Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 2016–2023 GENDER STRATEGY and Inclusive Growth WORLD BANK GROUP Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction, Contents FOREWORD ô ô ABBREVIATIONS World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth SSN social safety net STEM science, technology, engineering, and mathematics TVET technical vocational education and training WDR World Development Report Page 5 KEY DEFINITIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY      PART I: GENDER, POVERTY REDUCTION, AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH: AN OVERVIEW Introduction The Conceptual Framework World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth level, geographic location, and migratory status, can lead to multiple overlapping layers of vulnerability and discrimination. The WDR identified three key domains of gender inequality: endowment, economic opportunity, and agency (figure 1.1). For each area, it highlighted the key issues that needed to be addressed. In endowment, it singled out gender gaps in education, such as among the very poor and marginalized communities; and excess female mortality at specific periods of the life cycle, in particular, skewed sex ratios at birth. excess mortality of girls in infancy and early childhood, and stubbornly high rates of maternal mortality in reproductive years. On economic opportunities, it noted the excessive time spent by women on domestic work and child care, the gender gaps in access to assets and inputs, and the continuing discrimination in paid employment. ln relation to agency, the key issues were and remain women's lack of societal voice due to underrepresentation in national and local decision-making bodies; the muted voice of women within households in many countries, which is associated with their limited control over household resources and fertility; and their exposure to gender-based violence. The WDR posited that households, markets, and institutions (both formal and informal), and the interactions between them, all influence gender equality and economic development. The foundational premises are threefold: First, households are composed of individuals with varying preferences and needs; they are not homogeneous units. Second, markets and institutions influence the relationship between economic development and gender equality, directly and indirectly. Third, markets and institutions are dynamic, with society influencing their attributes. Consequently, markets and institutions can evolve in response to external stimuli, including policy interventions. These three principles lay the foundation for a framework that captures the ways in which household members make decisions, how they interact with markets and institutions to influence gender equality outcomes, and the role of policy in determining these interactions and outcomes (World Bank 2011). This strategy adopts the general framework of the WDR but tweaks it to capture three additional dimensions: the interconnectedness between the three domains (as represented by the red arrows in figure 1.1); the potential of programmatic interventions to tackle specific issues in these domains (as represented by the oil can on the right in figure 1.1); and in a world facing climate change and conflict-related shocks, the interactions between households, markets, and institutions that influence gender equality growth, and resilience. Page 13 POLICIES INTERVENTIONS INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES MARKETS HOUSEHOLDS ENDOWMENTS AGENCY FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Progress since 2000 Human Endowments Economic Opportunities Voice and Agency A Focus on Gender Equality in Fragile and Conflict -Affected Situations      PART II: INTERNATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK The Evolution of the Framework and Gender Mainstrea ming World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth this approach. Contrary to early optimism, mainstreaming has not succeeded in embedding a gender equality orientation in the institutional DNA of most development agencies, and gender equality results have been fragmented and too rarely scaled up. Commitments to address gender equality frequently are not followed by efforts to build staff capacity, allocate adequate financing, and monitor and evaluate results. One part of the problem is language. The terminology of "gender perspective" does not help identify which gender inequalities are central to development outcomes, which results are to be achieved across sectors, and how to pursue the goals. Another problem lies with the multidimensional nature of gender equality, which cuts across program categories or sectors where development partners typically work. Rather than being multidimensional or aligned across sectors, interventions often end up being concentrated in specific sectors (for example, in education and health). Finally, mainstreaming has not been linked to flows of funding. The routines of government resource allocation have not generated information about financing requirements and funding gaps for the achievement of gender equality and women's empowerment; and development partners often, in turn, do not provide adequate resources for the achievement of gender equality across sectors. Neither donor resources nor country budgets match the policy rhetoric on gender equality. Since 1991, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-Development Assistance Committee has been tracking member countries' commitments to gender equality and female empowerment using a policy marker that screens commitments according to whether their principal objective is to promote gender equality and women's empowerment or whether the promotion of these objectives figures as a significant component within a larger program. The "principal objective" category reflects stand-alone projects targeting women and girls, and the "significant" category reflects gender mainstreaming (for example, interventions within a larger sector program such as education, agriculture, rural development, water and sanitation, and so on) For example, agriculture projects may include special components to recruit and train women extension workers or education programs