E2718 V5 PAF ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES (IN ENGLISH) September 12, 2007 Poverty Alleviation Fund, Nepal (PAF, Nepal) Chakupat, Lalitpur P.O.Box : 9985, Kathmnadu, Nepal Tel. : +977-1-5553671/5553672/5553673 Fax : +977-1-5553674 email : pafnepal@info.com.np web : www.pafnepal.org.np September 12, 2007 15 Name of Project Page Number 1. Micro Hydro Projects 1 2. Micro Irrigation Projects 5 3. Drinking Water Supply Projects 9 4. Surface and Sub-surface Drainage Projects 13 5. Tube Well and Dug Well Projects 16 6. Deep Well (Boring) Projects for Irrigation 18 7. Village Road Projects 21 8. Landfill Site Projects 25 9. Toilet Latrine Project 28 10. Rural Electricity Extension Projects 29 11. Community Building (School, Health Post etc) Projects 31 12. Culvert (Slab, Pipe, Box) Projects 33 13. River Training Projects 35 14. Bride (RCC, Wooden, Suspended, Suspe nsion, Truss) Projects 37 15. Carpet and Garment Project 40 16. Bird Farming (Pigeon, Duck, Poultry etc) Projects 42 17. Dairy, Ice cream and Milk Chilling Project 44 18. Fibre and Nepali Paper Production Projects 46 19. Fishery Project 48 20. Small Enterprises like Tailoring, Madal, Shoe, Umbrella, Sarangi Making Projects 50 21. Watch, Electrical Equipments, Electronic Equipments etc, Repairing September 12, 2007 16 Projects 52 22. Furniture Industry and Saw Mill Projects 54 23. Welding Workshop Projects 56 24. Pottery/ Tiles/ Improved Cooking Stoves Projects 58 25. Local Level Hotel and Restaurant Projects 60 26. Vehicle Repairing and Maintenance Projects 62 27. Rice Mill, Chiwra Mill, Masala Mill Projects 64 28. Vegetables, Fruits, Herbs, Medicinal Plants, Asparagus, Mushroom Projects 65 29. Animal Husbandry Projects 67 September 12, 2007 17 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Micro Hydro Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Site Selection and Land Acquisition 1.1. Environmental Risks Acquisition of private or public land may be necessary for construction of project infrastructures like intake, headrace canal, forebay tank powerhouse, tailrace canal and transmission line. The user community should manage the land required for the project locally. There is a risk that site for project infrastructures may be located at h igh flood areas, near unique areas of historic, religious, cultural importance and areas hazardous to land slides and land subsidence. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project has to avoid acquisition of private land. If acquisition is necessary, written consensus and/or agreement with the owners for voluntary contribution of the land should be included in project proposal. As far as practicable, the ownership of land should be transferred t o the project. · If acquisition of land or property of a poor vulnerable family due to the project cannot be avoided and this will seriously affect the family's livelihood, compensation has to be given to vulnerable family by the CO itself with the written c onsent of the family and its written proof should be included in the project proposal. · Project infrastructures should not be located near areas of historic, religious, cultural , importance high flood areas and unstable ground that are prone to landslides. 2. Water Availability and Water Use Conflict 2.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk that proposed water source might not be available throughout the year or there may be chances that water will be used for other purposes like drinking, irrigation, cleaning by the same community or other community. This may cause insufficiency of water required for electricity production and may result conflict among the communities. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Water requirements of the micro -hydro system and the supplying capacity of the source must be calculated and mentioned in the technical proposal of the project. · If the upstream or downstream communities use the same source of water, the written consent of these communities regarding the water use from the source for project should be included in the project proposal. · So as to guarantee the water usage, the project proponent community should initiate the process of receiving water rights of the source and include the written consent of local administration (VDC) regard ing utilization of water for the project in its proposal. 3. Impact to Aquatic and Other Organisms 3.1. Environmental Risks The proposed project may disrupt the aquatic environment of the water source like streams by producing dewater zone effect especially during the dry season by diverting much of the water for power generation thus adversely affecting aquatic lives living in the stream and September 12, 2007 18 terrestrial lives depending on the water source. Diversion weir can prevent the upstream/downstream movement of aquatic ani mals. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · At least 10 percent of water in the source should be allowed at any period of the year to support aquatic lives in the stream and other D/S water users. Written commitment of the user groups regarding this provision should be included in project proposal. · If permanent weir higher than 2 metres is to be made for the project, fish ladder should be provided so that upstream and downstream movement of aquatic lives will not be disrupted due to the weir. However, fish ladd er is not necessary for temporary intake structure constructed locally using wood/stones etc. 4. Erosion and Land Slide 4.1. Environmental Risks Erosion and landslide/bank cutting can be triggered along the excavation work at intake structure, water conveyance (he adrace and tailrace), forebay, power generation site and along escapes from forebay and tailrace both during construction and operation especially in high slope land due to uncontrolled water flow. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures o · Safe slope angle (45 ) should be maintained at cut and fill areas. Exposed land during cut and fill processes should be stabilized by planting plants and using bioengineering technique. · Water from tailrace canal should be transported safely to the stream through well - maintained escape. Spilled water from forebay tank should be transported safely to the stream through well-maintained escape. 5. Disposal of Spoil 5.1. Environmental Risks Improper disposal of excavation spoil and construction waste can disrupt roads, farmlands, waterways, cause inconvenience, dust problem and water pollution. Improper disposal of spoil can also trigger landslides and erosion. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The generated spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 6. Risk on Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 6.1. Environmental Risks Community infrastructures like roads and irrigation canals and private properties may be lost or damaged during construction and maintenance of the project. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Private properties like houses, sheds, trees or community infrastructures like forest, agriculture land, roads, irrigation canals should not be disrupted during construction and operation of th e project. If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. 7. Forest Loss due to Project Infrastructures like Transmission Lines and Electricity Poles 7.1. Environmental Risks September 12, 2007 19 Poles required for transmission lines may be derived from felling of trees in nearby forest . Transmission line transmitting electricity from powerhouse to the settlement may cause loss of forest if not aligned properly . 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · The sites for pr oject infrastructures should be selected such that minimum damage to vegetation occurs. · The alignment of transmission line should be selected outside the forest so that loss of trees can be minimized. · The tree species to be felled, the number of trees to be felled and the location of clearance should be mentioned in the proposal of the project. · Rare and protected species protected by forest act (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) should not be fallen down. · Species abundant in the areas a nd more resistant to decomposition should be used for poles. · The bottom portion of the pole, which remains underground, should be treated with bitumen to prevent early decomposition and extend the life of the pole. · Compensatory plantation should be done f or fallen tree s according to forest act and they should be properly cared until they can survive themselves. · Priority should be given to s teel or concrete transmission pole. 8. Electrical Accidents and Lightening Hazards 8.1. Environmental Risks Infrastructures related to electricity production and distribution can increase the likelihood of electrical accidents and lightening hazards in the project area, which may result in injury or loss of lives and property. 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · Transmission lines should be aligned such that it does not create risk for electrical shock to people and animals i.e. it should be at safe height and not too close to houses so that nobody touches the live wire. · If monkeys are present in the location, the poles of transmiss ion lines should be barred with metallic barbs so that monkeys cannot climb the poles. · Lightning arresters should be installed at required places to prevent the vulnerable infrastructures from lightening hazards. 9. Noise Pollution 9.1. Environmental Risks Noise produced at the powerhouse can affect the neighborhood with noise pollution. 9.2. Environmental Management Measures · The powerhouse should be located far from the community so that noise does not reach the community. · Powerhouse should be surrounded with barrier of natural vegetation or artificial barrier to reduce the noise pollution. 10. Child Labour 10.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construction or operation work of the project. 10.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. September 12, 2007 20 · According to `schedule - e' related to Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001, water resource sector is listed as hazardous occupation, hence children below 16 years should not be used as wo rkers in water resource related works. 11. Health and Safety of Workers 11.1. Environmental Risks Worker's health may be adversely affected while performing risky tasks of the project. Sudden accidents may cause serious injury or even death of workers. 11.2. Environmenta l Management Measures · Sufficient protective gears like protective belt, helmet, mask, gloves, shoes etc. should be provided to the workers and wearing of these protective gears should be made compulsory during performing hazardous works. · Materials required for first aid should be kept ready at the project site. · Nearby health centre should be informed about the possible accidents likely to occur in the project area. The proponent should assist the health centre to remain prepared to deal with such cases. 12. Safeguarding and Maintenance of Infrastructures 12.1. Environmental Risks If intake, headrace canal and other infrastructures relating to electricity production and transmission are not protected and maintained properly the capacity of the project to produce power will decrease. If the damaged water convey ing canals are not repaired properly, the power production capacity will decrease. In addition, water overtopping from the damage d portion of canal during monsoon season may trigger erosion and landslide. 12.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary workforce participation required for maintaining, repairing and safeguarding the project infrastructures should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged and malfunctioning infrastructu res or machineries should be repaired as early as possible. September 12, 2007 21 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Micro Irrigation Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Land Acquisition 1.1. Environmental Risks Acquisition of private or public land may be necessary for construction of proj ect infrastructures like intake and canals . The user community should manage the land requi red for the project locally. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project has to avoid acquisition of land. If acquisition is necessary, written consensus and/or agreement with the owners for voluntary contribution of the land should be included in projec t proposal. As far as practicable, the ownership of land should be transferred to the project. · If acquisition of land or property of a poor vulnerable family due to the project cannot be avoided and this will seriously affect the family's livelihood, compe nsation has to be given to vulnerable family by the CO itself with the written consent of the family and its written proof should be included in the project proposal. 2. Water Availability and Water Use Conflict 2.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk that prop osed water source might not be available throughout the year or there may be chances that water will be used for other purposes like drinking, irrigation, cleaning by the same community or other community. This may cause insufficiency of water required for irrigation and may result conflict among the communities. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Water requirements of the micro -hydro system and the supplying capacity of the source must be calculated and mentioned in the technical proposal of the project. · If the upstream or downstream communities use the same source of water, the written consent of these communities regarding the water use from the source for project should be included in the project proposal. · To guarantee the water usage, the project propone nt community should initiate the process of receiving water rights of the source and include the written consent of local administration (VDC) regarding utilization of water for the project in its proposal. 3. Water Quality 3.1. Environmental Risks Water quality of source may not be suitable for irrigation due to very high silt /sediment content. In Terai, groundwater may contain high level of arsenic; if such water is also used for drinking purpose, it may cause harmful effect to human health. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Silt content in water source should be confirmed before the project proposal. · In Terai, arsenic content of the tube well should be assessed in a well -recognized laboratory before the implementation of project. If harmful level of arsenic is f ound in September 12, 2007 22 water, it should not be used for drinking purpose. District underground irrigation office should be referred for the assistance regarding groundwater problem. 4. Impact to Aquatic and Other Organisms 4.1. Environmental Risks The proposed project may disrupt the aquatic environment of t he water source like streams especially during the dry season by diverting much of the water for irrigation thus adversely affecting aquatic lives living in the stream and terrestrial lives depending on the water source. Diversion weir can prevent the upstream/downstream movement of aquatic animals. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · At least 10 percent of water in the source should be allowed at any period of the year to support aquatic lives in the stream and other D/S water users. Written commitment of the user groups regarding this provision should be included in project proposal. · If permanent weir higher than 2 metres is to be made for the project, fish ladder should be provided so that upstream and downstream movement of aq uatic lives will not be disrupted due to the weir. However, fish ladder is not necessary for temporary intake structure constructed locally using wood/stones etc. 5. Increased Agrochemical use 5.1. Environmental Risks Increased use of agrochemicals due to availabi lity of irrigation water can increase leaching and carrying of agrochemicals to surrounding environment. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · The stakeholder farmers should be trained regarding the methods of preparing and using organic fertilizers and on int egrated soil and water management practice with coordination with District Agriculture Office. Similarly, training on integrated crop pest management practice (ICPMP) should be provided to control the use of pesticides. 6. Water Logging 6.1. Environmental Risks Overuse of irrigation water without proper drainage facility can cause water logging and decline in soil productivity. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Adequate drainage facility should be managed during project construction to prevent water logging. · Water leakage from canal should be controlled especially at the moist areas to control water logging. 7. Erosion and Land Slide 7.1. Environmental Risks Erosion, landslide and bank cutting can be triggered along the excavation work at intake structure, canals and escap es during construction and operation especially in high slope land due to uncontrolled water flow. Accelerated soil erosion can occur if conventional type of irrigation is done on farmland with higher slope angle. 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · Project infrastructures should not be located on high flood area s and unstable ground that are prone to landslides. September 12, 2007 23 o · Safe slope angle (45 ) should be maintained at cut and fill areas. Exposed land during cut and fill processes should be stabilized by planting plan ts and using bioengineering technique. · Excess water from the farmland and canal should be drained safely to the stream through well-maintained escape. o · Conventional irrigation should not be practiced on farmland with slope greater than 30 . · Improved way of slope farming such as terrace farming should be practiced for soil conservation in coordination with District Soil Conservation Office. 