers of On-Farm Water Management, consultants and other persons who are directly involved in implementation. The Committee will meet monthly to review the physical and financial progress as well as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in execution of project activities. Integrated Pest Management Framework 12 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ADistrict Implementation Committee (DIC) will be established in each district to implement the project at the district level with relevant District Officers as members. They are to meet monthly to review physical and financial progress, ensure effective project implementation, oversee the proper flow of funds to water user associations, conduct internal monitoring of project activities, and make recommendations to the PIC for improvement in implementation. TheDistrict Rate Committee (DRC) would be placed under the DIC to decide the rates of construction materials for improvement of watercourses and will consist relevant district officers among others. Results Monitoring and Evaluation: Effective and efficient monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is crucial for the project’s successful implementation. In view of the limited M&E capacity of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the project will hire a consulting firm (or third-party consultants) to conduct M&E activities under the close supervision of the project coordinator and PIU. The M&E consultants will report to the Project Director to support: (i) monitoring, according to the project results framework which includes key performance indicators; (ii) completing a baseline survey for each component; (iii) carrying out impact evaluation studies; and (iv) establishing a Project Management Information System (MIS). The M&E activities should provide continuous feedback to the Planning and Development Department and Agriculture Department on the project’s performance, impacts and issues to be addressed so that corrective actions could be undertaken by relevant government institutions in a timely manner. A M&E report should accompany the quarterly financial statements that consist of, among others: (i) comparison of actual physical and financial outputs with forecasts as well as updated six-month project forecasts; (ii) project financial statements, including sources and application of funds, expenditures by category statement, and designated account and reconciliation statement; and (iii) procurement management report, showing procurement status, contract commitment and overall procurement plan for the next six months. The interim financial statements should be submitted to the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the World Bank by the Project Director within 45 days after each quarter ends. The Project Director will be held accountable for providing a consolidated quarterly report in a specified format to the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the World Bank no later than 45 days after each quarter. The consolidated report should cover the overall project implementation status, project outcomes and impact, and detailed progress of all components activities, such as progress on physical Integrated Pest Management Framework 13 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) constructions, progress on capacity building and training, progress and results of special studies, and other fiduciary issues. The Project Director will also prepare annual Project Implementation Plan. The Plans must be prepared by March 31 of each year of project implementation. Each PIP will cover the planned fiscal year (July 1 to June 30) and will include: (i) work plans for each component, with funds required for implementation of each activity; (ii) an updated disbursement profile; and (iii) project targets for the planned year. Impact evaluation will be carried out to establish empirical evidence of net project contributions to the targeted beneficiaries. The net contribution will be measured “before” and “after,” or “with” and “without,” scenarios. This impact evaluation will feed into the preparation of future interventions. A Mid Term Review will be undertaken half way through the project implementation, and an Implementation Completion Report will be submitted to the World Bank no later than six months after the closing date of the project. Environmental and Social Safeguards: The Project Director will be responsible for the environment and social performance of their respective project components. The Director will oversee compliance with the various frameworks, most notably the Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF), throughout the project period. An Environment and Social Management Unit will be established under PIU to be directly responsible for: subproject screening; implementation of various Plans; and monitoring and reporting. Environment and Social Management Unit will be supported by an environment specialist, a social specialist. a social inclusion (gender, indigenous people, youth, etc.) specialist, and in case resettlement becomes necessary, also by a resettlement specialist. Sustainability: All components are to increase farmers’ income and hence improve their capacity for paying water charges. Rehabilitation of watercourses as well as introduction of technology and practices for efficient water use will reduce the frequency and the difficulty of operation and maintenance of the irrigation system; it is expected that increase in longevity of the system and reduction in necessity of cleaning will diminish the labor required and lower the overall cost. In other words, the sustainability of the components is mutually reinforcing. The intervention on irrigation water supply system is demand-driven and farmers are to contribute in- kind (skilled and unskilled labor) up to 35 percent of the cost. The existing traditional system of cooperation will be strengthened through creating a formal platform of Water Course Associations Integrated Pest Management Framework 14 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) (WCAs) that will be recognized under the national laws. It will enable access to further public support and other forums such as farmers’ organizations and Area Water Boards, when created. HEIS technology has very high initial cost (60 percent of which is shouldered by the project through matching grants), but can be fully recovered in 2-3 years if high value crops are grown and successfully marketed. The prowess of the technology is evidenced by the rate of adoption in the neighbouring Punjab, which is currently at 15,000 acres per year. Similarly, the feasibility of the precision land leveling (PLL) is high, as a fully functioning private market for PLL exists in Punjab. Support to the farmers and agribusiness beyond water (e.g., equipment, machinery, training, and matching grants) under Component C is not only based on demand, but also on a thorough selection process in which financial sustainability will be an important factor; the project will roughly imitate a market process for inputs other than water. Beneficiaries will be required to contribute 40 percent, in case of technologies and machinery, for the purpose of instilling a sense of ownership. 2. METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION 2.1. Detailed & Literature Review The following documents were reviewed; I. Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 II. Agriculture Policy Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-25) III. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy, 2016 IV. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 V. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pesticides Bill, 2014 (Pending Approval) VI. The World Bank Operational Policies OP 4.09. 2004 VII. Integrated Pest Management Framework ((IPMF) Kenya IPM VIII. The Punjab Agriculture Pesticides Rules , The Punjab Gazette 2018 IX. Pakistan Plant Quarantine Act 1976 X. Federal Insecticides, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA 2012)., US, Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Pest Management Framework 15 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 2.2. Interactive Discussions Based on discussion with World Bank, the environmental and Social safeguards team selected four out of the nine primary target districts for field visits: Chitral, Swat, Haripur, and Dera Ismail Khan. In order to ensure a representative sample, considerations were given to the geographic spread, the presence of indigenous population, and the importance of irrigation sites for intervention. To get first hand and in dept information from the stakeholders, consultative surveys were carried over a period of 10 days in November 2018. Information was collected from Farmers, Extension officers, Pesticides dealers and allied Departments, through personal interviews and interactive discussion .Indigenous people and both male and female farmers were consulted. The female segment was relatively low and sometime not easily inaccessible. In case it was not possible to reach out to the farmers, particularly where females were involved in agricultural activities, the Agriculture Extension Department personals were implicated. Based on the information collected from the four districts, an IPM plan was proposed along with IPM Framework. The collected information is summarized below: Chitral i. Chitral Population: 4.47000 ii. Area Under Major Crops: 22428 ha iii. Irrigated area under major Corps: 21109.8 ha iv. Major Crops / fruits with Pests and common pesticides v. Non- irrigated area: 1319.2 ha vi. Irrigated Area under major Fruits: 597 ha &Non Irrigated Area: Not available vii. Area under major Fruits: 597 ha Table 1: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Chitral. Major Crops, Fruits & Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) Pesticides Vegetables Wheat 1. Aphids, 1. Imidacloprid (no needed) 2. Yellow Rust, 2. Metalaxyl-M and S-isomer 3. Weeds- Phalaris minor 3. Trisulfuron Integrated Pest Management Framework 16 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Maize 1. Maize stem Borer, ear worm, Aphids, Thrips, 1. Cypermethrine, Acetamiprid Cutworm (Seedling). Ear Rust (Maize), 2. Aluminum Phosphide, 2. Rodents, 3. Weeds- Cynodondactylon 3. Pendimethalin And Imazethapyr Rice 1. Rice stem Borer, 1. Lambda-cyhalothrin, 2. Rodents 2. Aluminum Phosphide Barley 1. Thrips, Wireworms 1. Imidacloprid, Chlorpyrifos Potato 1. Aphids, 1. Imidacloprid, 2. Nematodes 2. CADUSAFOS Mung Beans 1. Pod borer, aphids, white fly 1. Indoxacarb, Imidacloprid Onion 2. White Fly. Thrips, 2.Imidacloprid, 3. Powdery mildew, Downey mildew. 3. Metalaxyl-M Mash 1. aphids, white fly 1. Imidacloprid Apple 1. Codling Moth, Fruit Fly, Scale, white fly, 1. Chlorpyrifos, Spinosad 2. Scab 2. Fenbuconazole Pear 1. Fruit Fly, 1. Spinosad, Dimethoate Apricot 1. Fruit Fly, 1. Spinosad Pomegranate 1. Pomegranate Butterfly 1. Lambda-cyhalothrin, Bifenthrin Walnut 1. Weevils, trunk borer 1. Deltamethrin Almond 1. Aphids, Weevils 1. Malathion Grapes 1. Vine butterfly, white fly, 1. Bifenthrin, Propineb 2. powdery mildew, Downey mildew. 2. Mancozeb Peach 1. Fruit fly, aphids, leaf curl virus 1. Dipterex , Imidacloprid Integrated Pest Management Framework 17 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Mulberry 1. Pink mealy bug, Termite 1. Cypermithrin, Source: Data collected during field visits to Chitral, 11-12 December , 2018. N.B: The list of pests and pesticides is not the final and needs further investigation Dera Ismail Khan (D.I. Khan) I. D.I. Khan Population: 16.27132 II. Area Under Major Crops: 480022 hac out of 730575 hac III. Major Crops / fruits with Pests and common pesticides IV. Irrigated area under major Corps: 166895 hac, V. Non- irrigated area: 405105 hac VI. Area under major Fruits: 4800 hac Major Crops: wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane, sugar beet, Mung bean, rice gram, Rabi fodder, Kharif fodder Table 2: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Dera Ismail Khan Major Crops, Fruits & Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, weeds Pesticides Vegetables etc.) Wheat 1. Aphids, 1. Nil 2. Mancozeb- Some time 2. Yellow Rust, 3. Triasulfuron- On Seed 3. Weeds-Phalaris minor, wide-oat Production fields Maize 1. Sorghum Shoot fly, Maize stem Borer, ear 1. Acetamiprid, worm, Aphids, Thrips, Cutworm 2. Cypermethrin, Metalaxyl-M (Seedling). 2. Ear Rust, 3. Aluminum Phosphide 3. Rodents Integrated Pest Management Framework 18 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Rice 1. Rice stem Borer, 1. Bifenthrin, 2. Rodents 1. Aluminum Phosphide Barley Aphids Non Cotton 1. White fly, Boll Worm, Leaf Curl Virus Acetamiprid, Indoxacarb, Mung Beans 1. Pod borer, 1. Indoxacarb, 2. Aphids, 2. Non 3. White fly 3. Imidacloprid Sugarcane 1. Stem borer, Root borer, Termites, 1. Permethrin, Cypermethrin, 2. Rodents Imidacloprid, 2. Aluminum phosphate Mash 1. White fly 1. Imidacloprid, Spinosad, Dates 1. Date Stem Weevil 1. Profenophos Guava 1. Fruit Fly, 1. Spinosad, 2. Dieback Disease 2. fosetyl A1 Mango 1. Fruit Fly, 1. Dipterex Source: Data collected during field visits to Dera Ismail Khan (D.I.Khan), 13-14, December , 2018 N.B: The list of pests and pesticides is not the final and needs further investigation Haripur I. Haripur Population: 1.003million II. Area Under Major Crops:68,122 ha out of 186000 ha III. Major Crops / fruits with Pests and common pesticides IV. Irrigated area under major Corps:25,230ha, V. Non irrigated area: 42892 ha VI. Area under major Fruits:1010 ha VII. Major Fruits Integrated Pest Management Framework 19 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Table 3: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Haripur Major Crops, Fruits & Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc) Pesticides Vegetables Wheat 1. Aphids, 2. Non 2. Yellow Rust, 3. Non 3. weeds 4. Triasulfuron Maize 1. Maize stem Borer, ear worm, Aphids, 1. Cypermethrin, Acetamiprid, 2. Thrips, 2. Non 3. Cutworm (Seedling). 3. Cypermithrin 4. Ear Rust (Maize). 4. Non 5. Rodents, 5. Aluminum phosphate, 6. Weeds 6. Glyphosate Sugarcane 1. Stem Borer, Root Borer, 1. Furadoan 2. Rodents 2. Aluminum phosphate Cucumber 1. Fruit flies 1. Dimethoate Potato 1. Aphids, 1. Confidor 2. Nematodes 2. fenbuconazole Garlic 1. Thrips 1. Thiamethoxam/ Profenophose Onion 1. Thrips, 1. Methomyl 2. powdery mildew, Downey mildew. 2. Cooper oxychloride Pear/ Apricot/ Guava 1. Fruit Fly, 1. Dipterex Orange. 1. Citrus psylla, 1. Chlofenapyr, Imida 2. Citrus Life Minor 2. Cypermethrin 3. Fruit Fly 3. Dipterex, Lambda Leechi 1. Fruit fly, 1. Non 2. Powdery mildew, Downey mildew. 2. fenbuconazole, Indoxacarb Peach 1. Fruit fly, 1. Dipterex, Traps 2. aphids, leaf curl virus, 2. Imida 3. Termites 3. Termidor Integrated Pest Management Framework 20 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Loquat 1. Fruit fly 1. Dipterex, Fruit fly Traps Source: Data collected during field visits to Haripur, 17th December , 2018 N.B: The list of pests and pesticides is not the final and needs further investigation Swat I. Swat Population: 2.31 million II. Area Under Major Crops: 97,000 out of 507,000 ha III. Major Crops / fruits with Pests and common pesticides IV. Irrigated area under major Corps: 85,200 ha, V. Non irrigated area: 11800 ha VI. Area under major Fruits: 13,800 ha VII. Irrigated Area under major Fruits: 597 ha &Non Irrigated Area: Not available Table 4: Major Crops, Fruits and Vegetable, Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, Weeds etc.) and Pesticides in Swat Major Crops, Fruits & Major Pests (Insects, Pathogens, weeds Pesticides Vegetables etc) Wheat 1. Aphids, 1. Non 2. Yellow Rust, 2. Non 3. Weeds 3. Non- some time Logran (2, 4, D) Maize 2. Maize stem Borer, 1. Imidacloprid as seed dressing , 3. Ear worm, 2. Cypermithrin / Lambda 4. Cutworm (Seedling). 3. Indoxacarb 5. Ear Rust (Maize), 4. Non 6. Weeds 5. Non / some time Rice 1. Rice stem Borer, 1. Bifenthrin, 2. weeds, 2. Penoxaden, 3. Rodents 3. Aluminum phosphate Potato 1. Aphids,, 1. Azoxystrobin, Imidacloprid, 2. Early/late blight carbofuron, 2. Cupravite ,Metalaxyl- M 3. Nematodes 3. Non Mustard/ Turnip 1. Cabbage Butterfly 1. Cypermethrin, 2. Aphids 2. Imidacloprid, Integrated Pest Management Framework 21 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 3. 3weeds 3. Mesotrione+atrazine Green Beans 1. Pod borer, 1. Cyfluthrin, 2. Aphids, 2. Acetamiprid 3. white fly 3. Dimethoate Onion 1. Thrips / White Fly. 1. Imidacloprid, 2. Blight (Late and early) and powdery 2. Cooper oxychloride, Metalaxyl-M mildew, Downey mildew. Cauliflower 1. Cabbage Butterfly, 1. Cypermethrin, 2. Diamond Back Moth 2. Chlorpyriphose 3. Aphids. 3. Imidacloprid Okra 1. White fly, 1. Acetamiprid, 2. Fruit Borer 2. Fenpropathrin / Lambda Pumpkin 1. Red Pumpkin Beetle 1. Malathion, Chili 1. White Fly 1. Imidacloprid / Actara Tobacco 1. Aphids 1. Imidacloprid 2. Cutworm 2. Furadon 3. Budworm 3. Chlorpyriphos/ Lambda Fig 1. Fruit Fly, 1. Dipterex 2. Leaf stitcher 2. Cyfluthrin / Cypermithrin Prune 1. Borers 1. Cypermethrin Barley 1. Aphids 1. Non Apple 1. Codling Moth 1. Cypermethrin, 2. Fruit Fly, Scale, Scab, 2. Dipterex, Winter Oil / Lambda 3. Powdery mildew 3. Mancozeb, Imidacloprid Pear 1. Fruit Fly, 1. Dipterex Integrated Pest Management Framework 22 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Apricot 1. Fruit Fly / Aphids 1. Dipterex / Cypermithrin Pomegranate 1. Pomegranate Butterfly 1. lambda cyhelothrin Walnut 1. Weevils, 1. Profenofos Tomato 1. Fruit Borer, 1. lambda cyhalothrin, 2. Nematodes 2. Non Grapes 1. Vine butterfly, white fly, 1. Cypermethrin, 2. powdery mildew, Downey mildew. 2. Mancozeb, fenbuconazole Peach 1. Fruit fly, Aphids, 1. Dipterex, Imidacloprid, 2. leaf curl virus 2. Non 3. Shot hole/ Brown Rot 3. Cooper oxychloride Cherry / Loquat 1. Fruit Fly 1. Dipterex / Lambda 2. 2. Source:Data collected during field visits to Swat, 8-9, December , 2018. N.B: The list of pests and pesticides is not the final and needs further investigation The Major Pesticides Companies working are; Syngenta, Agro Science, Prime Agro, Dow Agro, Bayer. Other local companies are also involved along with a segment of smuggled pesticides. The highest recorded pesticides dealers are in Swat valley with 116 outlets while in Chitral this number was very limited with 3 or 5. Most of the pesticides are supplied from Dir and Swat. The IPM Facilities in the four districts were virtually non-existent. Limited facilities were present in Swat but were lost due to law and order situation and then to Flood in the Swat valley. Similarly there is no Toxicology lab in any of the visited districts. Very limited faculties do exist at the Government hospitals and private labs for human toxicology only. The only facility of Pesticide testing lab in the province is at ARI, Tarnab, and Peshawar which is ill-equipped with not much trained technicians and cannot cater the need of the whole province. Experts in the field of IPM are limited in the province and are not in a position to carry out any IPM activities as they are engaged in other tasks. There is a lack of awareness among the Agriculture Officers of the Extension as well as research wing and officer of the On Farm Water Management. There is a need for intervention in the management of the stored grain and Dry fruits. This area is the Integrated Pest Management Framework 23 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) most neglected component of the pest management. Lack of scientific based warehouses and lack of modern solar and electric dryers was common throughout the surveyed areas. Among the four districts visited during the process, Swat valley was found to be the most hard-hit in terms of pesticides uses and abuses. At the same token farmers from Swat were more aware of the issue and welling to work to get rid of the pesticide menace. There used to be some IPM facilities and even limited Organic production of Peaches and some vegetables but these were abandoned due to lack of Market, Flood and above all the law and order situation in the Valley. Integrated Pest Management Framework 24 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 3. POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 3.1 National and Provincial Laws and Regulations 3.1.1. Plant Quarantine Act, 197611 After independence, the “Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914” of India was adopted by the government with slight amendments. Later on “Pakistan Plant Quarantine Act, 1976” was promulgated on December 8, 1976 and amendments to the Act were made in years 1997 and 2006. 