95441 THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 13 / NO 5 MARCH 2015 INSIDE Himachal Pradesh: Drivers of success 1-5 Development Dialogue: Himachal Pradesh is Universal health coverage 6-7 set to enter a new phase of growth From the Blogworld: Defying stereotypes, Chandigarh’s women bus conductors make their mark 8-9 ICR Update 10-12 Recent Project Approvals 13 W e started with a standard warm-up question as Gangi Devi, our first respondent, sat in anticipation. “Tell me a little bit about your society. What is distinctive about the Himachali way of life?” A smile New Additions to the Public lined up a face creased otherwise with wrinkles. “We are a peaceful Information Center 14-23 society,” she said after thinking a little. “People here are good to one Contact Information 24 another, we stand by each other.” A person sitting next to her added for good measure, “We Himachalis are very innocent people (hum bade About the photograph: A rural school off old Manali seedhe saade log hain).” And the smiles deepened. village. Students enjoying the sun outside the class room For those working in the development space in India, Himachal Pradesh Photograph by remains an anomaly for many reasons, not least of which is Gangi Devi’s Tanushree Sengupta near puritan response. Gangi Devi lives near who have completed post-secondary a tourist centre close to Shimla, which has education is the highest across northern seen increasing tourist footfall in recent years. states. And most villages are close to being Even as her community is debating the costs ‘open defecation free’. Further, and this is one and benefits of increased activity around of the most impressive facts about Himachal their village, Gangi Devi and her neighbours – good outcomes hold true for all social trust that the state government would keep groups, including the traditionally excluded people’s interests in mind and take into scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, who account any negative impacts on people tend to perform worse than other groups in and the environment before promoting new other states in India. activities. Their belief in the government is In a new World Bank report, “Scaling the supported by real actions. Himachal is the Heights: Social Inclusion and Sustainable first state in India to ban the use of plastic Development in Himachal Pradesh,” we bags; smoking in public spaces in the city of document Himachal Pradesh’s achievements Shimla is punishable by law. and look at the factors that may have helped the state sustain good outcomes. The report is the first macro-social account of the state’s development record, and simultaneously, an inter-disciplinary attempt to understand the confluence of factors that allowed Himachal to move towards inclusive outcomes. We also prognosticate whether these drivers will sustain in the future and highlight some development issues the state government will have to deal with as it moves toward a new phase of growth that focuses on investments in watersheds, hydropower projects, tourism and development of private industries. Undertaken as part of a policy engagement between the World Bank and the Government of Himachal Pradesh to promote inclusive green growth, the report draws on several data sources. It uses data from multiple rounds of the National Sample Survey (NSS), the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) to examine changes in land and labor markets; access to education, health, and sanitation; and overall poverty reduction. In addition, it draws on focus group discussions and key informant interviews held in the districts of Shimla and Solan, which elicited local perceptions around the state’s current growth trajectory and the changes that Good governance in Himachal looks doubly people had witnessed in the economic and impressive when considered against an social landscape of the state. Finally, the enviable track record of good outcomes. report is informed by discussions that the Despite being predominantly rural (90 percent authors held with over 300 informants during of the state’s residents live in villages, which 2012-2014, including village residents like makes Himachal the most rural state in India), Gangi Devi, as well as government officers, Himachal’s per capita income is the second civil society, private sector representatives, highest in the country. The state has achieved and researchers who conducted a four-fold decline in rural poverty in the last ethnographic work across Mandi, Kinnaur, two decades. The proportion of residents Bilaspur, Shimla and Solan districts. 2 The World Bank in India • March 2015 as being employed, in line with data sources Photo by Neil Palmer (CIAT) that show that Himachal’s rural female labor force participation rate of 63 percent is the second highest in India. What have been the drivers of Himachal Pradesh’s success? There are many who suggest that Himachal’s status as ‘special category’ state may have made it easier for it to access development funds and to expand infrastructure and service delivery through large-scale programs. While this may be true, it does not explain why the Government of Himachal Pradesh invested its The report highlights real stories of resources responsibly, why such investments transformation in Himachal which look more noteworthy considering they occurred within Photo by Michael Foley a generation and benefited all social groups. Himachal Pradesh’s greatest success in driving inclusive outcomes is illustrated by its record on reducing poverty. Poverty headcount in the state dropped from 36.8 percent in 1993-4 to 8.5 percent in 2011, a decline that is impressive by any standard. More importantly, poverty reduction benefited all social groups, who were also cognizant and appreciative of the change. Most of the people we met, be it a scheduled tribe man in a hydropower project site or a scheduled caste farmer in a watershed area, appreciated the investments made by their government in physical and social infrastructure – all weather roads, new schools, colleges. They spoke vividly about how changes in tourism, hydropower and the watershed sectors have led to more jobs in hotels, in services, and on farms. led to positive outcomes, and how the state They also spoke about the availability of maintained inter group equity. Scaling the banking and credit sources and how these Heights sheds some light on these questions. have contributed to their improved economic status. Most women reported themselves Our analysis suggests that the foundations for progress in Himachal were laid by early land reforms that redistributed land Photo by Neil Palmer (CIAT) among the traditionally landless (mostly the scheduled castes). But there were also institutional and socio-cultural factors, innate to Himachal that helped the state strengthen the inclusive outcomes brought in by the reform. The report highlights, for instance, the role played by a committed state bureaucracy, which constantly innovated on policies to ensure inclusive and sustainable development. It also highlights how the state’s unique culture – underpinned by religious homogeneity, a cohesive caste The World Bank in India • March 2015 3 Photo by Tanushree Sengupta structure and small settlements – may have on issues that may follow from the state’s led to a milieu of interdependence and high previous successes. Among the state’s local accountability. It refers to the state’s rich existing concerns are its adverse child sex ethnographic studies to show how positive ratios and the high level of child malnutrition, gender norms may have enabled strong with one-third of the state’s children under- participation of women in development five either underweight or stunted. programs. It also speaks to the very nature of The state is also likely to face new challenges Himachali society – peaceful and participatory, in the same areas in which significant organized around a common reverence for the progress was made in the past. For instance, bounty of nature around them, and trusting while the state has ensured that more children in their government (as alluded in Gangi complete secondary education, ensuring Devi’s testimony) – which may have created a that they acquire the skills required by an cohesive, stable, social contract for change. economy in transition will be an important Will these correlates of Himachal’s progress policy issue going forward. Similarly, while remain robust as it moves forward on a path investments in infrastructure have helped of infrastructure-led growth? Looking ahead, improve development outcomes in rural the report identifies areas in which the state areas, many of these outcomes currently can make further progress and reflects also appear worse in urban areas. As urbanization levels increase, the state will have to ensure that urban residents are able to access basic Photo by Michael Foley amenities and partake in the opportunities that cities have to offer. Finally, our qualitative discussions document time and time again that although people’s attitudes toward development are positive; their support for growth depends on the extent to which the environmental and social heritage of Himachal Pradesh will be preserved. Given Himachal Pradesh’s strong record of good governance and development outcomes, Scaling the Heights argues that 4 The World Bank in India • March 2015 Photos by Michael Foley the state is well-positioned to address the Photo by Michael Foley new challenges posed by economic change and the expectations of its citizens. For development practitioners working in contexts that want to move toward social inclusion, the vivid story of Himachal Pradesh that (Change background colour as needed) Gangi Devi and many others aptly describe, presents invaluable lessons on maintaining good outcomes even as citizens and the state negotiate the realities of change. This article was contributed by Soumya Kapoor Mehta and Emcet Oktay Tas. Scaling the Heights: Social Inclusion and Sustainable Development in Himachal Pradesh is authored by Maitreyi Bordia Das, Soumya Kapoor Mehta, Emcet Oktay Tas and Ieva Zumbyte. To download the report, visit the following link: http://tinyurl.com/k5z42lg Photo by Michael Foley The World Bank in India • March 2015 5 Development Dialogue Towards universal health coverage The economic case for universal health coverage is strong. Recent studies show reduced mortality alone has increased the productivity of low and middle income countries, contributing as much as 11 percent to their economic growth. However, scaling up public health investments alone will not suffice. It will be equally critical to improve accountability, says Onno Ruhl, World Bank India Country Director and Somil Nagpal, Senior Health Specialist O n Friday, 12 December, for the first time the world celebrated universal health coverage day. On this day two years ago, common than we think. It is far more likely that people pay their medical expenses in some organized manner, such as through the United Nations unanimously endorsed tax-financed healthcare or some form of a resolution urging governments to ensure health insurance. that all people can access healthcare without The high share of out-of-pocket spending financial hardship. incurred by Indian households makes Until now, most people in India have dug them more vulnerable to impoverishment, deep into their pockets to pay doctors, and every year millions are pushed below pharmacies and diagnostic centres. Paying the poverty line by catastrophic medical in this manner – or out-of-pocket spending, expenses alone. as it is called – has been the norm for a long This first-ever universal health coverage day time in India but this is not how most of the comes at an opportune time for India. The world pays for healthcare. In most other country has joined the growing number of countries, including some less developed nations that have placed universal health ones, out-of-pocket spending is far less coverage firmly on their agenda. 6 The World Bank in India • March 2015 Indian policymakers are now deliberating of the rural population and the poorest on expanding health coverage in a big way groups, and rapidly scaling up to larger so that all segments of the population are segments of the population. covered for their health needs. The economic Two prominent national programs have case for universal health coverage is strong. been at the forefront in this regard: the Recent studies show reduced mortality national rural health mission (NRHM)—now alone has increased the productivity of low rechristened the national health mission and and middle income countries, contributing being further expanded in urban areas—and as much as 11 percent to their economic the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY). growth. In addition, several state programs have The much-awaited national health assurance sought to expand access to surgical care for mission (NHAM) is a welcome effort in poor and vulnerable groups. this direction. Till now, this sector has not In Karnataka, for instance, the Vajpayee only been plagued by low levels of public Arogyashree Scheme, a state government financing, but the effectiveness of the money program supported by the World Bank, spent on healthcare by both the public and provides free hospitalization coverage to private sectors has been low. To add to households below the poverty line for high- that, there are accountability challenges in impact medical conditions such as cancer public health systems, and out-of-pocket and heart disease. The program pays for health expenses continue to pose a huge hospital care and treatments that the poor and unnecessary burden on the people. The would have difficulty receiving without the success of NHAM will depend on critical help of the scheme. A recent evaluation reforms in the health sector. published in the British Medical Journal Now, both central and state governments are found that the program has lowered both willing to raise their levels of health spending. mortality rates and out-of-pocket expenses They have also introduced a number of for the people who received this cover. initiatives to improve health services, These programs have generated several particularly for the poor and vulnerable. insights that can help guide the proposed Government health spending is estimated NHAM in scaling up health cover, so to have risen to 30 percent of the country’s that people across the country receive total health expenditure – up from about a seamless continuum of care that 20 percent in 2005 – while out-of-pocket encompasses primary, secondary, as well payments have fallen to about 59 percent, as tertiary health services. dropping from 69 percent a decade ago. At the same time, the central and state But while these initiatives are a promising regulatory and implementing agencies will start, the government’s current share of need to develop new skills to ensure that health spending is still not commensurate patients remain safe and receive quality with India’s level of socioeconomic healthcare from both public and private development. In fact, the average for other providers. Designing and implementing lower middle income countries is over 38 India’s ambitious effort towards universal percent of total health expenditure, while in health coverage will certainly not be easy but China government spending accounts for it is necessary. There is much to learn from 56 percent. It must also be remembered that what has worked – and what has not – within while scaling up public health investments the country and elsewhere, which should is important, this alone will not suffice. It will make the task more manageable. (Change background colour as needed) be equally critical to improve accountability, The world is willing to help; India’s journey focus on results, ensure value for money, and towards this ambitious goal will not be renew the focus on reaching out to the most alone. vulnerable segments of the population. This article was originally published in the Uniquely, India’s recent strides towards Mint newspaper on 16 December 2014 universal health coverage have followed a bottom-up approach, starting with coverage The World Bank in India • March 2015 7 From the Blogworld Defying stereotypes, Chandigarh’s women bus conductors make their mark Submitted by Sangeeta Kumari; Co-author: Kanchan Parmar; Edited by Vinita Ranade Routes were allotted keeping the women’s concerns in mind; for instance, women with young children to look after were given routes closer to home.