8. Disposal of Spoil 8.1. Environmental Risks Improper disposal of excavation spoil and construction waste can disrupt roads , farmlands, waterways, cause inconvenience, dust problem and water pollution. Improper disposal of spoil can also trigger landslides and erosion. 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The generated spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 9. Risk on Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 9.1. Environmental Risks Community infrastructures like roads and irrigation canals and private properties may be lost or damaged during construction and maintenance of the project. 9.2. Environmental Management Measures · Public or private resources like forest, agriculture land, roads, irrigation canals should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project. If minor dam age to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. 10. Risk on Forests and Natural Resources 10.1. Environmental Risks Natural resources like forests and wetlands may be adversely affected due to project structures like intake and canal. 10.2. Environmental Management Measures · Loss or disruption of Natural resources like forest s and wetlands , should be avoided during construction and operation of the project . If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. · Trees likely to be lost due to project should be protected as much as possible special emphasis should be given to conserve protected plant species (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) protected by the forest act. · If trees are cut for the project, compensation plantation should be done in suitable place and the plants should be cared until they can survive themselves. 11. Disruption of Crossings/Passages and Risk of Accidents 11.1. Environmental Risks Inadequate provision of culverts or slabs for crossing canal in the project can impair human and animal movement across the canal. Entering of cattle in canal for drinking water or September 12, 2007 24 during crossing canal can damage the canal embankmen t. Location of open canals at settlement posses the risk of drowning of small children. 11.2. Environmental Management Measures · Adequate number of culverts or slabs for crossing the canal should be provided at necessary crossing points. · Cattle should not be lef t stray around the canal as they can damage the canal embankment by their hooves. Culverts or slabs should be used for crossing of the canal by the cattle. · Canal passing through settlement where there is possibility of drowning of children should be covere d or fenced. 12. Child Labour 12.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construction or operation work of the project. 12.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. 13. Health and Safety of Workers 13.1. Environmental Risks Worker's health may be adversely affected while performing risky tasks of the project. Sudden accidents may cause serious injury or even death of workers. 13.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient protective gears like protective belt, helmet, mask, gloves, shoes etc. should be provided to the workers and wearing of these protective gears should be made compulsory during performing hazardous works. · Materials required for first aid should be kept ready at the projec t site. · Nearby health centre should be informed about the possible accidents likely to occur in the project area. The proponent should assist the health centre to remain prepared to deal with such cases. 14. Safeguarding and Maintenance of Infrastructures 14.1. Environmental Risks If intake, canal s and other infrastructures relating to water collection and distribution are not cleaned and maintained properly the capacity of the project to supply water for irrigation will decrease. If the damaged canals are not repai red properly in time, water overtopping from the damage d portion during monsoon season may trigger erosion and landslide. 14.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary workforce participation required for maintaining, repairing and safeguarding the project infrastructures should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged and malfunctioning infrastructures or machineries should be repaired as early as possible. September 12, 2007 25 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Drinking Water Supply Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Land Acquisition 1.1. Environmental Risks Acquisition of private or public lan d may be necessary for construction of project infrastructures like intake, reservoir tank, break pressure tank etc. The user community should manage the land required for the project locally. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project has to avoid acqu isition of land. If acquisition is necessary, written consensus and/or agreement with the owners for voluntary contribution of the land should be included in project proposal. As far as practicable, the ownership of land should be transferred to the project. · If acquisition of land or property of a poor vulnerable family due to the project cannot be avoided and this will seriously affect the family's livelihood, compensation has to be given to vulnerable family by the CO itself with the written consent of th e family and its written proof should be included in the project proposal. 2. Water Availability and Water Use Conflict 2.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk that proposed water source might not be available throughout the year or there may be chances that wa ter will be used for other purposes like drinking, irrigation, cleaning by the same community or other community. This may cause insufficiency of water required for the project and may result conflict among the communities. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Water requirements of the project and the supplying capacity of the source must be calculated and mentioned in the technical proposal of the project. · If the upstream or downstream communities use the same source of water, the written consent of these communities regarding the water use from the source for project should be included in the project proposal. · To guarantee the water usage, the project proponent community should initiate the process of receiving water rights of the source and include the writt en consent of local administration (VDC) regarding utilization of water for the project in its proposal. 3. Water Quality 3.1. Environmental Risks Water quality of source may not be suitable for drinking or for use in other purpose . Water may contain harmful level of nitrate, arsenic, iron, magnesium, salts and other chemicals. Especially in Terai region, groundwater may contain high level of arsenic. If water with excess level of such harmful chemicals is used for drinking purpose, it may cause various harmful eff ects to human health. Water may also be contaminated with pathogens that can cause diseases in human. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 26 · Water quality of the source should be assessed according to the PAF's guideline for drinking water. · If water pathogens is suspected in the drinking water it should be either treated in source through chlorination or boiled or treated with chlorine (Piyush, waterguard), or Sodish method (keeping the clean water in clean and transparent plastic bottles and leaving in sunlight for 48 hours) at home before drinking. 4. Water Pollution 4.1. Environmental Risks Water at source can be polluted due to disposal of wastes at or near the source. Accumulation of leaves, woods and degradable products at intake structure also pollutes water. Open defecation by humans or cattle nearby water sources can contaminate water with disease causing pathogens. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Agreements should be made among the stakeholders that no open pit toilets, animal sheds, pit to collect animals was te or any harmful effluents are allowed to be located nearer than 30 metres from the water source. · No harmful material should be allowed to be disposed at or near the source of water. · Accumulated leaves, wood fragments and other degradable wastes at the in take or reservoir tank should be cleaned regularly. 5. Impact to Aquatic and Other Organisms 5.1. Environmental Risks The proposed project may disrupt the aquatic environment of t he water source like streams especially during the dry season by diverting much of th e water for project thus adversely affecting aquatic lives living in the stream and terrestrial lives depending on the water source. Diversion weir can prevent the upstream/downstream movement of aquatic animals. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · At least 10 percent of water in the source should be allowed at any period of the year to support aquatic lives in the stream and other D/S water users. Written commitment of the user groups regarding this provision should be included in project proposal. · If perman ent weir higher than 2 metres is to be made for the project, fish ladder should be provided so that upstream and downstream movement of aquatic lives will not be disrupted due to the weir. However, fish ladder is not necessary for temporary intake structure constructed locally using wood/stones etc. 6. Erosion and Land Slide 6.1. Environmental Risks Erosion and landslide/bank cutting can be triggered along the excavation work at project structures like intake, reservoir tank, trenches made to lay pipes, break press ure tank during construction and operation especially in high slope land due to uncontrolled water flow. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Safe slope angle (45 o) should be maintained at cut and fill areas. Exposed land during cut and fill processes should be stabilized by planting plants and using bioengineering technique. · Trench excavated for main line and distribution lines should be immediately filed so that they do not cause erosion and drainage partition in slopes (and initiate gully erosion) during monsoon season. September 12, 2007 27 · Adequate break pressure tanks should be installed to prevent possible water leakage from pipe breaking. · Provision of early maintenance of leaky distribution pipes to prevent possible erosion due to water flow should be mentioned in the propo sal. · Platform should be made around tap. Wastewater from tap stand should be managed safely. It can be used for irrigation purpose. 7. Disposal of Spoil 7.1. Environmental Risks Improper disposal of excavation spoil and construction waste can disrupt roads, farmla nds, waterways, cause inconvenience, dust problem and water pollution. Improper disposal of spoil can also trigger landslides and erosion. 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The generate d spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs prese nt land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 8. Risk on Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 8.1. Environmental Risks Community infrastructures like roads and irrigation canals and private properties may be lost or damaged during c onstruction and operation of the project. 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · Private properties and community infrastructures like roads, irrigation canals should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project. If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. 9. Risk on Forests and Natural Resources 9.1. Environmental Risks Natural resources like forests and wetlands may be adversely affected due to project structures like intake, break pressure tanks and pipelines. 9.2. Environmental Management Measures · Natural resources like forest s and wetlands , should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project . If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. · Trees likely to be lost due to project should be protected as much as possible special emphasis should be given to conserve protected plant species (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) protected by the forest act. · If trees are cut for the project, compensation plantation should be done in suitable place and the plants should be cared until they can survive themselves. 10. Child Labour 10.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construction or operation work of the project. 10.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. September 12, 2007 28 11. Health and Safety of Workers 11.1. Environmental Risks Worker's health may be adversel y affected while performing risky tasks of the project. Sudden accidents may cause serious injury or even death of workers. 11.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient protective gears like protective belt, helmet, mask, gloves, shoes etc. should be provi ded to the workers and wearing of these protective gears should be made compulsory during performing hazardous works. · Materials required for first aid should be kept ready at the project site. · Nearby health centre should be informed about the possible acci dents likely to occur in the project area. The proponent should assist the health centre to remain prepared to deal with such cases. 12. Safeguarding and Maintenance of Infrastructures 12.1. Environmental Risks If intake, reservoir tank, break pressure tank, distri bution pipes and other infrastructures relating water collection and distribution are not protected and maintained properly the capacity of the infrastructures to collect and store water will decrease. If the damaged or leaky distribution pipes are not rep aired properly, the water distribution capacity of the project will decrease. In addition, leaky pipes may increase the chance of contamination of water with harmful pathogens . 12.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary workforce participation required for maintaining, repairing and safeguarding the project infrastructures should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged and malfunctioning infrastructures or machineries should be repaired as early as possible. September 12, 2007 29 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Surface and Sub-surface Drainage Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Site selection 1.1. Environmental Risks The proposed surface and sub surface drainage project may run near or through high flood areas, near unique areas of historic, religious, cultural importance and areas hazardous to land slides and land subsidence. There is a ri sk/no risk that open drainage located in settlement areas impedes movement of people and animals. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Open drainage should not be located in settlement areas, near areas of historic, religious, cultural and tourist importance and existing drinking water sources and catchments areas, high flood area, wetlands and unstable ground that are prone to landslides. · Open drainage should be covered or adequate crossings should be made if it causes difficulty in people's or animal moveme nt. 2. Surface and Groundwater Pollution 2.1. Environmental Risks Wastewater from surface and sub surface drainage may be directly drained into water sources like rivers and ponds/lakes. Leaked or spilled wastewater from the drainage may pollute surface water sour ces like rivers and ponds. Leachate from poorly lined surface and sub-surface drainage may seep into and pollute groundwater aquifers. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Wastewater from toilets or other domestic use should not be drained directly to the drainage system. Water should be treated in septic tank and only the clear water from septic tank can be drained in sub surface drain but not in open surface drain. · Untreated water from drainage should not be drained directly to water source like rivers and ponds. · Except for drainages only meant for rain water and flood water all other drains meant for draining waste water should be lined and covered so that waste water do not percolate to ground water. · The inner wall of manhole of the subsurface drainage sho uld be made leak proof with cement to check groundwater contamination. 3. Impact on Public Health 3.1. Environmental Risks Untreated waste water from toilets, washing and cleaning purposes if reaches water sources through drainage may provides sources of microorgan isms, which can directly endanger human health. Uncovered or partially covered surface drainage can provide excellent breeding grounds for disease vectors such as mosquito, rats, mice, and stray dogs. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 30 · Restrict entry of haz ardous waste (acid from lead acid battery, used lubricants chemicals etc.) into the drainage. · The open drainages should be kept clean and flowing so that disease vectors like mosquitoes, flies do not proliferate there. Closed and subsurface drainage should be well operated so that spillage of water to surface does not occur due to obstruction of drain by clogging. 4. Visual (Aesthetic) Impacts 4.1. Environmental Risks Open surface drain can be unsightly and can have an adverse impact on areas requiring aesthetic qu ality of land use e.g. tourist places, recreational areas, residential and commercial areas. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The open drainage should not be located in close proximity to visual sensitive land use areas. 5. Odour 5.1. Environmental Risks Offending odour can be emitted from open drainages. Even the closed drainage if not properly operated may result in overtopping of wastewater from drainage due to clogging of drainage by plastics or rags and hence produces offending odour. There is a risk that dead animals are thrown in drainages and its decomposition produce offending odour . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Drainage should be covered especially in settlement areas. · Dead animals if found inside drains should be removed as soon as possible . · Wastewater should be screened before being discharged to the drain to prevent the entry of clothes and plastics inside the drain . 6. Child Labour 6.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construction or maintenance work of the project. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. 7. Health and Safety of Workers 7.1. Environmental Risks Workers employed in cleaning and maintenance of drainages without any safety measures may encounter th e risks like infection from various types of skin, gastro enteric and pulmonary diseases . Sudden accidents may cause serious injury or even death of workers. 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient protective gears like protective belt, helmet, mask, gloves, shoes etc. should be provided to the workers and wearing of these protective gears should be made compulsory during performing hazardous works. · Materials required for first aid should be kept ready at the project site. · Nearby health centre should b e informed about the possible accidents likely to occur in the project area. The proponent should assist the health centre to remain prepared to deal with such cases. · The workers who come to direct contact of wastewater during cleaning, maintenance and management of drainage should be provided with masks and gloves. September 12, 2007 31 · The workers handling wastewater should be trained with hygiene and sanitation training so that they do not have to suffer from possible health threats. 8. Safeguarding and Maintenance of Infrastructures 8.1. Environmental Risks If drainages manholes and infrastructures of the projects are not protected and maintained properly, the capacity of the project for stipulated service will decrease. If the leaky drainages are not repaired properly, the leak ed wastewater may pollute the environment. 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary workforce participation required for maintaining, repairing and safeguarding the project infrastructures should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged and malfunctioning infrastructures should be repaired as early as possible. September 12, 2007 32 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Tube Well and Dug Well Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Water Quality 1.1. Environmental Risks Water quality of source may not be suitable for drinking or for use in other purpose . Water may contain harmful level of nitrate, a rsenic, iron, magnesium, salts and other chemicals. Especially in Terai region, groundwater may contain high level of arsenic. If water with excess level of such harmful chemicals is used for drinking purpose, it may cause various harmful effect s to human health. Water may also be contaminated with pathogens that can cause diseases in human. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Water quality of the source should be assessed according to the PAF's guideline for drinking water. · If water pathogens is suspected in the drinking water it should be either treated in source through chlorination or boiled or treated with chlorine, or Sodish method (keeping the clean water in clean and transparent plastic bottles and leaving in sunlight for 48 hours) at home before drink ing. 2. Pollution and Water Pathogens 2.1. Environmental Risks Shallow tube well and dug well water may be contaminated with water percolating from pit latrines, leaky septic tanks, compost pits etc. This leaked water when reach the water source through seepage may contaminate water source with disease causing pathogens. Buckets and ropes used to lift water from dug well if contaminated with pathogens may contaminate the well. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Open pit toilets, animal sheds, pit to collect animals waste or any harmful effluents should not be located nearer than 30 metres from the water source. · The mouth of the dug well should be made up of cement rings and should be raised above the ground so that flood or rainwater does not enter the well. · The mou th of the dug well should be covered with lid so that materials containing pathogens do not enter the well by wind blowing or dropping by birds. · If drinking water pathogens is suspected in the drinking water from the tube or dug well, drinking water should be either boiled or treated with chlorine or Sodish method (keeping the clean water in plastic bottles and leaving in sunlight for 48 hours). · Platform should be provided around the hand pump and dug well. Surface water from around the tube well or dug wel l should be drained off. · Clean/hygienic ropes and bucket should be used for lifting water from dug well. · Safe washing and bathing place should be made near the dug well or tube well. 3. Accidents 3.1. Environmental Risks September 12, 2007 33 Animals and children may accidentally dro wn on dug wells. There is a risk that heavy d gases like carbon dioxide may be accumulate in old dug well, accidental suffocation and death can occur during cleaning of such wells . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Dug wells should be covered with lid so t hat accidental drowning of children and animals do not take place. · Due attention should be taken during cleaning of old dug wells. Well cleaning should be done only after testing that there is no harmful gaseous build up in the well (This can be done by sen ding burning candle inside the well by keeping it inside bucket attached to string. No one should be allowed to enter the well if the candle extinguishes inside the well Materials required for first aid should be kept ready at the project site). 4. Washing and Bathing Place 4.1. Environmental Risks The tube well or dug well specially the community tube well or dug well may lack covered washing and bathing places. women users may specially face difficultly and hesitations in bathing and washing at open places. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Screened or covered washing and bathing place should be made available especially near the community dug well or tube well as far as practicable. September 12, 2007 34 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Deep Well (Boring) for Irrigation Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Site Selection and Land Acquisition 1.1. Environmental Risks Acquisition of priv ate or public land may be necessary for construction of project infrastructures like pump house and canal. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project has to avoid acquisition of private land. If acquisition is necessary, written consensus and/or agreeme nt with the owners for voluntary contribution of the land should be included in project proposal. As far as practicable, the ownership of land should be transferred to the project. · If acquisition of land or property of a poor vulnerable family due to the p roject cannot be avoided and this will seriously affect the family's livelihood, compensation has to be given to vulnerable family by the CO itself with the written consent of the family and its written proof should be included in the project proposal. 2. Water Quality 2.1. Environmental Risks Many areas in Terai region have arsenic contamination in ground water. In Terai, groundwater may contain high level of arsenic; if such water is also used for drinking purpose, it may cause harmful effect to human health. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · If the source of water is also used for drinking purpose the quality of water should be assessed according to PAF guideline for assessment of drinking water. If harmful level of chemicals is found in water, it should not be used for drinking purpose. District underground irrigation office should be referred for assistance regarding groundwater problem. 3. Adequacy of Water Resource 3.1. Environmental Risks Although ground water system of the Terai region of Nepal is extensive enough t o cater much of the irrigation need, local cases of aquifer depletion have been reported in places like Kathmandu Valley and Shiraha. Withdrawal of water from aquifers with rate faster than their natural replenishment may cause decline in level of aquifer and shortage of water for irrigation. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project proposal must estimate the water requirement of the stakeholders for present and future irrigation plan. · The project proposal must ensure the information given by Ground Water Resource Development Board, Ground Water Division of Department of Irrigation is referred. · Minimum distance between two deep tube wells in the project area should be as suggested by Ground Water Resource Development Board, Ground Water Division of Department of Irrigation to prevent the interference among the wells . September 12, 2007 35 4. Increased Agrochemical use 4.1. Environmental Risks Increased use of agrochemicals due to availability of irrigation water can increase leaching and carrying of agrochemicals to surrounding environment. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The stakeholder farmers should be trained regarding the methods of preparing and using organic fertilizers and on integrated soil and water management practice with coordination with District Agriculture Office. Similarly, training on integrated crop pest management practice (ICPMP) should be provided to control the use of pesticides. 5. Water Logging 5.1. Environmental Risks Overuse of irrigation water without proper drainage facility can cause water logging and decline in soil productivity. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Adequate drainage facility should be managed during project construction to prevent water logging. 6. Risk on Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 6.1. Environmental Risks Community infrastructu res like roads , chantries and private properties may be lost or damaged during construction and operation of the project. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Private properties and community infrastructures like roads, irrigation canals should not be disrupt ed during construction and operation of the project. If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. 7. Risk on Forests and Natural Resources 7.1. Environmental Risks Natural resources like forests and wetlands may be adversely affected due to project structures like canal, pump house or electrical transmission lines. 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · Natural resources like forest s and wetlands , should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project . If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. · Trees likely to be lost due to project should be protected as much as possible special emphasis should be given to conserve protected plant species (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) protected by the forest act. · If trees are cut for the project, compensation plantation should be done in suitable place and the plants should be cared until they can survive themselves. 8. Extension of Electrical Line 8.1. Environmental Risks The poles required for extension of electrical line for pumping underground water may be derived from felling of trees in nearby forest. Electrical accidents can occur due to el ectrical line in the project area. September 12, 2007 36 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · If trees are cut for the project, compensation plantation should be done at suitable place according to Forest Act and the plants should be cared until they can survive themselves. Electrical lines should be aligned through safe distance and height from the houses to prevent electrical accidents. 9. Safeguarding and Maintenance of Infrastructures 9.1. Environmental Risks If infrastructures and machineries relating to water pumping are not maintained properly the capacity of the project to supply water for irrigation will decrease. If canals are not cleaned and repaired properly in time, enough water cannot reach the farmland. 9.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary w orkforce participation required for maintaining, repairing and safeguarding the project infrastructures and machineries should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged and malfunctioning infrastructures or machineries should be maintained and repaired as early as possible. 10. Noise Pollution 10.1. Environmental Risks Noise produced at the pump house can affect the neighborhood with noise pollution. 10.2. Environmental Management Measures · As far as practicable, t he pump house should be located away from the commun ity so that noise does not reach the community. · Pump house can be surrounded with barrier of natural vegetation or artificial barrier to reduce the noise pollution. September 12, 2007 37 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Village Road Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Land Acquisition 1.1. Environmental Risks Acquisition of private or public land may be necessary for construct ion of proj ect infrastructures . The user community should manage the land required for the project locally. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project has to avoid acquisition of land. If acquisition is necessary, written consensus and/or agreement with the owners for voluntary contribution of the land should be stated in project proposal. As far as practicable, the ownership of land should be transferred to the project. · If acquisition of land or property of a poor vulnerable family due to the project ca nnot be avoided and this will seriously affect the family's livelihood, compensation has to be given to vulnerable family by the CO itself with the written consent of the family and its written proof should be included in the project proposal. 2. Road Alignment 2.1. Environmental Risks If enough attention is not given during fixing the road alignment, the alignment may pass through unstable land thus unstabilizing the project area and threatening the project itself . If the alignment passes through forest and wetlan d, it may cause adverse impact to biodiversity of the area. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Road alignment should not pass from area prone to landslides as far as practicable . If other alternatives are lacking, enough measures of stabilizing land like co nstruction of engineering structures or bioengineering techniques should be utilized. · During construction of road on hills road should be aligned through ridges as far as practicable, so that the problem of landslide will be reduced and road will last for longer period. 3. Erosion and Land Slide 3.1. Environmental Risks Erosion and landslide can be triggered along the road during construction and operation especially in high slope area and areas with weak soil and rocks . If adequate provision of drainage across the road is not managed, water logging may occur on land upstream to the road especially on plain areas. This may also result in cutting and damaging of road during high flood period. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures o · Safe slope angle (45 ) should be maintai ned at cut and fill areas. Exposed land during cut and fill processes should be stabilized by planting plants and using bioengineering technique. September 12, 2007 38 · Adequate measures to manage water on roadside drainage should be made in the project design. Adequate number o f culverts and bridges should be designed and constructed at required intervals. They should be constructed in the location of natural drainage as far as practicable. 4. Borrow Pit Operation and Disposal of Spoil 4.1. Environmental Risks Extraction of boulders, s and and aggregates for construction of project from inappropriate places can c ause environmental impacts like landslide, erosion, riverbank cutting, forest disruption, changes in river regime or ponding of water. I mproper disposal of excavation spoil and construction waste can disrupt roads, farmlands, waterways, cause inconvenience, dust problem and water pollution. Improper disposal of spoil can also trigger landslides and erosion. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sites for quarrying should be selected s uch that the quarrying activity should not result into slope instability, erosion, disruption of natural drainage, riverbank cutting, destruction of vegetation and farmland and other physical resource. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricul tural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The gene rated spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 5. Air, Water and Noise Pollution 5.1. Environmental Risks There are likely chances of emission of dusts and noise during operation of equipments and vehicles during construction. Water pollutio n may occur from labour camp wastes, and leakages and spills of various hazardous materials . E mission of dusts and noise also occur due to movement of vehicles during operation stage. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · No horn region should be marked around schools and hospitals. · Waste and fluids from labour camps should be managed properly. Organic waste should be composed at least 30 metres away form the water sources. · Water should be sprinkled if dust is carried out by wind during construction phase . 6. Risk on Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 6.1. Environmental Risks Community infrastructures like trails, water pipes and irrigation canals and private properties like houses, sheds or private trees may be lost or damaged during construction and operation of the project. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Private properties like houses, sheds and community infrastructures like trails , irrigation canals, chautaras should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project. If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. 7. Risk on Forests and Natural Resources September 12, 2007 39 7.1. Environmental Risks Natural resources like forests and wetlands may be adversely affected due to project struct ures like intake, break pressure tanks and pipelines. 