3.1.2 Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 197112 In order to regulate the import, manufacture, formulation, sale, distribution and use of pesticides and for other related matters, The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 was promulgated on 25th January 1971. The Act was amended on Sep 2, 1992 and Dec 8, 1997. 3.1.3 National Food Security Policy, 201713 Under 18th constitutional amendment, some functions of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture were devolved to provinces. In view of maintaining national food security and better execution of un- devolved functions of MINFA, Ministry of National Food Security and Research (MNFSR) was established, which documented future strategies in light of SDGs of the UN and prepared a comprehensive National Food Security Policy during, 2017. Pesticides importation and registration as well as their lab analysis has been prioritized in future policy making for National Food Security vide clause 6.1.2(c) of the policy. 3.1.4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 201414 The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental act was promulgated in 2014 where the residues from fertilizers, pesticides and other farm chemicals are termed as “Agriculture waste”. The act also empower the Council (the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Council) to provide guidelines for the protection and conservation of species, habitats and biodiversity in general, and for the conservation of, renewable and non-renewable resources, solid waste management and water conservation. 11 Pakistan Plant Quarantine act 1976and Plant Quarantine Rules, 1967 12 The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 13 National Food Security Policy, 2017 14 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 Integrated Pest Management Framework 25 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 3.1.5 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pesticides Bill, 2014 (Pending Approval)15 In exercise of the powers conferred under 18th amendment, the province of Punjab enacted its own law in 2012 and formulated rules thereunder in 2018 for regulating matters ancillary to manufacturing, distribution, sale, handling, analysis and safety measures of pesticides. The Government of KP is eager to enact the Law that would give the provincial government a lead role in supervising the pesticides market except for matters pertaining to imports and exports of pesticides. Establishment of pesticides residues analysis labs at provincial level is an integral part of this Act. 3.1.6 Agriculture Policy Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-25)16 The need for formulation of provincial agricultural policy was realized by secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Cooperative Department of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during, 2011.The policy has given emphasis to work in collaboration with private sectors for quality control, inspection and certification of fertilizers, chemicals and planting materials. Modern laboratories at national level are specified for pesticides residue analysis, maximum residue limits and certification; however after 18th amendment, pesticides residues and quality related analysis laboratories need to be established in the province. 3.1.7 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy, 201617 Owing to the fact that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the most vulnerable province to the negative impacts of climate change, the provincial government formulated the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy, 2016 to mitigate the challenges posed by climate change. Regulation and monitoring for reducing the usage of harmful fertilizers and pesticides to promote organic farming techniques have been given high priority in the future prospects of KP climate change policy. 3.2. The World Bank Operational Policies 15 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pesticides Bill, 2014 (Pending Approval) 16 Agriculture Policy Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-25) 17 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy, 2016 Integrated Pest Management Framework 26 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Under the Operational Manual (OP 4.09)- Pest Management, The World Bank uses various means to assess pest management in the country and support integrated pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides: economic and sector work, sectoral or Project-specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and investment projects and components aimed specifically at supporting the adoption and use of IPM. In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The Bank may finance the purchase of pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach18. 3.3. Obligations under International Policies Several international mechanisms been developed in response to increasing concern about the health and environmental risks associated with chemicals, including pesticides, and the realizationthat these risks often have international dimensions. These include the following instruments. Binding instruments affecting pesticide use: • the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) • the Rotterdam Convention On the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade • the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer • the Basel and Bamako Conventions on Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Voluntary instruments affecting pesticide use: • The Code of Conduct and - the Codex Alimentarius. In addition, there are other binding instruments that relate to pest management: • The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) • The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS-Agreement) Donor conditionality 18 World Bank 1998, revised 2004 Integrated Pest Management Framework 27 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Development agencies have a specific policy for assistance involving pest and pesticide management, particularly when provision of pesticides is needed. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) encourages IPM approaches to pest management and requires technical data and justification for pesticide use before pesticides can be supplied through FAO projects. Similarly the World Bank has a Safeguard Policy on Pest Management. It requires preparation of a Pest Management Plan (PMP) which demonstrates that pesticides are applied within the context of an IPM approach19. 3.4. Institutional Arrangements for Quarantine, Pesticides and Pest Management 3.4.1. Regulatory Institutions The Department of Plant Protection (DPP) The Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of National Food Security and Research with its head office at Karachi, is the only department responsible for Quarantine as well as registration and other regulatory aspects of pesticides. It works in accordance with the provisions of Plant Quarantine Act, 1976, Agricultural Pesticide Ordinance, 1971 and Agricultural Pesticide Rules 197320. The Department consists of the following four divisions and wings: ✓ Plant Quarantine ✓ Pesticide Registration ✓ Locust Control and Survey ✓ Aerial Wing In addition, the Department also operates two laboratories, namely, Central Plant Quarantine Lab and Federal Pesticide Testing and Reference Lab. The Agricultural Pesticide Technical Advisory Committee (APTA) advises the central government on technical matters arising out of the administration of the pesticide ordinance. The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, as the main body responsible for agricultural research in Pakistan is assigned the task of monitoring the pesticides. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Federal Department of Plant Protection and Plant quarantine near Board Bazaar, Peshawar is practically non-operational. There is a lack of facilities and technical staff. This facility could be made operation with the consent of the federal government. 19 FAO 2010 20 Agricultural Pesticide Rules 1973, S.R.O 21 (1)/2004 Integrated Pest Management Framework 28 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 3.4.2. Research Institutions There are several federal and provincial institutions/departments currently conducting research on the different aspects of pest management, pesticide efficacy, pesticide toxicology and pesticide development. However, involvement of private sector in this regard is minimal and almost all the research related activities are being undertaken in the public sector. Most of these public institutes have been focusing on research related to efficacy trials of pesticides and developing pest management packages. Very little attention is paid to ecological studies and pesticide development. A list of some federal and provincial (KP) institutions presently working in the area of Pest management and pesticides related research is given below. Uncoordinated and Limited number of IPM related Research activities and Pesticides toxicology studies are carried out in the various institutes present in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province including federal institutes like PCSIR and NIFA, . At national level, particularly at Islamabad which is in close vicinity to KP; NIH and NARC do have some modest facilities. In private sector there are institutes and individuals businesses which are working in Pesticides or overall toxicology studies and can be utilized. (Annex 1 and 2). On the overall bases, there is a urgent need of IPM and Toxicology facilities in the province. 3.4.3. Pesticides Value Chain and Actors The pesticide is a lucrative business in Pakistan and Pesticides dealers are the backbone and the main actor in the value chain of the pesticides import,production, and distribution in the country. Most Pesticide dealers are not properly educated particularly in the safe use and handling of the pesticides. Their knowhow about the negative impact is either poor or they are shortsighted because of the lucrative incentives offered by the industry. Rumor has it that some Agriculture Extension personal are having business in the pesticide marketing. This combination of the pesticide Value chain and the actor is a dangerous recipe and will lead to the failure of commercial crop production and protection.Some of the major pesticide companies in Pakistan are - • Bayer CropScience • Arysta Life Science • Syngenta International • ICI Pakistan • Four Brothers Chemicals • FMC • Ali Akbar Integrated Pest Management Framework 29 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Wilcon chemicals • Local companies • Others (including smuggled pesticides from Afghanistan and Iran) The top five companies account for more than 75% of the market share. Due to immense competition and introduction of generic pesticides by local companies, two multinationals, Dow Agro Sciences and DuPont, have had to wind up their operations in Pakistan and are now operating through distributors in the country. 3.4.4. Pesticides Classification Indiscriminate use of pesticides can disrupt the balance of Natural enemies. Though there are comparatively safer insecticides available but even pesticides allowed in organic farming can pose a threat if not handled properly. Pesticides can be different in their level of toxicity to non-target organisms such as people, pets or beneficial insects. While many pesticides control specific problems, there are still some broad-spectrum pesticides. In addition, there are many products that are only effective if they are used at a specific growth stage of the pest e.g. Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs), so timing is very important. Blanket applications of pesticides on large areas or the use of pesticides on a calendar base alone is now story of the past and shall not be included in any Pest management program. However there are times when pesticides are needed to prevent major losses. All most all organochlorine pesticides are banned. There are few carbamates and organophosphate pesticides in vogue. Most pesticides are either pyrithroids or other chemistry. Due to the systemic nature, neonicotinoids are popular these days but their accumulation in food, feed and environment is posing a threat and their use is restricted in most countries. Based on the toxicity level, Pesticides are classified as Class I, Class II, Class III and Class IV The World Health Organization (WHO) names four toxicity classes: • Class I – a: extremely hazardous • Class I – b: highly hazardous • Class II: moderately hazardous • Class III: slightly hazardous The system is based on LD50 determination in rats, thus an oral solid agent with an LD50 at 5 mg or less/kg bodyweight is Class 1a, at 5–50 mg/kg is Class 1b, LD50 at 50–2000 mg/kg is Class II, and at LD50 Integrated Pest Management Framework 30 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) at the concentration more than 2000 mg/kg is classified as Class III. Values may differ for liquid oral agents and dermal agents. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), of the United State of America uses four toxicity classes in its toxicity category rating. Classes I to III are required to carry a signal word on the label. Toxicity Class I • Most toxic; • Requires signal word: "Danger-Poison", with skull and crossbones symbol, possibly followed by: "Fatal if swallowed", "Poisonous if inhaled", "Extremely hazardous by skin contact--rapidly absorbed through skin", or "Corrosive--causes eye damage and severe skin burns" Class I materials are estimated to be fatal to an adult human at a dose of less than 5 grams (less than a teaspoon). Toxicity Class II • Moderately toxic • Signal word: "Warning", possibly followed by: "Harmful or fatal if swallowed", "Harmful or fatal if absorbed through the skin", "Harmful or fatal if inhaled", or "Causes skin and eye irritation" Class II materials are estimated to be fatal to an adult human at a dose of 5 to 30 grams. Toxicity Class III • Slightly toxic • Signal word: Caution, possibly followed by: "Harmful if swallowed", "May be harmful if absorbed through the skin", "May be harmful if inhaled", or "May irritate eyes, nose, throat, and skin" Class III materials are estimated to be fatal to an adult human at some dose in excess of 30 grams. Integrated Pest Management Framework 31 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Toxicity Class IV • Practically nontoxic • No Signal Word required Figure 1: Color code for the four classes of pesticides 21 4. KEY CROP, THEIR INSECT, PESTS, DISEASES, WEEDS AND CONTROL MEASURES 4.1 Common Crops and Their Major Insect Pests The Agro- Ecological zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are divers and do so the crops and their pests. Technically there are five Agro-ecological zones but within each zones there are valleys and areas with micro climate. A generalized view of the pests of the major crops, fruits and vegetables is presented in this section. The reality may be different on the ground and may vary area to area in term of existence and severity and a detail survey might reveal a different and an accurate picture. Table 5: Major Crops, Major Pests and Suggested Pest Management Approaches. Crop Pest Pest Status Pest Management Approaches Wheat Aphids Not an issue No management is needed Army worm; Spodapetra Sporadic ✓ Grow early maturing varieties spp etc ✓ May need chemical treatment (Cypermethrin or DDVP) Maize Sorghum Shoot fly Common in ✓ Observe recommended time of (Atherigona socata) spring maize planting to avoid the pest, ✓ Plant recommended varieties, 21 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)"2012 Integrated Pest Management Framework 32 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Destroy infested crop residues by burying, ✓ Intercropping with Cowpea, red- bean ✓ Seed dressing in the high risk areas (Fipronil 2.8 EC) ✓ Apply recommended insecticides if necessary e.g. Cypermethrin Maize Stem Borer (Chilo Common ✓ Bury/burn stalks to eliminate partellus) diapausing larvae, ✓ Early sowing to reduce infestation, ✓ Intercropping with pulses, ✓ Neem powder (4-5g i.e. pinch of 3 fingers) per funnel, ✓ Neem seed cake (4g/hole) during planting ✓ Biocontrol: parasitoids (Cotesia flavipes, Tricogramma spp) ✓ Bt products ✓ Light traps ✓ Pheromones Traps ✓ Chemical: Spinosad, Bifenthrin Chloropyrifos, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Trichlorfon, Earworm (Heliothis Common See Cotton bollworm armigera) Aphids (Rhopalosiphum Common Encourage natural enemies maidis) Leaf spot (various types) Common ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Culture practices ✓ Fungicides: Smut Un-common ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Destroy infected plants / parts of plants ✓ Avoid injury of roots, stalks ✓ Prevent damages from insects , such as maize stem borer (by treating with Spinosad) ✓ Balance use of fertilizers as high Nitrogen fertilizers may increase Integrated Pest Management Framework 33 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) the severity of the disease. ✓ Remove and destroy all the debris after harvest Ear rot s Un-common ✓ Adopt proper crop rotation ✓ Destroy crops residues from the previous crops ✓ Avoid plant injuries ✓ Removal of infected plants ✓ Grow resistant verities. Hybrids may be more proven to ear rot. ✓ Grow companion crops eg. Beans ✓ Seed dressing with Amistar Top, or Cultar or Cruiser-Maxx- for both insects and diseases. Stored Grain Pests common ✓ Dry and Clean the seeds properly ✓ Use good storage facilities ✓ Use clean storage bags ✓ Fumigation with phosphine tablets with the help of experts. Rice Rice Stem borer Common ✓ Inspect the seedling for egg masses ✓ Use egg parasitoids Trichogramma spp ✓ Use Neem Seed Extract ✓ In case of sever infestation and area of high risk use Acephate , Fipronil, or Thiamathoxam Armyworm ✓ Follow good cultural practices (Spodoptera litura and ✓ Emamectin benzoate or Mythimna