HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 E4474 GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND CLIMATE HWANGE SANYATI BIODIVERSITY CORRIDOR (HSBC) PROJECT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FEBRUARY 2014 i Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The Government of Zimbabwe is implementing the Hwange Sanyati Biodiversity Corridor (HSBC) Project with the assistance of the GEF through the World Bank. In consistency with the World Bank Operational Policies on Environment and Social Safeguards , this ESMF was formulated. Waterkings Environment Consultancy formulated this ESMF on behalf of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. Great appreciation is made to the various stakeholders (WWF, EMA, PWMA, Forestry Commission, CAMPFIRE, Consulted Government Departments, Local Leaders and Community Members) who made the formulation of this ESMF a success. ii Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CAP Chapter EMA Environmental Management Agency EMMP Environment Management and Monitoring Plan EMP Environment Management Plan ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan FC Forestry Commission GEF Global Environment Fund GoZ Government of Zimbabwe HNP Hwange National Park HSBC Hwange Sanyati Biodiversity Corridor ICA Intensive Conservation Area IP Indigenous Peoples IPP Indigenous Peoples plan IPPF Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework KAZA Kavango Zambezi MEWC Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate MOF Ministry of Finance NRM Natural Resources Management PA Protection Areas PWMA Parks and Wildlife Management Authority RAP Resettlement Action Plan RDC Rural District Council REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RSPF Resettlement Policy Framework S.I Statutory Instrument SADC Southern African development Community TFCA Trans Frontier Conservancy Area iii Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 USD United States Dollar WHO World Health Organization WWF Worldwide Wildlife Fund iv Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Environment : (a) the natural and manmade resources, physical resources, both biotic and abiotic, occurring in the lithosphere and atmosphere, water, soil, mineral and living organism, whether indigenous or exotic and the interaction between them. (b) Ecosystems, habitats, spatial surroundings and their constituent parts, whether natural or modified or constructed by people and communities, including urbanized areas, agricultural areas, rural landscapes and places of cultural significance. © The economic, social, cultural or aesthetic condition and qualities that contribute to the value of the matters set out in paragraphs (a) and (b). Environment and Social Impact Assessment: An instrument to identify and assess the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project, evaluate alternatives, and design appropriate mitigation, management, and monitoring measures. Environmental and Social Management Plan: An instrument that details (a) the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels and (b) the actions needed to implement these measures. v Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate, through funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) that is administered through the World Bank, is implementing the Hwange Sanyati Biodiversity Corridor Project. The project has four focal areas namely Livelihoods, Land Degradation, Climate Change and Biodiversity. The HSBC project is being implemented through CAMPFIRE (Livelihoods), Forestry Commission (Climate Change), Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (Biodiversity) and EMA (Land Degradation). The project will be coordinated by the WWF. At the time of preparation of this ESMF (December 2013), the project is still at the appraisal stage. This ESMF is part of the key preparatory work for the project appraisal by the World Bank. In coming up with this ESMF, a number of related activities and methods were used. A desk review of the project information, World Bank Environment and Social Safeguards policies, relevant local legislation and EIA guidelines was conducted. The desk review generated a deep insight into the project facets before going out for field appraisal. An overview field visit to the key parts of the project area was conducted. This saw the ESMF consultancy team traversing through Gokwe North District, Binga District, Hwange District and Tsholotsho District. The main purpose of the field visit was to familiarize the ESMF team with the project area, reconcile the project documentation with what is on the ground and also meet the various stakeholders for consultation and impact identification. A checklist, stakeholder consultations, field assessments and experience from other related projects were used for impact identification. Impact analysis was done through an impact matrix that looked at the various potential impacts from different dimensions which included aspects like magnitude, reversibility, timing, probability of occurrence and nature. This ESMF was chosen as an instrument for environmental and social assessment due to the design of above four subprojects not yet available at the time of project appraisal. It should be noted that the HSBC project was screened at the Bank level and categorized B project, according to World Bank classification. This category is characteristic of projects that have limited potential negative environmental and social impacts that can be managed using locally available interventions, but would still need limited environment and social assessment work. With this classification and the ESMF, the project will proceed to appraisal. When the specific project details of the subprojects are developed and more site specific vi Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 information is available, a screening process will be conducted for every subproject. This will culminate into the development of the appropriate environment and social management tools (ESIA/ESMP), whether the subprojects will be exempt from further ESIA or will require an ESIA it will be resolved from the screening process. As part of this ESMF, the screening process and social safeguards tools have been developed (e.g. the PF and the IPPF). The overview of indicative subproject descriptions for the HSBC subproject are as follows;  The HSBC corridor covers an approximate area of 5 697 137 ha / 56 971.37 km2 spanning through six administrative districts namely Nyaminyami (Kariba), Gokwe North, Kusile (Lupane), Hwange, Tsholotsho and Binga.  EMA subproject. The project on Sustainable Land Management and rehabilitation of degraded land will initially focus on the Ume micro catchment of the Sanyati catchment and will cover Chireya ward.  CAMPFIRE subproject. The overall objective of the focal area is to implement community based natural resource management initiatives for livelihood improvement and sustainable natural resource use in selected wards of Binga, Hwange and Tsholotsho districts. It will be achieved through three pilot projects, one in each district. The projects were identified through a stakeholder consultation process in the districts.  PWMA subproject. The overall objective of the focal area is to assist HNP to become a thriving and self sustaining wildlife estate. Its specific outputs are:  The functioning of the park’s ecosystem better understood.  Game water supply improved.  Extent of wildlife poaching reduced.  Incidence of veld fires curtailed.  Pilot REDD+ project developed and piloted.  Forestry Commission. The overall objective of this focal area is to promote improved land and forest management practices in Sikumi and Ngamo forests. Its outputs are:  Pilot REDD+ project developed and implemented.  Incidence of forest fires curtailed;  Extent of commercial timber and wildlife poaching reduced;  Game water supply improved. vii Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 In view of the above project description, the following World Bank safeguards policies were triggered and the full details on why they are triggered and the required actions are in chapter 3 of the ESMF;  OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment  OP 4.04 – Natural habitat  OP 4.36 – Forests  OP 4.11- Physical Cultural Resources  OP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement  OP 4.10 – Indigenous Peoples The HSBC project area spans through six districts and an overview stakeholder consultation was conducted. The consultation targeted the key government departments, NGOs, Safaris, local community and local leadership. Key issues that arose from the stakeholders were aimed at how the project would reduce human wildlife conflict, maximization of project benefits to local communities and close involvement of stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle. Key potential negative impacts were segmented into the various subprojects and appropriate mitigation measures were suggested. A more detailed impact identification, analysis and management will be conducted following the screening process when more project information is available. The following highlights are being made;  EMA component. The major issues include the degradation of land, occupational safety and health related impacts. River bank protection, occupational safety and health management are key in the mitigation process.  CAMPFIRE Association. The CAMPFIRE component has intra-community relations to manage. Close liaison with the local community and its leadership is one of the important mitigation measures that will ensure sustainable implementation of the component.  Forestry Commission and PWMA. The components have potential for depletion of ground water resources. The implementation of the Park and Forest management plans are essential. Liaison with ZINWA for ground water management is also essential. viii Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 It is the consultant’s conviction that the implementing and coordinating agencies for this project have capacity to effectively implement the project. Training of the project team on the various World Bank Social Safeguards and the associated management tools is recommended for the smooth implementation of the project. ix Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM Page CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATION ................................................... 3 1.2.1CAMPFIRE ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AGENCY ..................................................................... 6 1.2.3FORESTRY COMMISSION ........................................................................................................ 7 1.2.4PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................. 