E2988 TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA 58km 330kV QIT – IKOT ABASI TRANSMISSION LINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT NO.: S - 1103 FINAL DRAFT REPORT November, 2012 58km 330kV QIT–IKOT ABASI TRANSMISSION LINE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT DRAFT REPORT by TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA Plot 441, Zambezi Crescent, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria. July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment All references of Power Holding Company of Nigeria Limited (PHCN) in the report represent the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN). All references of the Joint Venture Power Project (JVPP) in the report represents the Qua Iboe Power Project (QIPP). All references of the QIPP-PP represents Qua Iboe Power Project Power Plant whereas all references of QIPP-TL represents Qua Iboe Power Project Power Transmission Line. Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page i of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment TABLE OF CONTENT ii of xiv LIST OF APPENDICES, TABLES AND FIGURES v of xiv LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii of xiv LIST OF PREPARERS xiii of xiv AKNOWLEDGEMENT xiv of xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 of 14 Pages CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 of 23 1.1 General 1 of 23 1.2 EIA Report Structure 3 of 23 1.3 Project Scope 6 of 23 1.4 Project Proponent 6 of 23 1.5 EIA Terms of Reference 6 of 23 1.6 EIA Objectives 6 of 23 1.7 Scope of Study 7 of 23 1.8 EIA Methodology 7 of 23 1.9 Legal Regulatory and Administrative Framework 8 of 23 1.9.1 National Policy on the Environment 9of 23 1.9.2 National Statutes on Environmental Protection 10 of 23 1.9.3 The Federal Ministry of Environment 10 of 23 1.9.4 National Inland Water Ways Authority 11 of 23 1.9.5 Nigerian Content Act 12 of 23 1.9.6 Other National Regulations 12 of 23 1.9.7 National Electricity Regulatory Commission 13 of 23 1.9.8 National Statutes on Electrical Installation and Electricity Supply 13 of 23 1.9.9 Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources 15 of 23 1.10 PHCN Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) Policies 16 of 23 1.11 International Policies, Guidelines and Conventions 17 of 23 1.12 FMENV EIA Approval Process in Nigeria 22 of 23 1.13 EIA report Structure 23 of 23 CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 1 of 16 2.1 General 1 of 16 2.2 Need for the Project 1 of 16 2.3 Project Development Concepts and Alternatives 1 of 16 2.3.1 Transmission Line Alternatives 2 of 16 2.4 Environmental and Socio-economic Considerations 7 of 16 2.5. Summary of Transmission Line Route Alternatives 11 of 16 2.5.1 Connection to National Grid 11 of 16 2.5.2 Transmission Line Type Options 12 of 16 2.5.3 Tower Options 13 of 16 2.5.4 Cable Options 13 of 16 2.6 No Development Option 13 of 16 2.7 Development Option 14 of 16 2.8 Envisaged Sustainability 14 of 16 CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1 of 42 3.1 General 1 of 42 3.2 Project Scope 1 of 42 3.2.1 General Facilities Layout 2 of 42 3.3 Design Basis 3 of 42 3.3.1 Design Conditions 3 of 42 Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page ii of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.4 Applicable Codes and Standards 4 of 42 3.5 Transmission Line Design 4 of 42 3.5.1 Foundation Design 6 of 42 3.5.2 Tower Design 7 of 42 3.5.3 Steel Class and Strength for Towers 7 of 42 3.5.4 Protection and Earthing System Design 7 of 42 3.6 Project Activity Sequence 8 of 42 3.6.1 Pre-Construction Engineering and ROW Acquisition programme 8 of 42 3.6.2 Centre - line and Topographical Survey 8 of 42 3.6.3 Geotechnical Survey 10 of 42 3.6.4 Foundation Construction 10 of 42 3.6.5 Tower Construction 11 of 42 3.6.6 Arching Devise 19 of 42 3.6.7 Lighting protection and Earthing System 19 of 42 3.6.8 Transmission Line Construction 20 of 42 3.6.9 Fault Detection, Response System and Control 20 of 42 3.7 Procurement of Materials and Fabrication Summary 21 of 42 3.8 Mobilisation 23 of 42 3.9 Site Preparation 24 of 42 3.10 ROW and Access Corridor Clearing 24 of 42 3.11 Construction / Installation Strategy 26 of 42 3.11.1 Tower Erection Method 28 of 42 3.11.2 Tower Erecting Standard 30 of 42 3.12 Stringing of Conductors and Shield Wires 30 of 42 3.12.1 Conductor 30 of 42 3.12.2 Stringing Methods 31 of 42 3.13 Embankments, Levelling and Drainage 37 of 42 3.14 Power Transmission Line Operations 37 of 42 3.15 Maintenance 37 of 42 3.16 Commissioning 37 of 42 3.17 Turnover 38 of 42 3.18 Project Supervision and Surveillance 38 of 42 3.19 Safety, Health, Environment and Security Issues 39 of 42 3.20 Fuel Transport, Storage and Dispensing Programme 41 of 42 3.21 Site Decommissioning / Environmental Restoration 41 of 42 3.22 Project Waste Management Plan 41 of 42 3.23 Project Schedule 41 of 42 CHAPTER FOUR: THE EXISTING NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 1 of 111 4.1 General 1 of 111 4.2 Baseline Data Acquisition methods 1 of 111 4.2.1 Literature Research 1 of 111 4.2.2 Environmental Field Survey 2 of 111 4.3 Description of Ecological Baseline Conditions 9 of 111 4.3.1 Climate and Meteorology 9 of 111 4.3.2 Air Temperature 9 of 111 4.3.3 Relative Humidity 10 of 111 4.3.4 Rainfall 11 of 111 4.3.5 Wind 12 of 111 4.4 Air Quality Characteristics 12 of 111 4.4.1 Noise Characteristics 15 of 111 4.5 Regional Geology of the Niger-delta 17 of 111 4.5.1 Hydrogeology 19 of 111 4.6 Surface Water 20 of 111 Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page iii of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.6.1 Surface Water Physico-chemistry 20 of 111 4.6.2 Surface Water Microbiological Characteristics 25 of 111 4.7 Sediment Physico-chemical Characteristics 26 of 111 4.7.1 Sediment Microbiological Characteristics 30 of 111 4.8 Soil Physico-chemical Characteristics 31 of 111 4.8.1 Soil Microbiological Characteristics 33 of 111 4.9 Hydrobiology Studies 34 of 111 4.9.1 Planktons 34 of 111 4.9.2 Benthic Communities 37 of 111 4.10 Vegetation and Wildlife 37 of 111 4.10.1 Vegetation 37 of 111 4.10.2 Wildlife 49 of 111 4.10.3 Fish and Fisheries 63 of 111 4.11 Socio-Economics 64 of 111 4.11.1 Scope of Study 65 of 111 4.11.2 Consultations 67 of 111 4.11.3 Socio-economic Survey Methodology 68 of 111 4.12 General Description of Akwa Ibom State 69 of 111 4.12.1 Ibeno LGA 70 of 111 4.12.2 Esit Eket LGA 71 of 111 4.12.3 Eket LGA 72 of 111 4.12.4 Onna LGA 73 of 111 4.12.5 Mkpat Enin LGA 73 of 111 4.12.6 Ikot Abasi LGA 74 of 111 4.13 Traditional/Political Governance & Community Organisation 75 of 111 4.13.1 Traditional Organisation 75 of 111 4.13.2 Traditional Governance 76 of 111 4.13.3 Community/Social Organisation 76 of 111 4.14 Demography 77 of 111 4.14.1 Population Size 77 of 111 4.14.2 Population Characteristics 80 of 111 4.15 Marriage 81 of 111 4.16 Education and Literacy 82 of 111 4.16.1 Education 82 of 111 4.16.2 Literacy Level 83 of 111 4.17 Contentious Issues and Conflict Management 84 of 111 4.18 Economics 85 of 111 4.18.1 Income Generation Activities 85 of 111 4.19 Land Ownership/Land Use/Changes in Land Cover 87 of 111 4.20. Quality of Life 89 of 111 4.20.1 Settlement Pattern/Housing Structure/Tenure 89 of 111 4.20.2 Monthly Family Expenditure Pattern 91 of 111 4.20.3 Availability and Access to Household Conveniences 91 of 111 4.20.4 Availability and Access to Household Conveniences 91 of 111 4.21 Poverty and Inequality 92 of 111 4.22 Employment/Unemployment 93 of 111 4.22.1 Employment 93 of 111 4.22.2 Unemployment Rate 93 of 111 4.23 Infrastructural Base 95 of 111 4.23.1 Market Facilities 103 of 111 4.23.2 Access Road/Public Transportation 103 of 111 4.23.3 Electricity Supply 105 of 111 4.23.4 Educational Facilities 105 of 111 4.23.5 Postal/Telecommunication Facilities 105 of 111 4.23.6 Water Supply 106 of 111 Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page iv of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.24 Health Facilities 106 of 111 4.25 Disease Prevalence 106 of 111 4.26 Water Supply 107 of 111 4.27 Refuse Disposal System 109 of 111 4.27.1 Toilet Facilities 109 of 111 4.28 Community Concerns 110 of 111 CHAPTER FIVE: ASSOCIATED/POTENTIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1 of 53 5.1 General 1 of 53 5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology 2 of 53 5.3 Project Environmental Overview 2 of 53 5.4 Impact Identification and Characterisation 2 of 53 5.4.1 Impact Identification 2 of 53 5.4.2 Impact Characterisation 5 of 53 5.5 Impact Evaluation 9 of 53 5.5.1 Consequence / Likelihood Evaluation 12 of 53 5.6 Results of the Impact Assessment 14 of 53 5.7 Impact Discussion 27 of 53 5.7.1 Socio-economic Impacts 28 of 53 5.7.2 Biodiversity 34 of 53 5.7.3 Hydrology and Aquatic Systems 38 of 53 5.7.4 Air Quality and Noise Pollution 42 of 53 5.7.5 Health, Safety and Security Aspects 45 of 53 5.7.6 Decommissioning 51 of 53 5.8 Cumulative Impacts 53 of 53 CHAPTER SIX: IMPACT MITIGATION AND RESIDUAL RANKING 1 of 29 6.1 General 2 of 29 6.2 Management Procedure for Mitigation Measures 2 of 29 6.3 Proffered Mitigation Measures 2 of 29 CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 of 25 7.1 General 1 of 25 7.2 EMP Objective 1 of 25 7.3 Environmental Management and Administration 2 of 25 7.4 Awareness Creation and Training 3 of 25 7.5 Public Participation/Involvement 4 of 25 7.6 Monitoring 4 of 25 7.7 Reporting 5 of 25 7.8 Uncertainty and Change Management 5 of 25 7.9 Environmental Aspect Management Guideline 6 of 25 7.9.1 Environmental Management 6 of 25 7.9.1.1 Responsibilities and Cost for EMP 15 of 25 7.9.2 Guideline for Waste Management 15 of 25 7.9.2.1 Operational Wastes and Disposal Methods 18 of 25 7.10 Emergency Response Plan 22 of 25 7.11 Environmental Audit and Assessment 23 of 25 7.12 Decommissioning and Abandonment Plan 24 of 25 CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSION REFERENCES Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page v of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment LIST OF APPENDICES, TABLES AND FIGURES List of Appendices and Attachments Appendix 1.1: Terms of Reference Appendix 3.1: Applicable Codes and Standards Appendix 4.1: Study Approach Appendix 4.2: Surface Water / Sediment Characteristics Appendix 4.3: Soil Characteristics Appendix 4.4: Hydro-biological Characteristics Appendix 4.5: Evidences of Consultation Appendix 4.6: Socio-economic Survey Tools Appendix 5.1: Topographical Survey Charts Attachment I: Sampling Distribution Map Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page vi of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment List of Tables Table 2.1: Route Alternative Summary 11 of 16 Table 3.1: Environmental Design Conditions 4 of 42 Table 3.2: Tower Type Design Parameters 7 of 42 Table 4.1: Sampling Co-ordinates and Requirements 3 of 111 Table 4.2.Summary of Analytical Methods and Test Equipment 8 of 111 Table 4.3: Ambient Air Temperature 10 of 111 Table 4.4: Ambient Air Quality Characteristics 13 of 111 Table 4.5: Noise Levels Along Study Area 16 of 111 Table 4.6: Surface Water Physico-chemistry 20 of 111 Table 4.7: Summary of Surface Water Microbiological Characteristics 27 of 111 Table 4.8: Summary of Sediment Physico-chemical Characteristics 28 of 111 Table 4.9: Summary of Sediment Microbiological Characteristics 30 of 111 Table 4.10: Summary of Surface Soil Physico-chemical Characteristics 31 of 111 Table 4.11: Features of vegetation/Wildlife Transects 39 of 111 Table 4.12a: Flora Conservation Status 47 of 111 Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status 50 of 111 Table 4.13: Cost of Game Animals Along Study Area 61 of 111 Table 4.14: No of Consulted/ Surveyed Groups 65 of 111 Table 4.15: Socio-economic survey Program 65 of 111 Table 4.16: Population Characteristics of Surveyed LGAs 77 of 111 Table 4.17: Projected Population Figures for Surveyed Communities 79 of 111 Table 4.18: Consensual Perceptions on Demographic Characteristics 79 of 111 Table 4.19: Age and Sex Structure of Ak wa Ibom State 80 of 111 Table 4.20: Completion Rate in Primary Schools Statistics 82 of 111 Table 4.21: Secondary School Statistics – August 2011 83 of 111 Table 4.22: Completion Rate in Primary Schools 83 of 111 Table 4.23: Literacy Rate 84 of 111 Table 4.24: Perceptions on Economic Scenario of Study Area 86 of 111 Table 4.25: Changes in Land Cover 88 of 111 Table 4.26: Description of Some Quality of Life Indicators 90 of 111 Table 4.27: Monthly expenditure Pattern Per Family 91 of 111 Table 4.28: Income and Food Poverty Indices 93 of 111 Table 4.29: Poverty/ Inequality Highlights – Akwa Ibom State 93 of 111 Table 4.30: National/ Akwa Ibom Unemployment Rates (%) 95 of 111 Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure base 96 of 111 Table 4.32: Distribution of Accredited health Facilities 106 of 111 Table 4.33: Drinking Water Sources in the Study Area 108 of 111 Table 4.34: Improved Water Supply Statistics in Akwa Ibom State 109 of 111 Table 4.35: Common Waste Disposal Systems 109 of 111 Table 4.36: Common Types of Toilet Facilities 110 of 111 Table 5.1: Project Activities – Environmental Indicators Interaction matrix 3 of 53 Table 5.2: QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Impacts Categorisation 6 of 53 Table 5.3: Consequence Criterion 12 of 53 Table 5.4: Likelihood Criterion 13 of 53 Table 5.5: Potential and Associated Impacts 15 of 53 Table 5.6: Range of Maximum Electrical and Magnetic Fields 50 of 53 Table 5.7: Precaution Values for Low Frequency Electro-magnetic Fields 51 of 53 Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures 3 of 29 Table 7.1: EMP Cost Estimates 16 of 25 Table 7.2: Waste Stream Management Guideline 20 of 25 Table 7.3: Personnel Responsibilities during Emergency Evacuation 23 of 25 Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page vii of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment List of Figures Figure 1.1: Proposed Transmission Line Route – Akwa Ibom State 4 of 23 Figure 1.2: EIA Methodology Flowchart 8 of 23 Figure 2.1: Nigeria Grid - Circuits in the vicinity of the Project location 3 of 16 Figure 2.2: 132 kV T - line Eket to Ibom (blue), Recommended 330 kV (red) 4 of 16 Figure 2.3: Preliminary 330kV Transmission Line Route QIT – Ikot Abasi 6 of 16 Figure 2.4: Crossing Location near Alscon Smelter in Ikot Abasi 7 of 16 Figure 2.5: Transmission Line – Constraints Map 8 of 16 Figure 2.6: Preliminary Route – Settlements and Structures Avoided 9 of 16 Figure 2.7: Updated Routing – Approaching Substation near Alscon 10 of 16 Figure 2.8: Preliminary Route – Connection to Ikot Abasi Substation 12 of 16 Figure 2.9: Proposed Ikot Abasi Substation 12 of 16 Figure 3.1: T-Line Route Design – QIT Heliport and Eket Field Constraints 6 of 42 Figure 3.2: Typical Connectors Pressing 17 of 42 Figure 3.3: Existing major Road and Preliminary Transmission Line 22 of 42 Figure 3.4: ROW Clearance along the TL 25 of 42 Figure 3.5: Lay-down Tower materials Storage 27 of 42 Figure 3.6: Tower Erection Process 29 of 42 Figure 3.7: Pulley – Block 32 of 42 Figure 3.8: Running Board 32 of 42 Figure 3.9: Helicopter Pulling a Pilot Wire 33 of 42 Figure 3.10: Drum- Stand with Hydraulic Drive and Disc Break 33 of 42 Figure 3.11: Puller- Tensioner during Stringing of 3 Bundle Conductors 34 of 42 Figure 3.12: Strain Tower, Clamping 3 Bundle Conductors 35 of 42 Figure 3.13: Project Schedule 42 0f 42 Figure 4.1: Minimum and Maximum Temperature 9 of 111 Figure 4.2: Relative Humidity 7 of 111 Figure 4.3: Rainfall 11 of 111 Figure 4.4: Wind Speed 12 of 111 Figure 4.5: Niger-delta Sedimentary Basins 18 of 111 Figure 4.6: Niger-delta Depobelts 19 of 111 Figure 4.7: TDS / Conductivity Correlation 23 of 111 Figure 4.8: Turbidity / TSS Correlation 24 of 111 Figure 4.9: Sediment – Particle Size Distribution 29 of 111 Figure 4.10: Soil – Particle Size Distribution 32 of 111 Figure 4.11: Percentage Abundance of Phytoplankton 34 of 111 Figure 4.12: Phytoplankton Species along Study Area 35 of 111 Figure: 4.13: Percentage Abundance of Zooplankton 36 of 111 Figure 4.14: Zooplankton Species along Study Area 36 of 111 Figure: 4.15: Vegetation Characteristics 38 of 111 Figure: 4.16: Mangrove vegetation – QIT Axis (Ibeno) 40 of 111 Figure: 4.17: Secondary Riparian Forest – Eket Axis 42 of 111 Figure: 4.18: Secondary Forest – Onna Axis 43 of 111 Figure: 4.19: Palm Forest – Mkpat enin Axis 44 of 111 Figure: 4.20: Vegetation Types – Sub-station Axis (Ikot Abasi) 46 of 111 Figure: 4.21: Mammals Along Project Area 58 of 111 Figure: 4.22: Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) – Douglas Creek Area 59 of 111 Figure 4.23: Tortoise – Hunters bag in Mkpat Enin Axis 60 of 111 Figure 4.24: Tree Frog – Afrixalus dorsalis 60 of 111 Figure 4.25: fish Gears and Fish Types 63 of 111 Figure 4.26: Examples of Meetings with Local Representatives 69 of 111 Figure 4.27: Traditional tiers of Authority 75 of 111 Figure 4.28: Typical Traditional Organisation 76 of 111 Figure 4.29: Farmlands 87 of 111 Figure 4.30: Housing Structures 89 of 111 Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page viii of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 4.31: Housing Structure – Percentage Distribution 90 of 111 Figure 4.32: Types of Fuel Used 91 of 111 Figure 4.33: Light Sources 92 of 111 Figure 4.34: Unemployment Rate 94 of 111 Figure 4.35: Market Structures 103 of 111 Figure 4.36: Road Infrastructures 104 of 111 Figure 4.37: Educational Infrastructures 105 of 111 Figure 4.38: Health Facilities 106 of 111 Figure 4.39: Water Supply Facilities 108 of 111 Figure 5.1: Impact Management Procedure 1 of 53 Figure 5.2: Risk Assessment Matrix 10 of 53 Figure 5.3: Consequence / Probability Risk Assessment Matrix 13 of 53 Figure 6.1: Mitigation Definition Criteria 1 of 29 Figure 6.2: Procedure for Mitigation Measures 2 of 29 Figure 7.1: Project/EMP Implementation Organogram 2 of 25 Figure 7.3: Waste Segregation Strategy 18 of 25 Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page ix of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS % Percentage < Less than = Equals to ± Plus or minus µg/m3 Microgram per cubic meter AAS Annual Abstract of Statistics APHA American Public Health Association AKSMENV Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable APRM African Peer Review Mechanism ASCR Aluminium Steel Reinforced Conductor ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BAT Best Available Technology BOD Biological Oxygen Demand Ca Calcium Cd Cadmium Cl-1 Chlorine ion Cm Centimetre CO Carbon Monoxide Co Cobalt CO2 Carbon Dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Cr Chromium Cu Copper CWIQ Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire DB Decibels DC Direct Current DO Dissolved Oxygen DPR Department of Petroleum Resources EC Electrical Conductivity ECN Electric Cooperation of Nigeria EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EGASPIN Environmental Guideline and Standard for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMP Environmental Management plan EPC Engineering Procurements Construction EPR Ethylene-Propylene Rubber FEED Front End Engineering Design FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD Focus Group Discussion FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMENV Federal Ministry of Environment GFC Glass Fibre Reinforced Cores GGD General Group discussion GIS - Geographic Information System GPS - Global Positioning System HDB - Hydrocarbon Degrading bacteria HUB - Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria HUF - Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi H2S Hydrogen Sulphide IDI In-Depth Interview IFC International Finance Corporation Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page x of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment ISO International Standards Organization ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zones ITD Inter Tropical Discontinuity IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JVPP Joint Venture Power Project K Potassium Km Kilometre KV Kilo Volts KWH Kilo Watts per Hour LGA - Local Government Area M Meter Mg Magnesium mm Millimetre Mn Manganese MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPN Mobil Producing Nigeria Limited mScm-1 Micro Siemens per Centimetre MW Mega Watts N Nitrogen Na Sodium NERC Nigerian Electric Regulatory Commission NEPA National Electric Power Authority NESCO Nigerian Electricity Supply Company NGO Non Governmental Organization Ni Nickel NIMET Nigerian Meteorological Agency NIPP National Integrated Power Project NIWA National Inland Water Ways Authority NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NOx Nitrogen Oxides NTU Turbidity o C Degree Celsius O&G Oil and Grease OIMS Operational Integrity Management System OPGW Optical Ground Wire Pb Lead PCBs Polychorobiphenyls pH Hydrogen Potential PHC Public Health Care PHCN Power Holding Company of Nigeria PO4 Phosphate PSD Particle Size Distribution PTFE - Polytetrafluoroethylene QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control QIT Qua Iboe Terminal QIPP Qua Iboe Power Plant ROT Rehabilitation Operate and Transfer ROW Right-of-Way SHE Safety, Health and Environment SiO2 Silica SO4 Sulphate SOP Standard Operating Procedures SOX Sulphur Oxides Sp Species Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page xi of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment SPM Suspended particulate matter TCN Transmission Company of Nigeria TDS Total Dissolved Solids THC Total Hydrocarbon Content TL Transmission Line TLROW Transmission Line Right of Way TOC Total Organic content TOR Terms of Reference TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TSS Total Suspended Solids UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VOC Volatile Organic compounds WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre WHO World Health Organization WMP Waste Management Plan Zn Zinc Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page xii of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment LIST OF PREPARERS Fugro EIA Team Kaine Edike Project Scientist/ Report Development Silas Idoko Technical Review Prof C T I Odu Technical Review Soromto Chukwumerije Project Manager Umbu Young Laboratory Coordinator Kate Iwuozor Physico-chemical Analysis Daniel Joel Lead Field Sampler Benard Obi Senior Field Sampler Prof Ini Akabio Socio-economics and Health Survey Dr Godfrey Akani Vegetation/Wildlife Studies PHCN Team J.A Afolabi (Mrs.) AGM (Chemical, Resettlement & Environment) S.T Alo PM (Chemist) I.B.A Ruskin Offr. I (Environment and Resettlement) B.E Olubalusi Offr. I (Environment and Resettlement) Reviewers Shawn Simmons Glory Odemene William Coe Ralph Bergmueller Dominik Hofstetter Oluwole Sojinrin Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page xiii of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment AKNOWLEDGEMENT Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) wishes to acknowledge with thanks, the opportunity granted it by the Federal Government and the Federal Ministry of Power and also the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) to carry out this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in support of the ~58km 330Kv QIT-Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project. The contributions of the Environmental Consultants – Fugro Nigeria Limited (FNL), commissioned to execute this EIA is also acknowledged and commended. We are grateful to the Akwa Ibom State Government for their support for the project. We also acknowledge the support of the Paramount Rulers across the six affected Local Government Areas (LGA), private, public organisations and individuals too numerous to mention by name. Lastly, the supervisory roles and contributions of PHCN’s Chemical, Resettlement and Environment (CR&E) Division towards the success of the project are also acknowledged. Table of Contents Final Draft Report Page xiv of xiv July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION This is the non-technical summary of the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It has been prepared in line with the EIA Act 86 of 1992, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) Sectoral Guidelines for Infrastructures (Power Transmission Line) projects and the World Bank / International Finance Corporation (IFC) guidelines. Fugro Nigeria Limited (FNL) prepared this report on behalf of PHCN. Project Background PHCN operates over ten (10) power plants, one transmission network (over 11,000Km of high voltage power lines) and several distribution lines. The proposed approximately 58km, 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line (TL) is located entirely within Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The TL will originate at the planned 500MW power plant in Ibeno LGA. From its source point, it will run generally westward, traversing Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna and Mkpat Enin LGAs before terminating at National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) planned power sub-station, located near the Alscon Smelting Facility in Ikot Abasi LGA. Administrative and Legal Framework • The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 • Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria, 1991 • Electricity Act, Cap 106 of 1990 • Nigerian Content Act • Federal ministry of environment; • Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment Requirements • The Land Use Act of 1978. • The Endangered Species Act, Cap 108 of 1990 • Oil in Navigable Waters Act of 1968 • The World bank Operational Policies • The World Heritage Convention 1978 • Other International conventions and standards to which Nigeria is signatory to. Benefits of the Project • Evacuate power from the NNPC/MPN 500MW QIPP Power Plant; • Increase capacity of the transmission network; as well as • Strengthen and improve system reliability, stability and operational efficiency of the national grid; • Add value to the nation’s economic growth; • Provide direct and indirect employment opportunities, including training; • Indirectly reduce/eliminate considerable percentage of air pollutants emissions due to consistent use of power generators by individuals to support irregular power supply. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 1 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Project Development Options Transmission Line Options • Option 1: Maintain the Status Quo of Power System in the State • Option 2: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP PP to Eket Substation via a New 132kV Line and Routing • Option 3: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP PP to Ikot Ekpene or Calabar Substation via a New 330kV Line and Routing • Option 4: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP to Ikot Ekpene PHCN Substation via a New Line and Routing and a new substation location • Option 5: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP to Ikot Abasi PHCN Substation via a New Line and Routing. This option was adopted due to its environmental sustainability components and cost effectiveness. Connection to National Grid The Ikot Abasi Substation (National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) development under Niger Delta Power Holding Company of Nigeria (NDPHCN) a subsidiary of PHCN) will be upgraded and additional busbars installed to connect the transmission line from the south- west. Transmission Line Type Options For this project the 330kV transmission line was chosen because it allows power generated by QIPP to be exported in accordance with national requirements by PHCN and NERC. Tower Options Towers shall be self supporting type of vertical / barrel configuration and are designated as suspension towers, tension towers, transposition towers and special towers. As per PHCN standard 2007 Volume 3 A the type of towers is governed by the voltage level. A similar design used for all projects in the nation allows for higher reliability and maintainability. For this project PHCN requests a 330 kV double Circuit transmission line tower design as per their standards. Therefore PHCN would not allow a different type of tower design be applied for this project. Cable Options High Voltage Underground Cables are more sensitive to occurring faults and in case of faults require replacement of the defect section leading to less reliability and operability of the system. Also the environmental costs (soil excavation, trenching, free corridor operations, amongst others) made this option not selected for implementation. Overhead transmission lines allow for certain flora and fauna to grow to a certain extent as long it is not impacting the operability and maintainability of the line. It also involves less environmental impact as to when compared to laying underground high voltage cables. This option was chosen for implementation. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 2 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment PROJECT DESCRIPTION The scope of the approximately 58km 330kV QIT - Ikot Abasi transmission line will involve: • clearing the transmission line Right of Way (~290 hectares) of all vegetation; • construction of transmission line towers, their foundations and stringing of the line; • development of land access (from nearby roads) to ROW to facilitate construction and maintenance in upland areas; • construction of transmission line support towers for water-prone areas; • filling or dredging of marsh and mangrove areas to provide water access for ROW clearing, tower installation and line maintenance activities; • installation of additional buss bars to connect proposed transmission line at the NIPP substation in Ikot Abasi. The transmission line ROW to be acquired for the project is approximately 58km in length and 50m wide, thereby giving a total area of about 2,900,000m2 (290Ha). Design Basis The design, construction and operation of this project shall be conducted in order to: • Protect the safety, health and security of project and operations employees, suppliers’ employees, customers, the public and other involved parties; • Maintain environmental integrity; • Comply with applicable laws and regulations; • Apply sound geo-science, engineering, technical and commercial best practices; • Focus on flawless execution with minimum re-works; • Meet the reasonable aspirations of the project-impacted communities; • Maximize Nigerian content consistent with the project objectives; • Achieve facility performance objectives. Transmission Line Design The transmission line project is designed to be a 330kV double circuit, with two systems sharing one tower. The TL project is designed to run from the Ikot Abasi substation outgoing line bay to the QIPP PP substation incoming line bay, a total length of approximately 58km. Foundation Design The foundation design for the transmission towers is based on the principle of safety, reliability, economy and reasonability. Three foundation types (mass concrete, pad and pile foundations) shall be used in the proposed project. The mass concrete, and pad foundation types shall be used for foundations with small and large loads respectively under normal soil condition while the pile foundation shall be used in areas where the mass concrete and pad foundations are considered unsuitable. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 3 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Tower Design The tower types are to meet the requirements of the conceptual design for a 330kV double circuit transmission line and shall be in line with the PHCN requirements. The tower design will be such of self supporting type of vertical / barrel configuration and the towers designated as suspension towers, tension towers, transposition towers and special towers. The requirement of transposition and special towers does not arise for this transmission line. 330kV DC Towers shall be provided with one galvanized steel ground wire. Protection and Earthing System Design In the proposed project, each transmission line structure shall be grounded so as to obtain a low resistance to ground. In recognition of the peculiar location of the project the resistance have been lowered to 5 Ohm for the facility. Digital protection system shall be applied for the new 330kV Transmission Lines with two different protection panels one for each TL system, which shall be installed in the control room of the substations. Project Schedule The proposed transmission line construction shall be completed within 36 months from start date. It is anticipated that once the relevant approvals have been obtained and the EPC contracts awarded, estimated project schedule will take effect. Power Transmission Line Operations The transmission line will be operated by PHCN. The operability philosophy is to ensure the safety requirements and avoid undue line failures by proper design for weather - lightning and wind. Additionally, the monitoring of electrical parameters and protection of the TL during operation, a quick response to emergency situations should be implementable, which is buttressed through prior training and adequate stock of replacement parts. Maintenance of Power Transmission Line The transmission line will be maintained by the proponent. The TL shall be designed to facilitate maintenance – e.g., climbing aids, use of wedge clamps instead of compression clamps, use of steel (and not copper) ground wires. When TL is to be maintained, the downtime should be minimal, and failed or faulty components are to be replaced as needed and expeditiously. Any component of the transmission line that appears in multiples are to be identical and from the same manufacturer. All components must be safe, of good quality, of required design capacity and readily available. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT The baseline information on the bio-physicochemical and socio-economic environment of the proposed project area were based on information from literature as well as findings of a two season field sampling programme, laboratory analyses and a detailed socio- economic and health assessment specifically for this EIA. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 4 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Regional Meteorology and Climate The study area which is in the Niger delta region of Nigeria, is situated in the tropics and experiences a fluctuating climate which is characterized by two distinct conditions of wet and dry seasons. The wet season occurs between April and October with a brief break in August, while the dry season occurs between November and March. The minimum mean annual temperature is given as 210C, while the maximum mean annual temperature is 350C. Average relative humidity ranges from 52 to 85% and typical of the Niger-delta. Air Quality / Noise Levels About 70% of the transmission line route is largely free of heavy industrial activities. The major sources of air emissions and noise in the area are domestic activities, automobiles, and generators. Significant industrial activities occur at Ibeno and Ikot Abasi axes where the Mobil Qua Iboe Terminal (QIT) and ALSCON plant respectively are in operations. However, results of air quality characteristics within the proposed transmission line indicated that ambient concentrations of air pollutants (SPM, SOx, NOx, NO2, VOC, CxHy, H2S and NH3) were generally below their individual equipment detection limit and within national and international air quality standards (See Table 4.4). Also the noise level in the area ranged from 29.4 dB(A) to 50.3 dB(A) in the wet season and 49.82 dB(A) to 73.16 dB(A) in the dry season. Regional Geology / Hydrogeology The generality of the project area geology belongs to the coastal sedimentary basin of Niger Delta, Nigeria. The project area (between Ikot Abasi and Ibeno) is within the elongated northwest – southeast rectangular basin known as the Imo-Kwa lbo River Basin. The basin is principally underlain by the Deltaic, Benin, Ogwashi-Asaba and Ameki formations, and then by the Imo Shales, in that order. The major aquiferous units are the Benin and Ameki formations. The Imo-Kwa lbo Basin is confined to the northern edge by the Imo shales while the Benin formation and the alluvial deposits of the Niger Delta appear to be in hydrological contact (and thus provide combined aquiferous horizons) to the south. Soil Characteristics The soils from the study area are predominantly sandy in texture and brownish in colour. The pH of the surface soil samples collected from the study area was generally acidic with a pH range of 4.4 - 5.2 and 3.2 - 6.8 for the wet and dry seasons respectively. The conductivity of surface soil samples for the wet season was between 18.8 -166.0µS/cm with a mean of 71.1µS/cm. Dry season values ranged between 28.4 - 225.0 µS/cm with a mean of 94.4 µS/cm. The recorded levels for heavy metal concentration across soils within the study area were found to be within reported values for similar environment and compliant to levels required Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 5 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment for optimal functioning of the ecosystem (see Table 4.10). Values also suggest that soils within the study area as at the time of the study were generally free of heavy metals contamination. Surface Water Characteristics A total of five (5) surface water samples were collected for physico-chemical and biological analysis. The recorded pH values in surface water samples from the study area ranged from 6.09-6.86 with a mean of 6.46 in the wet season and 5.41 - 6.53 in the dry season. These values are within established pH range of natural water (see Table 4.6). All other physico-chemical characteristics were within their natural occurring limits and consistent with baseline results of past studies within the project area. Sediment Characteristics The pH of the sediment obtained from the study area ranged from 3.79 - 5.21 with a mean value of 4.63 in the wet season. Dry season range of values was given as 5.17 - 6.63 with a mean of 6.196. The recorded levels of heavy metal concentration across sediment samples within the study area were found to be within reported values for similar environment and compliant to levels required for optimal functioning of a typical freshwater ecosystem. Hydro-biological Characteristics The Diatoms dominated the spectrum of phytoplankton species compositions during the wet and dry seasons with higher abundance representing 72% and 55% respectively. this is typical of a fresh water aquatic ecosystem and also is consistent with results of past studies conducted around the area (IPC 2005). Pediastrum duplex – Green algae Osscilatoria sp – Blue green algae Figure E1: Phytoplankton Species within Study Area The dominant zooplankton taxa encountered in the study area were the Arthopods / crustacean species which dominated with 71% abundance in both seasons. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 6 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Community structure and distribution of macro-benthos in the study area was evaluated and it revealed that annelids were the dominant benthos species recorded across sampling stations with the occurrence of one mollusc specie during the dry season. Vegetation / Wildlife The proposed power transmission line would traverse various habitats including several secondary lowland forests, seasonal freshwater swamps, cultivated farmlands, bush fallows, and mangrove forests (at Ibeno, Eket, and Ikot Abasi areas) on the left flank of Eket – Ikot Abasi road. When compare with the IUCN redbook list, three of the species were found to be endangered. However, the listed species are locally abundant. Table E1: Features of Vegetation / Wildlife transects Vegetation Dominant Vegetation Nearest locality/landmark LGA Transect SS 1 Predominantly North-West of QIT premises Ibeno Mangrove (proposed QIPP area) SS 6 Riparian Forest Eket Bridge Area Eket SS 10 Secondary Rainforest Ukpana Rd in Ikot Edor Onna town SS 13 Palm Forest Off Akwa Ibom State Mkpat Enin University (Main Campus) SS 16 Secondary Rainforest Ikwa town (East) Ikot Abasi SS 23 Riparian Forest East of ALSCON Plant Ikot Abasi The distribution of vegetation types along the proposed transmission line and its closets vicinities is shown in Figure E2 below. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 7 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure E2: Vegetation Characteristics along Transmission Line Route Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 8 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment A breakdown of wildlife shows that approximately 24 mammalian species belonging to 11 families; 24 avian species belonging to 14 families were identified. Reptiles encountered were represented by 20 species from 10 families, while amphibians had the lowest speciation with 8 species from 5 families. No endangered wildlife species was identified along the line or in closest proximity in line with the IUCN 2006 classification. However, the sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) and the bates pygmy antelope (Neotragus batesi) were classified as vulnerable in line with the Nigerian local conservation classification (Act 11 of 1985). Socio-economic and Health The proposed transmission line will traverse through 6 LGAs of Akwa Ibom State, namely; Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi. The study however covered fifty communities; nine clan councils; and six identified Traditional Ruling Councils (TRC). Table E2 Consulted / Surveyed Groups S/NO LGAs Consulted Consulted Surveyed Respondents TRC Clan Communities Council 1 Ibeno 1 1 2 24 2 Esit Eket 1 1 3 19 3 Eket 1 1 4 53 4 Onna 1 1 6 84 5 Mkpat Enin 1 2 14 88 6 Ikot Abasi 1 3 21 150 Total 6 6 9 50 418 The consultation programme for the proposed project consisted of a two-tier process including a public forum organised in respect of the project (See Appendix 4.5). • Reconnaissance visits to key LGA and Clan level stakeholders (political leaders / traditional rulers / civic leaders). • Direct consultation with identified stakeholders. This phase was conducted by the socio-economic/health survey (SIA/H) team between the 10th day of August to the 16th day of November, 2011 (10/08/2011 – 16/11/2011). It consisted of visits to the various communities / settlements which had been identified by PHCN as areas through which the proposed power transmission line will traverse. At the local intra-communal level exists the village council, youth and women councils. The mean household size ranged from 7 – 11 people for all surveyed communities, while the mean number of children per household ranged from 6 - 9. Table E3: Population Characteristics of Surveyed LGAs S/N LGA Total Male Female Dependency Rate Sex Ratio 1 Ibeno 75,380 41,311 34069 66.47% 113.6 2 Ikot Abasi 132,023 70,192 61,831 49.29% 113.5 3 Mkpat Enin 178,036 93,927 84,109 53.82% 111.7 4 Esit Eket 63,701 33,942 29,759 60.51% 114.0 5 Eket 172,557 88,635 83,922 51.23% 105.6 6 Onna 123,373 59,598 63,775 40.02% 93.5 7 Akwa Ibom 3,920,208 2,044,510 1,875,698 53.80% 109.0 Sources: (i) Federal Republic of Nigeria Official gazette 15th May 2007, (AK-BASES) 2005 Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 9 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Focus group discussions with regard to prevalent mode of marriage reveal that polygamy (at least two wives husband) and monogamy were almost equally practiced in the study area. Contentious issues may arise in the study area due to perceived neglect, marginalization and /or appropriation of family, sub-group and / or communal benefits. The youth are always at the forefront of contentious issues and agitations for restoration of infringed benefits / rights. The people of the study area are very industrious, enterprising and resourceful and hence they identify themselves with many aspects of economic endeavour. Crop farming, oil palm harvesting and processing, and fishing with locally made canoes and nets; are major economic activities in the study area although other traditional occupations include trading, hunting, wood carving, arts and craft, raffia works, etc. Self classified poverty status in the area as at 2005 is put at 70.8%. Major markets in the study area include Iwuoachang (Ibeno) Urua Nka (Eket), Urua Edere Obo (Onna) Ukam (Mkpat Enin), Ete (Ikot Abasi). Some of these markets are held daily or weekly. IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT The potential and associated impacts of the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line project have been identified and evaluated using standard procedures such as source reference materials: project environment baseline data, FMENV EIA sectoral guidelines for power transmission line projects, ISO 14000 guidelines, World Bank /IFC environmental assessment sourcebook/guidelines, etc. A summary of the mitigation and monitoring management process that shows the interaction of project activities on the environmental aspects to produce impacts on the baseline status is shown in Figure E2. Mitigation measures which would eliminate or reduce to as low as reasonably practicable, the identified negative impacts as well as enhance the beneficial impacts have been proffered as well. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 10 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment An environmental management plan (EMP) that outlines the mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures that will be taken during the project implementation and operation in order to avoid or control the identified environmental impacts has also been established for the project. Project Activity Environmental Aspects Environmental Baseline Conditions PHCN FMENV/AKSMEM R • IFC/World Bank Guidelines Potential Impacts FNL • FMENV/ AKSMEMR Guidelines • FNL • FNL project experience Mitigation Measures • Past events • Project Design FNL EMP Figure E2: Impact Assessment, Mitigation and Management Process Positive benefits of the proposed approximately 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project identified to date include but not limited to: • Improved electricity network in Nigeria, which would stimulate much-needed local economic growth; • The electrical reliability of the system will be improved, which will be of benefit to both PHCN and all electricity users within the national grid; • Transfer technology and improve local know-how, through the adoption of a reliable state of art power transmission process; • Provide direct and indirect employment opportunities, training, skills acquisition, and enhancement • Indirectly reduce/eliminate considerable percentage of air pollutants/emissions due to consistent use of power generators by individuals to support poor power supply. A summary of adverse potential and associated impacts as well as appropriate mitigation measures proffered are presented in Table E4 below. Also included is the residual ranking of the impacts after mitigation. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 11 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table E4: Potential Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Project will develop a community relations and engagement plan that identifies fair strategies of engagement for all communities • Project will also develop and implement a resettlement action plan to ensure equitable settlement of all project Permitting & ROW affected persons Acquisition • Early stakeholders’ engagement sessions are held, and all • Consultations agreed issues properly documented and signed. Community agitations over • Acquisition of • All affected stakeholders and legacy issues are identified compensations, land disputes, wrong license to operate Major early, clearly defined , and agreed on. Negligible stakeholder identification, leadership • Stakeholder • Stakeholders (communities, Govt., land owners, etc.) are tussles, etc identification adequately consulted and relevant issues addressed • ROW Acquisition • Agreed fair compensation/rent for land are paid to identified owners promptly as per set standards. • As far as possible employ persons from the surrounding communities during the construction phase of the development to reduce the numbers of persons that will migrate to the area seeking employment. This will also avoid any feelings of resentment and will ensure that the communities derive the most benefits from the development. PHCN and its contractors shall ensure that • Equipment, materials and personnel are mobilised after due consultation with relevant transportation authorities Interference with other road users along Medium (FRSC, NMA, NURTW, etc) and other stakeholders to Negligible Transport of mobilisation route. minimise interference along mobilisation routes. Personnel and Construction • Travels to and from sites shall be planned to maximize each Elements trip and minimize number of travels PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; • Ikot Abasi – Eket Federal Highway • All vehicles and boats are certified road / water worthy prior to being mobilized for work activities. • Eket – Ibeno road Increased traffic during mobilisation on • Compliance to all roads and water ways safety transport • Inland water ways road with risks of accidents leading to Major Negligible rules including speed limits injury/death and loss of asset. • Competency training and certification of drivers before mobilisation. Limit movement to day time only Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 12 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table E4: Potential Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Brief all employees to ensure awareness of any sensitivity to the local cultures, traditions and lifestyles • Continuous consultation while project is in progress • Implementation of community relations and engagement Influx of people (migrant workers, sub- plan Recruitment of Labour contractors and suppliers) and • Encourage hiring, as practicable, of appropriately qualified Medium Negligible increased pressure on existing social workers from areas in the vicinity of the project to infrastructure discourage preventable influx of persons • Work with contractors to ensure that specialised skill workers from outside the areas have access to proper accommodations and other basic infrastructure • Maintain medical emergency response plan so that all injured or ill personnel can promptly access appropriate care PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; • All personnel are qualified and certified for their relevant works Workplace accidents from burns, cuts, • That approved safe work procedures are provided and bruises, trips and falls, objects at height, Major complied with at all times Negligible leading to injury or fatalities. • Use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. rubber hand gloves, hard hats, safety boots, etc. by all personnel at the project site Fabrication and Metal works • Limit work activities to daytime only where practicable • Cutting, bending PHCN and EPC contractor shall: and welding tower • Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of steel components noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the • Painting overall impact. These pieces of equipment such as drills, graders and cement mixers should also be used when the • Handling of least number of residents can be expected to be affected. conductor wires, strings, insulators Noise and attendant vibration effects • Workers, especially those working with machinery, vehicles from fabrication and associated welding Minor and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be Negligible equipments supplied with ear plugs and ear muffs to reduce the risk of hearing impairment. Prolonged exposure to this impact should be reduced where possible. • Ensure use of appropriate PPEs (ear plugs) by workers in areas with noise level above FMENV (90dBA) hourly work area limits. • Conduct daily SHE briefings prior to work Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 13 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table E4: Potential Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Plan and set on-site sanitary facilities for the disposal of wastewater. • Maintain vehicles, machinery and equipment in good Soil / groundwater contamination condition in order to avoid leaks and spill of hazardous resulting from accidental leakages and materials (lube oils, chemicals, etc.) spills of hazardous substances (diesel, Major • Ensure safe management of hazardous materials Ensure Low cleaning agents, lubricants, hydraulic handling of fuels such as fuelling of vehicles and machinery, oil) and fuels transfers, take place in contained areas, where sufficient measures are in place to ensure containment of Foundation / Earth spills. Works • Plan emergency response measures and implement for • On-site cases of accidental spill. geotechnical Flora/habitat loss and disturbance PHCN and EPC contractor shall: tastings through vegetation clearing and • Limit vegetation clearing to footprint required for • Tower foundations earthworks along ROW, access roads construction purposes o minimize disturbances along • Pilings and and at tower sites Medium proposed transmission line ROW. Negligible trenching, etc • Allow re-growth, within height restrictions, of native ground cover beneath lines (along ROW, lay-down areas and access roads) Fauna disturbance and displacement as PHCN and EPC contractor shall: a result of migration away from • Plan and execute construction works to minimize construction activity area (this include interference on wildlife impact on bird life) Medium • Maintain construction equipments to optimal function Negligible conditions • Monitor presence of wildlife species during construction activities Waste Disposal PHCN and EPC contractor shall : Tower Construction • scrap metal, wood, domestic waste • Develop and implement a waste management plan and Erection • used oil and replaced/obsolete • Provide adequate containers for waste collection • Crane lifting and Medium Negligible erections equipment parts • Periodically assess contractor activities to check the level of • Waste from lay-down area and tower compliance to regulatory and PHCN waste management • Bolts and nuts sites from grubbing of ROW requirements. tightening Socio-cultural conflicts between the • Brief all employees to ensure awareness of any sensitivity to • Insulators and construction team and indigenous populace the local cultures, traditions and lifestyles fittings due to contrasts in believes and traditions Medium • Continuous consultation while project is in progress Negligible • Conductor wire stringing • Implementation of community relations and engagement plan Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 14 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table E4: Potential Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Operation Risk of collision of low flying air planes • Alternative analysis of the ROW options ensured minimal to with transmission towers and lines no interference with air traffic • PHCN shall provide Aircraft Warning spheres and tower Operations Major Negligible signs in areas where air traffic might occur in order to • Electric power minimize risk of low flying aircraft colliding with towers and transmission wires. using the installed PHCN and EPC contractor shall : lines after commissioning. • Provide warning signs at access roads to warn against Unchecked encroachment on the ROW, unauthorised entry leading to land-use conflicts and Medium Negligible accident. • Through consultations, sensitize stakeholders and members of the communities on government policies along established ROW • Plan activities to minimize work activities during local events • Operators will obtain information about planned local activities and avoid disturbing them by shifting maintenance activities to other days whenever possible • Formal notice of any maintenance work should be given in Interference with local traditional advance to the communities along the area. Access to the festivals or activities by unscheduled line must be via the approved access roads and corridors maintenance work and failure to keep to Major Low (agreed with the host communities). Maintenance management plans may lead to • Tower inspection community strife. • The notice shall give details of the purpose of the access, and checks the contact person and number of people to be involved, time frames and machinery that will be used. • Line element • schedule and implement recommendations of the replacements Community Management Plan and approved work • ROW procedures maintenance • Appropriate flow diversion and erosion control structures i.e. • Substation earth embankments shall be put in place where soil may be maintenance exposed to high levels of erosion due to steep slopes, soil Maintenance of towers within sensitive structure etc. environments e.g. mangrove swamps, river • Access into the riparian zone and floodplains of rivers banks may lead to disturbance of Medium Negligible should be prevented as far as possible. Where access into hydrological regime (micro scale) in river these areas is required a preferred corridor should be banks determined. No deviation from these corridors should be allowed. • Areas to be rehabilitated should be identified and reclaimed. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 15 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Plan The EMP outlines management strategies for security, health, safety and environmental stewardship of the proposed project implementation. In addition, monitoring ensures that the planned mitigation measures function as intended. The primary objectives of the EMP for the proposed transmission line project are to: • ensure that mitigation measures prescribed in the EIA document for eliminating or reducing significant adverse project impacts are fully implemented; • present PHCN project management system that will be used for ensuring compliance with Nigerian and other relevant environmental regulations, standards, guidelines and codes of practice at all phases of the proposed project implementation; • ensure that appropriate recovery preparedness is in place in the event of emergency during the implementation of the project; and • provide part of the basis and standards needed for overall planning, assessment, monitoring, auditing and review of environmental performance throughout the project duration. CONCLUSION The EIA of the proposed approximately 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project has been carried out and documented in this report. This is in order to ensure that potential ecological, social and health impacts of the proposed projects are fully assessed and thus provide necessary data / evidence that will form the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and certification of the project. This EIA report has therefore documented the existing environment of the area, potential and associated impacts of the project environmental aspects, and cost effective mitigation measures for adverse impacts. A management plan has also been put in place to assure environmental sustainability of the project. Executive Summary Final Draft Report Page 16 of 16 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Nigeria has 5900 MW of installed electric power generating capacity. This consists of 1930 MW of hydroelectricity plants and the rest from thermal generation plants. Over time, the major challenges in respect to the power sector have been attributed to: • installed generation capacity less than demand; and • operating generation is less than installed generation. These factors are compounded by use of obsolete equipment, inadequate maintenance, lack of spare parts, and fossil fuel supply problems (including gas pipelines vandalisation). Also, most of the power generating plants is remote from the load centres thus, requiring significant transmission systems with the associated cost and energy loss. The existing power transmission line network in Nigeria is about 50,000km spread across over 910,000km2 of landmass and for a population of approximately 150 million people. Historical Overview Historically electricity generation in Nigeria began in 1896. In 1929, Nigeria Electricity Supply Company (NESCO) commenced operations as an electric utility company with the construction of a hydroelectric power station at Kuru near Jos. In 1951, the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) was established while the first 132KV line linking Ijora Power Station to Ibadan Power Station was constructed. The Niger Dams Authority (NDA) was established in 1962 with a mandate to develop the hydropower potentials for Nigeria. However, ECN and NDA were merged in 1972 to form the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA). In 1998, NEPA ceased to have an exclusive monopoly over electricity generation, transmission, distribution and sales. This led to reforms in the electricity sector. Electricity Sector Reform Prior to 1999, the power sector did not witness substantial investment in infrastructural development, new plants were not constructed and the existing ones were not properly maintained. Also, only nineteen out of the seventy-nine installed generating units were in operation (NIPP, 2007). Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 1 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The power sector is capital intensive and government requires support from the private sector to augment the growing need for electricity in Nigeria. In line with this objective the re-structuring of the electricity sector took form of unbundling of NEPA into: • a number of competing, privatized generation companies; • a number of privatized distribution and retail sales (marketing) companies; and • a company responsible for transmission and dispatch. The outcome of this was the: • Creation of 100% state owned holding company and subsidiary generation and distribution companies within it. • Incorporation of subsidiary companies vested with their assets and liabilities. • Privatizing the subsidiary companies leaving a transmission and dispatch company plus a residual 100% state - owned holding company. • Development of trading arrangements among these companies which will evolve into a bulk power market. • Engagement of Rehabilitate, Operate and Transfer (ROT) and similar schemes as early privatisation options, with transfers going back to the Bureau of Public Enterprises and not NEPA; • Commissioning of a restructuring study to provide the details of the transition from the current structure to the privatisation of the subsidiary companies The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) is thus intensifying efforts at improving the electricity power generation and supply situation in the country to meet the increasing demand of its populace and ever growing industries. Consequently the FGN aside from its own efforts opened up the electricity market to the private sector for participation. A joint venture of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Mobil Producing Nigeria (MPN) initially addressed and registered as the Joint Venture Power Project (JVPP) and currently called the Qua Iboe Power Project (QIPP), intends to construct a 500MW thermal power plant adjacent to MPN existing Qua Iboe Terminal (QIT) in Ibeno Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. In order to adequately evacuate the power that would be generated from the proposed power plant, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) proposes to construct an approximately 58km 330kV Transmission Line (TL) from MPN’s QIT to Ikot Abasi. The TL as foreseen will run within an approximate 58km long and 50m wide right-of-way (ROW) corridor, giving a total land area of 2,900,000m2 (290Ha). It will also traverse several communities in six (6) local government areas (LGAs) namely; Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi all in Akwa Ibom State. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 2 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The key purposes of the TL project among others are to; • evacuate power from the NNPC/MPN 500MW QIPP Power Plant; • increase capacity of the transmission network; as well as • strengthen and improve system reliability, stability and operational efficiency of the national grid. In compliance with statutory requirements for environmental management in Nigeria as well as good industry practice, Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) of the proposed approximately 58km 330kv Transmission Line project has been conducted. This document is the EIA report. It has been prepared in line with the EIA Act 86 of 1992, the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) Sectoral Guidelines for Infrastructures (Power Transmission Line) projects and the World Bank / International Finance Corporation (IFC) guidelines. Fugro Nigeria Limited (FNL) prepared this report on behalf of PHCN. 1.2 Project Location The proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line is located entirely within Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria (Figure 1.1). The TL will originate at the planned 500MW power plant in Ibeno LGA. From its source point, it will run generally westward, traversing Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna and Mkpat Enin LGAs before terminating at National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) planned power substation, located near the ALSCON Smelting Facility in Ikot Abasi LGA. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 3 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 1.1: Proposed Transmission Line Route – Akwa Ibom State The transmission line is proposed to traverse some potentially ecologically valuable and sensitive habitats. However, the design of the transmission and associated activities have been planned to limit footprint in these areas. The identified ecological areas that the line would cut through include: Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 4 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve as well as the Douglas Creek River system along Esit Eket / Ibeno area. MPN obtained two separate certificates of occupancy documents which jointly encompass the land tract boundary for the Power Plant and the Transmission Line facilities. Although the area was initially designated as a forest reserve, in Nigerian context, a forest reserve is not considered a conservation area. Instead, it is a reserve for timber production and therefore is not a critical natural habitat. In addition, the Land Use Act authorizes the governor to use, change use of and transfer lands. MPN acquired the lands for industrial and commercial purposes. These certificates of occupancy documents are essentially lease agreements between MPN and the Akwa Ibom state government. • Palm forest around the Onna to Mkpat Enin axis. The palm forest along the Mkpat Enin and Onna axis serve farming purposes comprising other crops like cassava, yam and vegetables for local inhabitants. These are not considered sensitive. However the project resettlement action plan (RAP) has been developed to identify and compensate for any losses incurred as a result of the project activities. • Pockets of mangrove habitats along the Ibom Power TL road crossing in Ikot Abasi axis. Project alternative analysis considered several routes that would limit interference with mangroves. The preferred option is a longer distance that provides the most minimal disturbance of mangroves. Detailed discussion is provided in chapter two (see Table 2.1). The International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list was used to determine the status of the species identified in the area in chapter four and appropriate mitigation provided in chapter six. Socio-economic impacts due to the transmission line project will range from land use conflicts/compensation issues and socio-cultural conflicts between workers and natives. Despite the fact that some of the land that will be taken up for the TLine ROW is not cultivated, the primary land use for the people of the area is for farming. Land take due to project activities therefore has the potential to affect the economic lifestyle of the indigenes who are mainly farmers. . A thorough analysis of the impacts is provided in chapter 5. No cultural or archaeological structures were found along the proposed transmission line route. Subsequently no assessment of impacts, mitigation, or management measures is proposed. Health, safety and environmental considerations were incorporated in the determination of the proximity of the proposed transmission line to built up areas such as settlements, Eket Air Strip, QIT helipad, Ibom Power Tline and the Ikot Abasi-Eket Federal Highway. Detailed analyses on the above considerations are provided in chapter two. The proposed transmission line has been planned to eliminate adverse impacts on the environment. Impacts that could not be eliminated have been reduced to as minimal as possible. Detailed evaluation and discussion of the impacts and mitigation of the proposed transmission line on the environment are presented in chapters five and six of this report. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 5 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 1.3 Project Scope The scope of the ~58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line includes the construction and operation of electric power transmission line. This will include; • clearing the transmission line ROW (~290 hectares) of all vegetation; • construction of transmission line towers, their foundations and stringing of the line; • development of land access (from nearby roads) to ROW to facilitate construction and maintenance in upland areas; • construction of transmission line support towers for water-prone areas; • limited earthworks involving access creation, ROW clearing and tower installation activities along swamp and mangrove paths; • provision of associated digital communication facilities at the substations. The general project scope includes construction of two bays at Ikot Abasi substation. Although this does not fall under this EIA scope, two bays shall be constructed by MPN to be handed over to, and operated by PHCN. This is subject of a different EIA which was carried out by NIPP. The construction of a new substation at QIT is covered in the QIPP EIA scope of work currently being progressed with the Federal Ministry of Environment and the World Bank 1.4 The Proponent PHCN is the largest producer and distributor of electrical power in Nigeria. It was formed as a result of the Electric Power Sector Reform Act, signed into law in March 2005 by the FGN. It has taken over all assets and liabilities of the former National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) and is now the centre of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply within Nigeria. 1.5 EIA Terms of Reference In line with the EIA procedural guidelines (FEPA, 1995), a Terms of Reference (ToR) for the proposed project was developed at the early stages of the study based on an initial assessment of the environmental issues relating to the proposed project. The specific objectives of the ToR were to: • define the relevant framework of legal and administrative requirements for EIA of the proposed project; • outline the general scope of the EIA study including the overall data requirements on the proposed project and affected environment; and. • define the procedures and protocols for identification and assessment of associated and potential impacts and also for selecting appropriate prevention, reduction and control as well as enhancement measures for such impacts; and eventually developing an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project. A copy of the ToR submitted to Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) by PHCN is provided as Appendix 1.1. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 6 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 1.6 EIA Objectives EIA is an environmental management tool used to assess the potential adverse and positive impacts of a proposed activity/development on components of the environment. The objectives of the proposed TL EIA are as follows: • Identification of all communities within the project area and other Stakeholders for effective consultation; • obtain and provide all necessary information and evidence needed for developing an Environmental Impact Assessment report (EIA) for the proposed project; • satisfy regulations from federal, state and local authorities on environmental matters, by showing that a systematic assessment of the potential impacts of the proposed project has been carried out using standard procedures; • generate the necessary data for establishing the environmental baseline conditions of the project area; • identify and evaluate the associated and potential impacts of the proposed project on the ecological and socio-economic communities within the study area; • establish control and cost effective strategies, procedures and practices to be followed during design, construction and operation to ensure the environmental sustainability of the project; • develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed project: and • provide information and evidence needed for developing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Transmission Line Project. 1.7 Scope of Study The scope of the EIA study is to: • review national and international regulations guiding the activities to be carried out; • carry out a comprehensive literature review to adequately describe the background condition of the environment of the study area; • collate field data collected and analysed for effective characterisation of the area; • identify, predict and evaluate potential impact; • develop effective mitigation/ameliorative measures and monitoring programmes; and • prepare updated EIA reports following current regulatory guidelines and procedures. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 7 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 1.8 EIA Methodology The approach adopted in conducting the study is illustrated in Figure 1.2. This approach ensures that the EIA process was in compliance with the FMENV guidelines and standards. This EIA report has been compiled in accordance with the flow scheme below Submission of • Development & Submission of Project Proposal/ToR Proposal & EIA ToR Pre-Mobilisation Activities • Literature Review/Gap Analysis Consultation with Regulators, Stakeholders and Experts • Development of Field Work Plan Field Data Gathering • Field Sampling/Measurements • Observation/Documentation Data Analysis & • Laboratory Analysis of Samples Interpretation • Interpretation of Data • Existing Environmental Description Impact Assessment & • Impact Identification & Evaluation • Development of Mitigation Measures Mitigation • Development of Environmental Plan Reporting • Preliminary, Draft & Final Report Development Review • Client/Regulators/Study Team/Stakeholders Review • Implementation of Mitigation Measures • Auditing & Monitoring Figure 1.2: EIA Methodology Flowchart 1.9 Legal Regulatory and Administrative Framework PHCN is committed to conducting its operations in compliance with applicable national and international legislations and with the PHCN’s policies: Existing statutes on environmental protection in Nigeria contain specific provisions designed to prohibit or control environmental pollution / degradation and also prescribe sanctions or fines to be enforced against persons or corporate entities who contravene the provisions. The legal and regulatory framework for carrying out EIA of the proposed project are contained in relevant national statutes and international environmental conventions to which Nigeria is signatory; Consequently, the following sections present the applicable and relevant: National legislations, International Agreements, PHCN’s Safety, Health and Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 8 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Environment (SHE) policies, which shall ensure the protection of human health, equipment safety and the environment. 1.9.1 National Policy on the Environment The policy states that Nigeria is committed to ensuring that the country’s natural and built environment is safeguarded for the use of present and future generations. This commitment demands that efficiency in the use of resources and the minimisation of environmental impacts must be the core requirements of all developmental activities. Accordingly, the policy seeks to promote good environmental practice through environmental awareness and education. The strategic objective of the National Policy on the Environment is to coordinate environmental protection and natural resources conservation for sustainable development. This goal is to be pursued by: • securing a quality of environment adequate for good health and well being; • promoting sustainable use of natural resources and the restoration and maintenance of the biological diversity of ecosystems; • promoting an understanding of the essential linkages between the environment and economic development and encouraging individual and community participation in environmental improvement initiatives; • raising public awareness and engendering a national culture of environmental preservation; and • partnership among all stakeholders including government at all levels, international institutions and governments, non-governmental agencies and communities on environmental matters. The action plans to achieve the policy objective include the following: • that environmental aspects are considered in major economic decision making processes; • that an integrated environmental management approach is built into major development projects; • that economic instruments and environmental reporting are employed in the management of natural resources; • that the best practicable environmental technology are applied in major economic activities; • that environmental impact assessment (EIA) is mandatory before any major development project is embarked upon; and • that environmental monitoring and auditing is routinely carried out in major economic activities. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 9 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 1.9.2 National Statutes on Environmental Protection Prior to the EIA Act of 1992, Nigeria has had provisions in a number of statutes designed to prohibit or control the pollution of water, air and land. These statutes also prescribed sanctions (in the forms of imprisonment or damages) against persons or companies that infringe these provisions. Some of these statutes and regulations most relevant to the proposed project are: The Environmental Impact Assessment Act The Act No. 86 of 1992 makes EIA mandatory for all new major public and private projects in Nigeria. The EIA Act sets out to: • consider the likely impacts, and the extent of these impacts on the environment before embarking on any project or activity; • promote the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal Lands consistent with all laws and decision making processes through which the goal of this Act may be realised; • encourage the development of procedures for information exchange, notification and consultation between organisations and persons when the proposed activities are likely to have significant environmental effects on boundary or trans-state or on the environment of bordering towns and villages. The Act gives specific powers to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) now FMENV to facilitate environmental assessment of projects. In September 1995, FMENV published EIA Sectoral Guidelines for Infrastructure projects and Oil and Gas Industry projects. The guidelines are intended to assist in the proper and detailed execution of EIA studies of infrastructures and oil and gas projects in consonance with the EIA Act of 1992. 1.9.3 The Federal Ministry of Environment The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) [presently subsumed into the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV)] was inaugurated in 1988 by Act No. 58 of 1988 and subsequently amended through Act No. 59 of 1992. The body is charged / empowered with the overall responsibility of environmental matters in Nigeria. It has developed instruments of intervention to halt environmental degradation in form of policies, standards, guidelines and regulations and programmes. With the initiation of these instruments, enforcement by FMENV has become the most effective tool to bring industries and regulated community into compliance through compliance promotions. The relevant policies, guidelines and regulations of the ministry are outlined below: • Effluent Limitations: Section S.I.8 of NEPR makes it mandatory for industries as waste generating facilities to install anti-pollution and pollution abatement equipment on site. The regulation is specific to each category of waste generating facility with respect to limitations of solid and liquid discharges or gaseous emissions into the ecosystem. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 10 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Pollution Abatement in Industries Generating Waste: Section S.I.9 of NEPR highlights restrictions on the release of toxic substances, and requirements for use of pollution monitoring equipment; requirements for use of machinery for combating pollution; development of contingency plans; and submission to FMENV of lists and characteristics (including quantity) of chemicals used by industries. It also highlights permissible limits of discharge into public drains, protection of workers, and requirements for environmental audits. • Management of Solid Hazardous Wastes: Section S.I.15 of the NEPR spells out the requirements for waste piles, incinerators, etc. It also describes the hazardous chemical products and dangerous waste constituents. 1.9.4 National Inland Water Ways Authority National Inland Water Ways Authority (NIWA) was established by Act No. 13 of 1997. The objectives of the Authority include: • to improve and develop inland waterways for navigation; • to provide an alternative mode of transportation for the evacuation of economic goods and persons; and • to execute the objectives of the national transport policy as they concern inland waterways. The statutory functions of NIWA include: • making regulations for the inland water navigation; • development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways; and • ensure the development of indigenous technical and managerial skills to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation. Other functions include: • capital and maintenance dredging; • hydrological and hydrographic surveys; • design of ferry routes; • remove and receive derelicts wrecks and other obstructions from inland waterways; • approve and control all jetties, dockyard, piers within the inland waterways; • reclaim land within the right of way; • construction, administration and maintenance of inland river-ports and jetties; • provide hydraulic structures for river, bed and bank stabilization, barrages, etc; • subject to the provisions of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992, carry out environmental impact assessment of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right of way; • undertake erection and maintenance of gauges, kilometre boards, horizontal and vertical control marks; and • clear water hyacinth and other aquatic weeds. The Federal Ministry of Environment is the overall umbrella for the protection of coastal and marine environments in Nigeria. The State Government through the State Environmental Ministries/Protection Agencies play significant roles in the maritime states. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 11 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 1.9.5 Nigerian Content Act The Nigerian Local Content law was created to enhance utilisation of the country’s human and material resources for the provision of goods and services to the petroleum industry. • Nigerians shall be given first consideration in the award of oil blocks, oil field licenses, oil lifting license and shipping service as well as projects for which contracts are to be awarded in the industry; • there shall be exclusive consideration for Nigerian indigenous services to the oil and gas industry subject to the fulfilment of specified conditions; • every multinational oil company operating in Nigeria is to domicile a minimum of 10% of its annual profit in Nigerian banks; • Nigerian insurance companies are to do all aspect of insurance in the oil and gas sector except where local capacity has been exhausted; • one percent of every contract awarded in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector to be set aside for capacity building; • at least 50% of the asset of any company seeking to execute oil and gas contract in Nigeria must be domicile in Nigeria, among others. 1.9.6 Other National Regulations Other national regulations on environmental protection relevant to the proposed project are: Land Use Act The Land Use Act of 1978 states that “ it is public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families be assured, protected and preserved�. Endangered Species Act The Endangered Species Act (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Cap.108 Law of Nigeria, 1990 prohibits the hunting, capture and trade of endangered species. Criminal Code The Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for any person who: • violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carry on business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way; or • does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal. There are also other regulations including: • Wild Animals Preservation Act Cap 132 LFN 1990; • River Basins Development Authority Act, 1987; and • Natural Resources Conservation Act Cap 286 LFN 1990. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 12 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 1.9.7 Nigeria Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) This is an independent regulation agency for electricity in the form of a regulatory commission. It has many functions some of which include: • electricity regulation for grid connected services. • Issuing of licenses to the companies operating in the Nigeria Electricity Supply Industry. 1.9.8 National Statutes on Electrical Installation and Electricity Supply The relevant Nigerian laws on electrical installation and electricity supply governing the proposed project including penalties for breaches of regulations are: Electricity Act The Electricity Act, Cap 106 of 1990 contains regulations pertaining to permit for electrical installations, placement of overhead lines, construction of substations and switching stations, penalties for breaches of licenses and regulations etc. The specific part and sub parts relevant to the Transmission Line project are: • Part VI: Regulations appertaining to overhead lines and restrictions to placing electric lines above ground. This section stipulates that: o Except under and in accordance with the terms of a written authority granted by the Minister no electric lines (other than service lines) shall be placed above the ground and no support carrying electric lines shall be erected unless such line or support complies with the provisions of these regulations. o Any electric line or support so placed or erected shall be so maintained that it complies with the provisions of these Regulations o Every support carrying electric lines shall be made of wood, steel or reinforced concrete or any combination of any of such materials or any other approved materials and in the case in which wood or steel is used in the construction of the support, such wood or steel or any other approved materials shall be, so far as is reasonably practicable, protected against decay, corrosion or other deterioration o Every support shall be so constructed and placed as to withstand the transverse, horizontal and vertical loads calculated in accordance with Regulation 48 without exceeding the materials strength limits as set out in Regulations 53. o In no case shall the strength of a support in a direction parallel to the overhead line be less than one quarter of the strength in a direction transverse to the said line. o All overhead electric lines shall be attached to suitable insulators carried on cross- arms or brackets of suitable materials and cross-section, and they shall be so attached to the insulators, or guarded, that they cannot fall away from the supports in case they become detached from the insulator, but will fall on the cross-arm or insulator support. o All lines at angles shall be attached to the insulator so that the insulator, and not the binding wire takes the strain. o The transverse load on any support carrying an electric line shall be calculated in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 47(2) and the appropriate wind pressure on any electric line shall be calculated in accordance with its average Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 13 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment height above ground throughout its span, and the wind pressure on the leeside, side of lattice steel or other compound structures shall be deemed to be one half of the pressure on the leeward side. The vertical loads on supports shall comprise the weight of the supports themselves and any insulators and fittings attached thereto, together with the loads imposed by the electric lines and their fittings. o The foundations shall be so constructed and placed, taking into account the reaction of the soil at times of the year in which they are embedded to the load that they are to carry, as to withstand the transverse, horizontal and vertical loads calculated in accordance with Regulation 48 without exceeding the material strength limits set out in Regulation 53. o Every electric line shall be made of copper, aluminium or steel, or any alloy or combination of any of such materials, subject to the approval of the Minister. o Every electric line shall have a copper equivalent cross-section area of not less than 16 square millimetres and an ultimate tensile strength of not less than 4 kilo Newtons. o Every electric line, other than an earth wire permanently connected with earth, shall be: Insulated by glass, porcelain, or composite insulators to support, suspend or terminate the electric lines and designed and constructed for the voltage at which it is to operate. Effectively insulated with respect to any part thereof, which is ordinarily accessible from the ground or from a building or structure. o Overhead electric line supports, in conjunction with stays and struts, if provided, shall withstand the longitudinal, transverse and vertical loads due to fittings, conductors and wind loadings under the most adverse temperature conditions and with the factors of safety specified below; Live and earth conductors based on the ultimate tensile strength of the material; Mid-span joints and termination based on the ultimate tensile strength of the conductor (comparative safety factor between the ultimate tensile strength of the mid-span joint and the ultimate tensile strength of the mid-span joint and the ultimate tensile strength of the conductor); Complete insulator units based upon the electro-mechanical strength of the material (comparative safety factor between the ultimate tensile strength of the mid-span joint and the ultimate tensile strength of the insulator string and the ultimate tensile strength of the conductor); Stay wires and auxiliary materials based on ultimate tensile strength; Insulator metal fitting based upon elastic limit; Lattice steel supports (or other compound structures) based on the crimpling load of members in compression, the elastic limit of members in tension and the shear bearing deformation at joints; Steel tubular poles based on the ultimate breaking strength in handling of the material; Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 14 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Impregnated wood poles in accordance with Nigerian Standard No. 43 based on 90% of the strength of corresponding to the ultimate extreme fibers stress or for the poles supported with stays 90% of the crippling strength Impregnated wood poles in accordance with Nigerian Standard No. 43 and supported with stays based on 90% of crippling strength; All untreated poles based on 90% of the strength corresponding to the extreme fiber stress; All untreated poles supported with stays based on 90% of crippling strength; All types of concrete poles based on the strength corresponding to failure; Foundation for supports against overturning lateral shearing, toe compression and uprooting under maximum simultaneous working loads based on soil bearing strength; Under a single broken electric line or earth wire condition the factors of safety for supports and foundations shall not be less than – Support: 50% of the factors of safety given in Regulations 53(f) to 53(l), Foundations: 50% of the factors of safety given in (m) above. o For design purposes the average minimum and maximum ambient temperatures shall be 50C and 450C respectively. o Unless otherwise authorized by the Minister in writing the following working conditions shall be assumed for design purposes – Minimum ambient temperature of overhead line conductors 50C Maximum temperature of overhead line conductors 1000C Average ambient temperature of overhead line conductors 350C For all design purposes the reference temperature shall be the minimum temperature 50C. Regulations appertaining to permits for installation, requirements for safety, substations and switching stations as well as penalties for breaches of licenses and regulations are detailed in Part II, Part III, Part VII and Part XVI respectively. 1.9.9 Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (AKSMEMR) The State Ministry of Environment have the responsibility of environmental protection within the state. The functions of the Ministry include: • Routine liaison with FMENV in order to achieve the National Policy on Environment. • Co-operation with FMENV and other relevant National Directorates/Agencies in the promotion of environmental education of the citizenry. • Responsibility for monitoring compliance with waste management standards. • Responsibility for general environmental matters in the state including the negative effects of soil degradation due to flooding and erosion, mineral and oil exploitation and exploration, deforestation, physical planning (amusement parks, gardens and beautification programmes, sewage matters, water quality and pollution control). • Monitoring of the implementation of the EIA and the Environmental Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all development policies and projects within the state. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 15 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The provision of AKSMEMR Law No. 8 of 200 that relates to environmental protection in respect to the proposed transmission line project states that: • No person shall cause any waste generated in the process of manufacturing or business operation to be discharged without treating or purifying it in accordance with the standards approved by the ministry; • No person shall discharge or cause to be discharged untreated human waste into any public drain, watercourse, gorge storm water, drainage or into Any land or water; • No person shall discharge into air inadequately filtered and purified industrial gaseous waste containing substances injurious to life and property, such as sulphur dioxide, oxides of metallic dust, particulate and injurious gases; • No person shall dump or burn or cause or allow to be buried in any land or water any toxic, hazardous substance or harmful waste. 1.10 PHCN Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) Policies Transmission Company of Nigeria Policy on Occupational Health and Safety • employ and provide proper resources to ensure competent advice on occupational Health and Safety matters; • continue to develop and implement procedures and safe working practices; • maintain systems for reporting and controlling safety performance and for monitoring and accessing health in the workplace; • continue to provide standard personal protective wears and equipment for members of staff that are deemed exposed to hazards in the work place; • continue to maintain a system of sensitizing both staff and the public on health and safety matters; • continue to maintain an appropriate framework for joint consultation with employees, representatives on effective measures for promoting healthy working conditions for employees at all levels so as to ensure their effective participation and contribution on measures for promoting health and safety in the workplace. • it is also the company’s policy to ensure that its contractors abide by similar standards in respect of their employees working on the company’s sites. PHCN Environment Policy The mission is to harness natural resources on which our operations depend with utmost possible care. Achieve environmental excellence in our operations as well as satisfy customers demand for electric energy in a safe and environmentally friendly manner. This can be achieved through the following strategies: • ensure openness and commitment to environmental issues related to power development; • enhance environmental protection by taking the future generations into consideration when carrying out development projects; • continuously train and motivate all employees to perform their duties in an environmentally responsible manner; Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 16 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • create and enjoy the confidence of staff, customers and other stake holders in our actions and operations. 1.11 International Policies, Guidelines and Conventions In addition to the national laws/regulations, Nigeria is signatory or party to several international conventions and treaties that support the use of EIA as the key tool for achieving sustainable development. Some of these include: World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines The World Bank Group Environmental, Health and Safety Standards emphasises the importance of managing social and environmental performance throughout the life of a project (any business activity that is subject to assessment and management). It provides operational procedures for a project’s social and environmental management system as a dynamic, continuous process initiated by management and involving communication between the client, its workers, and the local communities directly affected by the project (the affected communities). The standard therefore applies to projects with social or environmental risks and impacts that should be managed, in the early stages of project development, and on an ongoing basis. The primary objectives are: • to identify and assess social and environment impacts, both adverse and beneficial, in the project’s area of influence; • to avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts on workers, affected communities , and the environment; • to ensure that affected communities are appropriately engaged on issues that could potentially affect them; • to promote improved social and environment performance of companies through the effective use of management systems In addition, the World Bank has developed specific safeguard operational policies that identify various aspects of the environment that a developmental project may likely impact. The policies applicable to this project and the potential impacts are discussed below. Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.01: Environmental Assessment This policy helps ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects. It supports the integration of environmental and social aspects of projects in the overall decision-making process. Environmental assessment is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. It evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 17 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. An environmental assessment takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and physical cultural resources); and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. The assessment considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way. It also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans; the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country obligations, as identified during the assessment. An environmental assessment is initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, financial, institutional, social, and technical analyses of a proposed project. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the proposed transmission line project has been carried out in order to identify and evaluate potential environmental impacts of the project on its environment, examine project alternatives, choose options with the least adverse impacts on the environment, proffer mitigation measures for the impacts that cannot be eliminated or avoided, and possibly enhance positive impacts as well as document the process of managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats This safe guard policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). Specifically, the policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes those natural habitats which are either: • legally protected, • officially proposed for protection, or • un-protected but of known high conservation value. None of above listed areas was identified in the course of this study. It is therefore not anticipated that the proposed transmission line would pass through or affect any critical natural habitat. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 18 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.36: Forests The Bank's current forests policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. In line with the Bank’s current and anticipated approach to forest issues, and in recognition of the fact that forests play an increasingly important role in poverty alleviation, economic development, and for providing local as well as global environmental benefit and services, the proposed project impact on forest resources was planned to be as minimal as possible. The routing and project activities were determined after thorough environmental evaluations that were targeted to minimize impacts on forests and the environment at large. Details of the environmental alternative analysis are provided in chapter two. Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources Cultural resources are important as sources of valuable historical and scientific information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The loss of such resources is irreversible, but fortunately, it is often avoidable. The objective of the Physical Cultural Resources policy is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. No physical or cultural resources were identified along the proposed project route. The project will therefore have no impact on such resources. Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.10: Indigenous Peoples The World Bank policy on indigenous peoples underscores the need for Borrowers and Bank staff to identify indigenous peoples, consult with them, ensure that they participate in, and benefit from Bank-funded operations in a culturally appropriate way and that adverse impacts on them are avoided, or where not feasible, minimized or mitigated. The people along the proposed transmission line route are of the Ibibio ethnicity - of Akwa Ibom State in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Their ethnicities are traceable to the Ekid, Ibibio and the Andoni / Obolo origins. These people have lived in their present locality as far as pre-colonial era. Consultations with these people have been ongoing to ensure that they are aware of the project and familiar with its prospects and aspects. Consultation progressed from the highest recognized authorities in communities’ administrations to the individuals that will be directly affected by the proposed project. Detailed discussions on consultations are included in Chapter four and evidence of the meetings attached in Appendix 4.5. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 19 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement. The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects. The proposed project route was chosen after a thorough alternative analysis of various options to ensure that indigenous people are not displaced in the course of the project and its execution. The chosen routing was approved because it provides the path of the most minimal disturbance to the indigenous people. Consequently the project will not involve involuntary resettlement. IFC Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines The 2007 version of this guideline provides general technical approach towards achieving Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) in the implementation of environmental, health and safety risk potential projects. The guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities / projects by existing technology at reasonable cost. United Nations Guiding Principles on the Human Environment The United Nations (UN), concerned about negative environmental trends since its formation, published two major concept documents: Guiding Principles on the Human Environment, 1972 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Ten of these Guiding Principles were defined as formal declarations that express the basis on which an environmental policy can be built and which provide a foundation for action. The principles relevant to the proposed Project are summarised below. Principle Two The natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate. Principle Three The capacity of the earth to produce vital renewable resources must be maintained or improved/restored as the case may be. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 20 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Principle Six The discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless, must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon the ecosystems. Principle Seven States shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea. The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development The UN Conference on Environment and Development met at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, at which time it reaffirmed the 1972 declaration on the Human Environment, and sought to build upon it. This is with the goal of establishing a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels of cooperation among States, key sectors of societies and people. It is also to aid work towards international agreements, which respect the interests of all, protect the integrity of the global environmental developmental system, and recognise the integral and interdependent nature of the earth. The UN thus added additional principles to the originals, the more relevant being: Principle Ten Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided. Principle Thirteen States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined manner to develop further international law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction. Principle Seventeen Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 21 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment World Heritage Convention The World Heritage Convention (1978), which seeks to set aside areas of cultural and natural heritage, the latter defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic, scientific and conservation points of view. Other Conventions to Which Nigeria is Signatory Other international conventions to which Nigeria is signatory to include but not limited to: • 1985 Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer; • 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer; • 1973 Washington Convention on International trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), • 1974 Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora • 1979 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals • 1972 United Nations Guiding Principles on the Human Environment • 1996 International Union for Conservation of nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Guidelines • 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their disposal; • 1996 Protocol on the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter • 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity; and the • 1992 United Nations’ Convention on Climate Change. 1.12 FMENV EIA Approval Process in Nigeria The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) is statutorily responsible for the processing and approval of EIA reports. The EIA Act stipulates that no major project shall be undertaken without prior consideration, at early stages, of their environmental effects. Appropriate mitigation measures for potential significant impacts shall be stated before the commencement of the project. The formal approval process for the project would follow the normal procedures, which will involve the following steps: • Finalisation of the baseline and environmental impact studies. • Proponent’s Management informs the communities about the extent and processes of the project. • Proponent submits required copies of the EIA report to FMENV for assessment. • FMENV appoints an independent review panel, comprising academicians and professionals to review the EIA report. • FMENV distribute the EIA report to the review panel members. • FMENV publicly displays the EIA report in Abuja, Uyo and five (5) affected Local Governments to enable any interested members of the public to read and comment upon. • FMENV places advertisement in some National Dailies to inform the public about the display of EIA report. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 22 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • FMENV convenes a public hearing in Uyo after the display of the EIA reports, backed by state-wide radio announcement. • Proponent gives a presentation to the public at the review session giving details about the project and its environmental management, followed by a questions and answers session. • The review panel members, and representatives present their comments on the EIA report. • Proponent responds to all comments and takes note of the public and panel member's observations for incorporation in to the final EIA report. • Upon fulfilment of the environmental requirements, recommendation for provisional approval will be made by the review panel members. • FMENV will communicate the granting of a provisional approval to proponent and requests the incorporation of the panel's comments into the final EIA report before a final approval of the EIA report. After that the permit is granted. 1.13 EIA Report Structure This EIA report is presented in eight chapters preceded by an executive summary. • Chapter one contains the introductory part: project background, and outlines the objectives, scope and EIA methodology, and legal framework / data sources. • Chapter two discusses the project setting, and presents the need / benefits, sustainability as well as the project alternatives and options. • Chapter three describes the technical elements, components and processes of the proposed Transmission Line activities from design through construction and operation as well as scheduling. • Chapter four describes the existing ecological (climatic, bio-physical and biological) and Socio-economic baseline condition of the area. • Chapter five describes the associated and potential environmental, social and health impacts of the proposed project on the environment. • Chapter six documents the mitigation measures accrued to the identified potential and associated impacts of the project on the environment. • Chapter seven presents the environmental management plan to be adopted throughout the project life cycle. It also recommends the environmental monitoring program and the waste management plan. • Chapter eight summarises and concludes on the study findings, making appropriate recommendations. Chapter One Final Draft Report Page 23 of 23 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER TWO PROJECT JUSTIFICATION Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER TWO PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 2.1 General The need for, benefits of, and sustainability of the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project are presented in this chapter. Also included is a summary of the various project alternatives that were considered during project planning. 2.2 Need for the Project Electricity plays a very important role in the socio-economic and technological development of every nation. The electricity demand in Nigeria far outstrips the supply. It is widely accepted that there is a strong correlation between socio-economic development and the availability of electricity. For over twenty years prior to 1999, the power sector did not witness substantial investment in infrastructural development. During that period, new plants were not constructed and the existing ones were not properly maintained. In 2001, generation went down from the installed capacity of about 5,600MW to an average of about 1,750MW, as compared to a load demand of 6,000MW. Also, only nineteen out of the seventy-nine installed generating units were in operation (Sambo, A. S., 2008). To alleviate this situation and to further support the future vision 2020 plan which will greatly require adequate and effective electricity supply to be matched by demand, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) has decided to explore and capitalise on gas utilisation as alternative source of electricity generation. In this regard, the FGN is embarking on the construction of number of gas power plants in partnership with major oil and gas multinational companies around the country. The power plants as conceived will support the achievement of governments’ target of 20,000MW by the year 2020. The proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project is therefore being undertaken as part of the governments power scheme and is specifically required to adequately evacuate power that will be generated at the planned QIPP Power Plant in Ibeno to the national grid via connection at a power substation to be constructed at Ikot Abasi. 2.3 Project Development Concepts and Alternatives This section describes the various project concepts that were considered and the rationale for the selected alternatives. This section also discusses the alternatives with respect to facility locations. The development options considered for the proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line including the extension of the Ikot Abasi 330kV/132kV are hereby discussed. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 1 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 2.3.1 Transmission Line Alternatives The various transmission line route alternatives considered for implementation in this project as well as the selected option are discussed below. “Option 1: Maintain the Status Quo of Power System in the State� The existing power network in Akwa Ibom State consists of three 132kV/33kV substations in Itu, Uyo and Eket, and two 132kV “single circuit� transmission lines from Itu substation to Uyo substation and then to Eket substation. One 330kV / 132kV substation is under construction since 2011 and shall be ready in 2012 together with the feeding 330kV transmission line from Ikot Ekpene. Also, the existing power system in the State is of four voltage classes (132kV, 33kV, 11kV, and 415V). There is presently one power plant in the state, run by Ibom Power Company Ltd. (IPC) in Ikot Abasi which is connected via an 132kV Transmission Line to the 132 kV Substation in Eket. The power plant is planned to be expanded and connected to the new 330kV Ikot Abasi Substation. Also the needed power is supplied from Abia State in the north and Cross River State in the east through 132kV transmission lines to the substation in Uyo and then to Eket substation. The power acquired from these States is stepped down to 33kV at the two substations and then transmitted to 415V users via 33kV and 11kV power distribution networks. Also, the existing “single circuit� radiating power network is known to have a pronounced vulnerable framework with limited operational reliability. Maintaining the existing power transmission infrastructure would retain the associated limited operational reliability. It would also mean that the planned QIPP Power Plant at QIT would not be optimally utilized to boost the power generation and supply system in the State. Other implications include the fact that land will not be acquired; there will be no disturbance of the people and structures as a result of the proposed project. This would also be at variance with the industrial development initiative of the State and is therefore not a favourable project option / alternative. “Option 2: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP PP to Eket Substation via a New 132kV Line and Routing� The planned power project would on completion have a total power generation capacity of 500MW. This option would entail the installation of a new transmission line that would transmit the excess power from the Proposed Power Plant at QIT to the PHCN substation at Eket for distribution. The new line would be a “double circuit� radiating system with self- supporting transmission towers. It would be 132kV which is the operating voltage of the Eket substation and would require significant upgrades and new installations of the facility operating since 1970. Also the power generated cannot be exported with only one line, the current carrying capacity is not sufficient for that and this would require a second 132kV Transmission line to be installed in parallel. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 2 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment It would run along a new right of way (ROW), either going through Eket or around Eket. This option would result in fresh land take, and significant socio-economic impacts especially with respect to disturbance and displacement of persons. It was also found that the existing 132kV lines via Itu and Uyo substations to Calabar do not have the capability and reliability to export the power to the Nigerian grid. Figure 2.1 shows the overall layout of the Nigerian grid status quo with circuits in vicinity of the project location Figure 2.1: Nigeria Grid - Circuits in Vicinity of the Project Location Also the transmission system from Calabar is on its limits and could not export the power to the consumers. Therefore due to size of the proposed power plant, it is necessary to connect directly to the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) 330 kV grid and in order to comply with TCN’s security of supply requirements; a double circuit connection is required. This option using 132kV transmission lines has therefore been rejected. “Option 3: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP PP to Ikot Ekpene or Calabar Substation via a New 330kV Line and Routing� Calabar 330 kV substation was suggested as a point of connection. The reason for considering this alternative connection location is that there is a risk that Ikot Abasi 330 kV substation and the associated transmission lines to Ikot Ekpene would not be completed. The 132 kV circuits between Ikot Abasi and Calabar will not be capable of supporting the output from the proposed power plant and therefore it would be necessary to build 330 kV circuits between QIPP and Calabar. The straight line distance between QIPP and Calabar is estimated at 60 km. However, the terrain is swampy and there are major rivers that would need to be crossed. The route by road between QIPP and Calabar goes via Eket, Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 3 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Uyo and Itu, which is also the route of the 132 kV circuits. The circuit distance via this route is approximately 135 km. Evacuation of the QIPP output via Calabar would be contingent on completion of the Ikot Ekpene-Calabar 330 kV circuits. Also there is limited scope for absorbing power at Calabar and therefore most of the output from QIPP would flow back to Ikot Ekpene. Furthermore, the capacity of the Ikot Ekpene - Calabar circuits will become stretched once both the QIPP and Calabar NIPP power plants are operating. With either option, the output from QIPP will flow into the network via Ikot Ekpene. Under while for the Calabar connection this distance increases to 213 km. For the above reasons, it seems that Calabar does not represent a rational alternative point of connection for the QIPP. The most viable alternative would be a direct connection from QIT to Ikot Ekpene over a distance of 120 km. This option would entail the installation of a new transmission line that would transmit the excess power from the proposed power plant at QIT to the PHCN substation at Ikot Ekpene for distribution. The new line would be a “double circuit� radiating system with self-supporting transmission towers. It would run along a new right of way (ROW), adjacent to and to the south of the existing Ikot Abasi - Eket Federal road and then in the vicinity of Ikot Abasi turn north to Ikot Ekpene. This option would result in fresh land take, but would assure a stable power transmission framework as well as optimal utilisation of the excess power to be generated from the proposed power plant at QIT. Due to the potential for significant environmental and socioeconomic adverse impacts among others, his option was not adopted. “Option 4: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP PP to Ikot Ekpene PHCN Substation via a New Line and Routing and a New Substation Location� Regarding an alternative routing, various routes in the vicinity of Ikot Abasi have been considered shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Existing 132 kV T - line Eket to Ibom (blue), Recommended 330 kV T- line QIT – Ikot Abasi SS Alternatives (red) Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 4 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Analysis revealed that route C with a possible tie-in location north east of Ikot Abasi would result in less environmental and socioeconomic impacts as follows: • having to construct shorter transmission lines means less construction schedule durations. • Environmental and social impact reduced since it is a shorter distance, transverse through less environmentally sensitive areas such as mangroves, and affects less persons than the others Grid study alternatives showed that there was no possibility of a tie in, so it was not reviewed or considered as a possible alternative by PHCN. Hence at the time of the grid study, the exact routing of the NIPP 330 kV TL from Ikot Ekpene to Ikot Abasi and its substations was not known, this has not been taken into consideration. Accordingly, the potential tie-in location northeast of Ikot Abasi was neither known nor studied. It was found that it is not possible to tie-in along the Ikot Ekpene Line to Ikot Abasi TL because of the following reasons: • Due to fault level protection considerations for the TL. It would require a complete switchgear protection system at the new tie-in location including a manned control room and associated civil works. • Since PHCN did not endorse the practice of unmanned substations this would entail a separate manned substation at the new tie-in location. Two substations in close proximity to each other (approx. 10 KM) were not deemed a practical solution. • The land for the NIPP 330kV substation being built to the southeast of Ikot Abasi (proximity to Ibom Power and ALSCON) had already been purchased February 2009. Land acquisition alternatives including resettlement constraints and socio-economic impacts of land take were considered in the NIPP EIA where the Ikot Abasi substation was accommodated. Construction works on that site had already commenced. The idea was brought up to acquire the land for the new tie-in substation to be located to the northeast of Ikot Abasi and that the under-construction substation at Ikot Abasi could be moved to the new proposed tie-in location. However, since the substation was being built under NIPP projects the procedural difficulties in relocating the substation from the current southwest of Ikot Abasi location to the northeast of Ikot Abasi far outweighed the cost savings as the completion time of the NIPP project was a major consideration for FGN. Also PHCN opined that because of possible connections of industrial stakeholders in the future (ALSCON, Ibom Power Phase II), there would be little to no support within the NIPP project, PHCN or the FGN to move the 330kV substation from its current location on the southwest side of Ikot Abasi to the northeast. Accordingly, PHCN advised to connect the TL to the NIPP Ikot Abasi substation. It was agreed that it would be the best to tie into the planned NIPP Ikot Abasi substation thereby reducing land take in terms of resettlement constraints and socio-economic impacts. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 5 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment “Option 5: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP PP to Ikot Abasi PHCN Substation via a New Line and Routing� The most viable alternative was determined as a direct connection from QIT to Ikot Abasi over a distance of 58 km. This option would entail the installation of a new 330kV transmission line that would transmit the excess power from the proposed power plant at QIT to the PHCN substation at Ikot Abasi for distribution. The new line would be a 330kV “double circuit� radiating system with self-supporting transmission towers. It would run over approximate 58 km from the power plant in western direction to Ikot Abasi. The foreseen route departs at the Power Plant in northern direction for about 4km, continues in west-north-western direction where is traverses a little portion of the Stubbs creek forest reserve and crossing over the Douglas Creek, passing south of Eket and Eket airfield in greater distance and crossing Qua Ibo river, before turning west in order to reach Ikot Abasi after approximately 40km. The proposed transmission line is expected to traverse through some ecologically important areas like the Stubbs creek forest reserve as earlier mentioned. Also secondary palm forests around Onna and Mkpat Enin axis are expected to be traversed, Minor River system around Ikot Abasi, where pockets of mangrove vegetation have been identified have also been enlisted to be traversed by the transmission line. In comparison with the other options considered, it provides the path with least impacts on the environment and on the people. The TL shall go straight for a big part of the route. It meets the existing 132kV Eket to Ibom Power TL and to be built 330kV Ikot Ekpene – Ikot Abasi TL at a corner of the route corridor. The TL run parallel and the Ikot Ekpene TL turns first north into Ikot Abasi SS, close to Alscon Smelter. The 330kV QIT - Ikot Abasi has to cross the 132kV Eket- Ibom Power TL by turning north and follows parallel, the 330kV Ikot Ekpene Line into the SS. Both lines will enter Ikot Abasi SS from the west Figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: Preliminary 330kV Transmission Line Route QIT – Ikot Abasi Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 6 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The route runs across mainly flat but densely vegetated and swampy terrain, which may be difficult to access by vehicle or by foot. This option would result in fresh land take, but would assure a stable power transmission framework as well as optimal utilisation of the excess power to be generated from the proposed power plant at QIT. It reduces impact by utilizing and sharing the same routing corridor with the existing 132kV and under construction 330kV Lines. Figure 2.4: Preliminary Route - Crossing Location near Alscon Smelter in Ikot Abasi The 330kV TL from QIT – Ikot Abasi is shown in red. The existing 132kV TL in blue will be crossed. The yellow line is a second 330kV TL to be build from Ikot Ekpene to the Ikot Abasi Substation. This option was chosen because it uses synergies and existing facilities to a maximum extent possible and therefore has the least socio-economic and environmental impacts.. “Option 6: Transmit Power from Proposed QIPP PP to Ikot Abasi via the existing 132kV corridor� Although, this option appears to require a fairly new and short ROW from QIPP to Eket, and at Eket, the 330 kV line could follow the existing 132 kV corridor, this approach goes contrary to the recommendations of PHCN. According to PHCN/TCN Nigeria Transmission Line specifications, the 330 kV Right-of-Way (ROW) corridor must be at least 50 meters wide. The existing 132 kV ROW is 30 meters wide, and therefore more ROW (20 meter width) would have to be acquired down the length of the existing corridor. In any case, 330 kV towers would not be allowed to share the same centerline as the 132 kV towers, unless the 132 kV line was decommissioned and removed. In reality therefore, the ROW would have to be widened by 50 meters (plus a safety margin buffer) to install the 330 kV line alongside the 132 kV routing. It will not be possible to raise 330 kV towers through (higher than) the existing energized 132 kV lines because of clearance requirements and safety concerns. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 7 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The proposed project endeavored to roughly follow the existing 132 kV routing with the proposed 330 kV ROW for most of its length, though a few kilometers south. For the last 5+ kilometers, the 330 kV line is immediately parallel to the existing 132 kV ROW, with a modest 10 meter buffer to allow construction and maintenance safety. High population areas, such as where the 132 kV traverses Eket, were avoided in designing the 330 kV route. The existing 132 kV routing contains many angle towers and shorter distances between towers. To utilize the existing 132 kV ROW, adding 20 meter width, and raising 330 kV towers much higher, would necessarily add several more 330 kV towers than the current design, and complicate the construction process hence the rejection of this option. The proposed 330 kV line routing, is largely a straight line and allows greater distances between the towers with fewer angle towers. To reroute alongside the 132 kV line would add several more kilometers in length and subsequently more towers. Figure 2.3 shows the relationship between QIPP, Eket, Ikot Abasi, and the existing 132 kV line and the proposed 33kV ROW. 2.4 Environmental and Socio-economic Considerations of Preferred Options The approximately 58 km new transmission line from QIT – Ikot Abasi would have a total of 13 tower turnings. The various environmental and socio-economic as well as carried on board in the routing of the new line at various points are presented in this section. Generally, the main principles adopted in the selection of the transmission line route were to: • stay south of the Ikot Abasi – Eket Federal highway • stay south of the IBOM Power – Eket 132 kV transmission line • avoid villages and isolated buildings; • minimise the number of road crossings; • minimise the number of turning points; and • minimise the number of rivers, creeks and open water crossings and the use of marshy and water logged areas. • avoid swamps and wet area where feasible to avoid impacts on biodiversity, natural habitats, forests, etc (as stated in the world bank safeguard policies for environmental protection, see chapter one); • avoid the approach zone of the Eket Airport All the constraints have been summarized in a constraint map (Figure 2.5) after the option was selected showing the restricted areas. This lead to a defined corridor where the transmission line would run without significant impacts to the above constraints (ecological, physical structures, existing infrastructures, etc). Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 8 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 2.5: Transmission Line – Constraints Map Details of the incorporation of these considerations at various sections along the new TL route are presented below. With the help of detailed satellite images of the region and later in the project detailed photogrammetric pictures it was possible to optimize the route and refine it to a very high level of details considered. The photogrammetric pictures have been taken by overflying the transmission line route corridor with a plane during the project and geo-referencing the recorded pictures. This new pictures helped to mitigate a lot of environmental and socio-economic impacts during the design phase as highlighted below. Rain Forest, Swamp, Water Ponds, Streams, Rivers, Ditches, and Undulating Terrain North of QIPP The aerial survey showed that the land north of QIPP and south of Eket is hilly with swampy and ponding areas as well as plenty of river channels and luxuriant trees and bushes. However, to avoid villages and buildings along the preferred run the routing has been adjusted from the preliminary routing. Several Houses and small settlements have been found on the detailed pictures and therefore avoided. PHCN requirement is that no structure is in a radius of 50m from the tower legs and 25 meter to either side of the centerline. The old preliminary routing has been optimized and updated to reflect this during the design phase of the transmission line. Settlements / Structures on Southern Side of Highway Detailed aerial survey revealed the presence of settlements / structures on the southern side of existing Federal highway where the preliminary routing was planned to go. This has been considered. The old preliminary routing has been optimized and updated to reflect this during the design phase of the transmission line Figure 2.6. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 9 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Old Preliminary Routing (red). Updated Preliminary Routing 330kV QIT (orange) showing reduction of line length, and avoidance of significant settlements south of the road, and increasing the line going over dry land by 1 km instead of going trough mangrove area Figure 2.6: Preliminary Route – Settlements and Structures Avoided Rain Forest, Swamp, Water Ponds, Streams, Rivers, Ditches, and Undulating Terrain South of Alscon Smelter in the Ikot Abasi Area Detailed aerial survey revealed the presence of swamps, ponds, streams and Rivers on the southern side of the existing Alscon Smelter facility where the existing 132kV Line is running. This has been considered by routing the line in parallel with the existing 132 kV line and therefore utilizing synergies by running in the same routing corridor Figure 2.7. Updated 330kV QIT (orange), 132 kV TL Eket – Ibom Power I (blue), tentative routing 330kV Ikot Ekpene I (yellow) Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 10 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 2.7: Updated Routing – Approaching Substation near Alscon Smelter The objective was not to have too much impact on the environment by having the route going to swamp and mangrove areas, therefore the dry land has been chosen for tower locations as much as feasible. Ease and Convenience of Line Construction, Operation and Maintenance The need to minimise difficulties in construction as well as operation and maintenance activities was of major consideration in the decision to route the proposed line to south of the existing road. The TL will terminate at the existing Ikot Abasi Power Substation. The various options considered in the substation upgrade are therefore discussed in the following subsection. In total, the following has been optimized and considered already during the preliminary design phase for the project: • Transmission line route of the project was changed to reduce potential significant impacts on humans and houses, wildlife, mangroves and other vegetations. • In addition to the significant reduction of environmental impacts due to the change in route, the initiative also reduced the transmission line distance and especially the distance going trough wet lands resulting in noticeable economic savings. • The reduced numbers of tower sites in wet lands reduced the requirement for pile foundation which have significant health, safety and environmental impact. • After receiving sophisticated imagery data, it was feasible to optimize the route to run in a corridor having no impact on local buildings and structures to be relocated or demolished. • The usage of existing access roads to the tower site and the transmission line route was increased to the maximum feasible, to avoid new bush cutting and therefore destruction of flora and fauna. 2.5. Summary of Transmission Line Route Alternatives Table 2.1 summarizes the major impacts highlighted with different colours. Red highlights not feasible or high impact, orange represents feasible or medium impact and green feasible or no impact. Table 2.1: Route Alternative Summary Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Power export feasible No No Yes No Yes Distance of fresh 0 Approx. 213km / 43km 58km landtake 20km 120km Major Rivers crossed 0 0 3/0 0 0 Major Communities 0 1 several / 0 0 crossed several Shares existing TLine - 0km 135km / 0km 7,5km corridor 78km Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 11 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Based on this summary it can be seen that the option with the least overall impact is option 5. With option 5 it is feasible to export the power, it has medium impact to fresh land take, no impact due to major river crossings, no major communities to be crossed and the benefit of some distance routed in a shared route corridor with an existing Transmission Line. 2.5.1 Connection to National Grid The Ikot Abasi Substation is a National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) development under Niger Delta Power Holding Company of Nigeria (NDPHCN) a subsidiary of PHCN. The Substation will be upgraded and additional busbars will be installed in the existing Substation. This activity has been covered in the NIPP Ikot Abasi Substation EIA. Therefore the termination point of the transmission line will be the gantry structure in Ikot Abasi. Figure 2.8: Preliminary Route – Connection to Ikot Abasi Substation Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 12 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Ikot Abasi substation layout, with the QIPP 330kV line (orange) joining in from the south west. Figure 2.9: Proposed Ikot Abasi Substation 2.5.2 Transmission Line Type Options PHCN has two different voltage level to evacuate power above longer distances, these are 132kV and 330kV. To evacuate the power with two transmission lines with 132kV voltage level could be considered as alternative, however due to the doubled impact on the environment and no significant benefit to the project in terms of reliability and maintainability it was not selected for implementation. For this project the 330kV transmission line allows to export the power generated by QIPP-PP in accordance with national requirements by PHCN and NERC. This alternative was chosen for implementation. 2.5.3 Tower Options Towers shall be self supporting type of vertical / barrel configuration and are designated as suspension towers, tension towers, transposition towers and special towers. As per PHCN standard 2007 volume 3A, the type of towers is governed by the voltage level. A similar design used for all projects in the nation allows for higher reliability and maintainability. For this project PHCN requests a 330 kV double circuit transmission line tower design as per their standards. Therefore PHCN would not allow a different type of tower design be applied for this project. 2.5.4 Cable Options Underground High Voltage Cables buried in a defined corridor as alternative for Energy Transmission via Overhead Transmission Lines has not been considered due to the fact that Overhead Transmission Lines are widely used and proven technology in Nigeria, with low maintenance and long operational experiences. Overhead lines are much more effective in case of occurring faults. The Transmission line can operate after a fault as before, however might require none or small maintenance. High Voltage Cables are more Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 13 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment sensitive to occurring faults and in case of faults require replacement of the defect section, leading to less reliability and operability of the system. Also the impact to the environment is higher, hence the cable need a free corridor in which they are laid in soil which has to be kept free during operation. In contrary to Transmission Lines, under which certain flora and fauna can grow to a certain extent as long it is not impacting the operability and maintainability of the line. 2.6 No Development Option The “no development� option will result in zero land take, zero health, safety and environmental impacts. No development options are usually considered in cases where the proposed development will have significant negative impact that cannot be effectively or satisfactorily mitigated. To maintain the status quo is the do-nothing approach. By not taking any action, PHCN will not effectively evacuate power that will be generated from the proposed QIPP-PP. This can pose a major setback on the federal government’s plans to increase power generation and transmission as well as its vision 2020 of being amongst the top economies. This option is therefore ruled out because it would neither supply the projected demand for electricity nor optimise the existing infrastructure. PHCN has taken all measures to date to ensure that the existing transmission line network will be utilised to its full capacity. If the approximately 58km QIT-Ikot Abasi transmission line is not constructed, PHCN will be unable to meet load demand requirements or maintain quality of supply. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 14 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Most impacts of the proposed transmission line can be effectively mitigated to reduce their significance to acceptable levels and in view of the need for more power supply to support economic growth and development in the country, these impacts are not of sufficient import to prevent the implementation of the project. 2.7 Development Option The construction of approximately 58km QIT-Ikot Abasi line is a major development project that could have negative impacts on the biophysical and social environments. However, if duly mitigated and planned the project will enhance the economic potential of the country, while impacting minimally on the affected environment. All the significant impacts identified have been thoroughly investigated during the impact assessment phase. None of these impacts are impossible to mitigate and manage with a detailed EMP in place. The approximately 58km QIT-Ikot Abasi, i.e. Option 5, is the ‘preferred option in terms of environmental, social and economic impacts and it is recommended that this project be approved due to the obvious benefits as highlighted below: • Accommodate an increase of national power generation capacity; • Provide for improvement of electrical transmission in the country as a whole; • Add value to the nation’s economic growth; • Transfer technology and improve local know-how, through the adoption of a reliable state of art power transmission process; • Provide direct and indirect employment opportunities, including training; • Improve the socio-economic standing of the host communities; • Indirectly reduce/eliminate considerable percentage of air pollutants emissions due to consistent use of power generators by individuals to support poor state of power supply; and • Reduce/eliminate noise generation in cities and local communities associated with power generators by individuals and industries. Besides the above benefits the project would indirectly facilitate other positive benefits, including the commercialisation of Nigerian natural gas resources for the benefit of the Nigerian population, skills development and enhancement, and increase in tax revenues to the national and state government. 2.8 Envisaged Sustainability Sustainability can be viewed in terms of economic, environmental protection and social stability as well as technical viability. These aspects are further discussed below: Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 15 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Protection and Social Stability Early in the EIA process several visits to the study area were undertaken during which the proposed ROW were thoroughly examined in order to obtain a detailed understanding of the potential impacts and key issues associated with the construction and operation of the transmission line. Issues associated with the construction and operational phases were identified separately (see chapter five). These impacts (adverse and beneficial) were addressed in consultation with identified stakeholders, through an investigative process based on past similar projects, environmental screening process (using GIS among other tools), as well as an environmental evaluation based on knowledge of the study area. Detailed impact identification, evaluation, and mitigation is provided in chapters 5 and chapter 6. As highlighted above, the project in some ways will impact negatively on the environment. However incorporating the findings of this EIA, and effectively implementing the environmental management plan (EMP) at the planning, design, construction, operation and decommissioning stages of the project will ensure undesirable impacts are mitigated and managed to extents reasonably practicable. PHCN the owner and operator of the transmission line will make efforts to enhance its relationship with the communities that are in proximity of the planned project. Consultations will be maintained with the local communities during the engineering (e.g. site visits and surveys) and construction efforts as well as during the operational phase to identify concerns as they arise and address these concerns with appropriate remedies. Economic and Employment Growth Economic growth and structure of the economy are major driving parameters in electricity demand projections of a country. The transmission line project should help to ease immediate power supply constraint on economic growth and will contribute to a new restructured power sector, reversing the current drain on the national budget. The project will also provide employment and skill acquisition opportunities for Nigerians through direct and indirect involvement of contractors, consultants, suppliers and other professionals during the permitting, construction and operational phases of the project. Direct employment opportunities will likely include a large portion of the estimated 200 worker positions that will be needed to construct the transmission line towers and to string the lines. Additional direct employment will go to persons that will be employed to provide security at tower sites and other work areas. Indirect employment and associated economic effects will be derived from the fabrication and coating of transmission line tower components in Nigeria. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 16 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Contracting for other goods and services required for the construction will be consistent with good business practices, transparent and in line with the Nigerian local content law. Overall the project when operational will stimulate the growth of small, medium and large scale industries in the gridded communities and Nigeria as a whole. Technical Sustainability PHCN is Nigeria’s sole leader in power generation, transmission and distribution with robust experience in power evacuation design, construction and operation in diverse environmental conditions. Egbin power project in Nigeria as well as the Ajaokuta and other proven and operating assets are some of the facilities operated by the PHCN. The design of the proposed Transmission Line is tailored with technology, which would facilitate simple operation and maintenance. Also, the proposed project is sustainable in view of the proven power line technology and strict adherence to internationally and nationally accepted engineering practices that shall be adopted at all stages of the development. Chapter Two Final Draft Report Page 17 of 17 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 General The value and need as well as technical, economic and environmental sustainability together with several project development alternatives of the proposed transmission line project have been justified, established and discussed in Chapter two of this report. This chapter thus describes the key elements and planned activities of the proposed project. These include but not limited to: design requirement, project overview and layout, construction, operation requirement and associated utilities. The understanding of the project activities scope and extent will enable comprehensive identification of the environmental aspects for the associated and potential impact analysis in Chapter five. 3.2 Project Scope The construction of the approximately 58km 330kV QIT - Ikot Abasi transmission line will involve: • clearing of vegetation from essential parts of the ~290 hectares for the Transmission Line Right of Way. Vegetation shall be cleared as required for safe construction/operation as well as erosion control (e.g. trees shall be cut off at max 30cm above ground level); In dry land areas, clearing and grubbing shall be performed prior to any construction works. After removal of topsoil, the underground shall be checked on wet or soft spots or any other areas unfavourable for foundation and construction works. Wet and/or soft spots shall be excavated and refilled. • construction of transmission line towers, their foundations and stringing of the line; The determination of type and size of a tower foundation uses soil details from geotechnical investigations, complemented with additional investigations where required. All foundations shall make adequate provision for horizontal shear forces at the ground line. Towers of overhead power lines consist of tower body, earth wire peaks and cross- arms. The towers dominate the aesthetic impact of an overhead line, and govern the operational reliability. They need to withstand reliably the conductor forces and external loads. The transmission line is going to be a 330 kV two to four circuit TL. Each pair of circuits comprises of twin Bison conductors, ACSR 380/50, 431 mm2 or any other as approved by PHCN. • development of land access (from nearby roads) to ROW to facilitate construction and maintenance in upland areas; Road access to the construction site shall be provided on the shortest way from public roads to avoid creating a travel route along the TLine towers. For temporary road construction, clearing and grubbing shall be performed only for the actual width of the road. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 1 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • construction of transmission line support towers for water-prone areas; Foundations shall be designed according to PHCN standards. Pile foundations or (combined pile and) raft foundations are required in swampy areas. Soil bearing capacity shall be checked. • filling or dredging of marsh and mangrove areas to provide water access for ROW clearing, tower installation and line maintenance activities; Where a wetland that must be traversed is located across the TLine right-of-way, the access way shall be located so as to provide the narrowest practical crossing. Multiple access ways shall be established only to avoid environmental impact to specific areas of the right-of-way. • provision of associated digital communication facilities at the substations; Effective and functional communication systems shall be installed to facilitate supervision of the operation of the project and communication between Ikot Abasi and QIPP substations. The Transmission Line Right of Way to be acquired for the project is approximately 58km in length and 50m wide, thereby giving a total area of about 2,900,000m2 (290Ha). 3.2.1 General Facilities Layout The blueprint showing the main transmission single line with interconnection to PHCN facility as well as the existing substation is attached overleaf on A3. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 2 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.3 Design Basis The design intent of the proposed power transmission facilities is to develop environmentally sustainable facilities that satisfy applicable regulations, industry standards and codes. Furthermore, the design, construction and operation of this project shall be conducted in order to: • protect the safety, health and security of project and operations employees, suppliers’ employees, customers, the public and other involved parties; • maintain environmental integrity; • comply with applicable laws and regulations; • apply sound geo-science, engineering, technical and commercial best practices; • focus on flawless execution with minimum re-works; • meet the reasonable aspirations of the project-impacted communities; • maximize Nigerian content consistent with the project objectives; • achieve facility performance objectives. The project objectives can be summarized as follows: • Safety and security - nobody gets hurt during project planning and execution. Safety and security are the project’s highest priorities and are everyone’s responsibility; • Quality - quality is the foundation of safe, operable & reliable facilities; • Business Conduct and Controls - we will conduct our business with the highest level of integrity; • Environment / Regulatory / Permitting - project design and work are performed in a manner that meets the high performance expectations of Nigeria; • Community Relations - foster an effective, productive relationship with communities; • Operability & Reliability - ensure facilities meet business objectives (O&M Costs, operating performance, plant durability, operational flexibility, reliability, and availability) to ensure safe, environmentally sound, and cost effective operations; • Nigerian Content – foster continued development of Nigerian-based industry with a view to meet FGN requirements outlined in the applicable Nigerian Content Legislation; • Stakeholder - stakeholder alignment is necessary for project success; • Commercial Agreements - execute commercial agreements and secure fiscal terms to achieve project schedule. 3.3.1 Design Conditions The Environmental, as well as the actual design conditions, considered for the proposed transmission line and ancillary facilities are presented in Table 3.1. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 3 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 3.1: Environmental Design Conditions Environmental Conditions Altitude 10m Climate Outdoor desert / tropical environment Maximum Ambient Temperature 350C Minimum Ambient Temperature 210C Average Maximum Temperature 250C Air Cooler Approach Temperature 100C Mean Annual Rainfall 193mm Relative Humidity (Maximum) 85% Relative Humidity (Average) 72% Maximum Hourly Wind Speed 25m/s Maximum 3 Seconds Gust Wind Speed 35m/s Actual Design Conditions Minimum Temperature C 10 ° C Maximum Temperature (For the calculation of the 45 ° conductors sag) Average Temperature C 25 ° Maximum design wind speed 32 m/sec Wind Pressure 96.614 daN/m² 3.4 Applicable Codes and Standards The concept and basic design of the proposed TL facilities and system are based on PHCN specifications and are in line with national and international standards/codes. These cover various aspects as electrical, mechanical, civil, transmission and distribution lines. Some of the codes and standards applied to the proposed project are detailed in Appendix 3.1. 3.5 Transmission Line Design The transmission line project is designed to be a 330kV double circuit, with two systems sharing one tower. The TL project is designed to run from the Ikot Abasi substation outgoing line bay to the QIPP substation incoming line bay, a total length of about 58km. The design of the transmission line took into consideration several constraints along the proposed route. These constraints have been summarised in a general constraints map (Figure 2.5, chapter two). Specifically the detailed constraints areas for the QIT heliport and the Eket field and their distances to the proposed transmission line are shown in Figure 3.1 below. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 4 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 5 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 3.1: T-Line Route Design – QIT Heliport and Eket Field Constraints 3.5.1 Foundation Design The foundation design for the transmission towers is based on the principle of safety, reliability, economy and reasonability. Three foundation types (mass concrete, pad and pile foundations) shall be used in the proposed project. The mass concrete, and pad foundation types shall be used for foundations with small and large loads respectively under normal soil condition while the pile foundation shall be used in areas where the mass concrete and pad foundations are considered unsuitable. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 6 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.5.2 Tower Design The tower types are designed to meet the requirements of the conceptual design for a 330kV double circuit transmission line and shall be in line with the PHCN requirements. The standard tower type from experiences of local operation shall be used in view of economy, suitability and short completion schedule. The tower design will be such of self supporting type of vertical / barrel configuration and the towers designated as suspension towers, tension towers, transposition towers and special towers. The requirement of transposition and special towers does not arise for this transmission line. A summary of design parameters provided for the towers are presented in Table 3.2 below. Table 3.2: Tower Design Parameters Tower Type Angle Insulator type AAH 0-2° Suspension BBH 0-10° Tension CCH 10-30° Tension DDH 30-60° Tension EEH 60-90° Tension FFH 0-90 Tension Note: The angle (in degrees) is the degree deviated from the forwarding line. 3.5.3 Steel Class and Strength for Towers Rolled steel section, flats, plates, bolt and nut bars will, consist of steel. High strength (tensile) steel where approved shall be used where required. 3.5.4 Protection and Earthing System Design In the proposed project, each transmission line structure shall be grounded so as to obtain a low resistance to ground. The resistance permitted at each tower is 10 Ohms in accordance with the PHCN standard. In recognition of the peculiar location of the project (tropical zone with frequent lightening), the values have been lowered to 5 Ohm for the facility. An Isokeraunic Level (strokes/ year) of 150 is stated at an altitude of 1000 m in Nigeria. Based on the information provided by Meteorological Department, Nigeria. Digital protection system shall be applied for the new 330kV transmission lines with two different protection panels one for each TL system, which shall be installed in the control room of the substations. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 7 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.6 Project Activity Sequence The project activity order for the proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi transmission line is given below. This does not however show the interdependencies of the activities. • EPC contract award • Mobilisation • Check survey of EPC contractor • Transmission line detail design • Material production ( conductor, insulator, line hardware) • Material testing • Material shipment • Tower production • Tower testing • Tower shipment • Clear and grub site along transmission line corridor • Foundations for tower installation • Tower erection • Conductor stringing • Commissioning and testing • Reinstating and clean up • Demobilization • Ready for handing over 3.6.1 Pre-Construction Engineering Studies and ROW Acquisition programme During FEED (Front End Engineering Design) Phase 1, several site studies have been performed to be used as indicators and basis for engineering works. These studies shall be considered as preliminary studies and no claim on completeness of these documents can be raised. For detailed engineering, information given herein and described in the reports will be considered during detail design and construction works. • FEED • Topographic Survey • Crossing Study • Conceptual Design of Transmission Line 3.6.2 Centre - line and Topographical Survey Topographical survey has been performed on site. The site is generally flat, with a gentle gradient from the coast line at QIPP Power Plant site (elevation approximately 3 masl) to Eket (elevation approximately 13 masl) and Ikot Abasi (elevation approximately 18 masl). According to the results of the topographic survey the TL route and ROW are determined. River crossings, TL crossing and determination of structures in the area of the TL have been performed according to topographic survey results. All topographical survey works included the establishment of any survey control, needed in addition to the existing survey control. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 8 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The complete topographic information for the survey areas use a maximum point interval / grid spacing of 25 m to describe the current local conditions in acceptable accuracy. The locations and elevations of the following minimum scope of data have been determined: • all topographic surface information and features (high / low points, break lines, streams, river banks, swamps, vegetation, etc.); • all manmade, civil structures (roads, tracks, buildings, foundations, walls, fences, etc.); • all existing third party facilities (piping, cabling, process installations, telecom, power lines, utility markers etc.); • all geotechnical points to be set out / surveyed; • temporary access roads, camp sites, fabrication-/storage yards and the MPN airfield, as required. A routing team consisting of environmental, a geotechnical engineer, an ROW expert have explored the area of the presently foreseen route. Upon their identification of the area’s suitability a preliminary route got marked by navigational positioning. Referring to the evaluation results, the final route has been confirmed on site during a second routing campaign. The centre-line got marked. However, in sections, where the centre-line approximates any constraints, the required minimum clearances have been assured. The route maps have been updated, now showing the confirmed route and being reference for the sub-sequent route clearance from vegetation. Upon confirmation of the final TL route the following was performed: • clearance of the route from vegetation over a corridor width of 1.5m to 3.0m; • establish required survey control along the TL route; • set-out and permanently mark the centre-line at an accuracy specified for the TL; • survey a longitudinal profile of the centre-line, with specific focus on high / low points, start / end of swamps, road and water crossings; • survey all special points not limited to structures, buildings and obstacles 50 m either side of centre-line to meet PHCN standards for horizontal clearances; • capture additional topographic data at tower locations (15m x 15m), dedicated for towers (and definition of leg extensions); • update and finalize the route maps by adding all of the above survey data. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 9 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.6.3 Geotechnical Survey Geotechnical investigation for the project is proposed to be carried out side by side with the construction activities. 3.6.4 Foundation Construction For this project the determination of type and size of a tower foundation soil details from geotechnical investigations shall be used and complemented with additional investigations where required. All foundations shall make adequate provision for horizontal shear forces at the ground line. The foundation types chosen for the proposed TL project shall be constructed using concrete and reinforcement as major materials. Due to the possibility of the corrosion of foundation materials by underground water, surface water and soil, the following shall be used: The foundation protection thickness shall be enlarged to over 50mm while the top of the foundation shall be minimum 500mm above ground level. • High strength concrete shall be used. • Antiseptic such as bitumen shall be applied on the area that shall have direct contact with the soil. • Specific high-grade cement shall be used in the concrete mixture. Standard Foundations Standard foundations for towers shall be concrete pad and chimney. The height of the chimney shall be determined according to expected buoyancy (e.g. floods, tidal water level changes). The use of displacement method for calculating bearing pressure in pad and chimney foundation reducing the unit weight of concrete in account of excavated earth overburden shall not be accepted. Special Foundations In areas of low soil bearing capacity, special foundations will be required for the set-up of TL towers. Special foundations comprise but are not restricted to: • Pad and chimney with enlarged pad (soil bearing capacity!) • Raft foundations (soil bearing capacity!) • Pile foundations, • Combined pile and raft foundations For design of these foundations, special considerations shall be made concerning water levels, buoyancy, concrete quality, etc. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 10 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.6.5 Tower Construction For this project the hexagonal (or drum type) tower type shall be used. The conductors are vertically arranged, and the earthing conductors are above conductors. Towers of overhead power lines consist of tower body, earth wire peaks and cross-arms. The transmission voltage, the number of circuits, the height of the towers and other aspects determine the tower design and material, whereby galvanized steel is used. The towers dominate the aesthetic impact of an overhead line, govern the operational reliability. They need to withstand reliably the conductor forces and external loads. • Suspension towers carry the conductors in a straight line. They are equipped with suspension insulator sets. During normal operation, they do not transfer conductor tensile forces to the towers and, therefore, the suspension towers can be designed relatively light-weight. Since they represent the most favorable conductor support so far investment is concerned, line sections as long as possible equipped with suspension towers are aimed at; Suspension Tower • Strain and Angle-strain towers carry the conductor tensile forces in line direction or in the resultant direction, respectively, and serve additionally as rigid points in the line. It is common practice to use angle-strain towers at practically each angle point of the line. This eases the conductor installation as well. In case of long straight line sections strain towers should be arranged in distances from 5km to 10km (according to TCN standard ) to provide rigid points in the line thus limiting cascading failures; which Tension Tower might start at suspension towers. They are equipped with tension insulator sets; • Dead-end towers carry the total conductor tensile forces in line direction on one side. Frequently, dead-end towers are additionally loaded by the conductors leading to the substation portals which act often under a large angle to the horizontal and with conductor tensile forces caused by the short distances to the portal. These load conditions may lead to unfavorable loads of individual members of Dead-end Tower lattice steel towers and need to be considered during design. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 11 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Bolts and Nuts All tower members shall be connected by bolts and nuts. Tightening and flat washers shall be used for all nuts. The minimum bolt diameter shall be 12mm. The bolt hole diameter made in members shall not be over 1.5mm of respective bolt diameter. The thread part shall not enter the shearing section between supports. The allowable shearing stress for bolts for mild steel, and for high tensile steel shall be observed during construction for this project. In order to prevent theft/sabotage, the threads of all bolts with their parts beyond the nuts shall be hit three times for tightening, from the ground level to the place of 3m above the ground. Galvanisation Galvanisation shall be made for all steel supports upon completion of sawing, shearing, boring, punching, filing and blending. All exposed ferrous materials and at least the top seven hundred and fifty millimetres (750 mm) of stub (embedded in concrete) shall be hot- dip galvanized after fabrication according to BS729. Galvanized metal shall be free from burrs, sharp edges, lumps and dross and shall be smooth so that interconnecting parts will fit properly and parts may be assembled and disassembled readily. Threaded parts shall be galvanized after being threaded and excessive zinc shall be removed from the threads. Nuts and locknuts shall be re-tapped after being galvanized and shall be capable of being threaded the entire length of the threads without the use of tools. The preparation for galvanizing and the galvanizing itself shall not adversely affect the mechanical properties of the coated material. The coat of galvanisation shall be bright, of even thickness, and without faults. Hot galvanisation or other accepted workmanship shall be made for all bolts, rods of bolts (including the thread area), and nuts. The thread area shall be oiled. Anti-climbing Guards and Step Bolts Anti-climbing guards shall be provided for all towers, and fixed at 3m above the ground level. Step bolts shall also be provided for one leg of each tower, with 380mm intermediate distance, fixed at both sides of the member one after each other from the anti-climbing guards to the top of the tower. In case of reasonable arrangement of bracing and members, step bolts cannot be used. Below the anti-climbing guards, holes shall be arranged for removing the step bolt at both sides of tower members, with distance of not over 380mm. As a further measure to check vandalisation, the bolts and their threads shall be tack welded with their parts at 3m above ground. Warning and marking plates shall be designed and fixed as per PHCN requirement. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 12 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Insulator and Fittings The insulators are overhead line components installed between live conductors and earthed parts of the structures, being simultaneously subjected to mechanical and electric stresses. The insulation performance needs, therefore, to be designed for the most adverse operating conditions resulting from climatic impacts, such as ambient temperatures, humidity, dew, fog, rain, as well as pollution by deposits of dusts, salts, firing residuals and industrial gases. The mechanical resistance should be so high that every incident load is carried with enough operational security. Disruptive strength and electrical arc resistance should be large enough to withstand the resulting stresses. Cap and Pin Insulators In the past cap-and-pin toughened glass insulators have been used in Nigeria as an alternative to porcelain insulators for overhead lines. The insulating body is made of molten silica oxide and other mineral salts. The glass dielectric part is obtained through melting the raw materials by a continuous process which guarantees homogeneity of the chemical composition of the insulating unit. Glass cap-and-pin insulators are produced at a fully automatic production line by means of completion cementing between the socket or clevis caps and the pins or tongues to the glass bodies. The caps are made of galvanized malleable cast iron, the pins or tongues are made of galvanized heat treatable steel. The highly automated production of the glass cap-and-pin insulators has proved to be commercially profitable. When it is deemed necessary for applications in polluted areas, the pin is protected against corrosion by pressing around with a zinc alloy sleeve to form a sacrificial electrode. After completion of the production process including hardening of the cementing and a mechanical routine test, the insulators are stored for some weeks, since the heterogeneous distribution of the stresses within the insulator bodies leads to noticeable self breaking during the subsequent weeks. However, the fragments within the cap, due to their increased volume, keep the cemented pin within the cap with a force of about 90 % of its original value, which would practically prevent separation of the insulator strings whenever damage occurred during operation. Cap and Pin insulators are designed to be put together in insulator strings with other accessories to reach the values for the mandatory creepage distance. Long-rod Composite Insulators For this proposed project it is foreseen to use a different insulator material, so called long- rod composite insulators due to certain advantages as described below. For many years, plastic or synthetic resins of diverse compositions have been used, besides ceramic and glass, for the insulation of electric installations. Insulating materials such as aromatic and aliphatic epoxide reactive resins, teflon (PTFE - polytetrafluoroethylene) as well as silicone rubbers are used. Besides the usual insulating characteristics necessary in case of overhead applications, high resistance against Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 13 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment ultraviolet radiation is required for the plastic or synthetic resins. Insulation for higher voltages is also highly stressed from the mechanical standpoint, thus requiring composite insulators with glass fibre reinforced cores (GFC) of cast resin to be used. In order to obtain the necessary creepage path, sheds of diverse materials such as resin-epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) or silicone rubber are arranged around the cores. Composite insulators can be formed by individual sheds fixed on a core rod with or without an intermediate layer or alternatively by a cover of sheds applied on the core rod in one or several production steps. The composition of materials used and the production process vary from manufacturer to manufacturer Composite insulators present several advantages, such as low weight, high mechanical strength, considerable reduction of required creepage distance through a hydrophobic surface, durability especially under critical pollution conditions, high resistance against vandalism and optimum ability to comply with project requirements by means of their modular fabrication system; in view of such outstanding characteristics, composite insulators have been more and more accepted by users. Due to their insulating capacity, composite insulators have been often used to replace conventional insulators in critical areas. Composite insulators can be manufactured as a unit piece to replace existing long insulator sets, thus: reducing the total length of the insulator set and making them especially appropriate for up-rating of lines, without the need to modify tower dimensions or rights-of-way whenever higher system voltages are adopted. The advantage presented by composite insulators with respect to their weight is prevalent at the High voltage level and higher. Composite long rod insulators: Advantages: • Low weight • Hydrophobic insulator surface • Creepage path, insulator length and load capacity can be adapted easily to the project requirements Disadvantages: • Mechanically sensitive silicone surface of the GFC rod • High technical production efforts, silicone materials are expensive • Higher sensitivity to ageing Insulators Hardware • Suspension insulator sets will consist of one or more insulator strings composed of Suspension insulators and accessories. Multiple insulator sets are applied where required by the operational loads as well as in other cases when a higher security is Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 14 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment desired, e. g. at crossings. Double insulator sets are commonly used, in particular in densely populated areas. Transversally arranged double insulator sets result in lower dynamic stresses to the remaining sound string in case of failure of the other one. Due to the advantage, double insulator sets are preferably arranged in line direction particularly when frequently loaded by high wind. The individual insulator strings should be attached directly to the cross-arms. The U-bolts, shackles or hinges used to attach the strings result in a universal mobility. To protect the insulators from power arcs with temperatures ranging up to 12,000 K, the insulator strings can be equipped at both ends with protective arcing fittings, starting sometimes at voltages of 36 kV. The arcing protection horns should be installed at suspension sets such that the final burning positions are directed outwards from the tower. • Tension insulator sets, to attach the conductors to angle-strain, strain, section or dead-end towers, multiple insulator sets are used, whose insulator strings should be directly connected to the cross-arm by means of hinges or shackles. The information presented in the context of suspension insulator sets concerning load transfer after failure of an individual string applies as well for tension insulator sets. The dimension of the yoke plate in direction of the insulator set axis should be so large as to reduce impact loads after failing of an individual string. In case of triangular yoke plates, the height should be larger than the width. A connection between conductor bundle and insulator set by one pivot only is advisable for bundle conductors since the failure of one insulator string will not alter the geometry of the bundle. On the other hand, a trapezoidal yoke plate leads to shorter design lengths of insulator sets and might be advantageous with regard to the load transfer. The insulators are transported in standardized boxes to the installation sites and should be stored there on wood supports and adequately protected. For assembling the insulator strings, special care should be taken, such as: o The insulator sets should be assembled in accordance with the design drawings. o Pins of shackles and clamps, when installed vertically, should be inserted from top to bottom such that they cannot get lost. The suspension insulator sets are lifted and installed before conductor stringing. Protective cradles should be used for multiple insulator sets to avoid clashing of individual strings. The stringing blocks are fixed to the insulator sets to prepare the conductor stringing. The insulator sets should be in a vertical position after the conductor sagging. Suspension Clamps To attach conductors to suspension insulator sets fittings are adopted. Within the suspension clamp and in its vicinity, the conductor is subjected to mechanical stresses higher than in the free span, static tensile stress due to conductor tensile forces and dead weight are superimposed by static bending stresses due to the conductor curvature, static compression stresses resulting from conductor clamping and alternating bending stresses due to conductor vibration. To keep the dynamic strain of the conductor low in the range Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 15 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment of the suspension clamps, the body of the clamps should be light-weighted and pivoted to be able to follow asymmetrical modes of conductor vibrations as far as possible unhindered. A clamp body suspended articulately at a pair of straps supports the conductor, which is fixed by means of the clamp cover. Radius and length of the groove have to be designed such that also in case of large conductor down strain angles the conductor will not be bent sharply at the end of the body. The pivot of the articulation should be arranged approximately at the same level as the conductor axis to keep the alternating bending strain low when the clamp is swiveling. Tension Clamps Conductors will be terminated by dead-end clamps. Attachments of conductors at tension insulator sets must be able to carry the conductor tensile force occurring at the individual line or support. The requirements on the mechanical performance depend on the type of clamp, on the TCN standards or on the project specification. • Compression-type or wedge-type clamps are predominantly adopted for phase conductors of high- voltage lines. Wedge-type clamps do not require special tools for installation and are relatively simply to be fitted. A correction of conductor sag can be achieved by shifting the clamp. Wedge-type clamps are in particular suited to single- material conductors and to compound conductors with more than one aluminum or aluminum alloy layer and, therefore, low steel content. • Compression dead-end clamps are suited to terminate all standard types of conductors available in the market. They are designed to achieve ultimate terminating forces up to the rated tensile strength (RTS) of the conductors. Shifting of the clamp after installation is not anymore possible. Special tools, namely a hydraulic press and corresponding dies, are required for installation of compression dead-end clamps. They are designed with one metal sleeve for single material conductors and with two sleeves for composite conductors. In our case with compound conductor Bison, at first the steel sleeve is crimped onto the steel core on a corresponding length after cutting back the aluminum strands. Afterwards, the outer sleeve made of aluminum alloy is crimped on one end with steel terminal of the clamp and on the other end with the entire conductor consisting of aluminum and steel layers. The manufacturer's instructions should be followed when installing compression clamps. The length, thickness and material of the sleeve, as well as the position and number of crimps, affect the ultimate terminating force to a great extent. After terminated the conductor an adjustment of sag is only possible by the use of a turn buckle. Turn buckles are arranged in dead-end insulator sets to compensate tolerances in lengths of elements in parallel or of sub-conductors in bundles. They have been standardized according to their characteristic forces. Due to the notch sensitivity of the threaded spindle, special requirements apply for the partial factors according to. Turn buckles may not be loaded by bending. According to PHCN/TCN standards, compression dead end clamps shall be used for termination of conductor. However during the project the request came up to use Wedge- Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 16 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Type Dead End Clamps which was acceptable and so a change of the specification for compression Dead-End Clamps to Wedge type Dead-End Clamps was made. Using the Wedge type instead of the Compression clamps will provide the following advantages: • no special tools for installation are needed (hydraulic compression gripper with diesel and power engine) • easy correction of conductor sag, which Dead End clamps do not allow • improved maintainability during conductor replacement in the future • low conductor deformation by safe conductor embedding in between the wedge and its connected opposing part (will be permanently deformed with other clamps) • increased safety for Line-men at work, easier assembling, higher operability and maintainability, with a marginal increase in cost. In summary the Wedge-type Clamps provides a higher assembling, operating and maintaining advantages over and above the compression clamps. Also the possibility of oil and diesel spills get reduced significantly hence no hydraulic compression tools are required for installation of dead-end clamps. Connectors (Joints) Connectors are fittings jointing one of more phase conductors or earth-wires (ground- wires) to each other or producing a conductor branch-off. Tension-proof and non-tension- proof connectors can be discerned. For mid-span joints, the voltage drop and the electrical resistance along the connector may not exceed that of an equivalent conductor length. The same requirements apply for tension-loaded conductor joints as for dead-end clamps. Compression-type connectors are predominantly adopted today, the design, function and installation of which are equal to those of compression dead-end clamps. In particular, for medium-voltage lines preformed splices are used made of preformed rods having the same function as preformed dead-end rods. Pressing of Connector (Mid Span Joints) Hydraulic Pressing Machine Figure 3.2: Typical Connectors Pressing Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 17 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Spacers for Bundle Conductors Bundle conductors, consisting of two sub-conductors, are adopted for transmission lines with high voltages. The spacers keep the subconductors within a span and in jumper loops at designed spacing to avoid damage caused by clashing, twisting or entwining. The number of spacers and their spacing should be adjusted to the span length and the damping requirements, if any. twisting or entwining of subconductors will be less probable and the retaining moment will be enhanced if the subspan length starting with for example 15 m at the towers increases in steps of 5 m up to 70 m in midspan. According to their function, it is discerned between rigid spacers, keeping the subconductors at a constant distance at the location of installation, flexible spacers, permitting small relative displacements of the subconductors at the location of installation, and spacer dampers, which reduce the vibration level by energy dissipation in rubber-elastic elements, thus avoiding fatigue damage of conductors. Spacers should ensure the designed subconductor spacing at the location of installation in all operational conditions, also during wind action. In case of a short circuit, they have to withstand high dynamic loads and to limit the damage of subconductors without being themselves permanently deformed. Hinges and insulating elements cannot conduct currents between subconductors in normal operation. The distancing element of a spacer, therefore, does not suit as a fixing point for earthing devices in case of maintenance. The corresponding design should ensure that no inadmissible discharges or radio interference occur and audible noise is avoided. Spacer Dampers for Bundle Conductors Spacers for bundle conductors can be designed such that they suppress vortex-induced conductor vibrations. Usually, the spacer consists of a rigid frame, at the corners of which the connection with the conductors is provided by means of hinges with clamps. The hinges are lined with rubber-elastic cushions made of silicon or ethylene-propylene rubber (EPDM), thus providing a remarkable damping capacity. They enable the clamp to follow the conductor movements and dissipate energy to an amplitude-depending extent. The amount of damping power of one hinge can correspond roughly to that of 100 m of conductor. The oscillating movement of the sub-conductors is reduced by the dissipation of energy. Number and location of spacer dampers should be optimized and verified by a study for each individual application. The optimum distribution of spacer dampers along the span varies depending on span length, wind velocity regime and local topography. OPGW Accessories The special functions of OPGW require also corresponding special accessories for their attachment at suspension and strain towers. The fittings should prevent damage or deformation, harming the function of the optical fibers. Damping fittings, in particular, should take care of the optical fibers. Preformed dead-end rods distribute the radial compression forces required for the friction locking on a longer section than dead-end clamps and, therefore, are in particular suitable for terminating metal-reinforced cables with optical fibers (OPGW). Preformed dead-end rods comply with all the requirements on conductor terminations. They can be simply installed bare hand without tools and are Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 18 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment widely used worldwide. They consist of several helically-formed circular metal rods, the inner diameter being somewhat smaller than the outer diameter of the conductor to be terminated. The tensile forces are transferred onto the conductor through the helices by means of friction generated by radial pressure. Length and shape of the preformed dead- end rods keep the radial pressures at a low level and thus avoid any damage of the conductor. The inner surface of the preformed dead-end rods is sand-covered to increase the ultimate terminating forces. 3.6.6 Arching Devise Arcing device is used for the insulation strings of suspension and tension type to avoid electric discharge along the insulator skirt so the insulator string is protected. This shall be used in the project 3.6.7 Lighting protection and Earthing System The earth wire conductor shall be used as lightning protection measure for the 330kV transmission line. One earth wire conductor and one OPGW shall be installed for the entire line of this project. To protect the line and towers against lightning, the angle of shield for 330kV double circuit towers shall be 0°. The mid span clearance between upper conductor and ground wire for 330kV lines shall be 6.5m respectively. Earthing System for Towers The Towers and the ground-wires are a major part of the earthing TLine system. The ground wires are clamped electrically to the towers. The towers are connected with the earth in and around the foundations. The system is used for lightning protection, earthing faults and during maintenance works to earthen the individual electrical circuits. Earthing holes shall be arranged for the four legs of a tower, with bolt diameter of 12mm. Four earthing devices made of galvanized steel wire with 7/3.25 specification or copper wire with 7/2.97 would be used. 7/3.25 steel wire is preferred due to the predominant swamp environment of the line route with lower soil resistance as well as cheapness of the wire. The earthing devices shall be buried in ditches with depth of over 750mm, dug in a straight line and backfilled. Earthing System for Foundations Where necessary, TL towers are equipped with earthing installations to conduct failure and induction currents as well as currents from lightning strikes into the earth. For this purpose, horizontally arranged electrodes, named counterpoises or earthing rods will be installed in the soil. Horizontally arranged electrodes will be installed radial or as rings in manually or tool assisted excavated trenches in depths between 0.6 m and 1.0 m. The earthing conductor or strap is conductive connected to the tower leg members. Earthing straps should be installed end up in the trench such that the backfilled soil touches the earthing strap on both sides. Low earthing resistance is achieved in cohesive soil. Stones or coarse gravel directly at the earth electrode increase the earthing resistance to a large extent. Earthing rods are driven manually or by tools as deeply as possible into the soil. In case of shallow foundations, they can be driven into the soil from the excavation pit sub face before starting of concrete placing. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 19 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The earthing of both Dead End Towers will be connected with the earthing system at the substation. The ground-wire and the OPGW will be connected to the gantry and the foundation earthing of the Dead End Towers will be connected to the foundation earthing of the substation. The earthing resistance is measured by means of an earth tester. If the required earthing resistance is exceeded, the earthing properties need to be improved by additional earth- electrodes. To achieve low transition resistance, metallic bright connections between earth connectors and towers should be envisaged and supervised. 3.6.8 Transmission Line Construction The transmission line shall be a double circuit 330kV type with a total length of about 58km, between the existing PHCN substation at Ikot Abasi and the substation at QIPP. The proposed line route (Figure 3.3) is on the southern side of the existing road from Ikot Abasi to Eket. Impact on buildings and other properties shall be avoided and minimized, the line shall be constructed within swamp and large waters. However, efforts shall be made to avoid land of swamp and large waters as much as possible while also avoiding buildings and other properties. The route of the TL runs over approximate 58 km from the power plant in Westerly direction to Ikot Abasi. The outgoing line shall begin from the gantry of QIPP substation to the terminal tower at a distance of 80m from the gantry. The foreseen route departs from the power plant in Northern direction for about 4 km, continues then in west-north-westerly direction for about 14 km, passing the city of Eket in greater distance at the South and crossing the Qua Iboe River, before turning West in order to reach Ikot Abasi after approximately 40 km. The route runs across mainly flat but densely vegetated and swampy terrain, which may difficult to access by vehicle or by foot. The line shall traverse ALSCON land, village lands, ditches, valleys and rivers, swamps and ponding areas and shall terminate in the terminal tower approx. 80m from the Ikot Abasi substation. 3.6.9 Fault Detection, Response System and Control The Ikot Abasi and QIPP substations use protective devices which have the ability to instantly detect a fault on the transmission line. The control switch, indication light, ammeter, voltage meter and alarm window will be on the control panels in the substations. A control panel will be located in the control rooms of both stations. For the new 330kV overhead lines, a set of kWh metering will be in the substations. An audio; and visual alarm system will be on the control panel in the Ikot Abasi and QIPP substations. Premonition and fault signal for all equipment will be at the Ikot Abasi and QIPP substation to synchronise the 330kV line from Ikot Ekpene with the 330kV line from QIPP. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 20 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Safety Criteria The design of the TL system (routes and layouts) have been carried out taking into consideration corporate safety rules to assure safety, prevent accidents and reduce risks level to as low as practicable. Further safety and operability studies would be carried out on final transmission route, tower foundations and general technical drawings to verify safety systems and integrity of installations to possible changes in environmental conditions. Supervision and Communication Effective and functional communication system shall be installed to facilitate supervision of the operation of the project and communication between Ikot Abasi and QIPP substation. One set of power carrier system will be installed for communication between the Eket substation and Ikot Abasi Power Station. Also PHCN requires a Fibre Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) which will serve as additional communication channel. 3.7 Procurement of Materials and Fabrication Summary The Materials and Equipment will be procured with respective reliable suppliers, locally or internationally. Depending on the location the Materials and Equipment will be manufactured in their plants according to the required standards. Factory acceptance test will be performed to prove the quality and compliance with the standards. For tower test, a prototype tower test shall mean successful loading test of a completed prototype tower first to verify that the tower will meet without failure the specified loads, and second to ascertain the maximum withstand loads prior to tower failure. The Test should validate that the static calculations are correct and any shortcomings potentially given in the structure be recognized. If the material and equipment is sourced abroad it will be imported to Nigeria to a possible international harbor. The equipment has to be transported either • from the Customs Yard/Storage in Nigeria or • from the manufacturer in Nigeria (if material was sourced in country and did not need to be transported, stored, repacked etc. in the Customs Yard/Storage) to site. No heavy weight equipment has to be transported for the TL, for which transport by waterway is necessary. Moreover the transport of normal load equipment and bulk material by waterway should be avoided. Therefore it is expected that all equipment for the TL will be transported per truck to site. For the transport by road already existing roads can be used (existing main road along TL see Figure 3.3 below). Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 21 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 3.3: Alignment of Existing Major Road and the Transmission Line Corridor Furthermore connection roads to the actual sites have to be built and existing roads have to be reinforced respectively. The party which does the transport to site has to be responsible for all related issues including the following (applies for transport by waterway and road): • Loading equipment on transport device • Dimension and the selection of the suitable transportation device (e.g. amounts of axles) o Transport device can either be a device (Trailer) which is pulled by another vehicle or which is self-propelling • Fastening of load • Get permission and authorization for transport according to local regulations ( e.g. roadblock for transport, night transport etc.) • The particular local regulations have to been considered • Security issues and insurance (e.g. community issues, noise disturbance) • Seasonal constraints - make provision for meeting his needs without detriment to the program or disruption to public services and highway • Routing to site o E.g. identify potential obstacles like railway crossing, highway crossing, bridges etc. o E.g. critical truck curves turning radius o E.g. load carrying capacity of particular streets • Constructing and maintaining all access ways and temporary roads necessary for transporting of equipment (will require to undertake a full logistics evaluation, to ensure only suitable access roads are used) Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 22 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.8 Mobilisation The following items and personnel will be mobilized during the process: • Fence and Security provision • Construction of marshalling yards and lay-down areas set-up • Construction and setup of office • Construction vehicles / machines / equipment mobilization • Construction material provision • Infrastructure for operation of construction site • Drainage set-up • Communication provision • Manpower mobilization • Coordination between the power projects Personnel to be mobilized will include: • National labour • Local National labour • National experts • Foreign experts´ There will be opportunities of engagement and development of community members, and the community at large via the project. It is anticipated to employ local labor as much as feasible. The construction labor force for Transmission Line is expected to average about 70 professional staff consisting of EPC construction management, expatriate construction supervisors, project team representatives and owner representatives including about 280 national labor personnel. EPC Contractor will develop a ‘Community Relations and Engagement Plan’ which will detail strategies for fair and representative engagement of local labour from the affected communities. This plan will be reviewed and approved by PHCN in line with the Nigerian Local Content Act and labour laws before approval. The approved plan will also be used to monitor activities of the EPC in this regard. Also consultation between the EPC and the respective stakeholders (local leaders, youths, etc.), to be mediated by PHCN will be held to reach agreements on the employment of local labour. A Community Liaison Officer (CLO) will be engaged to liaise between the EPC, the Communities and PHCN. Efforts will be made to accommodate non-indigenous project personnel to as close to the work site as possible and they will be bussed to and from the project site each day. At a minimum, a security convoy will be provided for the buses travelling to and from the workers’ camp. These movements will be coordinated by the logistics team of the project. The CLO shall be responsible for coordinating local labour activities. Working hours will normally be daylight hours from 7:00 a.m. - 7:00 p.m. In the event that evening hours are worked, emphasis will be placed on proper lighting, safe job procedure and overall safety. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 23 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment During the project Stop Aids and Malaria program will be implemented to ensure safe and healthy practices at site. These are enlightenment programs that educate personnel on preventive and management strategies as well as on the use of repellents, nets, and other preventive measures. Malaria is recognized as one of the major causes of deaths in the country. Although these are not legal requirements, they have been included to safeguard the health of personnel. 3.9 Site Preparation Clearing and grubbing of all vegetation will only be carried out for access roads and tower footprints while selective clearing will be utilized for the rest of the ROW. After removal of topsoil, the underground shall be checked for wet or soft spots or any other areas unfavorable for foundation and construction works. Wet and/or soft spots shall be over excavated and refilled. Refill shall be placed and compacted thoroughly in layers to acceptable standards. The construction area shall be filled with appropriate material to relevant construction level and shall be compacted to required density. In dry land areas a slight inclination of the ground line from the center of the foundation towards the outer edges is considered sufficient for drainage of precipitation. Around the foundation a small ditch shall be for the discharge of surface water to an artificial basin or runoff. After clearing and grubbing works, ditches shall be dug around the individual construction site and across the area to drain the surface. Where the natural gradient is not sufficient for gravitational discharge, a pump sump shall be dug in few meters distance to the work site. After removal of topsoil, the site shall be kept dry and dewatering systems shall be checked regularly on water flow and the area shall be checked on moist content. Soft spots or any other areas unfavorable for construction works shall be excavated and refilled before construction of any foundation. Refill shall be placed and compacted thoroughly in layers to acceptable standards. Brush and vegetation will be piled and discarded into local disposal sites in accordance with applicable Nigerian regulations and Projects waste management standards and practices. Woody debris and cut trees may be placed at the edge of the Project site with access provided to the local community members to remove the material for their personal use. For pile construction the work area around the foundation shall be stabilized by the use of geostructures (e.g. Durabase, Geowebs, wood etc) for heavy equipment access. After pile construction the area shall be filled with appropriate material and compacted to relevant construction level. Around the foundation a small ditch shall be foreseen for discharge of surface water from the foundation and water from the surrounding area to an artificial basin or runoff. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 24 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.10 ROW and Access Corridor Clearing Prior to construction works, selective clearing will ensure that only trees, vegetation, debris, roots, and other material interfering with the construction process are cleared from the site. Vegetation shall be cleared only along ROW and areas marked for construction of access roads. Figure 3.4: ROW Clearance along the Transmission Line Trees shall be cut off at max 30cm above ground level and the stumps left in place for erosion control. The following shall be considered: • No interference with the line from tree bending, growing, swinging, or falling toward the conductor • No interference from vertical or horizontal conductor movement and increased sag as a result of thermal and wind impact • No deterioration or physical damage to the root system, trunk, stem or limbs, and/or the direction and lean of the tree • Fire risk Organic material shall be classified into following categories and piled respectively. • For structural use • Fire wood (to be given to locals) • To be disposed off Any debris shall be collected and disposed of through the use of an approved waste disposal contractor. Topsoil shall only be stripped in the areas of tower foundations, associated access roads, and marshalling yards. Care shall be taken to avoid mixing topsoil and subsoil. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 25 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Site Reclamation after Completion After completion of all construction works all temporary structures, laydown areas, temporary roads, temporary drains and ditches, etc. shall be removed. Material used for these structures shall be recycled or disposed off. Temporary erosion controls shall be maintained (or replaced if necessary) until vegetation covers approximately 70% of disturbed areas. After the site has been cleared of construction material and other debris, topsoil shall be reapplied and watered. Where subsoil’s are severely compacted, the underlying layers shall be loosened or scarified with a plough or rake before applying topsoil. Re-vegetation plan shall be based on federal, state, and local guidelines and specifications for site stabilization. The effectiveness of the reclamation work will be evaluated after initial seeding and when planting works are finished. Areas where seeding is not effective or where further planting works are required will be identified and remediated also. 3.11 Construction / Installation Strategy Utilities Throughout the construction period, bottled drinking water will be imported to the job site by means of a tractor trailer truck for use by construction labor. Non-potable water for construction purposes will be obtained from the onsite wells at the adjacent Power Project site which will be installed. Temporary portable sanitation units will be employed for construction labor. The Project will be responsible for pump-out and disposal of all sanitary waste. The Project will also be responsible for the management and disposal of all office wastes, construction wastes and construction labor camp wastes generated as a result of the Project. The management and disposal of all construction generated waste streams will be conducted in accordance with all applicable Nigerian waste management regulations including project waste management and disposal standards. To ensure compliance with this commitment, the Project will contractually require its EPC contractor to develop and implement a waste management plan (WMP) consistent with its waste management standards and practices. The EPC contractor’s WMP and any subsequent revisions will require approval from the Project. To further ensure compliance, the Project will conduct periodic assessments of the EPC contractor’s waste management activities. The EPC Contractor will be required to promptly resolve any findings from these assessments to the Project’s satisfaction. Construction lighting will be accomplished by relying on mobile light towers, mainly required to illuminate the site each night for security. Temporary diesel electric generators will be used to provide office lighting and service other light loads. It is expected that temporary construction power will be provided by the EPC contractor using tow behind diesel generators for the construction period. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 26 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Temporary Site Facilities Temporary offices facilities essentially construction trailers will be established. Connex boxes will be used to store, dispense and secure consumables, small tools and small equipment. The Transmission Line laydown area will be about 30,000 m2. This area will be used during all the stages of the Project. It will aid in keeping materials dry and to provide a surface suitable for vehicle traffic. Later during the construction phase, construction materials and equipment like foundation reinforcement steel or steel tower metal bars will be stored in the area. Figure 3.5: Lay-down Tower Materials Storage Security at the lay-down area is expected to consist of a combination of expatriate security managers and local national guards some of whom will be recruited from the host communities. Perimeter security, entry control points as well as roving security patrols will likely be used. Towers Lattice steel structured towers consist of galvanized angle-profiles and plates of different dimensions with drilled or punched holes to be connected by galvanized bolts, spacers, washers, snap rings and nuts with different dimensions and performances. Bolts and Nuts should be ordered tower wise packed. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 27 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment To meet the timeframe for each tower to be erected activities have to be done before erection. A large area has to be rented to store the delivered materials. Packing is optimized for over-sea freight. The tower material is not arriving tower by tower or tower- section by tower-section. For each type of tower the bill of materials and the workshop drawings have to be studied and all parts for a specific tower type have to be picked and separately stored and marked per tower type. After all material for tower types is sorted out, the specific tower of specific type has to be sorted out. If body extensions or leg extensions are needed the material has to be picked and stored the same way. The completed material of one tower has to leave the store not before the tower erection gang has been established on the specific tower site No X. During picking and sorting tower related materials should be stored on wood supports in yard and on site. Bolts and nuts delivered per tower should be unpacked and prepared so that bolt, washer, snap-ring and nut are screwed together and packed again to be carried with tower No X to site. 3.11.1 Tower Erection Method • Erecting by mobile hydraulic cranes • If cranes are available (330 kV: 120 ton crane required minimum size) and the access roads are sufficient to drive on site the use of hydraulic cranes to erect towers in parts/sections is the most effective way • Erecting by means of helicopters • Helicopters to carry loads for non military use might not be available in Nigeria. The costs for helicopters are very high. Method is used in high mountain areas and at very critical locations. • Erecting by winch and derrick (gin-pole) • The winch and derrick method can be used at most of the locations. Small winches are needed for lifting the materials and the derrick itself. Anchors, guying ropes and tirfors are used to position the derrick. Towers will be erected in parts/panels/sections. o Use of derrick inside the tower base - If the tower base on the ground leaves enough space to handle and attach the derrick in a proper way, the derrick will be centered in the middle of the tower and attached to all tower-corners by steel- guying ropes. See Figure 3.6. o Use of derrick at one corner of the tower - To be used only if the tower base at the ground is too small to leave enough space to handle the derrick. For this use the top of the derrick has to be connected to anchors in four directions each by 90 degrees around the tower. o Erecting piece by piece - This method is the oldest method and can be used at every location. It is the most time consuming method. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 28 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Setting of the Swinging Gin- Tower Erection by Gin-Pole Pole inside the tower base Setting of the Swinging Guying Ropes Gin-Pole with High Yielding Gin-Pole Resistance Made of Aluminum Alloy Figure 3.6: Tower Erection Process Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 29 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.11.2 Tower Erecting Standard All towers shall be vertical within a tolerance at the tower top of 0.3% of the tower height before conductor erection. The bolt tightening torque shall be submitted to the assigned engineer for approval. Wrenches used for the bolt tightening shall be subject to the approval of the assigned engineer. The use of a wrench which may deform the nut or cut or flake the galvanization will not be permitted. In order to prevent pilfering, all bolts and nuts which are not anti vandal type at less than 3 meters above ground shall be secured by means of punching the bolts threads 3 times at the emergence from the nut. After erection of all towers, the steelwork within 150mm of the upper surface of the concrete, or other encasing materials and the upper surface of the concrete itself within 150mm of the projecting steel shall be painted with two coats of bituminous or other approved paint. Proper precautions shall be taken to ensure that towers are not strained or damaged in any way during erection. Whenever wire slings or ropes are liable to abrade a support member, the member shall be suitably protected by heavy Hessian bags or strips, pieces of wood or by some other approved method. Where derricks (gin-poles) are used for lifting panels they shall be securely guyed and shall be supported only at approved locations on the legs. Suitable ladders shall be used whenever necessary during erection of the towers. All ladders and removable step bolts shall be removed when erection work is not in progress. After erection all towers shall be cleaned of all foreign matter. 3.12 Stringing of Conductors and Shield Wires 3.12.1 Conductor All the power will be evacuated to the 330kV Ikot Abasi Substation via the 330kV transmission line from QIPP Power Plant. The transmission line is going to be a 330 kV two to four circuit TL. Each pair of circuits comprises of twin Bison conductors, ACSR 380/50, 431 mm2 or any other as approved by PHCN. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 30 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.12.2 Stringing Methods Stringing of conductor shall not be performed until 28 days after finished concrete works for foundations or as approved. The tightening of the tower bolts has to be completed and inspected. Stringing of conductor and related operations shall be performed during daylight hours. During stringing (and sagging) a reliable radio connection or some other approved means of communication shall be kept to coordinate operations within the group of line-men and operator of puller- tensioners. When the stringing of the conductor / earth-wire is about to be carried out the requisite notice to the appropriate authorities of the date and time at which the work shall be conducted will be made (Road authorities, Telecommunication utility, Power distribution utilities, Water authorities, Power Plant operators, private power distribution utilities, etc.). If necessary the traffic shall be controlled and guided. By appropriate routing and earthing and by protective measures it shall be ensured, that neither persons nor animals, nor installations are endangered by the inductive effect from the TL. This applies equally to construction, undisturbed normal operation and to disturbed faulty operation of a TL. All necessary arrangements with communities or landowners before entering private land for the transport of materials, and access to the site from the road shall be made. Clearance shall be provided by trimming of trees and other vegetation to obtain enough clearance from the nearest conductors in order to protect them from damages during construction and later operation of the TL. Clearing operations shall be conducted in such a way as to prevent damage to existing structures and installations and to those under construction, as well as to provide for the safety of employees and the public and avoid any risk during crossing process. Where necessary, scaffolding shall be provided at such times as may be convenient to the requisite authorities. Conductors shall not be pre-stressed above sagging tension during the pulling operation. The puller- tensioners should be set to maintain sufficient tensions to clear all obstructions by 2 to 3 m yet remaining considerably below the sagging tension. This clearance shall be confirmed by observation. Conductor joints are not permitted at spans crossing over TL. The placing of tensioning and pulling equipment during the stringing operation shall be such that the combination of loads on a tower cross-arms multiplied by the appropriate overload factor, shall not be more than the maximum design load of the tower. Stringing Preparations Before conductor stringing, the tension towers should be properly anchored. Each cross- arm and the tops of the towers should be anchored at both sides. The anchor ropes shall be fixed on the cross-arms and the tops of the tower and fixed on the anchor bore. The anchor bore are connected to concrete blocks, these blocks are in addition to their weight Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 31 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment partly dug into the ground to stand tension force of anchor rope. The distance between the tower and the anchor bore should be such that the angle between rope and the ground is 30° at maximum. Anchors should be taken off after f inishing erection works. The wheels (pulley-block for bundle, see Figure 3.7) guiding the pilot wire and later on the conductors will be put on cross-arms and single ones at the tops (for pilot, earth-wire and OPGW) of every suspension tower in the section. Figure 3.7: Pulley - Block Wheels for tension stringing shall be neoprene or teflon lined (coated) bull wheel-type. The design shall be such that when the designed tension is obtained, the same constant tension will be held as long as the brakes are left at this setting. Start of Stringing The first pilot rope should be stringed by hand or helicopter, beginning from the first reel and through the wheels on every following tower. After the first pilot rope has arrived at the end of the section a stronger pilot wire will be connected and pulled to the other side. The other end of the rope should be fixed to the puller tensioner. The bigger sizes will go from the reels through the puller- tensioners and be pulled by the machines not by hand. If a pilot wire has arrived that can take the tensile forces of the double bison a running board (see Figure 3.8) will be connected to the pilot wire. Running Board for Two or Three Bundle Conductors Running Board in use Figure 3.8: Running Board Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 32 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Start of Stringing with a Helicopter If the time frame (window) is tight, it is feasible to string the pilot wires by helicopter. Use of helicopter guarantees better timing and transfer of the first pilot wire. However this special way of pilot wire stringing is more cost intensive. But it is also the safest way to string the pilot wire over a live operating TL. Figure 3.9: Helicopter Pulling a Pilot Wire The helicopter starts at the drum-stand with the rope and flies backwards. The drums are not heavy and the resistance is not high. The pilot flies right or left of the tower. If he comes closer to the first tower, he passes the tower on right or left side to have a secure distance of the tower. If pulley blocks with an open frame and helicopter pull-in aid are available, the pilot moves the helicopter more to the center-line and pushes the rope into the center wheel of the pulley block. If only closed blocks are available a line-man will open the block and push the rope in the center wheel. During this action the helicopter shall not move. When the line man has closed the block again, he gives a signal to the pilot and the pilot moves to the next tower. Pilot and line-men should have experience in doing the stringing job of pilot-ropes. Stringing of Conductors The empty reels (for pilot-wire) will be taken out of the two hydraulically tensioned / driven drum-stands or out of reel-stands positioned near the puller- tensioner working on this side of section as a tensioner. Two conductor drums will then be loaded to the drumstands. Figure 3.10: Drum- Stand with Hydraulic Drive and Disc Break Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 33 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The position of the drum on the drum-stand should enable unwinding of the conductors on the upper side. The conductors will be guided through the puller- tensioner (see Figure 3.10) always on the upper side and connected with mush sockets (cable-grips) and swivels to the running board. Figure 3.11: Puller- Tensioner during Stringing of 3 Bundle Conductors The stringing of the first phase with two Bison conductors can start. The puller-tensioner on the other side will start to pull. The puller-tensioner connected to the drum- stands will be used as a break, to safeguard that the conductors will be stringed so strongly that touching the ground and / or other objects is prevented. Clamping of Conductors When the bundle arrives at the puller’s side and the running board goes through the last pulley block, working clamps are installed to tighten the conductors to the cross-arm. Lines-men will then drain the pulley block to the ground, lift and attach the insulator strings on cross-arm, install conductors to final tension clamps at the insulator tension strings and release the working clamps to be removed. The conductors will be cut with long ends for the jumper-loops (electrical connection from one section to another). After the conductors are clamped into the tension clamp the puller- tensioner that has been used as a break will now be used as a puller and re-tension the conductors close to the sag that shall be finally adjusted. Working clamps will be set by the lines-men and the same process will start according to the other side of the section. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 34 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 3.12: Strain Tower, Clamping 3 Bundle Conductors - Jumper Loops Unfinished Five (5) additional phase bundles have to be strung and pre-sagged in the same way while clamping operations are done on other phases simultaneously. Stringing of OPGW and Earth-wire Steel ground-wire has to be strung and pre-sagged like the conductors using a single wheel instead a pulley-block. Installation of the OPGW shall be performed like all stringing activities. Supervisor shall confirm stringing method. Free length of OPGW, corresponding to the tower height of +10 m, shall be left onto the tension towers, to enable the connection / splicing of the optical fibre cable. This length shall be taken into account during determination of OPGW lengths in the design stage of the project. Special precautions should be taken to prevent twisting or scratching of OPGW during installation. At all times during stringing, sagging and clamping operations, the conductors, reels, drums and hauling equipment shall be effectively grounded, movable earthing (travelling grounds) shall be put onto the OPGW in front of the machines. Puller- tensioner on the pulling side has to be equipped with tensile force recorder to capture the data needed as evidence in a warranty case. Tolerable tensile forces are mentioned in the manufacturer’s documentation. The strung wire shall be adequately grounded at the tower and shall stay grounded until finishing the construction works. All such grounds have been removed before the TLines are offered for provisional acceptance. Working personal shall be protected through the individual ground connecting on every working place. At all times during stringing, sagging and clamping operations, the conductors, reels, drums and hauling equipment shall be effectively grounded, movable earthing (travelling grounds) shall be put onto the conductors in front of the machines and the operators stand on conductive ground mats, every third pulley-block has to be grounded to the tower. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 35 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Sagging of Conductors When stringing is finished, final tensioning (sagging) will start. During this process, the air temperature at 5m above ground should be measured. If the day is hot, wire temperature is higher than the air temperature and this should be taken into account. The best measuring instrument is a contact thermometer. For each section the sag values will be taken out of the sag template for the specific situation. Sagging should be done by sighting and by theodolite. To avoid loss of minimum ground clearance, the conductors shall be tensioned to a higher tension than the nominal design tension. On a stringing chart this is reflected in selecting a tension corresponding to a lower temperature. For example, when the air temperature is 30 C, the tensions/forces and sags shall be taken from the stringing chart for 20 C. This means that the conductor is over-tensioned by 10 C and this difference is called “temperature shift�. Sagging spans shall be selected so that one span length is as close to the equivalent span as practicable. Spans shall be selected so that one is near the tension tower and one or two near the centre of the section. When sagging of all wires is finished, the wires should stay on wheels for another 24hours in order to equalize the straining on all spans (not needed if crossing is between two strain towers). Before putting the wires into suspension clamps, the sags shall be checked again. After fixing the wires into suspension clamps, suspension insulator assembly shall be in the vertical position. The spacers for the bundle conductors will be installed using line-cars or line-bicycles. Sagging of OPGW should be done according to data from sagging templates and approved span method. The instructions of the manufacturer are to be taken into account during the installation of OPGW itself and associated equipment. Crossing of other Transmission Lines Scaffolds are installed to protect crossed objects during conductor stringing. Low-duty scaffolds made of wood are suited to protect or fences small structures etc. They need not to withstand the stresses due to conductor failure because the damage to objects would be limited in such an event. Scaffolds for protecting roads, railway lines, low- and medium- voltage lines, telephone-lines etc. should withstand the loads that might occur after failure of a conductor or of a connector during stringing activities, thus excluding any contact with objects under the line. In special cases, e. g. if motorways cannot be blocked for a longer period, plastic or metallic nets are in-stalled over the crossed object. A Transmission Line will be crossed in the vicinity of Ikot Abasi Substation, namely the existing 132 kV Transmission Line from IBOM Power generating facility to Eket. This has been considered in the conceptual design. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 36 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.13 Embankments, Levelling and Drainage The top surface of the concrete slabs for single or raft foundations shall be slightly inclined to the outer edge to drain off water. Ditches for rain water shall surround every structure and shall be designed to drain water away from the structure (e.g. into the next available natural pond) or into a small basin erected close by. 3.14 Power Transmission Line Operations The transmission line will be operated by PHCN. The operability philosophy is to ensure the safety requirements and avoid undue line failures by proper design for weather - lightning and wind. Additionally, the monitoring of electrical parameters and protection of the TL during operation, a quick response to emergency situations should be implementable, which is buttressed through prior training and adequate stock of replacement parts. The operations of the transmission line should be such that the system can function or perform satisfactorily even when prevalent conditions are off-design such as component malfunction on one of the circuits and/or high electrical currents. The various parameters that can cause system failure should be monitored in a way that they are easy to understand. Best practices are to be considered in evaluating access to and viewing of operating data, manipulation of controls, removal and replacement of equipment and components of the TL. 3.15 Maintenance The Transmission Line will be maintained by the proponent. The TLine shall be designed to facilitate maintenance – e.g., climbing aids, use of wedge clamps instead of compression clamps, use of steel (and not copper) ground wires. When TLine is to be maintained, the downtime should be minimal, and failed or faulty components are to be replaced as needed and expeditiously. Any component of the transmission line that appears in multiples are to be identical and from the same manufacturer. All components must be safe, of good quality, of required design capacity and readily available. The tower structures and foundations are to be safe and easily accessible by any means employed. Access to the line (conductors, insulators and line hardware) and its accessories has to be safe and easy, but restricted to avoid undue access. 3.16 Commissioning Commissioning shall be in accordance with national standards of the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) standard 2007 edition, or latest version. The line shall be energized at full working voltage before acceptance. Approved procedures and tests shall be completed accordingly and certified. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 37 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The following Performance Tests shall be carried out: • Measurements of tower earthing resistance • Power losses and electrical resistance of conductors • Line energizing test • Other tests as defined in the national standards 3.17 Turnover The transmission line shall be considered complete for acceptance and turnover when: • All the material for the project has been shipped and all the installation is completed. • The Towers, Foundation, Conductors, OPGW and accessories have been successfully tested. • All the Mandatory Spare Parts have been delivered to the designated yard. • The clean-up and final inspection is completed. • All the regulatory / obligatory approvals from the designated authorities for commercial operation of lines are secured (ROW, Access roads). • All system commissioning requirements have been completed and documented as evidenced by the approval of System Turnover Notices • All outstanding punch list items are cleared • All manuals, calculations, drawings, documentation, software, licenses, as-built documentation, etc. are delivered 3.18 Project Supervision and Surveillance There will be different stages during the whole project; the first part is the engineering and then the construction activities. Therefore the surveillance or supervision is split up in these two parts. Engineering Surveillance The objectives of the Engineering Surveillance and Supervision are to: • Confirm that detailed engineering complies with the Contract, and all applicable government regulations, • Confirm that the engineering is executed according to the Quality Plan • Assess compliance with its engineering plans and procedures, • Verify engineering in accordance with PHCN standards and expectations expectations, • Guide Project Team engineers conducting surveillance work, • Outline a procedure for the initial and periodic assessment of the engineering processes and performance. Construction Surveillance The objective of the Construction Surveillance is to: • Verify that the constructed facilities are according to the Contractual engineering basis (e.g., Project Specifications, Industry Standards and Codes, and applicable regional government regulations). • Manage changes that are made at site to ensure that the design intent is not compromised and ensure that Coordination Procedures (e.g., Management of Change, Design Verification, etc.) for the site are functioning effectively. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 38 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Guide the Site Engineering Team conducting surveillance work. • Provide engineering expertise and oversight to support the Construction and System Completion Teams to achieve the project execution objective (e.g., safety, quality, schedule, cost, operability and handover). • Provide a framework for defining EMDC Function and other third party involvement in site engineering surveillance. 3.19 Safety, Health, Environment and Security Issues Particular consideration shall be given to the Safety, Health, Environment, Security (SHE&S) and Regulatory (SHES&R) of all project personnel at all stages of planning, execution and management of the project. The following sections identify how the project shall be planned to achieve SHE&S objectives, through the implementation of procedures relating to SHE&S Planning and Execution. SHE&S is the Project's highest priorities and the responsibility of every individual associated with the Project. The SHE&S Philosophy is: • Nobody Gets Hurt during project planning and execution. • Safety and security are the project’s highest priorities. • Any work performed at a facility must be done in the safest manner possible. • Safety is an integrated part of SHE&S policies, procedures and requirements and those are required to safely operate and maintain operating facilities. • Safety is everybody’s concern and responsibility. The Construction SHE&S Management System is to be established prior to construction based on the above philosophy and the requirements of following at minimum: • OHSAS18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Requirements; • ISO9001:2008 Quality management systems: Requirements • ISO14001:2004 Environmental management systems: Requirements with guidance for use; • Local Norms, Rules and Regulations for Health, Safety and Environmental Protection; • Environmental Guidelines and Standards for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria, Ministry of Petroleum Resources- "Revised Edition 2002"; • Workmen’s Compensation Decree/1987; • Electrical Regulations/1988. The objectives and strategies for the construction phase of the Project are aligned with the overall Project Objectives and Strategies (POS). Construction Objectives are: • Improve Project Safety, health, security, environmental protection/performance, particularly during construction • Assure Project Quality Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 39 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Reduce Project Life-Cycle Costs • Reduce Project Schedules • Properly plan logistics to ensure minimum rework caused by poor engineering/construction coordination • Properly plan the contracting and procurement activities while supporting field construction requirements to ensure the reduced schedule and cost impacts are realized. • Enhance Management of Risk • Involve local communities in the construction process • Foster an effective relationship with communities These objectives will be achieved through: • Effective collaboration within the Project Team • Involvement of all Project Team members as active participants in, contributors to, and owners of the process • Ownership and stewardship by specific project team members • Inclusion of the Program as an integral part of the culture and work processes for the Project • Early use of construction knowledge and experience during planning and design to ensure the Construction Execution Plan is consistent with design, practical, cost effective and conforms to the overall project goals of safety, quality, cost, schedule, execution and site-management resources. • A systematic approach for incorporating construction expertise in detailed engineering, procurement and other execution activities to: o Foster interface communications o Reduce project cost by fostering a fit-for-purpose construction philosophy o Forecast labor requirements, assess availability and produce proactive plans around the forecast o Actively promote preassembly and modularization o Identify and resolve issues, as well as identify and capture opportunities Special attention shall be given to work at height and during tower erection and conductor stringing. Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 40 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 3.20 Fuel Transport, Storage and Dispensing Programme Fuel shall be purchased locally at fuel stations and suppliers. Shortages in the local market shall be taken into consideration and planning shall avoid any shortage. All sorts of fuels used in TLine construction processes will be stored at specified equipment staging areas. Where practical, refueling will be conducted at the staging areas. Fuel shall be stored in special protected storage areas, such as shelters, protected against rain, with restricted personnel access, good illumination, concrete foundation and bunds to avoid any unexpected spills and soil contamination. If refueling along the right-of-way is required, fuel will be trucked in using appropriate equipment. Gases for welding are supplied to site in steel bottles and must be stored open air in a safe, sun protected bottle holder secured at all times by chains / restraining straps. 3.21 Site Decommissioning / Environmental Restoration Site Clean up Upon completion of the construction/installation and pre-commissioning tests of the proposed TL project, all work sites shall be thoroughly cleaned with the complete dismantling and removal of every temporary facility. In addition, de-vegetated areas that are not required for operations and maintenance works shall be re-vegetated Site Decommissioning The proposed project has a lifespan of 25 years. Equipment and structures that are certified safe will be reused. The transmission line and facilities shall be decommissioned and abandoned in accordance with FMENV Guidelines for infrastructures with particular reference to power transmission lines as at the time of decommissioning. The transmission wires, towers and substation facilities shall be dismantled and removed from positions. Adequate re-vegetation shall also be carried out along the transmission route, access roads and substations where applicable. Generally, decommissioning activities shall be planned and executed with a combined team to be drawn from FMENV, PHCN and other relevant bodies and/or as practiced during the time of decommissioning. 3.22 Project Waste Management Plan A project specific waste management plan (WMP) has been developed for the transmission line project and is discussed under the WMP section in chapter seven of this report. 3.23 Project Schedule The proposed transmission line construction shall be completed within 36 months. A Gnatt chart showing a schedule of activities for the project is shown in Figure 3.13 below Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 41 of 42 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 3.13: Project Schedule Chapter Three Final Draft Report Page 42 of 42 July, 2012 AP6 AP3 9 3 0 4 4 1 2 4 3 4 3 8 4 5 4 AP5 6 4 4 7 7 3 8 4 AP2 4 9 6 3 0 5 1 5 5 2 5 3 4 3 3 3 2 1 3 0 3 5 3 4 5 9 2 5 6 5 AP7 8 2 5 7 8 5 7 2 AP4 5 9 0 6 6 2 1 6 6 2 5 2 3 6 6 4 4 2 5 6 6 2 3 7 6 8 6 9 6 2 0 7 1 7 2 7 7 3 1 2 4 7 7 5 6 7 0 2 7 7 8 9 7 0 8 1 9 1 8 2 8 8 1 1 7 6 1 5 1 1 4 %%ULEGEND 3 1 2 1 AP1 1 TO IKOT ABASI S/S 0 1 9 8 TLINE PRELIMINARY ROUTE 7 6 RIGHT OF WAY CORRIDOR 5 4 3 2 1 DE1 QIPP QIT 10 28.02.11 IB ISSUED FOR USE JB ANGLE POINT CHAINAGE (m) DE1 391031 503516 0.0 UNKNOWN QUA IBOE POWER PROJECT AP1 390560 506112 2638.4 57°45'59''(L) AP2 384518 508547 9152.6 8°47'7''(L) TRANSMISSION LINE AP3 381910 509157 11830.9 13°15'34''(L) ELECTRICAL AP4 380102 509154 13638.9 24°0'23''(R) PRELIMINARY TLINE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR IT AP5 378751 509753 15116.8 29°6'29''(L) ATTACHMENT 1 AP6 374716 509386 19168.5 6°21'25''(L) ROUTE OF LINE IN SCALE 1:50000 (SHEET 1 OF AP7 373904 509220 19997.3 5°34'36''(R) C658 PO4500596437 NONE 1:50000 2 8 3 8 8 4 5 8 6 8 8 7 8 9 8 0 9 9 1 2 9 3 9 9 4 5 9 AP8 6 9 9 7 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 1 0 4 0 5 1 0 6 1 1 0 7 0 8 1 0 9 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 %%ULEGEND 1 6 1 7 IKOT ABASI AP9 1 8 TO IKOT ABASI S/S 1 9 (CONTINUED FROM SHEET 1) 2 0 1 DE2 e a r y d n a s 1 2 1 TLINE PRELIMINARY ROUTE AP13 y a e a r d n s AP14 1 2 2 RIGHT OF WAY CORRIDOR 1 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 AP12 3 1 1 r y d n a s e a y d n a s e a r r y d n a s e a e a r y d n a s 2 4 1 3 0 1 1 2 5 2 6 1 2 7 1 1 2 9 2 8 1 AP11 AP10 10 28.02.11 IB ISSUED FOR USE JB ANGLE POINT CHAINAGE (m) AP8 348174 506526 45867.9 18°10'48''(L) QUA IBOE POWER PROJECT AP9 344988 505097 49359.7 22°8'52''(L) AP10 344216 504289 50477.2 42°14'21''(R) TRANSMISSION LINE AP11 342556 504171 52141.4 54°56'8''(R) ELECTRICAL AP12 342316 504466 52521.7 40°17'41''(R) PRELIMINARY TLINE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR AP13 342321 504712 52767.8 51°27'9''(R) ATTACHMENT 1 DE2 342605 504929 53125.2 13°38'0''(R) ROUTE OF LINE IN SCALE 1:50000 (SHEET 2 OF C658 PO4500596437 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER FOUR EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER FOUR EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 4.1 General This chapter describes the characteristics of the ecological environment along which the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi transmission line project activities described in chapter three will be carried out. The socio-economic profiles of the communities closest to the proposed project are also presented in this chapter. The discussion below describes the environment in the study area in terms of prevalent: • Physical and chemical environment, e.g., meteorology, geology, sediment type distribution, surface water characteristics etc; • Biotic environment, geographical location and distribution of e.g., plankton, benthos, fish, birds, vegetation and wildlife etc; • Socio-economic and health conditions, of communities close to the project activities (describes the demographic structure, culture, social and economic health conditions as well as results of consultation processes within the communities during the EIA studies). The summary of conditions (baseline) presented in this chapter is based on information from literature as well as findings of a two season field sampling programme, laboratory analyses and socio-economic and health surveys specifically for this EIA. The data acquired will be used in the project design, operation and in making general management decisions as well as in the assessment of the potential and associated impacts of the proposed project activities on the host environment (ecological and socio-economic). 4.2 Baseline Data Acquisition methods Baseline data acquisition involved a multidisciplinary approach and was executed within the framework of Fugro Nigeria Limited (FNL) management system approach. Elements of this approach include literature research, designing and development of field sampling strategy to meet regulatory requirements; confirmation of the sampling design and locations by PHCN; pre-mobilization activities (job hazard analysis, sampling equipment/materials calibrations and checks) and mobilization to field; fieldwork implementation, sample collection (including field observations), handling, documentation and storage protocols and procedures, demobilization from field, transfer of sample custody to the laboratory for analysis. A detailed description of baseline data acquisition including sample collection and handling methodologies and laboratory processes are presented in Appendix 4.1. 4.2.1 Literature Research This was carried out prior to field data gathering campaign in order to obtain relevant background information on the soil, water, and air of the study area. Further research was also conducted at the end of the field data gathering exercise in order to compare literature information with generated field data and for additional information on the study Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 1 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment area. Generally, literature research involved consulting relevant textbooks (e.g Edmunds, J. 1978; Prescot et al., 1999), research environment as well as technical presentations. Specific examples of previous studies consulted in generating comparative based data for describing the existing environment of the project area include but not limited to the following: • Environmental Impact Assessment of Ibom Power Plant (2005): Ibom Power Company Limited. • Environmental Impact Assessment of 46km Ikot Abasi – Eket Transmission Line (2005): Ibom Power Company Limited. • Environmental Impact Assessment of Qua Iboe Field Development Project (2005): Network E&P Nigeria Limited. • Environmental Impact Assessment of 78km Ikot Abasi – Ikot Ekpene Transmission Line (2007): National Inteegrated Power Project. 4.2.2 Environmental Field Survey In order to effectively characterize the ecology of the study area, a two season comprehensive field data gathering exercise was carried. The wet season field exercise was carried out between August 4th and September 9th 2011, while the dry season field exercise was between the November 11th and 15th December 2011. The overall goal of the field exercise was to generate environmental baseline data that would be sufficient to characterize the ecological, socio-economics and health status of the project area and provide sound basis for the EIA of the proposed project. The specific objectives and scope of the fieldwork ensured that all aspects of the environment within the project area were completely characterized. Sampling Design The sampling design and methods were selected in the context of the project objectives, relevant (FMENV, 1995, ASTM 2005, etc.) regulations and guidelines, environmental sensitivities, and with consideration to expected surface, sub-surface / geologic conditions, access constraints and local equipment availability and costs. The QIT – Ikot Abasi field sampling design is in line with the FMENV guidelines for EIA. A total of 23 (SS1 to SS23) sampling stations were designated for samples collection. These stations were distributed to adequately cover the entire study area (Attachment I). The coordinates of sampling stations, sampling requirements and codes are presented in Table 4.1. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 2 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.1: Sampling Co-ordinates and Requirements Station X Y Requirement SS1 8.017689 4.5547 soil, air quality, surface water, sediment, plankton, benthos and vegetation/wildlife SS2 8.014072 4.574551 soil SS3 8.00702 4.580751 soil, air quality, surface water, sediment, plankton and benthos SS4 7.975522 4.593437 soil SS5 7.951704 4.601806 soil SS6 7.926443 4.605578 soil, air quality, surface water, sediment, plankton, benthos and vegetation/wildlife SS7 7.903185 4.610608 soil SS8 7.877946 4.608265 soil SS9 7.855727 4.605264 soil SS10 7.830177 4.602537 soil, air quality and vegetation / wildlife SS11 7.804106 4.599754 soil SS12 7.781543 4.597345 soil SS13 7.755541 4.594568 soil, air quality and vegetation / wildlife SS14 7.73346 4.592209 soil SS15 7.707511 4.589435 soil SS16 7.685672 4.5871 soil, air quality and vegetation / wildlife SS17 7.660048 4.58436 soil SS18 7.634816 4.58166 soil, air quality SS19 7.606547 4.570064 soil, air quality, surface water, sediment, plankton and benthos SS20 7.591482 4.565826 soil, air quality, surface water, sediment, plankton and benthos SS21 7.581876 4.565826 soil SS22 8.017601 4.55901 soil SS23 7.578101 4.566132 soil, air quality and vegetation / wildlife During the sampling exercise, field observations were made and documented in field notebooks and still photographs (details of these are presented in subsequent sections of this chapter). Features observed include water and soil characteristics, biodiversity, and socio-economic setting. The environmental components sampled include soil, surface water, sediment, air, and biodiversity and socio cultural features. Soil sampling stations were established to ensure the major soil types that characterize the TL corridor were adequately covered. Also surface water and sediment sampling as well as hydro-biological studies were carried out in line with applicable procedures. Air quality / noise were sampled along chosen sensitive sampling points. Furthermore, socio- economic and health surveys were conducted within identified host communities along the TL corridor in all six affected local government areas (LGA) in Akwa Ibom State (details of the sampling methodology are presented in Appendix 4.1, Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 3 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Overall, sampling in 23 soil stations, 5 surface water / sediment stations, 10 air quality / noise level stations as well as socio-economic, health and public consultations in six (6) Traditional Ruling Councils, nine (9) Clan Councils and fifty (50) Villages. Sampling Location The various sample stations (on land and water) were located by the aid of hand held Global Positioning System (GPS). The sampling points were logged into the GPS prior to mobilization. Sampling Procedures Sample collection was done in line with recommended procedures and practices for environmental data collection in Nigeria. An overview of sampling procedures for each parameter and observation made are discussed in the following sub-sections (see Appendix 4.1 for more details). Vegetation A reconnaissance survey provided insight into the selection of appropriate location, number, size, position and orientation of the transects. The study was conducted in the 6 belt transects, 1000m x 10m = 10,000 m2, each. Transects were established at intervals of approximately 10 km, alternating on the right and left flanks of the proposed route and including, as much as possible, all vegetation types along the proposed route Within each transect the associated vegetation was characterized using the segmented belt transect techniques (Oosting 1956; Odu et al, 1985; Okpon et al 1998), to ensure maximum chances of finding most of the component species in the area. Blocks of 5m x 5m were laid on randomly chosen sides of each transect for detailed studies. Such alternately spaced observation points which cover the entire area as demarcated by these transects are generally more efficient statistically, than the contiguous or 100% assessment on smaller length of transect (Odu, et al 1985). Among the parameters investigated in each transect were floristic composition, community structure, relative density and percentage frequency of occurrence, maximum tree height (using an altimeter), stocking density, pathological conditions and percentage litter cover. For each transects, there followed photographic records of representative segments. After assessing the general condition and status of the vegetation, all the plant species were, as much as possible, identified and listed on the field. The taxonomically difficult forms that could not be identified with certainty were collected with a secateur (including the twig, flower, fruits, etc.), properly labeled and taken to the Herbarium, Rivers State University of Science & Technology, Port Harcourt, in black polythene bags, for further keying and identification. All identification followed the keys of Hutchinson and Dalziel (1968) and Keay et al (1964) for trees, and Akobundu and Agyakwa (1998) for weeds. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 4 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Wildlife Studies on the wildlife diversity occurring along the proposed transmission line were conducted between 7am and 6.00pm local time by a consortium of herpetologists, ornithologists and mammalogists. Thus, various conventional techniques; both direct and indirect methods (Moshby 1974; Dasmann 1964; Sutherland 2000; Davies 2002, etc) were adopted. Pricipal objectives were to produce a comprehensive checklist of fauna, determine their distribution and conservation status (prior to commencement of the project), against which future changes and magnitude of change in wildlife populations would be detected. Considering the dependence of wildlife on vegetation for shelter, food, perching, nesting site, etc, sampling stations were established along vegetation transects. Critical habitats and microhabitats such as log, litter, forest undergrowth, crevices and burrows were ransacked with the aid of 1m long probe to dislodge any hiding herpetofauna and mammals (Heinen, 1992). To increase the chances of sighting wild animals or their evidence of presence, the search was carried out radially, along the northern, southern, eastern and western axis of each transect. With respect to amphibians, Visual Encounter surveys (VES), Dip-netting (DN), Acoustic encounter surveys (AES), were applied, while Pitfall traps with drift fence were used for reptiles, and ground-running mammals such as rodents (in the way of Heyer, et al, 1994; Rodel and Ernst, 2004, Nago et al, 2006, and Akani, 2008). Each transect was sampled for about two hours, five times (once in two days) during the period, between 7am and 6pm local time. All dislodged and sighted animal were identified to possible taxonomic levels, using the exquisite field guides and Keys of Happold (1987), Kingdon (1997), and Powell (1995) for mammals; Peterson (1980) and Borrow and Demey (2001) for birds; Branch (1988) and Spawls and Branch (1995) for reptiles; and Schiotz ( 1963,1969), and Rodel (2000) for amphibians. When and wherever possible, photographs were taken to demonstrate field observations. Further information on diversity and conservation status of wildlife in the prospect area were acquired from (i) biodiversity reports of tertiary institutions and forestry departments in Akwa Ibom state, (ii) previous biodiversity reports of environmental assessments within the area and of similar habitats (iii) through inspection of animals displayed for sale in bushmeat markets at Onna, Mkpat-Enin and Ikot Abasi areas etc. and (iv) by interviewing hunters concerning the variety of wildlife captured in the area, local names, dates of last kill or sighting, sites of high faunal density, seasonal abundance, hunting techniques and degrees of success. At their homes hunters were urged to present for examination and identification any preserved animal remains or trophies such as – skin, skull/skeleton, horn, hoof, scale, shell, etc - in their bags, caught in the area, as well say the last time they sighted or killed each animal discussed. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 5 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Soil Composite soil samples were collected at designated soil stations with the aid of hand auger. Samples were collected from 0-15cm and 15-30cm depth at each sampling point. Sub-samples for microbial analysis were taken in sterilized 100ml McCartney bottles and stored in a cool box. Samples for physico-chemical parameters were stored in polythene bags. Details of sampling approach and procedures are documented in Appendix 4.1. Surface water / Sediment Surface water samples were gotten from the river surface using a beaker. The beaker was lowered into the river, and water was drawn to the surface. Water samples were transferred directly into appropriate containers for preservation and subsequent analysis. In-situ analyses were immediately carried out to determine the following parameters with short holding time; pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen. Water samples for heavy metal analysis were collected in 2ml plastic bottles and acidified with 10% HNO3. Sediment samples from the river bed were collected in corresponding surface water stations along the transmission line route using an Eckman grab (ASTM 2005). Zooplankton samples were collected by dropping and pulling plankton net with mesh size of 0.063mm vertically on the surface of the river. A weight (iron rod) was attached to the cord holding the net; it was lowered into the river and then pulled back to the surface for collection. Phytoplankton sample collection was done by lowering the plankton net to about 0.5m on the water surface and towed (horizontally) on the waterway at a speed of about 1.5knots per hour for 5 minutes. Benthic macro fauna samples were obtained by washing residual sediment samples through a 1 mm-mesh sieve using water obtained from the river on board the sampling boat. The benthos samples obtained were placed in a plastic container and preserved in 20% buffered formal saline and stored in the ice coolers. Air Quality / Noise Air quality and ambient noise studies were conducted at 10 desiganated air quality / noise stations along the proposed transmission line route. Measurement methods and principles adopted for each parameter were based on sensitivity, stability, repeatability and capability for calibration during analysis. The methods adopted for ambient air quality measurements along the study area are tabulated below. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 6 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment S/N Parameter Measurement Method 1 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) In situ source pointer probe (Aerocet) 2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) In situ PID probe 3 Hydrocarbons (CxHy) In- situ Protassen probe 4 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) In- situ Protassen probe 5 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Ogawa pad absorbents 6 Nitrogen Diooxide (NO2) Ogawa pad absorbents 7 Ammonia (NH3) Ogawa pad absorbents 8 Sulphur Oxide (SOx) Ogawa pad absorbents 8 Noise Pulsar II Leq / percentile frequencies Socio-economics / Health Studies Socio-economic and health assessment involves studying affected host communities in the six identified LGA (Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot – Abasi). Information on socio-economics and community health data was acquired using household questionnaires as well as other relevant socio-economic and health survey tools (Appendix 4.7). Key informant interviews and focus group discussions, physical evaluation of health status as well as consultations with the various sections of the host communities provided relevant information on socio-economics and health profile of the area. Laboratory Analysis Laboratory analysis was generally in line with international American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) and American Public Health Association (APHA) as well as FMENV Standard protocols. Quality Assurance/ Quality Control (QA/QC) measures adopted for laboratory analyses are in Accordance with FMENV recommendations. Other QA/QC measures adopted are: • the use of trained personnel at all phases of the study; • written analytical standard operating procedures were followed during analyses and • routine auditing and checking of analyses results, including control solutions and mid- point standards, were introduced into every batch or ten samples as applicable, and analyses for which deviation of these quality control / mid –point standards are outside 90 to 110% of expected value were repeated. A summary of data collection and analytical methods together with test equipments employed for the study are shown in Table 4.2 below, while discussions and details are provided in Appendix 4.1. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 7 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.2: Ecological Components, Analytical Methods and Test Equipment Sample Matrix Parameter Test Method Test Equipment Water pH APHA 4500H+B multi 340i/set Meter Water Temperature (oC) APHA 2550B multi 340i/set Meter - Water Chloride APHA 4500 Cl Titration Water Nitrate EPA 352.1 Uv/ Visible light Water Sulphate APHA 4500-SO4 Uv/ Visible light Water Magnesium APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 FAAS Water Potassium APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 FAAS Water Sodium APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 FAAS Water Calcium APHA 3111D FAAS Water Cadmium APHA 3111B FAAS Water Total Chromium APHA 3111C FAAS Water Copper APHA 3111B FAAS Water Total Iron APHA 3111B FAAS Water Lead APHA 3111B FAAS Water Nickel APHA 3111B FAAS Water Zinc APHA 3111B FAAS Water Silver APHA 3111B FAAS Water Manganese APHA 3111B FAAS Water Mercury APHA 3112B AAS / Hydrite unit Water Vanadium APHA 3111D FAAS Water salinity APHA 2520 multi 340i/set Meter Water DO APHA 4500-OG multi 340i/set Meter Water Turbidity APHA 2130B Dr / 890 colorimeter Water Redox Potential ASTM D1498 HANNA Multimeter Water TOC BS 1377 Titration Water TDS APHA 2510A multi 340i/set Meter Water TSS APHA 2540D Gravimetry Water BOD5 APHA 5220D WTW oxitop Water COD APHA 5220D Titration Water Total Hardness APHA 2340C Titration Water Oil & Grease ASTM D 3921 FTIR Water/Soil/Sediment BTEX EPA 8240 GC/MS Water Microbiology ASTM D5465-93 Microscope Water Zooplankton APHA 10200 G Counting (microscope) Water Phytoplankton APHA 10200 F Counting (microscope) Soil/Sediment pH ASTM D 4972 multi 340i/set Meter Sediment PSD ASTM D 422 Hydrometer / water bath Soil/Sediment All heavy metals USEPA 6200 XRF 2- Soil/Sediment Extractable Sulphate CAEM/APHA 4500 SO4 E UV /visible spectrphoto Soil/Sediment Extractable CAEM/APHA 4500 PD Phosphate UV /visible spectrphoto Soil/Sediment Microbiology ASTM D5465-93 Microscope Sediment Macrobenthos APHA 10500C Microscope Soil/Sediment TOC BS 1377 Titration Soil/Sediment THC ASTM D 3921 FTIR Soil Microbiology ASTM D5465-93 Microscope Assessment Methods floristic composition, relative density and Segmented belt transect Vegetation As required percentage frequency techniques etc checklist distribution Wildlife Direct and indirect methods As required & conservation status Socio-economic and Sampling procedure based on Socio-economics & health status of convenience samples. As required health affected communities Primary (FGD, GGD, IDI), along the route secondary (literature research) Source: FNL Laboratory 2010; FAAS – Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, GC – Gas Chromatography, UV – Ultra violet / Visible Spectrophotometer, ASTM = American Society for Testing and Material (1999 Edition), APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998), EPA = Environmental Protection Agency (2nd Edition 1996), BS = British Standard, CAEM = Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials 2nd Edition 1989, FGD = Focus Group Discussions. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 8 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.3 Description of Ecological Baseline Conditions Ecological baseline conditions studies covered climate / meteorology geology, and hydrology, as well as surface water, soil and sediment physical, chemical and biology characteristics. 4.3.1 Climate and Meteorology An overview of the climate and meteorological data (relative humidity, ambient air temperature, rainfall and wind) of the study area are presented in the subsequent sections. Climatic and meteorological information described are primarily on literature/desktop research and climatic data information obtained for Uyo Town from Nigerian meteorological Agency (NIMET) as well as MPN Qua Iboe Terminal (QIT) Meteorological Observations. The study area which is in the Niger delta region of Nigeria, is situated in the tropics and experiences a fluctuating climate which is characterized by two distinct conditions of wet and dry seasons. The wet season occurs between April and October with a brief break in August, while the dry season occurs between November and March. 4.3.2 Air Temperature Temperature is a dominant climate factor that varies from place to place over a period of time at a given location. The spatial distribution of temperature over the earth is influenced by; amount of insulation received, nature of surface, distance from water bodies, relief, nature of the prevailing winds and ocean current. The minimum mean annual temperature (lowest temperature measured for a day) is given as 210C, while the maximum mean annual temperature (highest temperature measured for a day was 350C. Data on average air temperature obtained for the area (between 1991 and 2009) is presented in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1: Minimum and Maximum Temperature Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 9 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Ambient Air Temperature Ambient air temperature values measured (range of 22-270C) for both seasons were slightly higher than the minimum values obtained from NIMET and QIT, but were lower than the maximum values. The temperature measured in-situ is presented in Table 4.3. Table 4.3.Ambient Air Temperature Parameter Sample Station Result Wet Season SS1 SS3 SS6 SS10 SS13 SS16 SS18 SS 19 SS20 SS23 Ambient 22.4 23.5 25.4 27.9 24.5 25.4 24.3 26.0 25.3 25.4 Temperature Dry Season o ( C) 26.4 25.4 27.4 30.0 30.1 30.0 31.4 33.2 31.0 30.1 Source: FNL Field Survey 2011 From the results of ambient air temperature measurements, it is observed that there were recorded differences along the sampling stations. This can be attributed to the seasonal regimes of the area (the cool and rainy wet season characterised by low temperature values and the dry and often hot dry season characterised by higher temperatures). 4.3.3 Relative Humidity Relative humidity is popularly used to measure air humidity. The recorded value for the study area indicated high relative humidity in the early hours and evening time. This could be attributed to: occurrence of cloud cover; and influence of the south-west trade winds which dominate the area (Derek and Oguntoyinbo, 1987). Average relative humidity values obtained from NIMET and QIT a period of 1991 - 2009 is presented below in Figure 4.2. Figure 4.2: Relative Humidity Average RH values from the figure above ranges from 52 to 85%. This percentage is typical of the Niger-delta regional humidity. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 10 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.3.4 Rainfall The hydrological cycle depends fundamentally on the inter-relationship between the circulation of the ocean, terrestrial water bodies and the atmosphere. Water is withdrawn from these water bodies into the atmosphere by the process of evaporation which is dependent on factors such as air/ temperature, wind strength and humidity. Rainy season commences in the study area around April and extends to October with June as the peak month, while the dry season occurs between November and March, reaching its peak in January when the harmattan wind sweeps across the entire area (Ayoade, 1988). Rainfall data obtained from NIMET over a period of 1991 – 2009 shows the same pattern as shown in Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3: Rainfall Steady increase in rainfall was noticed from March till June, followed by a sharp drop in July - August which regained impetus between September and October (wet season), and a steady decline from November to February which coincided with the dry season period. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 11 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.3.5 Wind The average wind speed data obtained for from NIMET (Uyo) over a period of 1991 - 2009 is given as 4Knots Figure 4.4. Figure 4.4: Wind Speed The study area is characterized by two major winds: (North –easterly and South- easterly) separated by a continuous belt of low pressure called Equatorial Trough, also known as inter Tropical Convergence Zones (ITCZ). The North-easterly trade wind blows from the northeast in the Northern hemisphere bringing harmattan to the region between December and March, while the South-easterly wind comes from the southeast in the Southern hemisphere, bringing rainfall for most part of year. The strongest winds (referred to as the South-West Trade Winds), with mean monthly speed of about 5 m/s and the weakest Winds (referred to as the North-East Trade Winds), with mean monthly speed of about 2.5 m/s, occur in the wet and dry seasons respectively. 4.4 Air Quality Characteristics Air makes up the Earth’s atmosphere-the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth-and represents a mixture of several gases up to altitudes of approximately 90 km, fluctuating winds and general atmospheric turbulence in all directions keep the air mixed in nearly the same proportions. Air pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting developed and developing countries around the world. Increasing amounts of potentially harmful gases and particles are being emitted into the atmosphere on a global scale resulting to effects on human health and the environment. It is therefore important to establish the ambient atmospheric condition of an area prior to development in order to monitor any changes. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 12 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The ambient concentrations of the air pollutants (SPM, SOx, NOx, NO2, VOC, CxHy, H2S and NH3) measured in the study area are presented in Table 4.4. Generally, recorded measurements indicated that the ambient air was free from pollution by these measured parameters as at the time of study as well as compared well with national limits for air quality standards. Table 4.4: Ambient Air Quality Characteristics Parameter Sample Station Result WHO FMENV SS1 SS3 SS6 SS10 SS13 SS16 SS18 SS 19 SS20 SS23 Mean Limits Limits 3 SPM (mg/m ) Wet 0.048 0.031 0.021 0.029 0.025 0.028 0.028 0.058 0.024 0.021 0.03 0.10-0.25 0.25 Dry Season 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.023 o 22.4 23.5 25.4 27.9 24.5 25.4 24.3 26.0 25.3 25.4 25.01 Temperature ( C) NL NL 26.4 25.4 27.4 30.0 30.1 30.0 31.4 33.2 31.0 30.1 29.5 82.4 87.3 87.5 74.6 85.4 86.0 86.4 78.0 86.4 87.5 84.15 RH (%) NL NL 69.0 89.3 89.7 69.7 69.8 64.8 65.9 64.8 74.3 74.3 73.16 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 VOC (ppm) NL 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 CxHy (%) NL NL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 0.10 H2S (ppm) 0.15 NL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.00 0.001 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 0.000 NA NA 001 44 001 001 47 001 001 62 26 NOx (ppm) 0.04 0.04-0.06 <0.00 0.000 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 001 62 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 071 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 <0.00 0.000 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 NA NA 001 001 15 001 23 001 001 001 4 NO2 (ppm) 0.04 0.04-0.06 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 01 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 <0.00 0.000 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 NA NA 002 002 09 002 18 002 002 002 04 NH3 (ppm) 25 0.0002 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 <0.00 0.000 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 002 02 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.001 NA NA 53 69 76 62 67 56 53 22 36 SOx (ppm) NL 0.01 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.001 0.00 82 44 30 70 20 85 55 028 37 80 083 Source: FNL Field Survey 2011 NL: No Limit Dry Season Data Wet Season Data Suspended Particulates Particulates are tiny solid or liquid particles in the air. These particles are seen as smoke or haze. Other pollutants as gas or vapour are not visible except in the case of nitrogen dioxide which is a brownish gas. Particles may carry any or all of the other pollutants dissolved in or adhering to their surfaces (Bernard 1990). Particles raging from aggregate of a few molecules to pieces of dust, readily visible to the naked eye are commonly found in the atmosphere. High concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) are known to irritate the mucous membranes and may initiate a variety of respiratory diseases. Fine particulates may cause cancer and aggravate morbidity and mortality from respiratory dysfunctions (CCDI, 2001). The mean SPM levels recorded in the study was 0.03 mg/m3 for the wet season and 0.023 mg/m3 for the dry season. This value was within the FMENV guideline (daily mean of hourly values) concentration of 0.25 mg/m3. The proposed transmission line project may Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 13 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment result in exhaust emission during the constructions and mobilisation phases, which may lead to increase in SPM levels of the area. Sulphur Oxide It is also produce from the combustion of sulphur-containing fuels, smelting, and manufacture of sulphuric acid, incineration of refuse as well as production of elemental sulphur. The gas is known to be a harsh irritant, and is capable of aggravating asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. It can also cause coughing and promote impaired functions in the human system (CCDI, 2001). Also sulphuric acid aerosols (formed from dissolved sulphur dioxide) will readily attack the insulators to be installed on the towers, especially those containing carbonates such as marble, limestone, and mortar. This might pose a problem to the proper functioning of the transmission line in areas with high concentrations. Recorded values were however, consistent with their natural environment and compared well with the FMENV limits for air quality pollution. Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen oxides are a family of highly reactive gases called nitrogen oxides or oxides of nitrogen, which are formed during combustion processes. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced from natural sources, motor vehicles and other fuel combustion processes in the air to produce photochemical smog. NO2 results when fuel is combusted at high temperatures and occurs mainly from motor exhaust and stationary sources such as electric utilities and industrial boilers (SIEP, 1995). It is the only oxide of nitrogen that has been shown to have significant human health effects, with exposure to concentrations higher than 0.5ppm (1mg/m3) triggering changes in pulmonary function in human health (SIEP, 1995). NO2 levels in the study area for both seasons were generally below equipment detection limit and compliant with FMENV regulatory limit for human exposure. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons (CxHy) are organic compound consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen, they can be straight-chain, branched chain, or cyclic molecules. They are mainly grouped into aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds. The majority of hydrocarbons found naturally occur in crude oil, where decomposed organic matter (fossil) provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which when bonded can catenate to form limitless chains. Hydrocarbon vapour in the atmosphere arises from fugitive emissions, vents organic chemical production, and distribution of natural gas, transportation and processing of crude oil. Others are incomplete combustion of fuels, particularly where fuel to air ratios are too high. Most members of this group are significantly toxic and exposure to high concentrations in the atmosphere (about 100ppm or more) could result in interference with Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 14 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment oxygen intake (Canter, 1977) and acute leukaemia (SIEP, 1995). Hydrocarbon concentrations were below equipment detection limit of <0.01% for both seasons in the study area. This implies that the atmospheric environment is free of hydrocarbon pollution. Hydrogen Sulphide Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a toxic, odorous and corrosive gas, which is rapidly oxidized to SO2 in the atmosphere. Its presence in the atmosphere could result from storage tank and process vents. Exposure to concentrations in excess of 500 ppm can be fatal (SIEP, 1995). Data indicates that exposures to even relatively low concentrations of H2S are hazardous. The recorded level of H2S within study area was below equipment detection limit of <0.1ppm for both seasons indicating absence of the pollutant gas. Ammonia Ammonia is a colourless, pungent gas that is highly soluble in water. It is an important by- product of the manufacture and combustion of fuel gases. Ammonia is found in trace quantities in the atmosphere, being produced from the putrefaction (decay process) of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. Ammonia is used to scrub SO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, and the resulting product is converted to ammonium sulphate for use as fertilizer. Ammonia neutralizes the nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. The recorded level of NH3 within the study area for both seasons were generally below equipment detection limit and compliant with the FMENV regulatory limit of 0.0002ppm. 4.4.1 Noise Characteristics Noise is a periodic fluctuation of air pressure. The range of sound pressures encountered is very large and to keep numbers in manageable proportion, noise levels are measured in decibels (dB), which has a logarithmic scale. In addition to causing disturbances, excessive noise can damage health and have physiological effects. Environmental noise concerns in the study area are related to disturbances to personnel and terrestrial life. Effects on personnel generally relate to annoyance / nuisance and negative effects on health caused by both short and long-term sound levels. Prolonged exposure to noise frequencies higher than regulatory limits can either cause temporary hearing loss (temporary threshold shift), which disappears in a few hours or days, or permanent loss (permanent threshold shift) SIEP, 1995). Noise can also be stressfull and cause stress related damage on health. Disturbance of terrestrial life (fauna) by noise may be of significance particularly where noise sensitive species are present. The major source of noise expected in the study on course the proposed project will be generated by automobile engine, noise producing work equipment, human noise and noise from other mechanical equipments and processes. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 15 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The mean energy equivalent sound level (Leq) as well as the other noise percentile levels (L10, L50 and L100) along the sampling stations showed seasonal variations which may be attributed to meteorological factors such as wind intensity (see Table 4.5). However mean noise levels are in line with reported values for the area and conducive for human health. Table 4.5: Noise Levels Along Study Area Parameter Sample Station Result Mean SS1 SS3 SS6 SS10 SS13 SS16 SS18 SS 19 SS20 SS23 Wet Season - Noise dB(A) Leq 68.8 - 53.4 59.3 38.5 50.1 35.6 47.8 46.1 53.4 50.3 L10 50.8 - 51.0 47.2 36.1 49.9 33.8 35.7 32.6 44.1 42.3 L50 43.2 - 45.8 43.8 33.7 47.4 32.4 32.1 28.5 30.4 37.4 L90 34.3 - 36.3 34.9 32.1 44.3 31.5 26.6 26.0 28.2 29.4 Dry Season - Noise dB(A) Leq 75.7 87.8 77.9 72.2 74.3 70.7 78.2 64.7 62.3 67.8 73.1 L10 72.9 85.8 72.7 68.5 69.3 67.0 73.8 61.2 58.5 64.1 69.3 L50 68.5 73.6 57.1 57.3 55.8 97.2 59.1 49.5 46.0 57.3 62.1 L90 65.4 61.5 46.7 47.5 47.0 50.3 42.6 41.3 41.0 54.9 49.8 Leq is a measurement unit applied to an average number of decibels over a specified period of time. The noise measurement carried out for each station was over a 3omins frequency range period. Noise levels as recorded along the route were below FMENV permissible noise level (industrial areas) of 110 dB (A) for a 30mins working period (FMENV, 1991). However apart from stations SS1, SS3 (QIT/Ibeno Bridge Area) and SS20 (Alson Facility/NIIP Substation Construction Area) which can be termed industrial areas, Leq noise values during the dry season was relatively above both the FMENV and WHO values of 55 dB (A) for residential areas. Also it should be noted that there are no settlements apart from temporary farm structures in the vicinity of the ROW. In addition, intense lumbering activities with the use of high noise producing motor-saws during the dry season are considered to have played a significant factor in the spikes recorded for Leq measurement along SS6, SS10, SS13, SS16, SS18 and SS19. However percentile records for L50 and L90 in both wet and dry seasons were relatively compliant to limits set for non-industrial areas. The FMENV permissible noise limits are listed below Duration per day, hour Permissible limit dB (A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1.5 102 1Hr 105 30mins 110 15mins or less 115 Noise impact is dependent on the proximity to the source and sensitivity of the receptor. The WHO has recommended (level to prevent community annoyance) a limit value of 55dB for 16 hours exposure. However the design of the transmission line route avoided Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 16 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment built up areas and settlements thereby mitigating noise impact on humans during project activities (see Figure 2.6). The closest the route is to any built up area is approximately between 150m to 300m along some sections in Eket and Onna. However all other settlements and built up areas are about 1km to 2.5km away from the ROW. Noise level along the transmission line route is expected to increase on a short term during the construction period (from piling, foundation, and other construction activities). The WHO guideline value for community noise in industrial, commercial, traffic and outdoor areas is set at 70dB–110dB for 24 hour exposure. It is not expected to have significant impact on the public as there are no residential houses or settlements close to the route. Noise from construction works may however, disturb sensitive fauna groups within the construction site, which may disperse away from the source but return at the end of construction activities. Typical noise level for some equipment to be used during the construction phase of the transmission line is shown below. Equipment Noise level dB(A) at Operator’s position Cranes 78 – 103 Backhoes 85 – 104 Loaders 77 – 106 Dozers 86 – 106 Scrapers 97 - 112 Trenchers 95 – 99 *Pile drivers 119 – 125 Compactors 90 – 112 Chainsaws 100 – 115 Concrete saw 97 – 103 Compressors 85 - 104 Generally, newer equipment is quieter than older equipment. + Pile drivers generate intermittent or ‘impulse’ sound. Source: Construction Health and Safety Manual (2008): Construction Safety Association of Ontario 4.5 Regional Geology of the Niger-delta Many major depositional episodes can be distinguished in Nigeria; among this is the: Cenozoic Niger Delta complex (Figure 4.5) which developed as a regressive off-lap sequence. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 17 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 4.5: Niger-delta Sedimentary Basins The land portion of the Niger Delta province is delineated by the geology of southern Nigeria and south-western Cameroon. The northern boundary is the Benin flank-an east- northeast trending hinge line south of the West Africa basement massif. The north-eastern boundary is defined by outcrop of the Cretaceous on the Abakaliki High and further east- south-east by the Calabar flank—a hinge line bordering the adjacent Precambrian. Beginning in the Paleocene and through the recent, the Akata Formation formed during lowstands in the terrestrial organic matter and clays were transported to deep water areas characterized by low energy conditions and oxygen deficiency it is estimated that the formation is up to 7,000 meters thick. The formation underlies the entire delta, and is typically over-pressured. Deposition of the overlying Agbada formation, the major petroleum-bearing unit, began in the Eocene and continues into Recent. The formation consists of paralic siliciclastics over 3700 meter thick and represents the actual deltaic portion of the sequence. The clastics accumulated in delta-front, delta-topset, and fluvio-deltaic environments. In the lower Agbada Formation, shawl and sandstone beds were deposited in equal proportions, however, upper portion is mostly sand with only minor shale interbeds. The Agbada Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 18 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 4.6: Niger-delta Depobelts Formation is overlain by the third formation, the Benin Formation, a continental latest Eocene to Recent deposit of alluvial and coastal plain sands that are up to 2000 m thick (Wright et al, 1985). 4.5.1 Hydrogeology The project area (between Ikot Abasi and Ibeno) is within the elongated northwest – southeast rectangular basin known as the Imo-Kwa lbo River Basin. The basin is principally underlain by the Deltaic, Benin, Ogwashi-Asaba and Ameki formations, and then by the Imo Shales, in that order (Offodile, 1992). The major aquiferous units are the Benin and Ameki formations. The Imo-Kwa lbo Basin is confined to the northern edge by the Imo Shales while the Benin formation and the alluvial deposits of the Niger Delta appear to be in hydrological contact (and thus provide combined aquiferous horizons) to the south. Generally, the depth to water table in the area ranges between 1.5m and 6.0m below ground level (IPC, 2005). The aquifer extends to depths of about 220m below ground level with yields of up to 6,480lit/hr/m. This is attributed to the permeability of the soil in the project area, and recharge of the aquifer by groundwater as it flows continuously in a seaward regional pattern (Offodile, 1992). Drainage There are two permanent river systems within the project area namely Qua Iboe and Imo River systems. Qua Iboe River is located at the Eket - Ibeno end of the proposed TL route while Imo River is located at the Ikot Abasi end. Both rivers are fed by a complex network of numerous creeks and fresh (white) and black water streams. The other remarkable Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 19 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment features of the natural drainage system in the project area are the pockets of low-lying swamps that dot the landscape. The proposed TL route would cross Qua Iboe River. However, this portion of the Qua Iboe River is quite far from the Atlantic Ocean and is fed only by a few major creeks. The proposed TL route would not traverse Imo River but would cross a number of small creeks that ultimately drain into the river. Most of these creeks are seasonal (i.e. do not exist in the dry season) but are all influenced by tide. The frequency of occurrence of these tiny creeks at the Ikot Abasi end of the route is high. The fraction of land submerged under water in the project area typically increases by as much as 5 - 10% at the peak of the wet season and some of the creeks and creeklets are subsumed into the flooded swamps. As one travels away from the coast (towards Eket) the frequency of occurrence of creeks reduces rapidly and the drainage system is characterised mainly by black water streams. All the streams are permanent water systems and ultimately drain into either Imo or Qua Iboe Rivers. The hydrodynamics of the entire area is greatly influenced by tidal regimes. Data from hydrographic measurements showed that current velocities range between 0.1 and 1.6m/s in the rivers and major creeks. These values are within the range of 0.5 to 2.4m/s reported as typical of onshore waters in the Niger Delta region (Nwankwo et al 1998). 4.6 Surface Water 4.6.1 Surface Water Physico-chemistry A total of five (5) surface water samples were collected for physico-chemical and biological analysis. Surface water sampling was carried out using a water sampler. A summary of surface water samples physico-chemical characteristics for both seasons from the study area are presented in Table 4.6 while detailed result are in Appendix 4.2. There are no established limits for physico-chemical parameters, hence the use of natural limits where available and baseline from previous studies around the area for comparison. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 20 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.6: Surface water Physico-chemistry Wet Season Dry Season EIA – IPC 48km TL Natural Parameter (2005) Limits Range Mean Range Mean Range Range (Allen, et al) pH 6.09 - 6.86 6.46 5.41 - 6.53 6.16 4.86-5.29 5.14-5.73 6.50-7.40 o Temperature ( C) 25.8 -27.6 26.64 28.3 - 30.1 29.16 26-26.6 25.0-26.1 - Elect Cond (µS/cm) 12.1 -439 117.46 7.71 - 543 136.14 11-1018 10.3-22.6 - Salinity (ppt) 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 - 4.4 1.10 - 5.20-12.2 - DO (mg/l) 5.56 -5.95 5.76 3.6 - 5.46 4.50 2.80-5.80 4.00-5.60 5.0 Turbidity (NTU) 15 -34 25 12 - 39 24.00 2.00-8.00 3.00-7.00 - Redox Potential 1.55 -168 113.31 125 - 170 147.20 1.00-241 238-276 - TOC (g/l) 1 -1 1 1-1 1.00 - - - TDS (g/l) 7.25 -235 63.69 6.6 - 4620 1004.78 5.00-552 5.67-12.4 - TSS (mg/l) 2 -7 5 3 - 17 10.20 2.00-6.00 10.0-24.0 25 BOD5 (mg/l) 0.5 -20 6.3 0.5 - 80 32.20 0.50-1.23 <1.00-3.33 - COD (mg/l) 0.8 -30.8 9.82 0.8 - 112 48.32 0.80-1.84 <1.00-5.00 - Total Hardness (mg/l) 1.92 -42.2 13.05 1 - 176 74.35 - - - Oil & Grease (mg/l) 1 -1 1 1-1 1.00 - - - Chloride (mg/l) 1.76 -120 29.99 1 - 2421 509.42 - - - Nitrate (mg/l) 0.14 -0.33 0.23 0.02 - 0.17 0.06 0.95-1.13 0.71-2.53 0.05-3.0 Sulphate (mg/l) 0.12 -9.25 2.31 0.1 - 13.5 3.05 - - 2.0-150 Magnesium (mg/l) 0.36 -6.46 1.85 0.15 - 161 34.34 <0.10 0.01-0.41 10.5-20 Potassium (mg/l) 0.73 -3.46 1.54 0.4 - 94.6 21.82 0.13-0.68 0.26-1.43 0.5-10 Sodium (mg/l) 1.69 -41.6 13.26 0.55 - 1761 370.47 0.44-0.63 0.45-0.96 - Calcium (mg/l) 0.8 -2.7 1.34 0.71 - 34.6 9.16 <0.10-0.98 0.24-0.48 1-100 Cadmium (mg/l) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 - - - Total Chromium (mg/l) 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 0.10 - - - Copper (mg/l) 0.05 -0.05 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 0.05 - - 0.002-0.05 Total Iron (mg/l) 0.84 -4.18 2.17 0.44 - 2.46 1.67 0.34-1.31 0.06-2.67 0.05-1.00 Lead (mg/l) <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 - - 0.002-0.2 Nickel (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 - - 0.05-0.1 Zinc (mg/l) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 - - 0.005-0.05 Silver (mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 - - - Manganese (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 - - 0.001-0.1 Mercury (mg/l) <0.0002 0.0002 <0.0002 0.002 - - 0.0003-0.003 Vanadium (mg/l) <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 - - 0.0001-0.003 Source: FNL (PHCN QIT – Ikot Abasi TL) Field Survey 2011 EIA – IPC 48km TL (2005) = Ibom Power Company Limited EIA 48km Ikot Abasi Eket Transmission Line, 2005. Allen et a.,l (1974): Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. pH pH is an important variable in water quality assessment as it influences many biological and chemical processes within a water body and all processes associated with water supply and treatment. It is a measure of the acid balance of a solution and is defined as the negative of the logarithm to the base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH scale runs from 0 to 8 (i.e., very acidic to alkaline), with pH7 representing a neutral condition. At a given temperature, pH (or the hydrogen ion activity) indicates the internist of the acidic or basic character of a solution and is controlled by the dissolved chemical compounds and biochemical processes in the solution. In unpolluted waters, pH is principally controlled by the balance between the carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions as well as other natural compound such as humic fulvic acids. The nature acid-base balance of a water body can be affected by industrial effluents and atmospheric deposition of acid-forming substances. Change in pH can indicate the presence of certain effluents, particularly when continuously measured and recorded, together with the conductivity of a water body. The pH of most natural water is Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 21 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment between 6.0 and 8.5, although lower can occur in dilute water high in organic content, and high values in eutrophic waters, groundwater brines and salt lakes (UNEP, 1992). The recorded pH values in surface water samples from the study area ranged from 6.09- 6.86 with a mean of 6.46 in the wet season and 5.41 - 6.53 in the dry season. These values are within established pH range for fresh waters and compared well with previous baseline studies within the study area. Temperature Temperature influences the rate of chemical reaction, buoyancy mechanism (density/viscosity), stability of water column, and toxicity of many parameters. The temperature of the surface water measured in-situ across the stations averaged 26.64 and 29.16 (oC) for the wet and dry seasons respectively. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Conductivity TDS are the aggregate of inorganic salts that are dissolved in water. It is an indication of the quantity of salt and solids dissolved in water. There is a direct relationship between TDS and conductivity as they are both a measure of the dissolved inorganic compounds unfavourable physiological reactions in aquatic organisms. The recorded TDS levels in surface water sample varied between 7.25 -235g/l with a mean of 63.69g/l for the wet season and 6.6 – 4620g/l and a mean of 1004.78g/l for the dry season. The variation in values from the wet and dry season can be attributed to the dilution factor of surface water bodies experienced during the wet season across the study area.The values were within the natural limits and consistent with reported values from previous studies around the project area. Conductivity, or specific conductance, is a measure of the ability of water of conduct an electric current. It is sensitive to variations in dissolved solids, mostly mineral salts. The degree to which these dissociate into ions, the amount of electrical charge on each ion, ion mobility and temperature of the solution all have an influence on conductivity. Conductivity is expressed as microsiemens per centimetre (µS/cm) and for a given water body, is related to the concentration of total dissolved solids and major ions. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 22 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The conductivity of most freshwater ranges from 10 to 1,000 µS/cm but may exceed 1,000 µS cm-1, especially in waters, or those receiving large quantities of land run-off. In addition to being a rough indicator of mineral content when other methods cannot easily be use, conductivity can be measured to establish a pollution zone, e.g. around an effluent discharge, or the extent of influence of run-off waters. The conductivity of surface water samples from the study area ranged from 12.1 - 439µS/cm with a recorded mean of 117.46µS/cm in the wet season. The range for dry season conductivity values was recorded as 7.71 – 543 µS/cm with a mean value of 136.14µS/cm. Conductivity values also were in compliance with the natural limits and compared well with previous baseline values around the area. Figure 4.7 shows the interrelationship between conductivity and TDS in surface water collected from the study area for both seasons. Wet Season Dry Season Figure 4.7: TDS / Conductivity Correlation From the graph above it can be deduced that there is a correlation between the TDS and conductivity characteristics across surface water samples within the study area. Salinity Salinity is a measure of the amount of dissolved inorganic (salts) in an aquatic medium. Salinity affects vapour and osmotic pressure, viscosity and temperature (http://icp.giss.nasa.gov.htm). Salinity concentration measured for wet season was 0.1ppt across the samples stations as at the time of study. Dry season salinity values ranged from 0.1 - 4.4. This suggests that the generality of water bodies encountered along the study area are fresh water bodies. Also the salinity values were within the natural limits for fresh water bodies and compared well with provious baseline data across the study area. Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen (DO) measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution. Dissolved oxygen averaged between 5.56 -5.95mg/l during the wet season. Dry season values of dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.6 - 5.46. These values compared well with natural limits expected for fresh water bodies and were consistent with reported baseline values for the area. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 23 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Turbidity / TSS Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light passing through water is reduced by scattering, induced by suspended and colloidal materials. It is of general concern in water due to aesthetic considerations, filterability and disinfection. As turbidity level increases, the aesthetic value decreases, and filtration of water is rendered more difficult and costly, reducing the effectiveness of disinfection procedure. The mean turbidity level of surface water samples collected in the area was 25NTU for the wet season and 24NTU for the dry season. Total suspended solids (TSS) are made up of inorganic fraction (silts, clays, calcium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides etc.) and an organic fraction (algae, zooplankton, bacteria and detritus) that are within the water column (GEMS, 1992). TSS can clog fish gills which could consequently kill them or reduce their growth rate. They also reduce light penetration, thus reducing the ability of algae to produce food and oxygen. A positive effect of the presence of suspended solids in water is that toxic chemicals (pesticides and metals) tend to adsorb to them or from complexes with them, thus making the toxics less available to be absorbed by living organisms (Kentucky water watch, 2001). The mean level of TSS in water samples from the study area was recorded as 5mg/l during the wet season and 10.20mg/l during the dry season. This result was found to be within natural limits of fresh water ecosystems and consistent with baseline values for previous studies around the area. The correlation between turbidity and total suspended solids across surface water in the study area is presented in Figure 4.8. Wet Season Dry Season Figure 4.8: Turbidity / TSS Correlation Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) BOD is an indirect measure of the amount of biologically degradable organic materials in water and is an indicator of the amount of dissolved oxygen that will be depleted from water during natural biological assimilation of organic pollutants (Kielly, 1998; Nebel, 1990). Excess BOD in water therefore could adversely affect aquatic organisms and by extension humans. BOD level in surface water samples from the study area ranged from 0.5 -20mg/l with a mean of 6.3mg/l in the wet season and 0.5 – 80mg/l with a mean of Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 24 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 32.20 in the dry season. The values of 80mg/l and 60mg/l representing SS1 and SS2 respectively might have been influenced by anthropogenic activities (e.g clothe washing or possible indiscriminate waste disposal by residents along the Douglas creek area in Mkpanak town) along the banks of these stations. Moreso seasonal variation from high rainfall dilution experienced in the wet season around this part of the Niger-delta could be responsible.Values from other stations were however within natural limits and compliant to limits set by the WHO and Fmenv. These values were also consistent with previous baseline data and are as required for proper functioning of natural water habitats. Total Hydrocarbon Content (Oil and Grease) Amongst the source of hydrocarbon in the river system are spills arising from inland water transportation using ferries and speedboats. Other major sources include the atmosphere and municipal/municipal/industrial waste (municipal wastes, refineries, non-refining industrial waste, urban run-off, river run-off and river dumping). Hydrocarbons were not detected in the surface waters of the area (detection limit was <1.00mg/1) for both seasons. This suggests that the water body was not contaminated with hydrocarbon as at the time of the survey. Nutrients Sulphate ions (SO42-) and nitrate ions (NO3-) are the ionic forms of the essential nutrients of sulphur, nitrogen respectively. Sulphate Sulphate is naturally present in surface waters as SO42-. It rises from atmospheric deposition of oceanic aerosols and the leaching of sulphur compounds, either sulphate minerals such as gypsum or sulphide mineral such as pyrite, from sedimentary rocks. It is the stable, oxidized form of sulphur and is readily soluble in water (with the exception of lead, barium and strontium sulphates which precipitate). Industrial discharges and atmospheric precipitation can also add significant amounts of sulphate to surface waters. Sulphate can be used as an oxygen source by bacteria which convert it to hydrogen sulphide (H2S, HS-) under anaerobic conditions. Sulphate concentration in surface water samples ranged from 0.12 -9.25mg/l with mean of 2.31mg/l in the wet season. Dry season values were reported with a range of 0.1 - 13.5 and a mean of 3.05. These values are within report values for natural waters around and within the study area. Nitrate The nitrate ion (NO3-) is the common form of combined nitrogen found in natural waters. It may be biochemically reduced to nitrite NO2-) by denitrification possesses, usually under anaerobic conditions. The nitrite ion is rapidly oxidized to nitrate. Natural sources of nitrate to surface waters include igneous rocks, land drainage and plant and animal debris. Nitrate is an essential nutrient for aquatic plants and seasonal flutuations can be caused by plant growth and decay. Natural concentrations, which seldom exceed 0.1 mg/1 NO3- N, Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 25 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment may be enhanced by municipal and industrial waste-waters, including leachate from waste disposal sites and sanitary landfills. In rural and suburban areas, the use of inorganic nitrate fertilizers can be significant source. The nitrate concentration in water samples from the study area were 0.14 -0.33mg/l with a mean of 0.23mg/l for the wet season. The dry season values ranged from 0.02 - 0.17mg/l and a mean of 0.06mg/l. These values showed that samples surface water body was free from pollution as at the time of survey. Heavy Metals The heavy metals analyzed for surface water samples from the area were Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and vanadium (V). The availability of trace metal in water are controlled by physical and chemical interactions which is affected by factors like pH, redox potential, temperature, CO2 level, the type of concentration ligands and chelating agents, as well as type and concentration of the metal ions. Trace or heavy metals in an environmental perspective have potential of bio-accumulation and concentration in aquatic organisms. These may enter the food chain in the process and can affect man (GEMS, 1992). The mean concentrations of all heavy metals (except for total iron in both seasons) were all below their respective detection limits. These values recorded showed that the surface water within the study area as at the time of sampling was free of heavy metal contamination. Heavy metal concentration were within natural ranges for fresh water and compared well with previous baseline data around the project area. 4.6.2 Surface Water Microbiological Characteristics Micro-organisms are essential components of the aquatic ecosystem and are involved in the synthesis of new organic matter from carbon dioxide and other inorganic compounds during primary production as well as the decomposition of this accumulated organic matter. They are constantly in competition for available nutrients hence; their presence in the aquatic environment is limited by factors such as energy in the form of light and chemical compounds, temperature, nutrients, pressure, pH and salinity. In response to oligotrophic environments (low nutrient level) and intense competition, many microorganisms become more competitive in nutrient capture and exploitation of available resources (Prescott, et.al., 1999). Surface water microbial analyses of the study area is summarised in Table 4.7 below, while details of results are presented in Appendix 4.2. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 26 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.7: Summary of Surface Water Microbiology Characteristics Parameter Dominant Species Concentration Range (cfu/ml) Wet Season 2 3 Heterotrophic bacteria (HB) Pseudomonas and Bacillus sp 6.40 x 10 – 1.59 x 10 Hydrocarbon utilising bacteria Pseudomonas sp 3.7 x 101– 1.24 x 102 (HUB) Heterotrophic fungi (HF) Mucor sp, Candida sp Rhodotorula sp, Aspergillus sp 1.1 x 101 – 6.7 x 101 Hydrocarbon utilising fungi Candida and Mucor 7 – 6.2 x 101 (HUF) Dry Season Heterotrophic bacteria (HB) Pseudomonas and Bacillus sp 8.00x102 –1.56x103 Hydrocarbon utilising bacteria Pseudomonas sp 2.5x101 – 6.5x101 (HUB) Heterotrophic fungi (HF) Mucor sp, Candida sp Rhodotorula sp, Aspergillus sp 4.0 - 1.3x101 Hydrocarbon utilising fungi Candida and Mucor 3.0 – 9.0 (HUF) Source: FNL (PHCN QIT – Ikot Abasi TL) Field Survey 2011 HB are non-coliform species of bacteria that utilize an organic substance for its development. HB can be widespread along a water system but does not serve as an indicator that the water presents a health risk (Sharon O et al, 2008). However they are naturally occurring microbes in water and their relative presence suggest a healthy state of the aquatic environment (Kelly A, 1999). The results as deduced from the table suggests that the surface water bodies as sampled from along the transmission line route also compared well with preveious baseline (EIA, IPC 48km TL; 2005, EIA, NIPP 78km TL:2007) surfacewater micribiolofgical characteriastics in the area. 4.7 Sediment Physico-chemical Characteristics Samples were obtained from corresponding surface water stations using an Eckman grab. The results of the sediment physico-chemical characteristics are summarised in Table 4.8 below while detailed results are presented in Appendix 4.2. There are no established limits for physico-chemical parameters, hence the use of baseline from previous studies around the area for comparison. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 27 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.8: Summary of Sediment Physico-chemical Characteristics EIA–NIPP Wet Season Dry Season Parameters 78km TL (2007) Range Mean Range Mean Range o pH @ 22.7 C 3.79 - 5.21 4.63 5.17 - 6.63 6.196 3.59-6.52 Electrical Conductivity 20.7 -2330 934.14 - (µS/cm) 101 - 202 144.4 TOC (g/kg) 0.53 -25 11.23 8.91-40.6 26.222 5.98-66.7 THC (mg/kg) <10 <10 <10 <10 <10.0-72.6 Redox Potential (mV) -81 --22 -44 -75 --25.6 -49.32 PSD 2 -30 19 0-25 Clay (%) 5 -10 8 Silt (%) 10 -44 19.2 10 -25 14 0-33 Sand (%) 31 -82 61.8 70 -80 78 42-100 Nitrate (mg/kg) 1.28 -1.84 1.626 0.9 -1.18 1.0025 - Ext Sulphate (mg/kg) 100 -1325 470 169 -224 198.6 - Ext Phosphate (mg/kg) 1.49 -3.64 2.618 1.37 -17.2 7.91 - Magnesium (mg/kg) 347 -3914 2552.2 637 -3919 2458 214-1,174 Potassium (mg/kg) 4680 -12250 8366 4731 -13400 8487.6 40.2-814 Sodium (mg/kg) 3000 -7320 4884 2700 -7660 4182 388-2,323 Calcium (mg/kg) 10 -2620 916.6 10 -3558 1204.2 13.1-1,370 Cadmium (mg/kg) 2 -2.6 2.12 2 -2 2 <0.02 Total Chromium 7.8 -22.3 15.04 2.5 -99 45.68 <0.10-12.9 (mg/kg) Copper (mg/kg) 2.3 -8.1 5.12 0.5 -0.5 0.5 0.23-7.98 Total Iron (mg/kg) 9674 -32610 21052.8 10010 -30200 21576 334-29,810 Lead (mg/kg) 7 -11.3 9.46 3.9 -8.9 5.94 0.57-11.12 Nickel (mg/kg) 3.1 -24.3 13.14 20.6 -52.3 34.22 0.61-9.75 Zinc (mg/kg) 6 -28.9 18.5 5.5 -87.5 29.12 0.42-22.1 Barium (mg/kg) 2 -350 114.46 2 -161 55.6 <0.03-82.3 Silver (mg/kg) 1.9 -2 1.98 2 -2 2 <0.10 Manganese (mg/kg) 79.2 -306 149.28 89.7 -375 197.74 <0.10-234 Mercury (mg/kg) 1 -1.3 1.06 1 -1 1 - Vanadium (mg/kg) 1 -56.3 27.46 1 -76.3 34.18 - Source: FNL (PHCN QIT – Ikot Abasi TL) Field Survey 2011 EIA – NIPP 78km TL (2007) = National Integrated Power Project EIA 78km Ikot Abasi – Ikot Ekpene Transmission Line, 2005. pH The pH of the sediment obtained from the study area ranged from 3.79 - 5.21 with a mean value of 4.63 in the wet season. Dry season range of values was given as 5.17 - 6.63 with a mean of 6.196. The pH value obtained for the study area indicates a moderate acidic riverbed. THC The total hydrocarbon concentration in sediment samples from the study area was below equipment detection limit of <10.mg/kg for both seasons. This implies that as at the time of the study, sediment as sampled from corresponding surfacewater stations were free of hydrocarbon contamination. The results also compared well with previous baseline data of studies around the project area. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 28 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Sediment Particle Size Distribution The sediment particle size distribution (PSD) was found to be consistent across the sampling stations with sand and silt dominating, followed by clay. Figure 4.9 shows the sediment particle size distribution across the study area. Wet Season Dry Season Figure 4.9: Sediment – Particle Size Distribution (PSD). The particle size distribution suggests that the river bed of streams and surface water systems along the transmission line route are basiclally sandy-silt. This is typical of this environment and consistend with previous PSD data around the project area. Nutrients The range value obtained for nitrate (NO3-), sulphate (SO42-) and phosphate (PO43-) in the sediment samples are given as: 1.28 -1.84mg/kg, 100 -1325mg/kg, and 1.49 -3.64mg/kg respectively for the wet season. Dry season were given as 0.9 -1.18mg/kg, 169 - 224mg/kg, 1.37 -17.2mg/kg. These values are typical of fresh water systems within the Niger-delta as reported in previous baseline studies (IPC, 2005). Heavy Metals The heavy metals analysed for sediment samples from the area were cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, zinc, barium, silver, manganese, mercury and vanadium. The recorded levels of heavy metal concentration across sediment samples within the study area were found to be within reported values (see Table 4.8) for similar environment and compliant to levels required for optimal functioning of a typical freshwater ecosystem. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 29 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.7.1 Sediment Microbiological Characteristics Sediment microbial analyses of the study area is summarised in Table 4.9 below, while details of results are presented in Appendix 4.2. There are no established limits for microbiological parameters, hence the use of baseline from previous studies around the area for comparison. Table 4.9: Summary of Sediment Microbiology Characteristics Parameter Dominant Species Concentration Range (cfu/g) Wet Season Heterotrophic bacteria (HB) Pseudomonas sp 2.00 x 104– 6.40 x 105 Hydrocarbon utilising bacteria Pseudomonas sp 2 2 1.80 x 10 – 9.60 x 10 (HUB) Heterotrophic fungi (HF) Mucor sp, Aspergillus sp, 1 2 Candida sp 2.0 x 10 – 9.10 x 10 Hydrocarbon utilising fungi Mucor sp Aspergillus sp 2 4 – 4.00 x 10 (HUF) Candida sp Dry Season Heterotrophic bacteria (HB) Pseudomonas sp, 1.34x105– 9.10x105 Chromobacterium sp Hydrocarbon utilising bacteria Pseudomonas sp 2.20x102– 1.28x103 (HUB) Heterotrophic fungi (HF) Mucor sp 1 4.0x10 – 3.50x10 2 Hydrocarbon utilising fungi Mucor sp and Candida sp 1 2 4.0x10 – 1.80x10 (HUF) Source: FNL (PHCN QIT – Ikot Abasi TL) Field Survey 2011 Bacteria Heterotrophic bacterial (HB) population and Hydrocarbon utilising bacteria (HUB) in the sediment samples obtained from the study area were predominantly Pseudomonas spp. Fungi Heterotrophic fungi (HF) and Hydrocarbon utilising fungi (HUF) in study area were dominantly Mucor and Candida spp. These results suggest that these water bodies may not have been significantly affected by industrial activities in the area. Microbial composition and load values are also consistent with baseline data reported around the project area (Network E&P, 2005). Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 30 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.8 Soil Physico-chemical Characteristics The soils from the study area are predominantly sandy in texture and brownish in colour. A summary of the physico-chemical characteristics of surface soil samples (0 – 15cm) collected from the study area is presented in Table 4.10 below while detailed results for surface and subsurface soils are presented in Appendix 4.3. There are no established limits for physico-chemical parameters, hence the use of natural limits where available and baseline from previous studies around the area for comparison. Table 4.10: Summary of Surface Soil Physico-chemical Characteristics Dry Season EIA – IPC 48km TL Natural Wet Season Parameter (2005) Limits Range Mean Range Mean Range Range (Allen, et al) pH @ 23.0oC 4.4 - 5.2 4.7 3.2 - 6.8 5.7 3.58-5.8 4.05-7.51 6.00 – 9.50 Elect. Cond (µS/cm) 18.8 -166.0 71.1 28.4 - 225.0 94.4 11.1-2220 30.6-218 - TOC (g/kg) 3.2 -28.2 9.6 1.0 - 33.6 11.7 1.68-49.5 93.0-105 - THC (mg/kg) 0.0 -40.0 10.9 10.0 - 10.0 10.0 - Redox Potential (mV) 11.0 -102.0 53.3 14.0 - 104.0 56.7 51.0-163.0 - PSD Clay (%) 0.0 -28.0 5.0 0.0 - 19.0 3.7 - - - PSD Silt (%) 0.0 -21.0 7.3 0.0 - 20.0 5.8 0-10.1 - - PSD Sand (%) 65.0 -100.0 87.7 70.0 - 100.0 90.3 89.9-100.0 100 - Nitrate (mg/kg) 0.2 -1.8 0.9 0.0 - 5.2 1.4 4.55-7.77 3.54-6.69 1 - 20 Ext. Sulphate (mg/kg) 10.0 -18.7 12.6 0.0 - 24.3 1.1 - - - Ext. Phosphate (mg/kg) 0.7 -17.0 5.2 0.2 - 11.4 4.7 - - - Magnesium (mg/kg) 271.0 -2839.0 840.7 299.0 - 1469.0 770.3 8.0-74.0 48-271 400-5000 Potassium (mg/kg) 1277.0 -12180 5648.9 1461.0 - 10830 5053.0 16.0-118.0 0.10-578 500-5000 Sodium (mg/kg) 1860.0 -6950. 