 Women make a difference
 
 Now, three months later, the impact of these 70 intrepid pioneers is becoming visible, even though they are still a small fraction of the 3,000 strong staff on the authority’s rolls.
 
 The quality of services on the women’s routes has improved. Buses are now more punctual and stop at designated places to pick up and drop off I f you thought Indian women would shy away from working in that traditionally male preserve – the formidable public transport system – think passengers, allowing enough time for the young and elderly to board and alight with ease.
 
 Passengers find the women’s behaviour again. Young women in Chandigarh are daring impeccable; there hasn’t been a single complaint to turn stereotypes on their head by signing up against them for misconduct, in sharp contrast in large numbers to work as bus conductors! to the often unscrupulous behaviour of their male And that too on regular public buses, not just on counterparts.
 
 female-only ‘ladies specials’. Interestingly, the women’s presence has started Delhi too is catching up. Its 50 female bus to make a dent on the long-standing driver- conductors – most operating on four major routes conductor nexus that has long worked against the – are already getting a thumbs up from travellers. 

 interests of the commuting public, particularly of Not surprisingly, it was in Chandigarh – where the comfort and safety of women passengers.
 
 some remarkable social and cultural transitions are As a result, more people are beginning to use taking shape – that the women blazed the trail.
 
 public transport, and fare collections are rising.
 