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · Natural resources like forest s and wetlands , should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project . If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written c onsent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. · Trees likely to be lost due to project should be protected as much as possible special emphasis should be given to conserve protected plant species (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Sati sal, Champ, Okhar) protected by the forest act. If trees are cut for the project, compensation plantation should be done in suitable place and the plants should be cared until they can survive themselves. 8. Social and Cultural Impacts 8.1. Environmental Risks Construction and operation of road can result in increased vehicular accidents, social deformities (alcohol markets, prostitutions, etc.) and criminal activities. Construction of road can damage religious and cultural sites like chautaras and temples. 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient traffic signs and safety infrastructures should be installed and awareness among locals about the traffic rules should be made. · If the money earned from the project by the local stakeholders can be utilized in appropriate occupation, spending on alcoholism and prostitution can be controlled. · Special attention should be given to protect religious and cultural sites. If damage to temples and chautaras and other cultural and religious sites can't be avoided they shoul d be relocated with the consent of all the stakeholders. 9. Child Labour 9.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construction or maintenance work of the project. 9.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. 10. Health and Safety of Workers 10.1. Environmental Risks Worker's health may be adversely affected while performing risky tasks of the project. Sudden accidents may cause serious injury or even death of workers. 10.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient protective gears like protective belt, helmet, mask, gloves, shoes etc. should be provided to the workers and wearing of these protective gears should be made compulsory during performing hazardous works. · Materials required for first aid should be kept ready at the project site. · Nearby health centre should be informed about the possible accidents likely to occur in the project area. The proponent should assist the health centre to remain prepared to deal with such cases. 11. Safeguarding and Maintenance of Infrastructures 11.1. Environmental Risks September 12, 2007 40 If road infrastructures are not maintained properly , the likelihood of accidents will increase. If the damaged road and road infrastructures are not repaired on time, their life span will be decreased. 11.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary workforce participation required for maintaining, repairing and safeguarding the project infrastructures should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged infrastructure s should be repaired as early as possible. September 12, 2007 41 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Landfill Site Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Land Selection for Landfill Site 1.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk that the proposed landfill site may be located on or near high flood areas, near unique areas of historic, religious, cultural importance and areas hazardous to land slides and land subsidence. If the landfill site is located near airport, birds will be attracted due to waste and chances of collision of birds with aeroplane during takeoff and landing may increase. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The landfill site should not be located in settlement areas, near areas of historic, religious, cultural and tourist importance and existing drinking water sources and catchments areas, high flood area, wetlands and unstable ground that are prone to landslides. · Landfi ll site should not be located towards downwind direction of the wind and near the settlement areas as far as practicable. · Landfill site should not be located near airport to prevent the collision of birds with aeroplanes. 2. Surface and Groundwater Pollution 2.1. Environmental Risks Leachate from dumping site may reach surface water sources like rivers and ponds. There is a risk/no risk that leachate from dumping sites seep into and pollute ground water aquifers surrounding or near the dumping site. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · The dumping site needs to provide appropriate drainage facilities in order to minimize the contact of surface runoff with waste. This will result in lowering the amount of leachate produced. · Either Geomembrane or a layer of compacted cl ay (Bentonitox) should be used for liner at the base of dumping site so that leachate does not percolate to groundwater. · Leachate from landfill site should be collected in a tank and drained to water source only after treatment. 3. Impact on Public Health 3.1. Environmental Risks Biological wastes such as slaughter waste, dead animals etc. provides sources of microorganisms, which can directly endanger human health. There is a risk/no risk that dumping sites can provide excellent breeding grounds for disease vecto rs such as mosquito, rats, mice, and stray dogs . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Restrict entry of unauthorized hazardous waste (not accepted for dumping and land filling sites like lead acid battery, date expired pesticides etc.). September 12, 2007 42 · Biological waste possi bly containing pathogens should be disinfected using disinfecting materials before dumping/land filling. · Waste should be compacted/leveled with soil layers every working day so that wind or birds do not carry it. · The dumping site/land fill site and its surrounding should be kept clean so that disease vectors like mosquitoes, flies and stray dogs do not proliferate there. 4. Health and Safety of Workers 4.1. Environmental Risks Workers employed in waste collection, transfer and disposal and waste handling works without proper safety measures may encounter the risks like infection from various types of skin, gastro enteric and pulmonary diseases . Sudden accidents may cause serious injury or even death of workers. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The workers who come to direct contact of wastes during waste handling and management should be provided with masks, gloves, apron and shoes to protect from diseases and accidents. · The workers handling wastes should be trained with hygiene and sanitation training so that they do not have to suffer from possible health threats. 5. Visual (Aesthetic) Impacts 5.1. Environmental Risks Landfill can be unsightly and can have an adverse impact on areas requiring aesthetic quality of land use e.g. tourist places, recreational areas, resi dential and commercial areas . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Visual screening should be adopted by planting trees, using invisible part of topography or by applying artificial screens if necessary . 6. Traffic, Odour and Waste Blow Impact 6.1. Environmental Risks Access to the landfill site by vehicular traffic via narrow roads can cause increased wear and tear on the designed roads. Wastes can be blown by wind or odour can emanate from waste during transfer or from the landfill site to the residential areas. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Vehicles should be used depending upon suitability to local road dimensions e.g., handcarts to small trucks should be preferred while working on narrow and weak road. This reduces road wear and tear as well as noise pollutio n. · Waste should be covered during transportation and covered with a layer of soil immediately after its disposal in the landfill site. 7. Land Use and Social dissatisfaction 7.1. Environmental Risks The use of land as a dumping site makes it and the immediately surrounding area incompatible with alternative land uses, often reflected directly in reduction in land values. The opposition from local people living nearby can reasonably be expected to increase in future during the site operation. 7.2. Environmental Manageme nt Measures · Location of dumping sites should be selected such that no productive land is utilized so that reduction in land value does not occur significantly . September 12, 2007 43 · The project proposal must include consent of the local people residing near the dumping site so that the project will not face opposition from local people during the site operation. 8. Awareness Regarding Reduction, Reusing and Recycling of Wastes 8.1. Environmental Risks Due to lack of proper awareness of people, waste collectors and dumping site operator s wastes may not be segregated properly and easily decomposable organic wastes, reusable and recyclable wastes can also dumped in dumping site reducing the life span of the dumping site. Hazardous wastes may be mixed with non hazardous wastes thus making t he management difficult. 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · Decomposable organic waste should be segregated as early as possible (during storage at home or during collection) and composted. Only the non -hazardous degradable wastes should be disposed on dump ing site. · Hazardous waste should never be mixed with non -hazardous waste. Hazardous waste should be treated separately. · Waste producers should be trained on Integrated Solid Waste Management Practice consisting of 3 Rs principle regarding Reduction, Reuse and Recycling of waste. September 12, 2007 44 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Toilet/Latrine Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Site and Design selection 1.1. Environmental Risks Inappropriate design and L ocation of toilet construction can adversely affect environment and community health. If temporary latrine like pit latrine is made close to the house, it can produce bad odour and also contribute to spreading of disease. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Temporary toilet like pit latrine should not be located near the house especially near the door and windows . Pit latrine should not be located in areas where the water tab le is close to the ground and nearer than 30 metres from the water source. · The platform should be made to cover the pit of latrine using wood or concrete and raised 15 cm above the ground. · In the areas with higher water table, sanitary toilet with septic t ank or compost latrine should be constructed instead of pit latrine. · After every use of compost latrine dry decomposable matter like saw dust, husk etc. should be used to cover the fecal material. · If sanitary toilet with septic tank is made, its storage c ompartment should be made leak proof by using cement. · Proper drainage should be maintained around the toilet so that surface flow during the rainy season does not enter the toilet. Similarly, the discharge from toilet should not be allowed to be discharged to the surroundings. 2. Water Pollution 2.1. Environmental Risks The leaked or spilled wastewater from the latrine can reach surface water sources like rivers and ponds located down slope of the latrine . Leachate from temporary latrine or poorly designed septic t ank seeps into underground aquifers and pollutes ground water. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Latrine should be located down slope to the water source. · Pit latrines should be located at least 30 metres away from the water source. 3. Hygiene and Sanitation 3.1. Environmental Risks Lack of enough cleanliness and sanitation in toilet may attract disease vectors like flies and mosquitoes. Poorly maintained toilet may produce offending odour . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project proposal should include written commitment from the user regarding keeping the toilet clean. · The users of toilet should be provided with orientation training regarding appropriate use and cleaning of toilet and sanitary behaviors for maintaining of hygienic condition. September 12, 2007 45 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Rural Electricity Extension Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Impact to Forest 1.1. Environmental Risks The poles required for transmission lines may be derived by felling of trees in nearby forest. There is a risk/no risk that transmission line transmitting electricity from power house to the settlement will pass through the forest the trees falling along the transmission line need to be cut . 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The transmission line should not be aligned through forest as far as practicable. The tree species to be felled, the number of trees to be felled and the location o f clearance should be mentioned in the proposal of the project. · Rare and protected species protected by forest act (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) should not be fallen down. · Species abundant in the areas and more resistant to decompo sition should be used for poles. · The bottom portion of the pole, which remains underground, should be treated with bitumen to prevent early decomposition and extend the life of the pole. · Compensatory plantation should be done for fallen tree s according to forest act and they should be properly cared until they can survive themselves. · Priority should be given to s teel or concrete transmission pole. 2. Risk to Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 2.1. Environmental Risks If the project infrastructures li ke electrical poles and transformer is located in private land these structures can cause inconvenience during tiling or working in the land. The land below the transmission line cannot be used for planting trees and for making houses hence objections coul d come from stakeholders if transmission line passes through the private land. Community infrastructures and private properties may be lost or damaged during the extension of electrical lines . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Public or private resources l ike forest, agriculture land, roads, irrigation canals should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project. If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. · Trees likely to be lost due to project should be protected as much as possible special emphasis should be given to conserve protected plant species (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) protected by the forest act. · If trees are cut for the project, compensation plantation should be done in suitable place and the plants should be cared until they can survive themselves. 3. Electrical Accidents and Lightening Hazards 3.1. Environmental Risks September 12, 2007 46 Transmission line transmitting electricity from powerhouse to the settlement may cause electrical shocks to human and animals if enough safety measures are not employed. The accidental short -circuiting of electricity at transformer/distribution lines/homes may cause fire hazard or electrical accidents. Infrastructures related to electricity production and distribution can increase the likelihood of electrical accidents and lighten ing hazards in the project area. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Transmission lines should be aligned such that it does not create risk f or electrical shock to people and animals. · Lightning arresters should be installed at required places to prevent the vulnerable infrastructures from lightening hazards. · Transformers should not be placed very near to thatched house or wooden house so that accidental short-circuiting do not cause fire hazard. · The provision of awareness training on methods of conducting safe wiring at homes, safe handling of electrical equipments and ways of protection from electrical accidents should be mentioned in the proj ect proposal. 4. Environmental Pollution 4.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk that electrical transformer using PCBs (highly toxic chemical compounds) may be used in the sub -project. PCBs are highly toxic and cause health problems in human through inhalation, ingestion or through the skin absorption if released to air through evaporation and soil and water through spillage or leakage. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Transformers using PCBs should not be used in the sub -project. September 12, 2007 47 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Community Building (School, Health Post etc.) Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Site Selection 1.1. Environmental Risks Selection of location for the construction of community building may cause loss of agricultural land, forest or any productive area. The proposed site for the construction of community building can have extreme morphology, which is pr one to landslides and subsidence. This may lead to instability in land as well as poses risk to the community building. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The community infrastructure should not destroy the agriculture land or the forestland. Only wastelan d or unproductive land should be selected as far as practicable . However, avoiding productive land should not compromise with the utility of the community building. · The community building should not be located on extreme morphology areas that are prone to landslides, avalanches, subsidence and rock falls. 2. Land Acquisition 2.1. Environmental Risks Acquisition of private or public land may be necessary for the construction of community building. The user community should manage the land required for the project l ocally. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project has to avoid acquisition of land. If acquisition is necessary, written consensus and/or agreement with the owners for voluntary contribution of the land should be stated in project proposal. As far as p racticable, the ownership of land should be transferred to the project. 3. Environmental Pollution 3.1. Environmental Risks The infrastructures required during operation of community building like toilet, waste produced from community building (hazardous biological and chemical waste if community building is used as health post) if not manage d properly may cause environmental problem in the community. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Toilet of the community building should be located at least 30 metres away from w ater source. Please follow the guidelines for toilet project for constructing toilet for the community building. · The purposes for which the community building will be used, the type of waste likely to be generated from the community building and the method of managing such wastes should be mentioned in the project proposal. 4. Forest Loss September 12, 2007 48 4.1. Environmental Risks Illegal tree falling from forest can result for acquiring wood products for constructing the community building. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The pro ject proposal should mention the source of wood required for the construction of community building in the proposal. · Rare and protected species protected by forest act (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) should not be fallen down. · Compensatory plantation should be done for fallen tree s according to forest act and they should be properly cared until they can survive themselves. · The number of trees to be cut, the tree species to be cut and the location of logging should be mentioned clearly in the project proposal. 5. Borrow Pit Operation and Disposal of Spoil 5.1. Environmental Risks Extraction of boulders, sand and aggregates for construction of project from inappropriate places can c ause environmental impacts like landslide, erosion, riverbank cu tting, forest disruption, changes in river regime or ponding of water . Improper disposal of excavation spoil and construction waste can disrupt roads, farmlands, waterways, cause inconvenience, dust problem and water pollution. Improper disposal of spoil c an also trigger landslides and erosion. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sites for quarrying should be selected such that the quarrying activity do not result into slope instability, erosion, disruption of natural drainage, riverbank cutting, destruction of vegetation and farmland and other physical resource. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The generated spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agri cultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 6. Child Labour 6.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construct ion or maintenance work of the community building. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. September 12, 2007 49 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Culvert (Slab, Pipe, Box) Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Land Selection 1.1. Environmental Risks Inappropriate selection of location for the constru ction of culvert can cause loss of agricultural land, forest or any productive area because of culvert itself and due to drainage system associated with it. The proposed site for the construction site may be located in area with extreme morphology, which i s prone to landslides and subsidence. This may lead to land instability as well as poses risk to culvert structure. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The culvert should be located on the natural drainage areas as far as practicable. This reduces the chanc es for loss of agricultural or forest land to make new artificial drainage. · The construction site should not be located in area with extreme morphology, which is prone to landslides and subsidence. 2. Borrow Pit Operation and Disposal of Spoil 2.1. Environmental Risks Extraction of boulders, sand and aggregates for construction of project from inappropriate places can c ause environmental impacts like landslide, erosion, riverbank cutting, forest disruption, changes in river regime or ponding of water. I mproper dis posal of excavation spoil and construction waste can disrupt roads, farmlands, waterways, cause inconvenience, dust problem and water pollution. Improper disposal of spoil can also trigger landslides and erosion. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sites for quarrying should be selected such that the quarrying activity should not result into slope instability, erosion, disruption of natural drainage, riverbank cutting, destruction of vegetation and farmland and other physical resource. · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The generated spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenie nce in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 3. Disruption of Natural Drainage 3.1. Environmental Risks If not designed properly, the proposed culvert may not allow the passage of suf ficient floodwater during heavy rain or flood. Construction of culvert may disrupt natural drainage flow and causes short term inundation in the nearby upstream areas especially in Terai region and may even cause breaching of road . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The design of culvert should be only done after calculating the amount of water approaching the site during the high flood period. The culvert should be large enough so September 12, 2007 50 that it allows passing all the water approaching it. This prevents flooding i n nearby areas and breaching of road near culvert. · Adequate spurs and embankment should be built near the culvert to direct the water flow through the culvert and reduce the inundation and chances of flooding and land road cutting. 4. Risk on Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 4.1. Environmental Risks Construction of culvert and the water flow associated with it may adversely affect private properties and c ommunity infrastructures like trails, water pipes and irrigation canals. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Private properties like houses, sheds and community infrastructures like trails , irrigation canals, chautaras should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project. If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. 5. Risk on Forests and Natural Resources 5.1. Environmental Risks Natural resources like forests and wetlands may be adversely affected due to project structures like spurs, embankment, culvert and water flow associated with it. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Natural resources like forest s and wetlands , should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project . If minor damage to them is unavoidable, written consent of rs all stakeholde should be included in the project proposal. · Trees likely to be lost due to project should be protected as much as possible special emphasis should be given to conserve protected plant species (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) protected by the forest act. · If trees are cut for the project, compensation plantation should be done in suitable place and the plants should be cared until they can survive themselves. 6. Child Labour 6.3. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the cons truction or maintenance work of the project. 6.4. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. September 12, 2007 51 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for River Training Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Design and Location of Spur 1.1. Environmental Risks Construction of spur in the river without proper techni cal study may lead to bank cutting in the opposite bank some distance downstream of the spur. Cutting of farmland and other productive land can cause adverse impact on the community. Social tensions can occur if private land is cut by the river due to spur construction. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Adequate technical study regarding design and location of the spur should be performed before the construction of the spur. Spur should not be located in place where the spur can cause cutting of farmland, forest or other productive land. 2. Borrow Pit Operation and Disposal of Spoil 2.1. Environmental Risks Extraction of boulders, sand and aggregates for construction of project from inappropriate places can c ause environmental impacts like landslide, erosion, rive rbank cutting, forest disruption, changes in river regime or ponding of water . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sites for quarrying should be selected such that the quarrying activity should not result into slope instability, erosion, disruption of natura l drainage, riverbank cutting, destruction of vegetation and farmland and other physical resource. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The generated spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil sh ould not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 3. Disruption of Natural Drainage 3.1. Environmental Risks If not designed properly, the proposed river training work may obstruct the natural drainage flow and causes temporary flooding in the upstream areas especially in Terai region. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The design of spurs and em bankment should be only done only after detail technical survey. The river training structures like spurs and embankment should be strong enough cater high flood discharge. 4. Child Labour 4.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construction or maintenance work of the project. September 12, 2007 52 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. 5. Health and Safety of Workers 5.1. Environmental Risks Worker's health may be adversely affected while perf orming risky tasks of the project. Sudden accidents may cause serious injury or even death of workers. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient protective gears like protective belt, helmet, mask, gloves, shoes etc. should be provided to the workers an d wearing of these protective gears should be made compulsory during performing hazardous works. · Materials required for first aid should be kept ready at the project site. · Nearby health centre should be informed about the possible accidents likely to occur in the project area. The proponent should assist the health centre to remain prepared to deal with such cases. 6. Safeguarding and Maintenance of Infrastructures 6.1. Environmental Risks If infrastructures made for river training works are not maintained properl y, the infrastructures cannot provide the protection stipulated in design and the project structures can be damaged or washed out during high flood period . 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary workforce participation requir ed for maintaining, repairing and safeguarding the project infrastructures should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged infrastructures should be repaired as early as possible. September 12, 2007 53 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Bride (RCC, Wooden, Suspended, Suspension, Truss) Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Construction and Operation and their Management Measures: 1. Land Selection 1.1. Environmental Risks Selection of location for the construction of bridge can cause loss of agricultural land, forest or any productive area because of bridge itself and with drainage system associated with it. The proposed site for the construction site may be located in area with ex treme morphology, which is prone to landslides and subsidence. This may lead to instability in land as well as poses risk to bridge structure. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The bridge should be located on the natural drainage areas as much as possible . This reduces the chances for loss of agricultural or forest land to make new artificial drainage. · The construction site should not be located in area with extreme morphology, which is prone to landslides and subsidence. 2. Borrow Pit Operation and Disposal of Spoil 2.1. Environmental Risks Extraction of boulders, sand and aggregates for construction of project from inappropriate places can c ause environmental impacts like landslide, erosion, riverbank cutting, forest disruption, changes in river regime or pondin g of water. I mproper disposal of excavation spoil and construction waste can disrupt roads, farmlands, waterways, cause inconvenience, dust problem and water pollution. Improper disposal of spoil can also trigger landslides and erosion. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sites for quarrying should be selected such that the quarrying activity should not result into slope instability, erosion, disruption of natural drainage, riverbank cutting, destruction of vegetation and farmland and other physical resource. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenience in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. · Spoil generation can be limited through balanced cut and fill process. The generated spoil should be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries, burrow pits and depressed areas. · Spoil should not be disposed in river, forest, agricultural land, in places where it can cause inconvenien ce in people activities or in areas where it dis turbs present land stability balance and may trigger erosion and landslides. 3. Forest Loss 3.1. Environmental Risks Illegal tree falling from forest can result for acquiring wood products for constructing the wooden bridge. Construction of Bridge across river may provide access to forest otherwise inaccessible and thus induce pressure due to grazing, fodder, firewood collection from the forest. September 12, 2007 54 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Rare and protected species protected by forest act (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) should not be fallen down. · Compensatory plantation should be done for fallen tree s according to forest act and plants should be properly cared until they can survive themselves. · The numbe r of trees to be cut, the tree species to be cut and the location of logging should be mentioned clearly in the project proposal . · Species abundant in the areas and more resistant to decomposition should be used for bridge construction. · The bottom portion o f the bridge, which remains underground, should be treated with bitumen to prevent early decomposition and extend the life of the bridge. · Site for bridge should be selected such that the construction of bridge does not exert extra pressure to the forest du e to increased accessibility to it. · The community organization should agree mechanisms to prohibit open grazing inside forest and unregulated collection of forest products from forest with community forest (or other forest committee) to protect forest. 4. Disruption of Natural Drainage 4.1. Environmental Risks If not designed properly, the proposed bridge may not allow the passage of sufficient floodwater during heavy rain or flood. Construction of bridge may disrupt natural drainage flow and causes flood or water logging in the surrounding upstream areas especially in Terai region and may even cause breaching of road . 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The design of bridge should be only done after calculating the amount of water approaching the site during the high flood period. The bridge should be large enough so that it allows passing all the water approaching it. This prevents flooding in nearby areas and breaching of road near bridge. 5. Risk on Private Properties and Community Infrastructures 5.1. Environmental Risks Construction of bridge and the water flow associated with it may adversely affect private properties and c ommunity infrastructures like trails, water pipes and irrigation canals. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Private properties like houses, sheds and community infrastructures like trails , water pipes, irrigation canals , chautaras should not be adversely affected due to the construction of the project structures like bridge and change in drainage system associated with it . If minor damage to them is una voidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. 6. Risk on Forests and Natural Resources 6.1. Environmental Risks Natural resources like forests and wetlands may be adversely affected due to project structures like brid ge (and spurs and embankment associated with the bridge) and water flow associated with it. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 55 · Natural resources like forest s and wetlands , should not be disrupted during construction and operation of the project . If minor da mage to them is unavoidable, written consent of all stakeholders should be included in the project proposal. · Trees likely to be lost due to project should be protected as much as possible special emphasis should be given to conserve protected plant specie s (Sal, Simal, Khayer, Bijay Sal, Satisal, Champ, Okhar) protected by the forest act. 7. Repairing and Maintenance of Bridge 7.1. Environmental Risks If bridges especially the wooden bridge is not maintained properly , the wooden flakes of the bridge may be disl ocated due to movement of vehicles, carts, animals and human they may fall from the bridge or accidents may occur . 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · The provision of fund and voluntary workforce participation required for maintaining, and repairing of the bridge should be mentioned in the project proposal. · The damaged infrastructures should be repaired as early as possible. 8. Child Labour 8.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for the construction or maintenance work of the project. 8.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the project. · According to `schedule - e' related to Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001, water resource sector is listed as hazardous occupation, hence c hildren below 16 years should not be used as workers in water resource related works. September 12, 2007 56 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Carpet and Garment Project Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Water Pollution 1.1. Environmental Risks Wastewater produced from carpet and garment washing plant s may contain harmful chemicals and if this wastewater is drained to nearby waterways, it may poll ute the waterways. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Wastewater from washing of carpet or clothes should not be drained to the drainage or open areas directly. It should be treated before being released to the environment. Water can be simply treated by draining it into a sedimentation tank and allowing the suspended materials to settle for few days. The resulting clear water can be used for irrigation purpose or discharged into environment. 2. Solid Waste 2.1. Environmental Risks Waste clothes and wool from the i ndustry will pollute the environment by causing aesthetic pollution and clogging of drainages . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Waste wool and waste clothes produced from the industry can be used as raw material for making mattress and pillow. · Waste that cannot be reused or recycled should be properly stored in the closed chamber in the industry before being properly disposed in landfill site. · Waste that could not be reused or recycled should be incinerated if dumping site is not available locally. 3. Occupational Health Hazard 3.1. Environmental Risks The dust from threads and cloths and emissions from recently dyed wool can affect the health of workers (especially the respiratory tract) . Injuries may occur during sewing and ironing of the clothes. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Working areas should be well lighted and ventilated. · Sufficient protection measures should be followed to protect the workers from electric and heat shocks from hot iron and sewing machines . 4. Cultural Deformities 4.1. Environmental Risks Illegal sexual abuse may occur in the work areas. Sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS may transmit among the workers due to lack of awareness about it . 4.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 57 · Adequate institutional vigilance should be taken to provide safe co ndition for workers so that they will not be sexually abused. · The workers should be provided basic necessary knowledge about human rights, AIDS and STDs . 5. Child Labour 5.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for garment or carpet industries for knitt ing, sewing, cleaning and support works. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the industry. September 12, 2007 58 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Bird Farming (Pigeon, Duck, Poultry etc.) Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Availability of Land and Water 1.1. Environmental Risks Sufficient private land and water source may not be available to sustain the wallowing of ducks. If ducks are taken to the public land for wallowing, this may create social tensions with other local stakeholders. The pigeons if left open may go to neighboring agricultural field for grain depreda tion. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · If common land will be used for wallowing the ducks, the proposal must consider whether the community will agree to the wallowing of ducks in public waterways. Written consensus regarding such agreement should be in cluded in the project proposal. · If birds, especially pigeons go to neighbor's agricultural land for grain depredation then the pigeons should be enclosed in the pen during the grain depredation season. 2. Structure of Pen /Aviary 2.1. Environmental Risks The pen for bird farming may not be strong enough to withhold occasional rain and hailstorms. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · The pen structure should be made large enough for catering stipulated number of birds. It should be strong enough so that it can withho ld occasional rain and hailstorms. The pen should be well ventilated as well as should be capable of retaining heat during winter. 3. Waste 3.1. Environmental Risks Waste and washing from birds if not managed properly can pollute surrounding living areas. In addi tion, waste can attract disease -transmitting vectors like mosquitoes, flies, rats etc. creating health risk for the community . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Birds waste should be managed properly it should not be disposed haphazardly. It should be com posted before application to the agriculture land. · Bird's waste should be stored or composted at least 30 metres away from water sources. 4. Noise and Odour 4.1. Environmental Risks Community may be offended by the noise produced by the birds and odour emanating from the bird farm . 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The bird's pen and its surroundings should be cleaned regularly. Lime should be added at places where some residual waste is left to prevent odour. September 12, 2007 59 · Clean and well sanitary condition of the farm also sa ves birds from possible bird diseases. · Bird pen should be located farthest possible from the neighbor's house to make the noise of birds more acceptable. 5. Disease and Health Risk 5.1. Environmental Risks Avian influenza (Bird Flu) may be transferred from bird t o humans. Japanese Encephalitis may be transmitted from ducks to human through insect vectors. Rearing of birds inside the house is a dangerous source of indoor air pollution. Disease like fowl cholera, bird flu may be transferred among birds due to inadeq uate provision of vaccination, treatment and sanitation in bird shed thus killing many birds . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · The project proposal should mention the availability of animal health care facility in the area. Birds should be vaccinated agai nst diseases like foul cholera with assistance from nearby veterinary Centre. There should be a provision of separate bird pen for isolating diseased bird from other healthy bird as far as practicable. · A separate bird shed outside the house should be const ructed for bird farming to prevent transmission of disease from birds to humans. · Close observation on bird's health should be always done. Good sanitation should be maintained on the farm to prevent the infection of birds from diseases. If any symptoms of disease on birds are suspected, the farmer should try to avoid their direct contact as much as possible and ask for technical assistance from nearby veterinary service . 6. Child Labour 6.1. Environmental Risks Children can be kept away from school to tend the bir ds. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children should not be kept away from school to tend birds . September 12, 2007 60 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline Dairy, Ice cream and Milk Chilling Project Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Adequacy of Resources 1.1. Environmental Risks Enough water required for processing milk and cleaning facilities may not be available in project area. Steady supply of elec tricity facility should be available in the industry. If the electricity fails, the milk will be damaged and there arises the problem of milk disposal because byproducts of dairy products if not managed properly may produce environmental problems. 1.2. Environ mental Management Measures · Water requirements of the diary processing system/ ice -cream industry should be calculated in the project proposal and enough availability of water for the industry should be guaranteed in the project proposal. · In the areas wher e there is no consistent supply of electricity, provision of alternative source of electricity should be managed. 2. Waste and Water Pollution 2.1. Environmental Risks Direct discharge or run -off of inadequately treated wastewater in stream and waterways may cause contamination and deoxygenation of streams and waterways. Excessive concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters causes eutrophication (eutrophication contributes to excessive growth of plants and algae blooms which makes downstream water unsuitable for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses) . Eutrophication of aquatic environment also results in decline of biodiversity of fishes and other native aquatic lives. Use of untreated wastewater for irrigation can cause the dec line of soil quality. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Wastewater produced from processing of milk products like (Cheena, Panir, Cheese) and wastewater produced from cleaning of vessels and utensils should not be discharged directly to water source or rel eased to open environment. Wastewater should be collected on concrete lined or plastic lined sedimentation/oxidation tank and left for few days. Clear water resulting after settlement of suspended particles and colloids should only be used for irrigation p urpose or released to the environment. 3. Health and Hygiene 3.1. Environmental Risks Spilled milk products during handling and washing vessels can attract houseflies, mosquitoes and other disease vectors and emit offensive odour in the community. If proper attention is not given in sanitation milk products can be contaminated with disease containing bacteria and cause health effect on consumers . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The surroundings and vessels should be kept neat and clean so that flies and mosquitoes are not attracted and emission of odour is controlled. September 12, 2007 61 · Milk products should be covered so that flies are not attracted. This also reduces the chance of contamination of milk products from flies borne diseases. · Milk should be pasteurized before making mi lk products so that consumption of milk products does not cause risk of diseases to the consumers . Pasteurization can be done by heating milk at 60 o C for 30 minutes or at 72 o C for 15 minutes. Diseases transmitted through milk can be prevented by consum ption of milk products made from properly pasteurized milk. 4. Accidents and Safety of Workers 4.1. Environmental Risks Workers in the milk processing industries could be exposed to extreme heat (during heating milk ), vapours and odours due to poor ventilated con dition. This can cause adverse effect to worker's health. Sudden accidents like electrical shocks, severe burns by fire or hot milk may occur during milk processing. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring an d enough provision of light should be provided in the working area to protect worker from possible accidents and health hazards. · Working area should be well ventilated so that workers are not exposed to high level of indoor air pollution consisting vapours and smoke. · First aid kit should be kept ready and stored at safe place in the workshop. 5. Child Labour 5.1. Environmental Risks Child labour may be used for milk processing industries for cleaning and support works . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children below 14 years should not be employed as workers in any work of the industry. September 12, 2007 62 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Fibre and Nepali Paper Production Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Adequacy of Raw Material 1.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk that there is no sufficient legally available raw material to sustain the fiber production requirements of the planned proj ect. If legal sources are not sufficient, the raw materials may be illegally harvested thus causing unsustainable form over harvesting reducing the natural stock and regeneration capacity of natural fibre producing plant from the forest or public land. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The amount of raw material required for the project and its source should be clearly mentioned in the project proposal. · Only the raw materials obtained legally should be used for the production of paper or fibre. The proof that the raw materials are legally obtained for the industry should be kept at the industry. 2. Water Availability 2.1. Environmental Risks Sufficient water may not be available for wetting the raw materials for fibre production. This will reduce the water available for the project community and other nearby communities for other purposes thus resulting in community tensions for water uses . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Water requirements of the community served by the same source of water must be calculated for the present and future needs and mentioned in the project proposal. · Only the water in excess after the community use should be used for the project. The use of water in industry should not affect the water availability of the community. 3. Water Pollution 3.1. Environmental Risks Water collected in the pond to wet the fibre raw material may pollute surface and ground water. Water required for processing the fibre may also pollute water. High organic matter containing wastewater from paper processing if dischar ged in natural source of water may decline the oxygen content of water in the source and thus adversely affecting fishes and aquatic lives. Bleaching and whitening chemicals used in fibre or paper processing also can cause water pollution. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The tank used for wetting the raw material should be lined with concrete and its surface should be smoothened with cement to prevent water seepage to nearby aquifers. · Wastewater produced from industry should not be released to the enviro nment. It should be stored in concreted lined sedimentation/oxidation tank for organic matter removal before discharging into water sources. Only the clear water resulting from sedimentation tank should be released to the environment. September 12, 2007 63 · Tank for processing w astewater should be located at a minimum distance of 30 metres from the water sources used for drinking by humans, and should be downstream of these sources. 4. Odour and Sanitation 4.1. Environmental Risks Organic decomposition in the fibre wetting pond and processing areas produces offending odour in the neighborhood and attract flies and disease vectors like mosquitoes . 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The surrounding areas of the fibre -processing unit should be cleaned regularly so that offending odour do no t emit from the processing unit. · The provision of covering of wetting tank should be mentioned in the project proposal this helps to control odour, flies and mosquitoes . 5. Wastes 5.1. Environmental Risks Waste produced during fibre processing may pollute environ ment. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Easily decomposable organic waste should be composted by suitable composting method (by composting on a pile safe from rainwater or on a compost pit) but the waste should not be deposited or composted nearer than 30 meters from the water source. · Waste that cannot be decomposed by composting should be stored safely and send for recycling. If the waste cannot be composted or recycled, it should be disposed in safe place. 6. Accidents and Safety of Workers 6.1. Environmental Risks Workers in the fibre processing/Nepali paper industries could be exposed to vapours and emissions from bleaching chemicals or other chemicals used in the industry. This can cause adverse effect to worker's health. Sudden accidents like electrical shocks during handling electrical instruments and severe burns by fire during boiling fibers may cause injury to workers in Nepali Paper Industry. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring and enough provision of lig ht should be provided in the working area to protect worker from possible accidents and health hazards. · Working area should be well ventilated so that workers are not exposed to high level of air pollution consisting vapours and smoke. · First aid kit shoul d be kept ready and stored at safe place in the workshop. September 12, 2007 64 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline Fishery Project Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Adequacy of Resources 1.1. Environmental Risks There is risk that water used in fishery may reduce the water available for the nearby communities. If fish farming is done on natural wetlands, it can cause adverse environmental impact on wetland's environment. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The proposal should mention that the proposed fish farming will not cause adverse impact to nearby wetland area. · If other users in the community other communities use same source of water, the written commitment of the proponent that water rights for other community's water use will not be disrupted and social conflict will not arise due to water used in the fishery should be included in project proposal. The letter of VDC indicating that the use of wat er for fishery will not affect water rights of other communities should be included in the project proposal. 2. Water Pollution 2.1. Environmental Risks Plant nutrients from fish farms may lead to an increased occurrence of algal blooms in waterways. If fish farmi ng is adopted in cages in existing lakes particulate organic wastes from cage farms have a profound effect on the benthic environment and recovery, on cessation of farming, may take several years. Fishponds need to be drained after batches of fish cultivat ion. This residual water is contaminated with chemicals and drugs, which will pollute local waterways. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Only recommended amount of feed should be supplied to the fishes in case of cage farming. If the fish farming is done on small fishery ponds, not more than the recommended amount of fertilizers should be added so as to reduce water pollution. · Sufficient protection measures should be taken to check the entry of floodwater in the pond so that chemicals and nutrients are not carried away to the local waterways. 3. Escape of Fish to Natural Environment 3.1. Environmental Risks The escaped fish from fish farms may interbreed with wild population resulting in losses of genetic variability, including loss of naturally selected adaptations, thus leading to reduced fitness and performance. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Adequate nets and barriers should be installed in the water exit or entrance point so that fish is not allowed to escape to the natural environment. 