may include special subsidies for girls to attend school. From 2002 to 2013, the amount of screened aid that could be attributed to the promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment ranged between 8 and 18 percent (with the higher percentages mainly in the latter six years).19 More than 50 percent of aid for gender equality was in education and health. At the country level, gender budget initiatives have estimated that governments commit between 1 and 3 percent of own resources to promoting gender equality, which is low even in the absence of agreed-upon funding targets (UNU-WIDER 2014). The past few decades have witnessed the growth of private sector actors in development assistance to support gender equality, along with a rise in partnerships between public sector agencies and the private sector (public-private partnerships). Many corporate initiatives directly seek to increase women's economic status; among others, the more high-profile private sector initiatives include 10,000 Women, started by Goldman Sachs in 2008 and currently working in 43 countries; the Coca-Cola 5x20 Program, which seeks to enable the economic empowerment of 5 million women entrepreneurs across the company's value chain by 2020, now present in more than 12 countries; and Wal-Mart's Women's Economic Empowerment Program. Encouraging and partnering with the multinational and local private sector in developing countries can be beneficial for women entrepreneurs. Page 23 The Role of the Multilateral Development Banks World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Strategy will strengthen the country-driven approach, build the evidence on what works, and harness key partnerships at the country level to widen the policy dialogue. Page 25 PART III: EVOLUTION OF THE BANK GROUP'S APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY Bank Group Support for Gender Equality Lessons Learned       PART IV: THE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES Improving Human Endowments Health F IRST -G ENERATION I SSUES ô E MERGING ISSUES ( Education F IRST -G ENERATION I SSUES E MERGING I SSUES World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Young women tend to take longer to find their first job, which is likely to less good than the ones their male counterparts find, and they face a higher probability of inactivity. If they do not have a secondary education, the higher-paying categories of formal wage employment are likely to be closed to young women (Filmer and Fox 2014). The occupational choices for those who have not completed primary education are more limited, especially for women, who usually cannot obtain the higher-earning, semi-skilled work (wage employment or self-employment) that is available to men without a secondary education (in construction trades, mechanics, or transportation services) (Campos and others 2013). In the Middle East and North Africa, low rates of female labor force participation persist despite dramatic improvements in educational attainment. and the school- to-work transition, which is difficult for all young people, is especially challenging for educated women. Other barriers to female labor force participation include safety issues on the way to work and in the workplace; low availability of quality care services for children, the sick, and elderly dependents; and lack of safe and affordable transportation (54 YE 2015). The constraints facing young women are exacerbated by the norms and behaviors modeled by the women they encounter in their lives. The lack of confident, independent women who have gone to school, are earning a living outside the home, and can serve as role models can limit the aspirations of young women themselves. Programs and interventions need to encompass multiple components to affect multiple outcomes simultaneously. The approach that appears to yield the greatest impact is to bundle a set of interventions. Programs based on a single intervention cannot expect to affect all outcomes, and recent research suggests that integrated interventions are delivering the best results (Taylor and Pereznieto 2014; Filmer and Fox 2014). On the labor supply side, programs supported by the Bank Group and development partners are adopting a mix of counseling and life-skills training to try to change behaviors and instill confidence, business training, vocational training, and follow-up support. The Adolescent Girls Initiative (box 4.2), is an example of such combinations of inputs. However. in contrast to education and health, and despite ongoing research and impact evaluations, rigorous evidence is limited on what works in general to promote access to jobs; and on the relative emphasis between supply- or demand-side constraints; best fit of specific interventions to specific contexts; and cost-effectiveness. More work is needed to address regulatory and policy distortions that constrain labor demand and inhibit job creation, especially in the formal sector and for young men and women of different educational backgrounds. Few supply- side interventions report costs, and many of those that do are expensive. The Empowerment and Livelihoods for Adolescents program implemented by BRAC in Uganda has begun with a more selective approach focusing on interventions to relax social norms. The program identified sociocultural factors as the binding constraints, focusing on human development outcomes as well as broader economic and social empowerment. In the future, the Bank Group will strengthen the evidence base on complementarities between demand- and supply-side interventions and trade- offs between simpler, cheaper models and results attained. On the supply side, efficiency in program delivery, experiments to understand which components matter most, and use of technology (such as providing job information through mobile phones) could lower costs dramatically. Page 35 World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Box 4.2 The Adolescent Girls Initiative Transitioning from school to productive employment presents an array of challenges for young people in general and adolescent girls in particular. Reaching adolescent girls is critical because decisions made and behaviors established during this period affect their horizons later in