102550 World Bank’s INDIA Disaster Risk Management Program WORLD BANK’S INDIA DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Introduction Given its vast geographic and climatic diversity, India is prone to all major natural hazards and has experienced the highest number of disasters in South Asia, with an increasing trend in events and causalities over the past 40 years. It is particularly exposed to earthquakes (tsunamis), floods, droughts, cyclones and landslides. About 60 percent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of varying intensities; over 8 percent is prone to floods; almost 5,700 kilometers of the 7,500 kilometer coastline is prone to cyclones and 68 percent of the area is susceptible to drought. Percentage Distribution (1970 - 2014) Reported Average Annual disasters Economic Loss of India Floods 52% Floods Cyclones 63% 31% Cyclones Landslides 19% 10% Earthquakes Earthquakes 10% 5% Droughts Droughts 8% 2% The Himalayan area, where the Indian rains are the cause for flooding in the north, Plate is moving against the Eurasian Plate, northeast and south of India. Extreme is seismically very active. Over the past 40 precipitations also cause flash floods, to years, the Himalayan region has seen three devastating effect in urban areas, such as the big earthquakes: the 1988 Nepal-India, 2005 Mumbai, 2014 Srinagar and the 2015 the 2005 Kashmir and the 2015 Nepal Chennai flooding and events, such as the 2013 earthquakes. Many central parts of India are Uttarakhand floods. Varying precipitation make however also subject to earthquakes due India increasingly prone to frequent droughts, to intraplate movements. They caused, for especially in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, example, the 1993 Latur-Killari and the 2001 Odisha, and Karnataka. The Inter tropical Gujarat earthquakes. Even though tsunami Convergence Zones in the Bay of Bengal and risk was estimated to be negligible, the 2004 the Arabian Sea have formed cyclones that Indian Ocean Tsunami heavily impacted the caused strong winds, heavy rains, and storm Andaman and Nicobar Islands, as well as the surges that had devastating impacts such as eastern coastline. the 1970 Bhola, the 1999 05B, 2013 Phailin Floods occur in many areas, often more and 2014 Hudhud cyclones. Finally landslides than once a year. The Southwest monsoon are frequent in the Himalayan ranges. 2-3 WORLD BANK’S INDIA DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Building Coastal Resilience to Future Climate and Disaster Shocks The World Bank is supporting three coastal resilience projects to help mitigate the impacts of cyclones and related hydro-meteorological disasters in all the coastal states of mainland India. The projects are the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP), Phase I and II; and the Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction Project (CDRRP). AP - Road to Habitation, Evacuation Route National Cyclone Risk evacuation and protection against cyclone Mitigation Project and other hydro meteorological hazards such as wind storms, flooding and storm surge (Phase I including Additional in high risk areas; 3) Technical assistance for Financing) national and state level capacity building and Project Size: $ 455 million knowledge creation to help understand risk World Bank Funding: $ 359 million and vulnerabilities better, and prepare the key Project Period: 7 years (2011- 2017) institutions for addressing them effectively across all coastal states and Union Territories, The objective of the Project is to reduce the consisting of studies, assessments, training vulnerability of coastal communities in Andhra and capacity building activities related to Pradesh and Odisha to cyclone and other risk and damage assessments, development hydro meteorological hazards. There are four of training modules and action plans and components to the project: 1) Early Warning implementing them through identified partner Dissemination System (EWDS) and capacity agencies; and 4) Project management and building for coastal communities to reduce implementation support. the vulnerability of coastal communities by As a result of cyclone Phailin, which addressing the existing gap in dissemination struck the coast of Odisha in October 2013, of warning to the “last-mile” communities; the Government of India decided to further 2) Cyclone risk mitigation infrastructure increase disaster preparedness through to build and strengthen risk mitigation additional financing for the Project, ever infrastructure, namely multi-purpose cyclone more conscious of the need for cyclone risk shelters and saline embankments; and mitigation infrastructure in the vulnerable improve the access to emergency shelters, coastal states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. 4-5 National Cyclone Risk strengthening emergency recovery capacity, Mitigation Project enhancing the Capacity for Disaster Risk Management and response in non-coastal (Phase II) states, design of a National Seismic Risk Project Size: $ 387 million Mitigation Program and develop hydro- World Bank Funding: $ 308.40 million meteorological resilience action plans for Project Period: 6 years (2015- 2021) coastal states. The objective of the Project is to reduce the vulnerability of coastal communities Coastal Disaster Risk in West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Reduction Project Maharashtra and Gujarat to cyclone and other hydro-meteorological hazards, Project Size: $ 337.2 million expanding the geographical scope of the World Bank Funding: $ 236 million Project first phase. The main components of the Period: 5 years (2013- 2018) project are in line with