separata) Cypermethrin in case of attack Planthoppers ✓ Use resistant varieties ✓ Remove all weeds from the surroundings ✓ Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides to conserve natural enemies ✓ Use Light traps ✓ Flood the seed bed for a day , so that the tips of the seedlings are exposed ✓ Sweep small seedbeds with a net to remove adults /nymphs Integrated Pest Management Framework 34 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Encourage and protect the natural enemies ✓ Apply Spinosad at the ETL of more than one hopper per stem. Grasshoppers ✓ Practices clean culture ✓ Half grown nymph and adults could be driven to one corner of the field and killed ✓ Encourage birds to feed on the pest ✓ Use egg parasitoids (Scelio hieroglyphi) ✓ In sever infestation apply Cypermethrin Barely Aphids Common ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Avoid intercropping in stone fruit orchards ✓ Barely Yellow dwarf Sporadic ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Proper weeding ✓ Sugarcane Root borer, Stem borer, Common ✓ Grow Resistant varieties Top borer, Gurdaspur ✓ Crop rotation borer ✓ Avoid ratoon cropping ✓ Deep ploughing ✓ Use pheromone and/or light traps ✓ Bio-control: Trichogramma chilonis, Ants, Chrysoperla carnea ✓ Chemical control: Sugarcane leafhopper common ✓ Destroy eggs cluster through hand crushing ✓ Collect adults through hand nets ✓ Thresh management ✓ Biological control: Epiricania melanoleuca ✓ Botanicals: Azadarichtin ✓ Chemical control: Fipronil, Profenofos, or thiamethoxam Sugarcane mealybugs Common ✓ Removal of thresh , Stubbles ✓ Biological Control: Nardo cumaeus, N. Phaeax Integrated Pest Management Framework 35 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Chemical: Chlorpyrifos Sugarcane whitefly ✓ Destruction of puparia by ✓ Removal of infested leaves ✓ Biological control: Menochilus sexmaculatus, Harmonia Sp., Micraspis discolor, Encarsia sp, Azotus spp ✓ Botanical: Azadarichtin ✓ Chemical: Imidacloprid Termites Common ✓ Use well rotten farm yard manure ✓ Encourage predatory bids ✓ Apply bio-fertilizer for good crop stand. ✓ Follow proper Weed Management ✓ Chemical Control: treat Cane-setts with Fipronil Beans (Pulses) Heliothis armigera Common See under Cotton Boll worm Caterpillars of various Common / ✓ Deep ploughing species Sporadic ✓ Grow Resistant varieties if possible ✓ Intercropping ✓ Natural enemies:trichogramma spp, Campoletis chlorideae, Apanteles spp, NPV Virus, ✓ Apply Bt powder ✓ Chemical control: lambda cyhalothrin, or Cypermethrin Bugs (various species) Common/ ✓ Grow Resistant varieties Sporadic ✓ Seed dressing with confider ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Chemical treatment in case of heavy infestation Stored Grain insects Common ✓ Keep the pulses dry and clean ✓ Clean storage area before storing the grains/pulses ✓ Use clean storage bags ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Go for fumigation Oil Seed Crops Aphids Common ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Seed dress with systemic Integrated Pest Management Framework 36 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) insecticides ✓ Use press-water spray ✓ Use Entomopathogenic fungi ✓ Encourage natural enemies: Predators and parasitoids ✓ Chemicals: if needed- Spinosad or Acetamiprid Cotton Boll Worms Very serious / ✓ Grow resistant varieties Serious and ✓ Use clean seeds, remove all double (Heliothis armigera, Common seeds. Spotted bollworm, Pink ✓ Remove crop residues bollworm) ✓ Use deep furrow ploughing to expose the pupae to natural enemies ✓ Remove / destroy cotton sticks ✓ Seed dressing with systemic insecticides ✓ Removal of early infested flowers and buds ✓ Biological Control: Trichogramma sp. (egg parasitoid), Bracon Spp, Apanteles spp, Sturmia spp, ✓ Grow Bt Cotton ✓ Use Bt powder ✓ PNV virus, ✓ Cleanliness at the ginning factories at the vicinities ✓ Chemicals: Not very effective after they larvae bore into the boll. Spinosad, emamectin benzoate, Acetamiprid etc. ✓ White fly Common and ✓ Grow resistant varieties Very destructive✓ Grow companion crops ✓ Avoid growing alternate host in the vicinity ✓ Avoid excessive nitrogenous fertilizers ✓ Adopt Proper manuring ✓ Avoid high humidity in the crops by removing standing water ✓ Remove the cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV) infected plants as soon as Integrated Pest Management Framework 37 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) possible ✓ Use pressure water spray ✓ Biological Control: Ladybird beetles, Chrysoperla sp, Syrphid flies, Encarsia sp, ✓ Apply Entomopathogenic Fungi: Verticillium lecanii ✓ Apply Neem Oil ✓ Chemicals: Use IGR based chemicals (Pyriproxyfen, Buprofezin), Tobacco Cutworm Serious and ✓ Deep ploughing & Hoeing Common ✓ for exposing pupae ✓ Early sowing ✓ Seedling dressing / treatment ✓ Light Trap for early detection of adults ✓ Grass Trap for attracting larvae to shelter ✓ Pheromone Traps for detection and kill ✓ Crop Rotation ✓ Encourage predatory birds ✓ Bio Agents: Braconid wasps ✓ Use Bt powder ✓ Insecticides: Use IGR or Spinosad Aphids Common ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Use clean and un-infested sapling ✓ Scout for early detection ✓ Apply Yellow Sticky traps ✓ Use pressure water spray ✓ Use wood ash for dusting ✓ Apply insecticidal soap, detergent, ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Use entomo-pathogenic fungi ✓ Biological control: Chrysoperla carnea, Ladybird beetles, Aphelinus sp, Aphidius spp, ✓ Chemicals: Apply systemic insecticides at Seedling stage, IGR, Emamectin benzoate Source: Hashmi, 1994 (Volume 1), UC IPM 2018: www.ipm.ucanr.edu , Atwal and Dhaliwal 1994) Integrated Pest Management Framework 38 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Table 6: Major Insects Pests of Fruits and Their Management Fruit Insect pest Status Pest Management Approaches Apple / Pear Coddling Moth Very Serious ✓ Apply dormant spray with Winter and Common Oil, ✓ Apply lime or Bordeaux mixture at the fall ✓ Trapping: Install Pheromone Traps for early detection /trapping ✓ Use light traps to attack adults ✓ Trunk banding :Wrap gunny bags loosely around the trunk for trapping pupating larvae & pupae ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Use Exclusion net ✓ Kaolin clay as a barrier for egg laying by the female ✓ Apply Bt Powder early in the season ✓ Fruit thing and removal of infested / fallen fruit ✓ Fruit bagging ✓ Biological control: egg parasitoid - Trichogramma sp, Ladybird Beetles, Larval parasitoid-Bassus sp and pupal parasitoid- Liotryphos, Masttrus spp ✓ Granulosis virus ✓ Chemicals: IGR, Spinosad & Acetamiprid Wooly Aphid Common and ✓ Use Resistant Stock destructive ✓ Apply chemical treatment at the root zone in winter ✓ Use Insecticidal soap /detergent ✓ Use pressure water spray ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Biological Control: Aphelinus mali ✓ Chemical Control: Spinosad or Acetamiprid ✓ San Jose Scale Common and ✓ Apply dormant spray: Diesel oil Integrated Pest Management Framework 39 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) serious emulsion, Bordeaux mixture ✓ Pruning in the fall ✓ Dormant Oil spray in fall and early late winter ✓ Trapping with pheromone to monitor spring population ✓ Biological Control: Ladybird beetle- Chilocorus sp, Cybocephalus sp), Chalcid & Aphelinid parasitoids, ✓ Insecticide soap / detergents ✓ Chemicals: IGRs- Pyriproxyfen or Buprofezin ✓ Apply chemical just after the emergence of crawlers-Chlopyrifos or Esfenvalerate Tent caterpillar Sporadic ✓ Pruning in December to destroy eggs sacs/bags ✓ Destroy tents with pole + rags dipped in kerosene ✓ Encourage Birds that pray on the larvae ✓ Apply Bt. Powder, Baculovirus formulation ✓ Botanical: Azadarichtin ✓ Biological Control: Sarcophaga aldrichi, Aleiodes sp, Techinids wasps, etc ✓ Chemical Control: Spot treatment with insecticides- Bifenthrin or Permethrin, Apple Mites (European Common and ✓ Pruning of branches in fall to red mite & Two spotted serious remove eggs of mites Spider mite) ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Biological control: Ladybird beetles (Stethorus spp, ) Predatory mite (Phytoseiulus Spp, Amblyseius spp) ✓ Winter spray with petroleum oil in March at the time of Bud breaking ✓ Chemical Control: Dicofol, Propergite, Abamectin etc Apricot/ Fruit flies ✓ Deep ploughing and Regular Very Destructive Integrated Pest Management Framework 40 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Peach /Plum and very hoeing Common ✓ Remove all fallen fruits. Feed them to cattle or burry them deep ✓ Remove all off –season / mummified fruit in fall ✓ Trapping: Methyl eugenol, Cue Lure etc for mass trapping ✓ Release of Sterile male ✓ Use food baits: Protein Hydrolisate ✓ Horticulture Mineral Oil as a repellent ✓ Use push and Pull method with repellents + Attractants ✓ Chemical Control: Spinosad or Dipterex Aphids (many species) Common and ✓ Dormant stray / Bordeaux mixture destructive ✓ outing for early warning and control ✓ Use pressure water spray ✓ Beating the infested branches ✓ Encouraging natural enemies ✓ Dusting with wood ash ✓ Botanical: Azadarichtin ✓ Biological control: • Predators: Chrysoperla sp, Ladybird beetles and Syrphid flies. • Parasitoids: Aphidius colemani, A. articariae, A. transcaspicus, Binodoxys angelicae, Diaeletiella rapae, Ephedrus spp, Pauseia antennata, Praon spp etc ✓ Chemicals: , Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate, Acetamiprid Mango Fruit fly Common and Same as for Peaches/ apricot destructive Mango mealy bug ✓ Deep soil scrapping (up to 15 cm) Very destructive and very wide to expose eggs of the mealy bug spread ✓ Spray lambda cyhelothrin around the tree trunk just before the nymphs emergence ✓ Avoid growing alternate host plant Integrated Pest Management Framework 41 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) in the vicinity. ✓ Apply 8 cm wide plastic sheet around the tree trunk in December (before the nymph emergence ) as slippery band ✓ Apply sticky band using greasy material ✓ Use Insecticidal soap / detergent ✓ Botanicals: Azadarichtin ✓ Biological Control: Sumnius renardi, Rodolia sp, or ladybird beetles ✓ Chemical control: • Kerosene on the descending bug • Thiamethoxam as a foliar spray. Guava Fruit flies ✓ Same as Apricot /peaches fruit fly Very destructive Birds Common ✓ Use Scare crow ✓ Use Sound producing devices ✓ Hunting / scaring with Slingshot (Ghulail) ✓ Avoid Poison baits Citrus Citrus psylla Very common ✓ Petroleum oil spray ✓ Biological control Destructive • Encourage predatory wasps (Ropalidia sp) • Ladybird beetles, Syrphid flies, minute pirate bugs, Lacewing-larva • Parasitoids: Tamarixia radiata, Diaphorencyrtus aligranhensis ✓ Azadarichtin ✓ Entomopathogenic fungi- Verticillium lecanii ✓ Chemical –Abamectin Citrus Leafy-miner Very ✓ Remove water sprouts destructive and✓ Use pheromone traps wide spread ✓ Encourage natural enemies ✓ Avoid excessive fertilization ✓ Biological control: Cirrospilus sp and pnigalio sp ✓ Botanicals: Azadarichtin ✓ Chemical ; Spinosad, Imidacloprid in sever infestation Integrated Pest Management Framework 42 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Anar Anar Butterfly ✓ Collect and destroy damaged fruits (Pomegranate) ✓ Clean cultivation as weeds may serve alternate host ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Scout for early infestation (ETL=5eggs/plant) ✓ Fruit bagging / sacking ✓ Use light traps for adult moths ✓ Botanical : Need products at flowering stage ✓ Biological control: Trichogramma sp as egg parasite ✓ Chemical control: In case of heavy infestation apply Dimethoate 30 EC, 1ml/L Strawberry Mites Serious and ✓ Pre-plant Chilling of transplants common for vigorous growth ✓ Use polyethylene plastic mulch ✓ Proper irrigation to avoid water stress / dryness ✓ Blank water spray or Pressure water spray ✓ Encourage and protect natural enemies ✓ Biological control: Ladybird beetles, Syrphid flies , Chrysopa etc Predatory mites-Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus sp, Galendromus sp, Chemical control: Abamectin Dicofol, Propergite, Cherry Fruit flies Common ✓ For Fruit flies see the section in Peaches etc (Bectrocera spp and ✓ Drosophila: Drosophila spp) • Clean cultivation / removal of all debris • Trapping monitoring (vinegar base traps) • Pull and Kill: put some fruit/fruit waste to attack the adults and use chemical to kill them • Chemical control: Spinosad, Integrated Pest Management Framework 43 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Lambda cyhelothrin Source: Hashmi, 1994 (Volume 2), UC IPM 2018: www.ipm.ucanr.edu , Atwal and Dhaliwal 1994 Table 7: Major Insects Pests of Vegetables and Their Management Vegetable Crop Pests Status Management approaches Potato Potato Aphids Common and ✓ See for Aphids Apricot/ Peach serious /Plum Cyst nematode Localized ✓ Use clean and certified seed ✓ Use clean agriculture equipments ✓ Use clean bags for storage and transportation ✓ Avoid continues growing of potato on the same piece of land ✓ Use cover crops to avoid soil draft to other fields ✓ Clean , dis-infect machinery going to fields and after use. ✓ Solarization of the fields with black polyethylene sheet. ✓ Soil fumigation Tomato Tomato fruit worm Destructive See Heliothis armigera And very common Tomato whitefly Common and ✓ See cotton white fly serious Root knot nematode localized and ✓ Scouting /soil sampling of the serious previous crop ✓ Proper weeds control ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Soil solarization ✓ Soil Fumigation (with 1,3- dicholropropene) –the lost option Onion /Garlic Thrips Very common ✓ Avoid Growing Onion / Garlic near to Cereals crops Very serious ✓ Grow resistant varieties Integrated Pest Management Framework 44 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Proper spacing of plant ✓ Overhead irrigation /water spray /Rainfall suppress the pest population ✓ Clean cultivation, regular hoeing ✓ Flood irrigation if possible ✓ Avoid higher doses of nitrogenous fertilizers ✓ Biological control: Minute pirate bugs, Lace wings, predatory mites, tiny ladybird beetles etc ✓ Chemical control: Spinosad, Profenofos Okra More or less the pests as Cotton and same pest management approaches Cucurbites Fruit flies: Bactrocera Very common Fruit flies under Apricot/ Peach / cucurbitae and B. tau and very serious Plum *Attracted to Cue Lure Cabbages/ Diamond Back moth Destructive, ✓ Transplant healthy plants only Cauliflower common but ✓ Regular scouting for early signs localized ✓ Trapping: Pheromone dispense ✓ Biological control: Trichogramma sp, Diadegma ✓ Insularis ✓ Apply BT powder ✓ Chemical: Spinosad ✓ Burry deep crops residues & infested plants promptly Cabbage Butterflies / Common ✓ Hand collection and destruction of Cabbage looper /sporadic eggs & larvae ✓ Use Bt powder ✓ Botanical: Needs products ✓ Biological control: Trichogramma sp, as egg parasite, Hyposoter sp,, Copidosoms sp as larval parasite, NPV. Pteromalus puparum (pupalparasitoid) ✓ Chemical control: Spinosad, Diofenolan Brinjals Brinhal Borer ✓ Grow resistant varieties Integrated Pest Management Framework 45 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Avoid mono-culturing of Bringal ✓ Adjust transplanting dates ✓ Carry out regular scouting (ETL is 5% fruit damage ✓ Keep on clipping infested /damage shoot ✓ Collected and destroy infested / damaged shoots ✓ Botanicals: Azadarichtin spray, Apply Neem seed cakes to roots at least 40 days after transplantation ✓ Trapping: pheromones traps @ 4/acre ✓ Biological control: Pristomers sp , Cremastus sp. ✓ Chemicals: roots dip of seedlings for 3 hours in Confidor (1 ml/liter) before transplanting In case of severe infestation , apply Chlorantraniliprole or Emamectin benzoate Mites Serious and ✓ See mites common Thrips Common ✓ See Onion / Garlic thrips Source: Hashmi, 1994 (Volume 2), Atwal and Dhaliwal 1994, UC IPM 2018: www.ipm.ucanr.edu, Table 8: Major Insect Pests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Their Host Plants and Management Approaches S# Pest Host plants Ipm Approaches 1. Fruit Fly Apple, Apricot, Guava, •Removal of mummified fruits in the fall Mango, Peach, Pear, plum,• Proper sanitation and Hoeing citrus fruits, •Fruit fly trap( Methyl Eugenol Trap, Cue melons, cucumbers, Bitter lure Traps etc) guard squashes, and many •Protein Hydrolizate. other crops. •Use of Biocontrol agents like entomopathogenic nematodes, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, Dirhinus giffardii etc. • Insecticides: Dipterex, Spinosad Integrated Pest Management Framework 46 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • All management approaches shall be community base 2. Helicoverpa Cotton, Tomato, Tobacco, • Light Trap (H.armigera) Gram, Okra, Brinjal, , • Pheromone Trap Beans, maize, and etc • Proper sanitation • Resistant Varieties • Biocontrol agents: Trichogramma, Chrysoperla and Bacillus thurengiensis, NPV virus etc • Insecticides: Loco-systemic insecticides like emamectin benzoate and Spinosad etc • IGR like lufenuron etc 3. Termites Sugarcane, Cotton, Maize,• Proper Sanitation i.e. removal of stubbles wheat, Popular and other and dead wood from in and around the Trees. fields. • Use of well rotten Farm Yard manure. • Intercropping of termite deterring crops like ginger and cumin with the termite hosting crops. • Crop Rotation • Resistant Varieties • Use of Termaps for detection of subterranean galleries and eradication • Detection and destruction of Termetarium • Discouragement of indiscriminate hunting of its predators like the quails and Partridges (teetar), lizards (Geckos, monitors, lizards) • Use of Light Traps in the swarming season i.e immediately after the first monsoon rain • Use of antibiotics like penicillin for destruction of termite food inside the termetarium. • Insecticides: Fipronil, Permethrin, etc 4. Aphids Brassica, Cotton, Peach, • 1-2% Detergent Solution Apricot, Brinjal, Maize, • Resistant Varieties, Peas, Potato, most • Sticky traps, vegetables, many spices & Integrated Pest Management Framework 47 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • herbs, ornamentals, Roses, Pressurized water spray etc • Insectivorous birds • Bio Control agents: Aphidius colemani, A.ervi, Diaeretiella rapae, Ladybird beetle, Green Lace wing, Pirate bugs, Beauveria bassiana, • Neem oil, • Insecticides: Alpha-Cypermethrin, Esfenvalerate, Lambda-cyhalothrin 5. Mites Lemon, Cotton, Apple, • Predatory Mites Pear, Beans, Brinjal, • Ladybird beetles Strawberries, vines, Potato, • Insecticidal soap Tea, cucurbits • Pressurized water spray • Resistant Varieties • Miticides: Clofentezine, Propargite, Dicofol, Pyridaben 6. Cutworms Tobacco, pumpkin, • Light Trap Cucurbits, Peas, Maize, • Grass Trap summer vegetables, ( most • Pheromone Traps spring-grown seedlings) • Proper Hoeing • Crop Rotation • Bio Agents: Braconid wasps, Bt • Insecticides: IGR, Spinosad 7. Vertebrate Rats and mice: Stored • Rats: Mechanical traps Pests Grains, Perforation of • Encouragement and conservation of water courses and damage Predators (Eagle, owl) to field crops like wheat, • Use of Baits. rice, maize and sugarcane • Mass Fumigation of Stores and infested etc. Field ridges containing galleries with Aluminum phosphide /phostoxin. • Birds: Repellents