life. Adolescence for boys typically ushers in increased mobility and autonomy, but for girls it often comes with increased restrictions-fewer opportunities and less freedom to exercise choice. The Adolescent Girls Initiative (AGI) was designed to better understand what works in helping adolescent girls and young women transition to productive employment. In several countries, the AGI piloted and rigorously evaluated innovative interventions that included business development skills training, technical and vocational training targeting skills in high demand, and life-skills training. In Liberia, AGI supported the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women project, which trained about 2,500 young women for either wage employment or self-employment plus life skills, with an emphasis on job placement and follow-up support. The project evaluation showed that employment rose by 47 percent while earnings increased by about US$32 per month, an 80 percent gain. The impacts were larger for the self-employment track than for the wage-employment track, but these are still much larger impacts than seen in other youth training programs. The project also significantly increased girls' savings by about US$36, and had positive effects on their self-confidence and job satisfaction. In Nepal, the Adolescent Girls Employment Initiative trained 4,410 young women in three rounds. Livelihood training spanned 39 occupations across 44 districts of Nepal. Trainees also received life-skills training and assistance with job search and placement or for starting their own businesses. One year later, the treatment group had increased their nonfarm employment by 14 percentage points, for an overall gain in employment of 47 percent relative to the control group. Average monthly earnings increased by approximately 45 percent for the 2010 cohort and 66 percent for the 2011 cohort. In contrast, limited effects were found on empowerment, reproductive health, or household-level outcomes. The rigorous evidence on program impacts that have resulted from the AGI not only contribute to the evidence base on what works, but also provide a strong case for (1) designing youth employment programs that are responsive to the needs of young women and (2) better understanding demand-side and regulatory constraints that hamper successful school-to-work transitions. Efforts are under way to scale up approaches used in AGI pilots in national-level employment programs in Nepal and Rwanda. Evidence and operational tools are also being used to inform project design in Bhutan, the Indian State of Jharkhand, the Sahel region, and Zambia, among others. Teacher Training and Curriculum Reform to Improve Educational Outcomes for Underperforming Boys Weaker learning outcomes and educational achievement may be a limiting factor for boys and young men. Across the 64 countries that participated in the most recent Programme for International Student Assessment, results reveal a widening gap between male and female academic achievement. They also show that young women often outperform their male peers. In these countries, girls now go to school longer than boys and significantly outperform boys in reading, and boys are also more likely to post low scores in math and science, with these learning Page 36   Social Protection F IRST -G ENERATION I SSUES E MERGING I SSUES    Economic Opportunities Removing Constraints for More and Better Jobs World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Box 4.4 Green Jobs and Gender Equality Although definitions vary, "green jobs" are viewed generally as those occupations or skills that help countries move toward a less carbon-intensive economy and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Green jobs include employment in such industries as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other services contributing to climate mitigation, as well as those contributing to adaptation and climate resilience. Opportunities in the green economy have the potential to increase economic possibilities for women. Particularly in newer industries such as renewable energy, potential exists to break long-standing occupational sex segregation through attention to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education; technical training; and job placement for female students and trainees. It is estimated that by 2030, at least 20 million jobs will be created in the green economy. Enhancing women's entrepreneurship in this sector and women's access to green jobs can lead to greater and more sustainable economic growth. Although often described only with regard to their climate vulnerability, women are also change agents and environmental managers-through their involvement in agriculture, animal husbandry, and forestry at levels from local to national-who can influence the development and deployment of sustainable solutions. Sources: ADB 2011; Bowen 2012; Kuriakose and others 2013; World Bank 2012b; USAID and IUCN 2014; and ILO 2015. The availability and design of infrastructure, and the services it provides, are key to accessing jobs and economic opportunities-as well as being a potential source of jobs. Infrastructure expansion and service provision can play a role in mitigating important constraints on women's time and physical mobility. Investments in electricity, water, roads, lCT, and transportation can free up time that women need for home production; paid employment; entrepreneurship; and access to education, health, and other services. They can provide important enabling functions as the world undergoes the largest wave of urban growth in history. More than half of the world's population now lives in towns and cities, and by 2030 this number will swell to about 5 billion. Much of this urbanization will unfold in Africa and Asia, bringing huge social, economic, and environmental transformations. Women and men's social and economic roles are at the root of their specific and differential needs for transport. Women have unique travel needs related to their household, economic, and social roles. Their travel patterns in urban areas are more likely to be characterized by more frequent, shorter, and more complex trips than those of men. In rural areas, women tend to have less access to