4. Accidental Drowning 4.1. Environmental Risks September 12, 2007 65 Accidental drowning of children, other people and animals may occur in the fishpond. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Ponds should be fenced to prohibit accidental drowning of children and animals . · Children should not be allowed to s wim in fish ponds to prevent their drowning. 5. Waste 5.1. Environmental Risks Waste may be produced during rearing, harvesting and marketing of fish. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Degradable wastes produced from fishery should be composted. Non -degradable wastes like fish scales and bones should be disposed in landfill site or buried in pit in safe site. · Fish processing area should be cleaned regularly to limit odour and control disease - transmitting vectors like mosquitoes and houseflies . September 12, 2007 66 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Small Enterprises like Tailoring, Madal, Shoe, Umbrella, Sarangi Making Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Adequacy of Resources 1.1. Environmental Risks Enough resources and facilities like water, raw materials and energy source required for the operation of enterprise may not be available in sufficient quantity in the project area . Forest may be adversely affected if wood products required for manufacturing of materials like Madal and Sarangi are brought from the forest. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The type and amount of resources and raw material required for the project and its source should be clearly mentioned in the project proposal. · Forest trees should not be felled illegally to obtain raw materials (for example wood for Sarangi and Madal). 2. Wastes and Water Pollution 2.1. Environmental Risks Waste generated in enterprise operation can cause inc onveniences in regular community activities, decline in aesthetic values and cause water logging due to blocking of drainages. Hazardous chemical wastes may be produced from some activities of the enterprises, which may cause harm to the public health and environment if not managed properly . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Commitment regarding wise use of raw materials, early segregation of various types of wastes (decomposable, non -decomposable and hazardous), and separate treatment and disposal of thes e wastes should be included in the project proposal. · Decomposable organic waste should composted in safe places. · Non-hazardous and non -degradable wastes should be disposed on dumping site or burned in safe places if dumping site is not available. · Plastic, rubber and synthetic resins and fibres should never be burned. · Hazardous waste should never be mixed with non -hazardous waste. Hazardous waste should be disposed separately according to the suggestion from waste management experts. · Priority should be given to paper or cloth bags during marketing and packaging of the products from enterprise. 3. Health and Safety of Workers 3.1. Environmental Risks Handling of sharp instruments during work may cause accidental injury to the workers. Electrical shock may occur to wor kers while using electrical instruments. Working inside poorly ventilated workshop may adversely affect the health of workers. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 67 · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring, enough provision of light should be provided in the working area to protect worker from possible accidents and health hazards. · Materials for first aid should be kept ready and stored at safe place on the working area to provide first aid if sudden accidents occur during working. · Adequate provisi on of ventilation should be managed at the working area. 4. Child Labour 4.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as workers for support works of the enterprise . 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating that c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of the enterprise should be included in the project proposal . September 12, 2007 68 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Watch, Electrical Equipments, Electronic Equipments etc., Repairing Project Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Wastes and Water Pollution 1.1. Environmental Risks Hazardous wastes like batteries and various chemicals may be produced at t he repairing centre, which may cause harm to the public health and environment if not managed properly. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Commitment regarding wise use of raw materials, early segregation of various types of wastes (decomposable, non -decom posable and hazardous), and separate treatment and disposal of these wastes should be included in the project proposal. · Plastic, rubber and synthetic resins and fibres should never be burned. · Hazardous waste produced from the repairing centre should never be mixed with non - hazardous waste. Hazardous waste should be disposed separately according to the suggestion of waste management experts. 2. Health and Safety of Workers 2.1. Environmental Risks Handling of sharp instruments during work may cause accidental injury to the workers. Electrical shocks may occur to workers accidentally while using electrical instruments. Working inside poorly ventilated workshop may adversely affect the health of workers; especially the fumes arising from shouldering rods may cause harm ful effect on human health. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring, enough provision of light should be provided in the working area to protect worker from possible accidents and health hazards. · Materials fo r first aid should be kept ready and stored at safe place on the working area to provide first aid if sudden accidents occur during working. · Adequate provision of ventilation should be managed at the working area. · Sharp equipments should be kept at safe pl ace away from the reach of children. 3. Environmental Pollution 3.1. Environmental Risks Chemical solvents can be used during repairing and cleaning of electrical and electronics equipments. Chlorofluoro Carbons (CFCs) used as a cooling gas in refrigerator can be released in atmosphere during repairing of refrigerator. CFCs gas destroys ozone layer present in atmosphere (mainly present between 15 and 50 km above the earth surface). Ozone layer acts as shield to ultra violet rays from sun and protects us from sunbu rns and eye cataracts. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 69 · Waste chemical solvents used during cleaning of equipments should be stored safely. They should not be discharged to the environment. · The box containing CFCs should never be opened while repairing t he refrigerator. If it is opened, CFCs filled inside it may be released to the atmosphere and it contributes to destruction of ozone. 4. Child Labour 4.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as workers for support works of the enterprise . 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating that c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of the repairing centre should be included in the project proposal . September 12, 2007 70 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Furniture Industry and Saw Mill Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Availability of Wood Products 1.1. Environmental Risks Wood products required for the furniture industry may not be legally available in required quantity. If the wood products are not legally available, there is a chance that wood products from nearby forests are used illegally in the furniture industry. Illegal tree falling can take the form of unsustainable over harvesting thus reducing the natural stock and regeneration capacity of the forest. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The quantity of wood products required for the furniture industry and its source should be clearly ment ioned in the project proposal. · The industry should not use illegal wood products as raw materials. 2. Saw Dust 2.1. Environmental Risks Power-sawing processes can produce fine sawdust. Short -term exposure to saw dust leads to irritation of the eyes and respirato ry tract or difficulty in breathing . Long -term exposure to saw dust causes chronic respiratory tract and pulmonary disease. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Mask and goggles should be provided to workers working around sawdust and wearing of mask should be made compulsory while working on dusty area. 3. Paints 3.1. Environmental Risks Exposure to paints and gaseous emission from volatile solvents can be harmful to workers health. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient ventilated area should be provided in w orkshop so that volatile gases do not build up indoors. · Wearing of gloves should be made compulsory while painting the furniture. 4. Wastes 4.1. Environmental Risks · Waste scraps and shavings of wood and dispersed nails if not managed properly, can cause injury to children playing nearby. Saw dusts if not disposed properly can be blown by wind. If sawdust is left openly its decomposition can produce foul smell especially during rainy season. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Waste wooden scraps, shavings, sawdust and nails laden furniture wastes should not be disposed on open areas as they may cause physical injuries to community children, people and animals. They should be stored in safe place and sold if sellable. Wastes that September 12, 2007 71 cannot be sold should be composed if decomposable and the remaining waste should be burnt or buried in safe place. 5. Child Labour 5.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as workers for support works of furniture industry . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating tha t c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of the furniture industry should be included in the project proposal . 6. Health and Safety of Workers 6.1. Environmental Risks Handling of sharp instruments during work may cause accidental inju ry to the workers. Electrical shocks may occur to workers while using electrical instruments. Short -circuiting of electrical equipments may also cause fire hazard in the workshop. Workers can be seriously injured due to entangling in the conveyer belt of s awmill. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring, appropriate repair and maintenance of equipments, barriers against conveyer belt and enough provision of light should be provided in the working area to protec t worker from possible accidents and health hazards. Provision of sufficient resting time for the workers also contributes to lower the probability of accidents. · Provision of wearing gloves during handling sharp instruments should be managed at the workshop. · No entry zone should be marked in places nearby equipments and no other people except the workers should be allowed to enter such areas. · Materials for first aid should be kept ready and stored at safe place on the working area to provide first aid if sudden accidents occur during working. 7. Noise Pollution 7.1. Environmental Risks The nearby community may be offended by the noise produced during workshop operation. 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · The workshop should not operate on late night so that noise is not produced at the sleeping hours . If the workshop is located on area surrounded by barriers, it could be helpful in controlling noise pollution. September 12, 2007 72 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Welding Workshop Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Welding Sparks and Fumes 1.1. Environmental Risks Harmful gases and fumes can be produced during welding . Harmful fumes originate from the filler metal and consist of fine particles. Short -term exposure to welding fumes leads to irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Long -term exposure to fumes from heavy metals may lead to cancer. Exposure to bright welding sparks can cause eye irritation. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient ventilated area should be provided in workshop so that fumes do not build up indoors. Good ventilation is also required to reduce the concentration of harmful gases produced during welding. · Masks and goggles should be provided to workers and mask and goggles wearing should be made compulsory during welding works. 2. Sanding Dust 2.1. Environmental Risks Dust released from dry sanding of filler, rust, etc. may be objectionable and/or harmful when inhaled. The harmful effects on health due to inhalation include irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Mask gloves and goggles should be provided to workers working around sanding dust and wearing of mask should be made compul sory while sanding and grinding. 3. Transformer Oil 3.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk/no risk that some of the components that make up the transformer oil used in the transformers contain highly toxic chemical compounds (PCBs). These harmful compounds enter human's body through inhalation, digestion, or through the skin absorption. In extreme exposure, vapour can irritate the eyes, nose and throat and can cause a skin rash. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Sufficient ventilated area should be provided in wo rkshop so that volatile gases from transformer oil do not build up indoors. · Transformer oil should not be spilled on open areas or sewer or burnt. It should be stored in a separate vessel with tight cap. 4. Wastes 4.1. Environmental Risks Waste scraps of metals c an cause injury to children playing in the surrounding or other people if disposed haphazardly in open areas . 4.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 73 · Waste metal scraps, welding rods and grinding rollers should not be disposed on open areas as they may cause p hysical injuries to community children, people and animals. They should be sold to scrap collectors if sellable. If not sellable wastes should be sent to landfill site for disposal or buried at safe location. 5. Child Labour 5.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as workers for support works on welding workshops . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating that c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of the welding workshop should be included in the projec t proposal . 6. Health and Safety of Workers 6.1. Environmental Risks Handling of sharp instruments during work may cause accidental injury to the workers. Electrical shocks may occur to workers while using electrical instruments. Short -circuiting of electrical equipments may also cause fire hazard in the workshop. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring, appropriate repair and maintenance of equipments and enough provision of light should be provided in the working area to protect worker from possible accidents and health hazards. Provision of sufficient resting time for the workers also contributes to lower the accidents. · Provision of wearing gloves during handling sharp instruments should be managed at the workshop. · No entry zone should be marked in places nearby equipments and no other people except the workers should be allowed to enter such areas. · Materials for first aid should be kept ready and stored at safe place on the working area to provide first aid if sudden accidents occur during working. 7. Noise Pollution 7.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk/no risk that community may be offended by the noise produced during workshop operation . 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · The workshop should not operate on late night so that noise is not produced at the sleeping hours . If the workshop is located on area surrounded by barriers, it could be helpful in controlling noise pollution. September 12, 2007 74 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Pottery/ Tiles/ Improved Cooking Stoves Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Location of Earth Extraction 1.1. Environmental Risks Sufficient private land for extracting soil may not be available for the entrepreneur to sustain the pottery production requirements of the planned project. Extraction of soil from community land may create community tensions and possible environmental disruption like soil erosion . 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The type and quantity of earth requirement must be calculated for the planned and future need and sufficient legal sources of soil must be identified in the project proposal. · If common land is used for soil extraction, the proposal must include the agreements of stakeholders to share the soil mining in the common land. · Extraction of soil should not be done on land, which the community has not agreed to use for soil extraction. 2. Water and Fuel Availability 2.1. Environmental Risks Sufficient water may not be available for treading the earth. This may reduce the water available for the project community and other nearby communities and cause social tensions. Adequate fuel for firing the products may not be available locally. If not available, there is a risk that forest will be cleared. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Quantity of water available and required for the project must be calculated sufficient sources of and water must be identified in the project proposal. · Wood required for the proje ct should be brought only illegally. Type and quantity of fuel (e.g. wood) and their sources must be identified and mentioned in the project proposal. 3. Pollution and Community 3.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk/no risk that firing of the potteries will off end the community through smokes and dust emission. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Harmful objects like tires or plastics should not be used to fire potteries. · Firing of potteries should only be done on kilns so that fly ash will not be blown by wind during or after firing. 4. Child Labour 4.