like Scare Crow, Light Birds: Cereals, Vegetables and Fruits Reflectors, Sound producing devices • Bats: Repellents like Sound Producing devices and Flash Lights etc, Bats: Fruits • Nets • Use of chemicals like Wafarin, Fumarin etc. • Trapping & Hunting Wild-bore Integrated Pest Management Framework 48 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 8. Stored Grain Cereals, pulses, dry fruits • Proper storage structure, seed dressing, Pests etc Cleaned seeds • Proper sanitation of the stores • Proper and clean storing bags • Optimum moisture level of the grain i.e. below 8%. • Insecticides: fumigation-Phostoxin, 9. Mealy Bug Mango, Cotton, Okra, • Insecticidal soap Hibiscus, Apple, Potato, • Sanitation practices, pruning, proper plant trees, spacing Many summer vegetables • Bio Agents: Ladybird beetles, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Green lacewing, etc., hymenopterous parasitoids • Insecticides: Chlorpyrifos, Methidathion, etc. 10. Borers Sugarcane, Apple, Okra, • Proper Sanitation, Light Trap • Brinjal, Maize, Rice, Fig etc. Proper fertilization and irrigation, Hoeing, pruning when needed, • Crop Rotation • Bio Agents: Trichogramma, BT, Braconid wasps, entomopathogenic nematodes • Insecticides: IGR,Carbofuron 11 Ticks* Cattle, Goats, Sheep • Ticks ✓ Remove leaf litters and Brush ✓ Mow grass around the vicinity ✓ Remove rodents harborage ✓ Use biological agents and bio-pesticides (Entomopathogenic nematodes, and other pathogens) ✓ Encourage birds (e.g. myna) to feed on the ticks on animals ✓ Lures & Decoys: Semiochemicals + Acaricides ✓ Botanically-based insecticides ✓ Synthetic acaricides: ❖ Bayticol for Cattle Dip & Spray ❖ Baymec for Backline pour ❖ Baymec gold for Injection ❖ Ivermectin or Moxydectin injection Integrated Pest Management Framework 49 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Personal Protection Measures: ✓ Avoid Ticks habitats ✓ Get Human Vaccine ✓ Use Protective clothing ✓ Tick checks and prompt tick removal ✓ Natural product-based repellents ✓ Permethrin –treated clothing *Source Staffor et all 2017, Hashmi 1994 (Volume 1 & 2). Personal observations Table 9: Important Bio-control Agent, Their Families and Orders Order Family Common name Type Main prey Coleoptera Coccinellidae Lady bird beetle Predator Aphid, scale, insect, and mealy bugs Carabidae Ground beetle Predator Soil dwelling insect Staphylinidae Rove beetle Predator Soil dwelling insect Cicindelidae Tiger beetle Predator Insect on the ground Neuropteran Chrsopidae Lacewing Predator Aphids Diptera Syrphidae Hover flies Predator Aphids Asillidae Robber flies Predator Various insect Hymenoptera Vespidae Wasps and ants Predator Various insect Hemiptera Anthoccridae Bugs Predator Various soft bodies insect Arachnids Araneae Spiders Predator Various insect (mostly flying adult Acari Mites Predator Plant feeding mites Vertebrates Birds Birds Predator Soil inhibiting insect Integrated Pest Management Framework 50 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Hymenoptera Aphelinidae Wasp Parasitoid Aphids, scale insect Broconidae Wasp Parasitoid Larvae of holometabolous insect especially lepidoptera, diptera and also aphids Encyrtidae Wasp Parasitoid Larva and pupae of Lepidoptera Ichneumonidae Wasp Parasitoid Larva of holometabolous insects, especially lepidoptera and hymenopthera Pteromalidae Wasp Parasitoid Larvae and pupae of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera Trichogrammatidae Wasp Parasitoid Eggs of various orders. Aphelinidae Wasp Parasitoid Aphids, scale insect Broconidae Wasp Parasitoid Larvae of holometabolous insect especially Lepidoptera, Diptera Source: Irshad, 2008 4.2. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) The concept of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) developed from the successful Integrated Pest Management (IPM) adoption and implementation by entomologists for insect and mite control. IDM consists of scouting with timely application of a combination of strategies and tactics. These may include site selection and preparation, utilization of resistant cultivars, altering planting practices, modifying the environment by drainage, irrigation, pruning, thinning, shading, etc., Pesticides are applied only if necessary. But in addition to these traditional measures, monitoring environmental factors e.g. Integrated Pest Management Framework 51 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) temperature, moisture, soil pH, nutrients, etc., disease forecasting, and establishing economic thresholds are important to the management plan. These measures should be applied in a coordinated integrated and harmonized manner to maximize the benefits of each component 22 Table 10: Most Important Diseases and Their Management S.NO Crops /plant Major Disease Management Apple Scab ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Avoid water over sprinkling of the tress ✓ Design orchards for maximum alir flow ✓ Keep on pruning to reduce overcrowding for good air movement 1 ✓ Clean culture – remove infected leaf litters ✓ Remove all fallen leaves and decompose them properly ✓ Chemical control: Mancozeb Chilli Root rot / Chillies Wilt ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Seed Dressing with bio-agents (trichoderma etc) ✓ Sanitation ✓ Need Seed cakes as soil amendment 2 ✓ Reduce irrigation ✓ Seedling root dip in a mixture of carbendazim + mancozeb ✓ Chemical Control : Metalaxyl based fungicides Citrus Citrus Gummosis ✓ Plant tree high enough to avoid water contacts with the union (Phytophthora spp) 3 ✓ Remove diseased barks ✓ Keep regular inspection for any early sign ✓ Apply copper based fungicides Citrus Tristeza ✓ Use disease free saplings ✓ Control Aphis spiraecola (Citrus tristesa virus) ✓ Destroy all infected plants 4 Gram Gram Blight ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Use clean / disease free seeds 22 Malyo 2005 Integrated Pest Management Framework 52 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Areas with winter rainfall of less than 3.5 inches are not at risk ✓ Manage irrigation ✓ Bordeaux mixture is effective ✓ Eliminate the diseased plants ✓ Ridomild Gold as a lost resort Grapes Powdery mildew ✓ Grow less susceptible varieties ✓ Design orchard for maximum aeration 6 ✓ Prune and Train plants for good air flow ✓ Baking soda (@ 5g/litter of water) ✓ Apply Sulfur based fungicides Downy mildew ✓ Good Soil drainage system ✓ Manage irrigation ✓ Dormant / preventive spray in orchards of 7 known incidence (e.g Copper hydroxide, Bordeaux mixture) ✓ Apply fungicides in case if disease outbreak e.g. Ridomil Gold + Copper Hydroxide Guava Anthracnose of Guava ✓ Grow tolerant varieties ✓ Maintain good tree health ✓ Application Aspergillus, Streptosporangium and pseudovulgare in advance can reduce 8 the incidence ✓ Chemicals: • Copper oxychloride • Captan, Mancozeb Maize Maize leaf Blight ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Follow 1-2 year crop rotation 9 ✓ Thresh management ✓ Potash application ✓ Chemical: Propiconazole etc Maize Stalk rots ✓ Crop rotation ✓ Remove all stubbles ✓ Remove and destroy all thresh 10 ✓ Avoid high doses of nitrogenous fertilizers. Apply Potash (K) ✓ Avoid water stress ✓ Hybrids are somewhat tolerant Onion Downy mildew ✓ Grow tolerant varieties 11 ✓ Use disease free bulbs ✓ Follow a three years crop rotation Integrated Pest Management Framework 53 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Maintain good aeration of the fields ✓ Chemicals: Fenamidone, Mancozeb, Copper based fungicides Pea Powdery mildew ✓ Use clean/ disease free seeds ✓ Seed dressing with fungicides ✓ Grow tolerant varieties ✓ Grow early in the season ✓ Avoid shady places as full son will dry the dewy leaves 12 ✓ Avoid excessive fertilizers. Slow release fertilizers are preferred ✓ Remove and destroy all infested plants ✓ Apply horticultural oil (Neem oil) ✓ Chemicals: Sulfur base, Thiophenate methyl Peach Peach Brown Rot ✓ Avoid congested plantation ✓ Keep regular pruning ✓ Remove and destroy infested twings and branches in summer ✓ Remove and destroy all mummified fruits in and around the tree /on ground ✓ Control insect that can wound / injure the fruits 13 ✓ Avoid injuring the fruits during harvest ✓ Keep the picked fruits cool ✓ Do not use fertilizers heavily ✓ Hot water treatment for post-harvest protection ✓ Chemicals: Apply fungicides at the blossoming period, full bloom or petal fall. (Capton etc) Potato Potato late blight ✓ Grow healthy / disease free Seeds ✓ Follow crop rotation and destroy volunteer plants ✓ Clean all equipments / storage facility ✓ Increase planting space and reduce plant 14 canopy ✓ Adopt proper weed management ✓ Follow proper irrigation management ✓ Identify and destroy hot spots to arrest the spread of the disease ✓ Harvest when the plants/ vines are Integrated Pest Management Framework 54 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) completely dried up ✓ Grade potato and remove the diseased one ✓ In infected areas, Destroy all Cull Piles/ volunteer potato ✓ Chemicals: Mancozeb for seed treatment, Elixier, Potato virus Y ✓ Use clean / certifies seeds ✓ Plant tolerant / Resistant varieties ✓ Control the victor (aphids- Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae) of the disease ✓ Control weeds and volunteer plants ✓ Plant non-host border plant to arrest the 15 arrival /spread of aphids ✓ immediately remove all suspected ✓ Clean all equipments with bleach (1:4 dilution) ✓ Mineral oil may arrest the Aphid /Virus Sunflower Sunflower Charcoal rot ✓ Follow crop rotation ✓ Adjust planting time (early/late) to avoid extreme temperature periods ✓ Manage soil moisture ✓ Control weeds 16 ✓ Reduce tillage ✓ Avoid congested plants and canopy- reduce plant population ✓ Some hybrids varieties are somewhat tolerant Tobacco Blank Shank of Tobacco ✓ Grow resistant /tolerant varieties ✓ Maintain proper field sanitation ✓ Destroy all stalks and roots after harvest 17 ✓ Keep Proper water drainage system ✓ Follow proper crop rotation ✓ Chemical: Orondis (Oxathiapiprolin), Ridomil Gold, Presido (Fluopicolide) Tobacco mosaic virus ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Treat seeds with 10% solution og trisodium 18 for 15 minutes ✓ Select clean /certifies seeds /seedling ✓ Keep continuous scouting and remove any Integrated Pest Management Framework 55 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) infested plant ✓ Remove all plant debris from the fields/ land, seed beds ✓ Control insects (Chewing insects) ✓ Disinfect all the tools with 10% solution of household bleach ✓ Wash hands with recommended disinfectants (carbolic soap) Tomato Fusarium wilt ✓ Grow resistant varieties ✓ Remove stricken / diseased seedlings/ plants ✓ Sterilize clipper in bleach (1 part bleach and 4 part water) 19 ✓ Control insect pests ✓ Avoid high nitrogen dose of fertilizers ✓ Remove all weeds ✓ Use Mycostop (a biological fungicides used against Fusarium) ✓ Solarize the soil, if the infestation is severe Tomato Fruit rot ✓ Avoid water stress (Blossom –End rot) ✓ Avoid excessive use of fertilizers especially the Ammonia form of nitrogen , which leads to reduced calcium uptake. ✓ Supplement with supper-phosphate 20 ✓ Maintain soil PH at around 6.5 ✓ Add lime as a calcium supplement ✓ Do not plant early, when the soil is still cool. ✓ Apply Calcium Chloride as a spray Root knot nematodes ✓ Asses the infestation level by soil sampling ✓ Follow Grow resistant /tolerant varieties ✓ Crop rotation with non-host/ tolerant 21 varieties ✓ Go for Soil solarization in hot summer ✓ Soil fumigation with appropriate fumigants Wheat Rust ✓ Grow improved varieties ✓ Scouting for infestation after heavy rains in 22 the month of March ✓ Removal of alternate hosts ✓ Proper drainage of the fields Integrated Pest Management Framework 56 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) ✓ Fungicides: Azole, Score, Tilt etc. Sources:Source: UC IPM 2018: www.ipm.ucanr.edu, Agropedia 2018:www.agrocpedia.iitk.ac.in, Agrios, G, 2005. 4.3 Common Crop Weeds23 4.3.1 Weeds of Major Rabi Crops and their Management Wheat (Triticum aestivumL) a. Avena fatua(Wild Oat), b. Phalaris minor (Bunch grass) c. Convolvulus arvensis (Bindweed) d. Carthamus oxyacantha(distaff thistle) e. Galiumaparine(goosegrass, stickyweed) f. Ammi visnaga(Bishp’s weed, toothpick plant) g. Rumex crispus(Curled dock , yellow dock) h. Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet pimpernel) i. Euphorbia halioscopia(Sun spruge) j. Coronopus didymus(Swine- cress) k. Lolium multiflorum(Rye grass) l. Vicia sativa (common vetch) Methods of Weeds management in Wheat Weeds control in wheat is traditionally done manually by hand pulling and the weeds if not poisonous like spurges etc. are fed to animals. Following are the general methods of weed control in wheat crop, however, local extension workers or weed scientists should decide for a particular area having a specific weed problem. Manual Weed Control Hand weeding is done where plentiful man power is available. In case of seed production, hand weeding may be necessary to eliminate the final escapes form herbicides treatments. Some time a new weed appears in a field for which adequate herbicide is not know or herbicides fail to gives desired results (e.g. parthenium). In such a situation there is no option but to follow hand weeding. 23 Kumar and Ragannathan2003, Leela 2002, Ross and Lembi 2000. Integrated Pest Management Framework 57 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Cultural Weeds Control Most of the time good weed control can be accomplished through the use of common sense in farming practices to keep weed to a minimum. Row sowing instead of broadcast sowing is a cultural method, which indirectly minimize weed competition. Similarly by using Weed Free Seed, weed problem are prevented. It is cheapest and easy way of reducing weed problem. Most of exotic and troublesome weeds have been introduced in Pakistan through imported weed infested seed. Moreover, substantial reduction in weed problem can be achieved through manipulation of time of sowing. This method is not always predictable as unpredictable weather can interfere in some case. Crop Rotation Crop rotation can reduced the buildup and density of weeds which have a life cycle similar to wheat. Crop competition through management practices that encourage healthy and vigorous crop also help in weed control. However, unfortunately most of the management practices conflict with good weed control. Almost all the modern wheat verities adapted to our region are short stature and are more readily susceptible to weed interference compared to tall verities. Evidently cultural weed control alone is inadequate and difficult. It requires not only intelligent management practices by the grower, but favorable weather as well. Chemical Weeds Control It is more effective method of weed control in wheat. In wheat three types of herbicides are used for weed control. • Grassy herbicides: it is used for control of grassy weeds e.g. Topik, Puma Super, Arelon • Broadleaf herbicides: Primarily used for control of broadleaf weeds e.g. 2, 4-D, MCPA, Buctril-M, Buctril super etc. • Broad spectrum herbicides: which can selectively control grassy as well as broadleaf weeds e.g. Isoproturon and Aim? SUGARCANE Major weeds of Sugarcane a. Cirsium arvense(Creeping thistle) b. Convolvulus arvensis (Bindweed) c. Cynodondactylon(Bermuda grass) Integrated Pest Management Framework 58 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) d. Cynodondectylon (Bermuda grass) e. Cyprus rotendus (Nut Sedge) f. Digiteria arvensis & D. sanguinalis(crab grass) g. Echinochloa colona(Jungle rice) h. Elusineindica(Indian goose-grass) i. Leptochloa chinensis(Sprangle top) j. Parthenium hysterophorus(Santa Maria feverfew , carrot grass) k. Portulaca oleracea (Common purslane) l. Sisymbrium Irion(London rocket) m. Sorghum halepense(Johnson grass) n. Trianthema portulacastrum(pigweed) o. Tribulus terrestris(puncture vine) p. Xianthium strumarium(Rough cocklebur) Mechanical / Physical Methods of weed control ✓ Hand pulling of weeds and use of hand hoeing tools, ✓ Plough with bullocks, and modern farm machinery for mechanical weed control. Cultural weed control • Planting time • Row to row distance • Improved variety crops • Crop rotation • Growing of intercrops Chemical control ✓For broad leaf weeds all the Broadleaf herbicides can be used like 2, 4-D, MCPA, Buctril-M, Buctril super etc. ✓Gesapex Combi 80 WP may be applied @ 3.5 kg ha -1 in medium textured soil and @ 4.5 kg ha - 1 in heavy soils in 100 to 120 liters of water. ✓Similarly we can use Ametryn and Atrazine also. ONION Major weeds a. Amaranthus retroflexus(amaranth, pigweed amaranth) b. Anagallis arvensis() c. Avenasterilis(wild oat) Integrated Pest Management Framework 59 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) d. Chenopodium album (goos-foot) e. Convolvulus arvensis (Bindweed) f. Cyperus rotundus(Nut sedge, nut-grass, ) g. Digitarias anguinalis(crab grass) h. Galiumaparine(goos-grass, sticky-weed) i. Medicago polymorpha (Burr medic, Pashthere sage) j. Poaannua(meadow grass)) k. Polygonum aviculare(polygonium) l. Rumax dentatus(tooth dock) m. Rumex crispus(curled dock, yellow dock) n. Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) o. Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) p. Vicia sativa (garden vetch) Mechanical / Physical Methods of weed control • At small scale weeds can be removed by hand-pulling or hoeing. Remove plants before seeding. • Larger infestations should be controlled by inter-cultivation or tractor powered machinery. Chemical weed control in onion • Ronstar , Stomp 330E ,Oxadiazon, Oxyfluorfen, Pendimethalin, tepraloxydimOxyfluorfen, Tribunil ,Buctril , MCPA Integrated Pest Management Framework 60 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Tobacco Major Tobacco Weeds a. Amaranthus viridis (Green amaranth) b. Anagalis sp. (Pimpernel) c. Chenopodium sp. (Goosfoots) d. Convolvulus arvensis (Bind-weed) e. Coronopus didymus (Swine –cress) f. Cynodondactylon(Bermuda grass) g. Cyperus rotundus (Purple nut sedge) h. Digera arvensis (False amaranth) i. Digitaria sanguinalis(Crabgrass) j. Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyard grass) k. Euphorbia sp. (Spurges) l. Fumaria indica(Fumaria) m. Molluga spp. (Carpet weed) n. Orobanche sp. (Broomraps, Orabankee) o. Physilus sp. (wild goosberry) p. Portulaca oleraceae(Common purslane) q. Rumexsp. (Toothed dock) r. Solnaum nagrum(Black nightshade) s. Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) t. Trianthema sp. (Pigweed) u. Tribulus terrestris(Puncture vine) Mechanical /Physical Methods of weed control • Hand pulling or cutting with sickle or hoeing for small scale weeds management • Larger infestations should be controlled by inter-cultivation or tractor powered machinery. • Deep ploughing before tobacco plantation will keep uproot and kill weeds Cultural Practices for weeds control • Growing of trap crops (sunflower and soybean) in rotation with tobacco can also reduce weeds infestation e.g. Orobanche. • Crop rotation with Rice may reduce the overall population of weeds • Flood irrigation can kill the seeds of many weeds if done for extended period of time Integrated Pest Management Framework 61 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Chemical Weeds Control -It may be concluded that the herbicides like • Stomp 330 EC • Dual gold 960 EC • Glyphosate • Imazaquin • Acetor 50 EC RAPESEED (Brassica napus) Sowing Time: Mid-September to mid-October Major weeds of rapeseed a. Chenopodium sp. (chenopodium, Goosfoots) b. Convolvulus arvensis (Bindweeds) c. Coronopus didymus(Swine-cress) d. Euphorbia helioscopia (Euphorbia, spurge) e. Fumaria indica(Fumaria) f. Medicago denticulata(Medicago, Peshthere) g. Melilotus sp.