economic opportunities and transportation choices and tend to look for jobs close to home to juggle their other roles. There is a growing realization that women bear a greater transport burden than men, and suffer "time poverty," which can negatively affect low-income women's ability to reduce their economic vulnerability. Economic opportunities differ significantly between urban and rural settings, and rural women face specific barriers, as noted earlier, including in land ownership and tenure security. Overall, the labor burden of rural women exceeds that of men, and includes a higher proportion of unpaid work related Page 42 World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth to preparing food and collecting fuel and water as a result of infrastructure deficits. Time-use surveys with data by activity show that weeding and harvesting are predominantly female activities. Women are overrepresented in unpaid, seasonal, and part-time work, and women are often paid less than men for the same work. Recent data show that agriculture is becoming increasingly feminized in the developing world; in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa, women constitute the bulk of unskilled labor in the fruit, vegetable, and cut-flowers export sectors. The Bank Group has begun experimentation with and evaluation of new approaches to enhance the productivity of female smallholders (for example, through provision of child care and mechanisms to hire labor) and incorporate female workers into higher-value segments of agriculture value chains. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bank Group will focus on the gender gap in agricultural productivity and agribusiness operations, whereas in South Asia the focus will be on nutrition-sensitive and safe food systems and sustainable livelihoods, as well as on linking smallholder farmers to value chains. Partnerships with the private sector are critical to advancing economic opportunities for women and including men in supporting gender equality in the workplace. One such partnership led by the IFC is SheWorks, a global private sector partnership to improve employment opportunities and working conditions for more than 360,000 women by 2016 through knowledge sharing and best practices. In its first year, the partnership recruited 13 leading private sector companies (in nine countries and 20 sectors, including traditionally male-dominated industries such as financial services, real estate, telecommunications, construction, petrochemicals, energy, and information technology) that have pledged to implement a minimum of three measures to support women in the workplace: flexible work, effective anti-sexual-harassment mechanisms, and programs to accelerate women in leadership. The EDGE Certified Foundation, the International Labor Organization, and UN Global Compact provide knowledge support and facilitate implementation of best practices. Early results show increases in women's employment numbers. This model will be used to consolidate learning and best practices for replication by other companies, industries, and regions in the years to come. To guarantee access to entry-level jobs and welfare-to-work transitions for poor women, the Bank Group is also strengthening the economic-inclusion dimension of public works and employment services. Public employment programs help households smooth revenue and cope with seasonal variation in employment and climate risks. India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme increased female participation by applying the same statutory wage rate for women and men; that rate previously was above the market rate for female casual labor but below that of men. Tanzania's Productive Social Safety Net Program is expanding the range of activities supported to include care provision, and promoting greater female participation by locating worksites closer to villages and allowing different household members to hold jobs. These interventions are also key to strengthening resilience. An emerging area for the WBG is bringing a gender lens to climate resilience and developing gender- smart solutions to climate change. This area involves both analytic work and operations. A companion report to the recently launched Shock Waves report (Hallegate and others, 2015) on climate change and poverty will explore the links between gender, poverty, and climate change. Additionally, analytical work on gender and renewable energy is planned through the Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) and on gender-smart sustainable forest management through the Forest Investment Program (FIP) of the CIFs and the PROFOR program (Asfaw and others 2015). With Page 43 C ARE T RANSPORT O CCUPATIONAL S EX S EGREGATION o o o o E NTREPRENEURSHIP         ô ô     Removing Barriers to Women’s Ownership of and Control over Assets           Enhancing Women’s Voice and Agency and Engaging Men and Boys Child Marriage Gender-Based Violence Engaging Men and Boys to Change Social Norms about Masculinity and Femininity Women’s Participation and Decision Making in Service-Delivery Governance Structures : Community-Driven Development Programs, Water User Associations, School Boards, and Local Government Service Management PART V: OPERATIONALIZING THE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES Deepening the Country-Driven Approach Enhanced Country-Level Diagnostics More and Better Sex-Disaggregated Data World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth The Bank Group has a unique capacity to contribute to and invest in data for development, including through investments in data collection as part of broader support for national statistical capacity and systems. As of FY15, active and pipeline projects in eight African countries will, among other activities, build capacity of the national statistics offices to collect and use gender statistics. 