 In 2013, when city transport authorities decided to recruit women bus conductors – an undoubtedly Still a way to go
 
 bold move for a rough profession – they were in But how easy has it been for these women to buck for a big surprise.
 
 the trend in such an exclusively male preserve? In an overwhelming response, more than 4,000 Have the public at large – as well as their male women applied for some 80 plus conductors’ colleagues – been able to fully accept these jobs. And these weren’t just modern young women in positions of authority over a mostly women from urban family backgrounds; many male travelling public? And, most importantly, are hailed from rural areas and some even came from the women safe in their jobs? 
 
 as far afield as the neighbouring state of Haryana.

 A few weeks back, I boarded a Chandigarh bus After a stiff written test, 72 women were that had a woman bus conductor on board. shortlisted, and more than 70 signed up. To keep Passengers, both male and female, seemed to be them safe on the job, the Chandigarh police pleasantly surprised and supportive of the women armed the girls with self-defence training.
 
 doing these jobs.
 
 8 The World Bank in India • March 2015 January 2015 However, the ticket-checkers pointed out that But, in the end, it needs to be remembered that most women conductors insisted on working only a bus conductor’s job is never easy – neither for day-shifts that end at 6 pm. I could sense their men nor for women. Often salaries are low, the obvious reluctance to accommodate the women’s work load is heavy, shifts begin and end at odd demands. They also said that the women lacked times, there is little leave, and employees must the confidence to accost those travelling without spend long hours on their feet while constantly a ticket. Nevertheless, I am positive that with facing the rude behaviour of passengers, some of time, the system will adapt to the women’s needs.

 whom can be quite violent and unruly.
 
 Still, more can be done to make the workplace Encouraging more people to use more welcoming. Bus stops and depots need to be properly lit, and CCTV cameras installed on public transport
 
 buses to ensure safety. And, equipping depots But, now, with more women breaking into these with ladies toilets and separate rest areas will go a traditionally male bastions there is new hope. long way in making the women more comfortable The World Bank’s Efficient and Sustainable City at work. In addition, self–defence training could Bus Services Project - that is working to improve be scaled up so that more women are capable of city bus services in 4 Indian cities including protecting themselves and their passengers from Chandigarh – also seeks to make these male harassment. 

 preserves more women-friendly. 
 
 Next, it is not enough to just open the job space For, more women bus conductors will encourage for women; it will be equally important to confer more people to use public buses, easing (Change background colour a them with benefits such as accommodation congestion on city roads and making the air closer to their place of work and a drop-off facility easier to breathe for all of us. Today, the city of when their shifts end at odd hours. The transport Chandigarh has made a promising start. The time authorities could also include women in route is now ripe to take this bold new step forward! planning because men and women have different needs and uses for basic civic amenities.
 