10 1.2.4WWF ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE EMSF ................................................................................................... 12 1.4OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF .......................................................................................................... 13 1.5POTENTIAL USERS OF THE ESMF .............................................................................................. 14 1.6METHODOLOGY USED TO PREPARE THE ESMF .................................................................... 15 1.7INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ESMF IMPLEMENTATION ..................................... 16 1.7.1RESPONSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS KEY USERS OF THE ESMF ........................................ 17 1.8ORGANIZATION OF THE ESMF ................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 23 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 23 2.1LOCATION OF THE PROJECT ....................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1 AREA COVERAGE................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.2 LAND USE PATTERNS ........................................................................................................... 25 2.1.3 WATER CATCHMENTS .......................................................................................................... 27 2.2PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................ 28 2.3EMA FOCAL AREA (LAND DEGRADATION- REHABILITATION) ........................................ 28 2.4CAMPFIRE ASSOCIATION LIVELIHOODS FOCAL AREA ...................................................... 30 2.5PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY- BIODIVERSITY FOCAL AREA ... 33 FIG 2.2 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING HWANGE NATIONAL PARK ....................................... 34 2.6FORESTRY COMMISSION- CLIMATE CHANGE FOCAL AREA ............................................. 37 CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 40 LEGAL AND POLICY REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 40 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 40 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT POLICY (1997) .................................................. 41 3.3ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ACT (CAP 20:27) OF 2002 ................................................... 41 3.4ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING .................................................................................................. 42 3.5 STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 6 OF 2007 ...................................................................................... 43 3.6 STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 7 OF 2007 ...................................................................................... 43 3.7 PUBLIC HEALTH ACT (CAP 15:09) OF 1996 .............................................................................. 44 3.7.1 S.I 639 OF 1972. ............................................................................................................................ 44 3.8 FACTORIES AND WORKS ACT (CAP 14:08) OF 1996 .............................................................. 44 3.8.1S.I 168 OF 2004 .............................................................................................................................. 44 3.9 REGIONAL, TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT (CAP: 29; 12) .................................... 44 x Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 3.10 WATER ACT (CAP 20:24) ............................................................................................................ 45 3.11PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT ACT (CAP 20:14) ................................................... 45 3.12 FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT (CAP 19:05).............................................................................. 46 3.13 LAND ACQUISITION (DISPOSAL OF RURAL LAND) REGULATIONS, 1999 .................... 46 3.14 NATIONAL MUSEUMS AND MONUMENTS ACT (CAP 25:11) ............................................ 47 3.15 WORLD BANK STANDARDS ..................................................................................................... 48 3.15.1 O.P 4.01 ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 48 3.15.2O.P 4.04 NATURAL HABITAT .............................................................................................. 49 3.15.3 O.P 4.36 FORESTS PROTECTION ........................................................................................ 49 3.15.4O.P 4.11 PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES .................................................................. 50 3.15.5 O.P 4.12 INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT. ..................................................................... 51 3.15.6O.P 4.37 DAM SAFETY ........................................................................................................... 51 3.15.7O.P 4.10 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ............................................................................................ 52 3.15.8O.P 7.50 INTERNATIONAL WATERS .................................................................................. 53 CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 55 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE .................................................................................... 55 4.1INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 55 4.2 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................. 55 4.2.1 HYDROLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 55 4.2.2 HYDROGEOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 57 4.2.3 WATER QUALITY ................................................................................................................... 60 4.2. 4 TOPOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 61 4.2.5 SOILS ......................................................................................................................................... 62 4.2.6 CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE .................................................................................... 63 4.2.8 FLORA AND FAUNA ............................................................................................................... 67 4.2.9 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN THE HSBC .................................................... 71 4.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................... 76 4.3.1 LAND USE PATTERN.............................................................................................................. 76 4.3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS AND LOCAL NETWORKS. ................................ 76 4.3.3CULTURAL STANDING .......................................................................................................... 79 4.3.4LIVELIHOODS........................................................................................................................... 80 4.3.5DEMOGRAPHICS ...................................................................................................................... 83 4.3.6 EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................. 84 4.3.7 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION ............................................................................... 86 4.3.8 WATER SUPPLY ...................................................................................................................... 87 4.3.9 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS ACTIVITY .................................................... 88 4.4HERITAGE, CULTURAL AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ISSUES ............................................... 89 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 89 4.4.2 ETHINICITY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE IN VARIOUS PROJECT AREAS .................. 89 4.4.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS ..................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 95 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION........................................................................................................ 95 5.1INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 95 5.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS .................................... 95 5.2 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING PUBLIC CONSULTATION............................................................. 96 5.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 96 xi Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5.4 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION LIST .................................................................................. 97 5.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ................................ 99 5.5.1 HWANGE- FORESTRY COMMISSION COMPONENTS ..................................................... 99 5.5.2 HWANGE- PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY COMPONENT.... 105 5.5.3 BINGA- CAMPFIRE COMPONENT ..................................................................................... 111 5.5.4 TSHOLOTSHLO - CAMPFIRE COMPONENT .................................................................... 117 5.5.5 GOKWE NORTH (CHIREYA) - EMA COMPONENT ......................................................... 121 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 129 IMPACT ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................... 129 6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 129 6.1 IMPACT ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 129 6.2IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................ 144 6.2.1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 144 CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 163 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)..................................................... 163 7.1 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ......................................................... 163 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 163 CHAPTER 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 169 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY.................................................................... 169 8.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 169 8.2INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES ................................................................................................... 169 8.3TRAINING....................................................................................................................................... 