28 Examples of additional activities include providing technical support for analyzing a time-use survey in Ethiopia, highlighting differences in roles and unpaid work between males and females. In South Sudan, the Statistical Capacity Building Project supports the statistics agency to conduct several surveys, including the 2015 Crisis Recovery Survey that aims to collect information from internally displaced males and females. The survey questionnaire includes topics such as gender- based violence. The Bolivia Strengthening of the Statistical Capacity Project supports a number of surveys that will allow for sex-disaggregated analysis. The WBG's new data strategy for supporting household survey programs provides for establishing best practices on collecting high-quality, individual-level information in priority areas, such as asset ownership and control, time use, control over income, and employment, which will help client countries meet the increasing demand for this type of information as part of SDG 5 and beyond. Further work to incorporate relevant gender questions and appropriate sampling methods to obtain information from females and males will be prioritized in the Living Standards Measurement Study surveys, Enterprise Surveys, and Doing Business Surveys. In addition to its country-level work the Bank is engaging in a number of global initiatives that could boost the availability of operationally useful sex-disaggregated data. Given the associated costs and challenges, the Bank is working in partnership with the United Nations and selected country statistical offices to enhance data collection in four priority areas: (1) physical and financial asset ownership and control, (2) time use, (3) employment, and (4) welfare. Each area has three components: methodological research, data production, and data dissemination and usability (box 5.1). Page 64 World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Box 5.1 Enhancing the Availability of Individual-Level and Welfare Data lntrahousehold, individual-level, physical and financial asset ownership and control-Methodological Experiment on Measuring Asset Ownership (MEXA) . Building on the rich body of research from the Gender Asset Gap project, the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study has collaborated with the United Nations Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) initiative and the Uganda Bureau of Statistics to design, implement, and analyze within-household individual-level asset data in Uganda. Other household surveys informed by the MEXA work under the UN EDGE umbrella include those in Fiji, Georgia, Maldives, Mexico, Mongolia, the Philippines, South Africa, and Swaziland. Ongoing research based on MEXA data throughout 2015-16 will inform the UN EDGE guidelines on the measurement of individual ownership and control of assets in household surveys, which will be submitted to the UN Statistical Commission for adoption in 2017. Employment. The World Bank has partnered with the Hewlett Foundation, the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the United Nations Foundation Data2X initiative to implement the new definition of work as defined by the International Conference of Labor Statisticians. The new definition makes a clear distinction between "employment," which generates paid income for the household, and "work," which includes unpaid activities such as household chores and production for own consumption. The change has important implications for the types of activities that females undertake. The new partnership supports the World Bank-led implementation of two country pilot surveys in 2015, in parallel with seven other country pilots supported by the ILO. These pilots will inform the formulation of guidelines for the measurement of the new definitions of employment, unemployment, and labor underutilization in household surveys. These guidelines will eventually provide standards for questionnaires in labor force and household surveys. Time use. The World Bank will run household survey experiments on time use to test traditional recall- and diary-based methods in tandem with hybrid approaches that will also consider the use of commercial activity trackers (including accelerometers, heart rate monitors, and global positioning system trackers) that could provide data on type, duration, and intensity of physical activities. One key aspect of the experiments is to assess the potential cost savings offered by the new data-collection technologies. Welfare. The World Bank is conducting research on improving the measurement of selected dimensions of individual welfare within household surveys. The work will focus on assessing the feasibility of individual- specific, objective measurement of biomarkers of well-being. Subjective, self-reporting-based scales will be piloted in tandem with the objective measurement efforts that will yield physical markers to capture the same dimensions of well-being. One key partner for advancing the gender data agenda is Data2X, an initiative led by the United Nations Foundation. It serves as a platform for improved data collection that can be used to guide policy, better leverage investments, and spur global economic and social progress for gender equality and women's empowerment. Data2X conducted a recent mapping of gender data gaps across five domains-health, education, economic opportunities, political participation, and human security-and four dimensions-coverage, international standards, complexity, and granularity. With regard to assets, for example, the mapping found that data coverage is limited for all asset ownership, financial services, and information and communications technology (ICT). Data on ICT also lack international standards, complexity, and granularity, while data on asset ownership lack complexity and granularity. Page 65 Aligning Country-Level Planning with Higher Objectives Developing a Better Understanding of What Works World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth describes and identifies problems, patterns, trends, gaps, and associations between attributes. It helps clarify what to test in an impact evaluation and how to interpret some of the results. For example, Anderson and Ray's (2010) careful analysis of census data revealed excess mortality among adult women in Sub-Saharan Africa, in part due to maternal mortality. This finding helped change the prevailing view that there was no gender bias in "missing women" in the region. Subsequent research has linked these excess deaths with son preference: women reduce birth spacing and increase pregnancies to have sons, which increases their