 Link >> http://tinyurl.com/pxnrjl3 Building feedback into project implementation: A visit to the social observatory Submitted by Ken Chomitz “D o you decide on what types of clothes to wear based on your own preferences?” is an often-heard set of complaints about project monitoring: It an ‘extractive industry’ that burdens That’s a question on a survey instrument designed beneficiaries and staff with demands to produce to assess whether Tamil Nadu’s Empowerment information that they see as irrelevant. And the and Poverty Reduction Project (part of the Pudhu information it does manage to produce is too Vaazhvu Project or PVP) is actually having an slow and thin to allow course correction and impact on women’s empowerment. The question improvement. But in theory, and with the right resonated strongly with the project beneficiaries incentives, ICT should be able to remedy this. It I met. For them, it was a touchstone indicator should make it cheaper and easier to gather better of empowerment. That may be because it was information, do it more inclusively, and get it to crafted by a group of the women for whom the decision makers at all levels in a timely fashion. project is designed. The project attracted me to (Change background colour as needed) Enter the Social Observatory, a DEC initiative. It Tamil Nadu because it is at the intersection of my seeks to build diagnostics and feedback loops into two current concerns: promoting better monitoring the implementation of PVP and similar livelihood and evaluation, and assessing the potential for projects in India. information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve development practice. The backdrop Read more: http://tinyurl.com/q6tott7 The TheWorld World Bank Bank inin India India •• March 2015 9 January ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Reports (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Second Reproductive and Child Health Project Context Second Reproductive and Child Health The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), Project launched by the Government of India (GOI) Approval Date: 22 August, 2006 in 2005-6, marked a significant shift in approach towards family welfare programs. Closing Date: 31 March, 2012 The focus of NHRM was on reducing infant and maternal mortality, providing universal Total Project Cost: US$ 4.4 billion access to public health services; prevention Bank Financing: US$ 370 million and control of both communicable and non- communicable diseases; ensuring population Implementing Ministry of Health stabilization, and maintaining gender Agency: and Family Welfare, balance. There was also an unprecedented Government of India paradigm shift towards output based Outcome: Moderately financing for states, and a new emphasis Satisfactory on innovations in service delivery and on achieving results on the ground. Risk to Development Low or Negligible Outcome: The Second Reproductive and Child Health Project (RCH II) supported the government in Overall Bank Moderately Performance: Satisfactory achieving the targets laid out in NRHM. Overall Borrower Moderately Performance: Satisfactory 10 The World Bank in India • March 2015 Project Development Objectives scheduled tribes (SC & ST) and the EAG The objective of the RCH II Project was to states. The project also achieved significant support the GoI’s continuing program for results in targeting eligible couples to use reproductive and child health that aimed to modern contraceptive methods. Almost achieve “reductions in maternal mortality 52 percent of such couples in 19 out of 34 and child mortality” by expanding the use states in the country were persuaded to of essential reproductive and child health use modern contraceptive methods. More services of adequate quality with reduction than 50 percent of children between ages of geographical disparities. The project had 12-23 months were immunized, particularly three components: among the SCs & STs. Post-natal health care services also recorded a 50 percent a) Improvement in essential RCH services: improvement over the targeted 40 percent. activities included procurement of Immunization against polio covered nearly 98 pharmaceuticals, medical supplies, percent of households against a target of 80 equipment, and training of health workers. percent. b) Technical assistance, monitoring and evaluation: to establish and build capacity Lessons Learnt of states in planning, execution and ● In the longer term, national and state level monitoring and evaluation process. technical experts are needed to develop c) Polio Eradication: support to address the and support implementation of national finance gap in GoI’s plan to achieve polio- guidelines and strategies. A focus on free status for the country. program management of district-level capacities is key, since the district is the Project Beneficiaries basic level of planning and implementation The primary target group included all eligible in India. A related key lesson from RCH women and children, as well as couples in II is that when health investments are the reproductive age group across India, focused on evidence-based strategies, with a special focus on the poor. The impressive results can be achieved, even states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya in challenging environments. Pradesh – which accounted for 50 percent ● The RCH II project showed that it is of the poor in the country along with five possible to build-in successful gender other states with poor maternal and child elements into large reproductive health health status (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, projects, so long as these elements Orissa, Rajasthan) collectively termed the are tailored to the country and cultural Empowered Action Group or EAG states contexts. were identified as critical for achieving the goals of the project. The project, therefore, ● Demand-side interventions (such as had a special focus on poor women and Janani Suraksha Yojana) are important children in these eight EAG states. Over time, and possibly necessary, but not sufficient additional attention was also directed at the conditions for quality enhancement. vulnerable North-Eastern states and other Going forward, additional efforts are vulnerable groups. needed to strengthen the quality of the RCH services, in addition to those Achievements already underway (such as accreditation, Though World Bank’s contribution under the third party review, quality improvements RCH program was a small component of the at clinic level, team based training and overall NHRM program of the government, reviews, strengthened skill trainings etc). significant success was achieved in reaching ● While major progress has been made in the targets laid out at the commencement improving critical health infrastructure, of the project. By providing better access significant gaps remain, especially in basic to health care facilities in rural areas, it was infrastructure such as provision of safe found that almost 76 percent of deliveries and continuous water supply in health were conducted by skilled care providers. facilities. This surpassed the target of 60 percent especially among the scheduled castes and The World Bank in India • March 2015 11 ● Even though human resources increased the payoff is significant and allows for considerably, many challenges remain. national level comparisons and analyses Training of doctors in anesthesia and since the methodology is uniform across pediatrics (short course) and other such geographies. However, unnecessary strategies still need to be strengthened; delays in release of data detract from both and there needs to be follow up to the credibility of the data, and the ability ensure that doctors with this training are to make mid-course corrections. actually deployed so they use their newly ● Rigorous external program evaluations, acquired skills. The need for continued with special attention to the weaker EAG focus on capacity strengthening, including states, could add significant value to RCH at district levels, is a key lesson for the II and NRHM. This remains among the future. greatest weaknesses of the otherwise ● Despite the fact that health is a state successful RCH II project and the NRHM subject, the financing model followed by program that needs to be addressed in RCH II and NRHM involved federal budget future projects. allocations which were tied to specific ● If managed well, the World Bank and reforms. Further, the provision of some the Donor Partners (DP) can play a flexible funds went a long way in enabling constructive role in supporting government innovations at state and district levels. policies, plans and programs towards The project enabled several innovations agreed goals and outcomes. Agreements in service delivery models, especially at such as organizing Joint Review Missions state and district levels. Future projects under the leadership of MOHFW, may benefit from a similar approach. partnering some states with a particular ● Using reliable and timely sources of data DP, and the technical support from as the basis for monitoring a program both pooling and non-pooling partners (Change background colour as needed) enhances the credibility of reporting. significantly strengthened various program This is a more expensive strategy, since management functions, especially financial conducting a national survey such as management and procurement, as well as the NFHS or the DLHS costs money; but technical aspects. 