170 CHAPTER 9 ............................................................................................................................................ 171 SUBPROJECT SCREENING PROCESS ................................................................................................ 171 9.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 171 9.2.SCREENING OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND SITES .............................................................. 171 9.3CARRYING OUT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL WORK .................................................. 173 9.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ....................................................................... 174 xii Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1.1 Population statistics for CAMPFIRE Wards 5 2.1 Land use patterns within catchments 26 4.1 CAMPFIRE livelihood activities within the HSBC 82 5.1 Focal areas for stakeholder consultations 96 5.2 Summary of stakeholder concerns 98 6.1 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the Forestry Commission component 127 6.2 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the Parks and Wildlife component 130 6.3 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the CAMPFIRE component 134 6.4 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the EMA component 137 6.5 Key areas for evaluation of Impact intensity 141 6.6 Evaluation of Impacts for Forestry Commission component 142 6.7 Evaluation of Impacts for Parks and Wildlife Management Authority Component 146 6.8 Evaluation of Impacts for the CAMPFIRE ASSOCIATION Component 151 6.9 Evaluation of Impacts for the EMA component 155 7.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan 161 xiii Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1.1 Geographical location of CAMPFIRE Districts 4 1.2 Geographical location of focal area districts 6 2.1 HSBC location in Zimbabwe 23 2.2 HSBC boundaries 24 2.3 Wildlife migratory routes 35 4.1 Hydrological subzones of Sanyati catchment 56 4.2 Hydrological subzones of Gwayi catchment 57 4.3 Geological map for Gwayi Catchment 59 4.4 Geology of Sanyati catchment 59 4.5 Holes on Sodic soils in Chireya 63 4.6 Zimbabwe Agro-ecological regions 64 4.7 Average temperature and rainfall for region 4 64 4.8 Regional rainfall for 2011 66 4.9 Temperature range in 2011 67 4.10 Zebra in Ngamo forest 68 4.11 Elephants herd in Hwange National Park 69 4.12 Giraffe in Hwange National Park 69 4.13 Mtondo species in Sikumi forest 70 4.14 Mopane species a habitat of wildlife in Hwage National Park 71 4.15 Dry water holes in Ngamo forest 73 4.16 Cattle sales in Chireya threated by gulleys 74 4.17 Shops and power line threatened by gullies in Chireya 74 4.18 Chief Binga ‘s court 78 4.19 Chief Dingane and Painted dogs conservation 78 4.20 Typical Ndebele homestead in Tsholotsho 81 4.21 Head of cattle in Binga 81 4.22 Tsholotsho fleemarket 81 4.23 Children riding to school in Hwange 82 xiv Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.24 Gravel roads in Gokwe under threat from gullies 83 4.25 Borehole source in Chireya 84 4.26 Tonga architecture- Gwembe valley 89 xv Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 APPENDICES APPENDIX PAGE A Screening form 173 B Public Notice 182 C List of consulted stakeholders 183 xvi Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Government of Zimbabwe, with the assistance from the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and the World Bank is implementing the HSBC Project. The project has four broad components namely; Improving Protected Areas (PA) management effectiveness and provide alternative livelihood to communities living in sensitive areas, Pilot subprojects that will address land degradation, Institutional, policy and legal framework aimed to identify gaps and weaknesses that should be addressed to facilitate sustainable management of the NR of Zimbabwe and project coordination. i. Component 1: Improving PA management effectiveness and provide alternative livelihood to communities living in sensitive areas (USD 2.5 million). The aim of this component is to improve biodiversity management and improve the income of community involved in stewardship of the natural resource. The component will be executed in two phases namely project scoping (phase 1) and project implementation (phase 2). Phase I will be carried out over 12 months followed by a three year implementation period (phase 2). Major activities to be financed by this component include:  The establishment of biodiversity and livelihood baselines (including management effectiveness) and monitoring systems for Hwange National Park and neighboring communal areas;  Preparation and implementation of Management Plan for the same;  Market study on the socio-economic impacts of various livelihood options. They include joint marketing and management of hunting safaris; joint ecotourism operations; value addition and marketing of non timber forest products; and forest carbon trading;  Development of a business plan. This will include biodiversity inventories, management and monitoring; and designing viable livelihood options for the project; and development of communication and awareness strategy. 1 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Phase II will focus on the implementation of a joint PA community conservancy plan that is informed by outcomes of Phase I. ii. Component 2: Pilot subprojects that will address land degradation (USD 2.0 million): The aim of this component is to reverse land degradation in Sanyati catchment, UME Microcatchment as the pilot study area by implementing integrated catchment management approaches (in sustainable land management) with community participation. The following activities will be financed under this component:  Mapping of degraded areas and those facing a risk of accelerated degradation within the catchment to establish environmental databases for monitoring purposes.  Implement demonstration projects in sustainable land management in selected areas within Sanyati catchment area.  Training communities in sustainable land management practices, in environmental rehabilitation and mechanical conservation works in all the wards in the catchment.  Rehabilitation of selected degraded forest areas.  Development of technological tool kits for replication in other degraded landscapes. It is expected that this component will benefit from partnering with other donors in financing the activities under this focal area. iii. Component 3: Support to institutional, policy and legal framework (USD 1.5 million) The aim of this component is to help the government address institutional, policy and legal framework (including capacity constraints) to improve capacity in sustainable management of the Natural Resources of Zimbabwe. This Component will have two major subcomponents: (a) support to improve national and regional institutional capacity in climate change and natural resource use analysis, capacity building, awareness creation and establishment of environmental information system; and (b) overall institutional, policy and legal framework analysis of the environment sector including support to the government in crafting environmental strategy. Also, the component will finance training to address the capacity 2 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 constraints facing institutions involved in environmental-cum-natural NRM, national awareness building, outreach activities and a comprehensive communication strategy. iv. Component 4: Project Coordination (USD 1.0 million) The Ministry of Environment will be the overall coordinator of the Project. A steering committee composed of MEWC, EMA, Parks & Wildlife Management Authority, WWF and other agencies as will be defined later, will be established to oversee the approval of annual plans and budget, review progress reports, and coordinate donors activities. WWF will act as a Secretariat for the Steering Group. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATION While the MEWC will sign the grant facility with the World Bank, the implementation will be done by the various organizations under the jurisdiction of the ministry. WWF will coordinate the implementation of the project. The implementing partners for WWF are EMA, Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Forestry Commission and Campfire. 1.2.1CAMPFIRE CAMPFIRE Association is the lead agency for the Community Areas Management Programme For Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) and is a registered Welfare Organization (W.O/15/94). This organization will lead the implementation of the Livelihoods focal area of the HSBC project. Its mandate is to promote the interests of rural communities in the sustainable management of their natural resources in partnership with government, civil society organizations and the private sector. It has a compliment of eight staff centrally located in Harare and technically supported by CAMPFIRE departments within participating districts. The Association’s main funding source is a levy on CAMPFIRE activities carried out in the CAMPFIRE districts. In 2011, its recurrent budget was $150 000 that went to staff commitments and administrative costs. Capital expenditure is funded from targeted donor support. 1.2.1.1 CAMPFIRE AND RDCS Zimbabwe has a total of 60 RDCs (the lowest level of government in rural areas). Sixty-five per cent of the country’s population (12.974 million) lives in rural areas. Most of the latter areas receive low and 3 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 erratic rainfall and are on infertile soils. Consequently, the bulk of the communities realize low dry land crop yields and are food insecure. Wildlife management is therefore an important livelihood option in some districts with 57 of them being part of the CAMPFIRE programme that covers about 5 million ha. Figure 2.1 shows the geographical location of the CAMPFIRE districts. Figure 1.1: Geographical location of CAMPFIRE districts GURUVE MUZARABANI CHAMINUKA HURUNGWE NYAMINYAMI PFURA RUSHINGA MUDZI BINDURA UMP MAZOWE MUTOKO GOKWE NORTH GOROMONZI NYANGA BINGA GOKWE SOUTH MARONDERA HWANGE HWEDZA KUSILE NKAYI CHIKOMBA BUHERA BUBI UMGUZA UMZINGWANE CHIMANIMANI TSHOLOTSHO E BULILIMAMANGWE CHIPINGE MATOBO CHIREDZI GWANDA MWENEZI KEY BEITBRIDGE Protected Area Major Producer Ward KM CAMPFIRE district 0 100 200 1.2.1.2CURRENT CAMPFIRE PROJECTS IN THE HSBC The Hwange-Sanyati Biological Corridor covers six districts namely: Binga, Gokwe North, Hwange, Kusile, Nyaminyami, and Tsholotsho. The districts are involved in CAMPFIRE largely through sport hunting that also creates employment for the local population. In addition, commercial timber logging and fishing are important income sources in Tsholotsho and Hwange respectively. Table 1.1 shows population statistics of CAMPFIRE wards in the six districts. 