mortality risks. This understanding places maternal mortality at the intersection of public health and social norms, as well as social policy in providing women with alternative arrangements for the services that sons are supposed to provide, such as care, protection against widowhood, housing, and the like. Impact evaluation provides the second type of research, which helps build understanding of which approaches work and in which contexts. As noted earlier, the World Bank's Regional Gender Innovation Labs (Glls) were created to strengthen the evidence base for what works (and what does not) in particular contexts to promote gender equality. Currently, across all regions the GI Ls have 75 impact evaluations under way (box 5.2) on skills, land rights, access to infrastructure, labor force participation, entrepreneurship, youth employment, voice and agency, gender-based violence, and teenage pregnancy. Based on early findings, support is being sought for setting up full-fledged GI Ls in all six regions. Box 5.2 The Regional Gender Innovation Labs The first Gender Innovation Lab (GIL) was created in the Africa Region in 2011 and now supports more than 40 impact evaluations across 20 countries covering areas such as land rights, agriculture, private sector development, youth employment, and voice and agency. The Latin America and the Caribbean GIL has launched 13 impact evaluations in seven countries. In addition to impact evaluations on economic opportunity, one evaluation considers teenage pregnancy, an issue of particular relevance for the region. The South Asia GIL was launched in FY14 with a focus on the underlying causes of female and male disadvantages in access to infrastructure services, labor force participation, and gender-based violence. Currently, the lab contributes to nine evaluations in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. The East Asia GIL began in FY15 and will focus on removing barriers to productivity of women farmers, and helping them move up the agriculture value chain and into markets; reducing trade-offs between women's household and market roles; enhancing women's skills; and reducing gender asset gaps. Of the other regions that have yet to formally launch GI Ls, Europe and Central Asia has initiated an impact evaluation series on gender gaps in the region-especially looking at behavioral experiments related to gender equality in access to economic opportunities. Three impact evaluations now test interventions to effectively change mindsets of students and generate changes in their aspirations and effort, and assess how gender, ethnicity, and social skills play a role in labor market discrimination and opportunities. In the Middle East and North Africa, three impact evaluations are underway, testing (1) whether provision of legal aid services can decrease obstacles women face in accessing justice services in Jordan, (2) the effectiveness of internship programs for increasing employment among young women in the Republic of Yemen, and (3) how to best support young female entrepreneurs in Morocco. Balancing the regional focus in the work programs of the GI Ls with the potential for global insights from coordinated work programs will be important. Primary responsibility for project-level Page 68 Building on What Works Better Identify and Disseminate Sectoral Good Practices Improve Staff Capacity Improve Alignment and Collaboration across Sectors Establishing a Strategic Approach to Mainstreaming that Helps Achieve Results A New Monitoring System Leveraging Partnerships for Effective Outcomes Implementation and Results Framework World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Table 5.1 The Results Chain OUTPUTS ACTIVITIES END-FY16 END-FY17 END-FY23 The Bank and the The Bank Group Guidelines are Guidelines are Based on country- government define adopts robust strengthened and followed in all FY17 level analysis and the key gender guidelines for the followed in diagnostics. relevant diagnostics, challenges at the inclusion of gender relevant CPFs will illustrate country level and equality outcomes in operations. the alignment frame the outcomes its diagnostic tools- between objectives to be supported SCD and Jobs and instruments, and through the Bank Diagnostic-and in incorporate specific program. country partnership gender equality documents. results in the CPF results framework. RGAPs summarize SAR and LAC Other four regions regional objectives RGAPs completed. RGAPs reviewed and discuss how best and updated. to support their achievement. The Bank Group GPs/IFC Three GPs produce Remaining GPs Independent promotes the departments develop follow-up notes. complete follow-up evaluation assesses piloting, testing, and follow-up notes to notes. success in scaling-up of the strategy Gender CCSA and implementing follow- gender-smart indicating how they GIL produce two up notes in selected solutions in propose to build on papers on what GPs. operations. good practices in works, based on addressing gender meta evaluations equality in their in key sectors. operational programs. GI Ls are introduced New governance Guidance on Independent in all regions and approach to GI Ls is strategic priorities evaluation to assess strategic guidance approved. is provided. the degree to which provided on focus of the conclusions of testing and impact Funding is secured the GIL evaluations evaluation to add to for establishing GI Ls have been useful and " GIL impact in other regions. what we know have contributed to evaluations begin works." take-up by both the in East Asia and Bank and Pacific Region. governments of promising approaches identified. Page 74 World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth New training Training New Revised modules on modules are implemented and curricula/courses closing gender gaps developed. new curricula introduced as are incorporated into developed as needed. all operational needed. training. IFC develops an e- E-learning course is E-learning course is All IFC operational learning course on finalized and introduced and at staff have taken the closing gender gaps piloted. least 25% of all online training and business operational staff course. benefits. complete it. IFC hosts regular Three training More sector-specific