12 The World Bank in India • March 2015 Recent Project Approvals MSME Growth Innovation and Inclusive Finance Project T he World Bank has approved a $500 million loan for the MSME Growth Innovation and Inclusive Finance Project to financial products including Loan Extension Services (LES) and cluster financing – including women-led clusters. Particular focus improve access to finance for Micro, Small will be on expanding manufacturing activity in (Change background colour as needed) and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) working financially underserved areas, including low- in the manufacturing and services sector, income states especially through refinancing, including startups and early stage ventures. as banks and other PFIs have a deeper network in these states. The project will support MSMEs through direct financing by the Small Industries Development Bank of India or SIDBI, an apex financial institution for promotion, financing and development of MSMEs in India, as also through Participating Financial Institutions (PFIs) across three components. These include support to startup debt financing and risk capital as well as support to service and manufacturing sector financing models. The project’s first component will support SIDBI in developing, innovating and scaling up its startup debt financing program as well as support entry of potential participating financing institutions (PFIs). Its second component will support the financing of MSME enterprises in the services sector. The project will also support MSMEs in the manufacturing sector through innovative The World Bank in India • March 2015 13 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Scaling the heights: Social Inclusion and Sustainable The World Bank PIC Development in Himachal Pradesh The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By Maitreyi Bordia Das, 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Soumya Kapoor-Mehta and New Delhi – 110 001, India et.al. Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Available: On-line Website: www.worldbank.org English, 120 Pages Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Published: January 2015 Report No.: 93729 PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR Himachal Pradesh has the reputation of being Viva Books Pvt Ltd stable, inclusive, cohesive 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj and well-governed and it New Delhi – 110 002 stands apart in many respects from its neighbors in Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 northern India. It has additionally, achieved remarkable Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 growth, especially in the last two decades, which has Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net been accompanied by very good human development outcomes. Despite being a predominantly rural Other Preferred Stockist in India society, educational attainment in Himachal Pradesh Anand Associates for instance, is among the best in the country; poverty 1219 Stock Exchange Tower headcount is nearly one-third of the national average; 12th Floor, Dalal Street life expectancy is 3.4 years longer than the number of Mumbai – 400 023 years an average Indian expects to live; and, per capita Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 income is the second highest in India. Underlying its Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org strong economic and social development outcomes is Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) Himachal Pradesh’s commitment to expand access to Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) public services to the remotest areas, across tough, hilly terrain and its strong institutional foundations. Inter- Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd group disparities are low in a state where traditionally Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 disadvantaged groups such as the Scheduled Castes Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) make up a solid 30 Website: www.alliedpublishers.com percent of the population Bookwell 24/4800 Ansari Road, Promoting Positive Nutrition Behavior in Bihar Daryaganj New Delhi – 110 002 Available: On-line Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 English, 4 Pages Email: bookwell@vsnl.net Published: January 2015 Report No.: 93527 This brief describes a pilot designed to leverage the women’s self-help group platform of a World Bank- 14 The World Bank in India • March 2015 supported livelihoods project (that is, a non-health projects, which initiated 18 agriculture and livestock sector project) to promote positive nutrition and health companies, involving 46,500 poor small farmers in behaviors and improve, especially amongst poor and over 1,550 villages in 14 districts – with 100 percent vulnerable households, the demand for and utilization of women shareholders in the livestock companies and 25 public services across many sectors to improve nutrition percent women owners in agriculture. Together, these outcomes. This pilot is based on using a World Bank- 18 companies had an annual turnover of more than 9.5 supported project platform in a non-health and nutrition million dollars in 2011-12. sector to leverage entry points and opportunities to improve nutrition. The pilot provides a unique opportunity to build the capacity of community institutions of poor India: Policy Research Working Papers rural women to improve maternal and child nutrition. It promotes behavior change to adopt positive maternal WPS7198 and child health and nutrition, health, hygiene and Behavioral economics and social exclusion: Can sanitation practices, improve food security, and leverage interventions overcome prejudice? public services to generate demand and utilize services By Karla Hoff that will ultimately improve nutrition outcomes through a Behavioral economics recognizes that mental models community based, gender sensitive approach. —intuitive sets of ideas about how things work—can bias an individual’s perceptions of himself and the world. By representing an ascriptive category of people Food and Nutrition Security in Tribal and Backwards as unworthy, a mental model can foster unjust social Areas in India exclusion of, for example, a race, gender, caste, or Available: On-line class. Since the representation is a social construction, English, 4 Pages shouldn’t society be able to control it? But how? This Published: January 2015 paper considers three interventions that have had some Report No.: 93528 success in developing countries: Malnutrition is one of India’s most serious and persistent (1) Group deliberation in Senegal challenged the problems. While nutrition outcomes across India are traditional mental model of female genital cutting and poor, they are typically worse in tribal and backward contributed to the abandonment of the practice; areas. The South Asia food and nutrition security (2) political reservations for women and low castes in initiative (SAFANSI) has provided funding to the national India improved the way men perceived women, the rural livelihoods mission (NRLM) to strengthen the way parents perceived their daughters, and the way capacity of government and or communities to deliver women perceived themselves, but have not generally effective food and nutrition security interventions in tribal had positive effects on the low castes; and and conflict-affected areas. This study seeks to examine (3) reductions in the salience of identity closed how the NRLM can enhance the effectiveness of the performance gaps between dominant and program’s core livelihoods focus, while strengthening stigmatized groups in experiments in India and China. the capacity of the Government of India (GoI) to deliver Spoiled collective identities need to be changed or (or support) effective food and nutrition security (FNS) made less prominent in order to overcome social interventions in tribal and backward areas. exclusion. Producer Companies in India: Potential to Support WPS7189 Increased Productivity and Profitability of Poor Sex-selective abortions, fertility, and birth spacing Smallholder Farmers By Claus C Portner By Helen Leitch Previous research on sex-selective abortions has Available: On-line ignored the interactions between fertility, birth spacing, English, 5 Pages and sex selection, despite both