3495.2 1570.0 - 4800.0 3440.9 5.0-79.0 69.9-255 200-2000 Calcium (mg/kg) 10.0 -2910.0 435.1 10.0 - 2320. 446.6 1.0-181.0 0.10-32.9 100-2000 Cadmium (mg/kg) 2.0 -2.4 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 2.0 0.02-0.02 <0.02 3-30 Tot Chromium (mg/kg) 2.5 -23.4 11.0 1.0 - 139.0 42.0 0.1-4 1.0-13.0 10 - 200 Copper (mg/kg) 0.5 -13.1 4.4 0.5 - 15.1 2.9 1.0-6.0 <0.05-6.0 1-30 Total Iron (mg/kg) 1,435- 3,863- 3331.0 -28350 12473.0 - 4627 - 34630. 13493.3 3,827 26,230 Lead (mg/kg) 3.4 -14.6 6.9 1.0 - 11.4 4.1 1.0-31.0 <0.20-9.0 2 - 20 Nickel (mg/kg) 0.5 -29.3 9.6 18.2 - 58.0 31.1 0.1-690 <0.10-4.0 Zinc (mg/kg) 3.3 -46.1 14.6 0.5 - 73.4 23.8 6-117 0.05-66.0 1-40000 Barium (mg/kg) 2.0 -241.0 30.1 2.0 - 2.0 2.0 0.03-13.0 <0.03 - Silver (mg/kg) 2.0 -2.0 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 2.0 - - - Manganese (mg/kg) 49.0 -281.0 121.7 53.4 - 297.0 131.6 - - - Mercury (mg/kg) 0.0002- - 1.0 -1.6 1.0 1-10 1.0 - 1.0 1.0 0.55 Vanadium (mg/kg) 1.0 -81.0 16.2 1.0 - 92.6 23.1 0.2-64 0.20-23.0 2-100 Source: FNL (PHCN QIT – Ikot Abasi TL) Field Survey 2011 EIA – IPC 48km TL (2005) = Ibom Power Company Limited EIA 48km Ikot Abasi Eket Transmission Line, 2005. Allen eta al (1974): Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. pH pH is a most commonly measured soil quality parameter. It shows the acidity, neutrality or alkalinity of a particular soil and indicates the availability of exchangeable cations (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ etc). The pH of the surface soil samples collected from the study area was generally acidic with a pH range of 4.4 - 5.2 and 3.2 - 6.8 for the wet and dry seasons respectively. The values were within the natural limits and consistent with reported values from previous studies around the project area. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 31 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Particle Size Distribution PSD showed that the particle size varied in relation to heterogeneity of the soils along the ROW. Also not much seasonal differences were recorded in the particle size distribution of the soils sampled along the transmission line. Figure 4.10: Soil – Particle Size Distribution Conductivity The measurement of electrical conductivity (EC) is used as a means of appraising soil salinity. EC increases with soluble salt content of the soil. The EC of 4000µS/cm which corresponds to an osmotic pressure of 3 – 5 atmosphere in the soil solution at field capacity, is generally accepted as the limit above which the yield of most sensitive crops start to be affected (Odu et al, 1985). The conductivity of surface soil samples for the wet season was between 18.8 - 166.0µS/cm with a mean of 71.1µS/cm. Dry season values ranged between 28.4 - 225.0 µS/cm with a mean of 94.4 µS/cm. Conductivity values were within natural limit ranges and consistent with results from previous studies around the area. Total Organic Carbon Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon containing compounds in a medium and provides a means for determining the degree of organic contamination. The TOC level obtained from the study area during the wet season ranged between 3.2 - 28.2g/kg, with a mean of 9.6g/kg. The dry season TOC range of values was given as 1.0 - 33.6g/kg with a mean of 11.7g/kg. TOC ranges for both seasons were within natural limits and results were found to be consistent with previous studies in similar ecosystem. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 32 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Macro Nutrients Phosphates and Nitrates Amongst the essential nutrients in the soil, required for plant growth are phosphorus and nitrogen. They are represented in the form of phosphate (PO43-) and nitrate (NO3-) respectively. Chlorophyll, plant proteins and nucleic acids are nitrogen compounds which play a major role in plant growth. Phosphorus compounds form an essential part of nucleo-proteins that control cell division and growth and are major constituents of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules (Donahue et.al, 1990). They are also essential in energy storage and chemicals transfer in plants. Sulphur occurs in proteins and is required for plant vitamins. The nitrate and phosphate concentration in soil samples collected from the study area ranged from 0.2 -1.8mg/kg and 0.7 -17.0mg/kg respectively for the wet season and 0.0 - 5.2 mg/kg and 0.2 - 11.4 mg/kg for dry season. These values were consistent with typical levels for Niger-delta soils and were within natural nutrient ranges permissible for tropical soils. Heavy Metals The recorded levels of heavy metal concentration across soils within the study area were found to be within reported values for similar environment and compliant to levels required for optimal functioning of the ecosystem. Values also suggest that soils within the study area as at the time of the study were generally free of heavy metals contamination. Heavy metal levels in soils along the transmission line were within their respective natural limits indicating non-contamination of soils by heavy metals. These values were also consistent with results of previous baseline studies in similar areas. 4.8.1 Soil Microbiological Characteristics Bacteria Heterotrophic bacteria (HB) population in the soil samples obtained from the study area ranged between 1.74x104 cfu/g and 1.13x106cfu/g during the wet season and 6.00x104 cfu/g and 1.98x106 cfu/g for the dry season. The bacterial species encountered in the soil samples obtained from the area were Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Actinomyces and Chromobacterium. Fungi Hydrocarbon utilising fungi (HUF) ranged from 4 to 7.30x103cfu/g during the wet season and 1.0x101 to 7.90x102cfu/g during the dry season. The three predominant fungal species in the soil samples from the study area were Mucor, Candida and Aspergillus species. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 33 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.9 Hydrobiology Studies The analyses and assessment of biological structures of water bodies within the study area as well as their interconnection with the internal and external cycle of materials are discussed in the following sub-sections. 4.9.1 Planktons Plankton are small animals/ plants which live in water and driven about by prevailing wind and currents. The numbers and forms of planktonic animals (zooplankton) and planktonic plants (phytoplankton) are used as indices of polluted water and also as very useful indices of primary productivity of water. Plankton was collected from all surface water sampling stations within the study area. The detailed result of plankton diversity as well as abundance is presented in Appendix 4.4. Phytoplankton The plant community is the basis of life in the aquatic ecosystems. Phytoplankton includes all drifting or floating marine plants, which are usually, single celled and autotrophic. As primary producers, they contribute appreciably to total production within aquatic systems (Canter and Hill, 1977) the proliferation of phytoplankton depends on water temperature, light penetration and the supply of nutrient salts to the surface layer. However, biomass of plankto decreases with depth and distance from the coastline. The Diatoms dominated the spectrum of phytoplankton species compositions during the wet and dry seasons with higher abundance representing 72% and 55% respectively. Phytoplankton composition and abundance has also been found to be consistent with previous results of phytoplankton survey around the project area (IPC 2005, Network E&P 2005 and NIPP 2007). Wet Season Dry Season Figure 4.11: Percentage Abundance of Phytoplankton The dominance of Diatoms in the water bodies is similar to what obtains in many Nigerian Rivers. Ecologically, diatoms are significant not only as important ultimate source of food Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 34 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment for zooplankton and fish but also serve as indicators of water quality and pollution. Cross sections of phytoplankton species from the study area as observed from an investigative microscope are shown below. Melosira sp and Spirulina sp Microcystis sp and Melosira sp Pediastrum duplex – Green algae Osscilatoria sp – Blue green algae Figure 4.12: Phytoplankton Species along Study Area Zooplankton These include small animals of weak or no swimming ability that are free flowing or drifting biota. They include the holoplankton (e.g., copepods) and the meroplankton (such as the larval stages of invertebrates and the eggs and larvae of most fish species). In the aquatic food web, zooplankton are the initial consumer of energy fixed by the phytoplankton and by themselves, and they provide a link between primary production following fertilization usually results in greater zooplankton abundance. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 35 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The dominant zooplankton taxa encountered in the study area were the Arthopods/crustacean species which dominated with 71% abundance in both seasons. Rotifers followed with 20% to 24% for the dry and wet seasons respectively, while least occurrence with 4% to 2% are represented by the chordates, molluscs and nematode species. These values correlate with previous zooplankton baseline survey (IPC, 2005) and is characteristic of a typical freshwater environment in the Niger-delta region. Wet Season Dry Season Figure 4.13: Percentage Abundance of Zooplankton The dominance of the arthropod zooplankton community in both seasons is in conformity with findings of previous researchers and reports that have in the past shown the dominance of crustaceans amongst the zooplankton community of aquatic ecosystems Waiffe and Frid (2001), and hallegraff (1995). Figure 4.14 below shows some zooplankton species observed within the study area. Copepod nauplius Keratella sp Figure 4.14: Zooplankton Species along Study Area Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 36 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.9.2 Benthic Communities Riverbed sediments consist of rock particles and organic remain at varying composition depending on depth, distance from coastline and local variant (biological and geological activities). Organisms that live on the bottom of riverbed include some fish, clams, oysters, crustaceans, sponges, sea anemones etc. These organisms together with their surrounding water and sediment make up the benthic ecosystem. Sediment type of an area is very important in determining the kind of benthic community that develops, sediments tends to shift and move, making it difficult for large plants or algae to become established, clams, burrowing worms, and small crustaceans however, make use of sediments as suitable habitat (Sanders and Hessler, 1969). Benthic macro-invertebrates or benthos are those organisms that lack vertebrae and occupy the bottom layer of water body for all or part of their life cycle (Roseenberg and Resh, 1993). Generally, they are visible to the naked eyes and play a variety of crucial roles in aquatic ecosystem. Benthic deposits are bottom sediments that originate from dead or decaying organic materials. They are biological indicators of water quality or habitat condition in aquatic environment since the bed collects the sediment from the water. Most macro-benthic communities are sedentary and reflect the quality of their immediate environment. Community structure and distribution of macro-benthos in the study area was evaluated and it revealed that annelids were the dominant benthos species recorded across sampling stations with the occurrence of one mollusc specie during the dry season. 4.10 Vegetation and Wildlife The synopsis of vegetation characteristics as well as wildlife studies carried out across the project area during the sampling exercise is presented in the subsections below. 4.10.1 Vegetation The proposed power transmission line would traverse various habitats including several secondary lowland forests, seasonal freshwater swamps, cultivated farmlands, bush fallows, and mangrove forests (at Ibeno, Eket, and Ikot Abasi areas) on the left flank of Eket – Ikot Abasi road. A map showing the general vegetation characteristics along and in the immediate vicinity of the proposed transmission line route is presented in Figure 4.15. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 37 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 4.15: Vegetation Characteristics Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 38 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Also delineated on the map are areas where the vegetation and wildlife transects were designated during the biodiversity studies. Table 4.11: Features of Vegetation / Wildlife transects Vegetation Transect size Nearest locality/landmark LGA Transect SS 1 1000m X 10m North-West of QIT premises Ibeno (proposed QIPP area) SS 6 1000m X 10m Eket Bridge Area Eket SS 10 1000m X 10m Ukpana Rd in Ikot Edor town Onna SS 13 1000m X 10m Off Akwa Ibom State University Mkpat Enin (Main Campus) SS 16 1000m X 10m Ikwa town (East) Ikot Abasi SS 23 1000m X 10m East of ALSCON Plant Ikot Abasi The transmission line right of way cuts through the Stubbs Creek forest reserve (see Figure 4.15). The Stubbs Creek Reserve from the vegetation field survey falls within Transect 1 (around the QIT area, east of the transmission line route). However planned project activities (during construction) have put in place mitigation and management practices to reduce loss of habitat as well as disturbances to vegetation cover to the bearest minimum taking into consideration the Worldbank operational policies on natural habitats and forests. An edict on MPN’s (Mobil Producing Nigeria Limited, an international oil company and operator of the Qua Iboe Terminal) occupancy and status of the Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve is presented below. Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve – Current Status The Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve was established in 1931 under Order 45 and subsequently amended in 1941, 1955 and 1962. This Reserve is one of the last remaining significant, but highly disturbed forest reserves in the Niger Delta region. The proposed QIPP-PP will be located in the southwestern corner of the Reserve, while the QIPP- Transmission Line will cut across the reserve approximately 4.9km NW. The Akwa Ibom state government is responsible for managing the Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve in accordance with Order 45. The Order allows local inhabitants access to the reserve so as not to deprive them of their historical use of the associated forest such as hunting, fishing, and extracting water. Project Site Boundaries MPN has certificates of occupancy documents which jointly encompass the land tract boundary for the QIPP-PP and some part of the QIPP-Transmission Line facilities. As stated earlier despite the fact that the area was initially designated as a forest, the Nigerian context does not consider a forest reserve as a conservation area. It is rather utilised for for timber production. The area is therefore not a critical natural habitat. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 39 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment SS 1 This transect is accessible through Ukpenekang Road and traverses a mangrove swamp situated on the eastern flank of Exxon-Mobil’s QIT premises. The transect is largely dominated by the exotic Nipa palm, (Nypa fructicans), with a frequency of occurrence of over 95%. Interspersed in the luxuriant Nypa community are few scattered stands of Rhizophora sp, Avicennia africana and Phoenix reclinata (a wild date palm with prickly pinnate leaves). Although the Nypa palm community generally attained a height of 3.7m, the transect’s maximum tree height of 5.2m was recorded on the red mangrove, Rhizophora racemosa. At the periphery of the swamp were clusters of the mangrove- associated forbs like Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, Drepanocarpus lunatus, the fern, Achrosticeum aureum and sedges such as Paspalum vaginatum and Cyperus sp. The stocking density estimate was 7 plants /m2 and litter cover was less than 45%. Figure 4.16 show segments of SS 1 transect. Figure: 4.16: Mangrove Vegetation – QIT Axis (Ibeno) Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 40 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment SS 6 VEGT-6 transect passes through a secondary riparian forest near Eket Bridge. The forest shows 2-layer stratification, and was co-dominated by Raphia, Hallea and Anthocleista spp. With a maximum tree height of 24m recorded on an oil palm tree, the forest had the greatest diversity of woody flora throughout the sampled stations. Common among the trees and shrubs were: Pandanus candelabrum (Screw Pine) 20% Musanga cecropoides (Umbrella tree) 20% Anthocleista vogelli.(Cabbage tree) 40% Cleistopholia patens 10% Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm tree) 30% Raphia sp (Raffia palm) 40% Hallea ledermanii (Abura) 40% Dracaenea arborea (Boundary tree) 40% Alstonia boonei (Stoolwood) 30% The undergrowth measuring about 2.5m high was highly diversified, with thickets of shade-tolerant and flood-tolerant weeds , namely, Nephrolepis biserata, Pteridium acquilinum, Selaginella myosurus, Triumfetta cordifolia, Costus afer, Aspilia africana, Ageratium conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, Panicum repens, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Desmodium scorpiurus, Paliosota hirsuta, Aframomium melegueta, Croton lobatus, Combretum hispidum, Emilia practessima, Asystasia gangetica, Mitracarpus villosus, and creepers such as Heterotis rotundifolia, Smilax anceps and Luffa cylindrica. The weeds also included grasses and sedges such as Cyperus sp, Mariscus sp., Fimbristyllis sp etc. Thus, the stocking density was boosted to 54 plants /m2 and the percentage litter cover reached 75%. No serious pathological was detected, except for a mild case of leave variegation on the Christmas tree, Alchornea cordifolia due to the grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus. A segment of SS 6 transect is shown in Figure 4.17. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 41 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure: 4.17: Secondary Riparian Forest – Eket Axis SS 10 This transect was accessible through Ukpana road in Ikot Edor in Onna LGA. It traverses a seasonal freshwater swamp (dominated by Raphia sp) and a cassava farmland in the neighborhood. The cassava farm was disclosed to be about 6 months old by the local farmer during field studies. The transect’s maximum tree height of 22m was measured on an oil palm tree. No distinct stratification was observed. Among the common trees were: Harungana madagascariensis 30% Calamus deeratus (Cane ) 10% Anthocleista vogelli.(Cabbage tree) 20% Dracaena arborea 20% Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm tree) 40% Raphia sp (Raffia palm) 50% The wetter floor of the forest interior had thickets of weeds composed primarily of Selaginella myosurus, Nephrolepis biserata, Pteridium aquilinum, Cyrtosperma senegalense, Lycopodium sp., and Triumfetta cordifolia while the drier outskirt was more diversified with clusters of Aspilia africana, Ageratium conyzoides, Costus afer, Chromolaena odorata, Panicum repens, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Synedrella nodiflora, Desmodium scorpiurus, Culcasia scandens, Croton lobatus, Combretum hispidum, Asystasia gangetica, Mitracarpus villosus, Heterotis rotundifolia, Sida acuta, Urena lobata and Sertaria barbata. As a result a high stocking density of 58 plants/m2 and percentage litter cover of 85% was recorded in this transect. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 42 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment In the farmland segment (which included crops like cassava, Manihot esculenta; Cocoyam, Colocasa sp; Yam, Dioscorea sp and Maize, Zea mays; Melon, Citrullus vulgaris; Okro, Abelmoschus sp, Garden egg, Solanum sp, Red Pepper, Capsicum sp and Telfairia occidentalis) the stocking density and percentage litter cover were much lower (12 plants/m2) as the farm was tendered. Some of the Okra leaves had the powdery mildew, Oidium abelmoshii with an incidence of 10% and severity index of 2 (=moderate infection) while others were attacked by the leaf roller, Sylepta derogata , with an incidence of 5% and severity index of 1(=mild infection). Figure 4.18 show segments of SS 10 transect. Figure: 4.18: Secondary Forest – Onna Axis SS 13 This transect is situated in Ekim area, opposite Akwa Ibom State University Main Campus, in Mkpat Enin LGA. It passes through a degraded gallopy freshwater swamp at one end, and a bush fallow at the other. There was neither a distinct stratification nor interlocking canopies. The transect’s maximum tree height of 23m was recorded from an oil palm tree. Among the common trees and shrubs were: Harungana madagascariensis 40% Alstonia boonei 10% Anthocleista vogelli.(Cabbage tree) 20% Bambusa vulgaris 10% Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm tree) 60% Raphia sp (Raffia palm) 50% Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 43 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The undergrowth of this transect was characterized by thick thickets of sedges, grasses, creepers and herbaceous forms among which were - Cyperus sp, Mariscus sp, Fimbristyllis sp., Sertaria barbata, Emilia practessima, Selaginella myosurus, Heterotis rotundifolia, Ipomea sp, Smilax anceps, Luffa cylindrica and ferns like Nephrolepis biserata, Pteridium acquilinum, Pteris sp and Lycopodium sp, Stocking density estimate was about 35 m2 . Because of the flooded condition of the transect, assessment of litter cover was impracticable. However, overall, the flora was lush and free of pathological conditions, with Aspilia africana, Ageratum conyzoides and Triumfetta cordifolia in bright flowers. Figure 4.19 presents a segment of SS13 transect. Figure: 4.19: Palm Forest – Mkpat Enin Axis SS 16 Accessible through Ikwa town (in Ikot Abasi LGA) this transect is situated 187m off the main road on the eastern flank. It passes through a degraded secondary forest and cassava farmland. There was no distinct stratification, as the trees were scattered all over the place. The transect’s maximum tree height of 25m was measured on an oil palm tree. In this transect, the undergrowth about 1.5m high was composed of herbaceous weeds such Aspilia africana, Ageratium conyzoides, Phyllanthus amarus, Costus afer, Chromolaena odorata, Panicum repens, Urena lobata, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Andropogon, Desmodium scorpiurus, Croton lobatus, Combretum hispidum, Asystasia gangetica, Mitracarpus villosus, Heterotis rotundifolia, Sida acuta, and Sertaria barbata. Stocking density estimate and percentage litter cover were estimated at 28 plants/m2 and 90% respectively. No pathological condition was detected. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 44 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment SS 23 Situated on the eastern flank of ALSCON, this transect is accessible through ALSCON premises. It traverses a secondary forest dominated by oil palm trees and a cultivated farmland dominated by cassava. The transect’s maximum tree height of 28m was recorded on a lanky oil palm tree. Interspersed in the Oil-Palm community are the following trees in descending order of abundance. Musanga cecropoides 40% Dracaena arborea 40% Harungana madagascariensis 30% Anthocleista vogelii 20% Gmelina arborea 20% Alstonia boonei 20% Among the shrubby components were Cnestis ferruginea, Manniophyllum fulvum and Loncocarpus griffifornis. The undergrowth reached a maximum height of 1.2m and consisted of a wide variety of weeds such as Aspilia africana, Chromolaena odorata, Triumfetta cordifolia, Urena lobata, Costus afer, Ageratum conyzoides, Nephrolepis biserata, Pteridium acquilinum, Selaginella myosurus, Smilax anceps, Caladium sp., Vernonia sp and Phyllanthus amarus. Clusters of grasses and sedges were common in the undergrowth, including Panicum maximum, Cyperus sp., Paspalum sp., Fimbristyllis, Mariscus sp., Kyllinger sp, Bracheria sp., and Commelina sp. Thus, the stocking density was fairly high, up to 42 plants /m2 and the percentage litter cover was well above 75%. Cases of chlorosis and necrosis were recorded on Anthocleista vogelli and Musanga cecropoides respectively. The chlorotic conditions had an incidence of 5% and severity index of 1 (= mild infection) were traced to insufficient supply of light to the plant from affected angles, while the necrotic conditions were traced to Fusarium infection with an incidence of 15% and severity index of 3 (= severe). At the cassava farmland segment of transect SS 23, these weeds were also recorded but at much lower densities, as the farm was tendered. Other crops of the farm were cocoyam, pepper, yam, okra, garden egg and vegetables like fluted pumpkin, Telfairia occidentalis; Green, Amaranthus sp, and Water leaf, Talinium triangulare. Farmlands across the area irrespective of the sampling transects are first cultivated at the end of the dry season, when the rain begins to fall. Farmers plant their crops after the first or second rain in the month of March, and sometime in April. The periodic rainfall pattern before the peak in June enables farmers to cultivate various crops including maize, cassava, melon, groundnut, yam and others. Specifically oil palms are either of wild groves origin or cultivated in small scales and are left often untended along the area. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 45 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Palm Forest – Substation Area Cassava Farm – Substation Area Mangrove Swamp – Uta Ewa, Ikot Abasi Figure: 4.20: Vegetation Types – Sub-station Axis (Ikot Abasi) Bordering one end of the farmland is a small tidal creek, which branches off from Uta ewa in the south. Mangroves such as Rhizophora sp, Avicennia and the fern Achrosticeum aureum and a few stands of Nypa fructicans marked the shores in low densities. Table 4.12a shows a checklist of specific conservation status for identified flora along the project area. Although the list identifies six of the species as endangered and 43 as vulnerable, the ranking is based on IUCN standards as these species are locally abundant. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 46 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12a: Flora Conservation Status Species Family IUCN Status Acanthus montanu Acanthaceae LC Acrostichum aurenm Ceratopteridaceae LC Albizia ferruginea Fabaceae EN Albizia adianthifolia Fabaceae VU Alchornea cordifolia Euphorbiacea VU Alstonia cogensis Apocyanaceae LC Alstonia boonei Apocyanaceae VU Anogeissus leiocarpus Euphorbiacea LC Anthocliesta voegilii Loganiaceae LC Anthonotha macrophylla Fabaceae VU Anthostema aubryanum Euphorbiacea VU Avicennia africana Avicenniaceae LC Bligha sapida Sapindaceae LC Canna indica Cannaceae LC Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae LC Ceratophyllum demersum Ceratophyllaceae LC Clistopholis patens Cupressaceae EN Cnestis spp DC. Vonnaraceae LC Cocos nucifera Arecaceae VU Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae LC Cola millini Sterculiaceae DD Combretum racemosum Combracaceae LC Crescentia cujete Bignonanceae DD Croton hirtus Eupphorbiaceae VU Croton lobatus Eupphorbiaceae VU Cyperus papyrus Cyperaceae VU Crytosperla senegalense Araceae LC Desmodium salicifolium Fabaceae LC Dissotis spp Melastomataceae VU Dracaena arborea Dracaenaceae LC Ecastophyllum brownii Fabaceae DD Eichhornia crassipes Ponterderiaceae LC Eleais guineensis Arecaceae VU Elaeocarpus pyriformis Elaeocarpaceae VU Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae VU Ficus exasporata Moraceae VU Funtumia elastica Apocynaceae VU Grewia auriculata Tiliaceae VU Guarea cedrata Meliacea VU Hallea ledermannii Rubiaceae EN Heterotis rotundifolia Melastomataceae LC Homalium dalzielii Salicaceae VU Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae NT Irvingia wombulu Irvingianceae LC Lantana camara Verbenaceae LC Laportea ovalifolia Urticaceae LC Lemna minor Lemnaceae VU Lophira alata Ochnaceae VU Lophira procera Ochnaceae LC Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 47 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Lovoa trichiliodes Meliaceae VU Macaranga barteri Euphorbiaceae VU Mallotus oppositifolia Euphobiacee VU Manniophyton fulvum Euphobeaceae VU Marantochloa purpurea Marantacea VU Merremia aegyptia Convolvulaceae LC Mimosa invisa Fabaceae VU Mimosa pudica Fabaceae LC Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae LC Monodora myristica Annonaceae DD Musanga cercropodes Urticaceae VU Mussaenda polita Urticaceae LC Myrianthus arborea Urticaceae VU Nauclea diderrichi Rubiaceae EN Nesogordonia papaverifera Malvaceae VU Nymphaea odorata Nymphaeaceae LC Oldfieldia africana Euphorbiaceae VU Ouratea spp Ochnaceae VU Pandanus candelabrum Pandanaceae VU Parkia bibliogosa Fabaceae LR Pentadesma butyracea Clusiaceae VU Peporomia pellucida Piperaceae LC Phyllantus amarus Euphobiaceae LC Physalis micrantha Solanaceae LC Pimenta racemosa Myrtaceae VU Piptadeniastrum africanum Fabaceae VU Pistia stratoites Araceae LC Platostoma africanum Lamiaceae VU Pterocarpus mildbraedii Fabaceae EN Pterygota macrocarpa Sterculiaceae VU Raphia africanum Arecaceae DD Raphia hookeria Arecaceae DD Rhizophora racemosa Rhizopharaceae VU Sacoglottis spp Celastraceae VU salacia pyriformis Celatraceae VU Salvinia molesta Salvinaceae LC Schnwenkia americana Fabaceae LC Serindeia warneckei Leguminosae DD Spathandra blakeoides Melastomataceae VU Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbanaceae LC Sterculla tragacantha Sterculiaceae LC Symphonia globulifera Guttiferaceae VU Terminalia catappa Terminaliaceae EN Alternanthera maritima Amaranthaceae LC Xylopia rebescens Annonaceae VU * E=endemic; EN= endangered; VU=vulnerable; LR=low risk; LC=least concern; NT=not threatened; DD=data deficient. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 48 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.10.2 Wildlife A comprehensive checklist as well as their local, national (Act 11 of 1985) and international (IUCN) conservation status of wildlife known along the proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi power transmission line is presented in Table 4.12b. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 49 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status Ref Abundance Date last Conservation Status code Class Family Species Ibibio name Index (AI) Sighted Local IUCN WCMC Act 11 M/01 Cricetomys emini Oyiot XXX Aug-11 S - - - Cricetidae Giant Rat M/02 Xerus erythropus Adua/Ato-toi XXX Aug. 2011 S - - - (West African ground Sqirrel) squirrel) M/03 Soricidae Epixerus ebii Ikara XXX Aug,2011 S - - - (Palm Squirrel) M/04 Helioscuirus rufobrachium Ikara XX May, 2011 S - - - (Red-legged Sun Squirrel) M/05 Thryonomys swinderianus Ineh XXX Aug. 2011 S - - - Thryonomidae (Cane Rat or Grasscutter) M/06 '' Atherurus africanus Ebiong XX Aug. 2011 S - I Sch.1 (Brush-tailed Porcupine) Mammalia M/07 Cephalophus maxwelli Ukem XX Aug. 2011 S - K - Maxwell's Duiker M/08 Tragelaphus scriptus Ediop XX Aug. 2011 V - K - ( Bushbuck) Bovidae Aug. 2011 M/09 Tragelaphus spekei Ediop X V - E Sch 1 ( Sitatunga) M/10 Hymenoschus aquaticus X Jun., 2008 V - - Sch 1 (Water Chevrotain) M/11 Neotragus batesi Esorh XX Aug. 2011 V - - Sch 1 (Bate's Pygmy Antelope) M/12 Potamochoerus porcus Edi-Ikot XXX Apr., 2010 S - - - Suidae (Bushpig) Viverridae Aug-11 M/13 Viverra civetta Ekiko XX S - - Sch 2 Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 50 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status Cont’d Ref Abundance Date last Conservation Status code Class Family Species Ibibio name Index (AI) Sighted Local IUCN WCMC Act 11 (African Civet Cat) M/14 Genetta poensis Eyiet X May, 2011 V - - Sch 2 (Forest Genet) M/15 Nandinia binotata Atan X June, 2011 V - - Sch 2 (Two-spotted Palm Civet) M/16 Herpestes ichneumon - X Jan-11 V - - Sch 2 (Egyptian mongoose) M/17 Aonyx capensis ??? X Sep-10 V Sch. 1 Mustelidae (Cape clawless otter M/18 Manis tetradactyla ???? X Nov, 2010 V - - Sch 1 Manidae (Long-tailed Pangolin) M/19 Mammalia Manis tricuspis X Apr.2008 V - - Sch 1 (Tree Pangolin) M/20 Cercopithecus mona Ebuk XX Jul-11 V - - Sch 2 (Mona Monkey) M/21 Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus nictitans Ebuk X May, 2011 V - - Sch 2 (Putty-nose monkey) M/22 Cercopithecus erythrotis Ebuk X Oct.2009 V - Sch 2 Red-eared guenon M/23 Perodicticus potto Adue X April,2008 I - - Sch 2 Loridae (Bosman Potto) M/24 Galagos sp ??? X Nov.2008 I - - Sch 2 Galagonidae Bush Baby Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 51 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status Cont’d Ref Abundance Date last Conservation Status code Class Family Species Ibibio name Index (AI) Sighted Local IUCN WCMC Act 11 Afm/B, Aug. 2011 AV/25 Milvus migrans Mukpo XXX S PM - Sch 1 (Black Kite) RB, '' AV/26 Kaupifalco monogramicus Okwukwor XXX S ?Afm - Sch 1 Accipitridae (Lizard Buzzard) '' AV/27 Accipiter erythropus Okwukwor XXX S R(B) - Sch 1 Chicken Hawk) AV/28 Gypohierax angolensis Ntrukpom X '' V RB - Sch. 2 (Palmnut Vulture) AV/29 Tokus fasciatus Ekpang XXX '' S RB - - Bucerotidae (African Pied Hornbill) AV/30 Ceratogymna fistulator Ekpang XX '' V RB - - Aves (Piping Hornbill) AV/31 Bulcubis ibis XXX '' S RB - Sch.2 Ardeidae (Cattle Egret) AV/32 Egretta garzetta XX '' S RB - Sch 2 (Little Egret) AV/33 Corvus albus Ekong XXX '' S RB - - Covidae Pied Crow AV/34 Halcyon malimbica X '' S RB - (Blue-crested Kingfisher) AV/35 Halcyon senegalense XX '' S RB - Alcedinidae (Woodland Kingfisher) '' AV/36 Megaceryle maxima X V R(B) - (Giant Kingfisher) Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 52 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status Cont’d Ref Abundance Date last Conservation Status code Class Family Species Ibibio name Index (AI) Sighted Local IUCN WCMC Act 11 AV/37 Merops pusillis X '' S RB - Meropidae (Little Bee-eater) Enuen- RB, '' AV/38 Apus affinis Enyang XXX S PM - Apopidae (Little Swift) AV/39 Cypsiurus parvus XXX '' S RB - (African Palm Swift) AV/40 Dendropicos pyrrhogaster X '' S RB - Picidae Fire-bellied Woodpecker) AV/41 Ploceus cucullatus Nsa-sak XXX '' S RB - (Village Weaver) AV/42 Ploceidae Ploceus ocularis Nsa-sak XXX '' S RB - Aves (Spectacled Weaver) AV/43 Ploceus melanocephalus Nsa-sak XX '' S RB - (Black-headed Weaver) AV/44 Pycnonotus barbatus XXX '' S RB - Pycnonotidae (Common Bulbul) AV/45 Pscittacus erithacus XX Jul-11 V RB Sch.1 Pscittacidae (Grey Parrot) AV/46 Centropus senegalensis Odudu XXX Aug-11 V RB - Cuculidae (Senegal Coucal) AV/47 Streptopelia semitorquata XXX '' S RB - Columbidae (Red-eyed Dove) AV/48 Francolinus bicalcaratus XX Jun-11 S - Phasianidae (Double -spurred francolin) Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 53 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status Cont’d Ref Abundance Date last Conservation Status code Class Family Species Ibibio name Index (AI) Sighted Local IUCN WCMC Act 11 RE/49 Agama agama Okpok XXX Aug.2011 S - - Agamidae (Rainbow Lizard) Ewa- '' RE/50 Mabuya affinis Ngwang XXX S - - (Blanding's snake) Scincidae skink) Jun.,2008 RE/51 Lygosoma fernandi X V - - (Red/Fire Skink) RE/52 Varanus niloticus Utai X May, 2009 V - - Varanidae (Nile Monitor) RE/53 Osteolaemus tetrapsis Ibah XX June, 2009 V VU Sch.1 (Short-nosed Crocodile) RE/54 Reptilia Chameleo sp Akube XX July, 2009 V - Sch.1 Chamaeleonidae (Chameleon) RE/55 Python sebae Asabor X Nov.,2008 V - Sch. 1 (African Rock Python) Ntene Boidae Jan., 2009 RE/56 Python regius Asabor X V - Sch.1 (Royal Python) . May, 2009 RE/57 Calabaria reinhardtii ??? X V - Sch. 1 (Calabar Python) RE/58 Causus maculatus XX Feb., 2009 V - - Viperidae (Night Adder) '' RE/59 '' Bitis gabonica Ibom XX Nov., 2008 V - - (Gabon Viper) Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 54 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status Cont’d Ref Abundance Date last Conservation Status code Class Family Species Ibibio name Index (AI) Sighted Local IUCN WCMC Act 11 RE/60 Bitis nasicornis Ibom XX April,2009 V - (Rhinoceros Viper) RE/61 Naja nigricollis Ibere XX Aug., 2009 S - - (Spitting Cobra) RE/62 Elapidae Naja melanoleuca X June, 2008 S - (Forest Cobra) RE/63 Dendroaspis jamesoni Asak X Nov-10 S - (Green Mamba) RE/64 Reptilia Gastropyxis smaragdina ??? X Apr-11 S - (Emerald Green Snake) RE/65 Colubridae Grayia smythii ???? X Aug-11 S - - (Smyth's Water Snake) RE/66 Boiga blandingi X Oct., 2009 S - (Blanding's snake) RE/67 Kinixys erosa Ikut X Aug-11 S - Testudinidae back-hinged tortoise RE/68 Pelusios niger Ekit inyang X May, 2011 S DD - Pelomedusae (Freshwater terrapin) AM/69 Bufo maculatus Ekwat XXX Aug-11 S LC - Amphibia Bufonidae (African toad) AM/70 Dicroglossus occipitalis Edong XX '' S LC - (Bull-frog) Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 55 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.12b: Wildlife Diversity and Conservation Status Cont’d Ref Abundance Date last Conservation Status code Class Family Species Ibibio name Index (AI) Sighted Local IUCN WCMC Act 11 '' AM/71 Ptychadena mascariensis Edong XXX S LC - Ranidae (Mascariene Frog) '' AM/72 Ptychadena aequiplicata XX S LC - ( ? ) Silurana (=Xenopus) Amphibia '' AM/73 Pipidae tropicalis ??? XXX S LC - (Claw-toed Frog) AM/74 Hyperolius sp Mme X '' V LC - Hyperolidae (Tree frog) AM/75 Afrixalus dorsalis Mme X '' V LC - AM/76 Arthrolepidae Arthrolepis sp ? X '' V LC - (Common name in parenthesis) S = Satisfactory; E= Endangered; V= Vulnerable; K = Suspected to be in E or V categories; I = Indeterminate ;? = Probably present IUCN : International Ranking in 2006 IUCN Red list WCMC: National Ranking in WCMC's 1988 Nigeria Biodiversity Report Act 11: Ranking in Federal Endangered Species Act 11 of 1985 (Schedule 1 & 2) Abundance Index (AI): X = Few ; XX = Common ; XXX = Abundant IUCN Red List Category Key Avian Migratory and breeding Habit EX = Extinct RB = Resident Breeder EW = Extinct in the Wild R(B) = Resident, but Breeding unproved CR = Critically Endangered PM = Palaearctic Migrant EN = Endangered Afm = Migrates within Nigeria VU = Vulnerable AfM/B = Migrates to and from Nigeria to Breed in Nigeria LR/cd = Lower Risk; Conservation Dependent V = Vigrant LR/int or NT = Near Threatened PM = Palaearctic Migrant DD = Data Deficient Afm = Migrates within Nigeria LR/lc or LC = Least Concern (Not Considered to be red listed) AfM/B = Migrates to and from Nigeria to Breed in Nigeria Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 56 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The table reveals that there are at least 76 vertebrate species (excluding nocturnal species like - mice, bats, owls, etc), presently resident in the freshwater swamp forests, dry secondary forests, bush fallows and farmlands sampled. A breakdown shows that there are approximately 24 mammalian species belonging to 11 families; 24 avian species belonging to 14 families. Reptiles are represented by 20 species from 10 families, while amphibians had the lowest number of species with 8 species from 5 families. Locally, 8 mammalian species are not threathened, while 13 are vulnerable. The status of two species, the Bush baby, Galagos sp and Bosman Potto, Perodicticus potto is unclear due to insufficient data. Following the ranking of Act 11 of 1985, about 28 species are nationally endangered with 16 belonging to schedule 1 category and 12 to schedule 2. Among the mammals of schedule 1, are the Brush-tailed porcupine, Atherurus africanus, the Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekei, Water Chevrotain, Hymenoschus aquaticus, Cape’s clawless otter, Aonyx capensis and the Pangolins, Manis tetradactyla and Manis tricuspis, while all the primates belong to schedule 2. However, according to the National Ranking in WCMC’s 1998 Nigeria Biodiversity report, Maxwells Duiker (Cephalopus maxwelli), Marshbuck (Tragelapus speki) and Neotragus batesi are locally considered to be under threat. This is also consistent with findings from biodiversity studies around the project area (NIPP 2007, BLNG 2008). Among the aves, 19 species locally, have satisfactory conservation status while 5 are vulnerable, namely – Gypohierax angolensis (Palmnut Vulture), Ceratogymna fistulator (Piping hornbill), Megaceryle maxima (Giant Kingfisher), Psittacus erithacus (Grey Parrot) and Centropus senegalensis (Senegal Coucal). By IUCN classification, many of the birds are Resident Breeders (RB) and of which none has been classified as endangered by the international conservation body. A few species like Milvus migrans (kite) and Kaupifalco monogramicus (Lizzard Buzzard) migrates within Nigeria, while others are Palearctic migrants e.g, Apus affinis. Obviously common and ubiquitous reptiles in the area are the Agama lizard, Agama agama and the skinks, Mabuya affinis. The conservation status of snakes could not be determined precisely with certainty because of their secretive nature, however biodiversity studies around the project area (NIPP, 2007) reported no endangered reptilian species in line with the IUCN ranking. But the high frequency of killings and encounter by hunters and farmers indicate that such forms like the Bitis gabonica, (Gabon Viper), Naja nigricollis, and Psammophis philipsi are common or abundant. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 57 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Mammals Result of Investigations into mammalian diversity reveal that mammals commonly caught in the prospect sites are Cricetomys emini, Thryonomys swinderianus, Atherurus africanus, Cephalopus maxwelli, Tragelaphus scriptus, Neotrogus batesi, Potamochoerus porcus, Viverra civetta and Cercopithecus mona. Mona Monkey - Cercopithecus mona Bushbuck – Tragelaphus scriptus Photo Source: BLNG (2008) Brass Biodiversity Study Figure: 4.21: Mammals Along Project Area Evidence of wildlife presence, such as footprints, trails, scats, skeleton, sloughed skin, etc were encountered in the farmlands and bush fallows, where they forage, as well as shorelines of freshwater swamps where they drink, the ecology, distribution and conservation status of these mammals have been discussed in earlier works in the Niger Delta (BLNG, 2008). Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 58 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Aves The bulk of the birds commonly sighted along the proposed power transmission route during the period were mainly, the diurnal birds of prey, seed-eaters and scavengers such as Ploceidae (Weavers), Covidae (Pied Crow), Accipitridae (Kites, Hawks, Palm nut vulture), Bucerotidae(Hornbills), Ardeidae (Egrets), Alcedinidae (Kingfishers), Apopidae (Swifts), Hirundinidae (swallows), Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls), and Columbidae (Doves). Figure: 4.22: Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) – Douglas Creek Area These birds appeared to have activity peaks in the morning and evening hours. They often alight from the forest edges, and their nests to feed in farmlands and bush fallows, while kites and hawks hover over burning bushes to hunt for offal. By wet season many birds remain perched most times; taking shelter or tendering their young. The reverse was the case during the dry season studies, as more birds were sighted. Reptilia The reptilian fauna of the area are diverse. During the wet as against dry season observationsminimal acitivity was obsereved for most species, thus they could only be sighted when they were basking. Lizards and skinks were abundant in all the transects and none of the identified species are classified as threatened or endangered in the IUCN ranking (see Table 4.12); skinks were more frequently encountered in the interior of forests than lizards and areas where timber, oil palm fruits and refuse were dumped. The occurrence of poisonous snakes like the Gabon Viper, Bitis gabonica; Spitting Cobra, Naja nigricollis, Forest Cobra, Naja melanoleuca, and Jameson’s Mamba, Dendroaspis jamesoni, in the thick forest and bush-fallows was commonly reported by the hunters. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 59 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Swamp fishers also reported the take of the non-poisonous water snake, Grayia smythii in their basket traps. They also confirmed that ground-racing snakes like Psammophis phillipsi, Blanding’s snake, Toxidryas (=Boiga) blandingi) and the Emerald Green snake, Gastropyxis smaragdina are commonly encountered in farms and bush fallows on drier, warm days. Three boids are known in the area, namely – the Royal Python, Python regius, the African Rock Python, P. sebae, and the Calabar Python, Calabaria reinhardtii. The first two prey on mammals in the forest, while the Calabar python lives in burrows in the swamp and feeds on ants. By wet season when the swamp is inundated, it migrates to the periphery and remains there till dry season. Figure 4.23 shows a tortoise caught by one hunter in Ekim (Mkpat Enin LGA,) during the survey. Figure: 4.23: Tortoise –Hunters Bag in Mkpat Enin Axis Amphibia Amphibians commonly found during the survey were the African toad Amietophrynus (Bufo) maculatus, and the frogs, Ptychadena mascariensis, and P. aequiplicata, The black clawed frog, Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis and the Bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus (= Dicroglossus) occipitalis are restricted to the swamps where they constitute important component of the fishery. Records of tree frogs such Hyperolius sp and Afrixalus dorsalis (Figuren 4.24) were taken on the littoral shrubs and herbs of the swamp, especially, Cyrtosperma senegalense, which provide enough shade and substrate. Photo Source: BLNG (2008) Brass Biodiversity Study Figure: 4.24: Tree Frog - Afrixalus dorsalis Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 60 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The humid condition in wet season enables them to come out in high numbers, especially at night. Conservation Issues Poaching is the primary route to wildlife depletion in the area, as it is an important source of income for the rural people, especially around the villages. The incentives of the business are the diversity of game animals in the area and the high patronage by bushmeat sellers. Bushmeat is a delicacy in the area, and conservation awareness is very low, hence trade on it goes on, inspite of the provisions of Act 11 of 1985. Data from the field as shown in Table 4.13 indicates that sitatunga, bushbucks, and bush-pigs are the most expensive animals followed by monkeys, grasscutters and porcupines. The project mitigation and management provides clear measures that prohibit poaching, hunting, trapping and killing of wildlife by project personnel. Table 4.13: Cost of Game Animals Along Study Area Common name Ibibio name Price range (Naira) Giant rat, (“Rabbit�) Oyiot 950 - 1300 Cane rat Ineh 3,800- 4,500 (“Grasscutter�) Porcupine Ebiong 3,500-4,500 Maxwell’s Duiker Ukem 5,800-7,000 Bates Antelope Esorh 4,500-5800 Bushbuck Ediop 43,000-47000 Sitatunga Ediop 42,000-46,800 African Civet Cat Ekiko 8,850-11,500 Genet Edue 800-1,500 Two spotted Palm civet Atan 800-1,200 Monkeys Ebok 4,000-5,000 Bush-pig Edi-Ikot 34,000-36,200 Tortoise Ekit 4,800-6,000 Terrapins Ekit-Inyang 4,800-6,000 Nile Monitor Utai 6,600- 8,500 Crocodile Ibha 9,840-10,900 Most of the hunters uphold that the upper limits of the market price ranges are reached in festive seasons, like new yam festivals, masquerading season, Easter, and Christmas. The high prices of duikers and antelopes, according to respondents, are due to the fact their skins are useful for indoor decorations, chieftaincy decorations, and for the construction of tom-tom and base drums, and their parts (skull, teeth, hoofs, etc) are often used in certain traditional medicine. Information as obtained from field interviews with the chiefs, traditional custodians and local hunters was that pythons (locally called Asabor) are culturally protected in line with historic traditional beliefs. Also at Ikot Ebidang in Onna LGA, the bush pig, Potamochoerus porcus and Bosman Potto, Perodictitus potto, are treated as totemic animals. However Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 61 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment there were no records, as observed during biodiversity consultations, of any sacred grooves around the project area. Hunters also report that hunting successes are much higher in wet season than in dry season, hence hunting is carried out primarily in wet season. Hunting successes are reduced in dry season, because it is difficult to travel quietly through the bush, without noise of trailing steps on the dry leaves alerting the animals. Hunting is carried out both by day and night and the hunter will often stay several days in the bush, if there is abundant evidence of wildlife in the area besieged. At night carbide lamps are used, which dazzles the prey with light, providing the hunter with a clearer vision for accurate shot. During the day, specially tamed hunt – dogs may be used to “rake� the bush and challenge the wild animals out of their hide-outs, for the hunter to shoot. The majority of hunters use “dane-guns�, locally manufactured single barrel 12 bore shotguns, and cartridges used are British made and sell for a few hundreds of naira. Trapping is carried out both as a means of vertebrate pest control around cultivated areas and also as an income earning activity in the forest. The traps or snares are constructed from wire and placed on animal tracks and runs. Around farms, short drift fences or barricades are constructed from bamboo or palm fronds (with the round wire traps located at intervals of 4 meters) to compel the animals drift into the traps. The major species trapped are porcupine, grass-cutter, antelope (bushbuck), monkey and duiker. Occasional catches include snakes like the python, Gabon viper, and spitting cobra. A trapper’s drift fence may be 2-5 km long and could have 100 – 200 traps set, usually during wet season. They are inspected every two or three days. In a day as many as 8 animals of two or more species may be trapped. Where the hunter is not disposed to inspect his numerous traps, he delegates a teenage boy. On his return, the boy would have some share from the animal brought home for the hunter. Otherwise the trapped animals would rot and waste in the bush, or devoured by scavengers like vulture and Civet cat. Hunting activities along the project area cannot be termed widespread. For instance hunting activities as documented from interview sessions are at a lower spread in the more coastal areas of the route like Ibeno, and Esit Eket than when compared to hunting spread in Mkpat Enin and Onna. This information is supported by the fact that in the more coastal areas of the line apart from the Ikot Abasi axis, fishing is a more prominent -activity of the locals. The construction and operation of the line is not expected to have significant impacts on hunting activities as access to hunting grounds will not be prohibited except for prohibitions to poaching and killing of wildlife by site workers. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 62 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.10.3 Fish and Fisheries Fishing is important in Ibeno LGA, Eket and some creeks in Ikot Abasi LGA, where, tidal waters of the Bight of Bonny bring in a variety of fish, namely sardines, mullets, croakers, tilapia, baraccuda, shine nose (Parachana africana)etc They are commonly caught with basket traps which have non-return valves. A sample of the freshwater fish landing as well as types of fishing gears used within the area is shown in Figure 4.25. The clariids constitute the major component of the catch. Figure: 4.25: Fish Gears and Fish Types The freshwater swamp fishery at Onna and Mkpat Enin include - Clarias, Heterobranchus sp, Malapterurus electricus, Schilbe sp, Mormyrus sp, Calamoichtyes calabaricus, etc. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 63 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.11 Socio-Economics In line with the corporate policy of PHCN and its commitment to meeting its social corporate responsibilities, it was necessary to undertake socio-economic and health conditions survey of communities in the proposed project area. The study is an integral part of the environmental and social impacts management and overall sustainable development arrangement. Consequently, a detailed socio-economic and health status survey of the communities within the proposed project area has been undertaken. Various consultation exercises were conducted with the purpose of intimating those from affected areas of the proposed project, its objectives, potential impacts, and management strategies. Meeting dates, times, and agendas were agreed with the leadership of each group to be consulted who in turn notified those who were to be in attendance ahead of the schedules. The meetings would start with introductions of participants, the objectives, and the programs for the meeting. Agendas include the proposed project description, areas likely to be affected, potential impacts, and planned mitigation and compensation strategies. Attendance lists are passed around while the meeting is in progress and photographs of all attendees taken at the end of each meeting. Issues discussed and matters arising are documented by nominated representatives of the group and the consultant. The continuous consultation exercises include interactions with community members and stakeholders to ensure that the right and sufficient information about the project and its associated activities is provided, their views are considered, ambiguous issues are clarified, while their concerns and expectations are noted for appropriate considerations in the project planning and due provision of feedback. So far, a total of about (65) different meetings have been held with varying categories of persons, groups, and families among whom are leaders and youths members of the community in addition to persons directly affected by the transmission line route. An estimate on the total no of persons that will be affected by the project (Project Affected Persons – PAPs) will be provided upon conclusion by PHCN of its enumeration/valuation and census program along the ROW. The enumeration and valuation process commenced on the 30th of May 2012 and should be completed in the last week of September 2012. The specific number of persons and properties to be affected as well as the anticipated budget for compensation will be determined at the end of enumeration and valuation program. PAPs will be impacted directly or indirectly through loss of properties which will generally include farmlands, temporary farm structures like farm huts, fish ponds, and fallow lands etc. Consultation sections as described in above paragraph have been carried out with identified stakeholders including potential PAPs to enlighten them on the project as well as capture and address their needs and concerns in relation to the development. Copies of attendance sheets are attached in Appendix 4.5 and pictures provided along with respective consultative discussions. These consultations are anticipated to continue throughout the project life cycle. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 64 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.11.1 Scope of Study The proposed transmission line will traverse through 6 LGAs of Akwa Ibom State, namely; Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi. The study however covered fifty communities, nine clans councils and six identified Traditional Ruling Councils (TRC) (Table 4.14). Table 4.14 No of Consulted / Surveyed Groups S/NO LGAs No of No of No of Surveyed No. of Consulted Consulted Communities Respondents TRC Clan Council 1 Ibeno 1 1 2 24 2 Esit Eket 1 1 3 19 3 Eket 1 1 4 53 4 Onna 1 1 6 84 5 Mkpat Enin 1 2 14 88 6 Ikot Abasi 1 3 21 150 Total 6 6 9 50 418 A total number of 418 respondents (Table 4.14) were also consulted. However, it should be noted that prior to detailed socio-economic survey across affected communities, PHCN had carried out in depth sensitization and consultation activities at the three levels of traditional organisation in the area. i.e the traditional ruling council, the clan council and village council levels. Evidences of such consultation activities as well as those carried out during the socio-economic gathering exercise are presented in Appendix 4.5. Table 4.15: Socio-economic Survey Program Date LGA COMMUNITY CONTACT PERSONS REMARKS 10/8/11 Mkpat Ikot Akpa Okop Eteidung Obot Akpan – Acting Clan Head Socio Economic Enin of Ukpum Minya and 4 others = 5 team introduced by the PHCN Officials 10/8/11 Ibeno Mkpanak Chief Edmund N. Okon – Village Council FGD conducted Chairman; Rt. Hon. Nkpouto Essien – Village Council member and 7 others = 9 Ibeno Clan Owong (Dr.) Effiong Archianga – Clan council Council Paramount Ruler Elect; consulted Chief Okutinyang – Secretary Ibeno Clan council and 7 others = 9 17/10/11 Eket Ebana Chief Emmanuel Eshiet III – Village Head IDIs Conducted and Inspector Nsien S. Nsien (Rtd.) – Village Coucil Sect.& 7 others = 9 Esit Urua Chief Wilson Etop Itok – Village Head and FGD Conducted 11 others = 12 Ede Obuk Chief Assam M. Assam – Village Council FGD Conducted Chairman; Mr. David Willie Etuk – Village council Sect. and 19 others = 21 18/10/11 Eket Afaha Eket HRM Edidem N. J. E. Oduenyie – FGD/IDIs Paramount Ruler; Conducted Chief Etinyang J. Udofa (JP) – Afaha Clan Admin. Secretary and 7 Others = 9 18/10/11 Onna Ikot Akpatek Eteidung Okon Idem Mboso – Village FGD Conducted Head; Mr Monday Sampson Idem – Village Council Sect. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 65 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment And 7 others = 9 Ikot Ebidang Bishop Rex A. Uko – Vice Chairman FGD Conducted Advisory Committee and 22 others = 23 Ikot Annang Eteidung Udo Sampson – Village Head FGD Conducted and 23 others = 24 Mkpa Eto Eteidung Akpaqn A. Inyang – Village FGD Conducted Head and 7 others = 8 Ikot Eko Ibon Eteidung (Hon.)Emem D. Nwa II and 11 IDI Conducted others = 12 31/10/11 Onna Ikot Edor His Eminence Akwa Edidem (Dr.) Akpabio IDI Conducted Udo Ukpa JP/FCE, Oku Ibom Ibibio III and Par. Ruler & 1 other = 2 12/11/11 Mkpat Ikot Ekong Eteidung (WO) Raymond Udia Rtd. – FGD/ IDIs Enin Village Head Ikot Ekong; Conducted Chief (Hon.) Bassey I. Ekong – Village Head Elect Ikot Umoh Ekong; Chief Paul D. Ekpoffiong – Village Head Elect Odoroinyang and 22 others = 25 Ndon Eteidung Okon Udo Ekpo – Village Head FGD Conducted and 6 others = 7 Ibotio Eteidung Joseph U. Imoh – Village Head IDI Conducted & 3 others = 4 12/11/11 Mkpat Ikot Enin Eteidung Akpan Nelson Ekpo - Village IDI Conducted Enin Head & 5 others = 6 Ekim HRH Obong P. N. John Udoh (JP) – IDI Conducted Village Head/Clan Head of Ikpa Ibom & 1 other = 2 Ikot Oyoro Eteidung Sylvester A. Inyang – Village FGD Conducted Head & 7 others = 8 14/11/11 Mkpat Ikot Obio Ndoho Chief Anthony Ukpong – Village Council FGD Conducted Enin Chairman And 9 others = 10 Ikot Aba Eteidung M. S. Akpan – Village head and FGD Conducted 5 others = 6 14/11/11 Ikot Ikwa Eteidung Chief Akpan J. Ekpe – Village IDI Conducted Abasi Head & 4 others = 5 Ikot Ataha Eteidung Akpan N. Ntia – Village Head & IDI Conducted 6 others = 7 Ikot Umiang Okon Eteidung Ufot S. Ufot – Village Head &14 FGD Conducted Others = 15 Iman Ekabom I & Chief Friday Attat – Village Head and 28 FGD Conducted II others = 29 Obiokama; Ete; Eteidung A. O. Ekpe- Village Head and 21 FGD Conducted Ubeneke I & II others = 22 15/11/11 Mkpat Ikot Akpan Okop Eteidung Obot Akpan – Village Head and FGD Conducted Enin 4 others = 5 Ikot Ekpang and Elder Eyop George – Village council FGD Conducted Ikot Aka Speaker and 15 others = 16 15/11/11 Esit Akpambiet Edo Chief Akpan A. Ibok; Chief Okon Tom FGD Conducted Eket Community Ekwere; Chief Joshua W. Edemidiong (Village Heads) and 8 others 11 Edida Edo Chief Johnson Assam Etidem – Village IDI Conducted Head & 3 others = 4 Oniok Edo Elder Abia Jonny Abia – Village Council IDI Conducted President & 3 others = 4 16/11/11 Ikot Abasi Ute (5); Chief (Barr.) C. M. Ikotidem, - Acting Clan FGD/ IDIs Abasi Abiaran (7); Head and other Village Heads/ Chairmen conducted Odiono Isoutibe of Village Councils = 48 (6); Essien Etuk (5); Urua Essien Etuk (4); Okpoto (5); Adaha Ukim (6); Ikot Etenghe (5) and Ekpuk Inang (5) Ikot Etetuk Mr. Uduak Udo Tom – Village Council IDI Conducted Chair & 5 others = 6 Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 66 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Ikot Essien Elder Ufot Akpan Nathaniel and 7 others = FGD Conducted 8 Ikot Akpan Ata Chief Aniefiok Akpan Usoro and 4 others FGD Conducted =5 Ikot Abasi Village Chief Akpan Monday Okubre and 4 FGD Conducted others = 5 FGD: Focus Group Discussion IDI: In Depth Interview 4.11.2 Consultations Consultations is a major feature of the socio-economic component of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for any intended project, which in this case incorporates all individuals and communities that may be directly or indirectly affected by the proposed project. Consultations aim to inform relevant stakeholders about the intentions / plans of project proponents. It also attempts to record the concerns and views of all stakeholders and helps to minimise potential conflicts that could arise during project implementation. The consultation programme for the proposed project consisted of a two-tier process. • Reconnaissance visits to key LGA and Clan level stakeholders (political leaders / traditional rulers / civic leaders). This was done for legitimation purposes, as to secure permission and cooperation for the study. Specifically, notification visits were carried out to the LGA council authorities of Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi. Visits at the TRC level of the local governments as well as identified clans within the LGAs were also carried out. This phase of consultation was initiated between February to August 2011, giving way to the next level of consultations. • Direct consultation with identified stakeholders. This phase was conducted by the SIA / H team from the 10th of August till the 16th of November, 2011 (10/08/2011 – 16/11/2011). It consisted of visits (3 phased visits, TRC level, clan level and village levels) to the various communities/settlements which had been earlier identified by PHCN, as areas over which the proposed power transmission line will traverse. Participatory tools were thereafter utilised to elicit information from stakeholders on community baseline data, expected impacts (direct/indirect, adverse/beneficial, short/long term etc). Attempts were also made to ascertain stakeholders’ concerns as well as identify the benefits of the proposed projects can be enhanced for the affected communities. A total of about 115 visits covering both phases of consultations have been carried out so far. Public Forum Public participation plays an important role in the EIA process and the planning, design and implementation of any development. PHCN organised a public forum on the 28th of March, 2012 involving as many potentially interested and affected parties (including, federal, state and local government stakeholders, traditional ruling councils, clan councils, village councils, youths, women, middle age, NGO, press etc) as possible. The comments received and the issues arising from the public forum have been used extensively in this EIA. Attendance list from the public forum as well as a panaroma of photos are presented in Appendix 4.5. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 67 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.11.3 Socio-economic Survey Methodology Socio-economic data gathering/survey involved a multidisciplinary approach. Experts in various aspects including health and agricultural economics were inclusive in the overall socio-economic / health baseline profile of the study area. Socio-economic baseline data gathering was carried out as an independent aspect of the consultation / sensitization programme of this project. The socio-economic / health team were however present during majority of the consultation program to give clarity and document information arising as a result of the public disclosure activities. This was the situation in Mkpanak area of Ibeno where the socio-economic team carried out data gathering exercise side by side with consultation, sensitization and notification exercise by PHCN to the chiefs, youths, women group, middle age, community development group and other age groups within Mkpanak community. Detailed socio-economic data gathering exercise for the project affected area commenced August 2011 and lasted till November 2012, while PHCN detailed consultation, notification and sensitization programmes across the project area was initiated in June 2011 and is still ongoing and expected to last throughout the project life span. For the Socio-economic/health data gathering a non-probability purposeful sampling procedure based on convenience sampling (Akpabio-2008, AKSG-2005) was utilized to pick respondents (groups/individuals) for the data gathering activities. Convenience sampling is a typical socio-economic data gathering method where the community leadership and/or key stakeholders (most especially of prone areas) assign to the SIA team members of the community knowledgeable in relevant areas of expertise (e.g, traditional custodians, the aged, hunters, celebrated farmers, women leader, etc) to ease the socio-economic investigations. This dealt with participatory choice of survey communities/areas by representatives of project proponents, in conjunction with community/local government stakeholders. It also involved visits to identified communities and eventual interviews and correspondence with community indigenes gathered at either the community hall or the residence of the village head or village council chairman. The survey team was thereafter taken on guided tours to specific locations of interest to community stakeholders. These tours were guided by delegated members of the community or group, appointed by the traditional leadership to assist the team. Data Collection Techniques The study utilised both primary and secondary data. Primary data collection was through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), General Group Discussion (GGD) and In Depth Interview (IDI) sessions (see Appendix 4.6) of community representatives and stakeholders (stakeholders as much as possible covered all groups within any such identified community, including the chiefs, age groups, the youths, the aged, women wings, middle aged as well as community development committees) Figure 4.26. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 68 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment IDI - Village Head of Ikot Akpan Okop, Ikot FGD- Mkpanak Village Council - Ibeno Abasi IDI – Ikpa Ibom Clan Head & Clan Council IDI – Paramount Ruler of Onna Figure: 4.26: Examples of meetings with local representatives This was facilitated with the aid of participatory tools like FGD/ GGD guides and IDI schedules including the use of map guides. Non-participatory observation techniques and visual photography sessions were utilised as complementary data collection tools. . There is a rich collection of literature and official records about the study area (AKSG-2005, Ekpenyong, R. E 2007, NBS-2006, NBS-2009, NBS-2011, NPC-1991, NPC-2006). Such secondary data was mainly utilized to complement (clarify and enrich) submissions from the interactive phase of the field study. Descriptive statistics were utilised to analyse collated data. These included basic statistic tools like means, percentages, frequency tables and charts. 4.12 General Description of Akwa Ibom State The proposed project will take place in Akwa Ibom State. The state occupies the South- South fringe of Nigeria. The state is bounded on the North by Abia and Cross River States and on the South, by the Atlantic Ocean. On the East, the State shares its boundary with Cross River State along Okpokong River and on the West, by Rivers and Abia States. The State is divided into 31 Local Government Areas, covers a total land area of 7,245,935sq.km, representing about 0.87 percent of the country’s total land area (NBS, 2009). It is the 15th most populous state in Nigeria with a high population density, ranging between 285-400 persons per square kilometre. More than 80% of the peoples from the six LGAs identified to be affected by the project are Christians with very few traditional worshippers. The culture including faith and beliefs Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 69 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment of the people are to a very great extent homogenous (they are basically Ibibios with a common culture and traditional way of life). This uniform ethnicity and cultural background defines their lifestyles and is important in describing anticipated impacts in relation to the work and ethic ways of the locals. This Ibibio group on the coastal axis of Akwa Ibom state have been exposed to several developmental projects over the years including oil and gas activities. The people are used to modern infrastructures as well as basic stages in developmental projects. They have worked amicably well overtime with foreigners as well as neighbours in various projects such as the QIT development by Exxonmobil, Alscon Smelter, Ibom Power Project, etc. It is expected that there would be no much impact to the project and its host peoples resulting from the cultures and ethics of the people. 4.12.1 Ibeno LGA Ibeno LGA has its headquarters at Upenekang. It is located at the Southern end of Akwa Ibom State, occupying a vast coastal area of over 1,200sq. km. It stretches from Okposo 1 at the Eastern flank, bordering Mbo Local Government Area and Bakassi Pennisula to Atabrikang village on its Western flank. It is bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean and shares border with Eket, Esit Eket, Onna and Eastern Obolo local government areas. Ibeno LGA is made up over 25 gazetted villages and 43 un-gazetted ones. The Qua-Iboe river estuary forms the major body of water in addition to the Atlantic Ocean. The Local Government Area is located in the mangrove forest belt of the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria, often referred to as “strand coast�. Ibeno is the host community of Exxon-Mobil Producing Nigeria. Ibeno people are basically of the Obolo/Andoni origin. The common dialect of Ibeno people is Ibeno/Obolo language prominently spoken by Ibeno and Eastern Obolo people in Akwa Ibom State. By ethnic composition, Ibeno indigenes constitute between ½ to ¾ of the total population. The Ibibios, Andonis, Annangs, Orons make up slightly less than half the remaining population, while the Ghanaians and Ilaje’s – make up the total number of residents. Ibeno people are rich in cultural heritage With reference to religion, inhabitants of the study area are Christians – (about 90 percent). Traditional religion however persists and many people still practice both Christianity and traditional religion, through pouring of libation and appeasement of natural deities, especially among fishermen, water transport operators and traditional rulers. Major traditional gods in the study area include: “Asuakasi�, “Ogbomo� and “Iso-abasi Ibeno� – all of whom are reputed to serve purposes of community and individual protection and survival, especially for those who ply their trade on the high seas. December is the period of festivities and apart from the modern Christian oriented festivals of Easter, Christmas and New Year; during which even traditional cultural displays like Ekpe and Akata; may also feature, each community also celebrates a special home-coming day (eg Upenekang day, Iwuoachang day, etc) which occur at the latter days of December and during which sacrifices are made to traditional gods for individual and communal protection. The people have many age-long traditional institutions like Ekpe, Obon, Uke, Ekong, Akata, Eka-Ebitu, Ubom Isong, Oluo, Ikini and the age-grade system is highly Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 70 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment recognized and practiced in Ibeno. Major market in the area is the Iwuoachang market which holds once in every week. i.e every six days interval. Traders and buyers from Esit Eket and minority from Onna patronise the Ibeno market as there are no comparable major markets as such in these areas. Major market days along the affected local governments vary and for close to 50years have been planned not to coincide with each other. For example if Ibeno holds its major market on a Tuesday, on a Wednesday or Thursday that of Eket and Ete (Ikot Abasi) may hold. Also it should be noted that there are no specific days of the week for these major markets, it is sequential. If it holds on a Thursday the next market is automatically scheduled for a Wednesday thus complying with the six days interval put in place for each. Cultural sites of importance in the L.G.A. include the Stubbs Creek and the Ibeno beach which has witnessed an appreciable level of modernization. Two communities in Mkpanak and Upenekang were surveyed in Ibeno LGA. 4.12.2 Esit Eket LGA Esit Eket LGA was created from the former Uquo Ibeno by the Local Government and the people are of Ekid stock. It is situated by the Western Atlantic coast line with boundaries with Ibeno, Eket and Nsit Atai Local Government Areas. The LGA has 10 wards and 2 clans. It has a land area of 411,700 sq km. Apart from the majority Ekid stock there are many migrant fishermen of Ghananian and Ilaje (Yoruba) stock. Esit Eket Local Government Area is presently made up to two clans namely: Eket Offiong and Eket Afaha, which are held together by common tradition, customs and ancestry relationship. The Local Government Headquarters is at Uquo. There are 23 recognized villages in the local government area, although some omitted villages are yet to be gazetted. These villages are spread across the three geo-political zones making up of Uquo and the development zones A, B and C. Christianity is the dominant religion in all the communities. Despite the large influence of Christianity in the areas, some nominal Christians are involved in one form of traditional belief as dictated by the culture of the people. The socio-cultural and traditional life of the people of Esit Eket local government is well displayed in dances, songs, plays and mythology, oracles, cults and festivals. The picturesque representations of these are manifested in Ekpe masquerade and in traditional dances, story- telling and plays. Traditional plays include Ekpe, Ekong, Obon, Ekong Isong, Nyoho, Akata, Ntok Odio Odio, Atia Ata, Ebre and Ikara. There are also taboos and totems, some of which are no longer observed because of the influence of Christianity. The principal deities in Esit Eket include the Atara, Akuki, Yokho, Nsoabasi, Idim Itiet, and Isemin Odiong. Each of these presides over a number of pantheons and has a messenger popularly called Nsong Edoho. The deities are still regarded as protectors and keepers of peace and order in the society. Even though deity worship is minimal, some people still regard these deities as the Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 71 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment pervading and guiding spirit in the communities. Three communities were surveyed in Esit Eket LGA viz; Akpambiet Edo, Edida Edo and Oniok Edo. 4.12.3 Eket LGA Eket LGA is one of the oldest administrative headquarters in the southern part of the country as it has served as an administrative headquarters since the early 1950’s even before the creation of the defunct South-eastern state. It is located about 5km off the Northern coast of the Atlantic Ocean and is flanked by Onna and Nsit Ubium LGAs on the Western and Northern borders respectively and Ibeno and Esit Eket LGAs on its eastern and southern boundaries. Eket consists of 11 clans, 71 recognised villages and many omitted ones. By virtue of their natural habitat, the people of Eket were traditionally hunters and fishermen and were also engaged in subsistence farming, pottery and foundry works. However by the end of the third quarter of the 20th century, oil exploration and exploitation made a tremendous impact on the lives and culture of the people more so with the commencement of operations by Mobil (precursor of Exxon-Mobil) the lives and fortunes of the inhabitants of this ecological zone experienced mixed fortunes. Eket people are however generally meticulous, intensely religious to high standards, and exhibit an urbanised demeanour. They are therefore an invaluable asset for sustainable community development. Although Eket is one of those communities that embraced Christianity early, traditional religious practices are still prevalent such as the Supreme God (Abasi Ibom/ Abasi Anyong) other deities like Edoho – “Abasi Isong�. Some of these deities were said to have sacred shrines but none of which located along the proposed ROW from Ibeno to Ikot Abasi. This information was as obtained from discussions with locals during the socio- economic / health baseline data gathering. In the communities, affiliates of Christian faith are in the majority. This is reflected by the number of churches that are prevalent in each of the communities. In these communities, there are in existence different deities or shrines which the people believe to have some protective duties/power over their communities. This belief and perhaps relevance of these known deities is fast becoming a myth among the people. Therefore, emphases on these deities and shrines have greatly reduced as well as performance of appeasement rites. Eket is blessed with a rich and enviable cultural heritage. “Ekid,� is the ethnic language and it conveys a unique culture and identity to the people. Eket has a plethora of cultural displays such as Ekong, Eka-Ekong, Mbok, Obon, Ekang, Ibang-Isong, Akata, Nnabo, Ibem, Ekpe-Obon, Nkuho, Ekpe, Ntok Unaidi. There are also many cultural practices and ceremonial prevalent in Eket and which have a defined pattern. These include burial ceremony, coronation, marriage, status initiation, land-holding, extended family system, harvesting of palm fruits, births and child-naming ceremony. In Eket the major market is the Orafionto market holding every six days interval. It is located in Afaha Ukwa area of the town. Peoples from Onna, Esit Eket and some times Ibeno patronise this market. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 72 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Four communities in Esit Urua, Ebana, Ede-Obuk and Afaha Eket were consulted. Esit Urua is made up of three gazetted villages (Esit Urua, Idung Imose and Idung Adiakot), while Afaha Eket is also constituted by three villages of Atibe, Atai Ndon and Ekpene Nditia 4.12.4 Onna LGA Onna LGA has its headquarters at Abat. It shares common boundaries with Mkpat Enin and Etinan LGAs in the West; Ibeno and Eket LGAs in the North; and the Atlantic Ocean and Qua Iboe rivers in the South. Onna`s name derives from an acronym of the three clans that make up the LGA: Oniong, Nnung Ndem, and Awa. The LGA consists of 3 clans, 41 villages and 12 political units. The people are very enterprising and are involved in various economic endeavours. The people are however predominantly fishermen and farmers. Some are also engaged in trading, craft making and artisanship. Onna LGA is endowed with enormous quantity of rich mineral and other natural resources, including clay deposits, gravel and sand. Oil deposits are also found in commercial quantities in the rock base of the Atlantic ocean and the Qua Iboe marshes. For ethnic background, the findings reveal that 3/4 of the respondents are Ibibios, while Annang and Oron make up the remaining 1/4. A lot of stranger elements inhabit these areas, however, indigenes and strangers live together in the community. As regards religion, most of them are Christians. Only very few practice traditional religion, that is why they have the following gods; “Ubo�, which they claim is god of war located at Ikot Ubo. “Akpan Abasi� – god of the sea located at Atlantic Coast. “Iso Ekpenyong� god of the farm, located at the forest farmland and “Akankan� god of the fish located at the river (forest). A total of six (6) communities of Ikot Ebidang, Ikot Akpatek, Ikot Annang, Mkpa Eto and Ikot Eko Ibon were surveyed in Onna LGA. 4.12.5 Mkpat Enin LGA Mkpat Enin LGA was excised from Ikot Abasi LGA. It has a land mass of about 488.9sq km. The LGA is bordered by Ikot Abasi, Eastern Obolo, Oruk Anam, Etinan and Onna LGAs. The LGA has 4 clans, 14 political wards and 87 gazetted villages. It is located on a level – gently undulating sandy plain with shallow depressions, some of which form seasonal lakes. Major occupations of the people include: farming, fishing and trading. Ibibios make up more than 98% of the population while the remaining 2% are either itinerant Ibo traders or Annang indigenes. Christianity is the dominant faith although the people still uphold some traditional religious tenets like pouring of libation. There are also a myriad of deities, with particular peculiar reference to different communities while traditional festivals include “Ekpo and Ekong� which take place around September and October; “Udia eduek� which takes place around the second week of February, to mark the beginning of bush clearing; and “usuk udia� festival which marks the beginning of the harvest period and is marked around October. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 73 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The level of observance of these traditional festivals is however very low. Lots of cultural sites of importance dot the natural landscape of each community but none has been destroyed nor damaged over time. Fifteen (15) villages were surveyed in Mkpat Enin LGA. These are; Ibotio, Ndon, Ikot Ekong (a community of three gazetted villages: Ikot Ekong, Ikot Umoh Ekong and Odoro Inyang), Ikot Enin, Ikot Akpaden, Ikot Oyoro, Ikot Obio Ndoho, Ekim, Ikot Aba, Ikot Ekpang, Ikot Akan, Ikot Akpan Imo and Ikot Akpa Okop. Majority of the Makpat Enin people patronise the Ete market in Ikot Abasi which holds once in every week. 4.12.6 Ikot Abasi LGA Ikot Abasi LGA is one of the oldest of such in the country, having started as a Native Administration /county council and was formerly called Opobo. In 1976 however the name Ikot-Abasi was adopted following the excision of former Obolo county council from the Opobo division of the former Cross River State. Ikot-Abasi LGA consists of five clans, namely; Ikpa-Ibekwe, Ukpum Ete, Ukpum Okon, Edemaya and Ikpa Nung Asang. Ikot- Abasi is bounded on the South and West by the Imo River, Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Obolo LGA, on the North by Oruk Anam LGA and on the East by Mkpat-Enin LGA. The LGA lies within the Mangrove swamp and the high rain forest belt and therefore experiences heavy rainfall. The main occupation of the people are fishing and farming. The recently revived Aluminum Smelting Company of Nigeria (ALSCON) is also located there and employs people from the host communities and from the region. Ibibios make up more than 90% population of the study area. There is also a sprinkling of Annangs and Ibos in the study area, while in the fishing settlements, there are a lot of Ghanaians and Ilaje’s (Ondo State). A lot of people of Obolo indigenous stock also inhabit Ikpa-Ibekwe, especially, Ikot-Abasi town, which hosts the LGA headquarters. With respect to religion the Christian faith has taken tremendous roots in the study area, with more than 98% indigenes involved in the faith. This does not however exclude the pouring of libation to small deities and the knowledge of these small gods. The practice of traditional religion is however limited to less than 2% inhabitants of the study area. Common community gods however include – “Ntita Abeka� and “Okwok Oduk� and they function mainly for protection purposes. However many cultural sites of importance have been destroyed especially in Ikpa-Ibekwe, where most of their land have been appropriated for industrial purposes. Twenty one (21) villages were surveyed in Ikot Abasi LGA. These are Iman Ekabom I, Iman Ekabom II and Ikot Umiang (Ukpum Okon clan). Ikot Essien, Ikot Abasi, Ikot Etetuk, Ikot Akpan Ata and the omitted Ikpetim are in Ikpa Ibekwe clan. The remaining are in Ukpum Ete clan. These are; Ikwa, Ikot Ataha, Ete village, Ikot Etenge Ete, Okpoto Ete, Abasute, Essien Etuk & Urua essien Etuk, Abiaran Ubeneke I, Ubeneke 11, Obiokama, Odiono Isoutibe, Adaha Ukim and Ekpuk Inang. Major market in the area is the Ete market which holds once in every week. i.e every six days interval. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 74 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.13 Traditional / Political Governance & Community Organisation There are two levels of political organisation in the study area; (i) the formal government and (ii) the local / traditional administration. At the formal governmental level, study area communities / settlements fall under the administrative authority of the Local Government Areas (LGAs) presently constituted by elected representatives of all constituent parts of each LGA. 4.13.1 Traditional Organisation The local traditional political organisation consists of five tiers of authority, consisting of the Nuclear Family Heads; extended (lineage) Family Heads (Obong Ekpuk) and Village Heads (Ete Idung) who superintend over various families Figure 4.27. Paramount Ruler Clan Head Village Head Extended Family Head Nuclear Family Head Figure 4.27: Traditional Tiers of Authority They are aided by the Village Council, constituted by representatives of various families in the village and may include the youth and women representatives. A collection of villages (Oduk or Ikpa Isong) sharing some traditional bonds (deity, food prohibition etc) come under the leadership of a Clan Head – who is chosen from the rank of Village Heads. The highest office in the traditional LGA setting is that of the Paramount Ruler, who is chosen from the rank of Clan Heads. There are also Traditional Rulers Councils at both the LGA and State level. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 75 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Traditional Ruling Council - Onna LGA Clan Council – Ikpa Ibom Clan Figure 4.28: Typical Traditional Organisation 4.13.2 Traditional Governance In terms of traditional administrative duties and with reference to the family or lineage level, the family head presides over family meetings, which are held on a particular market day. During such meetings, land boundary disputes and other minor disputes between family members are resolved. At the village level, the Village Head presides over Village Council meetings. The Village Council is composed of mainly the different family heads and other co-opted members, representing the different families, youth and (a times) women groups. Above the Village level, the Clan Head exercises administrative and judicial authority over his clan through the Clan Council (Esop Ikpa Isong). This council has authority to settle all forms of conflict. The family council (esop ekpuk) and village council (esop isong) are linked to the clan council by representatives of each village. The economic base of the chieftaincy in the study area consists of tributes, gifts, fees, fines, compensations and money accruing from settlement of cases. The Clan Council is summoned occasionally to hear inter village cases, which contravene clan laws like murder through alleged witchcraft, physical assault, arson and armed robbery. Other intra-village and minor cases like petty theft, land dispute, matrimonial and debts settlements are adjudicated at the family or village councils. However cases that cannot be amicably settled at the lower tiers of authority are referred to the progressively higher authorities, for possible solutions. 4.13.3 Community / Social Organisation With regard to community organization, communities in the study area exhibit a high level of cooperative tendency. The people also speak with one voice and bear allegiance to their groupings of affiliation. At the local intra-communal level exists the village council, youth and women councils. The youth are usually incorporated into the executive arm of each village council. The village councils handle traditional and non-criminal issues. Also important are the age-grades, church based societies and ubiquitous credit and thrift groups (commonly known as etibe). The pre-cooperatives and etibe groups provide a lot of financial assistance to needy members, at little or no interest, and group members Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 76 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment generally offer material, social and financial assistance to needy members and also render moral support during the celebration of members’ joyous occasions. Leadership of various traditional, civic and political settings may be through inheritance, nomination/consensus and/or elective means. With reference to social organizations, the people have realised the need to develop their social and human capital through group formation and affiliation. In this wise, a lot of social groups have arisen in the study area, including: rotatory savings schemes (etibe), cooperatives, church societies, village, youth and women councils/associations. These are the prevalent social groupings which attract maximum affiliation, obeisance and prestige. These groups involve both male and female - sometimes in mixed groups and sometimes in gender specific groups. At the clan / LGA level, prominent groups include Ibeno Clan Council and Mboho Ndito Ikot Abasi. The Afigh Iwaad Ekid is a powerful inter local government youth group. These all serve functions of resources mobilisation, community administration and financial assistance to members. These local groupings have been involved in a lot of projects over time. These include: initiation and completion of council halls, electricity projects and bus- stops. They are also involved in community sanitation activities and access road maintenance, while larger and richer ones have awarded educational scholarship to deserving sons and daughters. 4.14 Demography 4.14.1 Population Size Akwa Ibom State has landmass of 8,412 sq. Kilometres. (AKSG, 2007).This area is inhabited by a total population of 3,920,208 people made of up of 2,044,510 males and 1,875,698 females (Table 4.16). Table 4.16: Population Characteristics of Surveyed LGAs S/N LGA Total Male Female Dependency Sex Ratio (M:F) Rate 1 Ibeno 75,380 41,311 34069 66.47% 1.2:1 2 Ikot Abasi 132,023 70,192 61,831 49.29% 1.1:1 3 Mkpat Enin 178,036 93,927 84,109 53.82% 1.1:1 4 Esit Eket 63,701 33,942 29,759 60.51% 1.1:1 5 Eket 172,557 88,635 83,922 51.23% 1.05:1 6 Onna 123,373 59,598 63,775 40.02% 0.9:1 7 Akwa Ibom 3,920,208 2,044,510 1,875,698 53.80% 1.09:1 Sources: (i) Federal Republic of Nigeria Official gazette 15th May 2007, (AK-BASES) 2005. This gives the state a population density of 466 persons/sq. kilometres. Table 4.17 show projected population figures for the surveyed communities in the study area. (Please note that the NPC is yet to release 2006 population figures for various communities in Nigeria. Population projections as derived from the NPC within the area are relatively aligned with the population perspectives of the people. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 77 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.17: Projected Population Figures for Surveyed Communities 2011 PROJECTIONS 1991 FIGURES S/N LGA COMMUNITIES TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE 1 Ibeno Mkpanak 13166 6846 6320 6746 3508 3238 Ebana 925 486 439 474 249 225 Esit Urua (Now 3 villages: Esit Urua; Idung Imose and Idung Adiakot) 5678 2885 2793 2909 1478 1431 Ede Obuk 1889 997 892 968 511 457 2 Eket Nditia 427 236 191 219 121 98 Atibe 16263 8216 8047 8333 4210 4123 Atai Ndon 3084 1544 1540 1580 791 789 Afaha Ekpene 1922 927 995 985 475 510 Ikot Akpatek 15032 6919 8113 7702 3545 4157 Ikot Ebidang 5348 2518 2830 2740 1290 1450 Ikot Ebekpo 3632 1780 1852 1861 912 949 3 Onna Ikot Annang 4321 2090 2231 2214 1071 1143 Mkpa Eto 1798 898 900 921 460 461 Ikot Eko Ibon 13076 6407 6669 6700 3283 3417 Ikot Edor 20299 10248 10051 10401 5251 5150 Ikot Ekong (now a community of three gazetted villages of 6314 3318 2996 3235 1700 1535 Ikot Ekong; Ikot Umoh Ekong; and Odoro Inyang) Ndon Ibotio 3767 1897 1870 1930 972 958 Ibotio 5771 2818 2953 2957 1444 1513 Ikot Enin 1009 507 502 517 260 257 Mkpat Ekim 4 29645 1429 1536 1519 732 787 Enin Ikot Oyoro & Enen Eyep 1626 798 828 895 409 424 Ikot Akpaden 4370 2157 2213 2239 1105 1134 Ikot Obio Ndoho 3146 1532 1614 1612 785 827 Ikot Aba 2496 1216 1280 1279 623 656 Ikot Akpan Okop 724 347 377 371 178 193 Ikot Ekpang and Ikot Aka 1454 703 751 745 360 385 Akpambiet Edo Community 1727 792 935 885 406 479 Esit Edida Edo 5 1333 566 767 683 290 393 Eket Oniok Edo 3314 1602 1712 1698 821 877 Ikwa 3035 1649 1386 1555 845 710 Ikot Ataha 722 357 365 370 183 187 Ikot Umiang Okon 1653 747 906 850 383 464 Iman Ekabom I & II Ikot 1596 751 845 818 385 433 6 Abasi Ete village NA NA NA NA NA NA Ikot Etenge Ete 1483 751 732 760 385 375 Okpoto Ete 986 439 547 505 225 280 Abasiute 3479 1639 1840 1783 840 943 Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 78 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.17: Projected Population Figures for Surveyed Communities Cont’d 2011 PROJECTIONS 1991 FIGURES S/N LGA COMMUNITIES TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE Essien Etuk & Urua essien Etuk 1438 675 763 737 346 391 Abiaran 798 396 402 409 203 206 Ubeneke I NA NA NA NA NA NA Ubeneke 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA Ikot Obiokama 6 5937 1922 4015 1072 985 2057 Abasi Odiono Isoutibe NA NA NA NA NA NA Adaha Ukim NA NA NA NA NA NA Ekpuk Inang 2746 876 1870 509 449 958 Ikot Etetuk 1280 767 513 656 393 263 Ikot Essien 426 252 174 218 129 89 Ikot Akpan Ata 1794 894 900 919 458 461 Ikot Abasi Village 11093 5958 5135 5684 3053 2631 Sources; NPC, 1991; NPC 1996 Table 4.18: Respondents’ Consensual Perceptions on Demographic Characteristics Parameter Local Government Areas Demographic Structure Ikot Eket Esit Eket Mkpat Onna IBENO Abas Enin (a) Major Ethnic Group Ibeno Ibibio Ekid Ekid Ibibio Ibibio (b) Population Structure (i) Children 50%–75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% (ii) Youth (iii) Middle-aged ≈ 25% ≈ 25% ≈ 25% ≈ 25% ≈ 25% ≈ 25% (iv) Elderly (c) Male/Female Ratio 50:50 43:57 47:53 46:54 49:51 50:50 (d) Marriage Mode: Poly/Mono 56:44 40:60 50:50 55:45 35:65 60:40 (e) Mean Household Size 11 8 9 9 7 8 (f) Mean No. of 9 6 7 7 6 6 Children/Household (g) Literacy Level ≈ 25% (i) Functionally ≈ 25% ≈ 25% ≈ 25% ≈ 25% ≈ 25% literate >50% (ii) Academically ≈ 25% <75% >50% >50% >50% >50% literate >50% <25% <25% > 25% > 50% (iii) Non-literate Source: Field Survey, 2011 Information obtained during baseline data gathering suggests that in recent times there has been outward migration of locals from the rural areas (more interior villages) to the hub of industrialisation activities. Of note are movements of youths from the interiors to Eket and Ibeno due to oil and gas activities and to Ikot Abasi as a result of Aluminium smelting activities by ALSCON as well as oil and gas activities. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 79 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.14.2 Population Characteristics Household Size The mean household size was revealed to range from 7–11 people for all surveyed communities, while the mean number of children per household was between a range of 6 to 9 for identified LGAs. Household size along the project area does not vary much from village to village. The National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Annual Abstract of Statistics (AAS – 2009) however reports an average household size of 5-6 (5.1) for the study area. Table 4.18 above also shows the general belief of respondents that the female folks are of a higher proportion than the male folks in Ikot Abasi, Eket, Esit Eket and Mkpat Enin LGAs; while the male: female proportion is adjudged to be equal in both Onna and Ibeno LGAs. This does not corroborate with official statistics. Table 4.16 indicates a sex (male: female) ratio of 109.0 (NPC, 2006) for Akwa Ibom State. This figure is quite close to the national ratio of 105.0, meaning that generally, the male population is slightly higher than the female population. This trend is similar for a majority of the LGAs under focus, except for Onna LGA, where the female population predominate over the male. Population Structure With regard to population structure, Table 4.19 shows community perceptions to the effect that the children and the youth constitute about three-quarters of the population of surveyed communities, while the middle aged (41 – 60 years) and the elderly (more than 60 years) constitute the remaining one-quarter of the total population. Table 4.19: Age and Sex Structure of Akwa Ibom State Age Categories (yrs) Male (%) Female (%) Total less than 15 32.22 33.34 32.77 15 – 24 26.12 25.42 25.78 1 – 24 58.34 58.76 58.55 25 – 34 14.52 15.80 15.15 35 – 44 9.88 13.21 11.52 25 – 44 24.40 29.01 26.67 45 – 54 9.71 9.02 9.37 55 – 64 5.22 2.27 3.77 45 – 64 14.93 11.29 13.14 65 years and above 2.32 0.94 1.64 Source: AK-BASES (2005) NBS (2009) Official population structure information is shown on Table 4.19. The table shows that the general study area exhibits the typical pyramidal structure characteristic of Akwa Ibom and Nigeria, in general. Population is rather loaded for the lower range cohorts. With reference to the table, the bulk of the population (58.6%) is made up of persons below 25years old. Those of the 25–44 years age group make up 26.67% of the population, while the 44 – 64 years bracket constitutes 13.14% of the population. The implication of the loaded lower range cohorts is a young and growing population with heavy burden on the adult population, and a high dependency ratio. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 80 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Dependency Rate This is the proportion of the working population (those between 15 and 64 years) to the dependent (those under 15 years and those 65 years and above) population. Table 4.18 gives the dependency rate for the LGAs under consideration. The NPC (2006) however reported a Dependency Ratio of 0.6%, which indicates that less than one person is dependent on one economically active person; while the NBS-AAS (2009) reported an increase to 2.3%, indicating that about 2 persons are dependent on each active worker. This is still relatively lower than the national dependency rate of above 55%. 4.15 Marriage Marriage is an important social institution in the study area. It is a basic social phenomenon which exists in all the surveyed societies in many forms, guarded by sets of regulations as to who may or may not marry each other. It is a legitimate union of man and woman for begetting and bringing up children and for mutual aid and solace. Monogamous and polygamous marriages exist in the study area. Although a monogamous marriage involves marrying of one wife, which has to do with the Christian concept of “one wife one husband� it was traditionally largely identified with poverty, implying that the man could not afford to maintain a chain of wives. Any case of monogamy generally existed either as a self denying ordinance in the sense that a man voluntarily renounced or abstained from polygamy or it was dictated by the inability to afford more than one wife. Polygamous marriage fits well into African structure and the traditional life of the people and has been traditionally identified with wealth and prestige. The number of wives and children one had, counted as a status symbol especially to the chiefs and elders. Also in agrarian and fishing communities, there was need for many hands to ease farming and fish harvest. Many wives therefore provided cheap labour and also served as potters in transporting goods to distant markets. Importance of Marriage Marriage has been seen as a means of self preservation, in order to ensure the perpetuation of peoples’ names and lineage in the world. Marriage provides family settings in which grown up children properly assume the obligation of caring for their aged and feeble parents. Marriage also provides emotional and financial security for the children born to the family. The family is the structural unit of the community and nation. Focus group discussions with regard to prevalent mode of marriage reveal that polygamy (at least two wives / husband) and monogamy were almost equally practiced in the study area. Polygamy is very common with mainly elderly / illiterate farmers and fisher folks, while monogamy is becoming very popular among various segments of the educated populace. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 81 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.16 Education and Literacy 4.16.1 Education Education is a major socio-economic variable which influences nearly every aspect of human life. Education is generally a thriving industry in the study area, alike other parts of the state, where parents / guardians (and children alike) are constantly in a struggle to ensure that their wards attain, at least, the minimal level of educational requirement. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS-2004), primary and secondary schools enrolment figures for the State peaked at 96.31% and 99.07% respectively in 2004. The NBS (2006) Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire (CWIQ) Survey for Akwa Ibom State, however reported a reduction in net primary and secondary schools enrolment figures as 78.5% and 59.0% respectively. Table 4.20 shows some basic educational statistics of the study area, including students and pupils enrolment figures. Table 4.20: Primary and Secondary School Statistics Primary Schools Secondary Schools No. of No. of Pupils No. of No. of Students Schools Teachers Enrolment Schools Teachers Enrolment LGAs 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 Eket 29 31 486 464 30,496 30,952 9 9 327 318 9,685 10,186 Esit Eket 16 21 233 205 12,370 13,370 3 3 44 62 1,257 3,179 Ibeno 12 12 107 102 11,803 12,303 1 1 35 35 1,485 1,716 Ikot Abasi 35 34 246 310 27,341 28,849 6 6 67 83 3,213 5,205 Mkpat Enin 49 49 446 457 29,950 30,950 15 15 190 176 5,647 7,852 Onna 26 26 317 287 20,380 21,380 9 9 141 140 4,263 6,614 Source: Akwa Ibom State Universal Basic Education Board (2010) The education and literacy level of those within the local governments in the project area informed the methodology of communication adopted during consultation and public disclosure activities. The peoples from the area can be said to be moderately literate. More than 80% in all LGAs have at least attained basic primary education. The use of English as standard communication language was employed throughout the project area. However, where communication gaps were identified, a language that was easily understood by the group under consideration such as Pidgin English language and the local dialects. were engaged with the help of community nominated spokespersons. Mkpat Enin has the highest number of primary schools (49) while Ibeno (10) has the lowest number. Eket however has the highest number of primary school teachers for 2009 and it also shares the record of harbouring the highest number of pupils (30,952) with Mkpat Enin (30,950). With regard to secondary schools, Mkpat Enin has 15 while Ibeno has only one public secondary school. Eket however records the highest number of students (10,186). More recent figures (Table 4.21) show a trend of general increase in secondary schools’ students’ enrolment rates in the study area. Eket however, still retains its record for highest number of teachers (290) and students’ population (1561). Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 82 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.21: Secondary School Statistics - August 2011 S/ LG A No. of Total No. of Total No. of Public N students teachers Sec. Schs. M F M F 1. Eket 6316 8845 15161 97 193 290 9 2 Esit Eket 1602 1774 3376 28 18 46 3 3. Ikot Abasi 3686 3532 6626 37 35 72 4 4. Ibeno 1342 1388 2730 12 14 26 1 5. Mkpat Enin 4816 5133 9949 133 34 167 15 6. Onna 3997 3664 7661 83 36 119 9 Source: Akwa Ibom State Secondary Schools Management Board (2011) It is pertinent to observe that high enrolment figures as depicted in Tables 4.20 and 4.21 do not automatically translate into, even minimal school attendance. Table 4.22 shows a report by the NBS- Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Report (2012) to the effect that in 2010, Akwa Ibom State recorded the lowest Primary school completion rate in the country. Table 4.22: Completion Rate in Primary Schools Pry. Sch. Completion Rate (Lowest Proportion) Akwa Ibom State (27.1%) Pry. Sch. Completion Rate (Highest Proportion) Lagos State (98.7%) Pry. Sch. Completion Rate (National) 67.5% Source: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-2012) The same report also revealed primary and secondary schools net attendance figures at 63.9% and 48% respectively, for the year 2010. In essence, according to the report, 36.1% Primary schools students and 31.4% Secondary School students were out of school in 2010. The record however shows an improvement over the 18.1% and 19.3% respective net primary and secondary schools completion rates reported by NBS (2006). A recent study (Akpabio, 2008) revealed that secondary schools recorded higher dropout rates than primary schools. Major reasons for this trend was found to include: long distance to school, inability to pay fees and lack of facilities - for secondary schools; and lack/absence of teachers and lack of class rooms - for primary schools. 4.16.2 Literacy Level Literacy level (ability to read and write with understanding in English or any language) is generally regarded as one of the indicators of level of socio-economic development of any society. Table 4.23 shows the literacy rate in Akwa Ibom State as 75.1%, which is higher than the estimated national rate of 68%. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 83 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.23: Literacy Rate S/N LGA Literacy Rate (%) Total Male Female 1 Eket 76.2 82.4 69.8 2 Esit Eket 58.7 67.3 50.1 3 Ibeno 88.8 93.3 83.6 4. Ikot Abasi 71.9 75.2 68.6 5. Mkpat Enin 56.6 63.9 49.3 6. Onna 70.2 75.1 65.2 7 Akwa Ibom State 75.1 79.7 70.2 8 Akwa Ibom (Youths) 92.3 9 Akwa Ibom (Adults) 75.1 10 Nigeria (Adults) 57.9 57.9 50.6 11 Nigeria (Youths) 76.3 81.0 71.4 Source: NBS National Literacy Survey (2010). WIth regard to the specific study area, Table 4.23 shows that no LGA has a literacy level of less than 56.6%. The highest literacy level of 88.8% is recorded for Ibeno LGA. This finding contradicts information depicted on Table 4.21 to the effect that Ibeno has the lowest number of primary and secondary schools in the study area 4.17 Contentious Issues and Conflict Management Information on conflict management was obtained from interviews with traditional authorities and FGD with members of host communities together with records of previous studies around the area. Traditionally, conflicts arise at individual, family and community levels. All social organizations and those directly involved in community governance play various roles in conflict management depending on the nature of conflict. Contentions from survey conducted are said to arise out of perceived uneven sharing of political patronage (positions, money, scholarship awards, development activities etc), ceding or usurpation of communal rights (in terms of job placements and contracts awards) to (by) strangers such as visitors/investors, traders, etc or as the case may be; usurpation of authority /infringement of rights/perpetuation of injustice (insults, thuggery / battery / or political opponent / bodily violation / forced abduction, and the likes. In essence, any intentional or unintentional perceived misdemeanour may become contentious if not properly handled . Intra communal tension may arise between the youth and community elders, when the youth perceive the elders as trying to infringe on their rights, while the elders may feel that the youth are attempting to undermine their constituted authority. When instances of this occur, the youth would mobilize themselves and move to the central meeting point in the community. From there, they either send representatives or move as a group to the house ofa respected community elite or to the house of the offending party, to air their complaints. As a last resort and after exhausting these pseudo peaceful moves they may traverse the whole community, while chanting songs of protest. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 84 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment When the youth are done, a higher authority – Clan council or Paramount Ruler-in- Council, as the case may be – would embark on fence-mending measure, in order to douse raised tensions. This is accomplished by inviting the leadership of the two antagonising parties to the negotiating table. Valiant attempts are made to ensure amicable resolutions-. If the restored rights bordered on income generating activities, the relevant group (invariably the youth group) are expected to mobilize available resources within a 2-3 weeks span and procure yams, goat and spirit drinks, for onward presentation to the elders, who in the prevailing spirit of forgiveness also accept such gifts and go further to pour libation and / or offer prayers to ward off or revert whatever curses that may have been uttered against the youth, when the imbroglio persisted. Only in very few cases do the youth embark on violent or destructive action and these arise when the elders remain recalcitrant, even after third party involvement, or as reprisal attacks for earlier unpremeditated attacks. It is also pertinent to note that formal law enforcement agencies are rarely contacted to adjudicate on contentious communal issues. They are only called in when traditional conflict resolution mechanisms do not achieve desired effects. It may also be mentioned that law enforcement officials would rarely enter a community to arrest alleged offence perpetrators, without at least, informing the Community Head, either before or after the arrest. 4.18 Economics 4.18.1 Income Generation Activities The study area is located in the humid tropical zone with abundant vegetation and rich soils, complemented with heavy rainfall. In essence, there is a very high level of dependence on natural resources, especially on water, land and forest resources for livelihood sustenance. The people of the study area are very industrious, enterprising and resourceful and hence they identify themselves with many aspects of economic endeavour. Crop farming, oil palm harvesting and processing, and fishing with locally made canoes and nets; are major economic activities in the study area (Table 4.24). Other traditional occupations include trading, hunting, wood carving, arts and craft, raffia works, etc. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 85 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.24: Perceptions on Economic Scenario of Study Area Parameter Local Government Areas Ikot Abasi Mkpat Esit Eket Ibeno Onna Eket Enin Economic Scenario Palm fruit (a) Major Occupation Fishing/ Farming, harvesting/ Fishing/ Fishing/ Farming, trading / fishing processing, farming/ trading/ fishing farming trading farming, agro collection of trading artisanship Trading/ processin forest/water artisanship Artisanship Collection g products Collection of Artisanshi / of forest/water p/forest Artisanship forest/water produce produce produce (b) Estimated Monthly collection Income (i) < 1,000 10% 20% 25% 5% 10% 10% (ii) 1,000 – 10,000 50% 75% 70% 75% 70% 60% (ii) 10,000 – 50,000 30% 3% 3% 10% 10% 20% (iii) > 50,000 10% 2% 2% 5% 10% 10% (c) Savings (i) Nil 35% 50% 40% 40% 40% 50% (ii) Etibe 45% 25% 20% 40% 40% 25% (iii) House 10% 20% 10% 15% 10% 20% (vi) Bank 10% 5% 10% 5% 10% 5% Source: Field Survey, 2011 The women are involved in farming, the marketing and sale of raw and processed farm and water produce and in the gathering of non-timber forest produce. The male are also involved in artisanal occupations (masonry, carpentry, welding and mechanical and electrical repairs) and in palm wine tapping and local gin distillation. In addition to the above, the male youth undertake motorcycle transportation and sand dredging. They are also offered essential services as hired labour on farms and at construction sites. Agricultural Production This is a very important activity in the study area as the state falls within the tropical zone with a dominant vegetation of green foliage of trees, shrubs and oil palm tree belt. Cassava is the main food crop planted although it is fast becoming a commercial endeavour. Other commonly grown crops include: yam, cocoyam, plantain / banana, vegetable crops (especially fluted pumpkin) and some perennial tree crops like oil palm, bush mango (uyo) star-apple (udara) pear (eben), raffia palm tree, etc. Apart from other artisanal trades and public employment, agriculture plays an important role in the economies of the communities along the line. Farming of food and cash crops constitute the bases of economic activities in the more hinterland communities of the project area, e.h the Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi axis. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 86 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Cassava Farm – Ikot Abasi Oil Palm Farm – Mkpat Enin Figure 4.29: Farmlands Fish Production Fishing activities occurs in the lakes, swamps and brackish waters which occur at the banks of the main rivers and those of big streams. These kind of fisheries occur in all the water bodies of the surveyed LGAs. Catfish (particularly Mud Catfish) tilapia, mullet, feather back and electric fish are regularly harvested from these fisheries with the aid of hooks, long-lines, traps, poisons, nets and drain. The coast of Akwa Ibom State is characterised by extensive stretches of swamps and shallow waters, which are not utilised for any profitable form of agriculture. Bonga, shad, catfish and mullet are regularly harvested from these areas. Private fish ponds exist in some parts of the study area. The pond sizes, stock and yields do vary, but generally cultivated species include carp, tilapia, catfish, and Niger perch. The pond generally consists of nursery, transition and production ponds. Only very few have hatcheries. Constraints affecting fishery development in Akwa Ibom State, include: mangrove ecosystem destruction by oil production, mangrove colonisation by nypa palm and lack of motorized equipment for deep sea fishing (capture fisheries). Others are, lack of finance, shortage of frys, fingerlings and feed supplements, etc. 4.19 Land Ownership / Land Use / Changes in Land Cover Land in study area is joint property of the extended family system, leading to fragmentation and small sizes of non-contiguous farm holdings. Land acquisition in Akwa Ibom State, is by either of four means: outright purchase; leasing (oto-owo); inheritance (Ikot ufok / ekpuk); and pledging (Ubiong ikot) in lieu of loan acquisition, and which is returned to original owners after loan payment to creditors. Some conditions may be attached to land acquisition (especially leased or pledged land). For example, length of time of acquisition may be for a single or more planting seasons on leased land; and in cases where oil palm trees are planted on pledged or leased land, the temporary owner may be forbidden from harvesting produce thereof. In terms of family land, family members may be barred from outright sale of their portion to non-family members. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 87 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment In essence, Individuals, families and the community could own Land in the study area. Individual and family land holding are inherited from the forefathers and / or bought out rightly from the original landowners. Communal land holdings (Ikot Isong) are a general phenomenon in the study area. These form of holdings, which may have been former sacred forests, contentious land holdings or just set apart and left fallow for future community development purposes, are held in trust by the leaders / elders of particular communities. It is important to note that women retain limited rights of land tenure in the study area, except through outright purchases. Family land may not be shared with daughters because of the belief that they would be married out. On marriage, a woman controls “Ikot ubok� plots, which are permanently allocated to her by the husband and remains her bonafide property till death, after which the holding is apportioned to her children. A woman has only temporary rights on “nno nkama� land, which is loaned to a wife by the husband, for her management and is reclaimed after her demise. A landowner is however free to sell-off his holdings or give such out on pledge (ubiong or nno nkama). Soil in the study area is replenished through rudimentary bush fallows which may last between 5 and 7 years. Population pressure may however lead to reduction of fallow period. Average family farm size may range between 0.2 – 2 hectares. On farm tasks performed by different gender and generation, it is a known fact that the female gender is more involved in most aspects of farm work than the male gender. The children perform assigned tasks especially in planting and weeding, but their active participation may be constrained by school activities. Changes in Land Cover Lots of changes have been recorded in land cover pattern in the study area. Available official records, as shown on Table 4.25 shows some changes in the available sizes of various land formations and which has invariably affected the use to which land is put. In particular is the area of land for mangrove forest and urban industrial built up. Reductions in the described categories are very noticeable in the urban areas, especially in Eket, Mkpanak, Ikot Abasi and Onna. Table 4.25: Changes in Land Cover Land Cover Type Area (1984) Area (2003) Bare soil 2,551.13 38,817 Beach sand 135,946 127,539 Fallow land/ grassland 26,939.05 29,074.48 Mosaic farmland/ oil palm 8,464.60 10,662.29 forest Fresh water swamp forest 9,922.95 7,545.29 Mangrove forest 3,739.45 1,644.91 Rivers/ natural water bodies 10,192.99 10,721.20 Urban industrial built up 895,995 3,028. 115 Source: Ekpenyong (2007) Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 88 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.20 Quality of Life This attribute encompasses many indices, all aimed at ascertaining the level of well being of the people inhabiting a particular community / area. These are as detailed below. 4.20.1 Settlement Pattern / Housing Structure / Tenure Settlement Pattern Participatory observation reveals that the study environment exhibits both the linear (along road arteries and the banks of waterways) and nucleated (clustered) settlement patterns. A relatively higher proportion of the houses in the towns are multi-tenement with shared facilities, while owner occupied family houses are more prevalent in the more rural settings. Mkpanak - Waterside Ikot Ebidang Ikot Akpan Ikot Aba Figure 4.30 Housing Structures Housing Structure With regard to housing structure the Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2005) has given statistical data (Figure 4.31) showing that 49.44% of dwelling houses in Akwa Ibom state are made of cement / concrete mixture while 32.96% are made up of mud materials. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 89 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Mud Cement/Concrete Others 18% 32.96% 49.44% Figure 4.31: Housing Structure - Percentage Distribution These figures may also hold true for the urban / upland areas of the LGAs under focus as depicted by Table 4.25. Table 4.26: Description of Some Quality of Life Indicators Parameter Local Government Areas Mkpat Ikot Abasi Esit Eket Eket Enin Ibeno Onna Quality of Life/Std of Living (i) Household Pattern Mud wattle/zinc 10% 10% 10% 20% 10% 10% Earth block/zinc 10% 20% 20% 25% 20% 20% Cement block/zinc 60% 50% 50% 30% 30% 50% Cement block/Asbestos 10% 10% 10% 5% 20% 10% Mud/wattle thatch 10% 10% 5% 20% 20% 10% (ii) Modern conveniences More than 50% 25% 25% 25% 25% half (iii) Proportion of poor 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% (iv) Proportion of jobless 75% 75% (disguised 75% 75% 75% 75% unemployment) (v) Most affected sub partially partially partially partially partially partially group educated educated educated educated & educated educated graduates (vi) Expenditure pattern food/educ food/health/ education/ food & food / food/ ation education (75%) food75%) education health educatio (75%) (75%) (75%) n 75% Source: Field Survey, 2011 With regard to tenure of dwelling houses, a related finding revealed that houses made of cement blocks were permanent and may only have its parts renovated over time arising from wear and tear, while houses made of natural materials were perishable and are always replaced over time when individual economies improve. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 90 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.20.2 Monthly Family Expenditure Pattern Tables 4.25 and 4.27 reveal respective primary and secondary data results to the effect that food, education and health take the lion share in the expenditure on various necessities in Akwa Ibom State. The three items account for over 50% of the mean monthly household expenditure. The Nigeria MDG Report (2010) reported that food accounts for 63.3% household consumption expenditure. Table 4.27: Monthly Expenditure Pattern Per Family (%) Necessities S/N Health Mean LGA Food Water care Transportation- Education Rent Electricity Clothing salary/income(N) 1. Eket 31.4 2.9 11.5 8.5 21.9 8.9 3 12 18,743 2. Esit Eket 27.4 3.4 11.7 7 24.6 12.5 3.6 9.9 22,196 3. Ibeno 25.2 5 8.2 12.4 18.9 10.9 4.1 15.3 13,507 4. Ikot Abasi 31.8 3.1 10.7 10.2 18.9 7.6 3.9 13.8 16,999 5. Mkpat Enin 35.2 2.1 8.6 8.7 20 7.6 5.4 12.4 13,202 6. Onna 27.6 4 11.2 8.6 19.1 13.2 14.1 12.1 14,198 Akwa Ibom State 29.6 3.5 10.2 8.9 21.1 10.7 3.9 12.7 15,067 Source: AKBASES (2005) 4.20.3 Availability and Access to Household Conveniences With regard to availability and general access to household conveniences AKBASES (2005) reveals that clocks/watches (90% households) and radio sets (87% households) as the most common and generally easily accessible household conveniences. 4.20.4 Availability and Access to Household Conveniences Figures 4.32 and 4.33 also reveal that fuel wood and kerosene respectively, remain the most popular materials utilized as fuel and light sources in Akwa Ibom households. Firewood Charcoal Kerosine Others 1% 1% 13% 85% Firewood for Sale - Mkpanak Figure 4.32: Types of Fuel Used Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 91 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Kerosine Electricity Firewood Others 3.70% 2.70% 22.10% 71.50% Figure 4.33: Light Sources 4.21 Poverty and Inequality Absolute poverty refers to deprivation in well being, reflected in the inability to attain a minimum standard of living; while Inequality (relative poverty) is defined as unequal distribution of income/expenditure across the entire population. The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) Nigeria Country Report (2009) estimated that about 54.4% Nigerians (76 million population) lived below the poverty line of 1.25 US dollars per day in 2008. This figure has however increased to 70% (105 million Nigerians) in 2010, according to the Governor of Nigeria’s Central Bank (Daily Trust, 2011). The MDG Report (2010) traces poverty incidence in Nigeria, for the years 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009; as 60%, 54.4%, 51.6% and 54.0% respectively. Estimates were based on people living below the poverty line of 1 Dollar / day. For Akwa Ibom State, the NBS (2006) reported a 70.8% self classified poverty status in 2005. With regard to inequality, the UNDP (2009) declared that 20% of the Nigerian population own 65% national assets, while 70% of the population are peasant rural workers and artisans. AK-BASES (2005) also revealed the disparity in household expenditure between the poorest and richest deciles in Akwa Ibom State. Total expenditure per capita for the lowest 10% was revealed as N726.00, as against N6, 000 for the highest 10%. It was generally observed that the poorest population segment spent more on food than on non-food items, while the reverse held for the highest segment of households. A wide disparity in food poverty level (measured by 2100 calories food intake) was also reported for Akwa Ibom State, where 68.40% of the population exists below the minimal food security level. Table 4.28 shows that in the study area, income poverty varies between 58.61% (for Eket) and 78.95% (for Ibeno). Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 92 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.28: Income and Food Poverty Indices S/No. LGA Income (%) Food (%) 1 Eket 58.61 19.44 2. Esit Eket 63.42 21.97 3. Ibeno 78.95 44.74 4. Ikot Abasi 65.74 29.63 5. Mkpat Enin 72.51 33.58 6. Onna 73.41 40.24 17 Akwa Ibom State 73.73 37.02 Source: AKBASES (2005) In essence, 59% of Eket people and more than 78% of Ibeno people cannot be sustained by their monthly incomes. With regard to food poverty indices, the range is between 19.44% (Eket) to 44.74 (Ibeno). In essence, about 45% of Ibeno residents cannot access adequate food for a functional life. Table 4.29: Poverty / Inequality Highlights - Akwa Ibom State S/N Indices Rate 1 Income poverty level 74% 2 Food poverty level 63% 3 Inequalities Indicators Richest decile Lowest decile a Income 31.4% 1.3% b Expenditure/capita N6,000 N726.00 c Expenditure on food N2,500 N313.00 d Expenditure on non – food items N3,677 N250.00 Sources: (AKBASES 2005; FOS 2004; USAID 2005; UNDP 2006; NBS, 2006) 4.22 Employment / Unemployment 4.22.1 Employment AK-BASES (2005) reported that over one third (36.267%) of the employed people in Akwa Ibom State are involved in extractive occupations (fishing/farming/logging/sand excavation/collection of timber/non timber forest products etc) while 20.25% of employed are traders. The Annual Abstract of Statistics (2009) stated that 28.53% of the employed in Akwa Ibom State are involved in agricultural production. Both the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2005) and the Akwa Ibom Baseline Socio-Economic Survey (AK-BASES, 2005) have depicted the 25 – 54 years age category as making up more than 80.99% of the working population in the study area. 4.22.2 Unemployment Rate Unemployment (non-utilization of human resources, especially among the 15 – 64 years age group or proportion of those who worked for at least 40 hours during reference period, to the total currently inactive labour force population) in the study area is in tandem with international human capital profile. Figure 4.34 shows a high unemployment situation (53%) among persons aged 15 – 24 years. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 93 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64 Total (15- Male(%) 64) 56.34 30.21 7.09 2.64 2.2 19.7 Female (%) 50.85 23.48 6.63 3.38 1.42 17.15 Mean(%) 53.6 26.85 6.86 3.01 1.81 18.43 Age Group in Years Figure 4.34: Unemployment Rate Unemployment is also relatively high (26.86%) in the 25 - 34 years age group. It is important to note that the most economically active productive age group (15 – 34 years) has the highest unemployment burden of about 80%. This is indicative of the wastes in man power through unemployment that is facing the state. Also note that the unemployment rate of the males exceeds the corresponding rate for the female counterparts at every age group except the 45 - 54 years group. Related data reveals that unemployment rate is highest among the unmarried females and young school leavers/ graduates (87.94%).In the same vein, The Sunday Punch newspaper of July 20, 2008 reported a statement credited to the Minister of youth affairs, to the effect that 80% of the estimated 80 million Nigerian youths are unemployed, while 1.6 million of the estimated 16 million employed Nigerian youths are underemployed. Field survey shows that the partially educated and post secondary graduates make up the highest proportion of the unemployed in the surveyed communities, while Table 4.30 shows that national unemployment rate increased from 19.7% (209) to 21.1% in 2010. An NBS (2010) survey put the unemployment rate for Akwa Ibom State at 25.8% Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 94 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.30: National/ Akwa Ibom Unemployment Rates (%) Year Unemployment Rate 2001 13.1% 2005 11.9% 2008 14.9% 2009 19.7% 2010 21.1% Akwa Ibom (2010) 25.8% Male 25.8% Female 26.0% Most Affected Age Group 15-24 years 35.9% 25-34 years 23.3% Source: NBS Nat. Manpower Stock & Employment Generation Survey (2010) 4.23 Infrastructural Base A broad picture of the infrastructural base of the affected communities along the proposed transmission line is presented in Table 4.31. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 95 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure Base Community Accessibility / Intra Road Market Water source Telecomm Health Facility Primary Secondary Electricity Others Access Road Network unication School School Mkpanak Eket - QIT road Major ones None, closest Rain ; Sachet MTN; Glo; One Primary One with One private Available Beach Urban/Acces (dilapidated asphalted but at Iwuochang water and Private Airtel; Health Care functional technical and Resort; sible asphalt but with poor Bore-holes Etisalat; centre classroom School. supplied Hotels; reconstruction drainage Starcom; blocks Closest public from MPNU Commercial contract and school at QIT banks awarded) Visafone Upenekang Ebana Eket - QIT Mainly Earthen None, land Streams; bore- MTN; Glo; Health Post One with None. Closest Available - Rural/Acces road and maintained allocated for hole by MPNU; Airtel; and present on good five at Esit Urua but Erratic sible (dilapidated by community the proposed Hand Pumps. Etisalat rented space blocks of (about 3km) supply. asphalt but effort Evening Treated water but Permanent classes but and Afaha Provided by reconstruction Market scheme ongoing Health Centre jointly owned Eket (bout MPNU in contract by Pro-Natural building under with Ede 4km) 2002 awarded) Int’l and Frontier construction Obok Oil Ltd. Esit Urua Eket - QIT road; Mainly Earthen None Streams. Bore- MTN; Glo; None One with One built by Available in One Police (3 villages: asphalted but, and maintained hole by State Airtel; average community some parts Post which is Esit Urua; dilapidated - by community Govt. now non- Etisalat structures effort now of the non-functional Idung Imose reconstruction effort functional managed by community. & Idung contract The Apostolic Supply is Adiakot) awarded and Church erratic. Semi- on-going. urban/Acces sible Ede Obuk Eket - QIT road; Mainly Earthen None, land Streams which MTN; Glo; None, closest One, with None Available Semi asphalted but, and maintained allocated for are silting, two Airtel; being Poly- average with erratic urban/Acces dilapidated - by community the proposed boreholes by the Etisalat Clinic, structures supply sible reconstruction effort Evening State govt. and Upenekang and contract Market MPNU General awarded and Hospitals at on-going. Upenekang and Eket Afaha Eket Afaha Eket Major ones are One Daily Private bore- MTN; Glo; One General Two public Two, with Available One School (comprises 3 road; Marina asphalted since Market with holes and sachet Airtel; Hospital and primary inadequate with erratic of Nursing; villages of road; Grace Bill these are roads lock-up stalls water. Public Etisalat; one Psychiatric schools with and dilapidated supply MPNU Staff Atibe; Atai road and Afaha within Eket (Urua Nka); potable water no Starcom; hospital functional structures Estate; over Ndon; and Ukwa road, all Urban. Some are one fruit and more functional and classroom five Ekpene Asphalted. in a deplorable yam market; Visafone blocks commercial Urban/Acces state. one timber banks; Major sible market. Hotels in Eket Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 96 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure Base Cont’d Community Accessibility / Intra Road Market Water source Telecomm Health Facility Primary Secondary Electricity Others Access Road Network unication School School Ikot Akpatek Ndon Eyo – Ikot All earthen, One evening Streams and one MTN; None. Nearest One with One with Available One civic Akpatek – Odio maintain by and One bore-hole by Globacom; at Abat (PHC) three functional but needs centre Urban/Acces road (asphalted community effort. weekly market LGA. Bore-hole Airtel and functional classroom extension (ongoing sible but abandoned Some are with good open by the Federal Etisalat. classroom blocks to all part of since 2002 by after the deplorable. and lock-up govt. non blocks the NDDC) community - stalls (Urua functional renovated by community rendering it Edere Obo MPP6 and deplorable) managed by LGA Onna LGA. Ikot Ebidang Earthen and Earthen One daily Streams. Hand MTN, One Health One with None. Nearest Available Abandoned deplorable Abat maintained by market with pumps are non- Globacom Centre good at Abat (about sponsored Ibom Rice Semi- – Ikot Ebekpo – community effort open stalls functional. and Airtel abandoned with classroom 45minutes by the LGA Farm (a joint urban/Acces Ikot Ebidang - constructed by dilapidated block walk) venture sible Rice Farm road the LGA structure. project of AKSG and MPNU) Ikot Annang Abat – Ikot Edor Earthen None. Nearest Stream and MTN, One Primary One with None Available road maintained by is Edere Obo private bore- Globacom Health Centre three blocks Rural/Acces community effort. about holes. Public and Airtel (PHC) of classroom sible 30minutes bore hole not walking functional distance Mkpa Eto Ikot Ebiere – Earthen One daily Streams and MTN, None. Closest One jointly None. Nearest Available. One Town Ikot Edor - market jointly Bore-holes Globacom located at Ikot owned with one at Ekot Transforme Hall built by Rural/Acces Mkpa Eto – owned with and Airtel Eko Ibon Ikot Eko Ibon Edor r jointly community sible Ndon Ibotio – Ikot Edor. shared with effort. Ikot Ekong road Stalls need Ikot Eko Structure (Asphalt up Ikot renovation Ibon needs Eko Ibon) renovation. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 97 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure Base Cont’d Community Accessibility / Intra Road Market Water source Telecomm Health Facility Primary Secondary Electricity Others Access Road Network unication School School Ikot Eko Ikot Ebiere – Earthen and One daily Streams and two MTN; One Cottage One jointly None. Nearest Available Town Hall by Ibon Ikot Edor - maintained by market with bore-holes by Globacom; Hospital. owned with ones at Ikot community Mkpa Eto – community effort open stalls LGA and MPNU Airtel; and Functional with Mkpa Eto Edor and effort Semi- Ndon Ibotio – Etisalat Medical Doctor Ibotio/Ndon Ongoing urban/Acces Ikot Ekong road (Mkpat Enin sible (Asphalt up Ikot LGA) Eko Ibon) Ikot Edor Ikot Ebiere – Earthen and One daily Streams and MTN; One Health One with One with good Available. Ikot Edor - maintained by market jointly Bore- hole Globacom; Centre under good classroom Services Semi- Mkpa Eto – community effort owned with Airtel; and construction classroom blocks much urban/Acces Ndon Ibotio – Ikot Edor. Etisalat blocks improved sible Ikot Ekong road Stalls need (Asphalted up renovation Ikot Eko Ibon) Ikot Ekong Eket – Ikot Earthen One daily with Streams and two MTN; None. Nearest Jointly owned One with three Available (3 gazetted Abasi (East – maintained by two open bore- holes by Globacom; one at Ikot with Ikot Enin. classroom with villages of West) road. community effort sheds by LGA and Airtel; and Akpaden It has three blocks. All improved Ikot Ekong; Contract community Fadama III. Hand Etisalat dilapidated structures in services Ikot Umoh awarded for effort and one pumps non classroom deplorable Ekong; & dualization and weekly with functional blocks, state. Odoro Ikot) on-going two sheds by laboratory Fadama III and Technical Semi project workshop urban/rural. OdoroIkot- No easy access Ndon Ibotio Ikot Ekong – Earthen One daily with Streams. Bore MTN; None. Closet One jointly One jointly Available Ndon – Ikot Eko maintained by two open hole by Shell BP Globacom; ones at Ikot owned with owned with but Rural/Acces Ibon – Ikot Edor community effort sheds by non- functional Airtel; and Ebiere and Ikot Ibotio. Has Ibotio. transformer sible – Ikot Ebiere community Etisalat Akpaden Good Structures shared with road. Only effort. classroom dilapidated Ibotio asphalted at blocks Ikot Edor axis Ibotio Ikot Ekong Earthen One shared Stream MTN; None. Closet One jointly One jointly Available Ibotio- Ndon maintained by with Ndon Globacom; ones at Ikot owned with owned with but Semi- road with community effort Airtel; and Ebiere and Ikot Ndon. Has Ndon. transformer urban/Acces broken bridge Etisalat Akpaden Good Structures shared with sible classroom dilapidated. Ndon Ibotio blocks Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 98 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure Base Cont’d Community Accessibility / Intra Road Market Water source Telecomm Health Facility Primary Secondary Electricity Others Access Road Network unication School School Ikot Enin Eket – Ikot Earthen None Two bore – holes MTN; None. Closet None Jointly owned Available. Abasi(East – maintained by by Indigenes Globacom; one at Ikot with Ikot Enin. Provided by Rural/Acces West) road. community effort Airtel; and Akpaden It has three NDDC sible Contract Etisalat dilapidated awarded for classroom dualization and blocks, on-going laboratory and Technical workshop Ekim Ikot Akpaden – Earthen - One daily/ Stream and MTN; None. Closet One with One with Available Ndon Obodom maintained by Weekly market Bore- hole Globacom; one at Ikot good dilapidated Rural/Acces – road community effort Airtel; and Akpaden classroom blocks sible Abandoned Etisalat blocks from the village Ikot Oyoro Ikot Akpaden – Earthen - None. Stream and One MTN; None. Closet None None None Okoroete road maintained by Bore- hole Globacom; one at Ikot Rural/ Not (asphalted) and community effort Airtel; and Akpaden easily Ikot Oyoro – Etisalat accessible Ikot Ekong road (Earthen and Deplorable) Ikot Obio Eket – Ikot Earthen and One weekly/ One bore – hole MTN; Health Post One with None. Nearest Available A community Ndoho Abasi (East – maintained by evening and stream now Globacom; operational. good located at built Civic West) road. communal effort market with polluted due to Airtel; and temporarily classroom Ekim Centre Rural/Acces Contract dilapidated Gas pipe laying Etisalat located at blocks renovated sible awarded for structures by Septa Energy Community and equipped dualization and Civic Centre by an on-going. illustrious son. Ikot Aba Ikot Akpaden – Earthen and One daily/ Streams; two MTN; None One with two None. Nearest Available. A standard Ekim – Ikot Aba maintained by weekly market bore-holes; two Globacom; blocks of located at provided by civic centre Rural/Acces – Ikot Eti – Eket communal effort with hand pumps. Airtel; and classrooms Ekim NDDC under sible / Ikot Abasi road dilapidated One abandoned Etisalat since 2004 construction ( Earthen and trading sheds. bore-hole by by the LGA deplorable) Cross River Basin Authority Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 99 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure Base Cont’d Community Accessibility / Intra Road Market Water source Telecomm Health Facility Primary Secondary Electricity Others Access Road Network unication School School Ikwa Eket – Ikot One major One daily Streams; two MTN; One Missionary One Primary One jointly Available A religious Abasi(East – (asphalted) while market hand pumps and Globacom; Hospital jointly owned ownewith Ikot group Semi Urban/ West) road. others are one bore-hole. Airtel; and with Ikot Umiang Okon (Christian Accessible Contract earthen and Etisalat Ataha Witness awarded for maintained by Team) has dualization and communal effort operational on-going. base/ community and real estate properties within the village Ikot Ataha Eket – Ikot Earthen and None Streams and MTN; None One Primary None Available Abasi(East – maintained by Hand pumps Globacom; jointly owned with erratic Rural/Acces West) road. communal effort Airtel; and with Ikwa services sible Contract Etisalat awarded for dualization and on-going.. Ikot Umiang Odoro Atan – Earthen and None Stream; One MTN; One Health None One which the Available Okon Ikot Umiang – maintained by bore-hole Globacom; Post yet to be compound is but erratic Okon road. communal effort Airtel; and completed but usually flooded supply Rural/Acces Asphalted, Etisalat operational during heavy sible dilapidated with rains and one abandoned structures major bridge dilapidated (now crossed with a canoe) & two smaller bridges Iman Eket – Ikot Earthen and One evening Streams MTN; none One primary One with Not Ekabom I & Abasi(East – maintained by market Globacom; inadequate electrified II West) road. communal effort Airtel; and structures Contract Etisalat Rural/Acces awarded for sible dualization and on-going. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 100 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure Base Cont’d Community Accessibility / Intra Road Market Water source Telecomm Health Facility Primary Secondary Electricity Others Access Road Network unication School School Ikot Akpan Eket – Ikot Earthen and One weekly Streams; one MTN; None One, with two None Not Okop Abasi (East – maintained by market with bore-hole by Globacom; classroom connected West) road. communal effort open stalls LGA; one hand Airtel; and blocks built by to National Rural/Isolate Contract pump by Septa Etisalat community grid d Very hard awarded for Energy. One and British to access- dualization and abandoned bore- Council. Impassable on-going.. hole by Cross during rains River Basin Authority Ikot Ekpang Odoro Atan – Earthen and One evening/ Streams which Airtel and None. Closest One whose None. Closest Not and Ikot Aka Ikot Ekpang – maintained by weekly market are polluted MTN located at Ikot structures are located at connected Ikot Iyang Okop communal effort with open provide Inyang Okop dilapidated Odoro Atan to national Rural/Isolate – Elele road stalls erratic (just completed) which is a grid. d Very hard (Earthen totally constructed by services and Ikot 1hour 30min. to access- deplorable) community in Akpaden (a trekking Impassable conjunction 1hour ride on distance during rains with EU MPP6 motorcycle) Akapmbiet QIT – Edo – Earthen and One weekly/ Hand Pumps MTN and None None One for the Available Edo Uquo road maintained by evening Airtel entire Edo but erratic Community (Asphalt) communal effort market with group of services open stalls villages Rural/Acces sible Edida Edo Edo -Akpambiet Earthen and None Streams; Private Airtel None One One for the Available -Edida road maintained by bore-holes. established entire Edo but erratic Rural/Acces (Earthen and communal effort by Lutheran group of services sible deplorable) Mission villages Oniok Edo QIT – Edo – Earthen and One daily Streams and MTN; One Primary One with One for the Available in Uquo road maintained by Two functional Globacom; Health Centre good entire Edo some part. Rural/Acces (Asphalt) communal effort bore-holes by and Airtel structure group of Services sible NDDC and LGA villages erratic Ikot Etetuk Eket – Ikot Mostly earthen Small Evening Public pump. MTN; One Primary One jointly None. Closest Regular Abasi Road. and some market jointly Water supplied Globacom; Health Centre. owned with located at Ikot supply from Semi urban abandoned by owned with from ALSCON Airtel; and Not equipped. Ikot Akpan Abasi Village ALSCON setting/acce contractor Ikot Akpan Ata mains. Not Etisalat Ata but ssible sufficient for the controlled community by PHCN Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 101 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.31: Community Infrastructure Base Cont’d Community Accessibili Intra Road Market Water source Telecomm Health Facility Primary Secondary Electricity Others ty / Access Network unication School School Road Ete village; Eket – Ikot Majority are Two major Streams which MTN; None. Closest is Two primary One owned by Available One major Obiokama; Abasi (East asphalted markets: one have been Globacom; located at Ikot schools the Methodist but service Motor Park; Ubeneke I; – West) weekly and destroyed by gas Airtel; and Akan owned by the Church is epileptic one Civic Ubeneke II; road. one daily pipes and Etisalat group of Centre Abasi Ute; Contract Electricity villages (ongoing ) by Abiaran; Odiono awarded for transmission NDDC; one Isoutibe; Essien dualization lines. Only one commercial Etuk; Urua and on- public bore-hole bank Essien Etuk; going.. and two hand Okpoto; Adaha pumps by Septa Ukim; Ikot Energy are Etenghe and functional. Bore- Ekpuk Inang holes by DFRRI; V-Mobile not Combined functional. urban/semi urban/rural attributes/easily accessed Ikot Essien Eket – Ikot Mostly earthen None. Nearest Dug wells and MTN; None. Closest is One jointly None. Closest Regular Abasi Road and some is the one at Private bore - Globacom; the General owned with located at Ikot supply from Semi urban abandoned by Ikot Abasi holes Airtel; and Hospital in Ikot Ikot Obong Abasi Village ALSCON setting/accessibl contractor Urban Etisalat Abasi Urban but e controlled by PHCN Ikot Akpan Ata Eket – Ikot Earthen and Small evening Streams MTN; None. Closest is One jointly None. Closest Uninterrupt Abasi Road deplorable market Globacom; the General owned with located at Ikot ed supply Semi Airtel; and Hospital in Ikot Ikot Etetuk Abasi Village directly urban/urban Etisalat Abasi Urban from setting/accessibl ALSCON e Ikot Abasi Village Eket – Ikot Some are One morning Private Bore- MTN; One General Two Primary One Regular Major Hotels Abasi Road asphalted while market and holes Globacom; Hospital and schools with Secondary supply from in Ikot Abasi; Semi some are either one Evening Airtel; and One Primary average Commercial ALSCON Ibom Dock urban/urban abandoned or Market Etisalat Health Centre structures established by but Yard setting/accessibl undergoing Late Justice controlled company; e construction. Udo Udoma by PHCN Marine Police (They form part base; Local of the Ikot Abasi Govt. Council Urban roads Secretariat; Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 102 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment In termsof road infrastructure most of the communities are accesed by the Fedral East- West road. The transmission line is to run south of this road (see 4.23.2). As discussed earlier majority of the communities are currently connected to the national grid system for power supply. Major public health care facilities are located in Uyo, Eket and Ikot Abasi; however as earlier presented smaller rural communities like Oniok Edo have primary health care centres set up by the government. See sections below for interrelationship of communities in terms of basic infrastructure. 4.23.1 Market Facilities Major markets in the study area include Iwuoachang (Ibeno) Urua Nka (Eket), Urua Edere Obo (Onna) Ukam (Mkpat Enin), Ete (Ikot Abasi). Some of these markets are held daily or once every week. Other smaller communities depending on their proximity and teis to where the major markets are sitauated patronise these markets as well as partake in bringing their products for sale. It is important to note that smaller evening markets exist in almost all communities of the study area. It is also important to note the poor state of infrastructure in some of the major markets like Ukam and Ete, where the few lock-up stores (whenever they exist) are in dilapidated conditions. Electricity and potable water sources are either absent or non- functional, while intra-market passages are soggy, marshy and sandy terrains that are hard to traverse during the rains. Edereobo Market - Ikot Akpatek, Onna LGA Market - Edor, Esit Eket LGA – Ikot Abasi Figure 4.35: Market Structures 4.23.2 Access Road / Public Transportation Accessibility into all the surveyed LGAs / communities is through three major roads: (i) the Eket – Ibeno Road, which is in a dilapidated condition, but currently undergoing reconstruction; (ii) the Eket - Ikot Abasi Road (part of the East – West road chain) which is fairly good but presently undergoing dualisation ; and (iii) the Ete - Ikot Abasi Road, which is asphalted and in good condition. Some of the intra- LGA routes may be described with adjectives like: good, good with failed portions, bad and abandoned, bad and undergoing reconstruction activity, constructed but abandoned at a portion and bad It is important to note essentially that land access also exists to these riverine settlements. Inter LGA roads linking Uyo- the state capital- with the headquarters of the LGAs under Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 103 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment survey are in fairly good conditions. The same can be said about the roads leading to the headquarter communities of these LGAs. Cars and trucks in various passable states are utilized for the movement of goods and commuters. Motorcycle machines, especially, large engine CG 115, 150 and 175 double silencer types predominate. Popular brands include Nanfang, Frajend, Suzuki and Q-link; which are all reported to be strong and hardy enough to traverse the rough, erosion ravaged and poorly maintained road networks. Bicycles may serve for intra settlements / communities movement. Human porterage on heads / shoulders is also a common activity, especially by the female gender. Access Road – Ede Obuk Rice Farm Road – Ikot Ebidang Ikot Akpatek – Ikot Edor –Ikot Ekong Road Abat – Ikot Ebekpo – Ikot Ebidang Road Intra Community Road - Mkpanak Abandoned NDDC Bridge – Ikot Umiang Okon Figure 4.36: Road Infrastructures Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 104 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.23.3 Electricity Supply Almost all the surveyed communities (apart from Ikot Ekpang, Ikot Aka, Ikot Akpan Imo and Ikot Akpan Okop) are supplied with electricity. All are linked to the national PHCN grid, where they have to contend with limited supply characteristics. Mkpanak is in Ibeno LGA and is supplied electricity directly from the -MPN electricity mains in QIT. All the communities in Ikpa Ibekwe clan of Ikot Abasi LGA are supplied electricity from the RUSAL- ALSCON although controlled by the PHCN, the supply is dependable. Only Ikot Akpan Ata has access to constant power - supply directly from the ALSCON. The major towns in each LGA of the survey area are linked to the national grid. Communities situated in difficult terrain (Ikot Ekpang and Ikot Akpan Okop) may not have access to power supply from the national grid. Electricity generating plants are utilized by very few relatively well off individuals and by bars and eateries. Bush lamps and candles (rarely) provide illumination in the night. the issue. 4.23.4 Educational Facilities Primary schools are easily accessed within a 1–5 km radius in the incident zone. Secondary schools may not be so easily accessed. The introduction of free and compulsory education in the study area, which has led to an influx of pupils and students, has facilitated the provision and/or upgrading of educational facilities. Primary School – Ebana, Eket LGA Secondary School – Ikot Ekong Figure 4.37: Educational Structures 4.23.5 Postal / Telecommunication Facilities The major GSM telecommunication providers (MTN, Airtel, Glo and Visafone) are generally making in-roads into the area. The capital cities and other major towns in the study area are fully covered by one or the other of these networks. It is therefore quite easy to communicate socially and also carry out business transaction within any part of the State. The settlements may not be as effectively covered by the GSM It is however important to note the near absence of postal services – even in the major communities of the survey area. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 105 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 4.23.6 Water Supply Boreholes, sachet water and streams, remain the major sources of water for household utilization. More details are provided in the health section. 4.24 Health Facilities There are 106 facilities that are accredited by the state Ministry of Health to provide health care services to the people of the survey area. Table 4.32 shows that these include 70 public primary health care (PHC) facilities, 10 public secondary health (SHC) facilities and 26 privately owned clinics. Table 4.32: Distribution of Accredited Health Facilities in the Study Area S/N LGA PHC Institutions SHC Facilities Registered Grand CHC Others Total Govt. Voluntary State Total Private Total (HCs, owned Agency Govt. Clinics HPs) Hosps. owned Clinics/ Dental Centres 1 Eket 1 11 12 2 0 1 3 16 31 2 Esit Eket 0 9 9 1 0 0 1 1 11 3 Ibeno 0 13 13 1 0 0 1 2 16 4 Ikot 1 12 13 1 0 0 1 4 18 Abasi 5 Mkpat 1 11 12 3 0 0 3 2 17 Enin 6 Onna 1 10 11 1 0 0 1 1 13 Total 4 66 70 9 0 1 10 26 106 Source: Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Health, Uyo (2009) N/B: CHC = Comprehensive Health Centre; HC = Health Centre; and HP = Health Post; Health Centre – Ikot Umiang Okon Primary Health Centre – Ikot Ebidang Figure 4.38: Health Facilities 4.25 Disease Prevalence Interactions during FGDs, IDIs with various respondents reveal common diseases in the study area to include malaria, typhoid, cholera, pneumonia, tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis) etc. Various eye ailments have also been reported, mainly at riverine areas like Mkpanak, Ikot Akpan Okop and Akpambiet Edo; arising from the exposure of unprotected eyes to fish processing (especially smoking) activities. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 106 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment IHealth survey also reveal that sources of treatment of the various ailments could be traditional, with the aid of herbs or modern – predicated on visits to health centres and hospitals; or spiritual – resort to churches / prayer houses. Essentially, visits to health centres and hospitals for treatment is always the last resort of majority of persons who claim to be discouraged by the cost of treatment and long queues in general hospitals, and by the official documentation procedures and processes that have to be observed in health centres, in order to access Medicare. Patent medicine stores/itinerant drug vendors are therefore very popular Medicare avenues and thus enjoy a lot of support, even though the quality of dispensed drugs cannot be ascertained. Attached overleaf (integrated disease data sheet) presents records of disease trend and patients’ attendance at public health facilities to seek curative action for the prevalent ailments in the survey area. The table depicts that for the periods of January - December 2010 and January - May 2011, the malaria group of diseases were the most endemic in the state. The table reveals that for 2010, common malaria (61,230 cases), malaria in pregnancy (14,298 cases) and diarrhoea (with and without blood- 7881 cases) were reported and treated as the most prevalent diseases in the various health care facilities in the state. With regard to the specific study area, Mkpat Enin had the highest cases of reported malaria ailments (4844). The scenario for 2011 (January – May) involved common malaria (24,840 cases), malaria in pregnancy (8,146 cases) and diarrhea (with and without blood- 1,952 cases) as the most serious ailments. A detailed look at the record shows that diseases like new HIV / AIDS, pneumonia, and tuberculosis, along with high blood pressure and typhoid fever are emerging ailments with relatively high trend which are captured in the 2011 survey. Eket, with 1459 reported malaria cases was highest for the study area. 4.26 Water Supply Interactive sessions (FGDs and IDIs) revealed that level of potable water supply is low in the general survey area. Major sources of water supply for consumption and domestic uses are from rain water run-off – collected from thatched / woody / rusty iron sheet roofs. These are invariably unhygienic and particles/germs infested. In the dry season, domestic water supply is from shallow hand-dug wells, the liquid contents of which are separated from the earth surface by rusty iron –wrought containers. Water may also be collected from shallow unhygienic streams which become water logged during the rains and from private and public bore holes. With regard to towns and villages, only a small segment of the population of Eket and Ikot Abasi may lay claims to government supplied, potable water sources. A majority of the residents may however access privately provided boreholes which supply untreated water sources. Relatively well-off individuals from the Island settlements who can withstand high cost of transportation may access such water sources at a rate of about N50.00/20 litre jerry can. In an attempt to improve on the water supply situation in the study area, the various LGAs, state government, corporate establishments and illustrious citizens are making efforts to Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 107 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment drill bore- holes in some communities. This informs why abandoned or uncompleted bore hole projects are visible in some of the surveyed communities Majority of the people in the study area source their drinking water from untreated water sources like river, streams, and ponds. This is shown on Table 4.33. Water quality from these streams and bore- holes will undoubtedly be poor as interactions revealed that solid waste disposal is into running streams/ stagnant water, while human waste is disposed off into water channels in the coastal communities and in bushes surrounding streams in the upland communities. Hand Pump – Ikot Umiang Okon Borehole Project – Ede Obuk FADAMA III Water Project – Ikot Ekong Abandoned Water Project – Ikot Akpatek Figure 4.39: Water Supply Facilities Table 4.33: Drinking Water Sources in the Study Area Sources of Drinking Water Hand Total Piped in Public Pump Dug Spring/River/ Others S/N LGA Dwelling Tap & Borehole Well Stream/Pond 1. Eket 10 10.8 44.6 0.5 33.8 0.3 100 2. Esit Eket 11.5 1.4 2.2 0.7 84.2 0 100 3. Ibeno 0 4.7 32.5 44.2 18.6 0 100 4. Ikot Abasi 0 6.3 8.8 5.3 78.8 0.8 100 5. Mkpat Enin 0 2.9 10.2 8.4 78.5 0 100 6. Onna 0.5 7.8 15.6 2.8 71.6 1.7 100 Akwa Ibom State 1.6 4.4 32.5 3 56.3 2.2 100 Source: AKBASES (2005) Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 108 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment In essence the people may be prone to water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid fever etc. About 33% households source their drinking water from mainly untreated boreholes. Only 4% households obtain drinking water from public tap system. A related finding reveals that more than 70% respondents access drinking water from a distance of less than 1km. The NBS-MICS report (2012) corroborates the finding that boreholes remain the major water supply sources in the general study area (Table 4.34). Table 4.34: Improved Water Supply Statistics in Akwa Ibom State % Using Improved Water Source 74.6% (2011) 58.9% (2009) % Using Improved Drinking 33.6% (2011) Water Source % Without Sustained Access to 67.7% (2011) Improved Water Source Main Water Source Borehole - 55.5% (2011) Well – 31.5% (2009) Borehole -28.4 (2009) Adapted from NBS- MICC (2012); NBS- Annual Abstract of Statistics (2009) 4.27 Refuse Disposal System The most common refuse disposal system in the general study area (Table 4.35) is through disposal pits dug within the compound of each house hold, followed by unauthorized refuse dumps. Table 4.35: Common Waste Disposal Systems Disposal Systems Refuse Bin Disposal Pit Unauthorized Outright (Govt. / within S/N LGA Private) Compound Refuse Dump Burning 1. Eket 9.2 40.7 26.6 23.5 2. Esit Eket 0.7 53.2 10.8 35.3 3. Ibeno 0 33.3 64.3 0 4. Ikot Abasi 5.4 64.9 9.6 20.1 5. Mkpat Enin 2.6 64.9 25.1 7.4 6. Onna 2.3 49.5 39.4 9 Source: AKBASES (2005) There are however variations within specific LGAs. For example in Ibeno (64.29%), the norm is to dispose refuse into unauthorized places while outright burning of refuse is also common in Esit Eket (35.3%). The ABS-AAS (2009) gives a more recent figure of 38% national statistic of households that dump solid waste in unauthorized locations. 4.27.1 Toilet Facilities The most common type of toilet facility in about 89.0% households in the study area (Table 4.36) is the traditional pit latrine (covered or uncovered). It must be noted however that this situation is peculiar to urban communities. Toilet facilities may not be available in riverine rural terrains as residents may defecate into stagnant or running water sources. On a nationwide basis, the ABS-AAS (2009) reports that only 54.6% households utilize pit toilets for human waste disposal. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 109 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 4.36: Common Types of Toilet Facilities Toilet Systems Latrine Pit Pit No Sewage Septic VIP with Latrine Latrine S/N LGA System Tank Latrine Sanplat (Covered) (Uncovered) Facility 1. Eket 9.2 10.5 1.8 3.1 55.5 18.4 1.5 2. Esit Eket 1.4 0 0 0 84.2 13 1.4 3. Ibeno 7 0 0 0 25.6 7 60.5 4. Ikot Abasi 3.8 3.8 2.5 2.9 74.5 6.3 6.3 5. Mkpat Enin 0 2 0.2 2.7 74.6 20.1 0.4 6. Onna 2.3 2.5 0.5 3.4 73.6 17.2 0.5 Source: AKBASES (2005) 4.28 Community Concerns Notification of the host communities and other key stakeholders as regards the project by PHCN was positively received. 80% of all stakeholders however expressed dismay at the irregular power supply that attracts high bills which are decided by estimates instead of with metered aids, and intermittent power surges that destroy their electrical appliances both of which make life more difficult. The people complained that power generators have become the main source of power for the rich citizens who can afford them while the majority of people have resorted to the use of candles and lamps. The table below summarises key concerns and expectations that arose as at the time of this report during the project notification, sensitization and public disclosure (including consultations). Also included side by side in the other column are responses provided by PHCN during such meetings. Stakeholders Concerns/Expectations PHCN Reposnses Non availability of power to aid artisanship, PHCN informed group of artisans raising thereby affecting basic life needs and this concern that it is the goal of the FGN to catering for family. increase electricity availability to the nation (reason for this and other power projects). The transmission line would evacuate power to a substation which will in turn step it down before it is distributed through the national grid where it would get to the populace. The issue of fair and adequate PHCN assured stakeholders that it has in compensation was raised in virtually all place a ROW acquisition process which communities for economic trees, land, includes enumeration, valuation and structures, etc that may be affected by compensation. ROW and settlement ROW strategies will be in line with OP 4.12 to be detailed in the RAP for The World Bank’s approval. PHCN shall be responsible for the implementation of the approved RAP. ROW acquisition and works shall not commence until the approval of the RAP and implementation shall be in line with The Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 110 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment World Bank’s approved process. Employment opportunities to members of PHCN informed that a Community host community. Relations and Engagement Plan will be developed prior to project commencement to cover all terms and modalities of engagement and ensure that affected communities are equitably represented. PHCN Also informed stakeholders and other community members that there would be opportunities for contracting and subcontracting activities which will benefit stakeholders. Some communities required upgrading of With regards to the upgrade on electrical electrical facilities / extension of electricity facilities and provision supply to the supply to other parts of their communities, communities mentioned, PHCN spokesman while Iman Ekabom 1 and 11, Ikot Ekpang, during the consultation/sensitization and Ikot Aka communities asked for programmes informed that the department provision of electricity and subsequent responsible for connection to the national linkage to the national grid. grid and distribution is different. However it was agreed with stakeholders that this complaint and expectations will be communicated to PHCN appropriate authorities in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja for further actions. It is anticipated that the drive of the Federal Government to enhance the power situation in the country will have significant influence in addressing the concerns of the communities. Chapter Four Final Draft Report Page 111 of 111 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER FIVE POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER FIVE POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ASSESSMENT 5.1 General This chapter outlines the methodology for predicting impacts of the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line project. It also identifies and discusses subsequent mitigation measures recommended for each impact identified. This assessment process involved the identification of the environmental aspects (i.e. elements/activities of the proposed project that will interact with the air, water, sediment, plankton, benthos and human population) as per project description (chapter three). These aspects were then superimposed / interacted with the environmental components (described in chapter four). The effects, nature, and extend of the impacts were then evaluated and ranked. Internationally and locally proven acceptable methods of impact prediction and evaluation were used as basis for developing the assessment process for the proposed project associated and potential impacts. 5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology The methodology adopted in the assessment of impacts entailed identification of aspects and impacts using source reference materials; defining impacts criteria and determination of mitigation measures followed by the formulation of impact management plan. Source Reference Materials Aspects and Impact Identification • Project Environment Description (Baseline data) • Direct • FMENV EIA Sectoral Guidelines for • Indirect Power Transmission Line Projects • Cumulative • ISO 14000 Guidelines • Residual • World Bank /IFC Environmental • Adverse Assessment Sourcebook/Guidelines, • Beneficial etc • Long term • Short term Impact Assessment Evaluation Impact Criteria Is the impact significant? • legal/ regulatory requirements In terms of: • risk • people and their health and safety • frequency • environmental pollution/ • importance deterioration • public concern • asset/property damage • statutory/ regulatory compliance • imaqe and reputation Impact Control • Barriers to prevent adverse effect • prevention strategy • Control/reduction of escalation • reduction strategy factors • control strategy • Recovery preparedness measures Impact Management Plan • management responsibilities • monitoring plan • auditing and review Figure 5.1: Impact Management Procedure Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 1 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The impacts are analysed and discussed in detail in line with the EIA scope. All impacts were first assessed without the necessary mitigation and the results presented in a summarised impact table (Table 5.5), which form the core of the impact assessment. Mitigation measures were thereafter recommended and discussed, with the aim of enhancing positive impacts and minimising negative impacts. 5.3 Project Environmental Overview The process adopted in the identification and assessment of the potential and associated impacts of the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line project considered various phases of the project, namely: • Pre-construction:- this will include mobilisation of materials and personnel, community engagement, permit to work, site preparation activities etc; • Construction / Installation:- foundations, tower construction, transmission line erection and stringing and other associated earthen works; • Commissioning and Operation / Maintenance:- project inspection, turnover, commissioning as well as operations and subsequent maintenance activities; • Decommissioning : - disusing/abandoning of project facilities 5.4 Impact Identification and Characterisation Impacts can be induced during the construction of the facility, and later during its operation. In the case of transmission line facilities, the main potential receptors are soil, surface water bodies, flora and fauna, occupational health, in addition to socio-economic amenities. Impact assessment defines the criteria and processes against which potential project impacts can be measured and mitigated. A multidisciplinary team comprising engineers, scientist, environmentalists etc were involved in the identification and characterisation of impacts of the approximately 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line project. 5.4.1 Impact Identification An interaction matrix (Table 5.1) have been developed and populated to identify the proposed project activities and components of the physical, biological and social environment that may be affected as a result of planned and unplanned project activities. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 2 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.1: QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project Activities – Environmental Indicators Interaction Matrix Pre-construction Construction & Installation Operation / Maintenance Decommis Project Activities Planned Activities Unplanned Planned Activities Unplanned sioning Tower erection / stringing activities Environmental Indicators (support, supply & servicing) (support, supply & servicing) Abandonment / Restoration Mobilisation of construction Fuel / hazardous materials Line element replacement Recruitment / Community Commissioning / Testing Incidents and Accidents Tower falling incidents (piling, trenching, etc) Incidents / |Accidents Painting and coating Power Transmission Waste Management Waste Management (access & camping) ROW maintenance Transmission Line Decommissioning Onsite fabrication Fires / explosions Tower foundation Site Preparation (Metal works) Geo-hazards Engagement elements Logistics Logistics handling Fires Air Quality Particulates X X X X X X X X X X X X NOX, SOX, COX, etc X X X X X X X X X Gaseous Hydrocarbons X X X X Water Quality Turbidity X X X X X X X Water Physico-chemistry X X X X X X X X X River-bed Physico-chemistry X X X X X X Aquatic Ecology Plankton X X X X X Fishes X X X X X Macro-benthos X X X X X Terrestrial Ecology Fresh Water Swamps X X X X X X X Mangrove Swamps X X X X X X X Rainforests X X X X X X X X X X Avifauna X X X X X X X X X X Rodents and Mammals X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 3 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.1: QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project Activities – Environmental Indicators Interaction Matrix Cont-d Pre-construction Construction & Installation Operation / Maintenance Decommis Project Activities Planned Activities Unplanned Planned Activities Unplanned sioning Tower erection / stringing activities Environmental Indicators (support, supply & servicing) (support, supply & servicing) Abandonment / Restoration Mobilisation of construction Fuel / hazardous materials Line element replacement Recruitment / Community Commissioning / Testing Incidents and Accidents Tower falling incidents (piling, trenching, etc) Incidents / |Accidents Painting and coating Power Transmission Waste Management Waste Management (access & camping) ROW maintenance Transmission Line Decommissioning Onsite fabrication Fires / explosions Tower foundation Site Preparation (Metal works) Geo-hazards Engagement elements Logistics Logistics handling Fires Soil Quality Physico-chemistry X X X X X X X X X Topography / Natural X X X X X X X X X X Drainage Sensory Perceptions Noise Disturbance X X X X X X X X X X X Visual Intrusions X X X X X X X Socio-Economics / Human Health Existing / Planned X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Infrastructures Employment Opportunities X X X X X X X X X X X X X Worker Safety / X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Occupational Health Public Health X X X X X X X Landuse X X X X X X Fishing X X X Traffic on Local Roads X X X X X X X Macro & Micro Economics X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 4 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.4.2 Impact Characterisation The checklist approach was adopted; this involved categorising the project into activities/phases and then the project environment into various components. The interaction between these two elements (the project and environment) may lead to changes in the environment and is illustrated below: [Environment] + [Project] {Changed Environment} This change may be direct or indirect, adverse or beneficial, cumulative or residual, long term or short term as described below. Direct Impacts These are impacts resulting directly (direct cause-effect consequence) from a project activity Indirect Impacts These are impacts that are at least one step removed from a project activity. They do not follow directly from a project activity Adverse Impacts Adverse impacts are those that would produce negative effects on the biophysical or socio-economic environment Beneficial Impacts These are impacts that would produce positive effects on the biophysical or socio-economic environment. Cumulative Impacts These are impacts resulting from interaction between project activities with other activities, taking place simultaneously. Residual Impacts These are impacts that would still remain after mitigation measures have been applied. Long term These are impacts whose effects remain even after a specific project activity (e.g. permanent vegetation loss due to forest clearing) Short term These are defined as impacts that will last only within the period of a specific project activity (e.g. noise due to construction activities ). Table 5.2 presents a summary characterisation of some potential and associated adverse and beneficial impacts of the proposed project. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 5 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.2: QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Impacts Categorisation Project Activity/ Associated and Potential Impacts Cumulative Irreversible Short term Reversible Environmental Long term Beneficial Residual Adverse Aspect Indirect Direct Pre- Employment opportunities arising from construction recruitment of technical and non technical • Permitting transmission line workers • ROW Business opportunities for local contractors Acquisition through sub contracting activities • Mobilisation Local support services from road side supply • Recruitment markets and shops etc • Site Skill acquisition and enhancements to local Preparation indigenes and workforce. Improvement in quality of life for adequately compensated individuals Influx of people (migrant workers, sub- contractors and suppliers) and increased pressure on existing social infrastructure Increase of communicable diseases due to influx of people and poor living conditions around pre-construction sites Increase in social vices (like theft, prostitution) resulting from increased number of people Community agitations over compensations, land disputes, wrong stakeholder identification, leadership tussles, etc Uncertainty and increased perturbation due to a lack of information and communication. Increased traffic during mobilisation on road with risks of accidents leading to injury/death and loss of asset. Risks of armed robbery attack and hostage taking leading to injury/ death of personnel. Exclusion of vulnerable groups from consultations which may lead to strife Nuisance (noise and vibrations) due to movement from heavy duty equipment and vehicles affecting site workers and wildlife. Increase of dust particles and vehicular emissions. Conflicts/community agitations over employment issues (quotas and methods) Disturbance of the vegetation cover / loss of forest products (fuel wood, timber, medicinal plants) due to site clearing and preparation. Waste Disposal • scrap metal, wood, sand, concrete, paper, domestic waste • Waste from laydown area and tower sites from grubbing of ROW (Material and wood) Contamination of surface water as a result of siltation caused by increased erosion, during site preparation. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 6 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.2: QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Impacts Categorisation Cont’d Project Activity/ Associated and Potential Impacts Cumulativ Irreversibl Beneficial Reversibl Residual Environmental Adverse Indirect Aspect Direct Short Long term e e e Workplace accidents from burns, cuts, bruises, trips and falls, objects at height, leading to injury or fatalities. Employment of local labour and skills acquisition for workers taking advantage of new opportunities increased business and economic activities as well as diversification of income sources due to supply contracting and sub-contracting increase in revenue opportunities for local population due to presence of non-resident workers and travellers Generation of dust and automobile / heavy duty equipment emissions from construction earth works. Flora/habitat loss and disturbance through vegetation clearing and earthworks along ROW, access roads and at tower sites Fauna disturbance and displacement as a Construction / result of migration away from construction Installation: activity area (this includes impact on birds) • Tower Soil / groundwater contamination resulting Foundation from accidental leakages and spills of • Piling, hazardous substances (diesel, cleaning trenching, agents, lubricants, hydraulic oil) etc Risks of injury / death and loss of assets • Tower resulting from accidents associated with road erection transportation to and fro construction sites. • Conductor Traffic diversion and congestion along local wire stringing roads during installation at road crossings. • Painting and Interruption of surface water flows and coating potentials for salt-water intrusion in identified • Transportatio tidal zones of Eket and Ikot Abasi areas n and during construction. logistics, etc Potential collapse of transmission towers as a • Commissioni result of unsuitable geotechnical conditions ng / Testing Reduction in wildlife population as a result of • Turnover poaching due to easier access created by • Waste ROW clearing management Inhalation by onsite workers of cement dust • Logistics and toxic fumes during foundation works and welding of tower components Noise nuisance (including impulsive noise) from construction activities (e.g. piling) resulting to temporary migration of sensitive mammals and rodents. Visual intrusion as a result of alterations to normal landforms and aesthetic beauty of construction sites Risks of fire/explosions resulting from accidental ignition of onsite diesel storage tanks Waste Disposal • scrap metal, wood, sand, concrete, paper, domestic waste • used oil and replaced/obsolete equipment pars that may contaminate soil/groundwater • Waste from laydown area and tower sites from grubbing of ROW Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 7 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.2: QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Impacts Categorisation Cont’d Project Activity/ Associated and Potential Impacts Cumulative Irreversible Environmental Short term Reversible Long term Beneficial Residual Aspect Adverse Indirect Direct Workplace accidents from burns, cuts, bruises, trips and falls, objects at height, leading to injury or fatalities. Soil / groundwater contamination resulting from accidental leakages and spills of hazardous substances (diesel, cleaning agents, lubricants, hydraulic oil) Traffic congestion during transportation of demobilised equipments and personnel Generation of dust and automobile / heavy Demobilisation duty equipment emissions. Reclamation of marshalling yards and • Demobilisati laydown areas on after Waste disposal (scrap metal, wood, sand, construction concrete, paper, domestic waste) phase Reclamation and restoration of tower construction areas Reclamation and restriction of access roads to prevent unauthorised uses Loss of employment and business opportunities due to completion of construction phase Illegal access to transmission line towers leading to accident, sabotage, asset damage, and loss Soil runoff and erosion resulting in sedimentation problems Increased electricity transmission and distribution capacities within the national grid Increased business opportunities and quality of life (small, medium, large scale ) due to enhanced power delivery Improvement in environmental standards due to reduced emission from standby Operations diesel or fuel generators, use of fuelwood. • Tower Reduced demand on petrol and diesel inspection & used for power generation and further Checks reduction in greenhouse gases and noise • Line element emissions. replacement Effects of electromagnetic radiation to • ROW residents near the transmission line Maintenance Injuries/fatalities of personnel due to air and road accidents during tower inspection and checks. Risk of collision of air planes with transmission towers and lines Poor aesthetic appeal due to presence and eventual operation of the transmission line Risk of contact of waterway vessels with transmission line conductors Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 8 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.2: QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Impacts Categorisation Cont’d Project Activity/ Associated and Potential Impacts Cumulative Irreversible Environmental Short term Reversible Long term Beneficial Residual Aspect Adverse Indirect Direct Electric shock and burns to members of the public in the event of tower collapse or damage to transmission wires Explosion and fire hazards at the Operations substation in Ikot Abasi • Tower Injury / mortality of birds due to collision with inspection & earth wires on towers. Checks Noise along the transmission line due to • Line element corona effects (humming sound) replacement Fatal electric shock and severe burns to • ROW workers during maintenance work Maintenance Unchecked encroachment on the ROW, leading to land-use conflicts and accident. Use of track corridors for other facilities (TLine, communication cables as well as water pipes etc) Decommission Increased sedimentation process close ing / river banks and floodplains along the Abandonment tower sites. • Unstringing Risk of accident and injury to worker of conductor during demolition of structures wires Increased dust and vehicular emissions. • Tower / Risk of soil and adjoining surface water facilities contamination from accidental oil and removal hazardous substance leakages. • Waste Traffic obstruction from transportation of generation decommissioned structures and equipments to receiving hub. Availability of land for alternative uses 5.5 Impact Evaluation The potential and associated impacts identified and characterized were evaluated. The evaluation which was based on clearly defined criteria (legal/regulatory requirement, risk, frequency of occurrence, importance and public interest/ concern) was used to determine the significance of the impacts. The criteria and weighing scale adopted for the evaluation are described below. Legal/Regulatory Requirements Here, the proposed project activities that resulted in impacts were weighed against existing legal/regulatory provisions to determine the requirement or otherwise for permits prior to the execution of such activities. Such legal/regulatory requirements were identified from the laws/guidelines, which have been reviewed in chapter one of this report as well as those guidelines in the source references relating to the proposed project activity as presented in section 5.2. The weighting scale used is as follows: Legal/Regulatory Requirements Criterion Condition Rating No legal/regulatory requirement for carrying out project activity Low (0) Legal/regulatory requirement exist for carrying out activity Medium (3) Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 9 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment A permit is required prior to carrying out project activity which may result in impact on the environment High (5) Risk Posed by Impact The health, safety and environmental risks associated with each impact were assessed and ranked as "low", "medium" or "high", using the Risk Assessment Matrix (Figure 5.2). Reference was also made to the source references listed in the previous sections. Three criteria (consequence, probability of occurrence and severity) were used as basis for ranking the risks of the impacts. Risk:-was measured based on risk assessment matrix (RAM). Consequence Increasing Probability A B C D E Environmental Possibility of Possibility of Possibility of Not Likely to Reputation Impossible Practically Sometime Occurring Severity Repeated Incidents Incidents Increasing Severity Damage Isolated People Occur Effect Asset Slight Low 1 Slight Slight Slight injury Risk Minor 2 Minor Minor Limited injury Major Medium 3 Localised Localised Considerable injury Risk Serious 4 Major Major National injury Multiple High 5 Extensive Massive International fatalities Risk Figure 5.2: Risk Assessment Matrix The risks (measure of the likelihood and magnitude of an adverse effect) associated with power transmission line projects were evaluated in terms of: • risk to human health; • risk to the biophysico-chemical environment Based on the matrix above, the weighting used was as follows: Risk Attribute – Environmental, Human Health, Safety and Reputation Low (1) This means that no further mitigation may be required This means that the impact can be mitigated with additional controls and Medium (3) modifications High (5) This means that the impact require avoidance or major control/mitigation Frequency of Impacts Occurrence Evaluation of the frequency of occurrence was rated as “high�, “medium� or “low� based on the historical records of accidents/incidents, consultation with experts and professional judgment. The frequency criterion is summarised below. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 10 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Frequency Criterion Frequency Attribute – Environmental, Human Health and Safety Major degradation in quality in terms of scale (>1% of study area or habitat within the study area), appearance, duration (beyond duration of project) Irreversible or only slowly recoverable (change lasting more than 1 year) degradation High (5) of environmental ecosystem level (population, abundance, diversity, productivity) High frequency of impact (occur continuously and almost throughout the project execution period) Geographic extent of impact (e.g. encompassing areas beyond the project area) Degradation in quality in terms of scale (>0.1% of study area, habitat), appearance, duration (a few months) Effect beyond naturally occurring impacts variability Slow reversibility (change lasting a few months before recovery), lasting residual Medium (3) impact Potential for cumulative impact Intermittent frequency of impact (occur in only a few occasions during the project execution period) Limited geographic extent of impact (large area within project area) Minor degradation in quality in terms of scale (<0.1% of study area, habitat, very localized), appearance, duration (a few days to a month) Effect within range of naturally occurring impacts, changes, dynamics Rapid reversibility (change lasting only a few weeks before recovery), no lasting residual impact of significance Low (1) No potential for significant cumulative impact Low frequency of impact (occur in just about one occasion during the project execution period) Only very localised geographic extent of impact (e.g. not more than a few meters from impact source point) Importance of Impact The importance of environmental component in respect of identified potential impact was also determined and rated as “high�, “medium� or “low�. The ratings were based on consensus of opinions among consulted experts including project engineers and other stakeholders in the proposed project. The importance criterion is summarised thus: Importance Criterion Importance Attribute – Environmental, Human Health and Safety Highly undesirable outcome (e.g., impairment of endangered, protected habitat, species) Detrimental, extended flora and fauna behavioral change (breeding, spawning, High (5) molting) Major reduction or disruption in value, function or service of impacted resource Impact during environmentally sensitive period Continuous non-compliance with international best practices Negative outcome (e.g., loss time injury from minor burns) Medium (3) Measurable reduction or disruption in value, function or service of impacted resource Potential for non compliance with international best practices non-detectable impact (e.g., emissions from automobile equipments) Low (1) alteration in value, function or service of impacted resource that are not obvious Within compliance, no controls required Public Interest/Perception Here, the interest/perception of the public on the proposed project and the identified potential/ associated impacts were determined through consultation with proposed project stakeholders. The ratings of “high�, “medium� or “low� were assigned based on consensus of opinions among consulted known stakeholders. The public perception/interest criterion is summarised below. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 11 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Public perception /interest criterion Public Perception Attribute – Environmental and Human Health Elevated incremental risk to human health, acute and/or chronic Possibility of life endangerment for community inhabitants and site personnel High (5) Major reduction in social, cultural, economic value Continuous non-compliance with international best practices Any major public concern among population in the project region Limited incremental risk to human health, acute and/or chronic Unlikely life endangerment for community inhabitants and site personnel Medium (3) Some reduction in social, cultural, economic value Possibility of adverse perception among population Potential for non-compliance No known risk to human health, acute and/or chronic No known risk of life endangered for community inhabitants and site personnel Low (1) Minor reduction in social, cultural, economic value Unlikely adverse perception among population 5.5.1 Consequence / Likelihood Evaluation This impact assessment evaluates potentially significant impacts and prioritizes those potential impacts that require mitigation. Each potential impact is assigned a level of significance that reflects the significance of the consequence that could occur without consideration of control and/or mitigation measures, although reasonable best practices and planned control measures are assumed to be in place. Tables 5.3 and 5.4 provide definitions for the impact significance designations for environmental and worker/public consequences as well as environmental and worker/public likelihood of occurrence respectively. Potential impacts may stem directly from the proposed project or from secondary and cumulative effects. Table 5.3: Consequence Criterion Severity Consequence Example – Environmental Example – Workers / Public Rating Dropped objects Slight injury (no medical / Negligible 1 Small quantities of chemical or fuel first aid treatment spilled (<100litres) required) Minor injury (lost time) Small chemical, fuel spill (about 1 Minor 2 Minor exposure to toxic tonnes) environment Vehicle damaged, fuel spilled (<100 tonnes) Major injury (lost time) Moderate 3 Moderate oil, fuel, chemical spill (50 Major exposure to toxic tonnes) environment Shoreline erosion Fuel and hazardous chemical leaks , Single fatality significant volume or ignited, less than Multiple major injuries Major 4 15-day duration Pirate attack, multiple Tanker lost,1500 tonnes of diesel spilled injuries, kidnapping Major explosion, Severe 5 Major fuel liquid release, 15-90 days Multiple fatalities duration Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 12 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.4: Likelihood Criterion Likelihood / Attribute – Environmental / Socioeconomic (workers/public) Probability Rating A No known occurrence in power industry (>1,000 equipment years) B Has occurred in power industry (1,000 – 100 equipment years) C Incident has occurred at PHCN (100 – 10 equipment years) D Happens several times/year at PHCN (10 - 1 (equipment years) E Happens several times/year in site location (10 - 1 (equipment years) This consequence criterion (Table 5.3) is combined with a probability of occurrence (Table 5.4) to assess the potential significance of the routine or accidental impacts. Specifically the process followed in this assessment resulted in categorising the identified potential impacts into High, Medium and Low risk categories as shown in Figure 5.3 below. Likelihood of Occurrence A B C D E No known Has occurred Incident has Happens Happens occurrence in in power occurred at several several power industry industry (1,000 PHCN (100 – times/year at times/year in (>1,000 – 100 10 equipment PHCN (10 - 1 site location equipment equipment years) (equipment (10 - 1 years) years) years) (equipment years) Negligible 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1 Minor 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2 Severity Moderate 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3 Major 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4 Severe 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5 Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk Figure 5.3: Consequence / Probability Risk Assessment Matrix Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 13 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.6 Results of the Impact Assessment For each of the three main project phases (pre-construction, construction and operation), the potential impacts and benefits were described using characterisation and criteria listed above – for example: extent, duration, intensity, nature etc (Table 5.2) and Legal, risk, frequency, importance, etc (section 5.5). The impacts were then assessed in terms of their significance (major, medium, or minor). The levels of significance for potential impacts of the proposed project were assigned as those impacts to which the following conditions apply. • Major significance =Impacts for which (L+R+F+I+P) is ≥15 with a consequence / likelihood rating of: 3E, 4D, 4E, 5C, 5D and 5E. • Medium significance = Impacts for which (L+R+F+I+P) is between 10 - 14 with a consequence / likelihood rating of: 2D, 2E, 3C, 3D, 4B, 4C, 5A, 5B. • Minor significance = Impacts for which (L+R+F+I+P) is ≤9 with a consequence / likelihood rating of: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 4A. Table 5.5 summarizes the potential impacts on the physical, biological and socioeconomic environments caused by the proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi transmission line project. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 14 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project Assessment Criteria Importance Project Activities / Impact Frequency Potential and Associated Likeliho Conseq Environmental Significance uence Impacts Public Aspects Category Legal od / Risk Pre-Construction Acceptance and co-operation/ participation from stakeholders (communities and government) - - - - - - Beneficial leading to peaceful and timely execution of the project Uncertainty and increased Permitting & ROW Medium perturbation due to a lack of Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) High (5) 3D Acquisition (12 / 3D) information and communication. • Consultations • Acquisition of Integration of men and women - - - - - - Beneficial license to operate concerns into the project design • Stakeholder Exclusion of vulnerable groups Medium identification from consultations which may Low (1) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (11 / 3D) • ROW Acquisition lead to strife Community agitations over compensations, land disputes, Major Low (0) High(5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D wrong stakeholder identification, (16 / 4D) leadership tussles, etc Improvement in quality of life for adequately compensated - - - - - - Beneficial individuals Increased traffic during mobilisation Transport of on road with risks of accidents leading Major Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4C Personnel and to injury/death and loss of asset. (16 / 4C) Construction Risks of armed robbery attack and Elements Major hostage taking leading to injury/ death Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4C • Ikot Abasi – Eket of personnel (16 / 4C) Federal Highway Nuisance (noise and vibrations) due • Eket – Ibeno road to movement from heavy duty Medium • Inland water ways Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3C equipment and vehicles affecting (10 / 3C) (River crossing public and wildlife. sites e.g. Qua Iboe River). Increase of dust particles and Minor Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) 2C vehicular emissions. (6 / 2C) Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 15 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Frequency Project Activities / Impact Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Likelih Conse quenc Impacts ood / Public Aspects Category Legal Risk e Pre-Construction Work place accidents/incidents Transport of from the use of cranes, forklifts, Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3C Personnel and etc. during loading and offloading (10 / 3C) Construction of materials/equipment. Elements Obstruction of/damage to existing Medium • Ikot Abasi – Eket roads due to increased usage during Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3C (10 / 3C) Federal Highway mobilisation. • Eket – Ibeno road Interference with other road users Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3D Medium • Inland water ways along mobilisation route. (10 / 3D) (River crossing Leakage of fuel or lube oil onto land sites e.g. Qua or into water bodies during Medium Iboe River). Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3D transportation and storage may lead (10 / 3D) to increased chemical toxicity. Employment opportunities arising from recruitment of technical and non - - - - - - Beneficial technical transmission line workers Skill acquisition and enhancements to local indigenes and workforce. - - - - - - Beneficial Influx of people (migrant workers, sub-contractors and suppliers) and Medium Low (0) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D increased pressure on existing social (12 / 3D) Recruitment of infrastructure Labour Increase of communicable diseases due to influx of people and poor living Medium Low (0) High (5) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D conditions around pre-construction (14 / 3D) sites Increase in social vices (like theft, Medium prostitution) resulting from increased Low (0) High (5) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (14 / 3D) number of people Conflicts/community agitations over Major employment issues (quotas and Low (0) High(5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D (16 / 4D) methods) Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 16 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Project Activities / Impact Frequency Potential and Associated Likeliho Conseq Environmental Significance uence Impacts Public Aspects Category Legal od / Risk Pre-Construction Business opportunities for local contractors through sub contracting - - - - - - Beneficial activities Local support services from road side supply markets and shops etc - - - - - - Beneficial Employment opportunities for local labourers used for land clearing - - - - - - Beneficial purposes during site preparation Contamination of surface water as a Medium result of siltation caused by increased Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) erosion, during site preparation. Disturbance of the vegetation cover / loss of forest products (fuel wood, Medium Low (0) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D Site Preparation timber, medicinal plants) due to site (12 / 3D) • Access to ROW clearing and preparation. creation Loss/disturbance of wildlife due to • Service roads habitat loss/fragmentation from Medium Low (0) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D • Camping and vegetation clearing along ROW and (12 / 3D) campsites access roads Soil compaction, destabilisation from Medium excavation and runoff erosion Low (0) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) resulting in sedimentation problems. Derangement of fragmentation of wildlife habitats / increase in poaching Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D due to an easier access for the local (12 / 3D) population and non-resident workers. Waste Disposal • scrap metal, wood, sand, concrete, paper, domestic waste Medium Med (3) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3D • Waste from laydown area from (13 / 3D) grubbing of ROW (Material and wood) Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 17 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Project Activities / Impact Frequency Potential and Associated Likeliho Conseq Environmental Significance uence Impacts Public Aspects Category Legal od / Risk Construction Workplace accidents from burns, cuts, bruises, trips and falls, objects at Major Low (0) High(5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D height, leading to injury or fatalities. (16 / 4D) Employment of local labour and skills acquisition for workers taking - - - - - - Beneficial Fabrication and advantage of new opportunities Metal works Risk of electrocution and burns (to Major • Cutting, bending onsite workers) from welding flashes Low (0) High(5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D (16 / 4D) and welding tower and high currents during welding steel components Noise and attendant vibration effects Minor • Painting from fabrication and associated Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) 2D (8 / 2D) • Handling of welding equipments conductor wires, Inhalation by onsite workers of strings, insulators cement dust and toxic fumes during Medium and fittings Low (0) High(5) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D foundation works and welding of (14 / 3D) tower components Generation of metal scraps from conductor wires, strings and steel Medium elements associated with fabrication Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (10 / 3D) of tower components. Increased business and economic Foundation / Earth activities as well as diversification of Works income sources due to supply - - - - - - Beneficial • On-site contracting and sub-contracting geotechnical increase in revenue opportunities for tastings local population due to presence of - - - - - - Beneficial • Tower foundations non-resident workers and travellers • Pilings and Interruption of surface water flows trenching, etc and potentials for salt-water intrusion Major in identified tidal zones of Eket and Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4B (16 / 4B) Ikot Abasi areas during construction. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 18 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Project Activities / Impact Frequency Potential and Associated Likeliho Conseq Environmental Significance uence Impacts Public Aspects Category Legal od / Risk Construction Soil / groundwater contamination resulting from accidental leakages Major and spills of hazardous substances Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D (16 / 4D) (diesel, cleaning agents, lubricants, hydraulic oil) Increased jobs and job opportunities from local labour hire and sub- - - - - - - Beneficial contracting to indigenous suppliers. Generation of dust and automobile / Minor heavy duty equipment emissions from Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) Low (1) 2D (8 / 2D) construction earth works. Flora/habitat loss and disturbance through vegetation clearing and Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D Foundation / Earth earthworks along ROW, access roads (12 / 3D) and at tower sites Works Fauna disturbance and displacement • On-site as a result of migration away from Medium geotechnical Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D tastings construction activity area (this include (12 / 3D) impact on bird life) • Tower foundations Potential collapse of transmission • Pilings and Medium towers as a result of unsuitable Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Low (1) 3D trenching, etc (10 / 3D) geotechnical conditions Reduction in wildlife population as a Medium result of poaching due to easier Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) access created by ROW clearing Noise nuisance (including impulsive noise) from construction activities Minor (e.g. piling) resulting to temporary Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) 2D (8 / 2D) migration of sensitive mammals and rodents. Site conditions leading to increased malaria epidemic from uncontrolled mosquito breeding in swamp areas as Major Low (0) High (5) Med (3) High (5) Med (3) 4D well as water borne diseases e.g. (16 / 4D) diarrhoea associated with poor sanitary conditions Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 19 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Frequency Project Activities / Impact Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Likelih Conse quenc Impacts ood / Public Aspects Category Legal Risk e Construction / Installation Pollution of soil/water as a result spilled fuel and other waste oil Major Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D discharge during tower construction (16 / 4D) and installation processes Traffic diversion and congestion along Minor local roads during installation at road Low (0) Low (1) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 1E (8 / 1E) crossings. Workplace accidents / incidents (trip/falls etc) from heights during Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D Tower Construction conductor wire stringing and bolt/nuts (12 / 3D) and Erection tightening project activities. • Crane lifting and Risks of injury / death and loss of erections assets resulting from accidents Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D • Bolts and nuts associated with road transportation to (12 / 3D) tightening and fro construction sites • Anti climbing Risks of fire/explosions resulting from Major guards and step accidental ignition of onsite diesel Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4C (16 / 4C) bolts storage tanks • Insulators and Waste Disposal fittings • scrap metal, wood, sand, • Conductor wire concrete, paper, domestic waste stringing • used oil and replaced/obsolete Medium • Connectors fixing, equipment pars that may Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (10 / 3D) etc contaminate soil/groundwater • Waste from laydown area and tower sites from grubbing of ROW Localised economic benefits from materials supplies by local contractors - - - - - - Beneficial Induced secondary development within the neighbouring host communities from increased - - - - - - Beneficial economic activities. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 20 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Frequency Project Activities / Impact Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Likelih Conse quenc Impacts ood / Public Aspects Category Legal Risk e Construction / Installation Socio-cultural conflicts between the construction team and indigenous Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) High (5) 3D populace due to contrasts in believes (12 / 3D) and traditions Tower Construction Visual intrusion as a result of Minor and Erection alterations to normal landforms and Low (0) low (1) Med (3) low (1) Med (3) 1E (8 / 1E) • Crane lifting and aesthetic beauty of construction sites erections Increased demand on existing infrastructure (roads, housing, • Bolts and nuts medical facilities, etc) due to influx of tightening Medium workers / induced secondary Low (0) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D • Anti climbing (12 / 3D) development in the area during guards and step construction activities resulting in bolts squatter settlements. • Insulators and Permanent loss of land (some with fittings Medium arable potentials) potentials along the Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3C • Conductor wire transmission line ROW (12 / 3C) stringing Site conditions leading to increased Connectors fixing, etc malaria epidemic from uncontrolled mosquito breeding in swamp areas as Major Low (0) High (5) Med (3) High (5) Med (3) 4D well as water borne diseases e.g. (16 / 4D) diarrhoea and cholera associated with poor sanitary conditions Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 21 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Frequency Project Activities / Impact Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Likelih Conse quenc Impacts ood / Public Aspects Category Legal Risk e Construction / Installation Workplace accidents from burns, Medium cuts, bruises, trips and falls, objects at Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) height, leading to injury or fatalities. Soil / groundwater contamination resulting from accidental leakages Major and spills of hazardous substances Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D (16 / 4D) (diesel, cleaning agents, lubricants, hydraulic oil) Traffic congestion during Minor transportation of demobilised Low (0) Low (1) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 1E (8 / 1E) equipments and personnel Generation of dust and automobile / Minor heavy duty equipment emissions. Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) Low (1) 2D (8 / 2D) Reclamation and restoration of marshalling yards, tower sites, access Demobilisation roads (to prevent unauthorised - - - - - - Beneficial access) and laydown areas • Demobilisation after Waste disposal (scrap metal, wood, construction phase Medium sand, concrete, paper, domestic Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (10 / 3D) waste) Loss of employment and business Medium opportunities due to completion of Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) High (5) 3D (12 / 3D) construction phase Illegal access to transmission line Major towers leading to accident, sabotage, Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D (16 / 4D) asset damage, and loss Soil runoff and erosion resulting in Medium sedimentation problems Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (10 / 3D) Site conditions leading to increased malaria epidemic from uncontrolled mosquito breeding in swamp areas as Major Low (0) High (5) Med (3) High (5) Med (3) 4D well as water borne diseases e.g. (16 / 4D) diarrhoea associated with poor sanitary conditions Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 22 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Frequency Project Activities / Impact Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Likelih Conse quenc Impacts ood / Public Aspects Category Legal Risk e Operations / Maintenance Community dissatisfaction Operations regarding the conduct of PHCN on Major compensation issues may lead to Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D • Commissioning (16 / 4D) strife before full operations of and testing transmission line • Testing and Development of agricultural land Turnover due to easier access and consequent discovery of new - - - - - - Beneficial arable lands for farming Increased electricity transmission and distribution capacities within the - - - - - - Beneficial national grid Increased business opportunities and quality of life (small, medium, large scale ) due to enhanced power - - - - - - Beneficial delivery Improvement in environmental standards due to reduced emission from standby diesel or fuel - - - - - - Beneficial Operations generators, use of fuelwood. • Electric power Reduced demand on petrol and transmission diesel used for power generation and using the installed further reduction in greenhouse - - - - - - Beneficial lines after gases and noise emissions. commissioning. Uncertain effects of electromagnetic radiation on ROW users exposed to Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (and residents near to) transmission (12 / 3D) line generating electromagnetic field Risk of collision of low flying air Major planes with transmission towers Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 5C (16 / 5C) and lines Electric shock and burns to members of the public in the event Major Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D of tower collapse or damage to (16 / 4D) transmission wires Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 23 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Frequency Project Activities / Impact Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Likelih Conse quenc Impacts ood / Public Aspects Category Legal Risk e Operations / Maintenance Unchecked encroachment on the Medium ROW, leading to land-use Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 3D (14 / 3D) conflicts and accident. Noise along the transmission line Minor due to corona effects (humming Low (0) Low (1) High (5) Low (1) Med (3) 2D (9 / 2E) sound) Distortion of transmission signals and Medium electrostatic circuit due to Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) electromagnetic induction. Operations Use of track corridors for other • Electric power facilities (TLine, communication - - - - - - Beneficial transmission cables as well as water pipes etc) using the installed Local fauna disturbances from Medium lines after electromagnetic field along the TL Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) commissioning. ROW Mortality of birds, due to collision with Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D earth wires on towers. (12 / 3D) Effectively evacuate power to be generated by QIPP in Ibeno for further distribution within the national - - - - - - Beneficial grid. Add to FGN plan to meet 20,000MW electric power capacity by year 2020. - - - - - - Beneficial Development of new infrastructures or improvement to existing ones. - - - - - - Beneficial Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 24 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Importance Frequency Project Activities / Impact Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Likelih Conse quenc Impacts ood / Public Aspects Category Legal Risk e Operations / Maintenance Proliferation of weeds around Minor Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Low (1) Low (1) 2D towers. (6 / 2D) Disturbance of bird habitats and Medium avifauna sensitive species from Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Low (1) 3C (10 / 3C) activities of maintenance crew. Development of local maintenance organizations to encourage employment and - - - - - - Beneficial empowerment within the Maintenance communities. • Tower inspection Interference with local traditional and checks festivals or activities by unscheduled Major • Line element maintenance work and failure to keep Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4D (16 / 4D) replacements to management plans may lead to • ROW community strife. maintenance Maintenance of towers within • Substation sensitive environments e.g. Medium maintenance mangrove swamps, river banks may Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 2D (12 / 2D) lead to disturbance of hydrological regime (micro scale) in river banks Lack of maintenance along TL ROW may lead to collision of wildlife with Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D the stays that are not visible in the (12 / 3D) dense vegetation Limited knowledge on safety measures and behaviours associated Medium Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D with line operation that can lead to (12 / 3D) accidents Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 25 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.5: Identified Potential and Associated Impacts of the Proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project – Cont’d Assessment Criteria Frequency (F) Importance (I) Project Activities / Impact Likelihood Conseque Potential and Associated Environmental Significance Public (P) Legal (L) Impacts Risk (R) Aspects Category nce / Decommissioning and Abandonment Increased sedimentation process Medium close to river banks and floodplains Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) along the tower sites. Risk of soil and adjoining surface water contamination from Major accidental oil and hazardous Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4C (16 / 4C) substance leakages and wastes from decommissioning. Increased dust and vehicular Minor Decommissioning / Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) Low (1) 2D emissions during transmport. (8 / 2D) Abandonment Increase in ambient noise levels • Unstringing of above baseline conditions from conductor wires Minor movement and activities of Low (0) Low (1) Med (3) Med (3) Low (1) 2D • Tower / facilities (8 / 2D) decommissioning equipments and removal automobiles. • Waste generation Traffic obstruction from transportation • Medium of decommissioned structures and Low (0) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) equipments to receiving hub. Risk of accident and injury to worker Medium during demolition of structures Low (0) Med (3) Low (1) High (5) Med (3) 3D (12 / 3D) Risks of pirate attacks and possible Major hostage taking which may lead to Low (0) High (5) Low (1) High (5) High (5) 4C (16 / 4C) injury or fatality of personnel. Availability of land for alternative uses - - - - - - Beneficial Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 26 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.7 Impact Discussion In this section, for the sake of consistency all potential impacts to the environment were summarised in tables. These impacts were then discussed in line with the two major project phases (pre-construction has been merged with the construction phase). Mitigation was typically considered in all the project phases of the transmission line. Table 6.1 in chapter 6 however, summarises all mitigation and enhancement measures proffered for the identified impacts of the proposed project as per Table 5.5 in this chapter. Also included is residual impact ranking after mitigation. The discussions presented in this section are intended to provide a summary insight into the nature and level of significance of the identified impacts as well as a description of mitigation measures outlined in the various phases of the development. Construction Phase This refers to all construction and construction-related activities that will occur within the study area until the EPC contractor leaves the area. The construction activities will take approximately eighteen months to complete and will occur in two distinct phases. The first phase will involve the pre-construction activities. The construction phase will be treated as an integrated whole, as dictated by the nature of the activities and impacts under discussion. Operational and Maintenance Phase All post-construction activities, including the operation and maintenance of the transmission line are included in this phase. Decommissioning Phase Being permanent electricity infrastructure, it is not envisaged that the transmission power line will be decommissioned in the foreseeable future. However, after operational design lifespan of 25 years, a reassessment of the current status of the transmission line shall be carried out. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 27 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.7.1 Socio-economic Impacts Activity Construction and operation of the ~58km QIT-Ikot Abasi transmission line Impact • Effectively evacuate power to be generated by the QIPP-PP for further distribution within the national grid; • Improvement in quality of life for adequately compensated locals; • Employment and skill acquisition opportunities arising from local, regional and national recruitment of technical and non-technical line workers; • Improved business opportunities and economies (small scale and large scale) through sub-contracting and supply activities; • Induced secondary development within host and neighbouring communities from increased economic activities along the area; • Development of agricultural land due to easier access and consequent discovery of new arable farm lands along ROW accesses; • Addition to the government of Nigeria’s plan to meet 20,000MW electric power supply by year 2020 and subsequent development of new infrastructures and improvement of existing ones. • Uncertainty and increased perturbation due to improper consultation and sensitization; • Agitations resulting to strife from grievances over compensation issues, employment quota, land disputes, wrong stakeholder identification, leadership tussles, etc.; • Pressure on basic infrastructural amenities resulting from influx of resident and non-resident workers into project area which may indirectly lead to increased social vices; • Socio-cultural conflicts between construction workers and indigenous peoples due to contrasts in believes and traditions. Status Quo The socio-economic and health survey provided the baseline social profile of the study area. The proposed route for the transmission power line will cut across six local government areas (Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi) in Akwa Ibom state. The baseline social profile of each LGA and affected communities are discussed in chapter four of this report. Construction Phase Demography The inflow of workers who choose to reside along communities during the construction phase of the development may not have any impact on the demography of the area. The numbers of workers anticipated to be employed during the construction phase is estimated at 200 workers who will be directly or indirectly employed in this phase. This number of workers will not necessarily have an impact on demography on the communities which currently show no evidence of overcrowding. There is no impact on the demography of the area hence no mitigation is proposed. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 28 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Employment Opportunities Based on the results of the socio-economic assessment, the un-employment rates in the area are low to average. The locals are however optimistic about the increase in job availability that the development of the transmission line will bring. Any available jobs will provide an immediate positive impact on the employment and income situation at the level of the study area as well as at the regional and national levels. The impact is beneficial. Employment of casual un-skilled labour would occur, for short-term contracts or for the entire construction phase. This could result in a positive spin-off during the construction phase as any level of employment in this region of moderate unemployment and low wage levels will have a beneficial social spinoff. The impact is beneficial. Contracting During the construction phase, there will be provision for sub-contracting to local supplies. Supplies will include raw materials that meet standards as required for the construction of the transmission line facilities. Equal opportunities will be given to sub-contractors from the hot communities. This is a positive impact and as such does not require mitigation. Information Management Improper dissemination of information about the project and its activities may pose a risk. This is because lack of information and improper sensitization of stakeholders such as men and women groups, religious groups, vulnerable groups (e.g. aged and widowed) youths, etc about the project may result in local disturbances. This impact is assessed as medium. Mitigation measures for this impact will include: • Early engagement of stakeholders • Provide the opportunities for all affected groups (women, youths, religious, etc) to participate in consultations and ensure that all concerns are duly addressed • Project will establish and publicize a grievance procedure. • Plan and execute consultations to educate community members and stakeholders on project activities, schedules and potential impacts. • Ensure consultation throughout project life span. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Community Agitations After ROW acquisition by the proponent, there is tendency for agitations by some groups of people or individuals over non-satisfactory engagement and compensations over land and other associated properties. This could lead to strife within communities or groups. This impact has been assessed and ranked with a major significance. During labour recruitment and prior to full construction activities, there is also potential for conflicts between neighbouring communities or individuals over employment quota Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 29 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment systems, sub-contracting procedures or recruitment methodology. This will pose major significant impact on the project construction phase. Mitigation measures for this impact will include: • The EPC will develop a community relations and engagement plan that identifies fair strategies of engagement for all communities. Contents of the Community Relations and Engagement Plan are included in Appendix 5.2 • Project will also develop and implement a resettlement action plan to ensure equitable settlement of all project affected persons • Project will develop, establish and publicise grievance procedures; • Early stakeholders’ engagement sessions are held, and all agreed issues properly documented and signed. • All affected stakeholders and legacy issues are identified early, clearly defined , and agreed on. • Stakeholders (communities, Govt., land owners, etc.) are adequately consulted and relevant issues addressed • Agreed fair compensation/rent for land are paid to identified owners promptly as per set standards. • As far as possible employ persons from the surrounding communities during the construction phase of the development to reduce the numbers of persons that will migrate to the area seeking employment. This will also avoid any feelings of resentment and will ensure that the communities derive the most benefits from the development. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Socio-cultural Conflicts Other potential socio-economic impacts are expected to arise from socio-cultural conflicts between the construction workforce and natives due to contrast in believes and religion. Another challenge in this direction is increased demand on existing infrastructures due to influx of people to project area. These impacts have been ranked with a medium significance level. Mitigation measures include: • Brief all employees to ensure awareness of any sensitivity to the local cultures, traditions and lifestyles • Continuous consultation • Establish and publicise grievance procedure • Implementation of community relations and engagement plan by the EPC (see Appendix 5.2) • Encourage hiring, as practicable, of appropriately qualified workers from areas in the vicinity of the project to discourage preventable influx of persons • Work with contractors to ensure that specialised skill workers from outside the areas have access to proper accommodations and other basic infrastructure Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 30 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Educate all workers to enhance their Health, Safety, Security, and Environment awareness, and performance on the job • Maintain medical emergency response plan so that all injured or ill persons can promptly access appropriate care Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Visual Effects Setting up of tower may create visual intrusion by altering the normal land form pattern along the ROW. This impact has been ranked with a minor significance level. Mitigation measures include: • Where practically possible, provide a minimum of 1 km buffer area between the transmission line camp sites and sensitive visual receptors; and • Rehabilitate disturbed areas around pylons as soon as practically possible after construction. This should be done to restrict extended periods of exposed soil. • Existing facilities might be used for lay-down and camp site areas to reduce environmental and aesthetic effects Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Loss of Land Acquisition and utilization of land for the transmission line and associated facilities may result in temporary and permanent loss of land, some of which are regarded as arable. The impact was ranked with a medium significance. Mitigation measures will include: • Project will develop and implement a resettlement action plan to ensure equitable settlement of all project affected persons • The final ROW shall traverse in an existing disturbance corridor like other transmission lines or pipelines, where farming activities have already been impacted. In this way negative agricultural and economic impacts would be minimised. • Land owners shall be compensated for potential loss in revenue and reduction in future development potential. Compensation should be agreed between PHCN and the landowner. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 31 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Loss of Income Completion of the construction phase of the project will lead to loss of employment and business opportunities. This impact has been assessed with a medium significance level. Mitigation measures will include: • Organise career development workshops, skills acquisition and enhancement programs to further empower the workforce • Project will develop, establish and publicise grievance procedures; • Adequately pay due wages for worked period and settle all financial commitments to workforce before demobilisation Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Operational and Maintenance Phase Community Agitations After the construction phase of the project there exist the possibility of community or groups of individuals or individual dissatisfaction with the conduct of the proponent regarding compensation issues, recruitment of labour as well as general conduct during the construction and prior to operation. This impact could arise some few months to years after construction activities and could result in strife thereby affecting the operations of the transmission line. This impact has been assessed to have a major significant level. Mitigation Measures include: • The EPC will develop a community relations and engagement plan that identifies fair strategies of engagement for all communities (see Appendix 5.2) • Project will also develop and implement a resettlement action plan to ensure equitable settlement of all project affected persons • Project will develop, establish and publicise grievance procedures; • Early stakeholders’ engagement sessions are held, and all agreed issues properly documented and signed. • All affected stakeholders and legacy issues are identified early, clearly defined, and agreed on. • Stakeholders (communities, Govt., land owners, etc.) are adequately consulted and relevant issues addressed • Agreed fair compensation/rent for land are paid to identified owners promptly as per set standards. • As far as possible employ persons from the surrounding communities during the construction phase of the development to reduce the numbers of persons that will migrate to the area seeking employment. This will also avoid any feelings of resentment and will ensure that the communities derive the most benefits from the development Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 32 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Unauthorised Access Prior to the operation of the transmission line, unchecked and unauthorised encroachment by locals or individuals into the transmission line ROW may lead to land use conflict and possible accidents. This impact significant is ranked as medium. Mitigation measures will include: • Provide warning signs at access roads to warn against unauthorised entry • Through consultations, sensitize stakeholders and members of the communities on government policies along established ROW Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Socio-cultural Conflicts Also the interference with traditional festivals and other socio-cultural programs of the natives as a result of unscheduled maintenance visits may lead to strife on the maintenance operations of the transmission line. This impact has been adjudged with a major significant level. Maintenance procedures could also interfere with hunting, farming operations and other activities in the area. For instance, large scale maintenance operations could be considered a noisy and intrusive event for which locals within the area should normally receive advance warning. Mitigation measures include: • Plan activities to minimize work activities during local events • Operators will obtain information about planned local activities and avoid disturbing them by shifting maintenance activities to other days whenever possible • Formal notice of any maintenance work should be given in advance to the communities along the area. Access to the line must be via the approved access roads and corridors (agreed with the host communities) • Project will develop, establish and publicise grievance procedures; • The notice shall give details of the purpose of the access, the contact person and number of people to be involved, time frames and machinery that will be used. • Schedule and implement recommendations of the Community Relations and Engagement Plan and approved work procedures Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to low. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 33 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.7.2 Biodiversity Activity Clearing of vegetation, site preparation and other construction activities along the ~58km QIT-Ikot Abasi transmission line Impact • Destruction of vegetation due to clearance of vegetation at ROW, access roads, lay down areas, marshalling sites, tower sites etc; • Disturbance to freshwater swamps, palm forest, farmlands and pockets of mangrove flora; • Loss of forest products (fuel wood, timber, medicinal plants) due to site clearing and preparation. • Ecosystem fragmentation and habitat loss • Faunal disturbance from construction noise, light, and presence of equipments • Uncertain electromagnetic field impacts to fauna. • Disturbance of avifauna due to collisions with the earth wire of the transmission line, habitat destruction and disturbance and impact of birds on quality of supply. • Increase in poaching due to an easier access for the local population and non-resident workers. Status Quo The construction of the ~58km QIT-Ikot Abasi transmission line will result in the removal of approximately two hundred and ninety (290) hectares of natural vegetation in the area. The development may have a major, long-term, irreversible negative impact on the floral composition along the ROW. Results from biodiversity studies conducted in the area shows that five different ecological zones were identified. These were: lowland forests, seasonal freshwater swamps, cultivated farmlands, bush fallows, and mangrove forests (at Ibeno, Eket, and Ikot Abasi areas) along the transmission line. Based on the vegetation and faunal investigations, the most sensitive ecological zones are considered to be the freshwater and mangrove river crossings. This finding has also been affirmed during past studies in the area (NIPP 2007, IPC 2005). In addition, the vegetation zones that were identified along the transmission line, are well represented outside of the study area, and are thus not considered threatened ecosystems. Data on the floristic composition and fauna assemblage along the transmission line and in the immediate vicinity of the proposed transmission line ROW indicate presence of a varied assemblage of forest resources and plant species, some of which are economic and of ethno botanical importance (see section 4.10.1, chapter 4) to the people of the communities. Six endangered species were observed as per the IUCN 2006 conservation ranking in the vicinity of the project area. Although IUCN recognises these as endangered, these species are locally abundant. This shows that from an ecological stand-point the area is not one of very high ecological importance. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 34 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The main impacts of clearing the vegetation may however be secondary and will affect the species that depend on the area for survival through habitat loss, fragmentation and the impacts of edge effects. This will be further discussed in the sections below. Construction Phase The construction phase is the most destructive part of the planned development. During the construction phase various impacts could cause loss and disturbance of vegetation and animal habitats. Vegetation Clearing The ROW is approximately 58km long and 50m wide, giving a total area of 2,900,000m2. Selective clearing within the confines of the ROW is expected to be carried out to the minimum foot print required during the construction phase to allow for foundations, erection of towers and placement of conductors on the towers. However total area permanently lost due to vegetation clearing (including lay-down areas, marshalling yards as well as access roads) is anticipated to be approximately 6ha. In general, because of the linear nature of the ROW, the effects are distributed across a substantial length and losses in any given area (including the sensitive mangrove patches around, Ibeno, and Ete area in Ikot Abasi axis) are not expected to represent a substantial portion of the available resources. Localised impact on mangrove forest ecology is expected on the ROW segment. Impacts are expected during construction activities (access roads along mangrove paths, as well as movement of construction materials and workers through the creeks to tower sites). This activity, if not managed, may result in significant local damage to the mangrove ecosystem as well as constituent fauna. Given the total 290ha of vegetation along the ROW, the mangrove area envisaged to be affected is less than 5% of this mass. Patches of mangrove existing along the QIPP Power plant area as well as the Ete area where the existing Ibom Power transmission line has its road crossing are the only mangrove areas the construction phase is expected to impact. There is no plan to construct lay-down areas or marshalling yards along mangrove areas. Overall, the impacts on vegetation and habitat loss due to vegetation clearing and other site preparation activities are put at a medium significant level. Mitigation measures will include: • Inclusion of threatened and endangered species strategies in the site specific Environmental Management Plan to be developed by EPC Contractors for the project. This plan shall indicate lists of animals and plant species of concern, development and implementation of a training program that would include photos and other information to identify the various species, procedures for responding if one of the species is found (such as contacts, stopping work until relocation or protection is effected, reporting the incident in routine progress reports, etc.), where appropriate to ensure the designation of certain areas as sanctuaries for species that may be displaced by the project and Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 35 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment requirement for a survey by qualified biologist(s) ahead of ROW clearing, as well as strict prohibition for the workforce on killing or capturing any of the species. • Clearance of mangrove will be kept to a minimum, and material storage areas will not be located in mangrove; • provision of adequate culverts to maintain natural drainage channels and tidal flushing along the mangrove paths as much as practicable; • Clear briefings and instructions to EPC regarding the clearance procedures will be undertaken to minimise any mangrove area that may be disturbed; • Vegetation clearing will be limited to minimum required for work • Felling of trees of >30cm girth is to be minimized during • Vegetation clearing will be limited to the minimum required for work. This would be done with considerations to environmental protection. • Utilisation of existing accessible tracks as much as possible • Establish a perimeter of protection around sensitive ecosystems such as mangroves along Ibeno and Ikot Abasi and their unique habitats. • Plan work activities to minimise presence and duration of work in ecologically sensitive areas (mangrove paths, river banks, fresh water swamps). • Limit vegetation clearing to footprint required for construction purposes to minimize disturbances along proposed transmission line ROW. • Allow re-growth, within height restrictions, of native ground cover beneath lines (along ROW, lay-down areas and access roads) • The final ROW shall traverse in an existing disturbance corridor like other transmission lines or pipelines, where farming activities have already been impacted. In this way negative agricultural economic impacts would be minimised. • Land owners shall be compensated for potential loss in revenue • Compensation shall be agreed between PHCN and the landowner and implemented accordingly Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Erosion Erosion may take place when vegetation is removed, by the continual movement of vehicles and people, and where vegetation is cleared for construction. Areas of particular concern would be along the access roads, areas in which the lay-down areas are placed, disturbed areas around the towers, and the marshalling yards. Impacts resulting from erosion around lay-down areas, access roads, etc have been ranked with a medium significance. Mitigation measures will include: • Implement where appropriate sediment run-off controls and visually inspect after rainfall • Laydown areas/Marshalling yards are designed to include erosion control • Reclaim as practicable topography of excavated or compacted upland areas upon completion of activities Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 36 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Limit vegetation clearing to footprint required for construction purposes o minimize disturbances along proposed transmission line ROW. • Allow re-growth, within height restrictions, of native ground cover beneath lines (along ROW, lay-down areas and access roads)Where possible contractor shall reclaim de- vegetated areas with topsoil, reclaim compacted floors with native plant species, etc. • Auditing EPC contractor to verify reclamation of work sites, marshalling yards, lay- down areas etc Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. River Bank Disturbances Damage to river systems could occur where towers are erected close or within the rivers, and/or when maintenance tracks or construction camps are placed within river banks. Rivers are sensitive to disturbance and therefore should the afore-mentioned impacts occur, they would be on medium significance. Fortunately rivers are relatively small in area except for the Qua Iboe crossing. It is not anticipated that the towers will be erected within the river beds at all. The transmission line is designed to ensure that it spans over the rivers. Similarly, if the maintenance tracks do not cross the rivers and construction camps are not built directly next to rivers, there will be no impact. However, specific mitigation measures have been included to ameliorate any possible impacts. Mitigation measures proffered include • The transmission line has been designed to have a minimum clearance of about 50m to river banks; • Marshalling yards, storage areas and/or construction camps shall not be located along river bank areas. Wildlife Disturbance During construction there is expected faunal disturbance along the entire length of the transmission line, in which sensitive ground dwelling animals like the squirrels, grass cutters, civet cats etc (see Table 4.12) will move out of the area during construction. This is likely short termed, and once construction is finished, fauna will recolonise the area. The impact is anticipated to be medium. Mitigation measures proffered include • Vegetation clearing to only unavoidably necessary ones. This should be done with considerations to environmental protection. • Utilisation of existing accessible tracks as much as possible • Plan work activities to minimise presence and duration of work in ecologically sensitive areas (mangrove paths, river banks, fresh water swamps). • Plan and execute construction works to minimize interference on wildlife • Maintain construction equipments to optimal function conditions • Monitor presence of wildlife species during construction activities Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 37 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Avifauna Although the most severe impacts are the likelihood of electrocutions, collisions, as well as habitat loss and disturbance, the particular design of the transmission line also has a bearing on the inherent risks for birds. There is no peculiar bird breeding areas/migration routes identified along the line. The impact is low and therefore no mitigation is provided. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 38 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Operational and Maintenance Phase During this phase the impacts on the vegetation and habitat of the fauna would be relatively low. Faunal Disturbance from Electromagnetic Fields The electromagnetic fields emitted from the transmission lines may result in some form of faunal disturbance, i.e. faunal species (invertebrates and small mammals) may choose not to spend prolonged periods under the transmission lines due to the electric magnet fields. In the majority of situations, the faunal species will simple move into the large expanses of nearby similar vegetation. Impact significance is medium. Mitigation measures include: • The design of the transmission line shall be in line with standards observed by International bodies as well as PHCN. • PHCN shall assure during transmission line component testing that national and international standards and limits are met. Impacts on Birds The earth wire is the biggest risk, since it is much thinner and could be unseen by a bird in flight. Electrical faults caused by bird excreta being deposited on electricity infrastructure show that birds could also have negative impacts on transmission lines. Baseline avifauna studies did not identify any bird migratory routes / breeding sites along the transmission line route. Large waterfowl/raptors are also not predominant in the area.This impact is ranked as medium. Mitigation: • It is not considered practical to recommend marking all line through open areas to mitigate for bird collisions, as this would be a large proportion of the line, and the risk does not warrant it. Also it will create a negative visual impact on those people living nearby. Instead it is recommended that the routine line patrols by PHCN maintenance crew be used to detect any bird collisions. If any collision “hot spots� are identified, these can be mitigated reactively. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. 5.7.3 Hydrology and Aquatic Systems Activity Constructing the transmission line in sensitive hydrological and surface water resources along the route Impact • Leakage of fuel or lube oil onto land or into water bodies during transportation and storage may lead to increased chemical toxicity • Contamination of surface water as a result of siltation caused by increased erosion, during site preparation. • Erosion of stream banks resulting in increased sedimentation in adjoining surface water bodies • Disturbance of hydrological regimes and drainage patterns on a micro- Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 39 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment scale. The activities involved in these phases of the development may cause a negative short to long-term impact on the surface hydrology and ground water quality along the project area. This will be as a result of activities which are slated to take place which include storage of hazardous substances on the site such as diesel and motor oil for the operation of machinery and stand-by generators, and similar materials for the construction of towers and foundations. Wetlands in the area include perennial rivers and streams, mangrove swamps, seasonal rivers and streams and several creeks and creeklets. Rivers are exposed to anthropogenic impacts, including water pollution, and shoreline erosion, etc. Construction Phase Erosion of stream banks Access of construction vehicles and construction personnel onto the stream banks, and swampy areas can result in the onset of erosion. The clearance of vegetation will reduce the capacity of the land surface to retard the flow of surface water, thus decreasing infiltration, and increasing both the quantity and velocity of surface water runoff and erosion. Human activities, which disturb the soil structure, such as the compaction of soil along footpaths and vehicle tracks, and the disturbance of soil structure through movement of soil, can result in increased susceptibility to erosion. Roads and pathways created during the construction phase have the potential to become preferred drainage lines, resulting in gully erosion. This impact has been ranked to possess a medium significance level. Mitigation measures include: • Install siltation traps within the drainage design to collect silt and sediments ensuring that they do not end up in adjacent aquatic areas. • Construction on steep slopes and in soft or erodible material will require erosion control measures and correct grassing methods. • Where possible contractor shall reclaim de-vegetated areas with topsoil, reclaim compacted floors with native plant species, etc. • Auditing EPC contractor to verify reclamation of work sites, marshalling yards, lay- down areas etc • Appropriate flow diversion and erosion control structures i.e. earth embankments must be put in place where soil may be exposed to high levels of erosion due to steep slopes, soil structure etc. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Sedimentation of streams and rivers Clearance of existing vegetation will expose the upper layers of the soil horizon to soil erosion. The transport of eroded soil into the surface water resources, especially the rivers will impact on water quality. The movement of construction vehicles and personnel can also result in the onset of erosion and associated sedimentation of streams and rivers. The Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 40 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment stockpiling of excavated earth and construction materials can result in contamination of runoff, through erosion of stockpiles. On the overall, impacts resulting to sedimentation problems as a result of soil erosion are adjudged to have a medium significance. Mitigation measures include: • Implement where appropriate sediment run-off controls and visually inspect after rainfall events • Laydown areas/Marshalling yards are designed to include erosion control • Reclaim as practicable topography of excavated or compacted upland areas upon completion of activities • Install siltation traps within the drainage design to collect silt and sediments ensuring that they do not end up in adjacent aquatic areas. • Construction on steep slopes and in soft or erodible material will require erosion control measures and correct grassing methods. • Avoid crossing permanent waterways with machinery; if necessary, locate the crossing where the banks are stable and the waterway at the most narrow part of the water way. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Aquatic Life disturbance The riparian zone is an important corridor for the movement of wildlife, and as such the construction activities may temporarily impact on the movement of certain faunal species along the Riverine corridor. The construction related activities that will result in a deterioration of the water quality, will ultimately influence aquatic species such as macro- invertebrates, fish, amphibians and birds. This impact would however be limited in terms of duration and is ranked at a medium significance level. Mitigation measures will include: • Limit work areas outside vegetation along water bodies and near wetlands. • Avoid crossing permanent waterways with machinery; if necessary, locate the crossing where the banks are stable and the waterway at the most narrow part of the water way. • Provide workers at the development site with mobile toilets during this phase of the development. A reasonable ratio would be ten (10) workers per toilet. Periodic transfer of sewage in tanks to the QIPP-PP base for treatment is planned. • If diesel and motor oil are to be stored on site, ensure that they are properly contained in a bunded area (with capacity to contain 1½ times the amount of substances stored). This area must be situated away from all water bodies and signs indicating the storage of these substances erected. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impact to negligible. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 41 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Surface water pollution Hydrocarbons-based fuels or lubricants spilled from construction vehicles, construction materials that are not properly stockpiled, and litter deposited by construction workers may be washed into the surface water bodies. Should appropriate toilet facilities not be provided for construction workers at the construction crew camps, the potential exists for surface water resources and surroundings to be contaminated by untreated sewage effluents, lubricants and other hazardous substances from accidental leaks and spillages. Depending on the nature of the contaminant the impact could range from either medium significance to major significance categories. Mitigation measures proffered include: • Safe operating practices are enforced during construction activities. • project emergency/spill response measures and equipment are available, and personnel are capable of effectively using it for cases of accidental spill. • hydrocarbon/chemical spill containment and prevention measures and equipment are functional and effective on site and for equipment and vehicles • hydrocarbon and chemical transfers in safely contained areas • Double handling to be avoided where possible • When transfer has to take place, ensure it is effected in lined and secured areas where containment is possible • Educate personnel on hydrocarbon and chemical handling risks/hazards, through SHE briefings/tool box meetings • Implement where appropriate sediment run-off controls and visually inspect after rainfall events • Plan and set on-site sanitary facilities for the disposal of wastewater. • Maintain vehicles, machinery and equipment in good condition in order to avoid leaks and spill of hazardous materials (lube oils, chemicals, etc.) • Ensure safe management of hazardous materials (chemical s, etc.) • If diesel and motor oil are to be stored on site, ensure that they are properly contained in a bunded area (with capacity to contain 1½ times the amount of substances stored). This area must be situated away from all water bodies and signs indicating the storage of these substances erected. • train personnel in safe fuel handling procedures of chemicals and hydrocarbons • Monitoring during maintenance of equipment to ensure that there is no discharge to the environment • Enforce good environmental demobilisation procedures (e.g. cleaning sites and reclaiming to original status) • Use of drip pans during transfer of fuels and hazardous substances • Carry out internal environmental auditing to check activities of construction team and status of lay-down areas, marshalling yards, tower sites, etc prior to demobilisation. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts from low to negligible. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 42 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Disturbance of Hydrological Regimes and Drainage Patterns The presence of construction vehicles, personnel and material in floodplains and riparian zones, can result in a local change in flow patterns. This can result in a change in the flow patterns in these areas due to the presence of obstructions (i.e. vehicles, construction material, construction crew camps etc.). Human activities, which disturb the soil structure, such as the compaction of soil along footpaths and vehicle tracks, and the disturbance of soil structure through movement of soil, can also result in a change in the micro scale hydrology. Impact significance is ranked as major. Mitigation measures will include: • Do not hamper drainage of surface water and plan for reclamation measures after construction. • Avoid crossing permanent waterways with machinery; if necessary, locate the crossing where the banks are stable and the waterway at the most narrow part of the water way. • Limit work areas outside vegetation along water bodies and near wetlands. • Maintain a minimum flow to prevent salt water intrusion through standard procedures Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Operation and Maintenance Phase The presence of the transmission power line and associated towers would not result in a substantial increase in erosion during the operational phase. Erosion of stream banks would mainly take place during this phase as a result of the movement of maintenance vehicles and personnel. No impact is anticipated and no mitigation proffered. Floral disturbance (riparian zone and floodplains) The presence of the transmission line will result in a disturbance of the flora found in the riparian zone and floodplains. Clearing of the ROW to prevent fire hazard, will result in floral disturbance. This will however be limited to the footprint area of the ROW. Access roads to the TL may also need to pass through wetland areas and / or the riparian zone, which will also result in floral disturbance. A medium significance level was assigned to this impact. Mitigations measure includes: • Periodically carry out ROW maintenance activities to manage growths of weeds and other creeping plants on the tower bases in a manner that minimizes adverse impacts on vegetation. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 43 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.7.4 Air Quality and Noise Pollution Activity Site preparation and construction of ~58km QIT-Ikot Abasi transmission line. Impact • Nuisance (noise and vibrations) due to movement from heavy duty equipment and vehicles affecting public and wildlife. • Increase of dust particles and vehicular emissions. • Noise and attendant vibration effects from, piling activities, fabrication and associated welding equipments. Status Quo - Air Quality Air pollution is a major criterion for the design of transmission line insulators. Pollution has a negative effect on the insulation system of power lines, which could result in the shutdown of the power line. The baseline data on the level of pollutant gases along the transmission line route has been assessed and found to be compliant to set regulatory limits for their natural environment (see Table 4.4, chapter 4). Data obtained were also consistent with past studies around the project area (IPC 2005). Construction Phase The construction of the approximately 58km QIT-Ikot Abasi transmission line will generate minor amounts of pollutant gases (SOx, NOx, VOCs, etc) from fuel combustion (light fuel oil) used for supply trucks and heavy duty equipments. Such pollutants will include airborne particulates that would especially result during dry/windy conditions as a result of equipment movements and localised earthworks. Emissions during construction activities will be localised and short termed, impact will therefore be minor. In addition, it is expected that there would be increase in dust particles (SPM) along earthed access roads and also on the generality of the ROW during construction activities. Increase in SPM levels will specifically result from vehicular movements and construction earthworks (excavations, trenching, etc). These are expected to last for a short term and have a minor significance ranking. Mitigation measures include: • Ensure that all vehicles involved in the transport of construction material and staff and machinery involved in the construction is properly maintained and serviced. • Extra care must be taken to reduce dust in periods when wind speed are greatest and the rainfall amounts are lowest which is between November and February (dry season), e.g. This will involve extra wetting of the construction area to suppress dust particles. • Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled along the site to be used in construction activities are regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping. • All staff employed at the construction site must be provided with dust masks and be asked to use them. • Implement a traffic system that involves use of appropriate signals and signs to ensure the smooth flow of traffic. This will reduce the idling of vehicles that may occur and therefore reduce the emissions in the area. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 44 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Reduce speed along earth roads • Plan journey to reduce travel times • Vehicles carrying earth materials should be covered • Install and operate air pollution control equipment e.g. mufflers. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Operation and Maintenance Phase The only anticipated impact is pollutant gases falling on insulators to produce a conductive film on the surface which causes the surface leakage current to increase, eventually resulting in flashover / local arcing on insulators. Flashovers occur mainly on transmission lines when, in combination with condensation, light rain or ash or dust build-up cause arcing across insulators and dips and spikes in power supplies. This weakens the insulators, and repeated arcing can cause the shutdown of the power line. However, dust and emissions generation during operations is envisaged to be low and requires no mitigation. Noise Noise has the potential to damage health, to detract from the quality of life, and to disturb or affect wildlife. During the wet season the baseline noise levels along the project area were within acceptable limits. Results from dry season measurements show significant increase but remained within acceptable limits. Construction Phase Presently, the study area is impacted by minimal noise from the surrounding land uses as populated settlements are 1 to approximately 2.5km north of the transmission line ROW except in some few sections (in Eket and Onna LGA where settlements have been identified to approximately 100m to 300m away from the ROW). However, agricultural activities are taking place within the study area notably along the palm forest areas of Mkpat Enin, the farmlands along the Ibom Power Tline road crossing into Uta Ewa axis of Ikot Abasi area as well as the tie in location into the proposed sub-station near ALSCON. Topographical survey charts showing land use pattern along the proposed 58km ROW have been included in Appendix 5.1. The construction period could result in a temporary increase of the noise levels due to construction and delivery vehicles moving to and from the site as well as general installation activities. Increase in traffic flow within the study area could increase the nuisance levels in terms of noise generation. These impacts from increase in noise levels are evaluated and ranked to pose minor significance levels during construction period as they will be short termed. Mitigation measures will include: • Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the overall impact. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 45 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • Workers, especially those working with machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be supplied with ear plugs and ear muffs to reduce the risk of hearing impairment. Prolonged exposure to this impact shall be reduced by engaging workers on shift basis. • Regularly maintain construction equipment to optimal function • Limit heavy duty construction works to day hours only where practicable • Ensure use of appropriate PPEs (ear plugs) by workers in areas with noise level above FMENV (90dBA) hourly work area limits. • Conduct daily SHE briefings prior to work • Plan work activities to avoid heavy duty movement during peak hours Operation Phase During operation phase, some noise is generated by the corona in form of humming sound around the live conductors. Studies of a 400kv (NIPP 2007) which is quite similar in terms of voltage to the proposed 330kv line showed that the noise level, at 25m from the live conductor ranges between 53 dB(A) on a rainy weather and 33 dB(A) on a dry weather. These modest noise levels will have limited impact on the health of people who live closest to the ROW (100m) or to the wildlife that will occasionally venture pass the ROW. The impact as ranked with a minor significance level. Mitigation measure includes: • The design of the transmission line shall be in line with standards observed by International bodies. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. 5.7.5 Health, Safety and Security Aspects Activity Site preparation and construction of ~58km QIT-Ikot Abasi transmission line. Impact • Increased traffic during mobilisation on road with risks of accidents leading to injury/death and loss of asset • Risks of armed robbery attack and hostage taking leading to injury/ death of personnel • Work place accidents/incidents from the use of cranes, forklifts, etc. during loading and offloading of materials/equipment as well as construction and maintenance operations. • Increase of communicable diseases due to influx of people and poor living conditions around pre-construction sites • Waste Disposal (scrap metal, wood, sand, concrete, paper, domestic waste from lay-down area from grubbing of ROW. • Risk of electrocution and burns (to onsite workers) from welding flashes and high currents during welding • Workplace accidents / incidents (trip/falls etc) from heights during conductor wire stringing and bolt/nuts tightening project activities. • Risks of injury / death and loss of assets resulting from accidents Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 46 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment associated with road transportation to and fro construction sites • Risks of fire/explosions resulting from accidental ignition of onsite diesel storage tanks • Site conditions leading to increased malaria epidemic from uncontrolled mosquito breeding in swamp areas as well as water borne diseases e.g. diarrhoea and cholera associated with poor sanitary conditions • Risk of collision of low flying air planes with transmission towers and lines Construction Phase In any civil works, public as well as construction staff SHE risks can arise from various constructions activities such as earth works, operation, and movement of heavy equipment and vehicles, storage of hazardous materials, traffic, waste disposal etc. Because of the long duration of the construction phase, such activities need to be controlled and consequently the associated risks reduced to as low as reasonably practicable. Transportation Related Aspects Construction and transportation activities will increase traffic congestion, risk of injuries, hostage and kidnapping as well as damage to assets. These impacts are expected to be of medium to major significance depending on the severity of the impact. Accidents arising from road trips (transport of materials and personnel) along mobilisation routes may result in injury or loss of life of personnel as well as damage to company assets. The possibility of hostage taking of expatriate personnel or locals during the construction of the project is likely. This may also result to injuries or fatality. These impacts are ranked from medium to major significance. Mitigation measures will include: • All vehicles and boats are certified road / water worthy prior to being mobilized for work activities. • Compliance to all roads and water ways safety transport rules including speed limits • Competency training and certification of drivers before mobilisation. • Limit movement to day time only • Setting and enforcing speed limits of 100km/hr (major roads) 40-60km/hr (built-up areas) and 10-30km/hr (construction sites); • Develop a project security plan that addresses all project related security concerns • Ensure security procedures are strictly enforced and continually improved based on updated risk information. • Consultation and good public relation with the stakeholder communities. • Ensure government approved security personnel is used on transport vehicles and boats when warranted • Coordinate work activities to avoid heavy traffic periods • Use warning signs and traffic wardens/directors • Ensure activities causing blockages at road crossings are carried out within shortest time practicable Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 47 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • In the case of longer blockages, divert traffic to approved alternate routes in liaison with appropriate authorities • Consult with affected communities prior to road closures to provide warnings and alternatives. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Workplace Accidents The probability of an accident occurring at the project site during the phases of the development is high. This is due to the intense use of machinery and other heavy-duty equipment used especially in the construction phase. Work related incidents and accidents resulting from trips, falls, object at height during construction activities are likely to occur. These impacts pose a medium to major significance ranking all depending on the severity of the impact. If the impact results in fatality it is ranked as a major significant impact. Mitigation measures proffered will include: • All personnel are qualified and certified for their relevant works • Approved safe work procedures are provided and complied with at all times • prior to commencement of work • PHCN shall ensure SHE briefings, job hazards identification and controls, prior to commencement of work activities • Use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. rubber hand gloves, hard hats, safety boots, etc. by all personnel at the project site • Limit work activities to daytime only • Ensure availability of first aid facilities onsite • Ensure retainer clinics are engaged and site medical personnel are available in case of accidents • Maintain medical emergency response plan so that injured or ill persons can promptly access appropriate care. • PHCN shall design work area to internationally acceptable standards Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 48 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Communicable Diseases Construction activities have the potential to create new malaria vector (mosquito) habitats. An influx of workers with no partial immunity to malaria parasite (Plasmodium sp) increases the risk of serious illness which may result to death. This impact if not managed is expected to pose a major significance characteristic. Influx of resident and non resident workers into the project area also increases the risks of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and could impact adversely on the spread of these illnesses especially relating to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This impact if left unmanaged may result in long term health issues which may eventually lead to fatality. Impact arising from this is ranked as major. Mitigation measures include: • Project will develop a health plan to address potential health issues • Initiate /enforce PHCN corporate health awareness programs for malaria, AIDS, etc) • Provision of site medical personnel to attend to emergency situations • Engage the services of retainer clinics to manage health issues • Educate workforce on the prevention of malaria as well as encourage the use of mosquito nets in construction camps. • Ensure personnel use appropriate PPE • Project shall prepare and implement emergency response plan • Ensure availability of first aid facilities onsite • Provide appropriate domestic water supply to address additional needs. • Facilitate the implementation of appropriate toilet and other sanitation facilities. • Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of water and occupational hygiene and safety • Environmental management for vector control; avoidance via settlement location and design and use of bed nets and repellents; rapid diagnosis and treatment; focal insecticide and molluscicide application. • Develop and implement safe food storage and handling practices. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to low. Fires and Explosions Fire and explosions may be described as technological hazards, which can cause serious injury or result in loss of lives and damage to properties and the environment. Flammable substances including diesel and motor oil may be stored or used on the project site for heavy-duty equipment. These substances are precursors for fires and explosions. Envisaged impacts from accidental explosions resulting in fire have been ranked with a major significance level. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 49 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Mitigation measures will include: • All fuel storage tanks are kept at safe distances from work areas • Storage areas will be identified with caution signs. • Educate workforce on risks associated around storage areas and prohibit activities (such as smoking) that can ignite storage tanks • Designate no-smoking and smoke areas • Hold SHE meetings and talks on fire hazard • Design work area to internationally acceptable standards Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Waste Handling and Disposal A significant amount of solid waste (including, wood, metal scarps, office and domestic wastes, etc.) will be generated in this phase of the project. The methods put in place for handling and disposing of these wastes to be generated play an important role in the significance of impacts expected from wastes management. Waste handling and disposal have been assessed to pose a medium impact to the environment. Mitigation measures will include: • Develop project specific waste management plan and ensure proper implementation • Provide adequate containers for waste collection • Periodically audit contractor activities to check the level of compliance to regulatory and PHCN waste management requirements. • Design work area to internationally acceptable standards • Ensure engagement of government approved waste management contractors • Safe operating practices are enforced during construction Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Operation Phase During the operational phase, public and occupational SHE risks are not as significant as during the construction phase. The design clearances according the PHCN Standard guarantee safe limits for the possibility of farming and also cattle rearing. Collisions After the transmission line has been constructed and is put into operation there is the possibility of low flying aircraft colliding with the towers. If this happens, it will result to injury, asset damage as well fatality in the worst case. Impacts resulting from collision of aircraft with towers have been ranked at major significance level. Mitigation measures will include: • Alternative analysis of the ROW options ensured minimal to no interference with air traffic (see section 2.3.1 in chapter 2). Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 50 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • PHCN shall provide Aircraft Warning spheres and tower signs in areas where air traffic might occur in order to minimize risk of low flying aircraft colliding with towers and wires. Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Collapse of Transmission Towers There exists the possibility of shock and burns to unauthorised ROW users or visitors due to collapse of transmission line towers which could lead to injury or fatality of affected persons. This is a major significant impact. Mitigation measures will include: • Towers shall be installed following the best engineering standards • Towers shall be collapse tested to prove the tower design is in line with the PHCN requirements • PHCN shall carry out routine inspection of towers in order to allow early detection of damaged towers • Reported cases of damaged or fallen towers shall be promptly attended to. • Adequate and automatic fault/damage detection system shall be installed. • Personnel shall be trained on the detection/handling of such emergencies arising from accidental damage Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. Electromagnetic Fields The electromagnetic effects of a transmission line on the environment have been a concern in the last decades. Intense electric fields may occur at the surface of conductors and other “live “elements of transmission lines. Several studies with varying conclusions have been carried out on harmful consequences that the electrical and magnetic fields produced by overhead lines could have on humans, animals and plants. In view of this, the electric industry including national and international, established maximum acceptable limits for biological effects of transmission lines, which should be complied with when a new overhead transmission line is designed and constructed (Cigre, 1992). The magnitude of electrical and magnetic fields in proximity to a transmission line is dependent on the superposition of the fields due to the three-phase conductors. Usually, limitations are imposed to the maximum electrical field at the edge of or within the right-of- way. There will be no testing after commissioning to confirm that electrical field and magnetic induction do indeed fall below the safe limits. This is because clearances according the PHCN Standard guarantee the safe limits. This is the case for clearances in all international standards. The range of maximum electrical and magenetic fields below overhead lines is given in Table 5.6 below. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 51 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.6: Range of Maximum Electrical and Magnetic Fields Voltage Electrical Field Magnetic Induction (kV) (at ground level under a line) (at ground level) (kV/m) (uT) 765 8-13 28-32 525 5-9 25-30 420 4-8 22-28 245 2-3.5 20-25 123 1-2 12-15 70 1-1.5 2-2.5 Source: ICNIRP, 1998 In line with set precaution values for a 420Kv transmission line, the electromagnetic impact of the proposed 330kV transmission line still falls below set limits and thereby ranked as a minor significant impact. Table 5.7: Precaution Values for Low Frequency Electro-magnetic Fields – 420kV Occupational Exposure General Public Exposure Source Low Frequencies Permanently Few hours per day Permanently Few hours per day IRPA/W Electrical Fields (kV/m) 10 130 5 10 HO Magnetic Induction (uT) 500 5000 100 1000 Electrical Fields (kV/m) - - 5 5 Europe Magnetic Induction (uT) - - 100 100 Electrical Fields (kV/m) 8-11 7-11 1-9 - USA Magnetic Induction (uT) 1000 - 400 - Source: ICNIRP, 1998 Mitigation measures will include: • Alternative analysis of the ROW options ensured minimal to no exposure of public to electromagnetic fields by selecting the farthest routing option from human settlements and activities. • Provide and ensure use of appropriate PPE for maintenance workers • Transmission line has been designed in line with ICNIRP/WHO standards for biological exposures Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts to negligible. As a conclusion, proper supervision, high workmanship performance, and provision of adequate safety measures will alleviate public and occupational SHE risks. 5.7.6 Decommissioning Activity Demolition of structures, transportation of demolished structures, restoration, etc. Impact • Increased sedimentation process close to river banks and floodplains along the tower sites. • Risk of soil and adjoining surface water contamination from accidental oil and hazardous substance leakages and wastes from decommissioning. • Increase in ambient noise levels and pollutant gases above baseline Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 52 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment conditions from movement and activities of decommissioning equipments and vehicles. • Risk of accident and injury to worker during demolition of structures The decommissioning phase refers to all the activities which relate to the proposed transmission line when it is no longer in use. Potential issues that relate to the decommissioning phase refers to impacts such as the towers lying strewn around, lack of rehabilitation of the access roads, overgrown vegetation along the ROW etc. During the decommissioning phase, the demolition activities are likely to have similar impacts on the environment as were identified for the construction phase. These include potential impacts such as sedimentation, surface water, visual impact, dust and noise pollution, a risk of fires and explosions, safety and security and traffic impacts etc. Impacts arising from decommissioning activities have been ranked with significance levels of minor to major. Mitigation measures for impacts during decommissioning will be implemented in line with practices as at the time of decommissioning. However, to a minimum the following mitigation measures have been put in place for impacts arising due to decommissioning process: • Develop and implement a decommissioning plan in line with requirements as at the time of decommissioning. • Ensure that excavated and stockpiled soil material is stored and bermed on the higher lying areas along the site and not in any run-off channels where it is likely to cause erosion. • Decommissioning activities should preferably take place during the dry season months to prevent soil erosion caused by heavy rains. • Wet all unprotected cleared areas and stockpiles with water to suppress dust pollution. • Institute noise control measures (e.g. regular equipment maintenance) throughout the decommissioning phase for all applicable activities. • Take cognisance of peak traffic times and plan transportation of decommissioned structures and personnel so as to avoid obstruction of local traffic by vehicles, heavy machinery/trucks. • The decommissioning contractor as at the time of decommissioning will have to develop a decommissioning security plan and implement its use. • Ensure effective waste management from cradle to grave for all wastes generated during and after the decommissioning period. • Enforce proper waste management policies in line with FMENV standards and requirements as at time of decommissioning. • Ensure use of road worthy vehicles and equipment as well as skilled operators and drivers Implementation of the above measures reduces the impacts from to negligible. Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 53 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 54 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 5.8 Cumulative Impacts Cumulative impacts result from actions, which may not be significant on their own, but which are significant when added to the impact of other similar actions. In this instance, the cumulative impacts may arise from the existing Ibom Power Transmission Line (running parallel to the proposed QIT –Ikot Abasi Transmission line on the other side of the Eket – Ikot Abasi road as well as the road crossing to connect the proposed substation), the ongoing Septa Energy Pipeline (also parallel to the proposed QIT – Ikot Abasi transmission line around the Ibeno axis, but outside the ROW, before the transmission line crosses the pipeline at tower 23 location near Eket) as well as the proposed Ikot Abasi – Ikot Ekpene Transmission line which will run parallel to the line from the road crossing area around Ete town in Ikot Abasi through to where it branches adjacent to the proposed Ikot Abasi sub-station. These impacts have been assessed to pose beneficial to medium significant adverse impacts. Cumulative impacts relating to the construction of the proposed transmission power line include: • Erosion and contamination of the surface water resources in the study area due to vegetation clearing and other earthwork activities. • Small-scale impacts of a socio-economic nature on the lives and means of livelihood of the communities in the proposed project area. • Aesthetic value of transmission line ROW due to the presence of additional power lines and underground pipelines in an area where there are existing transmission and distribution lines. Proposed mitigation measures to address the above identified cumulative impacts that may arise from existing, ongoing and future facilities along the project area are presented below: • the cumulative effects resulting to erosion and contamination of surface water resources in the study area as well as aesthetic value of the area will be minimised by synergising PHCN project activities with other stakeholder activities (IPC, NIPP, Septa Energy, FGN, etc). This will allow for the consolidation and reduction of incremental impacts associated with past, present and future actions in the project area. • by consolidating these facilities within established utility corridors, future developments can be planned to benefit from already existing facilities or utilities thereby reducing their cumulative effects. Other cumulative impacts of the proposed transmission line corresponding to earlier identified potential and associated impacts in this text will also be mitigated / enhanced as proffered in earlier sections of the report (e.g. socio-economic impacts such as local employment opportunities, etc). Chapter Five Final Draft Report Page 55 of 55 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER SIX IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER SIX IMPACTS MITIGATION AND RESIDUAL RANKING 6.1 General EIA has as its principal and most important objective the development and establishment of suitable procedures (mitigation measures) for the identified significant and adverse impacts of a proposed project. Equally identified is the aim of enhancing the potentially beneficial aspects of the development. This chapter thus, presents the mitigation measures proffered for the identified potential and associated impacts (chapter five) of the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line project. The mitigation measures have been proffered to prevent, eliminate or minimise the impacts and their effects to levels that are considered as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). In proffering mitigation measures, the primary objectives were: Prevention – methods aimed at impeding the occurrence of negative impacts, and/or preventing such occurrence from having harmful environmental/social outcomes. Reduction – limiting or reducing the degree, extent, magnitude, or duration of adverse impacts. Reduction can be achieved by scaling down, relocating, or redesigning elements of a project. Control – ensuring that residual associated impacts are reduced to a level as low as reasonably practicable. The framework for determining the form of mitigation measures to be applied for the significant impacts identified for the project is presented below (Figure 6.1). The frequency, severity, sensitivity, scale, magnitude and nature of the impacts were taken into consideration during these assessments. Formal Control Physical Control Avoidance Impact Significance High HIG Medium Training Formal Control Physical Control Informal Control Training Formal Control Low Low Medium High Likelihood of Occurrence Figure 6.1: Mitigation Definition Criteria Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 1 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Informal Control This involves the application of sound judgment and best practice in mitigating the impacts of project activities. Formal control This involves the application of documented policy, process or procedure in mitigating the impacts of the project activities. It ensures that residual associated impacts are reduced to an acceptable level. Physical control This involves the application of physical processes, barriers or instruments (pegs, fence, gates, sign post etc), not necessarily requiring any special technology, in order to mitigate the impacts of the project. Avoidance This involves the modification of plans, designs or schedules in order to prevent the occurrence of an impact or impacts. Subsequently, the specific mitigation measures satisfying the mitigation criteria were established putting the following into consideration. • regulatory requirements • available resources and competencies; • on-site conditions; • technology and • public concerns 6.2 Impact Mitigation Procedure The procedures employed for the establishment of mitigation measures for the identified impacts is presented in Figure 6.2. Mitigation measures were subsequently proffered for adverse significant potential impacts. These measures (prevention, reduction and control strategies) were developed for the project through review of industry practice (past project experience), consultations and expert discussions with multi-disciplinary team of engineers, scientists and environmentalist. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 2 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Impact Assessment/Evaluation Is the impact significant? Considering: • Health & Safety of the people • Pollution./deterioration of the environment • Damage to asset / property • Proponents image and reputation Mitigation/Ameliorative Requirements Impact Mitigation • Eliminate barriers to prevent adverse effects • Prevention strategy • Control of escalation factors • Reduction strategy • Recovery preparedness measures • Control strategy • Lessons from past project experience Management Plan • Consultations with experts • Management resourcing and responsibilities • Monitoring plan • Auditing and review Figure 6.2: Procedure for Mitigation Measures 6.3 Proffered Mitigation Measures Accordingly, this section presents the mitigation measures proffered for the identified impacts of the proposed transmission line project. These cost effective measures have been proffered with reference to best industry practice, national guidelines as well as PHCNs SHE considerations. PHCN as proponent is responsible for implementation of stipulated mitigation measures. Based on the impact assessment overall significance rating in chapter five, the impact significance Major, Medium or Minor was established for each identified impact. The proffered mitigation measures and expected residual ranking (Negligible, Low and Moderate) for the identified potential and associated impacts are presented in Table 6.1 below. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 3 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Pre-Construction Permitting & ROW Acceptance and co-operation/ participation PHCN and EPC contractor shall: Acquisition from stakeholders (communities and • All relevant stakeholders are identified Beneficial Beneficial • Consultations government) leading to peaceful and timely • Early stakeholders’ engagement sessions are held, and all • Acquisition of execution of the project agreed issues properly documented and signed license to operate PHCN shall: • Stakeholder • Early engagement of stakeholders identification • Establish and publicize grievance procedure • ROW Acquisition • Provide the opportunities for all affected groups (women, Uncertainty and increased perturbation youths, religious, etc) to participate in consultations and due to a lack of information and Medium Negligible ensure that all concerns are duly addressed. communication. • Plan and execute consultations to educate community members and stakeholders on project activities, schedules and potential impacts. • Ensure consultation throughout project life span. Integration of men and women PHCN and EPC contractor shall: Beneficial Beneficial concerns into the project design • Due consultation of relevant groups at all phases of the project. • Provide the opportunities for all affected groups to Exclusion of vulnerable groups from participate in consultations and that all concerns are duly Medium Negligible consultations which may lead to strife addressed. • Establish and publicize grievance procedure Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 4 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Project will develop a community relations and engagement plan that identifies fair strategies of engagement for all communities (see Appendix 5.2) • Project will also develop and implement a resettlement action plan to ensure equitable settlement of all project affected persons • Early stakeholders’ engagement sessions are held, and all Community agitations over agreed issues properly documented and signed. compensations, land disputes, wrong • Establish and publicize grievance procedure Major Negligible stakeholder identification, leadership • Stakeholders (communities, Govt., land owners, etc.) are tussles, etc adequately consulted and relevant issues addressed • Agreed fair compensation/rent for land are paid to identified owners promptly as per set standards. • As far as possible employ persons from the surrounding communities during the construction phase of the development to reduce the numbers of persons that will migrate to the area seeking employment. This will also avoid any feelings of resentment and will ensure that the communities derive the most benefits from the development. Improvement in quality of life for • Consulting all relevant stakeholders and legacy issues adequately compensated individuals identified early, clearly defined , and agreed on Beneficial Beneficial • Fair compensations in line with national standards are agreed upon and paid Transport of Increased traffic during mobilisation on road PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; Personnel and with risks of accidents leading to • All vehicles and boats are certified road / water worthy prior Construction injury/death and loss of asset. to being mobilized for work activities. Elements • Compliance to all roads and water ways safety transport Major Negligible • Ikot Abasi – Eket rules including speed limits Federal Highway • Competency training and certification of drivers before • Eket – Ibeno road mobilisation. • Inland water ways • Limit movement to day time only (River crossing Risks of armed robbery attack and hostage • Develop a project security plan that addresses all project sites e.g. Qua taking leading to injury/ death of personnel related security concerns Iboe River). • Ensure security procedures are strictly enforced and continually improved based on updated risk information. • Consultation and good public relation with the stakeholder Major Moderate communities. • Ensure government approved security personnel is used on transport vehicles and boats when warranted • Limit movements of personnel and equipment to daytime only Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 5 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Nuisance (noise and vibrations) due to PHCN and EPC contractor shall: movement from heavy duty equipment and • Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of vehicles affecting public and wildlife. noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the overall impact. These pieces of equipment such as drills, graders and cement mixers should also be used when the least number of residents can be expected to be affected. • Workers, especially those working with machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be Medium supplied with ear plugs and ear muffs to reduce the risk of Negligible hearing impairment. Prolonged exposure to this impact should be reduced where possible. • Plan work activities to avoid heavy duty movement during peak hours • Consult with host communities and plan project activities accordingly • Limit movement and work activities to daytime only • Ensure equipments are properly maintained PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Ensure that all vehicles involved in the transport of construction material and staff and machinery involved in the construction is properly maintained and serviced. • Extra care must be taken to reduce dust in periods when wind speed are greatest and the rainfall amounts are lowest which is between November and February (dry season), e.g. This will involve extra wetting of the construction area to suppress dust particles. • Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled along the site to be used in construction activities are Increase of dust particles and vehicular regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping. Minor Negligible emissions. • All staff employed at the construction site must be provided with dust masks and be asked to use them. • Implement a traffic system that involves appropriate signals and signs to ensure the smooth flow of traffic. This will reduce the idling of vehicles that may occur and therefore reduce the emissions in the area. • Reduce speed along earth roads • Plan journey to reduce travel times • Vehicles carrying earth materials should be covered • Install and operate air pollution control equipment e.g. mufflers. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 6 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Pre-Construction PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; • All personnel are qualified and certified for their relevant works Work place accidents/incidents from the • That approved safe work procedures are provided and use of cranes, forklifts, etc. during Medium complied with at all times Negligible loading and offloading of • Use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. materials/equipment. rubber hand gloves, hard hats, safety boots, etc. by all personnel at the project site • Limit work activities to daytime only PHCN and EPC contractors shall: • Roads to be assessed prior to commencement of work to establish the status and its capability to safely handle Obstruction of/damage to existing roads material and personnel transportation, and after completion Medium Negligible due to increased usage during mobilisation. to determine extent of impact and where necessary, take Transport of steps to reclaim areas damaged by project activities Personnel and • Plan work execution to reduce travels and restrict where Construction necessary, use of access roads. Elements PHCN and its contractors shall ensure that • Ikot Abasi – Eket • Equipment, materials and personnel are mobilised after Federal Highway due consultation with relevant transportation authorities • Eket – Ibeno road Interference with other road users along Medium (FRSC, NMA, NURTW, etc) and other stakeholders to Negligible • Inland water ways mobilisation route. minimise interference along mobilisation routes. (River crossing • Travels to and from sites shall be planned to maximize sites e.g. Qua each trip and minimize number of travels Iboe River). PHCN and EPC contractor shall ensure: • Safe operating practices are enforced during mobilisation • Implementation of project specific spill and emergency response plan • hydrocarbon/chemical spill containment and prevention Leakage of fuel or lube oil onto land or into measures and equipment are functional and effective on site water bodies during transportation and and for equipment and vehicles Medium Negligible storage may lead to increased chemical • hydrocarbon and chemical transfers in safely contained toxicity. areas • Double handling to be avoided where possible • When transfer has to take place, ensure it is effected in lined and secured areas where containment is possible • Educate personnel on hydrocarbon and chemical handling risks/hazards, through SHE briefings/tool box meetings Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 7 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Recruitment of Employment opportunities arising from PHCN and EPC contractor shall: enhance this beneficial impact Labour recruitment of technical and non technical Beneficial by transmission line workers • Creating requirements for contractors to hire local labour Beneficial Skill acquisition and enhancements to local • Ensure skills acquisition and development indigenes and workforce. Beneficial • Recognise and commend personnel with outstanding performance Influx of people (migrant workers, sub- PHCN and EPC contractor shall: contractors and suppliers) and increased • Brief all employees to ensure awareness of any sensitivity to pressure on existing social infrastructure the local cultures, traditions and lifestyles • Continuous consultation while project is in progress • Implementation of community relations and engagement plan (see Appendix 5.2) • Encourage hiring, as practicable, of appropriately qualified workers from areas in the vicinity of the project to discourage preventable influx of persons Medium Negligible • Work with contractors to ensure that specialised skill workers from outside the areas have access to proper accommodations and other basic infrastructure • Educate all workers to enhance their Health, Safety, Security, and Environment awareness, and performance on the job • Maintain medical emergency response plan so that all injured or ill personnel can promptly access appropriate care • Increase of communicable diseases due to PHCN and EPC contractor shall: influx of people and poor living conditions • Project will develop a health plan to address potential health around pre-construction sites issues • Carry out health awareness program (malaria, corporate stop AIDS program, etc) Medium • Provision of site medical personnel to attend to emergency Negligible situations • Engage the services of retainer clinics to manage health issues • Educate workforce on the prevention of malaria as well as encourage the use of mosquito nets in construction camps. Increase in social vices (like theft, PHCN and EPC contractor shall: prostitution) resulting from increased • Ensure its personnel and contractors undergo pre- number of people employment background screening as required Medium • Periodically discuss health and social education issues Negligible during toolbox/SHE meetings • Promptly deal with reported cases of misconduct to check recurrences Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 8 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Conflicts/community agitations over PHCN and EPC contractor shall: employment issues (quotas and methods) • Project will develop a community relations and engagement plan that identifies fair strategies of engagement for all communities (see Appendix 5.2) • Project will also develop and implement a resettlement action plan to ensure equitable settlement of all project affected persons • Establish and publicize grievance procedure • Early stakeholders’ engagement sessions are held, and all agreed issues properly documented and signed. Major • All affected stakeholders and legacy issues are identified Low early, clearly defined , and agreed on. • Stakeholders (communities, Govt., land owners, etc.) are adequately consulted and relevant issues addressed • Agreed fair compensation/rent for land are paid to identified owners promptly as per set standards. • As far as possible employ persons from the surrounding communities during the construction phase of the development to reduce the numbers of persons that will migrate to the area seeking employment. This will also avoid any feelings of resentment and will ensure that the communities derive the most benefits from the development. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 9 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Pre-Construction Site Preparation Business opportunities for local contractors PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Access to ROW through sub contracting activities Beneficial • Encouraging indigenous contractors and suppliers providing creation them opportunities to supply materials of acceptable Beneficial • Service roads Local support services from road side standards • Camping and supply markets and shops etc Beneficial • Encourage contractors to hire and to develop local labour campsites • Workers are paid promptly as at when due Contamination of surface water as a result PHCN and EPC contractor shall: of siltation caused by increased erosion, • Employ appropriate industry practices in transmission line during site preparation. construction and ancillary facilities in order to avoid adverse alteration drainage pattern • Implement where appropriate sediment run-off controls and Medium Negligible visually inspect after rainfall events • Laydown areas/Marshalling yards are designed to include erosion control • Reclaim as practicable topography of excavated or compacted upland areas upon completion of activities. Disturbance of the vegetation cover / loss of PHCN and EPC contractor shall: forest products (fuel wood, timber, • Ensure inclusion of threatened and endangered species Medium medicinal plants) due to site clearing and management strategies in the site specific Environmental preparation. Management Plan to be developed by EPC contractors to ensure appropriate flora and fauna management. • Vegetation clearing will be limited to minimum required for work • Felling of trees of >30cm girth is to be minimized during • vegetation clearing to only unavoidably necessary ones. Negligible This should be done with considerations to environmental Loss/disturbance of wildlife due to habitat protection. loss/fragmentation from vegetation clearing Medium along ROW and access roads • Utilisation of existing accessible tracks as much as possible • Establish a perimeter of protection around sensitive ecosystems such as mangroves along Ibeno and Ikot Abasi and their unique habitats. • Plan work activities to minimise presence and duration of work in ecologically sensitive areas (mangrove paths, river banks, fresh water swamps). Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 10 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Implement where appropriate sediment run-off controls and visually inspect after rainfall events • Install siltation traps within the drainage design to collect silt and sediments ensuring that they do not end up in adjacent Soil compaction, destabilisation from aquatic areas. excavation and runoff erosion resulting in Medium • Construction on steep slopes and in soft or erodible material Negligible sedimentation problems. will require erosion control measures and correct grassing methods. • Laydown areas/Marshalling yards are designed to include erosion control • Reclaim as practicable topography of excavated or compacted upland areas upon completion of activities • Where possible plan site clearing to allow species the opportunity to relocate to suitable nearby habitats and to reduce the shock to the various habitats that may be disturbed. • Relocate non-motile and weak species to safe grounds prior Fragmentation of wildlife habitats/increase to commencement of work in poaching due to an easier access for the Medium Negligible local population and non-resident workers. • Allow re-growth, within height restrictions, of native ground cover beneath lines (along ROW, lay-down areas and access roads) • Prohibit poaching particularly by workers and educate workers on good biodiversity conservation policies. PHCN and EPC contractor shall : • Develop project specific waste management plan (Chapter 7) and ensure proper implementation Waste Disposal • Provide adequate containers for waste collection • scrap metal, wood, sand, concrete, • Periodically assess contractor activities to check the level of paper, domestic waste Medium Negligible compliance to regulatory and PHCN waste management • Waste from laydown area from requirements. grubbing of ROW (Material and wood) • Safe operating practices are enforced during construction • Ensure use of only government approved waste management contractors Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 11 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction Fabrication and Workplace accidents from burns, cuts, PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; Metal works bruises, trips and falls, objects at height, • All personnel are qualified and certified for their relevant • Cutting, bending leading to injury or fatalities. works and welding tower • That approved safe work procedures are provided and steel components Major complied with at all times Negligible • Painting • Use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. • Handling of rubber hand gloves, hard hats, safety boots, etc. by all conductor wires, personnel at the project site strings, insulators • Limit work activities to daytime only where practicable and fittings Employment of local labour and skills PHCN and its contractors shall enhance this beneficial impact by acquisition for workers taking advantage of Beneficial • Creating requirements for contractors to hire local labour Beneficial new opportunities • Ensure skills acquisition and development PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; • All personnel are qualified and certified for metal works Risk of electrocution and burns (to onsite • That approved safe work procedures are provided and workers) from welding flashes and high Major complied with at all times Negligible currents during welding • Use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. rubber hand gloves, hard hats, safety goggles, etc. by all metal works personnel PHCN and EPC contractor shall: • Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the overall impact. These pieces of equipment such as drills, graders and cement mixers should also be used when the least number of residents can be expected to be affected. • Workers, especially those working with machinery, vehicles Noise and attendant vibration effects from and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be fabrication and associated welding Minor Negligible supplied with ear plugs and ear muffs to reduce the risk of equipments hearing impairment. Prolonged exposure to this impact should be reduced where possible. • • Ensure use of appropriate PPEs (ear plugs) by workers in areas with noise level above FMENV (90dBA) hourly work area limits. • Conduct daily SHE briefings prior to work Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 12 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Inhalation by onsite workers of cement dust PHCN shall and its contractors shall: and toxic fumes during foundation works • Utilise environmentally friendly electrodes, spray and paint and welding of tower components liquids for welding as well as painting. • Use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as Medium Negligible welding masks by welders shall be enforced. • PHCN shall also install fume expellers or blowers at confined welding areas. • Implement appropriate work-site practices. Generation of metal scraps from conductor PHCN and EPC contractor shall : wires, strings and steel elements • Develop project specific waste management plan and associated with fabrication of tower ensure proper implementation components. • Provide adequate containers for waste collection • Periodically assess contractor activities to check the level of Medium Negligible compliance to regulatory and PHCN waste management requirements. • Safe operating practices are enforced during construction • Ensure use of only government approved waste management contractors Increased business and economic activities PHCN shall enhance this by: as well as diversification of income sources • Encouraging indigenous contractors and suppliers providing due to supply contracting and sub- Beneficial them opportunities to supply materials of acceptable contracting standards Beneficial Foundation / Earth increase in revenue opportunities for local • Encourage contractors to hire and to develop local labour Works population due to presence of non-resident Beneficial • • On-site workers and travellers geotechnical Interruption of surface water flows and PHCN and EPC contractor shall: tastings potentials for salt-water intrusion in • Do not hamper drainage of surface water and plan for • Tower foundations identified tidal zones of Eket and Ikot Abasi reclamation measures after construction. • Pilings and areas during construction. • Avoid crossing permanent waterways with machinery; if trenching, etc necessary, locate the crossing where the banks are stable Major Negligible and the waterway at the most narrow part of the water way. • Limit work areas outside vegetation along water bodies and near wetlands. • Maintain a minimum flow to prevent salt water intrusion through standard procedures Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 13 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction Soil / groundwater contamination resulting PHCN and EPC contractor shall: from accidental leakages and spills of • Plan and set on-site sanitary facilities for the disposal of hazardous substances (diesel, cleaning wastewater. Foundation / Earth agents, lubricants, hydraulic oil) • Maintain vehicles, machinery and equipment in good Works condition in order to avoid leaks and spill of hazardous • On-site materials (lube oils, chemicals, etc.) geotechnical • Ensure safe management of hazardous materials (chemical tastings Major s, etc.) Low • Tower foundations • Ensure handling of fuels such as fuelling of vehicles and • Pilings and machinery, and fuels transfers, take place in contained trenching, etc areas, where sufficient measures are in place to ensure containment of spills. • Plan emergency response measures and equipment are available, and personnel are capable of effectively using it for cases of accidental spill. Increased jobs and job opportunities from PHCN and EPC contractor shall enhance this by: local labour hire and sub-contracting to • Encouraging indigenous contractors and suppliers by Beneficial Beneficial indigenous suppliers. providing them opportunities to supply materials of acceptable standards Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 14 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Generation of dust and automobile / heavy PHCN and EPC contractor shall: duty equipment emissions from • Ensure that all vehicles involved in the transport of construction earth works. construction material and staff and machinery involved in the construction is properly maintained and serviced. • Extra care must be taken to reduce dust in periods when wind speed are greatest and the rainfall amounts are lowest which is between November and February (dry season), e.g. This will involve extra wetting of the construction area to suppress dust particles. • Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled along the site to be used in construction activities are regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping. Minor Negligible • All staff employed at the construction site must be provided with dust masks and be asked to use them. • Implement a traffic system that involves appropriate signals and signs to ensure the smooth flow of traffic. This will reduce the idling of vehicles that may occur and therefore reduce the emissions in the area. • Reduce speed along earth roads • Plan journey to reduce travel times • Vehicles carrying earth materials should be covered • Install and operate air pollution control equipment e.g. mufflers. • Flora/habitat loss and disturbance through PHCN and EPC contractor shall: vegetation clearing and earthworks along • Ensure inclusion of threatened and endangered species ROW, access roads and at tower sites management strategies in the site specific Environmental Management Plan to be developed by EPC contractors to ensure appropriate flora management. • Limit vegetation clearing to footprint required for construction purposes o minimize disturbances along proposed transmission line ROW. • Much of the low-lying mangrove vegetation will not be Medium cleared and will be covered with construction material; Negligible • provision of adequate culverts to maintain natural drainage channels and tidal flushing along the mangrove paths as much as practicable; • Clear briefings and instructions to EPC regarding the clearance procedures will be undertaken to minimise any mangrove area that may be disturbed; • Allow re-growth, within height restrictions, of native ground cover beneath lines (along ROW, lay-down areas and access roads) Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 15 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Fauna disturbance and displacement as a PHCN and EPC contractor shall: result of migration away from construction • Ensure inclusion of threatened and endangered species activity area (this include impact on bird life) management strategies in the site specific Environmental Management Plan to be developed by EPC contractors to ensure appropriate flora management. Medium • Plan and execute construction works to minimize Negligible interference on wildlife • Maintain construction equipments to optimal function conditions • Monitor presence of wildlife species during construction activities Potential collapse of transmission towers as PHCN and EPC contractor shall : a result of unsuitable geotechnical • Carry out side by side geotechnical investigations during conditions construction to determine suitability of soil to carry towers Medium • Recommendations from geotechnical appraisals shall be Negligible appropriately implemented • Construction of tower foundations shall follow good industry engineering practices. Reduction in wildlife population as a result PHCN and EPC contractor shall: of poaching due to easier access created • Prohibit poaching by personnel by ROW clearing • Periodically educate workforce on good principles of biodiversity conservation Medium • Limit workforce concentration to project area and prohibit Negligible the possession of fire arms by members of workforce • Practice wildlife conservation principles (e.g. release back into the wild any wildlife incidentally caught by dug-up foundations or tranches. Noise nuisance (including impulsive noise) PHCN and EPC contractor shall : from construction activities (e.g. piling) • Machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of resulting to temporary migration of sensitive noise should be used on a phased basis to reduce the mammals and rodents. overall impact. These pieces of equipment such as drills, graders and cement mixers should also be used when the least number of residents can be expected to be affected. • Workers, especially those working with machinery, vehicles and instruments that emit high levels of noise should be Minor Negligible supplied with ear plugs and ear muffs to reduce the risk of hearing impairment. Prolonged exposure to this impact should be reduced where possible. • • Regularly maintain construction equipments to optimal function • Limit heavy duty construction works to day hours only where practicable Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 16 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction Tower Construction PHCN and EPC contractor shall: and Erection • Develop and implement spill response plan • Crane lifting and • maintain storage facilities at optimal holding condition erections • train personnel in safe fuel handling procedures of • Bolts and nuts chemicals and hydrocarbons Pollution of soil/water as a result spilled fuel tightening • ensure all fuel storage facilities are bunded and lined with and other waste oil discharge during tower Major Low • Anti climbing impermeable materials construction and installation processes guards and step • vehicle and equipment maintenance activities implemented bolts using proper containment or other strategies to guide • Insulators and against spills fittings • Monitoring during maintenance of equipment to ensure that • Conductor wire there is no discharge to the environment stringing Traffic diversion and congestion along local PHCN and EPC contractor shall : • Connectors fixing, roads during installation at road crossings. • Coordinate tower construction and stringing activities to etc avoid heavy traffic periods • Use warning signs and traffic wardens/directors • Ensure activities causing blockages at road crossings are Minor carried out within shortest time practicable Negligible • In the case of longer road blockages, divert traffic to approved alternate routes in liaison with appropriate authorities • Consult with affected communities prior to closures to provide warnings and alternatives. • PHCN shall ensure SHE briefings prior to commencement of work activities • Develop standard work procedures where work hazards are identified and addressed Workplace accidents / incidents (trip/falls • PHCN shall ensure personnel use appropriate PPE etc) from heights during conductor wire • PHCN shall design work area to internationally acceptable Medium Negligible stringing and bolt/nuts tightening project standards activities. • Ensure availability of first aid facilities onsite • Ensure retainer clinics are engaged and site medical personnel are available in case of accidents • Maintain medical emergency response plan so that injured or ill personnel can promptly access appropriate care. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 17 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Risks of injury / death and loss of assets PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; resulting from accidents associated with • All vehicles and boats are certified road worthy prior to being road transportation to and fro construction mobilized for work activities. sites • Compliance to all roads safety transport rules including Medium Negligible speed limits • Competency training and certification of drivers before mobilisation. • Limit movement to day time only Risks of fire/explosions resulting from PHCN and its contractors shall ensure; accidental ignition of onsite diesel storage • All fuel storage tanks are kept at safe distances from work tanks areas • Educate workforce on risks associated around storage Major Negligible areas and prohibit activities (such as smoking) that can ignite storage tanks • Designate no-smoking and smoke areas • Hold SHE meetings and talks on fire hazard Waste Disposal PHCN and EPC contractor shall : • scrap metal, wood, sand, concrete, • Develop and implement a waste management plan paper, domestic waste • Provide adequate containers for waste collection • used oil and replaced/obsolete • Periodically assess contractor activities to check the level of Medium Negligible equipment pars that may contaminate compliance to regulatory and PHCN waste management soil/groundwater requirements. • Waste from lay-down area and tower • Ensure engagement of government approved waste sites from grubbing of ROW management contractors Localised economic benefits from materials PHCN and its contractors shall enhance this by: Beneficial supplies by local contractors • Encouraging indigenous contractors and suppliers by Induced secondary development within providing them opportunities to supply materials of Beneficial the neighbouring host communities from Beneficial acceptable standards increased economic activities. • Encourage contractors to hire and to develop local labour Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 18 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction Tower Construction Socio-cultural conflicts between the PHCN and its contractors shall and Erection construction team and indigenous populace • Brief all employees to ensure awareness of any sensitivity to • Crane lifting and due to contrasts in believes and traditions the local cultures, traditions and lifestyles erections Medium • Establish and publicize grievance procedure Negligible • Bolts and nuts • Continuous consultation while project is in progress tightening • Implementation of community relations and engagement • Anti climbing plan (see Appendix 5.2) guards and step Visual intrusion as a result of alterations to • Where practically possible, provide a minimum of 1 km bolts normal landforms and aesthetic beauty of buffer area between the transmission line camp sites and • Insulators and construction sites sensitive visual receptors; and fittings • Rehabilitate disturbed areas around pylons as soon as • Conductor wire Minor practically possible after construction. This should be done Negligible stringing to restrict extended periods of exposed soil. Connectors fixing, etc • Existing facilities might be used for lay-down and camp site areas PHCN shall • Encourage hiring, as practicable, of appropriately qualified workers from areas in the vicinity of the project Increased demand on existing infrastructure • Work with contractors to ensure that specialised skill (roads, housing, medical facilities, etc) due workers from outside areas have access to proper to influx of workers / induced secondary Medium accommodations and other basic infrastructure Negligible development in the area during construction • Educate all workers to enhance their Health, Safety, activities resulting in squatter settlements. Security, and Environment awareness, and performance on the job • Maintain medical emergency response plan so that injured or ill personnel can promptly access appropriate care • The final ROW shall traverse in an existing disturbance corridor like other transmission lines or pipelines, where farming activities have already been impacted. In this way Permanent loss of land (some with arable negative agricultural economic impacts would be minimised. potentials) potentials along the transmission Medium Negligible • Land owners shall be compensated for potential loss in line ROW revenue • Compensation shall be agreed between PHCN and the landowner and implemented accordingly Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 19 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment PHCN shall ensure: • Develop project health and safety plan to address all potential health issues • PHCN shall ensure personnel use appropriate PPE • Provide on-site emergency response plan • Ensure availability of first aid facilities onsite • Ensure retainer clinics are engaged and site medical Site conditions leading to increased malaria personnel are available to attend to emergency cases epidemic from uncontrolled mosquito • Ensure that workers are provided with training on health breeding in swamp areas, snake bites, as risks, exposure, and management Major Low well as water borne diseases e.g. diarrhoea • Provide appropriate domestic water supply to address and cholera associated with poor sanitary additional needs. conditions • Facilitate the implementation of appropriate latrines and other sanitation facilities. • Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of water and occupational safety. • Environmental management for vector control; avoidance via settlement location and design and use of bed nets and repellents; rapid diagnosis and treatment; focal insecticide and molluscicide application. • Safe food storage and handling. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 20 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Construction Workplace accidents from burns, cuts, • PHCN shall ensure SHE briefings prior to commencement of bruises, trips and falls, objects at height, work activities leading to injury or fatalities. • Develop standard work procedures where work hazards are identified and addressed Demobilisation • PHCN shall ensure personnel use appropriate PPE • PHCN shall design work area to internationally acceptable • Demobilisation after Medium Negligible standards construction phase • Ensure availability of first aid facilities onsite • Ensure retainer clinics are engaged and site medical personnel are available in case of accidents • Maintain medical emergency response plan so that injured or ill personnel can promptly access appropriate care. Soil / groundwater contamination resulting • PHCN shall enforce good environmental demobilisation from accidental leakages and spills of procedures (e.g. cleaning sites and restoring to original hazardous substances (diesel, cleaning status) agents, lubricants, hydraulic oil) • Use of drip pans during transfer of fuels and hazardous Major substances Negligible • Reclaim storage tank areas or contaminated soils • Carry out internal environmental assessment to check activities of construction team and status of lay-down areas, marshalling yards, tower sites, etc prior to demobilisation. Traffic congestion during transportation of PHCN and EPC contractor shall : demobilised equipments and personnel • Coordinate demobilisation activities to avoid heavy traffic periods • Use warning signs and traffic wardens/directors Minor Negligible • Ensure activities causing blockages at road crossings are carried out within shortest time practicable • Consult with affected communities prior to demobilisation to provide warnings and alternatives. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 21 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Generation of dust and automobile / heavy • Ensure that all vehicles involved in the transport of duty equipment emissions. construction material and staff and machinery involved in the construction is properly maintained and serviced. • Extra care must be taken to reduce dust in periods when wind speed are greatest and the rainfall amounts are lowest which is between November and February (dry season), e.g. This will involve extra wetting of the construction area to suppress dust particles. • Ensure that all material (sand and aggregate) stockpiled along the site to be used in construction activities are regularly sprayed to reduce the effects of wind whipping. Minor Negligible • All staff employed at the construction site must be provided with dust masks and be asked to use them. • Implement a traffic system that involves appropriate signals and signs to ensure the smooth flow of traffic. This will reduce the idling of vehicles that may occur and therefore reduce the emissions in the area. • Reduce speed along earth roads • Plan journey to reduce travel times • Vehicles carrying earth materials should be covered • Install and operate air pollution control equipment e.g. mufflers. Reclamation of marshalling yards, tower PHCN shall enhance this by: sites, access roads (to prevent • Where possible contractor shall reclaim de-vegetated areas unauthorised access) and lay-down areas with topsoil, Beneficial • Where possible, reclaim compacted floors with native plant Beneficial species, etc. • Audit EPC contractor to verify reclamation of work sites, marshalling yards, lay-down areas etc Waste disposal (scrap metal, wood, sand, PHCN and EPC contractor shall : concrete, paper, domestic waste) • Provide adequate containers for waste collection • Ensure all waster are removed from site Medium Negligible • Audit contractor on waste disposal activities to check the level of compliance to regulatory and PHCN waste management requirements before leaving site. Loss of employment and business PHCN and EPC contractor shall opportunities due to completion of • Shall ensure skills acquisition and enhancement programs construction phase to further empower the workforce for meaningful Medium employment opportunities after the project Negligible • Establish and publicize grievance procedure • Pay due wages for worked period and settle all financial commitments to workforce before demobilisation Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 22 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Illegal access to transmission line towers PHCN and EPC contractor shall : leading to accident, sabotage, asset • Provide warning signs at access roads created to warn damage, and loss against dangers associated with transmission lines • Through consultations, sensitize stakeholders and members Major Low of the communities on need to stay clear of the transmission line and hazards associated with it • As much as practicable provide restrictions (e.g. anti- climbers) to unauthorised access to transmission lines Soil runoff and erosion resulting in PHCN shall: sedimentation problems • Install siltation traps within the drainage design to collect silt and sediments ensuring that they do not end up in adjacent aquatic areas. • Construction on steep slopes and in soft or erodible material will require erosion control measures and correct grassing methods. • Where possible contractor shall reclaim de-vegetated areas Medium Negligible with topsoil, reclaim compacted floors with native plant species, etc. • Appropriate flow diversion and erosion control structures i.e. earth embankments must be put in place where soil may be exposed to high levels of erosion due to steep slopes, soil structure etc. • Auditing EPC contractor to verify reclamation of work sites, marshalling yards, lay-down areas etc Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 23 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Operation • Project will develop a community relations and engagement plan that identifies fair strategies of engagement for all communities (see Appendix 5.2) • Project will also develop and implement a resettlement action plan to ensure equitable settlement of all project affected persons • Establish and publicize grievance procedure • Early stakeholders’ engagement sessions are held, and all agreed issues properly documented and signed. Community dissatisfaction regarding the Operations conduct of PHCN on compensation • All affected stakeholders and legacy issues are identified Major early, clearly defined, and agreed on. Negligible • Commissioning issues may lead to strife before full and testing operations of transmission line • Stakeholders (communities, Govt., land owners, etc.) are adequately consulted and relevant issues addressed • Testing and Turnover • Agreed fair compensation/rent for land are paid to identified owners promptly as per set standards. • As far as possible employ persons from the surrounding communities during the construction phase of the development to reduce the numbers of persons that will migrate to the area seeking employment. This will also avoid any feelings of resentment and will ensure that the communities derive the most benefits from the development Development of agricultural land due to easier access and consequent Beneficial discovery of new arable lands for farming Operations Increased electricity transmission and • Electric power distribution capacities within the national Beneficial • Take into account the various land uses while designing the transmission grid project in order to minimise the loss of land, particularly using the installed Increased business opportunities and productive land. lines after quality of life (small, medium, large scale ) Beneficial Beneficial • Timely completion of the project so that associated benefits commissioning. due to enhanced power delivery such as reduction in environmental pollution, business Improvement in environmental standards opportunities, quality of life, etc shall take effect. due to reduced emission from standby Beneficial diesel or fuel generators, use of fuel wood. Reduced demand on petrol and diesel used for power generation and further Beneficial reduction in greenhouse gases and noise emissions. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 24 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Uncertain effects of electromagnetic • Provide and ensure use of appropriate PPE radiation on ROW users exposed to (and • Alternative analysis of the ROW options ensured minimal to residents near to) transmission line Medium no exposure of public to electromagnetic fields Negligible generating electromagnetic field • Also transmission line has been designed in line with ICNIRP/WHO standards for biological exposures Risk of collision of low flying air planes • Alternative analysis of the ROW options ensured minimal to with transmission towers and lines no interference with air traffic • PHCN shall provide Aircraft Warning spheres and tower Major Negligible signs in areas where air traffic might occur in order to minimize risk of low flying aircraft colliding with towers and wires. Electric shock and burns to members of • Towers shall be installed following the best engineering the public in the event of tower collapse standard or damage to transmission wires • Towers shall be collapse tested to prove the tower design is in line with the PHCN requirements • PHCN shall carry out routine inspection of towers in order to allow early detection of damaged towers Major Negligible • Reported cases of damaged or fallen towers shall be promptly attended to • Adequate and automatic fault/damage detection system shall be installed. • Personnel shall be trained on the detection/handling of such emergencies arising from accidental damage Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 25 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Operation PHCN and EPC contractor shall : • Provide warning signs at access roads to warn against Unchecked encroachment on the ROW, unauthorised entry leading to land-use conflicts and Medium Negligible accident. • Through consultations, sensitize stakeholders and members of the communities on government policies along established ROW Noise along the transmission line due to • The design of the transmission line shall be in line with Minor corona effects (humming sound) standards observed by International bodies as well as Distortion of transmission signals and PHCN. Negligible electrostatic circuit due to electromagnetic • PHCN shall assure during transmission line component Medium induction. testing that national and international standards and limits are complied with. Operations Use of track corridors for other facilities PHCN shall enhance this : • Electric power (TLine, communication cables as well as Beneficial • By providing platform for consultation and communication to Beneficial transmission water pipes etc) future developments along the project area using the installed • The design of the transmission line shall be in line with lines after standards observed by International bodies as well as commissioning. Local fauna disturbances from PHCN. Medium Negligible electromagnetic field along the TL ROW • PHCN shall assure during transmission line component testing that national and international standards and limits are met. The routine line patrols by PHCN maintenance crew will look Mortality of birds, due to collision with earth Medium out for any bird collisions. If any collision “hot spots� are Negligible wires on towers. identified, these can be mitigated reactively. Effectively evacuate power to be generated Impact is beneficial and shall be enhanced by sustaining the by QIPP in Ibeno for further distribution Beneficial transmission line life span, through adequate and effective within the national grid. maintenance activities as well as complying with federal Add to FGN plan to meet 20,000MW Beneficial Beneficial government’s policies and laws on power transmission and electric power capacity by year 2020. distribution. Development of new infrastructures or Beneficial improvement to existing ones. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 26 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Operation Maintenance Proliferation of weeds around towers PHCN shall to extent practicable periodically carry out ROW • Tower inspection and below ROW maintenance activities to manage growths of weeds and Minor Negligible and checks other creeping plants on the tower bases in a manner that • Line element minimizes adverse impacts on vegetation. replacements • Disturbance of grassland during construction and operation • ROW Disturbance of bird habitats and should be kept to a minimum. maintenance avifauna from activities of maintenance Medium • The activities of the construction and operations staff shall Negligible • Substation crew. be restricted to the ROW and immediate surrounds. maintenance • Develop policies that prohibiting hunting by staffs Development of local maintenance • Ensure the participation of men and women in local activities to encourage employment and Beneficial maintenance activities such as weeding of the ROW. Beneficial empowerment within the communities. • Plan activities to minimize work activities during local events • Operators will obtain information about planned local activities and avoid disturbing them by shifting maintenance activities to other days whenever possible • Formal notice of any maintenance work should be given in Interference with local traditional festivals advance to the communities along the area. Access to the or activities by unscheduled maintenance line must be via the approved access roads and corridors Major Low work and failure to keep to management (agreed with the host communities). plans may lead to community strife. • The notice shall give details of the purpose of the access, the contact person and number of people to be involved, time frames and machinery that will be used. • schedule and implement recommendations of the Community Relations and Engagement Plan and approved work procedures • Appropriate flow diversion and erosion control structures i.e. earth embankments shall be put in place where soil may be exposed to high levels of erosion due to steep slopes, soil Maintenance of towers within sensitive structure etc. environments e.g. mangrove swamps, river • Access into the riparian zone and floodplains of rivers banks may lead to disturbance of Medium Negligible should be prevented as far as possible. Where access into hydrological regime (micro scale) in river these areas is required a preferred corridor should be banks determined. No deviation from these corridors should be allowed. • Areas to be rehabilitated should be identified and reclaimed. Lack of maintenance along TL ROW may Anchors shall be marked with material that will be visible to lead to collision of wildlife with the stays Medium animals and PHCN shall ensure that regular clearance of Negligible that are not visible in the dense vegetation vegetation takes place around the towers. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 27 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Plan information, education and communication activities Limited knowledge on safety measures and during and after project implementation to increase behaviours associated with line operation Medium Negligible awareness of all users (men and women) on dangerous that can lead to accidents behaviours and safety measures required. Table 6.1: Proffered Mitigation Measures for the Proposed Transmission Line Project Cont’d Project Activities / Significance Residual Environmental Potential and Associated Impacts Before Mitigation / Enhancement Measures Ranking Aspects Mitigation Decommissioning and Abandonment • Ensure that excavated and stockpiled soil material is stored Decommissioning / on the higher lying areas of the site and not in any storm- Abandonment water run-off channels or any other areas where it is likely to cause erosion or where water would naturally accumulate. • Unstringing of conductor wires Increased sedimentation process close to • Decommissioning activities should preferably take place river banks and floodplains along the tower Medium during the dry season months to prevent soil erosion caused Negligible • Tower / facilities sites. by heavy thunderstorms associated with the rainy season in removal the project area. • Waste generation • The area shall be graded and re-vegetated to ensure that • rainwater drains gradually over the site without creating erosion gullies. Risk of soil and adjoining surface water • Ensure that no wastes and hazardous materials generated contamination from accidental oil and on the site are dumped or deposited on hazardous substance leakages and adjacent/surrounding surface waters including roads or wastes from decommissioning. public places during or after the decommissioning period. Major • Enforce proper waste management policies in line with Negligible FMENV standards and requirements. • Ensure that all project associated wastes and hazardous materials are disposed off in line with project waste management plan. • Wet all unprotected cleared areas and stockpiles with water to suppress dust pollution. • Cover materials such as sand and other rubble during Increased dust and vehicular emissions transport to and from the site with a tarpaulin. Minor Negligible during transport. • Ensure use of road worthy vehicles and equipment as well as skilled operators and drivers • Limit speed of vehicles and travel time to and from decommissioning site. Increase in ambient noise levels above • Limit work activities to daytime only baseline conditions from movement and • Ensure maintenance of vehicles and equipments Minor Negligible activities of decommissioning • Provide and encourage use of PPEs. equipments and automobiles. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 28 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Traffic obstruction from transportation of • Plan decommissioning activities in consideration of peak decommissioned structures and traffic times. equipments to receiving hub. • Ensure that the handling of equipment and materials is Medium Negligible supervised. • Use signs, posts, and guides to manage traffic and direct users accordingly Risk of accident and injury to worker during • Develop a work plan for safe demolition demolition of structures • Ensure hazards are identified and addressed prior to commencement of work. • Provide and enforce the use of PPE Medium Negligible • Ensure that decommissioning and demobilisation vehicles are under the control of competent personnel. • Provide adequate facilities on site to treat emergencies to staff. • PHCN and contractors shall ensure: • Ensure implementation of project security plan during decommissioning • Approved procedures are strictly enforced and continually improved based on updated risk information. Risks of pirate attacks and possible • Maintain ongoing cordial relationships with the stakeholder hostage taking which may lead to injury or Major Low communities. fatality of personnel. • Certify government approved security guards are used on demobilisation vehicles when warranted • when necessary PHCN shall activate its emergency response procedure • Implement effective journey management plan. This is a beneficial impact and PHCN, relevant government agencies together with stakeholders shall work out processes Availability of land for alternative uses Beneficial Beneficial for land relinquishment or alternative uses as at the time of decommissioning. Chapter Six Final Draft Report Page 29 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 General This chapter presents the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) developed for the proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line project. EMP is developed to ensure that the mitigation measures as described in chapter six of this report and monitoring requirements as outlined in this EIA and any environmental compliance review shall actually be carried out in subsequent stages of the project. EMP is therefore an important management tool which sets out conditions and targets to be met during project implementation. This EMP contains among others the following key items: • Summary of potential impacts • Planned mitigation measures • Planned environmental monitoring • Planned public consultation process • Responsibilities and authorities for implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements • Mechanisms for feedback and adjustment 7.2 EMP Objective The EMP is designed to: • ensure progressive reduction of the impacts of the project activities on the biophysical, socio-economic and health environment with the ultimate aim of eliminating them; • ensure that all mitigation and enhancement measures prescribed during the impact assessment process for eliminating or minimising the adverse project impacts as well as optimally enhancing the beneficial impacts are fully implemented; and • provide part of the basis and standards needed for overall planning, monitoring, auditing and review of environmental and socio-economic performance throughout the project life cycle. These objectives shall be achieved by: • ensuring compliance with all stipulated legislation on protection of health, safety and environment policies; • integrating environmental issues fully into the project development and operational philosophies; • promoting environmental management awareness among workers; • rationalising and streamlining existing environmental activities to add value to efficiency and effectiveness; and • ensuring that only environmentally sound procedures should be employed during the project. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 1 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 7.3 Environmental Management and Administration The organogram showing the PHCN line of authority and implementation of the EMP guidelines is shown in Figure 7.1. FMENV would closely monitor the EMP implementation and this shall involve a two-way information flow between PHCN and the regulatory body. Project Team PHCN TL Project Manager Head Transmission GM Chemical, Resettlement EPC Manager Project SHE & Manager Environment Environmental Construction SSHE Coordinator Contractor Consultation Site Security Officers Site Supervisor Site Safety Officers Resettlement Site Health Officers Safety Regulatory Oversight: Site Environmental • FMENV Officers • AKSMENV Community Relations Officers Figure 7.1: Project/EMP Implementation Organogram • The FMENV has the responsibility of enforcing national environmental laws including international environmental laws which Nigeria has subscribed to; • The FMENV will serve as a regulatory oversight to the EMP implementation of this project; • The FMENV shall in coordination with the AKSMEMR ensure that PHCN periodically make available, documentations in form of monthly/quarterly reports or as may be required showing evidences of caring out monitoring requirements, etc GM Chemical, Resettlement and Environment The GM CR&E shall be responsible for ensuring that all environmental standards and guidelines throughout the project life cycle are followed and implemented. The GM shall be responsible for environmental operation, including environmental supervision of contractors. He shall ensure implementation of the environmental management plan during the project phases. The GM is also responsible for liaising with the relevant stakeholders as well as the local community members. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 2 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment SHE Coordinator The SHE coordinator shall report directly to the transmission line Project Manager (PM). The coordinator shall have the authority to stop work or any activity which poses danger to the environment, workers, or the general public during the project construction phase, until measures are instituted to eliminate the dangers or threats. His responsibilities shall include: • ensure that mitigation measures outlined in the EIA are implemented; • liaise with the GM CR&E , contractors, and other supervisors to ensure as far as reasonably practical, environmental protection, safe and healthy conditions at all work sites; • coordinate environmental and safety activities between PHCN, and all contractors/organisations providing services at the project site; • ensure clear communication of safety, health and environmental and socio-cultural information to all categories of workers; • liaise with management in deciding which environmental and safety concerns could be handled in-house and which matters shall require external assistance; and • co-ordinate, investigate and review environmental and safety incidents and complaints and maintain separate site incident and complaint records. 7.4 Awareness Creation and Training During the construction phase of the project, the following environmental awareness and trainings programs shall be conducted: Induction Briefing An induction briefing shall be a requirement for every construction worker to be engaged in the project and shall be provided by the contractors. The briefing shall include: • the proposed tasks for new workers; • safe work procedures; • use of personal protective equipment • emergency responses and warning notices; • personal hygiene and site sanitation issues; • environmental protection ; and • hazard recognition and incident reporting. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 3 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Weekly Safety and Environmental Forum There shall be a weekly environmental and safety awareness forum for construction workers during the construction activities at the project site. PHCN shall be responsible for coordinating these meetings. During the operation phase of the project, PHCN shall educate all its workers on environment, health, and safety issues using the following means to disseminate information to staff and workers: • staff and workers meetings; • local area network and the internet; and • annual bulletins on PHCN operations. 7.5 Public Participation/Involvement PHCN shall welcome suggestions and information from relevant stakeholders, contractors, visitors and the general public, which shall help improve its operations in order to minimise impact on the environment and worker health and safety. The office of the transmission manager shall be open to the general public for complaints and suggestions Complaints received from the public shall be documented and follow-ups made to ensure that such grievances are addressed accordingly and in line with the PHCN’s grievance redress mechanism. 7.6 Monitoring Project activities shall be monitored in order to: • ensure that the EMP is implemented; and • assess the efficiency of mitigation actions; • provide updates where necessary All contractors shall be required to self-monitor their performance with respect to environmental and social performance. The PHCN SHE Engineer shall also undertake quarterly environmental assessment and random walk throughs and spot checks throughout the project lifecycle. Assessment findings shall be reviewed by the project management team and where corrective actions are necessary, specific plans (with designated responsibility and timing) shall be developed to ensure continuous performance improvement. In addition to assessing operational aspects and monitoring, assessments shall also consider compliance with agreed objectives and targets, and the effectiveness of the EMP and its implementation. The EMP shall, therefore, be subject to ongoing review and development to ensure that it remains appropriate for all aspects of the project. As is typical with all Federal Ministry of Environment approved projects, the ministry will carry out an assessment before the end of the project to confirm compliance of project activities to the terms and conditions of the EIA approval. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 4 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 7.7 Reporting EPC contractor shall be required to provide monthly reports on environmental and social monitoring and performance. The report shall include compliance status of the mitigation and monitoring requirements of the project EMP as well as other project related regulatory requirements. PHCN shall also develop a system of internal reporting that provides robust internal communication on the full range of environmental and socio-economic issues and monthly assessments of the effectiveness of the management programme. 7.8 Uncertainty and Change Management Uncertainty in the development of the transmission line project derives from a number of factors including: • unconfirmed final design features; • detailed data on geotechnical conditions; and • unforeseen events. A key element of ongoing environmental and social management is to address uncertainty through collecting information, additional assessment and, where necessary, the development of further mitigation and management measures. The process of environmental assessment does not stop with submission of the reports to the authorities, or with government approval. This EMP shall require a mechanism to manage change. Sometimes these changes may be material ones that could influence the original findings of the environmental assessment and hence the basis for its approval. PHCN shall therefore, implement a Change Management System to ensure that changes to the scope of the project, or any new information, are subjected to an assessment process. All changes shall be evaluated for their degree of significance, and incorporated into the appropriate project documentation as follows: • minor changes shall be reflected in updates to the EMP; and • substantive changes that might potentially alter the environmental assessment findings (i.e. result in changes to the predicted significance of environmental and socio- economic impacts) shall be subject to re-assessment, including the possibility of further stakeholder consultation, supplementary reporting and revision of the project’s EMP. There shall be a reporting system between PHCN, the government and any other interested and affected parties. 7.9 Environmental Aspect Management Guideline PHCN has set objectives and targets in managing significant environmental aspects in line with ISO 14001 Environmental Management System requirement for the proposed project during construction and operation phases. Commensurate resources shall be allocated to meet specific plans. These plans shall be reviewed yearly by PHCN management to monitor progress. PHCN management through SHE engineer shall be responsible for implementing the mitigation measures for environmental aspects/impacts of the proposed transmission line. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 5 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment This shall be within the scope of relevant SHE policies and regulatory requirement as well as standard industry practice. At construction phase however, the EPC contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all SHE requirements are met. The contractor shall report to the PHCN management through the SHE engineer. 7.9.1 Environmental Management The environmental aspects that are likely to be significantly impacted by all the phases of the project such as pre-construction, construction, operation, and decommissioning have been identified and addressed in the environmental management plan. In addition to this, project specific plans that will incorporate implementation of recommended measures for each work phase and aspect will be developed by the contractors to ensure that all health, safety, and environmental concerns are fully covered for the entire project. Since these plans will be developed at stages where specific project details are available, they will therefore present comprehensive steps for the implementation, monitoring, and reporting from inception to projects completion and decommissioning. Based on project related information available at the time of this study, the management objectives, set target, required actions, monitoring and reporting for various aspects/impacts are also presented below. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 6 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Air Quality Management Plan Objective To minimise the release of emissions (combustion products and particulate/dust) to air during all construction phases of the project Target Limit emissions of pollutant gases like NOx, SOx, CO, in addition to dust, smoke, and fumes, within acceptable standards through all construction phases of the project work activities Action • Maintenance programme shall be developed and implemented for all associated power generators and heavy duty equipment • Controlling fuel consumption for all equipment and vehicles through prudent work execution and effective journey management • Implement basic environmental awareness management program • Limit use of diesel powered generators to minimum required to sustain uninterrupted operation. • Vehicle speeds in construction area and unpaved local roads shall be limited to a maximum of 30km/h. • Where practicable, vehicles and machinery that are used intermittently should not be left idling for long periods of time. • Re-vegetate disturbed areas as soon as possible. • Wet areas that have the potential of raising significant dusts during work activities • No open burning of waste to be undertaken. Monitoring Visual inspection shall be undertaken by the SHE focal person/Contractors to check for evidence of excessive dust generation. If necessary, dust monitoring shall be undertaken in areas likely to generate dust that would affect nearby residents and workplaces to determine whether controls are being applied effectively. Maintenance schedule and records shall be kept Indicator Fuel consumption of equipment which allow for determination of parameters Parameters like SPM, NOx, SOx, COx, Responsibility Site Environmental Officer Reporting Maintain a log book for site fuel consumption and estimate emission from consumption. All issues shall be documented, acted on and reported in accordance with site procedures. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 7 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Noise and Vibration Management Plan Objective To minimise the generation of noise emissions during all the construction phases of activities and to mitigate any potential noise impacts. Target Construction activities undertaken to comply with FMENV recommended ambient noise level guidelines Action Contractors during the construction phase shall implement the following strategies: • Notify residents in affected areas of the project prior to commencement of construction. The notification would include the type of works to be undertaken, the duration of the proposed works, and a contact for any questions or concerns that may arise in the course of the work • Ensure that all equipment have effective noise control measures. Effective noise controls include: o Monthly inspection and maintenance of all vehicle and construction equipment and generators used in operation. o Use of sound suppressive device such as mufflers and silencers where possible. o Where practicable, vehicles and machinery that are used intermittently should not be left idling for long periods of time. • Noisy activities during construction/decommissioning shall be conducted during the day. • Best available work practices shall be engaged on-site to minimise occupational noise levels. • Haul routes for construction traffic entering and leaving the site shall be selected in a way that ensures noise levels at noise sensitive receptors are kept at a minimum. • Use of personal protective equipment(PPE) e.g. ear plugs for personnel working in areas where noise is a concern i.e. above 90dB(A) • Define high noise level working areas by engineering analysis of equipment for which hearing protection is required and provide appropriate warning signs Responsibility Site Safety, Health and Environmental Officers Monitoring Monitor high noise areas for proper use of PPE equipment in accordance with WHO / FMENV guidelines and standards. Schedule maintenance shall be undertaken for construction equipment and power generators to ensure an optimal working condition. Reporting All complaints shall be documented, acted on and reported in accordance with site procedures. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 8 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Water Quality Management Plan Objective Avoid the contamination of surface water during construction. Target Surface water is not contaminated during construction activities Actions • Implement controls such as berming, use of secondary containment and trays to ensure all transfer of fuels and chemicals are properly managed to prevent spillage outside of bunded areas. • Provide bunded storage areas for fuels and hazardous substances with spill cleanup kits in accordance with FMENV requirements/standards. • The project shall ensure that measures are adopted to avoid incursion into areas adjacent to the work site or any secondary effects from pollution, sedimentation, or accidental spills. • Suitable site drainage system to be constructed in lay-down areas and marshalling yards Monitoring Inspections of construction areas and assessment of the condition and operability of site drains shall be conducted. Weekly inspection of all fuels and chemicals storage areas to ensure adequate containment and handling. Responsibility Site Health and Environmental Officers Reporting All complaints shall be documented, acted on and reported in accordance with site procedures. • Incidents of water contamination or spills • Results of inspections • Results of any corrective actions Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 9 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Soil Contamination Management Plan Objective Prevent soil contamination Target • No incidents of soil contamination by hazardous substances (diesel, petrol, hydraulic oil, lubricants and paints) Actions Avoid the risk of soil contamination from all construction activities. Measures to be adopted shall include: • Construct spill containment facilities (containment walls). • Train operators on safe handling of chemicals and enforce the implementation of safe work practices/procedures. • Develop and implement site specific emergency and spills response plan • Provide emergency and spills response equipment and training of personnel on effective and timely use • Use drip pans during fuel transfer operations • Identified contaminated area shall be promptly cleaned up, reported and monitored in accordance with regulatory and project approved requirements Monitoring • Weekly inspection of all fuels and chemicals storage areas. Responsibility • Site Environmental Officers Reporting • Maintain records of inspections. • During construction, records of any contamination incidents shall be reported according to approved procedures Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 10 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Flora Management Plan Objective To minimise disturbance and loss of local flora population. Target No disturbance of flora outside of designated construction areas. Action • Ensure inclusion of threatened and endangered species management strategies in the site specific Environmental Management Plan to be developed by EPC contractors to ensure appropriate flora management. This plan shall indicate lists of animals and plant species of concern, development and implementation of a training program that would include photos and other information to identify the various species, procedures for responding if one of the species is found (such as contacts, stopping work until relocation or protection is effected, reporting the incident in routine progress reports, etc.), where appropriate to ensure the designation of certain areas as sanctuaries for species that may be displaced by the project and requirement for a survey by qualified biologist(s) ahead of ROW clearing, as well as strict prohibition for the workforce on killing or capturing any of the species. • Limit construction of lay-down areas, marshalling yards, access road, ROW clearing etc. to maximum foot print required for safe operation. • Areas of terrestrial habitat that were temporarily disturbed during construction (lay-down areas, marshalling yards, etc) will be reclaimed (e.g. topsoil replacement, backfilling trenches, etc). • The project specific emergency and spill response plan will cover hazardous materials management plan such as fuels, oil, and other potentially hazardous materials on the site. • A project specific waste management plan shall address adequate management of potential wastes to be generated by the project Monitoring Periodic inspection of the site area. (6 monthly to a year depending on the phase of project to check for disturbances to floristic composition) Responsibility Site Environmental Officers Reporting Any incidents of invasive species shall be reported in accordance with site reporting procedures along the ROW. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 11 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Fauna Management Plan Objective To minimise temporary disturbance of terrestrial fauna during transmission line construction and operations Target Minimise impact on the local fauna Actions • Ensure inclusion of threatened and endangered species management strategies in the site specific Environmental Management Plan to be developed by EPC contractors to ensure appropriate fauna management. This plan shall indicate lists of animals and plant species of concern, development and implementation of a training program that would include photos and other information to identify the various species, procedures for responding if one of the species is found (such as contacts, stopping work until relocation or protection is effected, reporting the incident in routine progress reports, etc.), where appropriate to ensure the designation of certain areas as sanctuaries for species that may be displaced by the project and requirement for a survey by qualified biologist(s) ahead of ROW clearing, as well as strict prohibition for the workforce on killing or capturing any of the species. • Work activities to be limited within minimum area required for operations to minimize disturbance to wildlife habitats • Workforce shall be educated on biodiversity and good conservation practices. • Construction workers shall be prevented from transporting or keeping pets in the construction camp. • Species identified to be unable to move from the project site shall be safely relocated prior to commencement of work in the area Monitoring Monitoring for evidence of habitat disturbance or invasive species shall be undertaken Responsibility Site Environmental Officers Reporting • Incidents of non-approved disturbance of fauna shall be reported and addressed to prevent repetition. • Vulnerable species in line with Nigerian conservation ranking (Act 11, 1985, see Table 4.12) sighted shall be reported. . Report should include the date and location (latitude/longitude) of the animal. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 12 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Aesthetics Management Plan Objective Minimise the visual impact of the transmission line corridor on surrounding areas. Target Minimize visual impacts as practical Actions Landscaping where necessary on the acquired ROW • Identify and incorporate plant species with the potential to effective screening. • Utilise indigenous species, preferably those that are endemic to the area • • Good housekeeping practices shall be maintained accordingly to reduce poor aesthetic conditions around construction sites. Monitoring Inspection of the health and vigour of the landscaping/planting areas. Responsibility Site Environmental Officers Reporting Any improvement or deterioration shall be reported in accordance with site reporting procedures Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 13 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Social-cultural Management Plan Objective • To ensure that there are no adverse effects on the region’s cultural values. • Minimise social and/or community impacts associated with all work activities. • Maximise opportunities for local engagement and businesses opportunities during the various project phases especially during the construction period. Target • Cultural values understood and protected by PHCN • Receive and respond to complains about social or community management issues Actions • Develop and implement community relations and engagement plan (see Appendix 5.2) • Develop a RAP in line with OP 4.12 for The World Bank’s approval. Ensure ROW acquisition strategies in line with the approved RAP prior to commencement of work. • No unauthorised disturbance of cultural activities by the transmission line works • Plan activities in recognition of indigenous cultural activities. • Continue to consult with the indigenous communities. • Accommodation shall be provided for some construction workers (not from surrounding communities) to minimise pressure on existing infrastructure • Basic health and medical services (first level assist, first aid) shall be available to reduce the demand on existing health facilities. • Specify and implement the behaviour standards expected from all construction workers. This shall be formalised in a code of conduct that shall be agreed to and signed by every employee and sub contractor. • Complaints about unacceptable behaviour from construction workers shall be investigated and, appropriate action taken. • Use a wide range of communication tools to ensure that community is kept informed of project progresses. • Offer opportunities for the involvement of local businesses and for the employment of local residents. Monitoring Review feedback from the traditional rulers and the community groups and related Government/non-Governmental Organisations. Monitoring shall be by stakeholder feedback and by review of complaints. Responsibility Community Relations Officer Reporting All complaints received shall be reported to the project manager. Monthly reports shall be prepared on social and cultural management issues and any corrective actions undertaken Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 14 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Since no physical cultural features have been identified so far by the EIA, a Chance Finds Procedure will be developed by the EPC contractor to ensure that any such findings that will be affected by the project are protected. The Chance Finds Procedure will include sufficient information to guide equipment operators and other personnel on how to recognize things that might be of cultural importance and the relevant actions to take such as stopping work immediately, notification of appropriate authorities, and protection of the area as well as the discovered resource for the determination of the value and subsequent actions prior to commencement of work. As a key part of the social-cultural management plan, a summary of the process for enumeration/valuation and compensation programme of PHCN that will be developed for the project is presented below. Notification / Sensitization • State Government • Local Governments • Communities • Individuals Route Topographical Consultation with Identified Survey Stakeholders • Clan Councils • Villages/Communities • Individuals Administer PHCN Work Description Form Enumeration / Valuation within ROW Payment of Compensation Post Payment Monitoring Payment of Compensation Confirmation – PHCN Headquarters EPC Mobilisation / Construction Details on step by step implementation are provided in Resettlement Action Plan document for the proposed project (Document No: C658-FNL-AD-6047). A Grievance Redress Committee will be set up by PHCN to address complaints from compensation issues. Its members will include legal and accounts representatives of Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 15 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment PHCN and PAP Committee. The traditional line of authority equally plays a significant role in the grievance redress mechanism by mediating between the PAPs, nominated family and community representatives and the grievance redress committee. The functions of the Grievance Redress Committee are: • Provide support to PAPs on problems arising from loss of private properties and business area. • Record the grievance of the PAPs, categorize and prioritize the grievances that need to be resolved by the committee; and • Report to the aggrieved parties about the developments regarding their grievances and the decision of the project authorities. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 16 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Security, Health, Safety, and Environmental Management Plan Objective To ensure that the project does not adversely affect the security, health, safety of the employees, contractors or the general public as well as the environment. Target Zero reportable injuries, spills, and work-related illnesses Actions • The EPC contractor shall be required to prepare a project specific Security, Health, Safety, and environmental Management Plan in accordance with the requirements of PHCN management system. • Site specific Environmental Management Plan to be prepared by the EPC contractors will be developed prior to construction activities, after specific areas have been determined for project activities to ensure appropriate environmental management strategies. • All workers on the project shall go through a compulsory orientation programme before they start work. • Environmental,, Health, Safety, and Security plans, programs, and regulations governing the project would be implemented and complied with. • Every worker would be made to sign a personal commitment to individual and corporate safety while at work. • Health, Security, Safety, and environmental awareness programs e.g. AIDS, and malaria awareness) shall be organized for personnel. Monitoring The security, safety, health, and environmental performance shall be monitored in accordance with the project and corporate procedures and reported to the project management team.. Monthly/Quarterly audits shall be executed Responsibility PHCN CR&E unit, Project SSHE Manager, and Project Manager Reporting Monthly reports shall be prepared on health, security, environment and safety performance along incidents and corrective actions undertaken AIDS / Malaria Education and Prevention Program – Workplace Framework PHCN recognises the devastating impact that HIV/AIDS as well as malaria can have on peoples’ lives. Ninety percent of malaria-related deaths occur in sub-Saharan. Around 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most severely impacted region in the world with more than 26 million people infected and more than two million deaths in 2003 (UN AIDS Epidemic Update 2003) The project Health Management Plan to be developed by the EPC will identify strategies for the management of potential project health related issues (such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, etc.). The contractor will be responsible for the implementation, while monitoring will be coordinated by PHCN. Public health risks present significant issues for PHCN operations. PHCN management as well as employees and contractors will be committed to working actively together to mitigate the impact of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and of malaria. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 17 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The programme is envisaged to build on PHCNs commitment to the health and safety of our employees. The primary aim of the programme is to provide a consistent and effective prevention education message that is based on identified best practices available for local adaptation, as appropriate, by each unit and entirety of its employees and contractors. The programme elements will address: • Workplace prevention education programme to encourage safer behaviour, and. • Medical policies in which HIV/AIDS as well as malaria are addressed like other illnesses Regulatory Compliance Plan Project-specific compliance requirements such as laws, regulations, permit and approval requirement and conditions, shall be identified and documented in a Regulatory Compliance Plan (RCP). This plan will comprise of a spreadsheet that lists the identified obligations along with responsible persons and timings. It will be approved by the Project manager while the site environmental officers will be responsible for its implementation, monitoring, and reporting. Security Plan The project will develop a security plan that identifies and address security challenges of the project. A site security officer will be responsible for the implementation, reporting, and monitoring of this plan. SHE Manager shall ensure that adequate security resources are provided to handle security-related incidents effectively. The security activities will be in line with PHCN’s security guidelines. In addition, EPC contractor will be required to prepare and submit the project security plan to PHCN for review and approval before mobilisation to site. The project team will also organise a security workshop to identify, evaluate and recommend contingency plans for all security risks. 7.9.1.1 Responsibilities and Cost for EMP Implementation and Monitoring Majority of the identified impacts would take place during preconstruction and construction phases. Impacts identified for the operation phase are minimal. Mitigation measures for each of the phases have been presented in Chapter 6. The EPC contractor will be directly responsible for financing the implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures from inception to the completion of the transmission line project. The cost of impacts mitigation monitoring will be included in the EPC contract value and will be monitored by PHCN designated representatives assigned to the project. PHCN shall be responsible for auditing of the activities of the EPC and for the associated funding. Annual auditing of the facilities and activities from inception to completion of the Project is estimated to cost about N15,000,000. During operations, PHCN will be responsible for financing and managing mitigation measures and monitoring activities in line with their established practices nationwide. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 18 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Part of the conditions of the approval of the EIA by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) is that there will be regulatory monitoring of the approved project impacts mitigations and monitoring measures. The timing and frequency of the monitoring is determined by the FMENV. FMENV works closely with the state Ministry of Environment in monitoring the implementation of the EIA approval terms and conditions. Funding of the Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring (IMM) is borne by the proponent, in this case, PHCN. Prior to now, FMENV will request funding for the monitoring while the project is in progress and the monitoring activity will be carried out after payment of the requested fund. Current practice is that FMENV now issues a pre-approval letter which includes the cost of IMM and other conditions that has to be fulfilled prior to the issuance of the approval. Meeting the conditions, along with payment of the funds have therefore become prerequisites to the issuance of the EIA approval. Payment prior to approval also ensures that the funding for monitoring is secured and the activity effected as at when due. The current cost is about N500,000.00. 7.9.2 Guideline for Waste Management Waste shall be managed in accordance with Federal Ministry of Environment guidelines and PHCN waste management procedures. The principle of waste reduction, recycling, recovery and reusing shall be practiced. In addition to the regulations of FMENV, the project will also comply with other national and international environmental standards that are binding on all staff and contractors involved in the proposed project with respect to the following: • emission or release of pollutant, exhaust and/or fugitive gases; • discharge or spill of effluent into surface water, swamp or land; and • discharge of solid wastes (including domestic waste) into surface water, swamp or land; The EPC contractor is also expected to develop and submit for approval to PHCN a comprehensive waste management plan to be used during the project. This waste management plan shall be in line with PHCN SHE Management System and well as comply with national and international waste management standards. Waste Handling For proper handling and disposal, wastes shall be well defined at source and the definition transmitted along with the waste to the final disposal points. EPC contractor and PHCN personnel shall define and document all wastes generated during all operational processes. The required basic information that would be provided, as a minimum, for adequate definition of wastes include: • waste type identification; • proper waste categorisation; • waste segregation information; • location of generation, and • recommended management practices. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 19 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Waste Minimisation Waste minimisation involves reduction to as low as practicably possible volume or toxicity of waste materials. The four principles of waste minimisation process; recycle, reduce; reuse and recovery shall be adopted as applicable. In order to achieve a significant reduction in waste volume during the proposed project, the functions of activity level, age depreciation and maintenance level of facilities and operating equipment would be closely monitored. A large proportion of excavated material shall be used for landscaping or other remedial works on site. The key elements of the four waste minimisation/management principles/practices are outlined below. Category Definition • Process modification / design change • Material elimination Reduce • Inventory control and management • Material substitution • Improved housekeeping • Chemical/oil containers Reuse • Re-use waste heat • Recycle scrap material • Recycle paper Recycle/Recover • Burn waste lubricating oil for energy recovery • Recover oil from tank bottoms Waste Segregation For effective implementation of appropriate waste disposal methods, it is important that wastes be segregated, preferably at source into clearly designated bins at strategic locations (Figure 7.2) Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 20 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 7.2: Waste Segregation Strategy Wastes Inventory An inventory of waste generated shall be maintained. Weighing scales or measuring devices shall be provided to measure quantities of waste generated/discharged. Records of waste generated, treated and sent for disposal shall be maintained on site. Wastes to be transferred from rig to offsite facilities for treatment and disposal shall be done in accordance with the PHCN waste transfer process and in line with statutory requirements. Waste Disposal All debris, spoil materials, rubbish and other waste, except excavated soil and rock, shall be cleared regularly from the site and sent to the disposal facilities. Instructions on material safety handling sheet shall be strictly adhered to and shall form the basis for the disposal of wastes related to such products. Wastes in transit shall be accompanied and tracked by consignment notes. The waste consignment notes shall contain the following information as a minimum: • type of waste • date of dispatch; • description of waste; • waste quantity/container type; • Location of generation/collection • designated treatment and disposal site and method; • consignee /driver name and means of transportation; and • confirmation of delivery and actual disposal (time and date). Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 21 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Only government approved waste management contractors shall be engaged for the waste categories they are licensed to dispose. Waste management audit of contractors’ facilities shall be carried out in consultation with the CR&E department of PHCN, and findings shall be properly documented and followed up. Accommodations, catering services and work sites shall maintain acceptable standards of hygiene and good housekeeping. 7.9.2.1 Operational Wastes and Disposal Methods Waste shall be managed in accordance with Federal Ministry of Environment and PHCN waste management guidelines and procedures. The EPC contractor will develop a Waste Management Plan to be approved by PHCN and will be responsible for the management of all wastes from cradle to grave using licensed third party waste management contractors and facilities. Detailed inventory of the waste types, sources, and planned management practices during the proposed transmission line project is presented in Table 7.1. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 22 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 7.1: Waste Stream Management Guideline for Proposed 58km 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project Waste / Emission Category Hazard Origin Disposal Option(s) Empty drums & aerosol cans Potentially Dependent of original Packaging of lubricating Residue from drums shall be purged and cleaned (plastic & steel) Hazardous (non- contents of drum oil, fuel and corrosion combustible) chemicals before reuse (subject to quality assurance). Return empty gas cylinders to supplier(s) for refilling. Return drums, barrels, and used containers to vendor or crush at site for recycling Oil & fuel filter cartridges, Hazardous Potential water and Internal combustion Collect in properly labelled metal or plastic drums waste water filters (combustible) sediment contamination engines, equipment from hydrocarbons maintenance and repairs placed at designated strategic locations. Store in sealed, properly labelled metal or plastic drums placed in a closed container located within the designated hazardous waste storage area for evacuation to incineration sites. Oily rags & sorbents; used Hazardous Potential water & Maintenance & spill Where possible, oily rags and protective clothing protective clothing (hand (combustible) sediment contamination clean-up operations, gloves, coveralls, shoes, from hydrocarbons regular work wear shall be washed and reused at site. Otherwise, rainwear, etc these wastes shall be drained of excess hydrocarbon, packaged separately and contained safely for incineration in approved facilities. Scrap metal chippings, scrap Non-hazardous Safety risks Scrapped equipment / Recycled or re-used.. Non reusable materials shall cables (combustible) engine parts / miscellaneous refuse be stored in the designated containers for metal evacuation and disposal at recycling facilities. Medical waste (soiled Hazardous Potential health risk PHCN clinics / health All medical waste shall be packaged separately dressings, empty drug (combustible) centers, site first-aid containers, used needles & treatment and safely contained in designated containers for syringes, expired drugs, blood incineration at approved facilities. & blood products, cultures and stocks) Empty drug carton/bottles may be re-used at the clinics subject to quality assurance. Used syringes/needles, containers for storing blood Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 23 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment & its products, and culture/ stocks media shall be autoclaved (sterilised) shall be safely contained in designated containers for incineration at approved facilities. Expired tables/capsules may be crushed/dissolved using hot water before flushing down the drain with expired syrups Sanitary wastewater Hazardous (non Potential to Black waters (urinals, At camps, treated in sewage treatment plant to combustible) contaminate water toilet) & gray waters column & sediment (sinks, showers) regulatory limits with certified equipment before discharge if feasible. Otherwise shall be collected and taken offsite to approved sewage treatment facilities and treated to meet regulatory requirements before discharge offsite. Diesel fuel spill/leaks Hazardous Potential to Fuel storage/transfer Store in sealed drums for recycling. (combustible) contamination of soil, lines, leaking pipes, water bodies & equipments, etc. sediment Contaminated soil affected by Hazardous Potential to to Top soil removed from safely contained in sealed designated containers spills/leak (combustible) contaminate spill/leak site groundwater for evacuation to incineration facilities Domestic waste (empty food Non-hazardous Attracts rodent Accommodation, office, Manually sort plastics and metals for recycling. containers, food waste, used (combustible, canteen, worksite cooking oils, office wastes, biodegradable) Appropriate segregate and contain for evacuation construction) to approved incineration facilities Batteries: (lead-acid, nickel- Toxic and corrosive Corrosive adverse Warning equipment, Lead-acid and NiCd batteries shall be safely kept Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 24 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment cadmium) environmental, health & portable & emergency at designated storage locations for evacuation to safety effects. Lead or electrical tools & heavy metals may electronics, construction facilities where they will be recycled, incinerated cause contamination to & transmission facilities and safely disposed. surface water/sediment Spent lubricants Hazardous Potential for water, soil, Engine and rotating Collect in properly labelled metal or plastic drums (combustible) and sediment equipment, lubricating contamination by system, etc placed at designated strategic locations and sealed hydrocarbons to prevent spill during evacuation.. To be recycled or incinerated in approved facilities. Wood scraps, pallets and Non-hazardous Attracts rodents Wooden crates, paper Wood pallets/paper cartons shall be returned to the packaging materials (combustible) cartons/sacks, plastic wrappings, Styrofoam, supplier and non reusable one safely contained etc and evacuated to approved facilities for incineration Paint & paint-related materials Hazardous Potential to Paint cans, spent thinner, Safely contained in designated containers and (combustible) contaminate soil epoxides, latex, etc locations prior to evacuation to approved facilities for recycling or incineration. Refrigerants (HCFC) Non-combustion Stratospheric ozone Refrigerants & air Safely contain in designated locations for return to source-emission depletion, formation of conditioners photochemical smog; manufacturer, or to approved reuse, and recycling facilities Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 25 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 7.10 Emergency Response Plan In order to safe guard the lives of personnel and contractors during emergency situation, EPC contractor shall develop and implement an emergency response plan in addition to the following. Emergency training shall be conducted by the SHE Manager to enhance workers preparedness to respond appropriately to emergencies. Emergency drill shall be conducted periodically and such drill shall include fire, oil spill, abandon as well as first aid emergencies. Response time and roll call shall be monitored and recorded by the SHE Manager, supervisor or fire warden as required, at each drill/training to ensure compliance. All drills and training exercise shall be documented by the SHE Manager or the supervisor and copies sent to PHCN. In situations where evacuation of personnel is necessary as a result of fire or any other related accidents, PHCN shall follow the emergency medical evacuation procedure with responsible parties. Table 7.2: Personnel Responsibilities during Emergency Evacuation Action Party Responsibility Personnel at scene of incident • Maintain calmness and alert people around • Contact site nurse or first aider/supervisor/safety officer • Begin mustering action Medical personnel on site • Arrange and administer first aid for sick/injured Site supervisor/safety officer • Contact project engineer / safety manager and report the following; • precise location and time of incidence; • site condition • patient(s)/injured or casualty; and • other pertinent information Site Supervisor • Arrange for medical evacuation after due consultation with management SHE Manager • To liaise with management to arrange for medical evacuation • Furnish management with available particulars/report about the emergency as provided by the site supervisor/safety officer • Conclude medical evacuation by ensuring the casualty is transferred from the first aid clinic (after a life saving treatment) to PHCNs retainer clinic. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 26 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Fire Prevention/Contingency The overall goal of the fire prevention system shall be to: • continuously monitor all areas of the installation where either a fire hazard may exist or an accumulation of flammable gas may occur; • alert personnel at the location of the presence, location and nature of the fire or emergency; • automatically activate fixed fire protection systems, and • reduce the risk to personnel by implementing executive automated systems. • Ensure that all personnel are safely evacuated Fire detectors (smoke, heat, flame, gas, etc) shall be installed at appropriate areas . The fire shall be detected by the quickest, most reliable means. 7.11 Environmental Audit and Assessment SHE audits of the facility activities shall be conducted in order to ascertain extent of compliance with set guidelines, policies and requirements. The audits shall be carried out by certified auditors (both in-house and independent auditors) and in accordance with regulatory requirement and ISO 14001 guidelines. The scope of the audit shall include the following: • compliance with all necessary codes, standards and procedures; • examination of line management systems, operations, monitoring practices etc.; • identification of current and potential environmental problems especially during the operational phase of the project; • checking the predictions in EIA and assure implementations and application of recommended practices and procedures; and • make recommendation for the improvement of the management system of the operation. Also, as part of audit and review this EMP shall be reviewed annually to determine its adequacy/suitability for continuous use. Capacity Assessments Capacity assessment and development process for those to be charged with managing the mitigation measures and grievance procedures is usually a cyclical process. Such a cycle will comprise several steps, from recognition of capacity deficiencies/efficiencies to the implementation of capacity development initiatives. Part of the Invitation to Tender and Contract Agreement requirement is that the EPC submit the resume of key personnel, especially for those who would be directly responsible for the implementation, reporting, and monitoring of the EIA impacts mitigation and monitoring measures. Approval of personnel will depend on their proven experiences and capability to manage the recommended measures. Those whose capabilities are determined to meet the requirement will be approved for engagement in the project but those whose experiences and skill are determined to be insufficient will not be approved. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 27 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The implication is that the EPC may retain and engage their services if it so wishes but they will not be engaged for this project. EPC deliverables will include engagement of sufficient and skilled personnel for key project areas, especially in the SHE and socio economic sections to ensure effective implementation of the project impacts mitigation and monitoring measures. The Project and EPC’s Environmental Management Plan will specify the roles and responsibilities of those charged with SHE duties, especially for those responsible for implementing the mitigation and monitoring measures. The EMP will also include training programs for such personnel in order to enhance their capabilities and performance. The project specific plans to be developed by the EPC such as the Environmental Management Plan, Waste Management Plan, Regulatory Compliance Plan, Socioeconomic/Community Relations and Engagement Plan, and Spill Response Plan will be submitted to PHCN project management team for review and approval prior to implementation. This will ensure that the key elements are captured in the plans. It will also ensure well-coordinated execution of project activities as well as confirm harmonized implementation of EPC’s documented strategies, in accordance with the terms and conditions of the approved project EIA. PHCN CR&E Department shall be responsible for capacity assessment of EPC personnel responsible for the management and monitoring of impacts mitigation measures as documented in this EMP and as regularly updated to cover for the project life span. Capacity assessments and other trainings as well as competency certification and validations of personnel shall progress from before the commencement of the project, through construction and operation phases. Assessment shall also form part of the auditing/training program to be developed by the project. In addition to overseeing the implementation of the mitigation and monitoring measures, PHCN CR&E will also be responsible for operation of the grievance procedures. In order to assure the competency of PHCN personnel charged with the above responsibilities, experienced personnel will be engaged for the execution of the project. Capacities of personnel assigned to the project will be assessed prior to their involvement in the project and appropriate trainings provided to cover identified capacity gaps. PHCN shall engage reputable consultancy firms to provide such capacity enhancement trainings and certifications. Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) will be responsible for the regulatory monitoring of the implementation of the project EIA approved mitigation and monitoring measures. The Ministry assigns personnel with proven competencies to such tasks. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 28 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 7.12 Decommissioning and Abandonment Plan The design of the transmission line facilities (tower, conductors, substation, etc) shall take due recognition of the need for decommissioning at the end of project operational life (25years). However, in Nigeria, transmission lines are designed to last more than the set operational life and as such appraisals will be conducted periodically in line with international and PHCN standards to assess the condition of the transmission line prior to revalidation or decommissioning. PHCN shall set up strategies to checkmate project abandonment. In the unfortunate event of abandonment, a project abandonment plan shall be prepared in line with applicable national and international legislative requirements, in addition to implementing measures to mitigate the impact of such abandonment. The design of the facilities shall take due recognition of the need to decommission any ancillary facilities at the end of their operational life. Temporary structures (camp, storage yard, site offices, etc.) installed at the construction phase to support construction activities shall be cleared and cleaned and safely disposed or reuse. Chapter Seven Final Draft Report Page 29 of 29 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSION Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSION The EIA of the proposed approximately 58km long 330kv QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line has been carried out using data from a two season environmental field survey as well as research / literature survey on regional studies within Niger-delta, Nigeria. The overall goal of the EIA is to ensure that potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project are identified and evaluated and adequate mitigation measures proffered for significant impacts. Thus, it provides necessary data / evidence that will ensure the issuance of an environmental impact statement (EIS) and certification for the project. The biophysico-chemical characterization of soil, surface water and sediment along the transmission line route showed that the soil, surface water, and surficial sediment were consistent across sampling stations and compared well with values recorded in previous studies around similar environments in Niger-delta. Analysis of the water and sediment samples for plankton and benthic fauna respectively, indicated unique assemblage of plankton and benthic species with abundances that relate to the nutrients and chemical composition of the ecosystems. Studies on biodiversity along the transmission line area and immediate environment was consistent with reports of previous studies carried out in the area. Wildlife data indicated that no specie was endangered (as per IUCN 2006) though some were classified as locally vulnerable (Act 11, 1985). Socio-economic studies across affected communities revealed that the generality of the people are of the Ibibio ethnic group situated along the coastal areas of Akwa Ibom State. The potential and associated impacts assessment of the proposed development indicated that the project would beneficially and significantly impact on national energy and power transmission and the overall economic and social benefits accruable from power supply to the Nigerian people. It would also result in provision of direct and indirect employment opportunities as well as skill acquisition for Nigerians. The adverse impacts of the project may result from injury due to operational accidents/incidents, health condition for onsite personnel due to exposure to communicable diseases and increased noise and emissions. Perturbation of surface water and aquatic fauna and flora resulting from disturbances to nearby aquatic ecosystems due to oil leaks, wastes and other associated sources during construction. However, majority of these adverse impacts are temporal, and mitigation measures have been recommended for both short- and long-term to reduce the adverse impacts to negligible limits. Consequently, the EMP was developed to ensure effective implementation of prescribed mitigation measures and for proactive environmental management from project inception to conclusion. Implementation of these measures will ensure a successful execution of QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line project in an environmentally safe and sustainable manner. Chapter Eight Final Draft Report Page 1 of 1 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment REFERENCES Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment REFERENCES Akpabio, I.A. (2008) Socio-economic Baseline Study for Ebok Field Development Activities in OML 67. Oil Block. Submitted to ERML Lagos. July 65 pp. Akani, G.C., Politano, E., Luiselli, L. ( 2004). 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Ecology and Development Series Number 01. Edited by Ako Amadi. Canter L.W and Hill, L.G (1977): Handbook of Variables for Environmental Impact Assessment. Ann Arboor Science Publishers Inc, ANN ARBOUR. Mich. 48106. References Final Draft Report Page 1 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Cochran, W.G. (1963). Sampling Techniques, 2nd Ed. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 413 pp. Chapman V. J. & Chapman D. J., (1977). The Algae. (2nd Ed). ELBS & Mcmillan, London, 497 pp. Davis (1955). The Marine and Fresh Water Plankton. Michigan State University Press, 501 pp. Derek H. and Oguntoyinbo J. (1987). Climatology of West Africa. Published by Hutchinson (South Africa) and Noble Books (Totowa, New Jersey, USA). Department of Petroleum Resources (2002). Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria.. Donahue R. L., Miller R. W. and Shickluna C. J. (!990): Soils; An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth, 5th Edition. Edmunds, J. (1978). Seashells and other Molluses Found on West Africa Shores and estuaries Ghana University Press Accra, 146 pp. Environmental Systems Research Institute (2000). ESRI Map Book, Vol. 15. Redlands, California. USA. Euroconsult Port Harcourt (1996). Niger Delta Environmental Survey, Vol. 1, Phase 1. FEPA (1991). National Interim Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluent, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Waste Management in Nigeria. FEPA, (1991). Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN- 2010) Nigeria Millennium - Development Goals Report 2010. Abuja, Nigeria FMENV (FEPA), (1995): Environmental Impact Assessment Sectoral Guidelines for Oil and Gas Industry Projects. FMENV, Abuja, Nigeria. FORMECU (1998). An Assessment of Vegetation and Land Use Changes in Nigeria. GEMS (1992): Global Environmental Monitoring System. An Operational Guide (third Edition). GEMS/W.92.1. Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe, and George Tchobanoglous (1985). Environmental Engineering Part Two. Air. Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. Hem, J. D. (1986). Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Waters. Third edition US Geological Surveys Water Supply Paper. Idachaba F.S. (1995): Rural Infrastructure in Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan. International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Annual Report (1992). ICRAF, Nairobi, 81 pp. International Maritime and Dredging Consultants (IMDC), (1991). ALSCON’s Maritime Entrance to Ikot Abasi. Hydraulic Investigation Report. References Final Draft Report Page 2 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment IPC (2005), Environmental Impact Assessment of 46km Power Transmission Line (PTL) between Ikot Abasi and Eket. IUCN. 2010. “Red List of Threatened Species: Nigeria�. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search. Accessed on 17/02/12 Kelly A Reynolds (1999): Water Conditioning and Purification. Kentucky Water Watch (2001). Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality. http:II fluid.state.ky.Us / www / ramp / rmdo2.htm Kentucky Water Watch (2001). Total Suspended Solids and Water Quality. http:II fluid.state.ky.Us / www / ramp / rmnox.htm Keily, G. (1998): Environmental engineering. International Edition. Irwin / McGraw Hill. New York. Lackey, J. B. (1938). The Manipulation and Counting of River Plankton and Changes in some Organisms due to Formalin Preservation. U. S. Public Health Report 53: 2080 – 2093. Masatada Oyama, Hideo Takehara (1967). Revised Standard Soil Colour Charts. Japan. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS-2006). Annual Abstract of Statistics 2006. Abuja, Nigeria. NBS (2006) Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) Survey – Akwa Ibom State Summary. Abuja, Nigeria NBS (2009) Annual Abstracts of Statistics. Abuja, Nigeria NBS (2010) National Literacy Survey, 2010. Abuja, Nigeria. NBS (2010) National Manpower Stock and Employment Generation Survey – Households and Microenterprises (Informal Sector). Abuja, Nigeria. NBS (2011) Annual Socio economic Report. Abuja, Nigeria. NBS (2012) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 2011. NBS; UNICEF; UNFPA. Jan. 2012 National Population Commission (NPC, 1991). Census 1991 Final Results, Akwa Ibom State. National Population Commission (2006) . Census 2006, Final Results for Akwa Ibom State. NDES,(1998).Environmental and Socio-economic Characteristics. Vol.1. Niger Delta Environmental Survey. 272pp. Nigerian Navy (1997). Tide Tables containing Tidal Predictions for Apapa, Lagos Bar, Escravos Bar, Forcados Bar, Bonny Town, Kwa Ibo River Entrance and Calabar Port. Lagos, Nigeria. NIPP (2007), Environmental Impact Assessment of Ikot Abasi – Ikot Ekpene Power Transmission Line Project. References Final Draft Report Page 3 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Nygaard, G. (1947). Tavlerne of Danske planteplankton Gylderdalske Boghanel, Copenhagen Germany. Nwankwo, D.I. (1993): Cyanobacteria Bloom species in Coastal Waters of South Western Nigeria. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiology. 90.4:533 – 542. Odu, C.T.I., Esuruoso, O.F., Nwoboshi, L.C., Ogunwase, J.A. (1985). Environmental Study of the Nigerian Agip Oil Company Operational Areas. Soils and Fresh Water Vegetation. Odum, E. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: W. B. Sanders Co. Offodile M. E. (1992). An Approach to Groundwater Study and Development in Nigeria. Mecon Services Ltd., Jos, Nigeria. OSHA, 1989, ACGIH, 1995, EPA, 1994: Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons (Curtis D. Laassen et al (1996). Fifth Edition. Oguntoyinbo, J., Hayward, D. (1987). Climatology of West Africa. Published by Hutchinson (South Africa) and Noble Books (Totowa, New Jersey, USA) Pauly, D. (1983). Some sample methods for assessment of tropical fish stock. FOA Fish Tech. Pap. (234): 52pp. Powell, C.B. (1997).Discoveries and priorities for mammals in the freshwater forests of the Niger Delta. Oryx 31: 83 - 85 Prescot et al (1999). Algae of the Western Great Lake Area. 977pp. Qua Iboe Power Project (2011)., Transmission Line Design. Raunker, C. (1934). The Life Form of Plants and Statistics Plant Geography. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Research Planning Institute (RPI), (1985). Environmental Baseline Studies for the Establishment of Control Criteria and Standards Against Petroleum Related Pollution in Nigeria. SIEP (1995). Environmental Quality Standards – Air. HSE Manual, EP 95-0375. Sharon et al. (2008): Water Management – Drinking Water Bacteria. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The Annual Abstract of Statistics, (2009) The Nation News Paper, Saturday, July 5 (2008) The Sunday Punch of July 20, (2008). Tobor, J.G. & Ajayi, T.O. (1992): Principal Fish and Shellfish Resources in Nigerian Marine Waters, NIOMR Occasional Papers. UNDP (2006) Niger Delta Human Development Report. 384pp Abuja, Nigeria UNDP (2009) Human Development Report – Nigeria 2008-2009: Achieving Growth With Equity. Abuja, Nigeria References Final Draft Report Page 4 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment USAID (2005) USAID/ Nigeria Country Strategic Plan 2004 – 2009. USAID Development Experience Clearing House, New York. University of Uyo Consultancy Services (1999). ALSCON’s Environmental Impact Assessment of the Dredging of Imo River and the Removal/Replacement of Opobo South Bulklines. Uniuyo Consult, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. USDA (1975). Soil Taxonomy. A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Surveys U.S.A. Soil Conservation Service. USEPA (1990). National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report (1988). Office of the Air Quality planning and Standards, Technical Support Division, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, USEPA. World Bank Technical Paper Number 154 (1991). Environmental Assessment Source- book Vol.111: Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and Industry Projects; Environment Department WHO (1976). Selected Methods of Measuring Air Pollutants. WHO Offset Publications, No. 24E. World Health Organisation, Geneva. WHO (1986). Guideline Values for Health Related Inorganic Constituents. Wright J.B., Hastings D.A., Jones W.B., Williams H. R (1985): Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa. References Final Draft Report Page 5 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment APPENDIX 1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF PROPOSED 58KM QUA IBOE TERMINAL – IKOT ABASI 330KV TRANSMISSION LINE PROJECT SUBMITTED BY POWER HOLDING COMPANY OF NIGERIA (PHCN) MAITAMA - ABUJA March, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Project Description 3.0 Project Objectives 4.0 Project Implementation 5.0 Terms of Reference 5.1 Statutory and Legal Framework 5.2 Objectives of EIA 5.3 Scope of Work/Task of EIA Consultant 5.4 Methodology 5.5 Detailed Project Description 5.6 Description of for Environmental and Social Component 6.0 Assessment of Associated and Potential Impacts 7.0 Impact Mitigation Measures and Alternatives 8.0 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 9.0 Consultations 9.1 Consultations with regulatory Agencies and other Stakeholders 9.2 EIA Public Forum 9.3 EIA Panel Review Meeting 10.0 Monitoring Plan 11.0 Deliverables / Documentation 12.0 Conclusion 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Federal Government of Nigeria opened up the Electricity Market for private sector participation due to the ever-increasing electricity demand by consumers. A joint venture of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Mobil Producing Nigeria (MPN) known as the Joint Venture Power Project (JVPP) intends to construct a 500MW thermal power plant adjacent to MPN existing Oua Iboe Terminal (QIT) in Ibeno Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. To evacuate the power generated from this proposed power station, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) has proposed to construct a 58km 330kv Transmission Line from MPN’s QIT to Ikot Abasi in Akwa Ibom State. Prior to this, PHCN intends to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the project area. This document presents the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA of QIT - Ikot Abasi 330KV Transmission Line. The ToR highlights the statutory (Legal and Administrative) frame work, EIA workscope, Methodology, Project description, Description of the baseline Environmental components, Assessment of Associated and Potential Impacts, Impacts Mitigation / Ameliorative Measures, Consultation with Stakeholders as well as Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The EIA procedure shall conform to the requirements of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedural/Sectoral Guidelines for the Power Generation and Transmission Projects, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) Environmental Policy, as well as other international environmental standards referred to at the back of this document. The EIA findings will be used as a basis for communication to obtain relevant approvals and to achieve productive interactions between all stakeholders with reference to issues identified during the course of study. 