face-to-face training courses hosted training courses courses on closing (agriculture, rolled out. gaps between men finance, and women in extractives ). specific sectors. Governments and Bank publications Bank publications Bank publications PLRs of relevant private sector and outreach and outreach and outreach CPFs and RGAPs clients implement programs programs programs provide examples of and scale up disseminate gender- disseminate disseminate gender- gender-smart successful gender- smart approaches. gender-smart smart approaches. approaches smart approaches approaches. introduced through throughout their Bank operational development work that has been programs. taken up or is under consideration by the government concerned. Bank Group projects GI Ls and WBL track PLRs of relevant support scaling-up how much research CPFs and RGAPs effective approaches. uptake is taking report on gender place in projects. equality support programs that have contributed to national level scale- up. The monitoring The identification of Guidelines for the The new monitoring Tracking continues. framework for the outcomes is new monitoring system is piloted, Bank and the IFC undertaken at the system are issued. revised, and a signals the design stage of baseline importance of projects and tracked established. results and allows throughout the the achievement of project lifespan. results to be evaluated. Progress on results is New guidelines for The guidelines are All MTR ISRs and tracked during ISRs and ICRs are applied in ISRs for ICRs use the new implementation and guidelines for Page 75 Conclusion World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth opportunities to address them at the country level, as are stronger links between the diagnostics and the various instruments the Bank Group has available to support the achievement of country- level outcomes. A new monitoring system will be put in place to provide the metrics needed to assess whether the Bank is contributing to outcomes. Gender equality remains one of the most important and daunting challenges facing the global community in the years ahead. There is a sharp income gradient on gender equality outcomes between countries, and within countries between women of different income levels. Poor women in low-income countries are thus doubly disadvantaged. This gradient makes promoting gender equality central to the WBG's goals of reducing poverty and promoting shared prosperity. In many countries women have little or no say about whether they will pursue higher education, when they will marry, and how many children they will have. Across countries, women still earn less than men for the same work even when they have the same abilities and experience, and they are still underrepresented in many of the best-payingjobs in growing sectors. Women are also increasingly affected by shocks linked to fragility, conflict, and climate change, but they are key protagonists for strengthening their resilience and that of their households and communities. At the same time, in many societies, men are constrained by an outdated view of masculinity that perpetuates violence and self-destructive behaviors. In recommitting itself through this strategy to addressing these issues, the Bank Group has indicated that it is willing to do its part in tackling them. At the same time, the WBG recognizes that partnerships at the global and country levels are critical to making change happen. In the coming years, management and staff will demonstrate that the institution is doing whatever is necessary to take its contribution to gender equality to the next level and make it transformational. Page 77 APPENDIX A: THE EXTERNAL CONSULTATION PROCESS FOR THE STRATEGY Consultation Process Stakeholders Consulted   Findings Feedback on the Strategy Framework and Focus Areas        Challenges and Issues E NDOWMENTS       E CONOMIC O PPORTUNITIES : M ORE AND B ETTER J OBS AND O WNERSHIP OF AND C ONTROL OVER P RODUCTIVE A SSETS         V OICE AND A GENCY       Recommendations on the Strategy’s Approach R ESULTS      S TRATEGIC A PPROACH TO MAINSTREAMING     C OUNTRY - LED APPROACH     F RAGILE AND C ONFLICT -A FFECTED S ITUATIONS    Additional Issues the WBG Should Take into Consideration       APPENDIX B: IDA 17 POLICY COMMITMENTS ON GENDER EQUALITY        APPENDIX C: MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANK MONITORING SYSTEMS     APPENDIX D: A STRENGTHENED METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING WORLD BANK PERFORMANCE ON GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT      • Identify gaps in Actions • Support mechanisms outcomes between to measure changes in women and men in a • Design interventions outcomes between given sector or project to address the gaps women and men context between women and men Analysis M&E                World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Notes 1 Socioeconomic opportunities can be defined to include income-generation opportunities as well as human capital, voice and agency, and freedom from violence. 2 The social definitions of what it means to be female or male vary among cultures and change over time. Recently the concept of gender has been expanded to include gender identity, an individual's internal, personal sense of being male or female or some other gender, which may or may not coincide with that person's birth-assigned sex. 3 Indeed, this was reflected in the external consultations held by the Bank in preparation for this strategy, where in a number of countries the majority of participants were women. 4 World Bank, World Development Indicators. 5 Such occupations tend to pay less than other jobs with otherwise similar characteristics (Budig, England, and Folbre 2002). Women's segregation in care jobs helps explain the persistence of gender differences in pay. 6 World Bank, World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. 7 Countdown to 2015 is a multipartner initiative that tracks and supports country progress toward achieving the health- related MDGs. Countdown tracks progress in the 75 countries where more than 95 percent of all maternal and child deaths occur, including the 49 lowest-income countries identified by the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health. 