Phase I, additionally focusing on making coastal electrical The objective of the Project is to increase connectivity more resilient by investing in the resilience of coastal communities in underground electrical cabling in some pilot Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, to a range urban areas. The project is building further of hydro-meteorological and geophysical from Phase I and planning on expanding hazards. The project has five components: 1) risk assessment and modeling to multi- Vulnerability reduction through infrastructure hazards in coastal and non-coastal areas, such as permanent houses, evacuation Tamil Nadu, Vulnerable Housing Reconstruction shelters and routes, and resilient electrical networks; 2) Sustainable fisheries to address gaps in the context of a long term vision for the fisheries sector by upgrading infrastructure, developing an approach for co-management of fisheries and addressing safety at sea; 3) Capacity building in disaster risk management to strengthen the capacity of government institutions, civil society, the school education system and coastal communities, including curriculum development on disaster risk reduction for schools and training institutions completing preparation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plan for Tamil Nadu, and completing erection of High Tide Line (HTL) pillars; and 4) Project implementation support. The Project also has a contingent emergency response component for both Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, which would make funds immediately available to respond Tamil Nadu, Early Warning System Broadasting Tower to eligible crisis of emergencies should they occur during Project implementation. Puducherry, Capacity Augmentation of Fire Services, Dhanvanthri Nagar Fire Station 6-7 WORLD BANK’S INDIA DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Building Back Better - Early to Long-term Recovery from Disasters In the past 3 years between2013 to 2015, India has witnessed five major disasters: the Uttarakhand floods, Cyclone Phailin, Cyclone Hudhud, flooding in Srinagar and the larger valley region, and the Chennai floods. The World Bank has supported the Government of India in conducting rapid post-disaster damage and needs assessments in the first four listed disasters. The assessments provided clear guidance on the post-disaster recovery path that needed to be taken. Subsequently, emergency projects were prepared and are currently under implementation. All four projects focus on recovery and reconstruction as well as strengthening long-term resilience and emergency response capacity at the State level in the affected States. Uttarakhand Disaster Odisha Disaster Recovery Recovery Project Project Project Size: $ 250 million Project Size: $ 218.6 million World Bank Funding: $ 250 million Project World Bank Funding: $ 153 million Period: 4 years (2013- 2017) Project Period: 5 years (2014- 2019) The objective of the Project is to restore The objective of the Project is to restore and housing, rural connectivity and build improve housing and public services in targeted resilience of communities in Uttarakhand. communities of Odisha. The project has the The project has the following components: following components: 1) Resilient housing 1) Resilient infrastructure reconstruction reconstruction and community infrastructure to focus on the immediate needs of in the districts of Ganjam, Puri, and Khordha; reconstruction of damaged houses and 2) Urban infrastructure in Berhampur will public buildings to reduce the vulnerability finance investments to improve public services of the affected population and restore in Berhampur while at the same time reduce access to the basic services of governance; the vulnerability of its population, including 2) Rural road connectivity to restore improved drainage to reduce floods, and the connectivity lost due to the disaster increasing the resilience of public service through the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure; 3) Capacity building in disaster roads and bridges including: village roads, risk management to support Odisha State Other District Roads (ODRs), bridle roads Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) in and bridle bridges; 3) Technical assistance strengthening their overall capacity towards and capacity building for disaster risk better risk mitigation, preparedness, and management to enhance the capabilities disaster response, in line with global best of government entities and others in risk practices; and 4) Project implementation mitigation and response; and 4) Financing support. The Project also has a contingent disaster response expenses to support emergency response component which would the financing of eligible expenses already make funds immediately available to respond incurred by the state during the immediate to eligible crisis of emergencies should they post-disaster response period. occur during Project implementation. 