(Sweet clover) h. Orobanche sp. (Orabankee, Broomrapes) i. Poaannua(Meadow grass) j. Polygonum sp. (polygonium, Bird weed, ) k. Ranunculus sp. (Creeping buttercup) l. Rumexsp.(Tooted dock) m. Sinopsis arvenses (wild mustard) n. Sisymbrium irio(London grass) o. Vicia sativa(Common vetch) Mechanical / Physical Methods of weed control Mechanical weed control is the use of physical forces to control weeds. Mechanical weed control involves. • Hand pulling, • Removal with sickle • Mowing • Hoeing etc. Chemical weeds control Treflan 4EC, Dual Gold 960EC, Stomp 330EC, Sencor WP70, Ronstar 12L, Fusilade 13EC Puma Super 75EW, Agil 100EC Integrated Pest Management Framework 62 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 4.3.2. Weeds of Major Kharif Crops and their Management General Weed Management Practices Applicable In All Kharif Crops A number of methods are there for weeds management depending on the type of weeds infesting the area and also on the level of infestation. These methods include preventive, cultural, mechanical, and chemical. Biological weed control methods have not yet been applied in Pakistan. Preventive methods: These are the measures taken to stop the introduction, establishment or spread of weed species in areas not currently infested by weeds. These areas may be ecological zones, agricultural lands, districts, provinces, countries etc. The following are various preventive methods of weeds spread. • Plant quarantine / Seed purity laws • Screens in irrigation channels • Eradication of weed plants before setting seeds • Cleaning and checking of the farm equipment • Weed free crop seeds and farm manures • Keeping a check on livestock movement • Control on feeding weed seeds to animals • Preventing perennial weeds before reaching the stage of vegetative reproduction Cultural methods: These are the arrangements to make a crop more competitive against weeds. Cultural control involves the following means for managing weeds. • Competitive cultivars • Adjusting the planting/sowing time • Planting density • Shallow sowing • Judicious use of fertilizers • Crop rotation • Herbicide rotation • Inter-cropping Integrated Pest Management Framework 63 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Planting smother crops • Mulching Mechanical/Physical weed control methods: It is the use of physical forces, instruments or machineries to control weeds. The following methods are generally included in this group. • Hand weeding • Mowing • Tillage • Water management i.e. either flooding or with-holding of water • Field burning • Dredging and Chaining (for aquatic weed management) Chemical weed control methods: (Mentioned in detail with each Kharif crop below) MAIZE Major Weeds: a. Amaranthus viridis (pigweed) b. Convolvulus arvensis (field bind weed) c. Cynodondactylon(Bermuda grass) d. Cyperus rotundus(purple nutsedge) e. Dactylocteniumaegyptium(Egyptian crowfoot grass) f. DigeraarvensisForsk. (false amaranth) g. Digitariasanguinalis(large crabgrass) h. Echinochloa crus-galli(barnyard grass) i. Portulacaoleracea(common purslane) j. Sorghum halepense(Johnson grass) k. Trianthemaportulacastrum(horse purslane) l. Xanthium strumarium(common cocklebur) Recommended herbicides for weed control in maize crop Dual Gold, Stomp, Atramax as a Pre-emergence for both grass and Broad leaves. Clien (Butachlor) as a post- emergence for the grass and broad leave weeds. Integrated Pest Management Framework 64 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) RICE Major Weeds a. Cynodondactylon(Bermuda grass) b. Cyperus rotundus(purple nut-sedge) c. Digitariasanguinalis(large crabgrass) d. Echinochloasp.(barnyard grass) e. Ecliptaprostrata(False daisy) f. Eleusineindica(Goose-grass) g. Fimbristylislittoralis(Lesser fimbry) h. Leptochloasp. (Sprangletop) i. Paspalum distichum (Thompson grass, ginger-grass) j. Pistiasp. (water lettuce) k. Portulacaoleracea(common purslane) Recommended herbicides for weed control in rice crop Machete (Butachlor) as pre- emergence for grass weeds, Ronstar (Oxadiazon), as a pre and Post for both Grass and Broad leaves weeds amd Spark (Pyrazosulfuron) as post-emegence for grass and broad leaves weeds. COTTON Major Weeds a. Amaranthus viridis(green amaranth) b. Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed), c. Corchorustridens(wild jute) d. Cynodondactylon (bermuda grass). e. Cyperusrotundus (purple nutsedge) f. Digeramuricata(False amaranth) g. Digitariasanguinalis (large crabgrass) h. E. crus-galli (barnyard grass) i. Echinochloacolonum (jungle rice), j. Euphorbia spp. (Euphobia, milkweed) k. Portulacaoleracea(common purslane) l. Setariaviridus(Green foxtail) m. Sorghum halepense(Johnson grass) n. Trianthemamonogyna(horse purslane) o. Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine) Integrated Pest Management Framework 65 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Recommended herbicides for weed control in cotton crop Stomp (Pendimethalin) as a pre –emegence for grass and broad leaves weeds, Conquest (lactofen) as pre and post-emergence for broad leaves weeds and Paraquat (Gramoxone) as a post emergence application for all sorts of weeds TOMATO Major Weeds a. Amaranthusretroflexus(Redroot pigweed) b. Chenopodium album (Common lambsquarters) c. Cynodondactylon(Bermuda grass) d. Datura stramonium(Jimson weed) e. Digera arvensis (False amaranth) f. Digitariasanguinalis(Large crabgrass) g. Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyard grass) h. Portulacaoleracea(Common purslane) i. Setariaviridis(foxtail) j. Sorghum halepense(Johnson grass) k. Tribulus terrestris(Puncture vuine) Recommended herbicides for weed control in tomato crop Treflan (Trifluralin) as a Pre-plant incorporated and pre-emergence treatment for all weeds and Paraquat (Gramoxone) as a post emergence application for all weeds 4.4. Weeds of SummerVegetables and Their Management. (okra, bitter gourd, cucumber, pumpkin, chilies, brinjal, etc.) Major Weeds a. Amaranthusspp. (green amaranth) b. Convolvulus arvensis (Field Bindweed) c. Cynodondactylon(Bermuda grass) d. Cyperusrotundus(Purple nutsedge) e. Dactylocteniumsp. (Cowfoot grass) f. Digera arvensis (false Amaranth) g. Digitariasanguinalis(large crabgrass) h. Euphorbia spp. (Milkweed) i. Leptochloasp. (Sprangletop) j. Portulaca oleracea (common purslane) k. Trianthemaportulacastrum(Horse Purslane) Integrated Pest Management Framework 66 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Recommended herbicides for weed control in summer vegetables Sencor (metribuzin) as a pre-emergence for grass and broad leaves weeds and Paraquat (Gramoxone) as post emergence herbicide for all weeds. Table 11: Agro –Ecological Zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agro- Ecological Ecology District s Zone AEZ-A Northern Dry Chitral , Dir (Upper), Dir (Lower), Swat, Shangla Mountine Buner AEZ-B Eastern West Kohistan, Batagram, Mansehra, Abbot Abad Mountines Haripur AEZ-C Cental Valley Plans Peshawar, Charsadda, Mardan, Nowshera, Swabi Hangu, Kohat AEZ-D Southern Piedmont Karak, Bannu, Lakki, Tank, D.I.Khan Plant AEZ-E Western Dry Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram Mountains North Waziristan, South Waziristan Source: Agriculture Policy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 2015. Table 12: New Administrative districts after FATA Merger with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa S. No Division New Districs after FATA Mergere 1 Peshawar 1. Peshawar District with Hassan Khel Sub-Division 2. Nowshera ,3. Charsadda, 4. Khyber, 5. Momand 2 Malakan 1. Malakan, 2. Swat, 3. Shangla, 4. Buner, 5. Upper Dir, 6. Lower Dir, 7. Chitral, 8. Bajaur 3 Kohat 1. Kohat with Dara Adam Khel Sub-division 2. Hangu, 3. Karak, 4. Orakzai, 5. Kurram Integrated Pest Management Framework 67 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 4 Bannu 1. Bannu with Wazir Sub-Division 2. LakkiMarwat with Bettani Sub-Division 3. North Waziristan 5 DIKhan 1. DIKhan with Drazanda Sub-Divison 2. Tank with jandola Sub-Division 3. South Waziristan 6 Hazara 1. Abbotabad, 2. Battagram, 3. Haripur 4. Mansehra, 5. Upper Kohistan, 6. Lower Kohistan 7. Torghar Source: Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Board of Revenue Notification, 19th August, 2018 Figure 2 Agro-Ecological Zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Source: Agriculture Policy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. 2015. Integrated Pest Management Framework 68 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTHAND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PEST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES This section deals with the potential positive (beneficial) and negative (adverse) environmental and socio-economic consequences of IPM programs to be in vogue under the IPM plan for KP 5.1. Chemical Control Method Including Fertilizers 5.1.1. Environmental Impacts Since the introduction of Pesticides in the country, it uses have been indiscriminate and most of the time used on schedule bases rather need based. This indiscriminate use carelessness in handling pesticides and their wastes has resulted in the contamination of our food feed, water and environment. Pesticide Spills in water bodies (surface) are a key concern in pesticide uses because it could not only lead to contamination of water routinely used for domestic purposes but also due its toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms. The pesticides are applied at the Run off level which ultimately goes to the ground and wash away by rain to the water bodies. Thus the IPMF will focus on possibilities and incidence of water contamination or improper disposal of pesticidewastes (sachets, containers, packaging materials etc.). Contamination of underground water resourcesis also possible during the disposal of containers through leaching, burying, and accidental spills. 5.1.2 Health Impacts The pesticides are mostly applied by layman with no or minimal knowledge of the hazardous effects on human health and environment. There are hardly any protective measures taken by the pesticide application man. The farmers / growers mostly get the services of people on daily wages or contract bases to spray the crops / orchards. Most of the operations aredone during the summer; where there is much pest pressure and Sprays are done in hot sunny hours with prolong exposure. Furthermore appropriate time period needed before harvest is seldom observed and produce are treated with pesticides the day they are harvested or even the day they are taken to the market. This ugly trend has put everyone at risk.The consumption of contaminated fruits, vegetables and other products are also posing serious health threat. Improper handling, storage and spill has its own health consequences. These issues has to be considered in the execution of the project Integrated Pest Management Framework 69 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 5.1.3 Economic Impacts The economic impact of the chemical pesticides is mixed. Initially there is a boomin production and great return but later on other issues are surfaced which needs further inputs. Pesticides are expensive and soon loss its efficacy due to resistance development in insects. Resurgence of the pests and the outbreak of secondary pests make the chemical pesticides virtually useless. Higher doses and frequent pesticides application may make the production non profitable. 5.2. Use of Biological Method The biological control of pests and diseases employee the use of beneficial insects, bacteria or fungi on the host to eliminate the pest or disease. 5.2.1. Environmental Impacts This is one of the known environmentally friendly control methods as compared to other control methods. Unlike other methods biological control is applied carefully and selectively and since no chemicals are involved it has no adverse effect on the environment. The only objection on this method is that the control agents are slow in action and take longer time to generate results and therefore cannot be used in emergency situations. The danger comes in when the host is eliminated if the pest is not host specific then they may attack other plants (crops) or insects and therefore may create an imbalance in the ecosystem. 5.2.2. HealthImpact Since no chemicals are used there are no dangers and thus the method is generally/fairly safe. 5.2.3. Economic Impacts In comparison to other methods it is cost effective since its application may involve community participation and can be integrated in other control methods. Also if established, it may not need repeated application. 5.3 Use of Mechanical Methods This method involves the use of mechanical equipment or automated machines and may also be expensive depending what machines are used. Integrated Pest Management Framework 70 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 5.3.1. Environmental Impacts In most cases, it is friendly as it involves small equipment or machinery. It may not be friendly to the environment depending on the operation carried out and the disposal technique of the pests, weeds or the wastes. 5.3.2. Health Impacts The wise operation of the machines and the supporting labor becomes important in the safety and handling. In developing countries, most machinery is small equipments and do not cause much health issues. However, if complicated and heavy machinery is involved, it may pose health threats. 5.3.3. Economic Impacts The mechanical pest control method is cost effective. Most often small equipments are used which are not expensive and are lost for long. However, if heavy machinery are involved it may get costly. 5.4 Use of Manual Method The manual control basically consists of the use of labour with simple and ordinary tools. The major concern is often the high cost involved. 5.4.1 Environmental Impacts Since little or no machinery is involved, there is virtually no negative impact on the environment is anticipated from manual pest control methods 5.4.2 Health Impacts Since no chemicals are used so there are no dangers to public health and health of animals and thus the method is generally/fairly safe. 5.4.3. Economic Impacts Though human labor is involved and it do cost but as it is obvious that labor in Pakistan is comparatively cheap, so it may not be that expensive. Furthermore, the manual removal of diseased plant / parts and weeds may serve as foul and fodder. Integrated Pest Management Framework 71 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 5.5 Use of Quarantine. Plant Quarantine refers to the process of keeping pests /plant / plant materials away which can pose a threat to the existing production system. The idea is to keep the pest under control from spreading or further spread. 5.5.1. Environmental Impacts This method is fairly safe to the environment as it allows for the control and management of pests and diseases through isolation. 5.5.2. Health Impacts Quarantines ensure safe passage of livestock by reducing contamination or spread of diseases. 5.5.3. Economic Impacts It could be expensive if seen in implementation perspectives but it help reduce the risk of spread of the pests and diseases, so it is economically feasible 6. MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST ADVERSE IMPACTS Pesticides are chemical poison and should be handled with great care. The primary mitigation measures include training in safe and judicious pesticide use and management; delivery of a mix of Information Education and Communication (IEC) approaches targeting the farmers, resident, pesticide operators, and teams; include provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training to spray personnel, and thorough and consistent supervision and monitoring. Also important are the identification and provision of appropriate pesticide storage facilities and training and equipping health facilities with adequate exposure treatment drugs. 6.1. Management of Pesticide Use Improper storage, handling, transportation, treatment and disposal of pesticides can be a risk to human health and the environment through leakage of chemical poisons into groundwater, soil, and the atmosphere. Peoples may potentially be affected when pesticides are ingested through contaminated water sources and polluted air, and when defective labour-practices put workers in direct contact with Integrated Pest Management Framework 72 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) pesticides. This means, the project will have to observe a number of measures to ensure proper handling and application of pesticides. 