4 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 1.1: Population statistics of CAMPFIRE wards in HSBC District District No. of Wards Population Population size (ha) wards in of of in CAMPFIR district Campfire district E wards Binga 1 305 800 25 21 138 074 118 824 Gokwe North 1 824 600 36 14 244 976 98 009 Hwange 376 963 20 19 62 649 58 240 Kusile 773 500 26 23 164 469 87 936 Nyaminyami 794 300 12 11 43 654 33 342 Tsholotsho 784 400 22 11 113 895 59 602 The Campfire component of the project will focus on Binga, Hwange and Tsholotsho districts. The districts were preferred because of the following realities:  Hwange and Tsholostho are the only districts in the HSBC that share boundaries with Hwange National Park (HNP), the wildlife reservoir for the project.  Binga district is exposed to human wildlife conflict as it borders protected areas such as Chizarira National Park, Sijarira forest and Chete safari area. In fact the district forms a natural link between Hwange National Park and other protected areas found within the corridor; and,  All three districts suffer from competition for space between people and wildlife. 5 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Figure 1.2: Geographical location of the focal districts 1.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AGENCY The Environmental Management Agency (EMA) is a parastatal under the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. Its mandate is derived from the Environmental Management Act CAP 20:27 that provides for the sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the environment; prevention of pollution and environmental degradation; and preparation of national environmental management plans across the country’s land use systems. The Agency has a staff compliment of 260 people strategically located throughout the country. Its funding comes from two sources namely; own revenue generation efforts and government grants. In 2010, the Agency generated $8.2 million and received $0.8 million in government grants for recurrent expenditure. 6 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Of the total amount $2.7 million went towards staff costs. Capital expenditure totaled $1.1 million that year. EMA has its Head Office in Harare, but is well represented at every local area. The organization has offices in the 10 provincial capitals and also in the two major cities namely Harare and Bulawayo. EMA also has an office in each of the 60 districts in the country and has active environmental committees in each ward. The representation goes further down from the ward to village level where volunteers are engaged in various environment management responsibilities. EMA is responsible for the land degradation focal area of the HSBC project. 1.2.2.1 EMA COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMES EMA routinely undertakes capacity building training for key stakeholders to instil a culture of environmental stewardship. The stakeholders include traditional leaders, local authorities such as rural district councils (RDCs), environmental sub-committees and local resource monitors as demonstrated by the following: i. The country has 359 environmental sub-committees of which one is in Chireya ward. Sub- committees are constituted by elected representatives of local communities and receive grants to facilitate their operations. In 2012 these grants totalled $60 000 and were channelled through RDCs and; ii. There are 324 resource monitors (volunteer environmental watch dogs at local level) throughout the country and one of them is in Chireya. The Agency assists the monitors with bicycles to improve mobility, regalia for ease of identification and funding for text messages to relevant authorities that deal with environmental issues (e.g. EMA, Forestry Commission and Zimbabwe Republic Police). The local representation of EMA at all levels configures the organization for effective implementation of any such environment related projects. 1.2.3 FORESTRY COMMISSION The Forestry Commission (FC) is a parastatal organization under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management. Its mandate is derived from the Forestry Act (CAP 19:05 as amended in 1999) and is to provide for regulation, management and capacity enhancement within Zimbabwe’s forestry sector. The Act regulates forest use on state land, commercial farming areas, and gazetted 7 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 forests. The Commission has a staff compliment of 673 people strategically located throughout the country. Its main funding sources are Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) grants and revenue from own resources. The organization’s plan is to progressively increase own revenue receipts and reduce on government grants in future. In 2012 it had a recurrent budget of $4.8 million from GoZ and $2.8 million from own resources. Of this amount, $4.4 million went to staff salaries. A total of $0.8 million was allocated to capital expenditure. Forestry Commission is represented in each of the 60 districts in Zimbabwe and also in every Gazetted Forest Area. The Forestry Commision is responsible for the Climate Change focal area of the HSBC project. 1.2.3.1 FORESTRY COMMISSION ACTIVITIES IN GAZETTED FOREST AREAS Zimbabwe has 24 gazetted indigenous forests that cover about 800 000 ha. Their size ranges from 567 ha (Ungwe) to 144 000 ha (Gwaai). The forests were gazetted between 1926 and 1960 to control the wanton harvesting of commercial indigenous timber species used to produce mine props, railway sleepers, flooring parquets and furniture. According to Zimbabwe’s land use classification, gazetted indigenous forests are located in natural regions IV and V, which are characterized by low and erratic rainfall and are on the fragile Kalahari Sand ecosystem. The forests are important for watershed and soil protection (catchment area protection), biodiversity conservation, wildlife habitats and as a source of commercial timber and non-timber forest products such as honey, mushrooms, edible insects and indigenous fruits. The forests are generally critical for the management and protection of the fragile Kalahari sand ecosystem. Gazetted forests contribute to Zimbabwe’s Gross Domestic Product through the forestry and tourism sectors. Substantial quantities of indigenous timber products are exported as furniture, flooring and wood carvings. In addition, the forests generate revenue from photographic safaris and sport hunting. Furthermore, gazetted indigenous forests provide employment in the areas of commercial timber harvesting, safari operations, forest management and wood carving. About four timber concessions are operational in the forests at any one time. The concessions employ some 300 people in forest management and sawmilling. Each concession is allowed to harvest a maximum of 4 800 cubic metres under bark of timber of various species per year. The average stumpage royalty for the various timber species is about $30, with chargeable fees ranging from $25 to $52. 8 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 With respect to hunting, there can be as many as 160 hunts lasting 14 to 20 days each per hunting season (May to October). Sport hunting and photographic safari operations employ substantial numbers of people. Depending on the size of the safari outfit, there could be up to 25 people employed in catering, grounds maintenance, game tracking, skinning and tour guiding. The approximately 44 curio stalls operating along the Bulawayo-Victoria Falls road and in Victoria Falls derive their timber from gazette forests. Each stall employs on average 20 people engaged in various activities in the production and vending of the curios. The Hwange –Sanyati Biological Corridor Project area hosts five of the country’s 24 gazetted indigenous forest areas. They are; Sikumi, Ngamo, Mzola, Kavira and Sijarira. However, the project will focus on Sikumi and Ngamo forests. This is in recognition of the fact they neighbor Hwange National Park- the reservoir of wildlife in the project corridor. Consequently they provide continuity for wildlife movement within the corridor. There is also no commercial timber logging and human settlements in the two forests. Furthermore the forests interface with communities who derive their livelihoods from them by accessing grazing, thatch grass, firewood and other non-wood forest products. The management of the two gazetted forests is based on forest management plans that embrace the following activities; fire management, game water supply, wildlife management, community engagement and forest zoning. However, the management plans are outdated. In addition, the inadequacy of financial and human resources has compromised the management of the forests. The two forests measure 157 300ha and are only patrolled by a contingent of 12 guards at any given time. This translates to one guard per 13 000 ha. Furthermore, the two forests share one vehicle for guard deployment and forest monitoring. The Forestry Commission used to support research on indigenous tree establishment, management and the effects of fire on natural regeneration but such activities have since been scaled down in the two forests. It is also facilitating the establishment and nurturing of community fire management brigades. In 2000 the Commission established a Social Fund whose objective was to support local schools and neighboring communities as part of its corporate social responsibility. However, the Fund is not 9 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 operational due to financial challenges faced by the organization. The Forestry Commission has an organizational system and structures to fully participate in its component of the HSBC project. 