fertility and birth Published: December 2014 spacing being important considerations for parents Report No.: 93989 when deciding on the use of sex selection. This paper presents a novel approach that jointly estimates the In 2002, the producer determinants of sex-selective abortions, fertility, and company model emerged birth spacing, using data on Hindu women from India’s to benefit poor farmers in National Family and Health Surveys. Women with eight India. This smart lesson, or more years of education in urban and rural areas based on the World are the main users of sex-selective abortions and they Bank’s growing experience with producer companies also have the lowest fertility. Predicted lifetime fertility in India, builds on lessons learned from the first and for these women declined 11 percent between the second Madhya Pradesh district poverty initiatives The World Bank in India • March 2015 15 1985-1994 and 1995-2006 periods, which correspond Educating the Next Generation: Improving Teacher to the periods of time before and after sex selection Quality in Cambodia became illegal. Fertility is now around replacement level. By Prateek Tandon Arvo This decrease in fertility has been accompanied by a 6 and Tsuyoshi Fukao percent increase in the predicted number of abortions Price: Kindle Edition $9.99 during the childbearing years between the two periods, Paperback $28.4 and sex selection is increasingly used for earlier parities. Available: On-line Hence, the legal steps taken to combat sex selection English; 142 pages have been unable to reverse its use. Women with fewer Published: January 2015; than eight years of education have substantially higher Directions in Development fertility and do not appear to use sex selection. ISBN: 978-1-4648-0417-5 SKU: 210417 Other Publications This book diagnoses Cambodian teaching quality and presents policy options Global Economic Prospects 2015: Having Fiscal for reform. Through classroom observation, assessments Space and Using It of mathematics and pedagogical content knowledge, and surveys of teachers and school directors, it sheds Price: Kindle Edition $23.99 light on content and instruction, interactions with Paperback $35.00 school directors, instructional support systems, and the Available: On-line implementation of teacher standards. English; 214 pages Published: January 2015 ISBN 978-1-4648-0444-1; Financing Transit-Oriented Development with Land SKU: 210444 Values: Adapting Land Value Capture in Developing Countries In addition to discussing global and regional By Hiroaki Suzuki, Jin economic developments Murakami, Yu-Hung Hong, and prospects, this edition of Global Economic and Beth Tamayose Prospects includes four essays that analyze key Price: Kindle Edition $19.99 challenges and opportunities currently confronting Paperback $29.95 developing countries: fiscal policy as a countercyclical Available: On-line policy tool; causes and implications of cheap oil; weak English; 256 pages trade that fails to act as an engine of growth; and Published: January 2015 remittances as a means of steadying consumption ISBN: 978-1-4648-0149-5 during sudden stops. SKU: 210149 Development-based land value capture (DBLVC) schemes have great potential to International Debt Statistics 2015 become an important strategic apparatus of urban finance By the World Bank and planning for cities in developing countries. Through Price: Kindle Edition $39.99 a careful analysis of various case studies, this book Paperback $60.60 provides strategies, policies, and methodologies that Available: On-line policy makers and practitioners can apply in developing English; 210 pages their own DBLVC schemes for transit financing. Published: December 2014 ISBN: 978-1-464804137 SKU: 210413 Valuing Services in Trade: A Toolkit for Competitiveness Diagnostics International Debt Statistics 2015 provides statistical By Sebastián Sáez, Daria Taglioni, Erik van der Marel, tables showing the external debt of 128 developing Claire H. Hollweg, and Veronika Zavacka countries that report public and publicly guaranteed Price: Kindle Edition $19.24 external debt to the World Bank’s Debtor Reporting Paperback $30.96 System. It also includes tables of key debt ratios for Available: On-line individual reporting countries and the composition of English; 168 pages external debt stocks and flows for individual reporting Published: January 2015 countries and regional and income groups along with ISBN: 978-1-4648-0155-6 some graphical presentations. SKU: 210155 16 The World Bank in India • March 2015 The toolkit provides a economic development, and threatens both national and framework, guidelines, regional stability. Trade shocks, in particular, can have and set of practical tools widely varying impacts on conflict. This report sets out to conduct a thorough to empirically test these linkages between trade shocks analysis and diagnostic of and conflict via cross-country and intra-country analysis. trade competitiveness in On the basis of the analysis, it offers trade-related policy the services sector with a directions to reduce this risk in fragile economies. methodology that sheds light on a country’s ability both to export services Puzzles of Economic Growth and improve its export Edited by Leszek performance through policy change. This toolkit is Balcerowicz and Andrzej designed to be used in a modular way. Either a full Rzonca country diagnostic can be undertaken, or various Price: Kindle Edition $27.99 parts of the toolkit can be used to address specific Paperback $39.95 questions of interest, whether they pertain to existing Available: On-line services performance, the potential for expansion and English; 352 pages growth in services trade, or policy options to increase Published: December 2014; competitiveness in services trade. Directions in Development ISBN: 978-1-4648-0325-3 SKU: 210325 Too Global To Fail: The World Bank at the Intersection of National and Global Public Policy in 2025 Puzzles of Economic Growth takes case studies from around the globe to investigate countries that Edited by J. Warren Evans over the past few decades, share many geographic and Robin Davies characteristics, but differ significantly in terms of Price: $29.95 financial stability. Digging deep into seemingly similar Available: On-line countries can unveil striking differences on the topic of English; 310 pages economic growth: Why is Mexico so much poorer than Published: December 2014; Spain, despite having been wealthier all the way into the Directions in Development 1960s? Why has Venezuela, which in 1950 had a per ISBN: 978-1-4648-0307-9 capita income higher than that of Norway and remains SKU: 210307 a major exporter of oil, slipped behind Chile? Why, even In an increasingly before the 2010 earthquake, has been the Dominican interconnected and complex Republic visited by several dozen times more tourists world, communities at all scales rely more and more than Haiti, despite being situated on the same island? on global public goods – from reduction of carbon emissions to combat climate change, to food security and vaccines. This book paints a picture of a landscape Investing in Early Childhood Development: Review of where everything is changing and the availability of the World Bank’s Recent Experience global public goods is challenged by threats like climate By Rebecca K. Sayre, change that could stifle poverty reduction efforts and Amanda E. Devercelli, slow economic growth. Michelle J. Neuman, and Quentin Wodon Price: Kindle Edition $9.99 Trading Away from Conflict: Using Trade to Increase Paperback $29.95 Resilience in Fragile States Available: On-line By Massimiliano Cali English; 156 pages Price: Kindle Edition $19.24 Published: December 2014; Paperback $30.96 World Bank Studies Available: On-line ISBN: 978-1-4648-0403-8 English; 150 pages SKU: 210403 Published: December 2014; This study provides an overview of Bank investments Directions in Development in Early Childhood Development (ECD) from 2000-2013 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0308-6 within the Education, Health, Nutrition and Population, SKU: 210308 and Social Protection and Labor practices. The study Conflict weakens summarizes trends in operational and analytical governance, undermines investments in early childhood, including lending and The World Bank in India • March 2015 17 trust funded operations at the country, regional, and This report highlights the main barriers that hinder the global levels. Findings are presented on the overall level Tunisian labor market from providing income, protection, of finance during this thirteen-year period, the number of and prosperity to its citizens and proposes a set of labor ECD investments, and regional and sectoral trends. policies that could facilitate the creation of better, more inclusive, and more productive jobs. New Voices in Investment: A Survey of Investors from Emerging Countries Trade