8 See "Every minute, a young woman is newly infected with HIV" (http:/ /www.unaids.org/en/resources/infographics/20120608gendereveryminute). 9 Gender CCSA Team analysis conducted using WBG Gender Data Portal. http:/ /data.worldbank.org/topic/gender. 10 Gender CCSA Team analysis conducted using WBG Gender Data Portal. http:/ /data.worldbank.org/topic/gender. 11 For example, even with similar-sized plots, women produce up to 66 percent less than men in Niger (World Bank 2014c). 12 International Telecommunication Union/ICT indicators database; GSMA Intelligence. http://www.itu.int/en/ITU- D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx. 13 UNICEF global databases 2014. 14 Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2014. Women in Parliaments. http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm. 15 The UN Refugee Agency. "Women: Particular Risks and Challenges." http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c1d9.html. 16 The UN Refugee Agency. "Women: Particular Risks and Challenges." http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c1d9.html. 17 The six countries that have not ratified the convention are the Islamic Republic of Iran, Palau, Somalia, Sudan, Tonga, and the United States. 18 Beijing Platform for Action, Strategic Objective H.2. A recent review found that while donor policies emphasize mainstreaming, most development partner investments follow a twin-track approach, combining integrated activities in specific sectors with targeted support to women and girls (Brouwers 2013). 19 All 24 DAC members now use the marker when they report their aid statistics. However, in interpreting the data, the OECD-DAC (2012, 4) cautions analysts to take into account the proportion of aid that is screened with the marker, since "a high percentage of gender equality focused aid alone does not mean that aid is well aligned with the gender equality policy objective; such a conclusion would only be valid for a donor with 100 percent coverage." In 2011, approximately 80 percent of commitments were screened for the marker. 20 The labs work closely with project teams inside and outside the Bank to foster ownership and uptake of evaluation results, and to complete the feedback loop to inform scale-up and replication decisions. This helps inform the WBG country dialogue by providing new insights gleaned from the impact evaluations into the drivers of gender inequality. The labs integrate skills and issues across sectors (for example, poverty, social protection, and rural development). To do this, gender lab teams work with project implementation teams from the design of the project to ensure that an impact evaluation is feasible, but also, in some cases, to build innovative interventions to test questions such as "can we break gender segregation in occupations by mentoring and training young women?" The evaluations are joint efforts of the gender lab team and the project implementation team, addressing questions that they develop together. Similarly, the results are jointly owned-and shared within projects and governments and across regions. 21 The proportion of country strategies and operations that are required to meet these three criteria has increased over time. All WBG country strategies prepared in FY14 drew on gender assessments, and 90 percent of country strategies integrated gender in the three dimensions (analysis, actions, and the results framework). Of lending projects approved in FY14, 55 percent integrated gender in analysis, actions, and the results framework. A target of 66 percent has been set for FY17. 22 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2015. Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). http://www.oecd.org/pisa/. Page 92 World Bank Group Gender Strategy {FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth 23 Literature shows that in the United States, small businesses secure 70 percent of their financing against movable assets, but by comparison, nearly 90 percent of movable assets that can be pledged as collateral to U.S. banks would likely be rejected by Nigerian banks (Almod6var-Reteguis, Kushnir, and Meilland, n.d.). 24 For more information, see the GBA web site at http://forum.gbaforwomen.netf. 25 World Bank, IFC, Young Innovations, and Computer Association of Nepal. Fight Violence against Women and Girls web site. http://fightvaw.orgj. 26 The sector-specific Violence against Women and Girls Resource Guides developed by the World Bank Group, the Global Women's Institute, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Center for Research on Women are available at http://www.vawgresourceguide.org/. 27 The Great Lakes Emergency Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and Women's Health Project was financed under IDA 16 and therefore is not included in the accounting toward the IDA 17 targets. 28 The eight countries are Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. 29 Currently, the Bank's monitoring system ('gender tag") monitors and rates projects on their "depth" of gender integration by assessing whether the project design integrates (1) gender analysis and / or consultation on gender or gender-related issues; (2) specific actions to address the distinct needs of women and girls, or men and boys, or to positively affect gender gaps; and (3) mechanisms to facilitate the monitoring and / or evaluation of gender impacts through the results framework. 30 These include pre-consultative meetings with the Nordic-Baltic Group (Norway, January 2015) and the Commission on the Status of Women (New York City, March 2015). 31 Currently, the Bank's monitoring system (gender tag") monitors and rates projects on their "depth" of gender integration by assessing whether the project design integrates (1) gender analysis and/ or consultation on gender related issues, (2) specific actions to address the distinct needs of women and girls, or men and boys, or to positively affect gender gaps, and (3) mechanisms to facilitate the monitoring and / or evaluation of gender impacts through the results framework. 32 A gender indicator provides factual information about the status of women and men, relative to an explicit reference group. 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