1.2.4 PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT The Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (PWMA) is a parastatal organization under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management. It derives its mandate from the Parks and Wildlife Act (Chapter 20:14) of 1996 and its subsequent amendments. The Act empowers the Authority to effectively and profitably manage Zimbabwe’s wildlife resources for the benefit of present & future generations especially within the Parks estate. The Authority has a staff compliment of at least 3 225 people strategically located throughout the country provincial offices and specific wildlife management areas. The organization does not receive government grants but manages its estates by commercializing its operations within the context of “natural resources paying for their own conservation”. However, the Authority is experiencing severe under capitalization and cash flow problems that continue to erode its capacity to sustainably manage the Park’s estate under the current depressed macro-economic environment. Currently, its law enforcement is weak and severely under-resourced at a time of heightened wildlife poaching activities. Funding for the protection and development of the Park estate has declined from $200 per square km in 1980 to the current (2013) $10 per square km. A comparative figure for Kruger National Park in South Africa is $2 000 per square km (Cumming, 2009). In 2011 the PWMA had a recurrent budget of $ 19.8 million of which $11.4 million went to staff salaries. A total of $0.9 million was allocated to capital expenditure. Zimbabwe has 26 wildlife areas that consist of 11 national parks, 6 safari areas, 10 recreational parks, 2 botanical gardens and 2 botanical reserves that cover 5.2 million ha. The 26 areas constitute the Parks Estate. The Hwange –Sanyati Biological Corridor Project area hosts three National Parks (Hwange, Chizarira and Matusadonha) and two safari areas (Chete and Chirisa). The Parks estate neighbors with some communal land, gazetted forest areas and privately owned conservancies. The estate also hosts migration wildlife routes across the different neighbouring land use systems. However, the routes are not well understood and require further research as they impact on the sustainable management of wildlife in the corridor. 10 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The project will focus on Hwange National Park (HNP). The park was preferred because of the following realities: i. It is a reservoir of most of the wildlife found in the corridor. For example, it has about 50 000 elephants; more than 5 000 buffalo; and 400 lion and is the largest national park in the country. ii. It is part of the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) Trans-frontier Conservation Area (TFCA) initiative. The KAZA is the largest TFCA in the world. iii. It is the source of animals that are sport hunted in the other land use systems e.g. Gwai Intensive Conservation Area (ICA); and Tsholotsho, Hwange and Binga communal lands. iv. Its wildlife is a major source of human wildlife conflicts with neighboring communal lands. This is the background from which the organization proposes to implement the biodiversity focal area of the HSBC project. 1.2.4 WWF WWF is an International Development Agency whose vision is a safe and sustainable future for people, places and species, in an equitable low-carbon society that is resilient to climate change. WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment, and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. In order to achieve this mission, WWF focuses its efforts on two broad areas of biodiversity and footprints. The first focal area ensures that the earth's web of life - biodiversity - stays healthy and vibrant for generations to come. The organization strategically focuses on conserving critical places and critical species that are particularly important for the conservation of the earth's rich biodiversity. The second focal area aims to reduce the negative impacts of human activity (ecological footprint). The organization is working to ensure that the natural resources required for life -land, water, air are managed sustainably and equitably. WWF achieves its mission through innovative partnerships that combine on- the-ground conservation, high-level policy and advocacy, and work to make business & industry more sustainable. Focus is on conserving critical places and critical species that are particularly important for their habitat or for people. WWF also works to reduce humanity's ecological footprint, the amount of 11 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 land and natural resources needed to supply our food, water, fiber and timber, and to absorb CO2 emissions. WWF wishes to find practical solutions for a healthy planet, a planet where people and nature can thrive together, in a stable environment, now, and for generations to come. WWF will be the executing agency for the project. WWF has a country office (which also houses regional programmes) in Zimbabwe and a Regional Office for eastern and southern Africa in Kenya. The organization is well situated to provide critical specialized support in capacity improvement. The presence of WWF on the ground will provide a back-stop required in specific areas by providing technical assistance (TA) on timely basis to ensure project execution is done as planned. WWF also will play a critical role in the preparation of projects for financing by donors that support the overall environmental management effort of the government of Zimbabwe, specifically the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management, thereby ensuring harmonization and complementarity. 1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE EMSF The Environmental Management Act (CAP 20:26), First schedule provides a list of activities that require compulsory ESIA before implementation. This listing is applicable to project whose specific activities and locations are fully known such that the accompanying environment and social impacts can be identified, identified and mitigated. However; the full details of the HSBC sub projects are not yet fully known and the environmental and social impacts of the project cannot be identified, assessed and mitigated in the context of the conventional ESIA process. The HSBC spans through six districts that include Tsholotsho, Hwange, Binga and Gokwe North. The project has four sub projects implemented by four different implementing agencies. EMA’s land degradation component of the HSBC project will be targeting the Ume micro catchment in the Gokwe North District while the Forestry Commision’s Climate Change component will be implemented in the Ngamo and Sikume Forests in the Hwange District. The Parks and Wildlife Management’s biodiversity component targets the Hwange National Park in Hwange District while the Campfire livelihoods component is implemented in the Tsholotsho, Hwange and Binga Districts. In the absence of the exact location and exact project activities, the ESMF is an appropriate planning tool. 12 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The HSBC project is categorized as a B project according to the World Bank’s Operational Policy OP4.01 (Environmental Assessment). This means appropriate environmental work will have to be carried out. Since the locations of the investments and their potential negative localized impacts cannot be determined prior to appraisal, the programme requires the preparation of an ESMF to ensure appropriate mitigation of potential negative environmental and social impacts are taken into account in the implementation of projects. This framework therefore, is designed to guide the establishment of appropriate level of environmental and social management measures for implementation, in all the stages of the project activities, from the planning to implementation and decommissioning. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF The objective of this ESMF is to ensure that the implementation of the HSBC Project is carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. The ESMF will provide the project implementers with an environmental and social screening process that will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts of their sub projects in the respective implementation locations. The screening results would indicate whether additional environmental and/or social work will be required or not. Thus, the ESMF is designed to ensure that the appropriate level of environmental management, which could range from the application of simple mitigation measures (assessed through the environmental checklists), to ESMPs, to the preparation of a comprehensive ESIA Report (according to Zimbabwe's ESIA Guidelines), is applied. The subproject ESIAs will include an ESMP to present the specific impacts, mitigation measures, costs, responsibilities and schedule for implementation. It is important to note that while the HSBC project has been classified a category B project, exemption from the full ESIA requirement for the sub projects would have to be processed through the screening, review, approval and endorsement by the Ministry of Environment , Water and Climate. The ESMF will outline the: a) Steps of the screening process from identification to approval of the respective sub projects. b) General environmental and social mitigation measures that can be applied and adopted. c) Summary of the Bank's safeguards policies to ensure the latter are observed during project implementation. d) Accompanying safeguards instruments for the triggered safeguard policies. 13 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 This ESMF has therefore been prepared to provide project implementers with the screening process that will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential negative environmental and social impacts; and to ensure proper mitigation and possibly the preparation of a comprehensive, ESMPs, Process Framework and IPP where applicable. 1.5 POTENTIAL USERS OF THE ESMF This framework has been prepared as a reference manual for use by key stakeholders to be involved in the planning, implementation, management and operation of the proposed HSBC project. The framework would be useful to the key stakeholders in the persuasions of their varied interests in the project. Some stakeholders will use the framework for appraisal of the project while others will use it to implement the respective sub projects. Regulatory authorities will use the framework to assess compliance with the various legal requirements. The local communities and their leadership will use the framework for monitoring implementation of the various mitigation measures for the identified impacts. Local NGOs will use the framework to pressure the implementing agencies to adhere to the given mitigation measures. The following organizations are part of the key users of the framework;  EMA.  Parks and Wildlife Management Authority.  Forestry Commission.  CAMPFIRE.  Provincial Officers.  Local Rural District Councils.  Local Government Extension Offices.  Local Communities.  Local Traditional leaders.  Local NGOs (Painted Dogs, E Africa).  Interested Parties (Politicians, Researchers).  World Bank.  