Policy and Food Security: Improving Access to Food in Developing Countries in the Wake of High By Laura Gómez-Mera, World Prices Thomas Kenyon, Yotam Margalit, José Guilherme Edited by Ian Gillson and Reis, and Gonzalo Varela Amir Fouad Price: Kindle Edition $9.99 Price: Kindle Edition $19.24 Paperback $28.45 Paperback $32.06 Available: On-line Available: On-line English; 112 pages English; 352 pages Published: November 2014; Published: November 2014; World Bank Studies Directions in Development ISBN: 978-1-4648-0371-0 ISBN: 978-1-4648-0305-5 SKU: 210371 SKU: 210305 One out of every three dollars invested abroad in In addition to examining the 2012 originated in multinationals from developing determinants of recent food price spikes, Trade Policy countries. This study sheds light on the characteristics, and Food Security explores the impact of food prices on motivations, strategies, and needs of emerging market economic welfare, and how the effect of price changes investors. By including information on investors, on food security and economic welfare in developing potential investors, and non-investors, the study countries can be mitigated through appropriate national identifies differentiating factors among them that are policies at the border. associated with investment decisions. Beyond Contributory Pensions: Fourteen Labor Policy to Promote Good Jobs in Tunisia: Experiences with Coverage Expansion in Latin Revisiting Labor Regulation, Social Security, and America Active Labor Market Programs By Rafael Rofman, Ignacio By Diego F. Angel-Urdinola, Apella, and Evelyn Vezza Antonio Nucifora, David Price: Kindle Edition $31.99 Robalino, Anne Hilger, Arvo Paperback 44.95 Kuddo, and Jan Rutkowski Available: On-line Price: Kindle Edition $9.99 English; 448 pages Paperback $29.95 Published: November 2014; Available: On-line Directions in Development English; 142 pages ISBN: 978-1-4648-0390-1 Published: November 2014; SKU: 210390 Directions in Development This report examines ISBN: 978-1-4648-0271-3 recent pension reforms in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, SKU: 210271 Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Tunisians are striving for the opportunity to realize their Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and potential and aspirations in a country that is rich in both Tobago, and Uruguay. All countries share the goal of human and physical capital, but whose recent economic comprehensive pension coverage, but each has unique growth has failed to create enough opportunities in the political environments, social conditions, and economic form of good and productive jobs. capacities. 18 The World Bank in India • March 2015 India Project Documents Punjab Rural Water and Sanitation Sector Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization Improvement Project Project Date 03 Feb 2015 Date 08 Jan 2015 Project ID P150520 Project ID P130544 Report No. ISDSA1167 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. ISDSA3206 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) PIDA19567 ( Project Information RP1729 (Resettlement Plan, 2 Vol.) Document-Appraisal Stage) Uttar Pradesh Core Road Network Development E4725 (Environmental Assessment, Project 4 Vol.) Date 01 Jan 2015 Second Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Project ID P147864 Date 01 Feb 2015 Report No. E4691 (Environmental Assessment, Project ID P143751 8 Vol.) Report No. RP1689 (Resettlement Plan for 11 94047 (Executive Summary) roads under EPC, 3 Vol.) IPP763 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) 93868 (Memo to EDs – Inspection RP1723 (Resettlement Plan, 3 Vol.) Panel Notice of Registration) PIDA16563 (Project Information Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor 3 Project Document-Appraisal Stage) Date 01 Jan 2015 ISDSA1100 (Integrated Safeguards Project ID P150158 Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) Report No. RP1736 (Resettlement, 3 Vol.) Fourth Power System Development Project Second Phase of the Bihar Kosi Flood Management Date 03 Feb 2015 Project Project ID P101653 Date 01 Jan 2015 Report No. ICR3216 (Implementation Completion Project ID P127725 and Results Report) Report No. E3099 (Environmental Assessment) India Ecosystems Service Improvement Project North Eastern Region Power System Improvement Date 29 Jan 2015 Project Project ID P133803 Date 01 Jan 2015 Report No. ISDSA1070 (Integrated Safeguards Project ID P127974 Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) Report No. E4742 (Environmental Assessment, PIDA14755 ( Project Information 2 Vol.) Document-Appraisal Stage) MSME Growth Innovation and Inclusive Finance Tamil Nadu Sustainable Urban Development Program Project Date 21 Jan 2015 Date 31 Dec 2014 Project ID P150395 Project ID P151544 Report No. ISDSA9367 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. PIDA19500 (Project Information Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) Document-Appraisal Stage) PIDA17333 (Project Information ISDSA1147 (Integrated Safeguards Document-Appraisal Stage) Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) RP1714 (Resettlement Plan, 2 Vol.) ISDSC1074 (Integrated Safeguards E4672 (Environmental Assessment, Data Sheet-Concept Stage) 4 Vol.) PIDC14440 (Project Information Document-Concept Stage) The World Bank in India • March 2015 19 E4718 (Environmental Assessment, Second Phase of the Hydrology Project 2 Vol.) Date 15 Dec 2014 Himachal Pradesh Horticulture Development Project Project ID P084632 Report No. ICR2931 (Implementation Completion Date 31 Dec 2014 and Results Report) Project ID P151744 Report No. PIDC15672 (Project Information Swachh Bharat Mission Support Program Project Document-Concept Stage) Date 07 Dec 2014 ISDSC1083 (Integrated Safeguards Project ID P153251 Data Sheet-Concept Stage) Report No. PID17448 (Project Information Nagaland Health Project Document-Appraisal Stage) Date 26 Dec 2014 Citizen Access to Responsive Services (Sarv Seva) Project ID P149340 Project Report No. PIDA17535 (Project Information Date 05 Dec 2014 Document-Appraisal Stage) Project ID P149182 ISDSA1106 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. PIDA16946 (Project Information Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) Document-Appraisal Stage) Hydrology III Project ISDSA1108 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) Date 22 Dec 2014 IPP760 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Project ID P152698 Report No. ISDSC 1128 (Integrated Safeguards Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Data Sheet-Concept Stage) Management Project PIDC17560 (Project Information Date 04 Dec 2014 Document-Concept Stage) Project ID P091031 Second Karnataka Rural Water Supply and Report No. E2019 (Environmental Assessment, Sanitation Project 2 Vol.) Date 19 Dec 2014 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project Project ID P050653 Date 01 Dec 2014 Report No. ICR3124 (Implementation Completion Project ID P097985 and Results Report) Report No. 93459 (redacted report) Partial Risk Sharing Facility in Energy Efficiency Project Madhya Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Project Date 19 Dec 2014 Date 01 Dec 2014 Project ID P128921 Project ID P073370 Report No. PIDA6597 (Project Information Report No. 93450 (redacted report) Document-Appraisal Stage) 20 The World Bank in India • March 2015 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 7193 measured by proxies Empowering cities: Good for growth? Evidence from By Talip Kilic and Thomas Sohnesen China WPS 7181 By T. Juni Zhu and Megha Mukim Correlates of success in World Bank development WPS 7192 policy lending The internet as a general-purpose technology: Firm- By Peter Moll, Patricia Geli and Pablo Saavedra level evidence from around the world WPS 7180 By George R.G. Clarke, Christine Zhenwei Qiang and Tackling social exclusion: Evidence from Chile Lixin Colin Xu By Pedro Carneiro, Emanuela Galasso and Rita Ginja WPS 7191 WPS 7179 R&D returns, spillovers, and firm incentives: Evidence Competition in Kenyan markets and its impact on from China income and poverty: A case study on sugar and maize By Chorching Goh, Wei Li and Lixin Colin Xu By Jonathan Argent and Tania Begazo WPS 7190 WPS 7178 The changing patterns of financial integration in Latin Sustainability of solar electricity: The role of America endogenous resource substitution and market By Tatiana Didier, Matias Moretti and Sergio L. Schmukler mediated responses WPS 7189 By Jevgenijs Steinbuks, Gaurav Satija and Fu Zhao Sex-selective abortions, fertility, and birth spacing WPS 7177 By Claus C Portner Gone with the storm: Rainfall shocks and household WPS 7188 well-being in Guatemala Love, money, and old age support: Does parental By Javier E. Baez, Leonardo Lucchetti, Maria E. Genoni matchmaking matter? and Mateo Salazar By Fali Huang, Ginger Zhe Jin and Lixin Colin Xu WPS 7176 WPS 7187 Managing risk with