8-9 Cyclone Hudhud Andhra Pradesh Disaster and East Godavari; 3) Restoration and Recovery Project protection of beach front to help revitalize the public and private space along the Project Size: $ 370 million beachfront of the city of Visakhapatnam; 4) World Bank Funding: $ 250 million Project Restoration of environmental services and Period: 5 years (2015- 2020) facilities and livelihood support that will focus on the reconstruction of the severely The objective of the Project is to restore, damaged Indira Gandhi Zoological Park improve, and enhance resilience of public (IGZP) at Visakhapatnam and eco-tourism services, environmental facilities, and park at Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, as livelihoods in targeted communities of well as restoration/creation of shelterbelts/ Andhra Pradesh. The Project has the following windbreaks, support to farm forestry/ components: 1) Resilient electrical network to plantations through nursery support for poor/ reduce the vulnerability of the city’s electrical vulnerable coastal families and regeneration network by laying the power distribution of critical patches of mangroves along the system underground and provision for coast to build disaster resilience and restore/ high-speed data/voice transmission, in the support livelihood opportunities in the city of Visakhapatnam; 2) Restoration of affected areas; and 5) Capacity Building connectivity and shelter infrastructure which and technical support for disaster risk will finance investments to permanently management will support investments to restore, upgrade, and increase resilience enhance the capabilities of Government of towards future disasters of both rural roads Andhra Pradesh entities and other stake as well as major district roads and existing holders in managing disaster risks, enhancing cyclone shelters in the four affected districts: preparedness, and achieving resilient Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam recovery.. The Project also has a contingent Uttarakand Floods emergency response component which would connectivity disrupted due to the disaster make funds immediately available to respond through the reconstruction of damaged to eligible crisis of emergencies should they roads and bridges, designed to withstand occur during Project implementation. earthquake and flood forces as per the latest official design guidelines; 3) Restoration of urban flood management infrastructure to Jhelum and Tawi Flood strengthen and reinforce existing weak and Recovery Project vulnerable flood control infrastructure in Srinagar municipal area, and assess urban Project Size: $ 250 million flood management interventions in other World Bank Funding: $ 250 million Project areas; 4) Restoration and strengthening of Period: 5 years (2015- 2020) livelihoods will finance the restoration of physical and productive assets in Srinagar The objective of the Project is to support as well as provide technical assistance for the recovery and increase disaster resilience risk proofing non-farm livelihood; and 5) in the affected areas. The project has the Strengthening disaster risk management following components: 1) Reconstruction capacity to enhance the capabilities of and strengthening of critical infrastructure government entities in managing disaster to support the reconstruction/restoration risks, enhancing preparedness, and achieving of damaged public buildings, such as resilient recovery. The Project also has a hospitals, schools, higher education contingent emergency response component buildings, fire stations, and selected block which would make funds immediately and district offices, and other important available to respond to eligible crisis of public buildings; 2) Reconstruction of roads emergencies should they occur during and bridges to restore and improve the Project implementation. 10 - 11 WORLD BANK’S INDIA DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Building Disaster Resilience in Bihar In August 2008, Bihar was devastated by floods when a section of the embankment on the river Kosi breached resulting in massive inundation in the districts of Supaul, Madhepura, Saharsa, Purnia and Araria. The World Bank supported long-term recovery and reconstruction efforts through the Bihar Kosi Flood Recovery project. This was followed up by a second project that focuses on building resilience to floods and supporting the overall development of communities in the Kosi Basin. Bihar, Housing Reconstruction Bihar Kosi Flood Bihar Kosi Basin Recovery Project Development Project Project Size: $ 205.7 million Project Size: $ 376.5 million World Bank Funding: $170 million Project World Bank Funding: $250 million Project Period: 6 years (2010- 2016) Period: 7 years (2015- 2022) The objective of Project is to support flood The objective is to enhance resilience to recovery as well as future oriented risk floods and increase agricultural production reduction efforts of the Government of Bihar. and productivity in the targeted districts in Project components are: 1) Reconstruction the Kosi River Basin. The activities will be a of damaged houses and road infrastructure; continuation of the initiatives started under 2) Strengthening the flood management BKFRP. The project comprises the following capacity in Kosi basin; 3) Enhancing five components: 1) Improving Flood Risk livelihood opportunities of the affected Management to increase the capacity of people; and 4) Improving the emergency the Water Resources Department (WRD) to response capacity for future disasters. manage flood risk and to decrease vulnerability 12 - 13 Bihar, Reconstruction of Bridge to floods in the Kosi River Basin by investing irrigation) and extending their linkages to in flood management infrastructure to reduce market infrastructure; and 3) Augmenting vulnerability and by strengthening institutional connectivity, focused to improve farmers’ capacity to better understand the functioning access to markets through the expansion of the of the Kosi River system; 2) Enhancing local road network that connects rural roads agricultural productivity and competitiveness to the main road network that will improve to work with organized farmers to increase connectivity of habitations to the market agricultural production (which includes crops, centers. The Project also has a contingent horticulture, livestock and