WWF 14 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 1.6 METHODOLOGY USED TO PREPARE THE ESMF The preparation of the ESMF was done with special emphasis for impact identification, impact analysis and evaluation, and stakeholder consultation. A clear methodology for the screening process for the various subprojects was also adopted. The screening methodology with be participatory. More information on screening is given in chapter three of the ESMF. Impact identification was carried out after thoroughly conducting a literature review. The literature review targeted the various project documents so as to have a clear understanding of the project activities, location and the environmental receptors that are likely to be impacted. The literature review also targeted the World Bank Environment and Social Safeguards standards and procedures so that the whole ESMF is compliant to the Bank Environment and Social Operational Policies. Local environmental legislation was also reviewed to establish the gaps between the local legislation and the Bank’s environment and social safeguards. Reference to checklists in the local environmental guidelines for related projects was also made so that the general impacts associated with the proposed project can identified. A ground truthing exercise was carried out to the HSBC where discussions with the relevant government extension officers, local implementing agencies personnel, local traditional leadership and potentially affected persons and beneficiaries was carried out. The ground truthing exercise was also a valuable source of impact identification and mitigation options. The experience from other projects was also used to forecast potential negative and positive environment and social impacts. Impact analysis and evaluation used the impact matrix methodology. In this process the identified impacts were interrogated in various dimensions that included;  Direct or indirect impact.  Immediate or long term impact.  Local or distant impact range.  Permanent or temporal duration.  reversible or irreversible  positive or negative  Magnitude of impacts.  Probability of occurrence.  Impact significance. 15 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014  Cumulativeness of impacts. The above analysis culminated into the formulation of appropriate mitigation or enhancement measures depending on whether the impacts are positive or negative. Where possible, the consultant also forecasted the residual impact that will remain even after the implementation of mitigation measures. The stakeholder consultation process was multifaceted. The stakeholder listing was done by the with the participation of the local rural district officials, the local implementing officials and the consultant. The stakeholders were segmented into technical, government departments, local NGOs, local traditional leaders and project affected people and beneficiaries. The consultation process was assisted by the administration of a questionnaire to government departments and all who are able to read, understand and complete. The same questionnaire was administered to the local leadership with interpretation. Individual beneficiaries were interviewed during the field visit especially in the Land rehabilitation project at Chireya. Discussions were held with the hospital staff and the local business persons whose structures are under threat from the gullies. A public notice was also placed in the local daily in both English and the local languages (Tonga and Ndebele). In all the consultations, stakeholder submissions were analysed and used in the formulation of appropriate mitigation measures. 1.7 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ESMF IMPLEMENTATION The implementation of the HSBC project will be done with the closely knit cooperation of various partners. Since the World Bank issues the grant to the Government of Zimbabwe, the MOF will sign grant on behalf of government. The Ministry of Environment will be the overall coordinator of the Project. A steering committee composed of MEWC, EMA, Parks & Wildlife Management Authority, Ministry of Agriculture, WWF and other agencies as will be defined later, will be established to oversee the approval of annual plans and budget, review progress reports, and coordinate donors activities. WWF will act as a Secretariat for the Steering Committee. The Bank and WWF will enter a Project Agreement that clearly specifies the role and modality of project execution. 16 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 1.7.1 RESPONSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS KEY USERS OF THE ESMF A. MINISTRY OF FINANCE The role of the MoF among others, is to coordinate the financing of projects by donors and external financers. The MoF will sign the Grant Agreement on behalf of the Government of Zimbabwe. B. MEWC MEWC is responsible for policy formulation, strategy development and executing programmes in the environment sector. The Ministry will be responsible for lobbying other government ministries to support the achievement of the ESMF wherever such support is required. C. WWF The main responsibilities of the WWF will be: i. Responsible for all fiduciary aspects of the project including overseeing financial management and procurement including contracting of independent auditors and project reviewer. ii. Provide targeted TA and training as needed for the effective implementation of the ESMF. iii. Manage and coordinate the monitoring and evaluation system. iv. Prepare periodic reports as will be agreed in the Project Agreement. v. Prepare bankable projects for financing by other donors and multilateral financers vi. Coordinate communication strategy and undertake outreach and awareness building on the requirements of the ESMF. vii. Coordinating and consulting with relevant stakeholders sited in the ESMF. D. EMA EMA will be responsible for the following aspects of the HSBC project; i. Implementation of the land degradation focal area of the HSBC project. ii. Spearhead the establishment and operation of Environmental Sub-committees. 17 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 iii. Implementation of the pilot sub projects in selected catchments. iv. Mobilize the associated key stakeholders for the effective implementation of the focal area activities. v. Formulation of the required environmental and social safeguards instruments like the ESIA/ESMP and RAPs applicable to its subprojects as outlined in the ESMF. vi. Reviewing, clearing and certification of the various applicable screening outcomes from the other subprojects in accordance with the ESMF. vii. Statutory monitoring of compliance to legal requirements of other participating implementing agencies. E. PWMA The organization is responsible for the effective implementation of the Biodiversity focal area of the HSBC project. In this endeavor, some of the key responsibilities include the following; i. Represent government interests in wildlife conservation & sustainable use in the project. ii. Train & monitor game scouts in anti poaching activities. iii. Train Environmental Subcommittees on their obligations under the Parks & Wildlife Management Act, including Problem Animal Control. iv. Implement Park management operations & intensify sustainable revenue generation activities. v. Provide oversight & representation in the KAZA TFCA as the National coordination Agency for TFCAs. vi. Preparation and implementation of the ESIA/ESMPs and RAPs required as follow up instruments to the ESMF. F. FORESTRY COMMISSION The Forestry Commission will be spearheading the Climate Change component of this project. Some key responsibilities include; i. The overall objective of this focal area is to promote improved land and forest management practices in Sikumi and Ngamo forests. 18 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 G. CAMPFIRE ASSOCIATION The CAMPFIRE association will be responsible for the implementation of the livelihoods focal area of the HSBC project. In this effort, the following responsibilities will be applicable; i. Represent community interests at various levels. ii. Build capacity of targeted partners on participatory natural resources management approaches. iii. Coordinate CAMPFIRE activities at the Environmental Sub-committee level. iv. Establish & manage a database on Local Environmental Action Plans. v. Preparation and implementation of the ESIA/ESMPs and RAPs applicable to its subproject as follow up to the ESMF. H. LOCAL COMMUNITIES The sustainability of the HSBC largely anchors on the effective participation of the targeted local communities. The local communities are essential in the identification, mitigation and monitoring of the project impacts, whether positive or negative. The local communities will be participating in the following areas of joint responsibility with the respective subproject implementing agencies; i. Ensure proper and sustainable management of natural resources at a local level. ii. Discourage poaching activities from host communities. iii. Participate in CAMPFIRE type livelihood enhancement initiatives through public private community partnerships (PPCPs). iv. Participate in the formulation of local level subproject implementation structures like environmental subcommittee at ward and village levels. v. Volunteer as environmental monitors in respective subprojects project areas. vi. Participation of community representatives in participatory screening for subprojects activities. vii. Participate in the monitoring of the implementation of the ESIA/ESMPs and RAPs prepared as follow up to the ESMF. I. RDCs The RDCs are the custodian of all the communal land in the country and are essential for the smooth implementation of the ESMF. Though the RDCs do not have jurisdiction in Gazetted 19 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Forest areas and National Parks, they still host the various communities that are adjacent to the gazetted forest and National parks areas. For sustainable formulation and implementation of the associated RAPs that may arise from some subprojects, the RDCs should be closely involved. Some of the responsibilities of the RDCs include; i. Coordinating land use planning in CAMPFIRE districts. ii. Creating a conducive business environment in CAMPFIRE districts. J. NGOs The ESMF sites some local NGOs as part of the key stakeholders in the implementation of the HSBC project together with the implementation of this ESMF. The NGOs play an important role in community mobilization against any negative impacts that may arise from the implementation of the HSBC project. In view of their important role, the local NGOs will be afforded a chance to be part of the monitoring mechanism in the implementation of this ESMF and its associated ESIA/ESMPs and RAPs. K. WORLD BANK The World Bank has the following roles in this project; i. Review and ensure that the project is prepared and implemented in conformity with all the Bank operational policies and in line with the legal agreement and associated documents, such as safeguard documents. ii. During implementation support the Bank will work with the various implementing agencies and stakeholders to review project implementation and to provide advice or technical assistance when appropriate. iii. The Bank in this role must also take into account its fiduciary responsibilities to the Global Environment Facility, the project funder. 