insurance and savings: Handling the weather: Insurance, savings, and credit in Experimental evidence for male and female farm West Africa managers in the Sahel By Francesca de Nicola By Clara Delavallade, Felipe Dizon, Ruth Vargas Hill and Jean Paul Petraud WPS 7186 Can the knowledge capital model explain foreign WPS 7175 investment in services? The case of Singapore Increasing access by waiving tuition: Evidence from By Gnanaraj Chellaraj and Aaditya Mattoo Haiti By Melissa A. Adelman and Peter A. Holland WPS 7185 Measuring the determinants of backward linkages from WPS 7174 FDI in developing economies: Is it a matter of size? Estimating parameters and structural change in CGE By Miguel Eduardo Sanchez-Martin, Jaime de Pinies and models using a Bayesian cross-entropy estimation Kassia Antoine approach By Delfin S. Go, Hans Lofgren, Fabian Mendez Ramos WPS 7184 and Sherman Robinson Wage dynamics, turnover, and human capital: Evidence from adolescent transition from school to work in the WPS 7173 Philippines Economic mobility in Europe and Central Asia: By Futoshi Yamauchi Exploring patterns and uncovering puzzles By Cesar Cancho, Maria E. Davalos, Giorgia Demarchi WPS 7183 and et.al. Short-term impacts of formalization assistance and a bank information session on business registration and WPS 7172 access to finance in Malawi Gender inequality and growth: The case of rich vs. By Francisco Campos, Markus Goldstein and David poor countries McKenzie By Mohammad Amin, Veselin Kuntchev and Martin Schmidt WPS 7182 Same question but different answer: Experimental WPS 7171 evidence on questionnaire design’s impact on poverty Vulnerability to malnutrition in the West African Sahel The World Bank in India • March 2015 21 By Federica Alfani, Andrew Dabalen, Peter Fisker and WPS 7158 Vasco Molini The global trade slowdown: Cyclical or structural? By Cristina Constantinescu, Aaditya Mattoo and Michele WPS 7170 Ruta Can we measure resilience? A proposed method and evidence from countries in the Sahel WPS 7157 By Federica Alfani, Andrew Dabalen, Peter Fisker and Impact evaluation helps deliver development projects Vasco Molini By Arianna Legovini, Vincenzo Di Maro and Caio Piza WPS 7169 WPS 7156 Connectivity for Caribbean countries: An initial Firm heterogeneity and costly trade: A new estimation assessment strategy and policy experiments By Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia, Heinrich C. Bofinger, By Ivan Cherkashin, Svetlana Demidova, Hiau Looi Kee Diana Cubas and Maria Florencia Millan-Placci and Kala Krishna WPS 7168 WPS 7155 Broken gears: The value added of higher education on The rise of China and labor market adjustments in Latin teachers’ academic achievement America By Carlos Felipe Balcazar and Hugo Nopo By Erhan Artuc, Daniel Lederman and Diego Rojas WPS 7167 WPS 7154 Moldova: A story of upward economic mobility Local budget transparency and participation: Evidence By Maria E. Davalos and Moritz Meyer from the Kyrgyz Republic By Damir Esenaliev and Gregory Kisunko WPS 7166 Intentions to return: Evidence from Romanian migrants WPS 7153 By Tim Hinks and Simon Davies Long-run effects of democracy on income inequality: Evidence from repeated cross-sections WPS 7165 Living on the edge: Vulnerability to poverty and public By Carlos Felipe Balcazar transfers in Mexico WPS 7152 By Alejandro de la Fuente, Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez and Born with a silver spoon: Inequality in educational Carlos Rodriguez-Castelan achievement across the world WPS 7164 By Carlos Felipe Balcazar, Ambar Narayan and Sailesh Promoting handwashing and sanitation: Evidence from Tiwari a large-scale randomized trial in rural Tanzania WPS 7151 By Bertha Briceno, Aidan Coville and Sebastian Martinez More than copper: Toward the diversification and WPS 7163 stabilization of Zambian exports Entrepreneurship and the allocation of government By Marius Brulhart, Nora Dihel and Madina Kukenova spending under imperfect markets WPS 7150 By Asif Islam From tragedy to renaissance: Improving agricultural WPS 7162 data for better policies OECS ports: An efficiency and performance By Gero Carletto, Dean Jolliffe and Raka Banerjee assessment WPS 7149 By Diana Cubas, Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia and European economic and monetary union sovereign Heinrich C. Bofinger debt markets WPS 7161 By Ahmet Sensoy, Erk Hacihasanoglu and Ahmed Survival is for the fittest: Export survival patterns in Rostom Georgia WPS 7148 By Antonio Martuscelli and Gonzalo Varela Facing the hungry tide: Climate change, livelihood WPS 7160 threats, and household responses in coastal SME exchanges in emerging market economies: A Bangladesh stocktaking of development practices By Susmita Dasgupta, Md. Moqbul Hossain, Mainul Huq By Alison Harwood and Tanya Konidaris and David Wheeler WPS 7159 WPS 7147 Public sector size and performance management: A Climate change, groundwater salinization and road case-study of post-revolution Tunisia maintenance costs in coastal Bangladesh By Anne Brockmeyer, Maha Khatrouch and Gael By Susmita Dasgupta, Md. Moqbul Hossain, Mainul Huq Raballand and David Wheeler 22 The World Bank in India • March 2015 WPS 7146 By Jon Strand, Richard T. Carson, Stale Navrud and et.al. Inequality stagnation in Latin America in the aftermath WPS 7142 of the global financial crisis What is the social value of second-generation biofuels? By Louise Cord, Oscar Barriga Cabanillas, Leonardo By Thomas W. Hertel, Jevgenijs Steinbuks and Wallace Lucchetti and et.al. E. Tyner WPS 7145 WPS 7141 Integrating qualitative methods into investment climate Who remained in poverty, who moved up, and who fell impact evaluations Mendoza down? An investigation of poverty dynamics in Senegal By Alejandra Alcantara and Michael Woolcock in the late 2000s WPS 7144 By Hai-Anh H. Dang, Peter F. Lanjouw and Rob Swinkels Export shocks and the volatility of returns to schooling: WPS 7140 Evidence from twelve Latin American economies Climate change, soil salinity, and the economics of By Daniel Lederman and Diego Rojas high-yield rice production in coastal Bangladesh WPS 7143 By Susmita Dasgupta, Md. Moqbul Hossain, Mainul Huq A “Delphi exercise” as a tool in Amazon rainforest and David Wheeler valuation From the Blogworld Big Data needs better questions 2015: The year of (data) time travel Submitted by Elizabeth Sabet Submitted by Neil Fantom Co-Authors: Oscar Calvo, Andrea Coppola, Neisan Massarrat, Ryan Siegel T he term “big data” is much in the news lately – alternatingly touted as the next silver bullet potentially containing answers to myriad questions T ime travel is, of course, the stuff of science fiction. H.G. Wells wrote about it in 1895, and it’s been fertile territory for film and television makers on natural and human dynamics, and dismissed ever since. But the ability to store and retrieve digital by others as hype. We are only beginning to records has at least made it possible to travel back discover what value exists in the vast quantities of in time with data... information we have today, and how we are now For users of statistics, it turns out this can be a capable of generating, storing, and analyzing this pretty handy thing to do: estimates and measures information. But how can we begin to extract that of many indicators get revised as methods improve, value? More importantly, how can we begin to apply and as geographies and economies shift over time. it to improving the human condition by promoting A statistical data Time Machine can help answer development and reducing poverty? questions like how much estimates been revised That is precisely the question that motivated the – and even whether different decisions might have World Bank Group and Second Muse to collaborate been taken with the benefit of hindsight. on the recently released report Big Data in Action for Now, 2015 is the year of the Data Revolution. So, Development. Interviews with big data practitioners let’s make a contribution by making a Time Machine around the world and an extensive review of literature using World Bank open data. on the topic led us to some surprising answers. Read more on how we got here: Read more: http://tinyurl.com/lwl9fjy http://tinyurl.com/pquf6ks The World Bank in India • March 2015 23 The World Bank in India VOL 13 / NO 5 • March 2015 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur ◆ Punjabi University Patiala Rights and Permissions: The material in this work is copyrighted. ◆ University of Bombay No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form Mumbai or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, ◆ Uttaranchal Academy of recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, Administration Nainital without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Designed by Thoughtscape Design Studio, Delhi and printed by Sona Printers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, March 2015