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Federal Government of Nigeria opened up the Electricity Market for private sector participation due to the ever-increasing electricity demand by consumers. A joint venture of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Mobil Producing Nigeria (MPN) known as the Joint Venture Power Project (JVPP) intends to construct a 500MW thermal power plant adjacent to MPN existing Oua Iboe Terminal (QIT) in Ibeno Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. To evacuate the envisaged power output by NNPC/MPN JV Power Plant adjacent to MPN’s Qua Iboe Terminal, the Power Holding Company of Nigeria Plc (PHCN) intends to construct a 58km 330kV transmission line from MPN’s QIT in Ibeno LGA to Ikot Abasi in Ikot Abasi LGA. The project is aimed at evacuating the power from the NNPC/MPN 500MW JV Power Plant; increase the capacity of the transmission network, as well as strengthening and improving system reliability, stability and operational efficiency of the national grid. PHCN recognizes the importance of comprehensive Environmental Planning and Management to the success of any project and is committed to the necessary studies to understand the environmental system of the project area in order to address areas where significant environmental impacts (Natural, Physical and Social) may occur. In pursuance of this, PHCN intends to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the project area prior to the commencement of the project. This intention is in line with statutory requirement for environmental management in Nigeria as contained in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No 86 of 1992, as well as other international environmental standards. 3 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The transmission line project will commence at MPN’s Oua Iboe Terminal in Ibeno Local Government and traverse communities in Ibeno, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Local Governments, and terminate at Ikot Abasi in Ikot Abasi Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State as in indicated in Figure 1. The transmission line route is mainly characterized by secondary rain forest vegetations with economic trees and farmlands. A fraction of the route particularly the segment nearer the coast is characterized by marsh and mangrove habitats. The construction of the ~58km 330kV QIT - Ikot Abasi transmission line will involve: • Clearing the Transmission Line Right of Way (~290 hectares) of all vegetation. • Construction of transmission line towers, their foundations and stringing of the line. • Development of land access (from nearby roads) to ROW to facilitate construction and maintenance in upland areas. • Construction of Transmission line support towers for water-prone areas. • Filling or dredging of marsh and mangrove areas to provide water access for ROW clearing, tower installation and line maintenance activities. Such filling or dredging activities will be minimized as much as possible. • Construction of a new substation at QIT and extension of Ikot Abasi Substation. • Provision of associated digital communication facilities at the substations. The Transmission Line Right of Way (TLROW) to be acquired for the project is 58km in length and 50m wide, thereby giving a total area of about 2,900,000m2 (290Ha). 4 Figure 1 - Approximate location of considered routes for the proposed transmission line from MPN’s Qua Iboe TerminaI to Ikot Abasi within Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria 5 Figure 2: Locations of environmental baseline study sampling stations relative to routes proposed for QIT to Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Project. 6 3.0 PROJECT OBJECTIVES • Enable the evacuation of power to be generated by MPN/NNPC Joint Venture Power Plant (JVPP) in Ibeno LGA to the national power grid. • Add value to the economy by way of improved power supply • Improvement of the socio-economic status of the nation. • Generation of employment opportunities. 4.0 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION In pursuing the above objectives, the project proponent (PHCN) shall: • Recognize and comply with all applicable regulations, guidelines and standards of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as represented by Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (AKSMEMR), and the affected Local Government Areas (Ibeno, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi) as well as International Conventions/Guidelines/Agreements to which Nigeria is a signatory. • Undertake extensive Consultations with all Stakeholders in the project. • Develop and implement an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) as an integral part of the EIA document in accordance with FMENV regulations. • Follow strictly PHCN’s Occupational Health and Safety, and Environment Policy. It shall be the responsibility of the Project Proponent to educate all parties on such policies. To ensure that this proposal is in accordance with statutory requirements and PHCN’s Corporate Policies, the services of a reputable and FMENV accredited Environmental Consultant will be engaged to conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the proposed project. The result of the EIA study will be translated into specific actions and will be used as the basis for communication to obtain relevant approvals from regulatory agency i.e. FMENV. This will also be used to satisfy public information needs on the project. This Terms of Reference (ToR) document has therefore been developed to: • Outline the general scope of EIA study including the overall data requirements on the proposed project and affected environment. 7 • Define the procedures/protocols for identification and assessment of associated and potential impacts. • Select appropriate mitigation measures for such impacts and develop an effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project. • Define framework for interaction and integration of views of a multi- disciplinary project team with regulators, host communities and other stakeholders. • Define the relevant framework of legal and administrative requirements of the project. The ToR shall be used as a guide in executing and implementing the EIA study of the proposed 58km QIT - Ikot Abasi 330kV transmission line construction and operation. The EIA shall comply with the FMNEV Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural/Sectoral Guidelines for Power Generation and Transmission (1995). 5.0 TERMS OF REFERENCE 5.1 STATUTORY (LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE) FRAMEWORK The statutory (legal and administrative) frameworks within which the EIA study shall be executed are provided by the following regulations, guidelines and standards: • Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) guidelines and standards on power transmission activities in Nigeria. • The regulations, guidelines and standards of the Akwa Ibom Ministry of Environment. And Mineral Resources • World Bank Operational Directive 4.01 ‘Environmental Assessment’ 1991. • African Development Bank (ADB) Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures. (June, 2001) • All International Conventions on Environmental Protection to which Nigeria is a signatory. Specifically, some of these statutes are: • Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992. 8 • EIA Procedural Guidelines of 1995. • Waste Management and Hazardous Waste Regulations (S.1.15) 1991. • EIA Sectoral Guidelines for Power Generation and Transmission Projects, 1995. • Interim Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria, 1990. • Landuse Act, 1990. • Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) Act, 1987. • Forest Act, 1937. • Wild Animals Preservation Act, 1916. • Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act, 1985. • Kyoto Protocol, 1997. • Stockholm Convention on Human Environment (1972). • World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio, 1992). • World Bank Operational Directive 4.01 ‘Environmental Assessment’ (1991). 5.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA The objectives of the EIA are as follows: • Establish the existing biological, physical, social and economic conditions of the project area. • Characterize the environment thereby identifying the resultant hazards (including social) associated with the transmission line. • Identify and predict the positive and or negative impacts likely to result from the project construction and operational phases. • Proffer mitigation measures to enhance the positive impacts and minimize the unavoidable negative impacts of the project on the entire ecosystem. • Develop a feasible and cost effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to manage and monitor the environmental parameters throughout the lifecycle of the project. • Ensure proper consultation with all stakeholders including the communities bordering the proposed Transmission Line Right of Way (TLROW) to make for project acceptability. • Obtain EIA project certification and other associated environmental permits. 9 5.3 SCOPE OF WORK The scope of work for the EIA shall involve but not limited to the under listed: • Comprehensive literature review to generate background information on the environmental characteristics of the study area. • Review of national and international environmental regulations on transmission lines’ construction. • Identification of all communities within the project area and other Stakeholders for effective consultation. • A two season detailed environmental baseline data collection and laboratory analysis to fill information/data gaps (field studies to be supervised by Chemistry, Resettlement and Environment Division). • Identification of potential and associated impacts. • Potential impacts prediction, interpretation and evaluation of their significance using appropriate models. • Development of effective mitigation, enhancement and control measures. • Development of a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), which will include remediation, monitoring and decommissioning/abandonment plans. • Preparation of field, draft, final draft and final EIA reports that conform to the FMENV’s standards, regulations and guidelines. 5.4 METHODOLOGY The methodology for conducting the EIA shall involve: 5.4.1 Literature Review: This shall be undertaken to acquire an environmental database required for the EIA studies. This will involve study of existing literature particularly, from reports of previous EIA studies (if any) and other relevant studies on the environmental characteristics of the study area. Materials to be reviewed shall include textbooks, reports, survey maps, aerial photographs, articles and other international journals. 5.4.2 Reconnaissance Survey: A reconnaissance survey shall be undertaken to familiarize the EIA Team with the proposed project area. This will help them in the concept design of field research execution. 10 5.4.3 EIA Study Consultation Programme: Consultations shall be carried out throughout the project lifecycle with all stakeholders. The Stakeholders shall include but not limited to the following: • Federal Ministry of Environment • Federal Ministry of Agriculture, and Rural Development • Akwa Ibom State Government • Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environmental and Mineral Resources (AKMEMR) • Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Lands and Housing • Affected Local Government Areas (namely Ibeno, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi) • Project Affected Persons (PAPs) • Community Based Organizations • RUSAL (Alscon Smelter Plant) • Ibom Power (responsible for Akwa Ibom State Eket - Ikot Abasi 132kV transmission line) • Non-Governmental Organizations 5.4.4 Fieldwork Activities/Laboratory Analysis: Fieldwork activities (which shall be for two seasons i.e. wet and dry seasons), and Laboratory analysis shall be carried out to verify data gathered from literature review and to collect additional data to fill information gaps. All positions for sampling shall be referenced to the geographical coordinates. The activities (see Section 5.6) shall be carried out in accordance with the FMENV, World Bank, ADB, and other international standards and guidelines. Field sampling methods and laboratory procedures shall be consistent with established and standard methodologies (ASTM, APHA, and USEPA). The fieldwork plan shall be: i) Approved by the Chemistry, Resettlement and Environment Division of PHCN. ii) Supervised by the Chemistry, Resettlement and Environment Division of PHCN. 5.4.5 Potential and Associated Impact Analysis: Potential and associated impact identification and evaluation will be carried out using a methodology that is applicable, verifiable, specific and quantifiable (such as the ISO 14001 standard and Hazards and Effect Management Process - HEMP). 11 The ‘Strength of Relationship Matrix Approach, Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) methods and other methods that define numerically the degree of interdependence of the various environmental parameters to be considered could be used in the overall assessment of impacts. The impact evaluation results shall form the basis for developing the EMP for the proposed project. 5.5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The EIA shall document a clear description of the proposed 58km QIT - Ikot Abasi transmission line and associated substation project in a manner comprehensible to all stakeholders. Specifically the factors to be considered and described shall include but not limited to: • Description of project location and geographical scale • Description of transmission line design basis, design parameters, specifications, criteria and technology • Description of construction materials, energy requirement, construction/installation facilities and equipment • Description of operations and maintenance facilities and equipment • Description and analysis of project environmental risks and hazards • Description of contingency plans and emergency response philosophy • Description of project risk and hazard management philosophy • Description of project schedule 5.6 DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS The description of the project area environmental baseline conditions shall include but not limited to: 5.6.1 Physical Characteristic: Climate/meteorology • Temperature • Rainfall • Sunshine • Cloudiness • Wind speed • Wind direction 12 • Seasonal variation and extreme microclimates and determining factors. Air Quality • Ambient air pollution: NO, NO2, SO2, H2S, CH4, VOC, particulates, temperature • Inversion potential Noise • Ambient Noise Levels • Noise sources • Proximity of human and ecological habitats to noise sources Sediment Studies • Physico-chemical: pH, total hydrocarbon content, electrical conductivity, redox potentials, particle size, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc • Sediment microbiology: hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, total heterotrophic bacteria, etc • Metals: Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Ba • Hydrobiology: benthic macrofauna Water Studies • Water Physico-chemical: Total dissolved solids, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, chloride, phenols, nitrate, sulfate, pH, temperature, conductivity, phenols, salinity, dissolved oxygen, redox potential • Water microbiology: Total heterotrophic bacteria, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, etc • Metals: Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Mi, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ca, Mg, K, Na • Hydrobiology: phytoplankton and zooplankton • Aquatic Ecosystem Sensitivity • Economic importance of aquatic ecosystem. Soil Studies • Soil Physico-chemical: pH, total hydrocarbon content, electrical conductivity, redox potentials, particle size, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc 13 • Soil microbiology: hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria, total heterotrophic bacteria, etc • Soil morphological characterization • Land use description • Agriculture • Land route/access. Geology/Hydrogeology • Description of principal rock types • Identification of rock sequence • Identification of activities likely to cause subsidence • Identification of ground water types • Determination of flow direction • Determination of aquifer level Oceanographic • Waves, tides, current, speed, water masses, sea water temperature, surface water • Water depth, topography 5.6.2 Natural and Archaeological Characteristics Protected and restricted areas • Archeological interest • Parks, designated area of environmental/amenity value • Nature reserves • Heritage sites • Restricted areas (shrines) Biotopes • Open waters • Estuaries • Shorelines 5.6.3 Biological Characteristics Biota: • Fisheries resources • Plankton 14 • Benthic Communities • Littoral communities • Birds • Aquatic habitats and potentials for disturbance • Seasonal restriction due to breeding, migration or spawning etc. • Population of rare, unique and endangered species. Land Use and Agriculture • Land use description • Agriculture • Land route/access. Wildlife/Forestry • Identification of wildlife species • Estimation of wildlife species population • Identification of wildlife species behavioral patterns and habitat requirements • Identification of economic species • Identification of protected trees 5.6.4 Social Characteristics Socio – Cultural • Cultural and/or religious issues • Traditional fishing rights, customs etc. Population • Demographic: Description of population distribution, main centers urban/rural split • Communities, social organization etc. • Education/Health Services and Infrastructure, disease vectors, etc. • Key stakeholders that are likely to be interested in the project Socio – Economics • Means of livelihood, economic base • Description of settlement and man made features • Description of economic and historical sites • Description of income distribution 15 • Description of transportation system • Description of tourism and recreational facilities • Description of social organizations and institutions • Description of occupation and employment structure • Description of host community health status and facilities • Description of project health risks • Description of community health needs and concerns of host communities. 5.6.5 Waste Inventory • Waste generation • Disposal systems • Waste management plan 6.0 ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS The identification and evaluation of associated and potential impacts shall be carried out in accordance with the following standard methodology. • Identification of Impact Sources – Check List • Identification of Impact Indicators – Check List • Prediction of impact magnitude • Evaluation of importance of environmental components – consensus of opinions • Evaluation of impacts – “The Strength of Relationship Matrix� • Evaluation of Impacts - “Risk Assessment Matrix� • Identification of mitigation measures, avoidance/ elimination/minimization and enhancement strategies. The associated and potential impact of the proposed transmission line shall be described for the various phases of the project and with particular reference to construction project activities as follows: • Impacts resulting from project location/siting • Impacts resulting from project construction activities • Impacts resulting from project operation activities • Impacts resulting from project abandonment. The impacts shall further be classified as: • Incremental, Cumulative and Residual Impact 16 • Adverse and Beneficial Impacts • Short Term or Long Term Impacts • Normal or Abnormal Impacts • Temporary (Reversible) or Permanent (Irreversible) Impacts • Direct or Indirect Impacts • Impacts associated with project risks and hazards Where impacts are uncertain, the uncertainty will be made explicit and in this respect, risk assessment method will be applied. 7.0 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES AND ALTERNATIVES All negative impacts identified shall be considered for mitigation and control through preventive and mitigation measures. These measures shall be incorporated in the proposed development to minimize or completely eliminate the key negative impacts. Some of the measures will include: • Emergency response and waste management procedures • Pollution abatement/procedures at all times (construction, operations and maintenance) • Environmental and Social awareness programmes for construction and operation staff • Practical measures for rehabilitation to impaired features after project construction • Proposal of changes in schedule of associated activities • HIV/AIDS awareness programme for construction, operation staff/project recipient population/communities. Where the effectiveness of mitigation measures is uncertain, or depends on assumptions about operational procedures, monitoring programmes or management procedure will be defined. Otherwise, the following alternatives will be considered: • No project option • Alternative routes 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) An EMP developed for the project shall be integrated into the EIA report. The EMP shall clearly specify guidelines to ensure conformity with the project implementation procedure, practices and recommendations outlined in the EIA reports. 17 The Plan shall as a minimum include the following: • Guidelines for ensuring conformity of detailed design with concept design • Guidelines for ensuring conformance of constructions/installation activities with specified standard practices and philosophies • Guidelines for ensuring conformance to operational and maintenance activities with specified standard practices and philosophies • Guidelines for personnel and assignment of responsibilities and accountabilities • Guidelines on procedures for dealing with changes and modification of project • Guidelines for implementation programme • Guidelines for contingency plan • Guidelines for waste management plan • Guidelines for inspection, auditing and monitoring of all phases of project • Guidelines for decommissioning and abandonment of project and remediation plan after decommissioning. 9.0 CONSULTATIONS 9.1 CONSULTATIONS WITH REGULATORY AGENCIES AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS: Throughout the duration of the project, an effective communications with regulatory agencies at the Federal, State and Local Government levels on the proposed transmission line shall be maintained. The Stakeholders shall include the following: • Akwa Ibom State Government • Federal Ministry of Environment • Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources • Ministry of Lands and Survey (Federal and State) • Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources • Ibeno Local Government • Eket Local Government • Onna Local Government • Mkpat Enin Local Government 18 • Ikot Abasi Local Government • Community Based Organizations • Non-Governmental Organizations. This Consultation is aimed at: • Addressing issues promptly to avoid conflict • Building consensus on potential impacts identified and proffering mitigation measures before the project gets underway. • Avoid any misunderstanding about the development • Ensure that any apprehension and fears about the project, nature, scale and impact of the operation have been addressed. 9.2 EIA PUBLIC FORUM • A Public Forum involving all stakeholders shall be organized in or close to the project site so as to acquaint them with the project. This shall be in conjunction with the EIA Consultant. • Comments and recommendations made by stakeholders at the Public Forum shall be incorporated into the project EIA report. 9.3 EIA PANEL REVIEW • The EIA Consultant shall on behalf of PHCN present (with the aid of audio-visual) and defend EIA draft report at the FMENV’s EIA Panel Review Meeting. 10.0 MONITORING PLAN This shall be carried out to provide specific information on the characteristics and functioning of environmental and social variables in space and time. 11.0 DELIVERABLES / DOCUMENTATION The deliverables shall be reports written and produced in accordance with the FMENV (EIA) report writing standards. The Reports shall be produced in phases indicated below: 19 • Field Report Two (2No) copies of each of the wet and dry seasons’ field observations report shall be submitted by the EIA Consultant. This will fill data gaps identified during desktop study/literature review. It will include safety/quality assurance method, sampling method, preservation methods, data of in-situ analysis and equipment etc. • Initial Draft EIA Report Two (2No) hard copies and one (1No) electronic copy of the initial draft EIA shall be submitted by the EIA Consultant for PHCN review. Thereafter, twenty (20No) hard copies and one (1No) electronic copy shall be submitted for FMENV Panel Review. • Draft Final EIA Report Two draft final EIA reports addressing all comments/observations raised on the draft EIA report by the FMENV and other stakeholders shall be submitted by the EIA Consultant for vetting. • Final EIA Report Two (2No) electronic copies and forty (40No) hard copies of the final EIA reports shall be submitted for certification purpose. 12.0 CONCLUSION A detailed description of the scope of work for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of the proposed QIT - Ikot Abasi transmission line has been covered in this Terms of Reference (ToR) prepared by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). The EIA work scope considered the existing laws, guidelines and standards on which the project shall be carried out. The key result of the EIA will be used as a basis of communication to obtain relevant approvals and to obtain productive interaction with the public. Consequently, PHCN believes that the adoption of this ToR shall enhance early commencement of the EIA study as well as the execution of the proposed transmission line, which will be of collective benefit to the Stakeholders. 20 REFERENCES: African Development Bank. 2001. ‘Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures: Public Sector Operations of the African Development Bank. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, the Presidency, Abuja, 1995 ‘Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines’. Federal Government of Nigeria Decree No 24 of 1972. ‘Establishment of NEPA’ Federal Republic of Nigeria (1977). ‘Atlas of the Federal Republic of Nigeria’. Federal Government of Nigeria, 1978. ‘Land Use Decree 1978’ (amended in 1990) Federal Government of Nigeria, 1992. ‘National Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No. 86’. Federal Government of Nigeria, 2005. ‘Electric Power Sector Reform Act 2005’ FORMECU (1998). ‘Vegetation and Land Use Changes in Nigeria.’ Government of Nigeria, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; Federal Department of Forestry (1977). ‘Vegetable and Land Use data compiled on Side Looking Airborne Radar’. World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01) 1996. “Environmental Assessment Sourcebook Update – Environmental Assessment� 21 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment APPENDIX 3.1 APPLICABLE CODES AND STANDARDS Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment APPLICABLE CODES AND STANDARDS In general the PHCN Standard applies for the Transmission line and is herein referred to. The following Standards are excerpts from the PHCN standards: Quality Assurance and Safety • Local Norms, Rules and Regulations for Health, Safety and Environmental Protection; Environmental Guidelines and Standards for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria, Ministry of Petroleum Resources- "Revised Edition 2002"; • Workmen’s Compensation Decree/1987; • Electrical Regulations/1988. • Land Use act of 1998 • Power Reform Decree of 2005 • BS EN ISO 9001 Quality System – Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installation and Servicing Safety Management • OHSAS18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Requirements; • ISO9001:2008 Quality management systems: Requirements • ISO14001:2004 Environmental management systems: Requirements with guidance for use; • ICAO Internationcal Civil Aviation Organisation Annex 14 Civil • ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings • ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete • ACI Committee 543 title no. 70-50 1974 “Recommendations for Design, Manufacture, and Installation of Concrete Piles�. • BS 4-1 1993 Structural steel sections. Part 1. Specification for hot rolled sections • BS 12 1996 Specification for Portland cement • BS 410-1 2000 Test sieves –Technical requirements and testing Part 1- Test sieves of metal wire cloth, Part 2- Test sieves of perforated metal plate • BS 812 Part 100 Testing aggregates, General requirements for apparatus and calibration, Part 101 Guide to sampling and testing aggregates, Part 103.1 Sieve tests, Part 103.2- Sedimentation tests, 105.1 Flakiness index, 105.2 Elongation index of coarse aggregate, Part 106 Determination of shell content , Part 109 Determination of moisture content, Part 110, Determination of aggregate crushing value, Part 111- Ten percent fines value, Part 112- Aggregate impact value, Part 113- Aggregate abrasion value, Part 117- Water soluble chloride salts, Part 118- Determination of sulphate content, Part 119- Determination of acid soluble material in fine aggregate. Part 120- Drying Shrinkage , Part 121- Determination of soundness, Part 123-Determination of alkali silica reactivity, Part 2, Determination of density. • BS 882 Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete • BS 1014 Pigments for Portland cement and Portland cement products Appendix 3.1 Final Draft Report Page 1 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • BS 1139-1.2 Metal scaffolding Part 1-Tubes, Aluminium tube, Part 2, Couplers, Specification for steel and aluminium couplers, fittings and accessories for use in tubular scaffolding, Part 4, Prefabricated steel splithears and trestles • BS 1881 All Parts Testing concrete, Method of sampling fresh concrete on site • BS 3416 Bitumen based coatings for cold application suitable for use in contact with potable water • BS 4027 Sulphate resisting Portland cement • BS 4483 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete • BS 5075-2 Concrete admixtures- for air entraining admixtures • BS 5328 Concrete Part 1- Guide to specifying concrete, Part 2- Methods for specifying concrete mixes, Part 3- Procedures to be used in producing and transporting concrete, Part 4- Procedures to be used in sampling, testing and assessing compliance of concrete. • BS 5390 Code of practice for site investigations • BS 8004 Code of Practise for Foundations • BS 8110 Structural use of concrete Part 1 ,Part 2 and Part 3. • BS 8666 Specification for scheduling , dimensioning , bending and cutting of steel reinforcement for concrete. Mechanical • ANSI B18.21.1 Lock Washers • ANSI B18.5.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws • ANSI B18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts • ASCE Manual 10-90 Guide for Design of Steel Transmission Towers • ASTM-A123 Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot Galvanized) Coatings on products fabricated from Rolled, Pressed and Forged Steel Shapes, Bars and Strip • ASTM-A153 Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware • ASTM-A572 Standard Specification for High Strength Low Alloy Columbium- Vanadium Steels of Structural Quality • ASTM-A325 Standard Specification for High Strength bolts for Structural Steel Joints, including Suitable Nuts and Plain Hardened Washers • ISO 898-1 Mechanical properties of fasterners, Bolts Screws and Studs • ISO 630- Structural Steel-plates, wide flats,bars, sections and profiles. • ISO 7411- Hexagoanl bolts for high strength structural bolting with large widths across flats • ISO 657-5, Hot rolled structural steel sections equal and unequal leg angles • ISO 7452- Hot rolled structural steel tolerances on dimensions and shapes • ASTM-A394 Standard Specification for Galvanized Steel Transmission Tower Bolts and Nuts Appendix 3.1 Final Draft Report Page 2 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • BS 4 Part 1 Structural Steel Sections, Hot Rolled Sections • BS 729 Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings on Iron and Steel Articles • BS 1856 General Requirements for the Metal-Arc Welding of Mild Steel • BS 2642 General Requirements for the Arc Welding of Carbon Manganese Steel • BS 4360 Weld able Structural Steel • IEC 61284 Overhead lines- requirements and test for fittings. • BS 729 Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings on Iron and Steel Articles. • BS EN 1481 Hot dip galvanized coating on fabricated iron and steel articles , specification and test method. Electrical • IEC 270 Partial Discharge Measurements • IEC 61232 Aluminium-Clad Steel wires for Electrical Purposes. • IEC 60121 Recommendation for commercial annealed aluminium electrical conductor wire • IEC 61089 Round wire concentric lay overhead electrical stranded conductors. • IEC 60889 Hard drawn aluminium wire for overhead line conductors • IEC 61394 Characteristics of greases of aluminium, aluminium alloy and steel bare conductors. • IEC 61395 Overhead electrical conductors - Creep test procedures for stranded conductors • IEC 60270 High voltage techniques- Partial Discharge Measurements. • IEC 61897 Overhead lines - Requirements and tests for Stockbridge type aeolian vibration dampers • IEC 61894 Overhead lines - Requirements and tests for spacers • IEC /TR 62263 Guidelines for installation and maintenance of optical fibre cables • IEC 60793 Measurement and test procedures Part 1 • IEC 60794 Optical Fibres Part 1-2, General Specification • IEC 1232 Aluminium Clad Steel Wire for Electrical purpose • IEC 60874 Part 0-2 Connector for optical fibres and cables • IEC 60120 Recommendations for Ball and Socket Couplings of String Insulator Units. • IEC-60383-1 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000V. Ceramic or Glass units for ac systems acceptance criteria. • IEC-60383-2- Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000V. Insulator strings and insulator sets for ac systems test methods and acceptance criteria. • IEC-60071-2- Insulation Coordination Part 2. Application guide Appendix 3.1 Final Draft Report Page 3 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • IEC 60591 Sampling rules and acceptance criteria when applying statistical control methods for mechanical and electromechanical tests on insulators of ceramic material or glass for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000V. • IEC-60437 Radio Interference Test on High Voltage Insulators. • IEC 61467- Insulators for overhead lines with nominal voltage greater than 1kV, power arc test on insulators sets • IEC 60575- Thermal mechanical performance test and mechanical performance test on string insulator units • IEC 60270- Partial discharge measurements • IEC-60305 Insulators for overhead lines with a nominal voltage above 1kV- Cermaic or glass insulators for ac systems- characteristics of insulators units of cap and pin type. • IEC /TR 62263 Guidelines for installation and maintenance of optical fibre cables • IEC 60793 Measurement and test procedures Part 1 • IEC 60794 Optical Fibres Part 1-2, General Specification • IEC 1232 Aluminium Clad Steel Wire for Electrical purpose • IEC 61284 Overhead lines- requirements and test for fittings. • IEC 60372 Locking device for ball and socket couplings of string insulator units. • IEC 60672 Specification for ceramic and glass insulating material • IEC 60874 Part 0-2 Connector for optical fibres and cables • IEC 61211 Insulator of ceramic or glass for overhead lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000V-Puncture testing • BS 215 Part 1 & 2 Aluminum stranded conductors, steel reinforced • BS 3288 Insulator and conductor fittings for overhead power lines. • BS 729 Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings on Iron and Steel Articles. • BS 443 Specification for zinc coatings on steel wire and for quality requirements • BS 183 General purpose galvanized steel wire • BS 1559 Reels and drums for bare conductors • BS-137 Insulators of Ceramic Material or Glass for Overhead Lines with a nominal voltage greater than 1000 V. • BS 3288 Part 1- Part 4. Performance and general requirements for insulators and conductor erhead power lines. • BS EN ISO1461 Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles Specifications and test methods • BS EN 50189 Conductors and overhead lines — Zinc coated • BS EN 1481 Hot dip galvanized coating on fabricated iron and steel articles , specification and test method. • IEEE Std 524-1980 Guide to installation of overhead Transmission line conductors • IEEE 31TP65-156 Standardization of Conductor Vibration Measurements. • IEEE 1138 Standard construction of composite fibre optic ground wire • IEEE 812 Standard fibre optics , Definition of terms Appendix 3.1 Final Draft Report Page 4 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment • IEEE 524a-1993- IEEE Guide to Grounding During the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors • TU TG 652 & 654 Characteristics of single mode optical fibre and cable • IEEE 1138 Standard construction of composite fibre optic ground wire • IEEE 812 Standard fibre optics , Definition of terms • ITU TG 652 & 654 Characteristics of single mode optical fibre and cable Appendix 3.1 Final Draft Report Page 5 of 5 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment APPENDIX 4.1 STUDY METHODOLOGY Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment STUDY METHODOLOGY 1.1 General FNL adopted a QHSE management system approach in executing the field data gathering campaign. This approach assured that the required data and samples were collected in accordance with agreed requirements (contractual, scientific and regulatory) using the best available equipment, materials and personnel. The approach also assured that the safety and health of personnel, public, environment and assets were not compromised at any time. The following sections outline the methodology and procedures employed in the ecological data gathering and descriptions of laboratory analytical methods as well as the detection limits for the various parameters analysed. Also presented, is an overview of the general QHSE plan adopted for field data gathering exercise. 1.2 Methodology The methods employed during the field data gathering campaign was accomplished in line with the requirements of THE Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), and other requirements of various international bodies which include sampling and analysis methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and American Public Health Association (APHA). The main objective of the field data acquisition was to establish the physical, chemical and biological status of the surface water, soil, sediment as well as the air quality characteristics of the study area through visual observations, measurements and laboratory testing and analyses. 1.3 Study Team The field data gathering campaign for the first season (wet) was carried out between 4th and 14th, August, 2011. The study team comprised of FNL personnel who are experts in areas such as biodiversity and wildlife, socio-economic, chemistry, geology, and engineering. Also parts of the study team were representatives of PHCN E&R Division, and staff of ILF Engineers. The team members and their responsibilities are presented in Table 1.1: Table 1.1: Study Team S/N Name - -- - - - -- Designation Responsibilities FNL Field Team Team leader, field data collection/QHSE 1 Mr. Kaine Edike Ecologist and instrumentation Air quality/Noise Measurements and 2 Mr. Daniel Joel Lab. Technologist instrumentation. Water/sediment and plankton/benthos 3. Benard Obi Field Sampler collection 4. Celestine Etim Field Sampler Soil Collection / In-situ measurements 3 Dr Godfrey Akani Vegetation and wildlife Biodiversity data collection 4 Prof. Ini Akpabio Socio-economics Socio-economic/health survey Compliance supervision (PHCN) 1 Mrs I B A Ruskin PHCN-CR&E Client Coordinator/supervision 2 Mrs B E Olubalusi PHCN CR&E supervision ILF Engineers Staff 1Mr. Aniefiok Isang Community Relations Observer FNL equipment/materials used during the sampling activities are presented in Table 1.2 below: Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 1 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1.2: Field Data Collection Equipment/Materials Equipments / Materials Uses Digital camera Photographs Plastic basins Collection of sediment samples Sieve (1.0mm) Sieving for benthic organisms WTW Multi-Meter Measurement of samples pH Coolers Storage of samples GPS (Garmin 60xMaps) Determination of co-ordinates / positioning Soil colour chart Description of sediment / soil Hand augering set Soil Sampling 2L plastic bottles Collection of water for physico-chemistry 1L glass bottles Collection of water for hydrocarbon 500ml plastic Collection of filtered water for zoo/phytoplankton 500ml plastic Collection of sieved sediment for benthos 200ml glass Collection of water for microbiology 1L sampling bottles Collection of water for heavy metals Collection of sediment/soil for physico -chemistry/heavy Sampling bags metals 60ml plastic containers Collection of sediment/soil samples for microbiology 100ml glass containers Collection of sediment/soil samples for THC PPE (coverall, hard hat and safety shoe.) Sampling activities, protection for field personnel Markers/masking tapes Identification of sample ID Labels Identification of sample ID Notebooks and biros Data / Information logging Forms (daily project update form, chain of Quality control custody form and incident/hazard form) Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Preservation of samples 10% Formaldehyde Conductivity/pH/redox standards Quality control Aerocet 531 particulate meter SPM measurement Ogawa Passive Samplers SOX, NOX measurments Pulsar II Digital Sound Level Meter Noise measurement Portassen II Gas Analyser Air quality measurement (CO, COX, etc) Disposable hand gloves Use when handling chemicals 25ml beaker/250ml beaker Insitu analysis 100ml volumetric flask, pipettes: 10ml, 5ml Insitu analysis Distilled water Insitu analysis/QC Scoop and hand trowel Soil/sediment samples collection Eckman grab Collection of sediment samples First aid box Emergency treatment Plankton net Zoo / Phyto Plankton Serviette Tool cleaning 1.4 Sampling Design Field data gathering was designed to representatively cover the ROW of the line. Soil sample stations were established to ensure the major soil types that characterise the area were adequately covered. Also, surface water and sediment sampling as well as hydro-biological studies were carried out along the surface water stations while air quality/noise stations were distributed to ensure the entire area is representatively covered. Further, socioeconomic survey is still in progress and expected to cover affected communities along the line in five local government areas (LGA) in Ibeno, Eket, Onna, Mkapat Enin and Ikot Abasi. On the whole, the following sample requirements were established: • Sampling obtained from 23 (23) soil stations (O-15cm and 15-30cm); • Surface water/sediment sampling in five (5) stations; • Air quality measurement in ten (10) stations; • Noise level measurement in ten (10) stations; and • Vegetation / Wildlife studies in six (6) transects Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 2 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The coordinates of sample stations, sample types is presented in Table 1.3. Table 1.3: Sampling Stations, Co-ordinates and Requirements Sample X Y Station Sampling Requirements Soil, air quality, surface water, sediments, SS1 8.017689 4.5547 plankton, benthos, and vegetation / wildlife SS2 8.014047 4.574551 Soil Soil, air quality, surface water, sediments, SS3 8.00702 4.580751 planktons and benthos SS4 7.975522 4.593437 Soil SS5 7.951704 4.601806 Soil Soil, air quality, surface water, sediments, SS6 7.929443 4.605578 plankton, benthos and vegetation / wildlife SS7 7.903185 4.610608 Soil SS8 7.877946 4.608265 Soil SS9 7.855727 4.605624 Soil SS10 7.830177 4.602537 Soil, air quality, and vegetation / wildlife SS11 7.804106 4.599754 Soil SS12 7.781543 4.597345 Soil SS13 7.755541 4.594568 Soil, air quality SS14 7.73346 4.592209 Soil SS15 7.707511 4.589435 Soil SS 16 7.685672 4.5871 Soil, air quality, and vegetation / wildlife SS17 7.660048 4.58436 Soil SS18 7.634816 4.58166 Soil, air quality Soil, air quality, surface water, sediments, SS19 7.606547 4.570064 plankton and benthos Soil, air quality, surface water, sediments, SS20 7.591482 4.565826 plankton and benthos SS21 7.581876 4.565826 Soil SS22 8.017601 4.55901 Soil SS23 7.578101 4.566132 Soil, air quality, and vegetation / wildlife The spatial distribution of sample stations within the lease is presented in Figure 1.1. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 3 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 1.1: Spatial Distribution of Sample Stations Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 4 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 1.5 Mobilisation to Field Conversations were held between PHCN/ILF and FNL to conclude the work plan and best approach and also to ensure that all sampling requirements and logistics have been properly met by the team. Meetings extensively covered aspects on safety and project description, project objectives, and sampling approach. Thereafter, Job hazard analysis (JHA), consultation with the host communities (still on- going), site verification was carried out by FNL team before mobilisation from FNL office in Port Harcourt to study area in Akwa Ibom state. Project kick off / HSE meeting was held on the 3rd August, 2011 at Darrel hotels, Eket which had FNL field team (survey and EIA) and representative of PHCN, MPN and ILF in attendance. Everyone present was briefed on appropriate safety measures and work procedures for the various field activities. This was to familiarize the study team on the need to be safety conscious while at work. 1.6 Staking/Geo-referencing Twenty three (23 sampling stations were designated for the collection of ecological samples across the proposed project area and environs. Summary of activities and amount of ecological data collected during the sampling exercise is presented on Table 1.4 Table 1.4: Summary of Ecological Data Obtained Parameter Sample Number Sample Stations Soil 23 (0-15 & 15-30cm) All Stations Surface water 5 SS1, SS 3, SS 6, SS 19 & SS 20 Sediment 5 SS1, SS 3, SS 6, SS 19 & SS 20 Plankton 5 SS1, SS 3, SS 6, SS 19 & SS 20 Benthos 5 SS1, SS 3, SS 6, SS 19 & SS 20 Air Quality Measurement SS1, SS 3, SS 6, SS 10, SS 13, SS Stations - 10 16, SS 18, SS 19, SS 20 & SS 23 Vegetation / wildlife Transects - 6 SS1, SS 6, SS 10, SS13, SS 16, & SS 23 1.7 In-situ Measurements In other to ascertain the actual readings of the parameters taken on the field, in-situ measurements were taken for soil, water, sediment, and ambient air quality. Specifically Ogawa passive samplers (SOx, NO2, NH3 and NOx) were installed and retrieved after a 30day period along the line for both wet season and dry season . 1.8 Sample Preservation As part of FNL preservative measures, immediately after sampling, each sample was properly labeled, arranged and preserved in accordance with FNL work instructions. The detailed sample handling procedures as contained in FNL work instruction (WI01) is presented in Table 1.5. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 5 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1.5: Method of Storage and Preservation of Samples Soil / Sediments Minimum Sample Container Parameter Volume Container Preservative Pre-treatment Record observation on General Appearance, site in a note book - - - Colour, Odour, Depth, using relevant charts. Metals (, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pb, Ni, Cd, , Mg, K, Na, Ba, 1.0L Plastic Ice below 0°C Rinsed with HNO 3 Mn, Fe, , Cr, Co, Ca, , As, Hg, V) Physico-chemical (%TOC, pH, Sulphate, Conductivity, Particle Rinsed with distilled 2.0L Plastic C Cool below 0° size, Nitrate, redox water potential, PAH,EC, Moisture content) TPH (Total phosphorous Glass Rinsed with distilled and hydrocarbon) 200ml Cool below 0°C water Microbiology (HUB, HUF, THF, THB) 60ml Plastic Cool below 0°C Sterilized Water Samples Minimum Sample Container Parameter Volume Container Preservative Pre-Treatment DO, salinity, Turbidity, Conductivity, Insitu - - - Temperature, TDS, Ph, Measurements BOD chloride Metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Add 2ml conc. Ag, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, 1.0L Plastic HNO3 & cool, 4oC Rinsed with 1+1HNO3 Ca, Mg, K, Na) ± 2oC o o Cool, 4 C ± 2 C Rinsed with distilled 1000ml Glass bottle TPH - water Wide o o Microbiology (HUB, HUF, Cool, 4 C ± 2 C 200ml mouthed Sterilized THF, THB) glass bottles Air and Noise Studies Minimum Sample Container Parameter Volume Container Preservative Pre-Treatment NO2, SO2, CO, H2S, CH4, VOC, particulates, Insitu - - - temperature, wind speed, Measurements wind direction. Noise 2.0 FIELD WORK ACTIVITIES Sample collection was done in line with recommended procedures and practices for environmental data collection in Nigeria. The sampling procedures for each parameter and observation made are discussed in the following sub-sections. 2.1 Soil Samples Using a hand auger (Figure 1.2) soil samples were collected from the different sampling points for laboratory analysis. In other to ensure optimum result, soil samples of not less than 500g were collected from 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Samples for physico-chemical analysis were collected and placed in polyethylene bags, those for microbiology analysis where collected in 100ml sterilized plastic bottles, while samples for hydrocarbon analysis were collected in 100ml screw-capped glass bottles. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 6 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 1.2: Soil Sample Collection 2.2 Surface Water Samples Surface water sampling was carried out by collecting water samples from designated surface water bodies along the transmission line using a beaker. The beaker was lowered into the river, in order to collect surface water samples. Water samples were transferred directly into various ampoules for preservation and subsequent analysis. In-situ analyses were immediately carried out to determine the following parameters with short holding time; pH, redox potential, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen. Water samples for heavy metal analysis were collected in 2ml plastic bottles and acidified with 10% HNO3. Figure 1.3: Surface Water Collection In-situ analyses for pH and redox potential were determined using a multi meter logger. Temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, conductivity, salinity and total dissolved solids were measured by attaching the probe of corresponding meter to samples. Groundwater samples were earlier proposed to be taken, boreholes to be installed by the geotechnical investigations. There were no groundwater wells encountered along the line or in close proximity to the ROW. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 7 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Hydrobiology Zooplankton Zooplankton samples were collected by lowering plankton net of mesh size of 0.063 mm to an approximate depth of 1 m – 2 m below surface water and pulled vertically on to the surface of the river for collection of samples. A weight (iron rod) was attached to the cord holding the net. Figure 1.4: Zooplankton Collection After each drag, zooplankton were collected using labeled wide mouth plastic containers and preserved with 10% buffered formalin, the net was thoroughly washed so that particles adhering to the net was washed into the collecting bottle for analysis. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton sample collection was done by lowering the plankton net to about 0.5m on the water surface and towed (horizontally) on the waterway at a speed of about 1.5knots per hour for 5 minutes. The phytoplankton samples were collected in clearly labeled containers and preserved in Lugol's iodine solution. Figure 1.5: Phytoplankton Collection 2.3 Sediment Sediment samples from the project area were carried out in five corresponding surface water sampling stations in the area. Standard practice using an Eckman grab was employed. Figure 1.6: Eckman Grab Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 8 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The top surface of sediment was collected in a plastic basin and homogenized for the analysis of physico-chemical parameters, organics, Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), micro-biology and heavy metals. Samples for physico-chemical analyses were collected in polythene bags and stored for the analysis of particle size, total organic matter, total extractable matter, trace metals, total phosphorous and hydrocarbon. The sediment samples for microbial analyses were collected in a sterile McCartney bottles. The samples were stored in coolers containing ice block while residual sediment were washed for benthos. After each sampling, the grab sampler was washed thoroughly with water from the river to remove adhering particles prior to each sampling. Results of the physicochemical analysis will be documented in the draft report. Detailed laboratory analyses of all samples are discussed fully in the EIA report. 2.4 Benthic Macrofauna A pragmatic approach was taken in acquiring benthic macro fauna samples, as benthos were obtained by washing residual sediment samples through a 1 mm-mesh sieve using water obtained from the beach at the site. This was carried in order not to destroy the integrity of the benthic organisms. The benthos samples obtained were placed in a plastic container and preserved in 20% buffered formal saline and stored in the ice coolers. Figure 1.7: Benthos Sieving Washing of the samples commenced as soon as the sediment sample were placed in containers. After each grab it was ensured that each mesh was properly washed .for quality assurance. 2.5 Air Quality and Noise Measurements Measurement of atmospheric gas pollutants (NOx, SOx, CO2, CO, and H2S), suspended particulate matter, volatile organic compounds as well as noise levels were carried out in ten sample stations. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 9 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Figure 1.8: Installation of Ogawa Passive Samplers Atmospheric gasses were measured with the aid of portassen air analyser. This equipment was calibrated and a sensor connected to the equipment, the equipment was then held at arms length towards the direction of the prevailing wind. The value of the atmospheric concentrations of each gaseous pollutant was read off directly on the equipment screen after 10 - 15 minutes. The sampling protocol entailed washing and drying, assembly of sampler, and loading with the pre-coated filters. These were carried out in clean areas free from air contaminants and mounted at strategic positions (10 stations) for 30 days. Thereafter, the pads were removed and put in a vial containing 8ml of water before transportation to the laboratory for analysis. The level of suspended particulate matter was established using the Aerocet 53i Particulate Counter. The equipment was switched on and exposed to the atmosphere for about 5 minutes the result obtained was read off from the meter after putting it on. Figure 1.9: Air Quality Measurements Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 10 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment The amount of volatile organic compound in the atmosphere was measured using a Phochec meter. The meter has a detachable probe which serves as the sensor and it is attached to the meter before being placed towards the prevailing wind at arms length. The result is then read directly from the meter. The ambient noise level was measured with the aid of a Pulsar II Meter. The noise level was coded to run for 30mins at each sampling point. The readings were stored in the memory of the noise meter, were it will be extracted from a computer back in the office Figure 1.10: Noise Measurements 2.6 Vegetation Survey Qualitative and quantitative features of the vegetation were studied at geo-referenced sampling points (marking out transects) along the line. Transects were run at five corresponding sampling stations as required in the approved in the ToR. The physiognomy and other descriptive vegetation characteristics were taken with standard methodology. Details of study methodology and results are discussed in the full EIA report. Figure 1.11: Vegetation Studies Sampling points were established at intervals of approximately 10 km, alternating on the right and left flanks of the proposed route and including, as much as possible, all vegetation types along the proposed route. 2.7 Wildlife Survey The standard study methods of structured interviews with hunters, field sightings, bird calls, animal remains and spur marks were used to identify faunal groups in the study area. The area appeared undisturbed from outside the forest; however, the noise from logging activities has driven large animals away. Some reptiles and several insect groups were sighted. Details of their conservation status and likely impacts of the projects on these are provided in the full report. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 11 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment 2.8 Consultation / Sensitization Consultation involves stakeholder/public gathering or meeting where opinions of a proposed project that may impact on them are discussed and other issues addressed. Prior to field study, consultation which has been on-going at the local government and Clan levels for the time being would continue throughout the project life span. The key objectives of consultation include: • ensure all communities and all stakeholders are given early and adequate information on the details of the project; • obtaining stakeholders approval of the proposed project; • early identification of issues and concerns in order to avoid delays in project implementation; • establishing the trust and co-operation of local communities; • provide a framework for improving the understanding of the potential impacts of the proposed project on the socio-economics and biophysical environment; • capture stakeholders views and concerns as part of the EIA process especially as it concerns the potential impacts; • identify alternative sites or designs, and mitigation measures, in order to improve environmental and social soundness; • obtaining local knowledge of the area • increasing project success; • promoting sustainability; and • ensuring transparency and increasing accountability. • establish transparent procedures for carrying out the proposed projects; and • create accountability and a sense of local ownership during project implementation thus minimising communities conflicts and project delays that may result thereof. Stakeholders involved in the Power Transmission Line Project include: • The host communities (Chiefs, Women’s Group, Youth Council etc): • Government agencies (FMENV, Akwa Ibom State Ministry for Environment); • Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs); • The general public Local Governments were chosen according to current political maps in Nigeria. All affected/relevant LGA's and villages were informed prior to commencement of the study. Details of consultations carried out for the projects as well as accompanying evidences are provided in the EIA report (Appendix 4.5). Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 12 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Consultation at Ikpa Ibom Clan, Mkpat Enin LGA / Clan Council– 14/07/11. Consultation at Onna TRC– 13/07/11. Consultation at Ibeno TRC / Clan Council– 21/07/11. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 13 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Consultation at Afaha-Eket Clan Council – 08/07/11. Consultation at Ikpa Ibekwe Clan Council, Ikot Abasi – 13/07/11. Figure 3.11: Consultations Sessions 2.9 Socio-economic and health Study Socio-economic and health assessment involved studying affected host communities in the six identified LGA (Ibeno, Esit Eket, Eket, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Ikot – Abasi). Information on socio-economics and community health data was acquired using household questionnaires as well as other relevant socio-economic and health survey tools (see EIA report, Appendix 4.6). Key informant interviews and focus group discussions, physical evaluation of health status as well as consultations with the various sections of the host communities provided relevant information on socio- economics and health profile of the area. 3.0 Laboratory Analytical Methods and Procedures The following subsections present synoptic descriptions of the laboratory analytical methods for the various physical, chemical and biological parameters of samples obtained from the study area. The equipment detection limits of parameters analysed in surface water and sediment samples are also presented. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 14 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Conductivity and pH 20.0g of fresh sediment sample was weighed into a 50ml beaker and 20ml of distilled water added to the beaker. The mixture was thoroughly stirred and allowed to stand for 30 minutes and the Multi-Parameter Water Quality Monitor was then used to measure the above parameters directly. The APHA 2510A and APHA 4500H +B (for water) were used for conductivity and pH determinations. Total Suspended Solid Total suspended solids content of the water samples was determined with a membrane filter apparatus, in accordance with APHA 25400. A 100ml aliquot of the water sample was filtered through dried pre-weighed 0.45f.lm filter paper, through which clean distilled water not less than 100ml and subsequently passed to remove salt. C for one hour. After drying, the filter paper The filter was then oven dried at 105 ± 5° was cooled and weighed. The difference in filter weights before and after filtering was used to calculate the TSS. The TSS content was calculated as follows: TSS (mg/I) = (A - B) ----------------------------------- x 1000 Sample volume (ml) Where A = weight of filter paper (mg) + residue (mg) B = weight of filter paper (mg) Chemical Oxygen Demand Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of surface water was determined titrimetrically according to CAEM. In this method, organic matter was oxidized to carbon dioxide using acid dichromate as the oxidizing agent and its consumption which is equivalent to COD concentration was measured by titrating against a standard ferrous ammonium sulphate solution. The chemical oxygen demand was calculated as follow: COD (mgll) = B - S(ml) x titrant molarity x 8 x 1000 ----------------------------------- Volume of sample B =Titre for Blank S =Titre for Sample 8 =Atomic mass of Oxygen 1000 =Conversion to litre Biological Oxygen Demand BOD5 of surface water was determined in accordance with APHA 5210B. This was done electro metrically with the OxiTOP BOD instrument in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Each sample was allowed to attain a temperature of within 2° C of its incubation temperature (20° C). 95ml of the samples were measured into BOOTrak sample bottles with channel num!1er tags and magnetic stirrers inserted in each sample bottle. Test duration of 5 days for the sample was selected from the channel key. The test was initiated by pressing the channel number and selecting the BOD range required. The analysis results at the expiration of the set period were reported in mg/1. At the end of 5 days incubation, the readings were taken from the BOD device Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 15 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment and multiplied by a factor of 20. Total Organic Carbon in Sediment Samples TOC was determined following BS 1377 method. TOC is calculated thus: Organic Carbon (g/kg) = (meq K2Cr2O7 - meg FeSO4) x0.003 x1000 x1.3 --------------------------------------------------------------- Weight of water free sample (g) Total Organic Matter (g/kg) = Total organic carbon (g/kg) x 1.729 Where, meq K2CrO7 = 1N x 10ml meq FeSO4 = 0.5N x volume of titrant in ml 0.003 = milliequivalent weight of carbon 1.30 = Correction factor 1000 = Conversion factor to kg Phosphate - Phosphorus The test method for Phosphate - phosphorus in sediment samples was based on APHA 4500-PD/CAEM. The Stannous Chloride Reduction Method, based on the method described in the Chemical Analyses of Ecological Materials (2nd edition), was applied. Phosphate - phosphorus content of sediment samples was calculated as follows. C (mg/I) x Solution Volume (I) x 1000 Phosphate - phosphorus (mg/kg) = ---------------------------------------------------- Aliquot x Sample weight (g) Where C = mg phosphate obtained from calibration graph using the UV/Visible spectrometer and Vision software version 3 Volume (ml) of extract used for analyses AIiquot = ------------------------------------------------------------------- Volume (ml) of extractant used for the extraction 1000 = conversion factor to kg Nitrate The USEPA 3521 in combination with the Chemical Analysis of Ecological Matter (second edition) test methods were used to determine the nitrate content of sediment samples. N was calculated as follows. mg (N) from calibration graph N (mg/kg) = ------------------------------------------------------------ x 1000 Aliquot (ml) x Sample weight (g) Where the 1000 is the conversion factor to kg Aliquot = volume of extract used/volume of extractant. Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 16 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Exchangeable Cations Exchangeable cations (Mg, Ca, K, and Na) were determined as described by APHA 20th edition 3111 Band ASTM D3561. The concentrations were calculated thus: Concentration (mg/I) =C CxY x --------- X Where C=concentration of cation determined from calibration curve Y=final volume. Ml X=volume of sample, ml Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni and: APHA 3111 B (20th edition) Ba: ASTM D3651 V: APHA 3111 D (20th edition) Hg APHA 3112B Metal concentration of water samples (mg/I) = CxY --------- X Where C=concentration of cation determined from calibration curve Y =Final volume made-up (ml) X = Sample of volume (ml) Hg is determined using' APHA 3112B 20ed test method Hg concentration, ug/l= (A-B) --------- D Where A = concentration of mercury in sample, µg/l as determined by AAS (Instrument Reading) B = concentration of mercury found in blank, µg/l. D =. Volume of sample in litres Heavy Metals in Sediment Samples Heav'y metal content of sediment samples was determined using Perkin Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Model Analyst 200. The sample digestion/preparation procedure followed is described in ASTM D5198/D3974. AAS measurement of heavy metal content sediment samples was done following the procedures indicated below. Cd, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni and: APHA 20th edition 3111 B Ba: ASTM D3651 V: APHA 20th edition 3111 D Metal concentration of sediment samples (mg/kg) = (A – B) x C --------------- D Where A =Concentration of metal in sample (mg/I) as determined by AAS B =Concentration of the metal found in blank (mg/I) C=Volume of extract (ml) D = Weight of dry sample (g) Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 17 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Hg: APHA 3112B & ASTM D3223 Mercury (Hg) concentration is determined thus, µg/g = (A - B) C D Where A = concentration of mercury in sample, µg/ml as determined by AAS (Instrument reading) B = concentration of mercury found in blank, µg/ml (Procedural blank) C = volume of extract, (ml) D = weight of dry sample, (g) Particle Size Distribution The test method is based on the BS1377 (Part 2; 1990) which is in accordance with the Dutch RAW and the American ASTM D422. PSD was determined using the hydrometer method followed by sieving recommended for sediment samples containing more than 35% fine particles, i.e., clays and silts. Total Microbial Count (Surface water and Sediment Samples) Indirect cell count on sediment and water samples was carried out to determine the total viable microbial populations. The test methods used are the ASTM D5465 - 93: Determining Microbial Colony Counts from Water Analysed by Plating Methods, and APHA 907: Standard Plate Count. Total microbial colonies were calculated as follows: Plate Count (cfu/ml) = Vol plated x Number of cells x (1) x dilution factor dilution Faecal Coliform Faecal coliform were determined using the multiple tube technique in accordance with ASTM D5392-93. 10ml of sample was inoculated into five tubes containing 10ml of double strength presumptive broth (Mac Conkey broth). The tubes were shaken to C - 37° distribute the sample evenly. The tubes were inoculated at 35° C for 24hours. At the end of 24hrs each tube was checked for gas or any effervescence (streams of tiny bubbles), then the numbers of positive tubes were recorded after 24hrs. Negative tubes were re-incubated for another 24hrs and the numbers of positive after 48hrs were also recorded. A confirmatory test was carried out by transferring one or two drops from each presumptive positive tube to a corresponding sterile confirmative 10ml tube containing BGB broth. Gas presence in the subculture tubes after 24hrs at 44 ± 5° C confirms the presence of faecal coliforms. The number of positive findings (either presumptive or confirmed) is computed in terms of the Most Probable Number (MPN). The MPN was estimated by Thomas' simple formula: MPN/100ml = No. of positive tubes x 100 ml sample in negative tubes x ml sample in all tubes Benthos Analyses The benthic macrofauna were obtained by sieving the grab samples through a 1.0 mm mesh. The residue retained by the two sieves after sieving were poured into plastic containers and was preserved in 10% formalin to which rose bengal satin had been Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 18 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment added. The preserved benthic were taken to laboratory for sorting and identification. In the laboratory, sorting and counting was done by using a hand lens and a binocular microscope. Identification was done after Gosner (1971), Bernhard G. (1974) and KObina and Mike (2001). Ecological indices, such as margalef species richness index and Shannon Weiener diversity index were used in statistical analysis Sample Handling Chain of custody forms were used for logging and tracking of samples from the point of collection in the field to the laboratory where analysis was carried out. Samples were preserved in accordance with FMENV recommended procedure. Laboratory Analyses Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) measures adopted for laboratory analysis were in line with standard practices and included collection and analysis of duplicate samples to establish analytical precision. Other QA/QC measures adopted include: Only adequately trained personnel were used at all phases of the study; • Written analytical standard operating procedures were followed during analyses; • Routine auditing and checking of analyses results, were introduced into every batch or five samples collected. Data Management Standard data spreadsheets were used for recording and transmitting analytical results. Presentation of results was carried out following written standard operating procedures. Final results were issued only after a general QA/QC check and validation has been carried Appendix 4.1 Final Draft Report Page 19 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment APPENDIX 4.2 SURFACE-WATER/SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment WET SEASON – SURFACEWATER / SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 1 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Water Physicochemical Characteristics Sample Station Result Parameter SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 Method Co-ordinates X: 8.017689 X: 8.00702 X: 7.926443 Y: 4.5547 Y: 4.580751 Y: 4.605578 pH APHA 4500H+B 6.86 6.53 6.63 o Temperature ( C) APHA 2550B 25.9 25.8 26.3 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 439 21.4 12.1 (µS/cm) Salinity (ppt) APHA 2520 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 DO (mg/l) APHA 4500-OG 5.95 5.72 5.56 Turbidity (NTU) APHA 2130B 34.0 26.0 29.0 Redox Potential ASTM D1498 121 136 140 TOC (g/L) BS 1377 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 TDS (g/L) APHA 2510A 235 11.6 7.25 TSS (mg/l) APHA 2540D 7.00 4.00 2.00 BOD5 (mg/l) APHA 5220D <0.50 20.0 <0.50 COD (mg/l) APHA 5220D <0.80 30.8 <0.80 Total Hardness (mg/l) APHA 2340C 42.2 3.84 1.92 Oil & Grease (mg/l) ASTM D 3921 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 Chloride (mg/l) APHA 4500 Cl- 120 1.76 1.76 Nitrate (mg/l) EPA 352.1 0.15 0.14 0.27 Sulphate (mg/l) APHA 4500-SO4 9.25 0.14 0.12 Magnesium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 6.46 0.46 0.36 Potassium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 3.46 0.73 1.18 Sodium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 41.6 1.80 1.69 Calcium (mg/l) APHA 3111D 2.70 1.02 0.80 Cadmium (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Total Chromium (mg/l) APHA 3111C <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Copper (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Total Iron (mg/l) APHA 3111B 2.51 1.91 4.18 Lead (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 Nickel (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Zinc (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Silver (mg/l APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Manganese (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Mercury (mg/l) APHA 3112B <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 Vanadium (mg/l) APHA 3111D <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 • ASTM = American Society for Testing and Material (1999 Edition) • APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) • EPA = Environmental Protection Agency (2nd Edition 1996) • BS = British Standard Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 2 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Water Physicochemical Characteristics Sample Station Result Parameter SS 19 SS 20 Method Co-ordinates X: 7.606547 X: 7.0591482 Y: 4.570064 Y: 4.565826 pH APHA 4500H+B 6.21 6.09 o Temperature ( C) APHA 2550B 27.6 27.6 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 94.0 20.8 (µS/cm) Salinity (ppt) APHA 2520 <0.10 <0.10 DO (mg/l) APHA 4500-OG 5.81 5.78 Turbidity (NTU) APHA 2130B 21.0 15.0 Redox Potential ASTM D1498 1.55 168 TOC (g/L) BS 1377 <1.00 <1.00 TDS (g/L) APHA 2510A 52.8 11.8 TSS (mg/l) APHA 2540D 7.00 5.00 BOD5 (mg/l) APHA 5220D <0.50 10.0 COD (mg/l) APHA 5220D <0.80 15.9 Total Hardness (mg/l) APHA 2340C 9.60 7.68 Oil & Grease (mg/l) ASTM D 3921 <1.00 <1.00 Chloride (mg/l) APHA 4500 Cl- 22.9 3.52 Nitrate (mg/l) EPA 352.1 0.26 0.33 Sulphate (mg/l) APHA 4500-SO4 1.77 0.28 Magnesium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 1.52 0.46 Potassium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 1.49 0.84 Sodium (mg/l) APHA 3111D 12.7 8.49 Calcium (mg/l) APHA 3111B 1.27 0.89 Cadmium (mg/l) APHA 3111C <0.02 <0.02 Total Chromium (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 Copper (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 Total Iron (mg/l) APHA 3111B 0.84 1.42 Lead (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.20 <0.20 Nickel (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 Zinc (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 Silver (mg/l APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 Manganese (mg/l) APHA 3112B <0.10 <0.10 Mercury (mg/l) APHA 3111D <0.0002 <0.0002 Vanadium (mg/l) APHA 4500H+B <0.20 <0.20 • ASTM = American Society for Testing and Material (1999 Edition) • APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) • EPA = Environmental Protection Agency (2nd Edition 1996) • BS = British Standard Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 3 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Physicochemical Characteristics Sample Station Result Parameter Method SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 Co-ordinates X: 8.017689 X: 8.00702 X: 7.926443 Y: 4.5547 Y: 4.580751 Y: 4.605578 pH (H2O) @ 22.7oC ASTM D 4972 4.71 4.40 3.79 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 2,330 345 539 (µS/cm) TOC (g/kg) BS 1377 11.8 4.62 25.0 THC (mg/kg) ASTM D 3921 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 Redox Potential (mV) ASTM D1498 -42.0 -81.0 -34.0 PSD Clay (%) 20.0 25.0 18.0 Silt (%) ASTM D 422 15.0 44.0 11.0 Sand (%) 65.0 31.0 71.0 Nitrate (mg/kg) APHA 4500-NO3 1.67 1.84 1.28 Extractable Sulphate CAEM/APHA 4500 SO42-E 1,325 250 275 (mg/kg) Extractable Phosphate CAEM/APHA 4500 PD 3.64 3.04 1.49 (mg/kg) Magnesium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3,914 2,936 1,852 Potassium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 12,250 11,730 4,680 Sodium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 7,320 7,250 3,470 Calcium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 2,620 1,634 <10.0 Cadmium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <2.00 <2.00 <2.00 Total Chromium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 16.8 11.1 17.2 Copper (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3.80 4.90 6.50 Total Iron (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 26,150 14,860 21,970 Lead (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 9.50 11.3 8.90 Nickel (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 11.0 5.70 21.6 Zinc (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 21.0 18.2 18.4 Barium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 350 170 <2.00 Silver (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <2.00 <2.00 <2.00 Manganese (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 306 163 79.2 Mercury (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 Vanadium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 27.7 <1.00 56.3 • ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials (1999 Edition) • APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) • CAEM = Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials 2nd Edition 1989 • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 4 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Physicochemical Characteristics Sample Station Result Parameter Method SS 19 SS 20 Co-ordinates X: 7.606547 X: 7.0591482 Y: 4.570064 Y: 4.565826 pH (H2O) @ 22.9 ASTM D 4972 5.04 5.21 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 1,436 20.7 (µS/cm) TOC (g/kg) BS 1377 14.2 0.53 THC (mg/kg) ASTM D 3921 <10.0 <10.0 Redox Potential (mV) ASTM D1498 -41.0 -22.0 PSD Clay (%) 30.0 2.00 Silt (%) ASTM D 422 10.0 16.0 Sand (%) 60.0 82.0 Nitrate (mg/kg) APHA 4500-NO3 1.80 1.54 Extractable Sulphate CAEM/APHA 4500 SO42-E 400 100 (mg/kg) Extractable Phosphate CAEM/APHA 4500 PD 2.35 2.57 (mg/kg) Magnesium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3,712 347 Potassium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 8,292 4,878 Sodium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3,380 3,000 Calcium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 309 <10.0 Cadmium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 2.60 <2.00 Total Chromium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 22.3 7.80 Copper (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 8.10 2.30 Total Iron (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 32,610 9,674 Lead (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 10.6 7.00 Nickel (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 24.3 3.10 Zinc (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 28.9 6.00 Barium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 48.3 <2.00 Silver (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 1.90 <2.00 Manganese (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 90.2 108 Mercury (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 1.30 <1.00 Vanadium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 51.3 <1.00 • ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials (1999 Edition) • APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) • CAEM = Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials 2nd Edition 1989 • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Table 2a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Water Volatile Hydrocarbon Profile (BTEX) Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/l) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 Benzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Toluene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Ethylbenzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 p-xylene USEPA 8240 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 m-xylene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 o-xylene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 5 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 2b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Volatile Hydrocarbon Profile (BTEX) Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/kg) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 Benzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Toluene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Ethylbenzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 p-xylene USEPA 8240 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 m-xylene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 o-xylene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Table 3a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Surface Water Determination of Phenols Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/l) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 4–Chloro –3–cresol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 o-Cresol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2,4-Dichlorophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol USEPA 8040 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 o-Nitrophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 p- Nitrophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Pentachlorophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Phenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total - - - - - • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Table 4b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Profile (PAH) Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/kg) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 Naphthalene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 2-Methylnaphthalene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Acenapthylene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Acenaphthene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Fluorene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Phenanthrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Anthracene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Fluoranthene USEPA 8270B <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Pyrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(a)anthracene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Chrysene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(b)fluoranthene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(k)fluoranthene <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Benzo(a)pyrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Indeno(1,2,3-d)pyrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 6 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT -Sediment Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Profile Sample Station Result (mg/kg) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 Parameter Method n-Octane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Nonane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Decane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Undecane- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Dodecane- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tridecane- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tetradecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Pentadecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Hexadecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Heptadecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Pristane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Octadecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.15 n-Phytane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Nonadecane <0.01 <0.01 0.37 <0.01 0.21 n-Eicosane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Henelcosane 0.33 <0.01 0.49 <0.01 0.32 n-Docosane 0.23 0.32 <0.01 0.31 <0.01 n-Tricosane USEPA 1625 0.26 0.44 <0.01 <0.01 0.39 n-Tetracosane 0.34 0.49 1.05 0.52 0.53 n-Pentacosane- 0.42 0.64 0.43 0.68 0.57 n-Hexacosne 0.12 0.20 <0.01 <0.01 0.26 n-Heptacosane 0.23 0.31 <0.01 <0.01 0.36 n-Octacosane 0.27 0.71 <0.01 <0.01 0.34 n-Nonacosane 0.20 0.23 <0.01 <0.01 0.11 n-Triacontane 0.23 0.23 <0.01 0.20 0.19 n-Hentriacontane 0.16 0.18 0.32 0.18 <0.01 n-Dotriacotane 0.20 0.23 1.06 1.00 <0.01 n-Tritriacontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tetratriacontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Pentatriacontane 0.16 0.51 1.46 <0.01 0.68 n-Hexatriacontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Heptatriacontane 0.13 1.35 1.59 2.27 1.17 n-Octatriacontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tetracontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total 5.64 5.53 7.72 5.17 5.31 • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 7 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 7a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Surface Water Microbiological Characteristics Parameter Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Bacteria (cfu/ml) Utilising Bacteria (cfu/ml) Fungi (cfu/ml) Utilising Fungi (cfu/ml) Sample Station SS1 Pseudomonas sp 7.80 x 102 Pseudomonas sp 1.24 x 102 Mucor sp, 6.7 x 101 Mucor sp, 6.2 x 101 Candida sp Candida sp Rhodotorula sp, Rhodotorula sp, Aspergillus sp Aspergillus sp SS3 Pseudomonas sp 8.00 x 102 Pseudomonas sp 9.0 x 101 Aspergillus sp 2.7 x 101 Aspergillus sp 1.5 x 101 Bacillus sp Mucor sp Mucor sp SS 6 Pseudomonas sp 1.59 x 103 Pseudomonas sp 5.6 x 101 Mucor sp 1.8 x 101 Mucor sp 1.6 x 101 Bacillus sp SS 19 Pseudomonas sp 1.25 x 103 Pseudomonas sp 4.4 x 101 Rhodotorula sp 3.5 x 101 Rhodotorula sp 3.2 x 101 Bacillus sp Mucor sp Mucor sp Candida sp Candida sp SS 20 Pseudomonas sp 6.40 x 102 Pseudomonas sp 3.7 x 101 Rhodotorula sp 1.1 x 101 Rhodotorula sp 7 Bacillus sp Mucor sp Mucor sp Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 8 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 7b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Microbiological Characteristics Parameter Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Bacteria (cfu/g) Utilising Bacteria (cfu/g) Fungi (cfu/g) Utilising Fungi (cfu/g) Sample Station SS 1 Pseudomonas sp 4.00 x 104 Pseudomonas sp 6.60 x 102 Aspergillus sp 2.0 x 101 Aspergillus sp 1.0 x 101 SS 3 Pseudomonas sp 2.00 x 104 Pseudomonas sp 7.70 x 102 Mucor sp 2.0 x 101 Mucor sp 2.0 x 101 Candida sp Candida sp SS 6 Pseudomonas sp 1.80 x 105 Pseudomonas sp 7.60 x 102 Candida sp 1.20 x 102 Candida sp 4 Mucor sp Mucor sp SS 19 Pseudomonas sp 6.00 x 104 Pseudomonas sp 1.80 x 102 Mucor sp 4.80 x 102 Mucor sp 4.00 x 102 Aspergillus sp Aspergillus sp Candida sp Candida sp SS 20 Pseudomonas sp 6.40 x 105 Pseudomonas sp 9.60 x 102 Aspergillus sp 9.10 x 102 Mucor sp 2.30 x 102 Mucor sp Candida sp Candida sp Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 9 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment DRY SEASON – SURFACEWATER / SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 10 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Water Physicochemical Characteristics Dry Season Sample Station Result Parameter SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 Method Co-ordinates X: 8.017689 X: 8.00702 X: 7.926443 Y: 4.5547 Y: 4.580751 Y: 4.605578 pH APHA 4500H+B 6.08 6.53 6.49 o Temperature ( C) APHA 2550B 28.3 28.6 28.9 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 7.710 543 11.0 (µS/cm) Salinity (ppt) APHA 2520 4.40 0.20 <0.10 DO (mg/l) APHA 4500-OG 3.60 4.23 4.06 Turbidity (NTU) APHA 2130B 35.0 39.0 21.0 Redox Potential ASTM D1498 125 138 145 TOC (g/L) BS 1377 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 TDS (g/L) APHA 2510A 4,620 326 6.60 TSS (mg/l) APHA 2540D 14.0 17.0 3.00 BOD5 (mg/l) APHA 5220D 80.0 60.0 <0.50 COD (mg/l) APHA 5220D 112 96.0 <0.80 Total Hardness (mg/l) APHA 2340C 176 58.9 <1.00 Oil & Grease (mg/l) ASTM D 3921 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 Chloride (mg/l) APHA 4500 Cl- 2,421 94.2 1.61 Nitrate (mg/l) EPA 352.1 0.02 0.17 0.08 Sulphate (mg/l) APHA 4500-SO4 13.5 0.53 0.13 Magnesium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 161 8.20 0.15 Potassium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 94.6 4.14 0.40 Sodium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 1,761 72.4 1.11 Calcium (mg/l) APHA 3111D 34.6 2.53 0.71 Cadmium (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Total Chromium (mg/l) APHA 3111C <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Copper (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Total Iron (mg/l) APHA 3111B 1.59 2.25 2.46 Lead (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 Nickel (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Zinc (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Silver (mg/l APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Manganese (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 Mercury (mg/l) APHA 3112B <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 Vanadium (mg/l) APHA 3111D <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 • ASTM = American Society for Testing and Material (1999 Edition) • APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) • EPA = Environmental Protection Agency (2nd Edition 1996) • BS = British Standard Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 11 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Water Physicochemical Characteristics Dry Season Sample Station Result Parameter SS 19 SS 20 Method Co-ordinates X: 7.606547 X: 7.0591482 Y: 4.570064 Y: 4.565826 pH APHA 4500H+B 6.31 5.41 o Temperature ( C) APHA 2550B 30.1 29.9 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 94.2 24.8 (µS/cm) Salinity (ppt) APHA 2520 0.70 <0.10 DO (mg/l) APHA 4500-OG 5.46 5.17 Turbidity (NTU) APHA 2130B 12.0 13.0 Redox Potential ASTM D1498 158 170 TOC (g/L) BS 1377 <1.00 <1.00 TDS (g/L) APHA 2510A 56.5 14.8 TSS (mg/l) APHA 2540D 9.00 8.00 BOD5 (mg/l) APHA 5220D <0.50 20.0 COD (mg/l) APHA 5220D <0.80 32.0 Total Hardness (mg/l) APHA 2340C 133 2.85 Oil & Grease (mg/l) ASTM D 3921 <1.00 <1.00 Chloride (mg/l) APHA 4500 Cl- 29.3 <1.00 Nitrate (mg/l) EPA 352.1 <0.02 0.03 Sulphate (mg/l) APHA 4500-SO4 0.99 0.10 Magnesium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 2.09 0.28 Potassium (mg/l) APHA 3111B/ASTM D 3561 9.40 0.56 Sodium (mg/l) APHA 3111D 17.3 0.55 Calcium (mg/l) APHA 3111B 7.21 0.76 Cadmium (mg/l) APHA 3111C <0.02 <0.02 Total Chromium (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 Copper (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 Total Iron (mg/l) APHA 3111B 0.44 1.63 Lead (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.20 <0.20 Nickel (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 Zinc (mg/l) APHA 3111B <0.05 <0.05 Silver (mg/l APHA 3111B <0.10 <0.10 Manganese (mg/l) APHA 3112B <0.10 <0.10 Mercury (mg/l) APHA 3111D <0.0002 <0.0002 Vanadium (mg/l) APHA 4500H+B <0.20 <0.20 ASTM = American Society for Testing and Material (1999 Edition) • APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) • EPA = Environmental Protection Agency (2nd Edition 1996) • BS = British Standard Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 12 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Physicochemical Characteristics Sample Station Result Parameter Method SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 Co-ordinates X: 8.017689 X: 8.00702 X: Y: 4.5547 Y: 4.580751 7.926443 Y: 4.605578 pH (H2O) @ 24.9oC ASTM D 4972 6.20 6.47 5.17 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 202 124 101 (µS/cm) TOC (g/kg) BS 1377 22.7 40.6 38.0 THC (mg/kg) ASTM D 3921 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 Redox Potential (mV) ASTM D1498 -50.0 -75.0 -45.0 PSD Clay (%) 10.0 5.00 10.0 Silt (%) ASTM D 422 10.0 25.0 10.0 Sand (%) 80.0 70.0 80.0 Nitrate (mg/kg) APHA 4500-NO3 0.99 0.90 1.18 Extractable Sulphate CAEM/APHA 4500 SO42-E 221 169 209 (mg/kg) Extractable Phosphate CAEM/APHA 4500 PD 1.37 6.59 10.8 (mg/kg) Magnesium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3,919 2,129 1,859 Potassium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 13,400 11,110 5,094 Sodium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 7,660 3,530 3,510 Calcium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3,558 2,273 <10.0 Cadmium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <2.00 <2.00 <2.00 Total Chromium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 2.50 26.3 93.5 Copper (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <0.50 <0.50 <0.50 Total Iron (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 21,410 21,990 24,270 Lead (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 6.70 8.90 4.60 Nickel (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 20.6 27.3 49.2 Zinc (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 14.3 87.5 9.00 Barium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <2.00 <2.00 111 Silver (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <2.00 <2.00 <2.00 Manganese (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 375 300 89.7 Mercury (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <1.00 <1.00 <1.00 Vanadium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 25.9 <1.00 76.3 • ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials (1999 Edition) • APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) • CAEM = Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials 2nd Edition 1989 • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 13 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Physicochemical Characteristics Sample Station Result Parameter Method SS 19 SS 20 Co-ordinates X: 7.606547 X: 7.0591482 Y: 4.570064 Y: 4.565826 pH (H2O) @ 24.0oC ASTM D 4972 6.63 6.51 Electrical Conductivity APHA 2510A 174 121 (µS/cm) TOC (g/kg) BS 1377 20.9 8.91 THC (mg/kg) ASTM D 3921 <10.0 <10.0 Redox Potential (mV) ASTM D1498 -51.0 -25.6 PSD Clay (%) 10.0 5.00 Silt (%) ASTM D 422 10.0 15.0 Sand (%) 80.0 80.0 Nitrate (mg/kg) APHA 4500-NO3 <0.02 0.94 Extractable Sulphate CAEM/APHA 4500 SO42-E 170 224 (mg/kg) Extractable Phosphate CAEM/APHA 4500 PD 17.2 3.59 (mg/kg) Magnesium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3,746 637 Potassium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 8,103 4,731 Sodium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 3,510 2,700 Calcium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 170 <10.0 Cadmium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <2.00 <2.00 Total Chromium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 99.0 7.10 Copper (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <0.50 <0.50 Total Iron (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 30,200 10,010 Lead (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 5.60 3.90 Nickel (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 52.3 21.7 Zinc (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 29.3 5.50 Barium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 161 <2.00 Silver (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <2.00 <2.00 Manganese (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 101 123 Mercury (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 <1.00 <1.00 Vanadium (mg/kg) USEPA 6200 66.7 <1.00 o ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials (1999 Edition) o APHA = American Public Health Association (20th Edition 1998) o CAEM = Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials 2nd Edition 1989 o USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 14 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 2a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Water Volatile Hydrocarbon Profile (BTEX) Dry Season Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/L) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 Benzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Toluene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Ethylbenzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 p-xylene USEPA 8240 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 m-xylene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 o-xylene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Table 2b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Volatile Hydrocarbon Profile (BTEX) Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/kg) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 Benzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Toluene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Ethylbenzene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 p-xylene USEPA 8240 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 m-xylene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 o-xylene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 o USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 15 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 3a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Surface Water Determination of Phenols Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/L) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 4–Chloro –3–cresol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 o-Cresol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 dinitrophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol USEPA 8040 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2-Methyl-4,6- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 dinitrophenol o-Nitrophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 p- Nitrophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Pentachlorophenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Phenol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total - - - - - o USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Table 4b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Profile (PAH) Dry Season Parameter Method Sample Station Result (mg/kg) SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 Naphthalene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 2-Methylnaphthalene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Acenapthylene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Acenaphthene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Fluorene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Phenanthrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Anthracene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Fluoranthene USEPA 8270B <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Pyrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(a)anthracene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Chrysene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(b)fluoranthene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(k)fluoranthene <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Benzo(a)pyrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Indeno(1,2,3-d)pyrene <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 16 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT -Sediment Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Profile Dry Season Sample Station Result (mg/kg) Parameter Method SS 1 SS 3 SS 6 SS 19 SS 20 n-Octane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Nonane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Decane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Undecane- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Dodecane- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tridecane- <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tetradecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Pentadecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Hexadecane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Heptadecane 0.22 <0.01 1.64 <0.01 <0.01 n-Pristane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Octadecane 0.12 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Phytane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Nonadecane <0.01 0.22 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Eicosane 0.29 1.11 0.58 <0.01 1.26 n-Henelcosane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Docosane 0.45 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tricosane USEPA 1625 0.41 0.27 0.28 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tetracosane 1.09 0.25 0.30 0.15 0.19 n-Pentacosane- 1.25 0.50 0.57 0.36 <0.01 n-Hexacosne 20.7 0.25 0.14 <0.01 0.20 n-Heptacosane 1.98 0.37 0.62 <0.01 <0.01 n-Octacosane 1.53 0.21 0.78 <0.01 <0.01 n-Nonacosane 1.59 0.26 0.51 <0.01 <0.01 n-Triacontane 0.99 0.09 0.12 0.24 <0.01 n-Hentriacontane 0.62 0.23 0.36 0.18 0.22 n-Dotriacotane 0.47 0.33 0.28 0.85 <0.01 n-Tritriacontane 0.23 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tetratriacontane 0.69 0.81 3.84 <0.01 0.49 n-Pentatriacontane 0.56 0.65 0.27 <0.01 0.32 n-Hexatriacontane <0.01 <0.01 0.71 <0.01 <0.01 n-Heptatriacontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Octatriacontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 n-Tetracontane <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total 33.3 5.56 8.00 1.78 2.71 • USEPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 17 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 7a: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Surface Water Microbiological Characteristics Dry Season Parameter Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Bacteria (cfu/ml) Utilising Bacteria (cfu/ml) Fungi (cfu/ml) Utilising Fungi (cfu/ml) Sample Station SS1 Pseudomonas sp 1.56x103 Pseudomonas sp 5.0x101 Mucor sp 1.2x101 Mucor sp 9.0 Candia sp Candida sp Rhodotorula sp Rhodotorula sp SS3 Pseudomonas sp 1.10x103 Pseudomonas sp 6.5x101 Aspergillus sp 8.0 Aspergillus sp 7.0 Bacillus sp Mucor sp Mucor sp SS 6 Pseudomonas sp 9.70x102 Pseudomonas sp 3.4x101 Mucor sp 1.3x101 Mucor sp 6.0 Bacillus sp Candida sp Candida sp SS 19 Pseudomonas sp 1.36x103 Pseudomonas sp 2.5x101 Mucor sp 4.0 Mucor sp 3.0 SS 20 Pseudomonas sp 8.00x102 Pseudomonas sp 4.3x101 Mucor sp 5.0 Mucor sp 4.0 Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 18 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 7b: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Sediment Microbiological Characteristics Dry Season Parameter Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Heterotrophic Count Hydrocarbon Count Bacteria (cfu/g) Utilising Bacteria (cfu/g) Fungi (cfu/g) Utilising Fungi (cfu/g) Sample Station SS 1 Pseudomonas sp 9.10x105 Pseudomonas sp 6.80x102 Mucor sp 7.0x101 Mucor sp 6.0x101 Bacillus sp Aspergillus sp Aspergillus sp Fusarium sp SS 3 Pseudomonas sp 2.30x105 Pseudomonas sp 2.20x102 Mucor sp 1.000x102 Mucor sp 6.0x101 Bacillus sp Penicillium sp SS 6 Pseudomonas sp 6.50x105 Pseudomonas sp 6.20x102 Mucor sp 4.0x101 Mucor sp 4.0x101 SS 19 Pseudomonas sp 1.60x105 Pseudomonas sp 1.10x103 Candida sp 3.50x102 Candida sp 1.50x102 Chromobacterium sp Mucor sp Mucor sp SS 20 Pseudomonas sp 1.34x105 Pseudomonas sp 1.28x103 Rhodotorula sp 2.30x102 Rhodotorula sp 1.80x102 Candida sp Candida sp Mucor sp Mucor sp Appendix 4.2 Final Draft Report Page 19 of 19 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment APPENDIX 4.3 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS Separation Page July 2012 Final Draft Report 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment WET SEASON – SOIL CHARACTERISTICS Appendix 4.3 Final Draft Report Page 1 of 64 July, 2012 58km QIT – Ikot Abasi Transmission Line Environmental Impact Assessment Table 1c: PHCN-JV ILF PROJECT Soil Physicochemical Characteristics Sample Station Result Parameter Method SS 1 SS 1 SS 2 SS 2 (0-15) (15-30) (0-15) (15-30) Co-ordinates X: 8.017689 X: 8.014072 Y: 4.5547 Y: 4.574551 pH (H2O) @ 23.0oC ASTM D 4972 4.78 4.85 5.23 5.21 Elect. Conductivity APHA 2510A 166 45.7 50.7 18.1 (µS/cm) TOC (g/kg) BS 1377 15.3 12.3 4.27 2.89 THC (mg/kg) ASTM D 3921