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as workers for rotating wheel, painting potteries and other support works in the industry. September 12, 2007 75 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating that c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of the industry should be included in the project proposal . 5. Health and Safety of Worker 5.1. Environmental Risks Lead based paints can be used in potteries . If lead from the lead based paints enters human body it may cause serious health effects. Other types of harmful paints can also be used to paint potteries. 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Lead based paints should not be used in the industry. · Special attention should be given during using and storing other chemical paints. Workers should compulsorily wear gloves while painting. September 12, 2007 76 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Local Level Hotel and Restaurant Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Adequacy of Resource 1.1. Environmental Risks Enough amount of water may not be available for the use of hotel. Enough fuel for heating and cooking may not be available legally. This may le ad to illegal fuel wood collection from forest and hence adverse impact to the forest . 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · Water requirements of the hotel/restaurant should be calculated in the project proposal. If the community uses same source for other pu rposes, the proponent should submit written commitment that use of water for the hotel will not create water shortage in the community. · The type and quantity of fuel required for the hotel/restaurant and its source should be mentioned in the project propos al. Fuel wood for hotel/restaurant operation should not be brought illegally from the forest. 2. Water Pollution 2.1. Environmental Risks Wastewater will be produced from kitchens during dishwashing, rinsing vegetables, cooking, steam tables and washing activities. In addition, wastewater will also be produced from toilets and laundries. If not adequately managed, wastewater can pollute ground and surface water sources . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Wastewater from cleaning vegetables fruits etc., vessels and utensils and wastewater from toilet should not be directly discharged to the river. The wastewater should be stored in sanitary septic tank as far as practicable. 3. Wastes and Sanitation 3.1. Environmental Risks Waste generated in hotel and restaurant operation, such as food and vegetable scraps, packing materials like papers and plastics and guest related throwaway items could pollute environment. Lack of enough cleanliness and sanitation attract disease vectors like flies and mosquitoes and produce offensive od our. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Commitment on economic use of materials in cooking, reduction of wastage, sorting of wastes at source should be included on the project proposal. · Organic degradable wastes should be composted using pit or pile method at safe site (at least 30 metres away from water source). · Non-degradable wastes should be properly disposed in pit in safe location. · Rooms and surroundings of hotel/restaurant should be cleaned regularly to prevent flies. 4. Impact to Wildlife 4.1. Environmental Risks September 12, 2007 77 Food products form wild terrestrial and aquatic species of flora and fauna may be served in hotel/restaurant as special menu thus depleting the biodiversity of the area. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The proposal must state that the hotel/restau rant will not serve the food products derived from wild species of aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals that are rare and threatened. 5. Social and Cultural Deformities 5.1. Environmental Risks Alcoholism and prostitution may increase in the community due to operation of hotel/restaurant . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Alcohol should not be sold to children. · The hotel operator should aware workers against prostitution and should discourage such social deformities. · Hotels, restaurants and bars should not be opened until late nights to control alcoholism and prostitution. 6. Health and Safety of Workers 6.1. Environmental Risks Workers in the hotel/restaurants could be exposed to extreme heat (during cooking), vapours and odours due to poor ventilated condition. Thi s can cause adverse effect to worker's health. Sudden accidents like severe burns by fire or hot food may occur during cooking. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Kitchen should be well ventilated so that workers are not exposed to high level of indoor air pollution consisting vapours of oils and smoke. · Exhaust fan and improved cooking stove should be installed in the kitchen. Sufficient ventilation also protects worker form extreme heat built up. 7. Child Labour 7.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as wo rkers for cooking, cleaning and other support works of the hotel or restaurant . 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating that c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of hotel or restaurant should be included in the project proposal . September 12, 2007 78 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Vehicle Repairing and Maintenance Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Waste Motor Oil 1.1. Environmental Risks Waste motor oil or lubricating oil extracted from vehicles may pollute the environment (air through evaporation, water through seepage and soil through residual effect) if not properly managed. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · All used oil generated at the workstation must be stored in a vessel specifically designed and used exclusively for that purpose. The used oil kept in the vessel should be securely capp ed. · Used oil must not be used drained on drainage or open areas. 2. Waste Battery 2.1. Environmental Risks The disposal of waste battery may contaminate water with lead and acid . Lead is very harmful chemical for human health. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Waste batteries must not be disposed o n the open environment. Before disposing in waste recycling centre, batteries should be stored in closed chamber and precaution should be taken to prevent possible entry of water in the stored place and prevent leakages from the battery. 3. Wastewater 3.1. Environ mental Risks Wastewater produced from washing of vehicles contains soaps, detergents, and other chemicals and hence may pollute water and soil if not managed properly. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The contam inated water should not be sent to drainages or open environment without proper treatment. 4. Child Labour 4.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as workers for support works on vehicle repairing and maintenance centre. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating that c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of the repairing centre should be included in the project proposal . 5. Health and Safety of Workers 5.1. Environmental Risks September 12, 2007 79 Handling of sharp instruments during work may cause accidental injury to the w orkers. Exposure of workers to harmful chemicals from lubricating oil and battery can cause adverse health effect . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring and appropriate repairing and maintenance of equipmen ts should be provided in the working area to protect worker from possible accidents and health hazards. Provision of sufficient resting time for the workers also contributes to lower the probability of accidents. · Materials for first aid should be kept read y and stored at safe place on the working area to provide first aid if sudden accidents occur during working. · Provision of wearing gloves, aprons and masks during working at the workshop should be managed. 6. Wastes 6.1. Environmental Risks Used and worn out mate rials like tires, tubes, and other plastic and metal products can pollute the environment . Harmful gases will be released to the atmosphere if waste tires or plastics are burnt. 6.2. Environmental Management Measures · Used tires, tubes, other plastics and metal wastes should be stored safely in closed area before disposing. Reusable or recyclable waste should be sorted and stored separately prior to their management. · Tires, tubes should not be allowed to be burnt to prevent its adverse environmental consequences. 7. Noise Pollution 7.1. Environmental Risks There is a risk/no risk that community may be offended by the noise produced during workshop operation . 7.2. Environmental Management Measures · The workshop should not operate on late night so that noise is not produced at th e sleeping hours . If the workshop is located on area surrounded by barriers, it could be helpful in controlling noise pollution. September 12, 2007 80 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Rice Mill, Chiwra (Beaten Rice) Mill, Masala (Spices) Mill Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Dust and Pollution 1.1. Environmental Risks Various works at such mills produce dust. Firing to roast paddy for chiwra processing produce smoke and fine ash dust. Tank for wetting paddy in chiwra mill produces foul odor if not cleaned regularly. Washing of dust and ash from chiwra mill during monsoon season may pollute waterways. 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · If mills are located on open areas barrier of vegetations should be placed in the surrounding of the mill as far as practicable. Husks and ash produced in the mill should be stored in closed cabinet to prevent it from blowing by wind or flushing by rainwater . 2. Health and Safety of Workers 2.1. Environmental Risks Electrical shocks may occur to workers while using electrical instruments. Short -circuiting of electrical equipments may also cause fire hazard in the workshop. Workers can be seriously injured due to ent angling in the conveyer belt of mill. 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Necessary safety measures like safe electrical wiring, appropriate repair and maintenance of equipments, barriers against conveyer belt and enough provision of light should be provided in the working area to protect worker from possible accidents and health hazards. Provision of sufficient resting time for the workers also contributes to lower the accidents. · Provision of wearing mask should be made compulsory during working at dusty are as of the mill. · No entry zone should be marked in places nearby equipments and no other people except the workers should be allowed to enter such areas. · Materials for first aid should be kept ready and stored at safe place on the working area to provide fi rst aid if sudden accidents occur during working. Seriously injured workers should be taken to nearby health centers after first aid. 3. Child Labour 3.1. Environmental Risks Children may be used as workers for support works of mill . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · The written commitment indicating that c hildren below 14 years will not be employed as worker for any work of mill should be included in the project proposal . September 12, 2007 81 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Vegetables, Fruits, Herbs, Medicinal Plants, Asparagus, Mushroom Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Resource Availability 1.1. Environmental Risks Prerequisites such as s ufficient irrigation, seeds and fertilizers technical advices may not be available in adequate amount in the project area. Seeds or seedlings for medicinal or high values crops may be collected from forests hence depleting their natural stock . 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The resource requirements must be calculated for the planned cultivation and the ways of managing them should be mentioned in the project proposal. · If seeds and seedlings are to be derived from forests, they should be derived only le gally. Unsustainable harvesting of such forest products should not be done as this can affect the natural regeneration capacity of such products 2. Landscape and Soil Stability 2.1. Environmental Risks Cultivation on marginal land without proper attention can caus e landslide, soil erosion, decline in soil fertility and water logging problems . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Intensive cultivation should not be practiced on marginal land. · Proper drainage system should be maintained to drain out excessive water to prevent water logging. · If soil erosion and nutrient leeching is high, techniques like hedgerows plantation should be applied to reduce fertility reduction and nutrient leeching . 3. Fertilizers and Manuring 3.1. Environmental Risks Over use of chemical fertilizers may create soil texture problems, soil acidity and soil infertility problems. Leaching of fertilizers may create eutrophication (increased plants and algae boom on waterways) and hence biodiversity loss of the nearby waterways . 3.2. Environmental Management Measures · Priority should be given in the use of compost and bio fertilizers as far as practicable. · Soil and nutrient conservation techniques like cyclic cultivation, planting of nitrogen fixing leguminous plants, mulching, plantation of hedgerows etc. can be used to lower the use of chemical fertilizers. 4. Use of Pesticides 4.1. Environmental Risks Insufficient care during pesticides and herbicide use may affect health of farmer. Residual effect of pesticides may remain in environment for long period and hence use o f pesticides September 12, 2007 82 may be harmful non -target species. Pesticides may also kill the beneficial organisms like spiders, ladybird beetles that are the predators of plant pests. 4.2. Environmental Management Measures · Gloves and gas mask should be used while handling and applying pesticides. Pesticides should be kept safely in a closed cabinet away from the reach of children. The bottles and pouches of pesticides should be labeled with danger sign to ensure that accidental swallowing does not occur. · Not more than prescribe d dose and frequency of pesticides should be applied to the crops. 5. Wastes 5.1. Environmental Risks Wastes may be produced during processing and marketing of harvested products . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Organic degradable wastes should be composted by p it or pile method at safe site (at least 30 metres away from water source). · Non-degradable wastes should be properly buried in pit in safe location. 6. Child Labour 7.3. Environmental Risks Children may be kept away from school for working on farmlands . 7.4. Environme ntal Management Measures · Children should not be kept away from school for working on farmlands . September 12, 2007 83 Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) Environmental and Social Risk Screening and Management Guideline for Animal Husbandry Projects Possible Environmental Risks likely to occur due to Project Implementation and their Management Measures: 1. Fodder and Grazing 1.1. Environmental Risks If sufficient grazing and fodder requirements of animals reared or planned in the project cannot be managed from private resources, the farmers have to depend on public grassland or forest to fulfill the fodder requirement of the animals. This can lead to loss of vegetation and soil erosion on grazing land or forest . 1.2. Environmental Management Measures · The fodder and grazing requirements must be ca lculated for the planned and future herd, and sufficient legal sources of fodder and grazing land must be identified in the project proposal. · If common land will be used for grazing, the project proposal must include agreements of stakeholders to share the grazing on common land. · Fodder should not be collected from such land, which has been legally banned for such purpose (e.g. National Parks, Wild Life Reserve) or the community has not agreed to use for the purpose. Animals should not be left to open grazi ng on such lands. · Grass and fodder species of improved varieties should be planted in farmlands as necessary, especially at wastelands and slopes. 2. Animal Waste 2.1. Environmental Risks Waste and washing from animal farm will contaminate water sources and living areas, creating a health risk of the community . 2.2. Environmental Management Measures · Animal sheds must be at least 30 metres from any water source. · Water source should be fenced to keep animals out from the water source. · The pit to collect animal waste shou ld be a minimum 30 metres away from water sources, children's play area and school or health post. · Water for washing and watering animals (including wallows for buffalo) should be provided at a minimum distance of 30 metres length from the water sources us ed for washing and drinking by humans, and should be downstream of these sources. · Animals' excreta should not be directly thrown to farmland. It should be composed before being used as fertilizer. 3. Animal Shed 3.1. Environmental Risks If animals are reared insid e house, flies can be attracted, odours can be spread inside the house and likelihood of transmission of disease like rabies, encephalitis from animals to human can increase. 3.2. Environmental Management Measures September 12, 2007 84 · Animals should not be reared inside houses wher e people live. Separate shed for animal should be constructed out of the house. 4. Diseases Various diseases may attack animals thus killing the animals or reducing the productivity of animals. 4.1. Environmental Management Measures · Animals should be vaccinated a gainst diseases occurring in the locality with assistance from nearby veterinary center. · If animals get diseased, their early treatment should be managed with assistance from nearby veterinary center. · There should be a provision for isolating diseased anim al from other healthy animals as far as practicable . 5. Child Labour 5.1. Environmental Risks Children may be kept away from school to tend the animals . 5.2. Environmental Management Measures · Children should not be kept away from school to tend the animals . September 12, 2007 85