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE ESMF The ESMF has the following segments for easy review and utilization by the various users; i. Chapter 1 (Introduction). The chapter gave an overview of the HSBC project, background of the project implementers, justification of the ESMF, objectives of the 20 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 ESMF and the strategies used in the formulation of the ESMF. The chapter will also highlight the institutional arrangement for the implementation of the ESMF. ii. Chapter 2 (Project Description). The chapter will give a detailed presentation of what is currently known about the various components of the HSBC project. The detailed presentation is given to lay a clear basis for impact identification and analysis, impact mitigation, impact management and monitoring. The chapter also lays a solid foundation for the reflection on the World Bank environment and social safeguards that are triggered and those that are not. iii. Chapter 3 (Legal and Policy Review). The chapter establishes the gaps that exist between the local environmental laws with the World Bank environment and social safeguards. Screening guidelines for the project activities that are not yet clearly spelt out will also be presented. iv. Chapter 4 (Environmental and Social Baseline). The chapter presents the environmental and social scan of the proposed project area so as to be able to correctly superimpose the anticipated environmental and social impacts on the proposed project area. This will however be limited to the extent to which the facets projects are known. More site specific environmental and social baseline analysis will be left to the respective sub projects environmental management plans and resettlement action plans where applicable. v. Chapter 5 (Stakeholder Consultation). This chapter will analyse the submissions of the stakeholders that were consulted as a means of impact identification, mitigation and monitoring input. Overally where applicable some recommendations for project design will be made from the submissions of key stakeholders. vi. Chapter 6 (Impact Analysis and Evaluation). The chapter presents the various impacts predicted, their analysis and evaluation. The chapter aims to draw the attention of the project proponents to the major impacts that may accompany the proposed project. vii. Chapter 7 (Environment and Social Management Plan). The chapter presents a synthesis of the earlier chapter in a format that outlines the environmental and social objectives that will ensure the project complies with the requirements of the local environment legislation and the World Bank environment and social safeguards. An array of required financial resources, networks and performance indicators will be presented. 21 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 viii. Chapter 8 Institutional Arrangement and Capacity. The chapter interrogates the various institutions involved in the implementation of the project together with their respective key stakeholders. ix. Chapter 9 Subprojects Screening Process. The consultant presents the screening tools and process for the subprojects. . x. References. xi. Appendices. 22 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the key facets of the project namely project location and project activities will be presented. It’s important to note that while it is not yet clear to specifically pin point the exact location of the subprojects and give the respective intricate details, it is adequate to discuss the general location and general project details for the purpose of the ESMF. The objective of this discussion is to be able to give some form of appreciation of the physical footprints that the project has and also determine the other general components of the ESMF that include the key stakeholder analysis, environment and social baseline assessment, impact identification and mitigation. The project description will also give a basis for the identification of the various environment and social safeguards policies that will be triggered. 2.1 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT The project location is given in two configurations namely the political and administrative boundaries and also the water resources catchment boundaries. The two configurations are important during the actual implementation of the subprojects. The other three subprojects (PWMA, Forestry and CAMPFIRE) inter-relations on the ground will follow the political and administrative boundary while the EMA subproject ground interactions will follow the hydrological configurations that ultimately form a catchment boundary. The EMA component will also follow the political and administrative boundaries for management purpose but the project impacts follow the catchment boundaries. It is important to note that the exact subproject locations are not yet known, but the general outline below is adequate for the ESMF. 23 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 2.1.1 AREA COVERAGE The HSBC corridor covers an approximate area of 5 697 137 ha / 56 971.37 Km2 spanning through six administrative districts namely Nyaminyami (Kariba), Gokwe North, Gokwe South, Kusile (Lupane), Hwange, Tsholotsho and Binga (See map1 below). Fig 2.1 HSBC located northwest of Zimbabwe and indicated as Study Site A REFELECTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS A reconciliation of the spatial extent of the HSBC shows that the corridor coincides with the location of the San Peoples in the Tsholotsho district adjacent to the Hwange National Park. With this in mind the project triggers O.P 4.10 – Indigenous Peoples policy. The interaction of the Hwange National Park with the San location requires a process framework. Reference to the land use within the corridor shows that the operations of the Hwange National Park and the gazetted forests constitute a restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. Though there is no physical placement of people, the project triggers O.P 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement policy because the Bank-assisted project is 24 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 directly and significantly related to the existing restriction to resources and necessary for the achievements of the project objectives. Fig 2.2 HSBC boundaries 2.1.2 LAND USE PATTERNS The corridor is home to 9 different land use patterns as defined in the Zimbabwe 1992 land-use map. The corridor is made up of 3 National Parks (Hwange, Chizarira and Matusadonha) 3 Safari Areas (Chirisa, Chete and Deka) 6 Gazetted forest areas (Ngamo, Sikumi,Gwayi, Mzola, Kavira and Sijarira) 16 Communal Areas (Hwange, Manjolo, Siyabuwa, Kanyati, Ringwe, Sebungwe, Gokwe, Busi, Kana, Mzola, Nata, Dandanda, Lubimbi, Tsholotsho, Lupane and Maitengwe) 4 Large Scale Commercial 25 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Farming Areas (Kavira, Matetsi, Railway farms and Gwayi Valley) 3 State lands (Gwayi Valley, Msuna and Bumi Hills) 2 Resettlement areas (Deka and Omay) 1Small scale commercial farming area (Gwayi) and 1 Water body (Lake Kariba). Table 2.1 Landuse categories Land use Names of areas under each Total area of each % of each category to category category category (Ha) total corridor area State land  Gwayi Valley, Msuna and Bumi 121 643.01 2,14 Hills National parks  Matusadonha, Chizarira and 1 791 545.56 31,53 Hwange Safari areas  Chirisa and Chete 337 073.46 5,93 Communal lands  Hwange, Manjolo, Siabuwa, 2 428 809.21 42,75 Kanyati,  Ringwe, Sebungwe, Gokwe, Busi, Kana,  Mzola, Dandanda, Lubimbi, Lupane  Tsholotsho, Nata, Maitengwe Resettlement areas  Deka 329 639.37 5,80  Omay Large scale  Kavira 230 102.34 4,05 commercial  Matetsi farming areas  Railway farms  Gwayi Valley Small scale  Gwayi 5 097.05 0,09 commercial farming area Forest land  Sijarira, Kavira, Mzola, Gwayi 244 081.92 4,30 (gazetted)  Ngamo, Sikumi Water body  Kariba 193 908.77 3,41 26 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 2.1.3 WATER CATCHMENTS The corridor stretches into two water catchments in Zimbabwe. These catchments are Gwayi and Sanyati. Below is a table which shows areas under each catchment and total catchment coverage. The EMA, Ume Micro Catchment is located in the Gokwe North District in Sanyati Catchment. Table 2.1 Land use within catchments Land use pattern / Sanyati Catchment Gwayi Catchment Catchment State land  Bumi Hills  Gwayi Valley  Msuna National parks  Matusadonha  Chizarira  Chizarira  Hwange Safari areas  Chirisa  Chete Communal lands  Kanyati, Kana,  Hwange, Manjolo,  Rengwe, Siabuwa Sebungwe,  Mzola Dandanda  Gokwe, Busi, Lubimbi,  Dandanda,  Lupane Tsholotsho,  Nata, Maitengwe Resettlement areas  Omay  Omay  Deka Large scale commercial  Kavira, Matetsi farming areas  Railway farms, Gwayi Valley Small scale commercial  Gwayi farming area Forest land (gazetted)  Mzola  Mzola, Sijarira,  Kavira, Gwayi  Ngamo, Sikumi 27 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The overview description of the HSBC subproject was given in chapter 1 (introduction). In this segment focus is given to the focal areas in a way that will assist the identification of specific environmental and social safeguards that will be triggered and the applicable environment and social impact accompanying implementation of the focal areas. 2.3 EMA FOCAL AREA (LAND DEGRADATION- REHABILITATION) The project on rehabilitation of degraded land will initially focus on the Ume micro catchment of the Sanyati catchment and will cover Chireya ward. It was selected for the following reasons:  It sits on sodic soils with poor crumb structure and very prone to chemical erosion. The management of such soils for conservation and agricultural production is not well understood; and,  It is experiencing severe land degradation challenges. Consequently, it provides an appropriate “test bed” or “experimental site” for addressing land degradation issues in the corridor. Chireya ward covers 21 000ha of land. The area around Chireya business centre (especially the mission hospital) is experiencing widespread land degradation characterized by gully erosion that is threatening the integrity of infrastructure and the ecosystem around the centre. For example, a gully head has encroached onto the hospital fence and is within 30 metres of the nearest building. The hospital serves a population of 25 860 people and the community cannot afford to have the hospital closed. A. FOCAL AREA OUTPUTS The overall objective of the focal area is to promote sustainable land protection and management practices that reduce land degradation. Its specific outputs are:  Environmental baseline for micro-catchment protection and management established;  Land rehabilitation and protection initiatives that are based on sustainable models implemented; and,  Enabling conditions for environmental protection and management put in place. 