fisheries) and emergency response component which would productivity by expanding their access to and make funds immediately available to respond adoption of innovative and climate-resilient to eligible crisis of emergencies should they farm technologies and practices (including occur during Project implementation. Bihar, Reconstruction of Roads 14 - 15 WORLD BANK’S INDIA DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Knowledge Creation and Management Coastal Hazard and and developmental setback maps; vi) Threat Vulnerability Atlas / maps for coastal ecosystems and natural resources; vii) Damage and loss maps for Portal different attributes such as crops, housing, infrastructure, etc.; viii) Maps and data This tools is being developed under NCRMP interpretation guide for decision makers; I. Activities include: i) Micro-level risk and ix) Training and capacity building of assessment up to village level for the higher stakeholders. These tools and studies will vulnerability States (Gujarat, West Bengal, contribute significantly to the understanding Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu) and of risk in coastal India, and will serve as a macro level assessment up to taluka level the basis for decision making on future risk for remaining 8 States/UTs; ii) To assess risks, reduction investments. In Phase II of NCRMP nature of hazards, severity and frequency of risk assessment tool will be enhanced to occurrence of different disasters, the areas include scenario probabilistic modeling. likely to be affected, and duration of impact; iii) To prepare state/district/mandal/taluka/ village level hazard zonation maps for cyclone India-specific Post and other hazards and classify settlements Disaster Damage and according to the risk perception. The final products and services to be delivered are: Needs Assessment Guide i) Risk assessment model on GIS; ii) Risk maps and risk atlas; iii) Scenario maps of The objective of this technical assistance is disasters; iv) Inundation maps; v) Economic to develop a standardized methodology for damage, loss and need assessment relevant Urban Coastal Resilience to India based on an evaluation of existing for Vishakhapatnam Indian and international best practices, and - A Study to build the capacity of relevant stakeholders to use the methodology. Activities and products to be delivered include: i) In depth The objective of this study is to carry out review of existing procedures; ii) Uniform an analysis of vulnerabilities and prepare standards for damage, loss and need detailed designs for the beach and shore assessments relevant in the Indian context; protection works in Vishakhapatnam. Activities iii) Recommendations for integrating the new include: carrying out necessary surveys and standards in existing procedures; iv) Creation investigations, preparation of concept design, of a panel of experts for damage, loss and detailed engineering designs, good for need assessment and establish a database construction drawings, bill of quantities, cost containing the updated procedures; and v) estimates including rate analysis, technical Development of modules and train panel of specifications and bid documents, support experts in application and procedures. GVMC in procurement of works, and carry out the construction management of the works. India DRM Institutional Capacity Strengthening Urban Disaster Resilience Study for Bhubaneshwar, Cuttak and Puri – A Study The objective of this technical assistance is to assess the capacity gaps of stakeholders in all the phases of the Disaster Management Local resilience Action Plan (LRAP) is a planning Cycle, develop short and long term capacity document to help cities improve their resilience development strategies, conduct training to the potential effects of climate change need analysis and develop training designs and disaster impacts. The city-level hazard and modules for all relevant stakeholders. The risk assessment exercises were carried out to study area for the assignment was the States understand hazard risks and vulnerabilities of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, Tamil in Bhubaneswar, Puri and Cuttack. All three Nadu and West Bengal. Activities included the cities are highly vulnerable to urban flooding, development of: i) Capacity gap assessment of moderate earthquake and cyclone hazards. stakeholders; ii) Capacity development strategy; The risk assessment exercise has identified iii) Training needs analysis; iv) Assessment of vulnerable hotspots within each city. Taking training infrastructure; v) Development of into consideration hazard risks, climate change training designs and modules; vi) Awareness impact, potential economic impacts in the future generation programs; v) Sensitization and the on-going project activities in the city, of decision makers; and vi) Strategy for several structural and non-structural measures implementation and quality assurance. have been suggested to improve urban resilience. 16 - 17 WORLD BANK’S INDIA DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Portfolio in Numbers COMMUNITY MEMBERS SERVED THROUGH SLUM UPGRADATION 30,000 RURAL ROADS 3,655 COASTAL & RIVER kilometers EMBANKMENT STRENGTHENING 230 km MULTI-PURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTERS COASTAL EARLY 1,012 WARNING SYSTEM 50 million people Icons from The Noun Project SIZE OF PORTFOLIO Projects (World Bank funding) 10 US $ 2.2 Billion RESILIENT UNDERGROUND ELECTRICAL CABLING 2,900 km CONNECTIVITY 5 128 COMMUNITY IRRIGATION PUMPS s bridges 17,000 MULTI-HAZARD RESISTENT HOUSING 114,000 PUBLIC BUILDINGS COASTAL VILLAGES SERVED RECONSTRUCTED BY FISHING INFRASTRUCTURE n 30 150 18 - 19