6.2. Management of Pesticide Storage 6.2.1. Large Scale Pesticides Storage Standard Procedures for pesticide storage management • The storekeeper should put on essential protective clothing (overalls and boots) upon arrival at the pesticide store. • There should be a quick daily inspection of drums and containers to ensure that there have beenno overnight spills or leaks. • Spilled and leaked pesticide must be cleaned up immediately; • Drums and containers should be thoroughly inspected monthly for leaking seals, split seams andcorrosion. • Leaking or old drums should be removed and their contents transferred to empty containers. • Appropriate protective clothing should be worn and precautionary measures taken. Replacement containers should be sealed and relabeled. • Transfer of chemicals to new containers should be recorded on the stock record sheet. • Floors be made of, or covered by, impermeable concrete or impervious cement (as a temporarymeasure, floors may be covered with a large and thick polyethylene sheet); • Ramps at entrances to contain any major leakage within the store; • Doors that are lockable and bars across ventilation holes and windows to prevent unauthorized Entry. • The floors of the stores should have a layout of separate blocks with aisles between them.Ideally, the outline of the blocks should be painted on the floor. Each block should contain only one product. There should be sufficient space between blocks to move containers freely, safely and enable the inspection of containers and treat leakages. Drums should be stacked in such a way thateach can be inspected from the aisles between the blocks. Drums and bags should be stored onpallets. The number of containers stacked on top of each other should not exceed the stackingrecommendations for the type of container concerned. Over stacking may lead to rupture oflower containers down and reduces access to containers. Integrated Pest Management Framework 73 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Pesticide stores should only contain pesticides. All other goods or objects should not be mixed inthe agro-chemical stores. • Expired and obsolete agro-chemicals should be separated from in use or non-expired stocks. • Stacking, stacking heights and position of the pesticide packages/ drums/ in the stores should follow the recommended international standards Record Keeping • Most Agro-chemicals have a specific shelf life, it is, therefore, important to order only the needed amounts and shall be issued on first in -first out" basis. • Records shall be kept separate from the pesticide stock so that they are not destroyed inthe event of a major disaster • Records will be kept as sheets in a ledger or in card index form. Duplicate records adjacent to the stockitself may also be required, perhaps in simplified form. Again, a supply of material safety data sheets willbe requested from the supplier or manufacturer. • Records are to be accurate and with sufficient details Essential Equipment within a Pesticide Store • Thick polyethylene sheeting on floor (if surface is not concrete or otherwise impermeable) • Floor dunnage (bricks, timber) • Wooden pallets • Ramps at entrance to contain leakage • Entrance door with lock to prevent unauthorized entry • Bars across windows and ventilators to prevent unauthorized entry • Container of absorbent sand, sawdust or dry soil • Shovel • Long-handled brush with stiff bristles • Short-handled brush and pan • Water supply, or container of water, with soap • Detergent solution • Drum spanners • Metal funnels Integrated Pest Management Framework 74 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Protective clothing: • Empty pesticide containers (preferably salvage drums that can contain a whole 200-litre drum) • Empty bags to repack heavily damaged or leaking containers • Self-adhesive warning labels for marking drums • Stock record sheets The outside of pesticide stores should bear prominently displayed WARNING NOTICES stating "DANGER PESTICIDES: AUTHORIZED PERSONS ONLY" AND "NO SMOKING: NO NAKED FLAME" AS WELL AS HAZARD SYMBOLS. It is important that, rules governing the operations of the agro-chemical stores bestrictly followed by all project staff.The pesticide storage area must have a warning sign prominently displayed at the entrances bearing, inclearly visible, block letters, the words: • Warning; • Authorized Persons Only and • Chemical Storage or Pesticide Storage 6.2.2. Small Scale Pesticide Storage More or less all standard operational procedures needed for large scale pesticide storage are applied for small scale storage. However, it quantity is small and easy to be handled. At farm and houses, it quantity is further reduced. The great care needed here is to keep the pesticides away from food items, children, away from residential premises and always under lock and secure facility. The pesticide comes in proper containers with essential information. Leftover pesticides shall not be stored in no-designated containers. 6.3. Management of Pesticide Transport 6.3.1 Long Distance Transportation Before long-distance transport of the pesticides from the customs warehouse/central storage facility tothe distributers and project storage facility, drivers will be informed about general issues surrounding the pesticides and how to handle emergency situations (e.g. road accidents). Training for long-distance transport from the distributorship to the storage facilities will include the following information: • Purpose of the pesticides Integrated Pest Management Framework 75 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Toxicity of the pesticides • Security issues, including implications of the pesticides getting into the public • Steps to take in case of an accident or emergency (according to FAO standards) • Combustibility and combustion by-products of insecticide • Handling vehicle contamination 6.3.2 Local Transportation During local transportation of the pesticides for the project, designated vehicles with trained drivers shall be employed. Farmers are advised to take care of the following while taking pesticides to their farm / houses; • It shall be in properly secured containers and boxes • There shall be no apparent leak • It shall be at a secure place in case of public transport • It should be kept away from other item especially food item. • The driver and the conductor should know about the pesticides Mitigating Fetal Exposure Pregnant women shall not be allowed to handle the pesticides. Female persons found to be pregnant should be reassigned to tasks that require less exposure to pesticides. 6.3.3. Workers Safety and Protection There are certain measures which should always be undertaken by pesticide operators to help protectagainst contamination during the handling and application of pesticides. These measures should always be followed. Reading and Understanding Labels The first principle is to always read and follow the label recommendations on the pesticide container. If the label information cannot be read or understood for any reason, then the operator should find someone who can explain the instructions to him. Apart from the written instructions, the operator should also look for pictorial information on the label which will indicate the degree of hazard presented by the pesticide formulation. Similarly, warning symbols, such as skull and crossbones, give information Integrated Pest Management Framework 76 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) on the type of chemical hazard. Know how to read the pesticide label i.e. common, active ingredient (chemical), and trade name of the pesticide on the label. • Know how to identify the percentage of active ingredient in the pesticide formulation; and • Understand the hazard levels associated with pesticides ions e.g. quantity, pests, dates, locationsetc. Things to know on pesticide labels include: • Trade (Product) Name, every manufacturer has a specified commercial trade name for their product. The trade name may indicate the type of formulation and the percentage of activeingredient (chemical in the pesticide responsible for the pesticide activity). For example: • Lambda 10%EC is the trade name and it contains 10% of Lambda –Cyhalothrin as the active ingredient and it isanemulsifiable concentrate (EC) form. • Ingredient Statement. Every pesticide label should have the name and the percentage of the active ingredient (AI) and any inert ingredients which is usually not named. Inert ingredients donot possess pesticide activity and are usually added to serve as a carrier for the AI ClassificationStatement. • “Restricted Use” means that the pesticide is for retail sale only and to be used only by certifiedoperators or persons under their direct supervision. Unclassified pesticides are common generaluse pesticides which can be purchased and used by the general public. • Type of Pesticide. The type of pesticide is listed on the front panel of the pesticide label. Forexample: “Insecticide for the control of insects on vegetables and ornamentals”. • Net Contents usually expressed as grams for dry formulations or liters for liquid formulations. • Signal Word and Symbols, most pesticides should have a signal word which indicates approximately how toxic the pesticide product is. Avoiding Contamination • Direct exposure of the skin, nose, mouth or eyes should be avoided orminimized when working with pesticide products to reduce the chances of personal contamination. • When pouring and mixing the concentrated product, every effort should be made to avoid splashing orspilling onto skin or clothing. • If any product falls on the skin, or into the eyes, then this should bewashed off as soon as possible. Heavily contaminated clothing must be removed and washed withdetergent and water. Integrated Pest Management Framework 77 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • The likelihood of contamination can be greatly reduced by using suitable equipment for measuring outand transferring the product. • In particular the hands must never be used as scoops nor should the handsor arms be used to stir liquids. • The most appropriate application technique should be selected to control the pest problem. It is veryimportant that the application equipment is in a good state of repair and that it is properly maintainedand calibrated. • When spraying the diluted product the applicator should always work upwind of the spray to avoidcoming into contact with it. He should also avoid contact with freshly sprayed foliage as far as possible. Personal Hygiene Another basic principle of personal protection is good hygiene when working withpesticides. This is to ensure that if any contamination occurs then it is removed in good time. In additionpersonal habits will help avoid direct contamination in itself. Operators should not eat, drink or smoke during work and should not touch their face or other bare skin with soiled hands or gloves. They should always wash their hands and face after handling pesticides and before eating, drinking, smoking or going to the toilet. When they have finished work for the day theyshould then wash themselves thoroughly. Their work clothes should also be washed after work, separately from other clothing, and then dried. Safety Gear For the effective safety and protection of the workers handling agro-chemicals, theprovision of the following is deemed necessary. • Helmet or cloth cap • Safety spectacles, goggles or face shield (attached to helmet) • Dust or light fume masks • Emergency vapor masks or half-face respirators with organic vapor cartridges • Nitrile rubber or neoprene gloves or gauntlets • Overalls • Nitrile rubber or neoprene aprons Integrated Pest Management Framework 78 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Strong rubber or neoprene boots 6.4. Management of Pesticide Waste 6.4.1. Disposal of the containers • Typically all containers should be triple rinsed with a solvent capable of removing any remaining content and the rinsate disposed of according to the disposal instructions on the label. • Empty containers should then be punctured, crushed or otherwise rendered incapable of holding liquid. • These containers can then be disposed of at a sanitary land-fill or returned to the manufacturer or formulator. 6.4.2. Re-use of the containers • The reuse of pesticide containers is risky and not recommended. However, some pesticide containers may be considered too valuable to be thrown away after use. • Whether containers are suitable for cleaning and reuse depends on the material they are made of and what they contained. The label should provide instructions on possibilities for reuse and cleaning procedures. • Containers that have held pesticide formulations classified as highly hazardous or extremelyhazardous must not be reused. • Under certain conditions, containers of pesticide formulations classified as slightly hazardous or unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use can be reused for purposes other than the storage of food, drink or animal feed. • Containers made of materials such as polyethylene that preferentially absorb pesticide should not be reused if they have held pesticides in which the active ingredient is classified as moderately, highly or extremely hazardous , regardless of the formulation. • Pesticide containers should be rinsed as soon as they are empty, completely filled with water, and allowed to stand for 24 hours. They should then be emptied, and the process repeated twice. Integrated Pest Management Framework 79 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 6.4.3. Leftover pesticides: • Left-over insecticide suspension can be disposed of safely by pouring it into a specially dug hole in the ground. It should not be disposed of where it may enter water used for drinking or washing, fish ponds or rivers. • Some insecticides, such as the pyrethroids, are very toxic to fish. Dig a hole at least 100 meters away from streams, wells and houses. In a hilly area the hole should be on the lower side of such areas. • Pour run-off water from hand washings and spray washings into the hole, and bury containers, boxes and bottles used for pesticides in it. Close the hole as soon as possible. • Cardboard, paper and cleaned plastic containers can be burned, where this is permitted, far away from houses and sources of drinking-water. • Surplus solution can be used to kill insect pests such as ants and cockroaches. Pour or sponge it on to infested places (under kitchen sinks, in corners of a house). • Insect breeding can be temporarily reduced by pouring the solution in and around Latrines / washrooms or similar breeding places. Solutions of pyrethroids for the treatment of mosquito nets and other fabrics can be used for a few days after preparation. (Chapter 10) 6.4.4. Pesticide Poisoning, First Aid, andMedical treatment24. Early symptoms of pesticides poisoning may be similar to those of other types of poisoning and of some diseases. Heat exhaustion, food poisoning, asthma and other illnesses are sometimeconfused with pesticide poisoning. There are two kinds of pesticide poisoning. Acute poisoning occurs after exposure to a single dose of pesticide. The appearance of symptoms may be sudden and dramatic or may be delayed, but usually occur within 12 hours. 24 Pesicides safety Education Program. 2017, Regional Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Project, 2014, FAO 1996. Integrated Pest Management Framework 80 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Chronic poisoning occurs as the result of repeated, small, nonlethal doses through a longer period of time. Many symptoms may appear such as nervousness, slowed reflexes, irritability or a general decline of health. The following are general symptoms of pesticide poisoning: Mild poisoning or early symptoms of acute poisoning: headache, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, restlessness, nervousness, perspiration, nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, loss of weight, thirst, moodiness, soreness in joints, skin irritation and irritation of eyes, nose and throat. Moderate poisoning or early symptoms of acute poisoning: nausea, diarrhea, excessive saliva, stomach cramps First Aid Poison on the Skin • The faster the poison is washed off the patient, the less injury will result. • Remove clothing. • Drench skin with water (shower, hose, faucet, pond). • Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with liquid detergent and water. (Detergents and commercial cleansers are better than soap.) • Dry and wrap the victim in a blanket. WARNING: If at all possible, do not allow any pesticide to get on you while you are helping the victim. Chemical Burns of the Skin • Remove contaminated clothing. • Wash with large quantities of running water. • Immediately cover loosely with a clean, soft cloth. • Avoid use of ointments, greases, powders and other drugs in first aid treatment of burns. Pesticides in the Eye • It is most important to wash the eye out as quickly, but as gently, as possible. • Hold eyelids open and wash eyes with a gentle stream of clean running water. Continue washing for 15 minutes or more. Integrated Pest Management Framework 81 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Do not use chemicals or drugs in wash water. They may increase the extent of the injury. Inhaled Poisons (Dusts, Vapors, Gases) • If the victim is in an enclosed space, do not go in after them without an air-supplied respirator. • Carry patient (do not let them walk) to fresh air immediately. Open all doors and windows. • Loosen all tight clothing. • Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or is irregular. If the heart has stopped, perform cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. • Keep patient as quiet as possible. • If patient is convulsing, watch their breathing and protect them from falling and striking their head. Keep their chin up so their air passage will remain free for breathing. • Prevent chilling (wrap patient in blankets, but don’t overheat). Do not give alcohol in any form. Swallowed Poisons • Poison Control and medical personnel do not recommend inducing vomiting. • Usually the label will advise you in the First Aid Statement or Statement of Practical Treatment whether a person who has swallowed pesticide should be made to vomit. First Aid for Shock • Unless the victim is vomiting, keep the victim flat on their back with their legs raised 1 to 1 ½ feet above their head level. • Keep the victim warm enough to prevent shivering. Do no overheat. • If the victim is conscious and has not swallowed any poison, give small sips of water • Keep the victim quiet and reassure them often. • Make arrangement for Doctor/ ambulance Contents of First Aid Kit • A small plastic bottle of a common Detergent. It is used to wash pesticides quickly off the skin. • A small package or bag of Activated Charcoal . Mixed with water and swallowed, activated charcoal acts as an absorber of all pesticides. • A Shaped Plastic Airway for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Integrated Pest Management Framework 82 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • A thermos or large plastic bottle (at least one quart) of Clean Water. If there is no clean water in an emergency, use any pond or stream water that is available. • Simple Band Aids, Bandages and Tape. All cuts and scrapes should be covered to prevent pesticides from easily entering the body. • A Blanket is very useful. It should be kept in a place where it will not be contaminated by pesticides. • Suitable Coins should always be taped to the inside cover of the first -aid kit. They are for an emergency phone call. • A small, plastic Empty Jar with a tight fitting lid is useful as a drinking glass for the victim, in order to induce vomiting or feed activated charcoal. It can also be used for collecting vomitus to take to the doctor. Medical Antidotes for Pesticide Poisoning Antidotes such as those described below should be prescribed or given only by a qualified physician. They can be very dangerous if misused. Group I Organophosphates Azodrin, Bidrin, Bomyl, Carbophenothion (Trithion), Co-Ral, Dasanit, DDVP (Vapona), demeton (Systox), Diazinon, dimethoate (Cygon), dioxathion (Delnav), Di-Syston, Dursban, Dyfonate, EPN, ethion, famphur (Warbex), fenthion (Baytex), Guthion, Metasystox-R, Methyl parathion, Monitor, parathion, phorate (Thimet), Phosdrin, phosphamidon, Schradan (OMPA), Supracide, TEPP. Antidotes: • Atropine Sulfate is used to counteract the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. Injections should be repeated as symptoms recur. • Protopam Chloride (2-PAM) should also be injected to counteract organophosphate poisonings. It is given intravenously. Do Not Use morphine, theophyllin, aminophyllin or barbituates. Integrated Pest Management Framework 83 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Group II Carbamates Carzol SP, mexacarbate (Zectran), aldicarb (Temik), carbofuran (Furadan), methomyl (Lannate), carbaryl (Sevin). Antidotes: Atropine Sulfate is used to counteract the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. Injections should be repeated as symptoms recur. Do Not Use Protopam Chloride (2-PAM). Group III Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Endrin, dieldrin, aldrin, lindane, endosulfan (Thiodan). (Though banned and not much in use) Antidotes: • Barbiturates for convulsions or restlessness. • Calcium Gluconate given intravenously. Do Not Use epinephrine (adrenalin). Group IV Inorganic Arsenicals Sodium arsenite, Paris green. Antidotes: • BAL (dimercaprol) is specific for arsenic poison. Inject intramuscularly. Group V Cyanides For Poisons Such As: hydrogen cyanide, Cyanogas. Antidotes: • Amyl Nitrite through inhalation. • Sodium Nitrite given intravenously. • Sodium Thiosulfate given intravenously. Integrated Pest Management Framework 84 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Group VI Anticoagulants For Poisons Such As: warfarin, Fumarin, Pival, PMP (Valone), diphacinone (Diphacin). • Vitamin K orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. • Vitamin C useful adjunct. Group VII Fluoroacetates For Poisons Such As: sodium fluoroacetate (1080). Antidotes: Monacetin (glycol monoacetate) intramuscularly. Group VIII Dinitrophenols For poisons such as: DNOC, DNOCHP. • Do Not Use atropine sulfate. • Maintain life supports. • Sodium Methyl Thiouracil may be used to reduce basal metabolic rate. Group IX Bromides and Carboxides For poisons such as: methyl bromide, Carboxide, ethylene dibromide. Antidotes: • BAL (dimercaprol) may be given before symptoms appear. • Barbiturates for convulsions. Group X Chlorophenoxy Herbicides, Ureas, Miscellaneous For Poisons Such As: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, monuron (Telvar), diuron (Karmex), Hyvar-X, endothall, Diquat,Paraquat. Integrated Pest Management Framework 85 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Antidotes: • None. • Maintain life supports. 6.5. Institutional Structure for Implementing Mitigation Measures Currently there is no a National or Provincial institute or department which is involved in the mitigation of Pesticide uses. However The Directorate of Agriculture Extension, KP and provincial chapter of Central Plant Protection and Plant quarantine are mandated with the imposition of the current rules and regulation of the pesticides act. These two institutes are virtually non- existent in term of laws application and their role in the mitigation of uses of pesticides is vague. Table 13: Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of Common Pesticides S. No Pesticides Group Crop/ fruits MRL Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Wheat 0.3 mg/kg 1 Trifloxystrobin Acylalanine fungicide Wheat 0.2 mg/kg 2 Trinexapac-ethyl Plant growth regulator Wheat 3. mg/kg 3 Cypermethrin Pyrethroid Maize 3 mg/kg 4 Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid Maize 0.1 mg/kg 5 Metalaxyl-m Fungicide Maize 0.05 mg/kg 6 Amitrole Herbicides Maize 0.01mg/kg 7 Cypermethrins Pyrethroid Sugarcane 0.2mg/kg 8 Mesotrione Fumigants Sugarcane 0.01mg/kg 9 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Cucumber 1mg/kg 10 Dimethoate Organo-phosphate Potato 0.05 mg/kg 11 Thiamethoxam Neonicotinoid Garlic 3mg/kg 12 Tebuconazole Fungicide Onion 0.15mg/kg 13 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Onion 0.1mg/kg 14 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Pear 1mg/kg Integrated Pest Management Framework 86 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 15 Cyfluthrin Pyrethroid Guava 0.3 mg/kg 16 Fenpropathrin Pyrethroid Orange 2 mg/kg 17 Cypermethrin Pyrethroid Orange 0.3 mg/kg 18 Lambda-cyhalothrin Pyrethroid Peach 0.5 mg/kg 19 Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid Peach 0.7 mg/kg 20 Fenbuconazole Fungicide Peach 0.5 mg/kg 21 Chlorpyrifos Organophosphate Peach 0.5 mg/kg 22 Cypermethrin Pyrethroid Rice 2mg/kg Aluminum 23 Fumigants Rice N/a phosphide 24 Cypermethrin Pyrethroid Barley 2mg/kg 25 Cyfluthrin Pyrethroid Cotton-seed 0.7mg/kg 26 Indoxacarb Mung beans 0.2mg/kg 27 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Mung beans 2 mg/kg 28 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Mash 2 mg/kg 29 Profenofos Organo phosphate Mango 0.2mg/kg 30 Cypermethrin Pyrethroid Canola 0.1mg/kg 31 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Sunflower seed 0.05mg/kg 32 Dimethoate Pyrethroid Turnip 1mg/kg 33 Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid Green beans 2mg/kg 34 Cypermethrin Pyrethroid Cabbage 0.7mg/kg 35 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Cauliflower 0.5mg/kg 36 Acetamiprid Neonicotinoid Okra 0.2mg/kg 37 Fenpropathrin Pyrethroids Citrus fruits 2mg/kg 38 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Chilli 10mg/kg 39 Spinosad Apple 0.1mg/kg 40 Cyfluthrin Pyrethroids Egg plant 0.2mg/kg 41 Fenbuconazole Fungicide Tree nuts /peanut 0.1mg/kg Integrated Pest Management Framework 87 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 42 Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid Pomegranate 1mg/kg 43 Bifenthrin Pyrethroid Tomato 0.3mg/kg 44 Mancozeb Fungicide Tomato N/a 45 Cypermethrin Pyrethroid Strawberry 0.07mg/kg 46 Fenbuconzaole Fungicide Apricot 0.5mg/kg Source: FAO 2018, Codex Alimentarius 7. METHODOLOGIES FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1. Critical Issues Regarding Integrated Pest Management Plan and Pesticides in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 7.1.1. Gaps and Bottlenecks • Inadequate and out dated pest and pesticides related laws and regulations. • Poor implementation of existing laws and regulations. • Lack of awareness regarding IPM and rational use of pesticides. • Absence of PRAˈs in the target areas. • Disconnection among the different stake holders including farmers, pesticidescompanies, pesticide dealers and Government organization like Universities, research system and agriculture extension. • Non- existence of IPM related laboratories which include pest diagnostic labs, bio-control labs and pesticides analysis lab. • Lack of community involvement mechanism (legal and social). • Unchecked corporate manoeuvres conflicting implementation of IPM. • Non-existence of market chains for safe/ organic food products. • Non-compliance with Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary measures at national level and poor market access abroad. • No or very little record of pest and pesticide related issues in the newly merged districts of FATA. • Harsh impact of climate change on crops and their associated pests. • Impact of CPEC on different aspects of agriculture including trade and transportation of agricultural commodities and movement of pests therewith. Integrated Pest Management Framework 88 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 7.1.2. Suggested Short-Term and Long-Term Solutions The federal laws, namely The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance, 1971 and Pakistan Plant Quarantine Act, 1976 need to be revisited and reframed so as to encompass all the issues related to the subject. The subject on which the former law was enacted devolved to the provinces by virtue of 18 th Amendment in the Constitution; hence it was adopted, with amendments, for the province of the Punjab by the Punjab Agricultural Pesticides (Amendment) ACT 201225. The KP provincial government may also consider enactment of its own rules on analogy of the government of Punjab which has recently framed “Pesticides Rules, 2018” with required amendments. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pesticides Bill, 2014 is pending approval and it is high time to place it before the Provincial Assembly for assent. However, it would be appropriate to share it with a committee of the relevant stakeholders in order to secure more far reaching and fruitful outcomes. It is also pertinent to mention here that despite its importance, IPM or its various components have not been amply addressed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural Policy, 2015 and this aspect of the policy is required to be supplemented. For implementation of these rules and laws, establishment of Provincial Pesticide Regulatory Authority under the provincial government on the analogy of food or drug authority may be considered. The authority must have its own advisory central body comprising relevant stake holders including officers, academia, researchers, extension workers etc. Education • Introduction of sustainable agriculture related course at school level. • Training of researchers, extension worker, growers and pesticide dealers on various aspects of IPM and safe pesticide use. • Sensitization of general public regarding rational use of pesticide and the issues arising from indiscriminate use of these chemicals by awareness campaigns through print and electronic media. • Pest Risk Analysis (PRAs) needs to be carried out for all the important pests in the target areas so that the pest risk management strategies are more feasible and cost effective. • Regular interaction among the researchers, extension workers, growers and pesticide companies through meetings, seminars and workshops is required so that the experiences are shared. 25 The Punjab Agricultural Pesticides (Amendment) ACT 2012 (XXV of 2012). Integrated Pest Management Framework 89 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Establishment of pest diagnostic and biological control laboratories in the target areas under the extension department and provincial pesticides purity and residue analysis lab in Peshawar under the administrative control of the Pesticides Regulatory Authority. • To involve community in the pest management procedures, both legal and social aspects are required; • Legal: proper implementation of pesticide registration rules. Also formulation of law for community based/participatory pest management with specified penalty. • Social: Public awareness (Education, campaigns, pamphlets, print media) along with at least 50 workshops/seminars per district. • The proposed KP Pesticides Act (Bill) must ensure the practicality of different associations; 1. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Fruits and vegetables sellers associations, and Farmers associations for value addition, preservation and processing of food items. 2. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Fruits and vegetables markets for pesticides free/ organic fruits and vegetables marketing as certified by food authority. 3. The government has a critical role in improvement of value chains by supplying basic services related to improving the system, governing trade in commodities for example through better quality control, certification and branding as standardized production protocols and traceability; managing and improving the genetic makeup of crops and livestock in the province; and safeguarding natural resource and improving use of land and water. • There are strong apprehensions regarding CPEC that with increase in quantum of trade on this route, the risk of ‘exotic pests’ transportation from China will resultantly increase. For the reason proper quarantine measures are required to be put in place by making the existing quarantine offices particularly at Khunjrab Pass and Gawader, more vibrant and equipped with modern technologies (irradiations, X-rays, fumigation, PCR, GCMS, etc). • The existing legal instruments must be aligned and implemented in accordance with the provisions of SPS in order to enable our exporters to gain access to lucrative foreign markets. • Furthermore, changes in cropping patterns allow possible windows for the pests to infest some of the major crops as in the absence of their primary hosts, the pests adopt themselves to alternate hosts (e.g. fruit flies species are nowadays reported in persimmons and Loquat). Integrated Pest Management Framework 90 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • Any IPM strategy must therefore, be cognizant of the challenges posed by the rapidly changing climate and should take into account the different factors triggered thereof. Suggestions • To minimise the dependency on synthetic chemicals for the control of pest, a pesticide company should be restricted to certain percentage of chemicals production in their business and the remaining business of the company must be from non-chemical techniques of pest management (Bio Pesticides, mechanical and biological methods). • Proper disposal methods should be written on pesticide bottle or a certain refundable amount should be charged from customer and that amount will be refunded on submission of used pesticide bottles/ container. • Antidote shall be visibly written on the package • Introduction of agriculture related topics in course of science at primary level is important for awareness in community. 7.2. Designing an Integrated Pest Management Plan 7.2.1. Setting up an IPM Program To set up an IPM program for a given crops /orchard, the first and most important step is to start with the clean seed / saplings. Field should be visited thoroughly and frequently to know the pest and to estimate the pest population well in time.Based on the results of regular squatting, decision has to be made on a choice of control methods. Recodes shall be maintained for all the activities. Details of an IPM program are given below; 7.2.2. Identification of Problems for Subproject Due to extensive farming, almost all crops are in crises phase in term of production and reliance on chemicals for pest management. A successful IPM module, started with a well planned programs and Each IPM program has to follow the given procedures: I. Identification of the issues /problems II. Selection of management approaches III. Consideration of economic and environmental factors IV. Evaluation and feed back of the program. • Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to chalk out management strategy. Integrated Pest Management Framework 91 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • The idea is to select control measures that are applicable, effective, economical and environment friendly. • To select the best control measures, there is a need: • To understand the habit, habitat and life cycle of the pest. Some control measures will work only if they are used at right life stage of the pest. • To decide whether the infestation is serious in terms of economic losses. • To calculate the costs /benefits ratio of various options for the control of the pest. • To make planning future activities 7.2.3. Sampling for Damage Assessment Once the pest is properly identified, the next step is to determine: • The risk level of losses. • The nature and the spread of the problem. • The level and extent of the damage. • Sampling method that will help to make decision for the corrective measures.d 7.2.4. Possible Management Alternatives The action plan needed must include a strategy that assess the short- and long-term plans, labor force, capital, equipment, and finances of the crop production, crop protection and animal husbandry. It is therefore, important to evaluate the costs & benefits, and associated risks of various management options. Also, opportunities for integration of different pest control strategies must be considered in the action plan. The following are examples of management tactics, which can be employed; • Biological - predators, Parasites and parasitoids of the pest • Chemical - Pesticides, pheromones, baits, attractants • Physical / mechanical methods 7.2.5. Selection among Alternatives • Selection of the best and tolerant verities is the first step in the successful pest management. Healthy sapling will ensure good stand. • If proper sampling is followed from the very beginning and record is maintained, it is easy to neb the evil in the bud. Ways and means shall be known and applied to encourage the natural enemies. Similarly protecting natural enemies during adverse climate conditions will ensure natural control of the target pest. • Removal of un-wanted weeds, proper hoeing, proper soil and water management is essential for good crop production and do so for best pest management. • Also at the early stage of the pest infestation, mechanical / physical control methods are the most appropriate way of managing the pest population. Integrated Pest Management Framework 92 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • A Number of biological control agents could be produced on large scale. Their application as inundative release will suppress the initial phase of the pest infestation. eg.Trichogramma spp. are leased on large scale to hunt the egg stage of the lepidopterpous pest in most crops. • Plant base alternatives are popular in some situations. e.g. Neem products are considered to be effective in soil dueling insects and some areal pests is a common practice in organic production • Pesticides application shall be the last option and shall be applied on a very scientific manner. Spot treatment, leaving some spots un-treated as refugia will help to conserve the natural enemies. • Bio- pesticides like Bt Products, Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate and few others are effective and recommended in many pest infestations of high value crops. • Selective pesticides are preferred over the broad spectrum and non-systemic is considered safe over the systemic pesticides. 7.2.6. Determination of Economic Threshold Levels Most pests are either not serious or not high in population to cause economic losses so jumping to pesticide application is not wise. However there are times when only pesticides can control the damage. Pesticides shall be used in an IPM program only when the benefits (yield, quality, aesthetic value) exceed the costs of control. It is therefore, necessary to know about the pest population, variety, and growth stage, weather, and cost of the control. Economic Threshold Levels (ETL) is different for different pest and different crops. ETL is the level of pest population, as determined by valid sampling procedures, at which some kind of control measures must be used to prevent yield or quality loss. The Economic Thresholds are influenced by the Government regulations and the market Prices. The ETL is point below the injury level at which a decision is made to treat or not to treat a given crop / plant/ commodity etc. 7.2.7. Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Program Evaluation of the IPM program is must to know the effectiveness of the in-practice program and if there is a need to include or exclude other approaches. All assignments under the IPM Plan will have to evaluate the IPM program, and should: • Monitor fields regularly and keep records. Each time field visits are made, a note of crops /livestock and pest conditions shall be made. Record yields and quality and any counts on pest populations. • Record control measures. Records should include dates, weather conditions, pest levels, • Control measure application rates and timing, and costs. Good records are a guide if the same problem occurs. • Compare effectiveness. Whatever control tactics are chosen, use a different method on some strips so comparison can be made; which worked better, taking into account costs and environmental impacts. Integrated Pest Management Framework 93 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 7.3. Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Plan 7.3.1. Identification of Implementation Team To move from conventional control methods to IPM program, it requires a multi-sectorial and action oriented team of IPM experts. This team could be part of an existing Provincial Agriculture system or a new committee can be constituted to include experts from Agriculture Research, Agriculture Extension, Academia, Growers and others related bodies. The leader of this team should be familiar with pests, pesticides and pesticide regulations, leadership and have the time and authority to supervise IPM implementation. Other team members could include environmentalists, agronomists, crop protection experts (entomologists, pathologists, public health experts, food services, industrial hygiene, environmental services, and Food authority. 7.3.2. Monitoring and Evaluation Every IPM program under the KP, IPM Plan must have mechanisms in place to monitor the success or non-fulfillment of the plan. The key indicators are the abundance of pollinators, birds, natural enemies and above all the yield. Efficacy: It is an established fact that IPM is better than the pests control with pesticides, therefore, there must be an overall reduction in the number of the pests and cost of production, increase in yield, and a surge in natural enemies and pollinators. Cost: The IPM plan and so do each IPM program should evaluate the cost reductions over time as a result of the IPM gains. The cost /degradation of the environment due to pesticides applications and then its recovery through the IPM is hard to quantify but still estimates are available; the pres and post operation level of pesticides residues in food feed, water and environment and the number of pollinators, natural enemies and other fauna is key performance indicators. The cost /benefit ratio is defiantly in favor of the IPM program. Safety: Based on the ability of IPM programs to create a safer environment, it is expected to observe greater reduction in pesticide use. Pesticide application is restricted to occasional application or crises situation only. On the gross root level, Farmers Field Schools (FFS) are the best way to ensure the implementation of the IPM. This gross root level monitoring and evaluation will enable the higher level committee to get a true pictures of the activities and success of the programs on the ground and fine tuning of the sub- projects, and the overall projects will bring true success. The participatory impact Monitoring Approach is considered integral part of the IPM Integrated Pest Management Framework 94 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Table 14: Participatory Impact Monitoring Approach in IPM Outcome / impact The selected indicators (left) Source of verification indicator relate to the following issues Economical1. Crop yield (tomato)a. Soil fertility a. Measure or estimate by the b. Productivity farmers, c. Production practice b. invoices of processing companies a. Profitability 2. Area under Specific Interviewing farmers (as farmers crop b. Meeting market needs do not keep accounts) 3. Yield quality a. Production practice Farmers’ statements, field visits b. Price potential 4. Meeting Products a. Risk reduction; Interviewing farmers Potential for production increase 5. Household Incomea. General development of the Estimates by the farmers livelihood Situation b. Basis for later qualitative information about reasons 6. Input Use a. Adoption of IPM technology Interviewing farmers with b. Cropping practice checklist Ecological 1. Number of a. Increase of biodiversity Interviewing farmers using list of marketed crops b. Risk reduction products as support (crops diversity) c. Sign of innovation a. Risk reduction 2. Group development Farmers, NGO implementing b. Farmer-to- farmer extension FFS, contracts Integrated Pest Management Framework 95 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) c. Lower production cost due to lower input prices Social 1. Problem solving a. Empowerment Farmers’ statements, field visits skills b. Self-initiative 2. Planning a. Reliability of monitoring data Farmers Source: Muller et al 2010 7.3.3. Institutional Structure for Implementation of Integrated Pest Management Plan Provincial level: • Secretary Agriculture • Director General Agriculture Extension • DG, Agriculture Research- Member • DG Tarnab, Peshawar- Member • District Director Agriculture Extension (25 Districts including farmer FATA) • Other members – to be appointed / selected by the provincial setup • DG Public Health, KP • DG Food Authority District level: • District Director Agriculture Extension • Subject Matter Specialist (SMS) 1. SMS Plant Protection 2. SMS Horticulture 3. SMS Agronomy • Agriculture (Extension) Officers Program Level 1. Agriculture (Extension) Officer 2. Field Supervisor 3. Inspector 4. Field Assistant The existing system of “Farm Service Centre” of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government is a great facility established in most part of the Province. These farm Service Centerscould be a good startup for the IPM programs. In most cases thesecenterare operational and need fine-tuning to be utilized for the task. Additional farm Service Centre could be established or strengthen in areas where there is not such facilities particularly in the farmer FATA. Another alternative would be the existing Agriculture Extension Network, which is present through the province and from Division to district level and down the circle and ultimately leading to a village level. Integrated Pest Management Framework 96 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Most of the Agriculture Extension personals are familiar with the IPM and some are really good in practical work especially at Swat Valley. A third option will be the blend on the farmer Service Centre and the Agriculture Extension Services for the implementation of the IPM program. That would be a bit complicated process as administrative authorities do matter in our system. However, this task shall be decided by the Provincial Agriculture Authority as they are in a better position to decide on it. Furthermore the KP-IAIP shall be the responsibility of the Provincial Agriculture Ministry and relevant bodies and they will be the reporting to the donor organization. 8. CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 8.1. Existing Institutional Capacity 8.1.1. Pesticide Value Chain Actors (Pesticide Dealers) • Safe use and Safe handling of Pesticides 8.1.2. Extension Workers / On Farm Water Management (OFWM) Personals • Basics of IPM/ IPM Orientation • Safe use of Pesticides 8.1.3. Beneficiary Farmers • Basics of IPM • Bio-Control Agents • Safe use of Pesticides • FFS 8.1.4. Provincial Authorities / Employees • IPM, Integrated Crop Management and Integrated Orchard Management • Pesticide Residue Analysis 8.2. Technical Capacity Enhancement Assistance 8.2.1. Pesticide Value Chain Actors • Safe Handling of Pesticides • Pesticide and The Environment 8.2.2. Extension Workers/ OFWM- Personals • FFS • Rearing Bio Control Agents Integrated Pest Management Framework 97 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) • MRL and Pesticides Residues Analysis 8.2.3. Beneficiary Farmers • FFS • Biological Control 8.2.4. Provincial Authorities /employees • Pesticides Poisoning • Pesticide Residue Analysis 9. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET 9.1. IPMF Implementation and Budget TheprogrammemanagementteamofKP-IAIP shall be responsiblef o r theimplementationofthisIPMF. The estimatedcostsforthevariousactivities under I M P P l a n willbe builtinthebudget.The major activities are giv en below: a) Coordination b) DevelopmentofIPMpackagesforthe Pilotdistricts of KP c) IPMorientationworkshops d) Construction and up-gradation of labs e) Lab equipment and supplies f) Trainingoftrainers (TOT) andFarmergroupstraining programs g) Creating PublicawarenessandpromotingtheIPMpractices h) Development of Fieldguides &trainingmaterials i) Organizing Farmersfielddays j) Conducting Fieldvisitsandstudytours k) Croppestsurveillanceandupdatingpest/diseasedatabase l) Annualworkshopsonprogressandlessonlearned m) R & D for ParticipatoryIPM n) Monitoringandevaluation o) Farmers Field Schools p) Travelling within the project areas and beyond q) Inputs for various research / activities Integrated Pest Management Framework 98 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Implementation All the stakeholders involved in the IPM activities shall meet at least twice a year to discuss the progress report and activities plan for the next round preferably for 12 months. The extension staff and of farmers representative responsible for IPM execution will give periodic reports and plan activities for the next quarter. This may include; a) Name of crop and area under demonstration b) Activities performed during this period (3 months) c) Number of farmers involved d) Dates of various activities e) Inputs used f) Pest and diseases observed and control methods applied g) Time spent on each activity h) Field days and number of people attended i) Farmer to farmer visits done and number of participants j) Group Leaders (farmers) invited and attended any of IPM events k) Lessons learnt and problems during the month l) Other activities done by the group m) Future plans n) Observation, suggestions and recommendations 9. 2Estimated Budget An estimated budget for the IPMF Plan is given below. Table 15: Budget Components for implementation of IPMP-KP (in USD) Line item Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Total Comments 1. Capacity building IPM orientation: 50,000 25,000 25,000 1,00,000 All stakeholders in the project What and why of IPM area. Five day trainings to 500 peoples Integrated Pest Management Framework 99 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Line item Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Total Comments Training of Trainers 100,000 100,000 50,000 250,000 ToT of 250 (TOT) Trainers , Five days Training sessions each for 50 persons Farmer Groups 100,000 100,000 50,000 50,000 300,000 2000 Farmers to training be trained in FFS throughout the province Pesticide Dealers / 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 200,000 200 Pesticide value Chain Actors and Dealers and 200 Farmers Trainings farmers to be trained in safe Use/handling of pesticides Database for Pests, 150, 000 150, 000 150,000 150,000 600, 000 Surveys /consultative meetings with experts for Compilation of database of major pests. Human Health and 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 200,000 Testing of Pesticide pesticide Contamination- residues and Sampling and testing pesticides contaminations Workshops / Seminars 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 250,000 Two Workshops per year on IPM. 50 peoples /workshop Trainings for Lab 30,000 30,000 30,000 90,000 Training of 9 Lab Technicians technicians in Pesticides Residue analysis Integrated Pest Management Framework 100 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Line item Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Total Comments 2. R&D Biological Control 1,000,00 1,000,000 500,000 500,000 3,000,000 Establishment of Labs/ facilities- Up- 0 Five labs for gradation and Rearing Renovation biological control agents Facilities for 50,000 50,000 50,000 150, 000 Strengthening Pesticide Residue of the Pesticide Analysis Lab at ARI Residue labs at Tarnab, Peshawar ARI Tarnab, Peshawar IPM labs 50, 000 50, 000 50,000 10,000 10, 000 170,000 Facilities for Facilities/Renovatio the existing ns labs 3.Fielddays 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 400,000 4.Advisory services Field guides/ IPM 50,000 40,000 40,000 10,000 10,000 150,000 All IPM materials/hand material shall books be in English and Urdu. Public awareness 50,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 160,000 IPM Coordinator; 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 300,000 For coordination among all IPM units across the KP province and othercomponent s of theproject. M&E 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 4,00,000 Coordination with 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 50,000 other Unites of the project 5. Travelling cost 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 2,00,000 Integrated Pest Management Framework 101 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Line item Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Total Comments 6.Outsourcing 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 50,000 450,000 This component Outreach activities may be outsourced to the Agriculture Extension 7. Reports Writing/ 5, 000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 22,000 Meetings/ 8. Unforeseen 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 2,00,000 Grand total 4,792,00 0 N.B: • The Biological Control labs/ facilities up-gradation and renovation, IPM labs facilities / renovation and facilities for Pesticides Residue Analysis lab at ARI , Tarnab, Peshawar are under the management of Agriculture Research Directorate and the concerned administration may be taken in loop. Similarly the Agriculture Extension Department got a great infra structure of manpower throughout the province. The outreach activities, particularly the Farmers Field School may be outsourced to the Agriculture extension wing of the Agriculture System of the Province. • At the movement there is only one Pesticide Residue Analysis lab at ARI, Tarnab. This lab is technically not operational and cannot handle the task of the whole province. There is a dire need for establishment of new such labs at least one each at Swat, Abbottabad, and D.I.Khan. • The Recently merged agencies of FATA and FR region have no or very meager facilities for IPM activities. There is an urgent need to provide such facilities to these parts of the province Integrated Pest Management Framework 102 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) BIBLIOGRAPHY Agricultural Pesticides Rules, 1973. 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Hilber, I., Shafique-ur-Rehman, Khwja, M., and Bucheli, T.D 2013) Former DDT factory in Pakistan revisited for remediation: Sever DDT concentration in soil and plants from within the area. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 20: 1966-1976. DOI 10.1007/s11356-0-12-1317-y Integrated Pest Management Framework 105 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) APPENDICES Appendix 1. Institutions Involved in IPM and Pesticides Related Research in Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa S. No. Institution Allied/sub offices Area of Focus 1 Pakistan Agriculture National Agriculture IPM, Ecotoxicology Research Council (PARC) Research Centre (NARC) Federal Pesticide Research Laboratories, Karachi 2 Pakistan Atomic Energy Nuclear Institute for Food IPM Commission(PAEC) and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar. IPM and Pesticide Nuclear Institute for Toxicology Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. Pesticide Toxicology and Pest Resistant Varieties Nuclear Institute for Biology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad. 3 Pakistan Council of Laboratories at all Pesticide Residues in Scientific and Industrial Provincial capitals food Research (PCSIR) 4 National Institute of Pesticide residue studies Health (NIH), Islamabad in food, feed and human bodies (Biopsies). Integrated Pest Management Framework 106 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 5 Provincial Research Stations in Different Parts IPM System of KP 6 The University of Department of Plant IPM, IVM, Bio control, Agriculture, Peshawar. Protection Pesticide toxicology Department of Entomology IPM Department of Weed Weed management Science Department of Plant Plant Disease Pathology Management. Department of Animal Veterinary Parasitology Health and Pathology Source: Information collected from multiple sources, Personal information collected from friends and colleagues Integrated Pest Management Framework 107 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Appendix 2. .Institutions Involved in IPM Related Extension and Outreach Activities in Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa S. NO. Institution Allied/sub offices Area of Focus 1 Centre for Agriculture IPM of different pests of and Bio-Sciences crops, fruits and International (CABI), vegetables. Rawalpindi Through field visits, field days and FFS 2 Provincial Agriculture Offices in all Districts of KP IPM Extension System Post-Harvest Management Through field visits, field days and FFS 3 The University of Department of Plant IPM, IDM Agriculture, Peshawar Protection Post-Harvest Management Department of Entomology Through field visits, field days, ToTs, Workshops, Seminars and FFS. Department of Weed On campus facilities are Science also utilized by the Department of Plant Faculty to provide help to Pathology the farmers in diagnosis and management of pests of crops and Department of Animal livestock. Health Integrated Pest Management Framework 108 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) 4 Provincial Health All the Govt. hospitals from First Aid and Medication Department BHUs to MTIs, situated in case of Pesticide throughout KP Poisoning 5 Private Hospitals and situated throughout KP First Aid and Medication Clinics in case of Pesticide Poisoning 6 Government Pesticide Federal Pesticides Testing Regulatory, Research and Testing Laboratories & Reference Laboratory, Extension Purposes Department of Plant Protection, Karachi, Sindh Pesticides Testing Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Lahore, Punjab Pesticides Testing Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab Pesticides Testing Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Multan, Punjab Pesticides Quality Control Laboratory, Bahawalpur, Punjab Pesticides Quality Control & Testing Laboratory, Hyderabad, Sindh Pesticides Testing Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Rohri, Sindh Pesticides Testing Laboratory, Mirpurkhas, Integrated Pest Management Framework 109 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Sindh Pesticides Testing Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar. Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Peshawar NIFA, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Peshawar. 7 Private clinical RMI- Rehman Medical Clinical Diagnosis laboratories in KP* Institute, Peshawar Shaukat Khanum Laboratory Collection Points Anwar Clinical Laboratory Saidu Sharif Swat AL-Shifa Clinical laboratory, Peshawar AL-Shifa Clinical laboratory, Hayatabad Peshawar Northwest General Integrated Pest Management Framework 110 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Hospital and Research Centre, Peshawar Chughtai Laboratory, Peshawar Sina lab, Hayatabad Peshawar City lab, Peshawar Source: Information collected from multiple sources, Personal information collected from friends and colleagues. N.B: This is not complete list Integrated Pest Management Framework 111 | P a g e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP) Appendix 3. List of Banned Pesticides in Pakistan (2016) 1. BHC 14. DISULFOTON 2. BINAPACRYL 15. ENDRIN 3. BROMOPHOS ETHYL 15. ENDRIN 4. CAPTAFOL 16. ETHYLENEDICHLORIDE + CARBONTETRACHLORIDE 5. CHLORDIMEFORM 17. LEPTOPHOS 6. CHLOROBENZILATE 18. MERCURY COMPOUND 7. CHLORTHIOPHOS 19. MEVINPHOS 8. CYHEXATIN 20. TOXAPHENE 8. CYHEXATIN 21. ZINEB 9. DALAPON 22. HEPTACHLOR 10. DDT 23. METHYL PARATHION 11. DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE + 24. MONOCROTOPHOS DIBROMOCHLOROPROPENE 12. DICROTOPHOS 25. METHAMIDOPHOS 13. DIELDRIN 26. ENDOSULFAN Source: Department of Plant Protection, government of Pakistan. http://cac-pakistan.com/Uploads/Editor/2016-6- 13/Presentation%20on%20pesticides%20Registration%20&%20Regulation%20in%20Pakistan.pdf Integrated Pest Management Framework 112 | P a g e