28 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 B. SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES BY OUTPUT Output 1: Environmental baseline for micro-catchment protection and management established The following activities will be carried out: i. Establish key drivers of land degradation in the micro-catchment. ii. Conduct woody and other vegetation inventories in key landscapes. iii. Assess silt and river discharge levels at strategic points in the micro-catchment. iv. Collate available information on sodic soil and fill in any information gaps. v. Develop sustainable land protection and management models for the micro-catchment. Output 2: Land rehabilitation and protection initiatives that are based on sustainable models implemented. The following activities will be conducted: i. Provide appropriate soil ameliorants that improve the structure and condition of sodic soils. ii. Implement mechanical land rehabilitation measures. iii. Re-vegetate the micro-catchment with appropriate plant species. iv. Develop and promote sustainable and high productivity rain-fed crop production practices on stream banks/wetlands. v. Develop and support the implementation of local level environmental management plans that embrace sections i-iv above. Output 3: Enabling conditions for environmental management and protection put in place. The following activities will be carried out: i. Conduct targeted capacity building initiatives on environmental stewardship at various stakeholder levels. ii. Strengthen and nurture environmental sub-committees. iii. Develop and nurture collaborative coordination mechanisms for institutions involved in environmental management and protection. 29 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 C. REFLECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS It is important to note that much of the activities above are software activities and the only physical footprints will come from output 2, activities ii-iv. From the above activities, the subproject triggers O.P 4.01- Environmental Assessment. This means EMA will have to follow the screening guidelines given in this framework and the corresponding environment management tools will need to be developed. The applicable environment and social impacts are discussed in chapter 6 (impact analysis and evaluation). 2.4 CAMPFIRE ASSOCIATION LIVELIHOODS FOCAL AREA The overall objective of the focal area is to implement community based natural resource management initiatives for livelihood improvement and sustainable natural resource use in selected wards of Binga, Hwange and Tsholotsho districts. It will be achieved through three pilot projects, one in each district. The projects were identified through a stakeholder consultation process in the districts. A. FOCAL AREA OUTPUTS Specific project outputs are: i. Enhanced community incomes and welfare through revamped hunting safari operations in Sidinda ward of Hwange district (Project 1); ii. Improved human and wildlife conflict management in selected wards of Tsholotsho district (Project 2); and, iii. Enhanced household income and nutrition security through market development strategies and business plans for domestic guinea fowl, crafts, ecotourism, fishing and honey products. B. ACTIVITIES TO THE OUTPUTS Output 1: Enhanced community incomes and welfare through revamped hunting safari operations in Sidinda ward of Hwange (Project 1) The following activities will be undertaken: i. Establish the ecological condition and carrying capacity of Sidinda ward. ii. Introduce wildlife species in line with the assessment in 1.1 above. iii. Establish and nurture beneficial community and private sector partnerships that enhance safari hunting revenue streams. 30 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 iv. Strengthen Environment Sub-Committees. v. Enhance the capacity of communities to monitor wildlife and to effectively participate in the safari hunting operations in their area. Output 2: Improved human and wildlife conflict management in selected wards of Tsholotsho district (Project 2). The following activities will be carried out: i. Assess the current magnitude and impact of and response to human and wildlife conflict in selected wards. ii. Design and implement a HWC surveillance mechanism that ensures timely communication to and response by communities and other key stakeholders. iii. Facilitate the identification and implementation of appropriate mitigation measures (e.g. chilli fence, chilli bomb and livestock biomass). iv. Raise awareness and build community level capacity in the HWC mitigation. v. Promote chilli cultivation (as a HWC mitigation ingredient and source of income). vi. Monitor changes in HWC and wildlife damage. Output 3: Enhanced household income and nutrition security through marketing strategies and business plans in guinea fowl production. The following activities will be undertaken: i. Establish the current management, production and marketing situation of guinea fowls in target wards. ii. Facilitate development of Local Environmental Action Plans in the target wards. iii. Facilitate the improved management of fowls (including housing, feed and health). iv. Build local capacity in modern guinea fowl rearing. v. Facilitate the establishment of reliable guinea fowl external markets through community-private partnerships. 31 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 C. REFLECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS The revamping of safari hunting operation and the introduction of some certain wildlife species in an already existing natural habitat has some ecological implications. It is not known to what extent the caring capacity of the targeted natural habitat will be sustainably achieved. The proposed subproject therefore impacts negatively or positively on the natural habitat depending on the results of the carrying capacity assessments, the introduction of selected wildlife spices and the behavior of the hunters on the ground. The subproject triggers O.P 4.01 – Environmental Assessment and O.P 4.04 – Natural Habitat. The Environmental Management Plan that will be formulated after screening will need to focus on conservation of the natural habitat among other things. The success of the proposed hunting component of the HSBC is contingent on the sustainable management of the host forest. Sustainable conservation and management of the host forest cannot be overemphasized. The project triggers O.P 4.36 – Forests. The Environmental and Social Management Plan that will be formulated after screening will need to focus on sustainable forests conservation and management among other things. Discussions on whether this component would have any land acquisition or change of landuse to create space for any subproject was carried out at length and it was vehemently stated that there will be no landuse conflict or any change of landuse in the project that would warrant triggering 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement Policy. The institutional arrangement for implementation shows that the CAMPFIRE subprojects will be hosted in the existing RDC landholding. There is no relocation of any person or disturbance of anyone’s landuse practice arising from such associated RDC landuse. It was therefore concluded that this subproject does not trigger 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement Policy, accept insofar as a Process Framework is required. 32 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 2.5 PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY- BIODIVERSITY FOCAL AREA The Hwange –Sanyati Biological Corridor Project area hosts three national Parks (Hwange, Chizarira and Matusadonha) and two safari areas (Chete and Chirisa). Figure 2.2 shows the distribution of the Parks estate in relation to communal land, gazette forest areas and privately owned conservancies. It also highlights preliminary migration wildlife routes across the different land use systems. However, the routes are not well understood and require further research as they impact on the sustainable management of wildlife in the corridor. The project will focus on Hwange National Park (HNP). The park was preferred because of the following realities:  It is a reservoir of most of the wildlife found in the corridor. For example, it has about 50 000 elephants; more than 5 000 buffalo; and 400 lion and is the largest national park in the country;  It is part of the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) Trans-frontier Conservation Area (TFCA) initiative. The KAZA is the largest TFCA in the world;  It is the source of animals that are sport hunted in the other land use systems e.g. Gwai Intensive Conservation Area (ICA); and Tsholotsho, Hwange and Binga communal lands.  Its wildlife is a major source of human wildlife conflicts with neighboring communal lands. 33 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 2.3 Wildlife migratory routes The overall objective of the focal area is to assist HNP to become a thriving and self sustaining wildlife estate. Its specific outputs are:  The functioning of the park’s ecosystem better understood.  Game water supply improved.  Extent of wildlife poaching reduced.  Incidence of veld fires curtailed.  Pilot REDD+ project developed and piloted. 34 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Output 1: The functioning of the park’s ecosystem better understood The following activities will be carried out: i. Study wildlife migratory routes throughout the corridor. ii. Carryout a comprehensive groundwater assessment of the corridor. iii. Conduct wildlife aerial surveys for indicator species every three years. iv. Update the park management plan. Output 2: Game water supply improved The following activity will be undertaken:  Establish and maintain game water points as per HNP management plan. Output 3: Extent of wildlife poaching reduced The following activities will be conducted: i. Enhance anti-poaching activities in the park. ii. Mount joint/coordinated operations with relevant institutions (e.g. Forestry Commission, Painted dog project and Rural District Councils-RDCs). Output 4: Incidence of veld fires curtailed The following activities will be carried out: i. Establish and maintain fire guards. ii. Undertake fire fighting operations. iii. Mount community conservation awareness campaigns. Output 5: Pilot REDD+ project developed and implemented The following activities will be conducted: i. Establish the underlying causes of deforestation in HNP. ii. Assess and map out the forest cover of HNP. iii. Establish the amount of carbon sequestrated by HNP forests; Assess REDD+ readiness of the forests. 35 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 iv. Design and implement a pilot REDD+ project. C. REFLECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS The physical footprints of the watering points construction makes the subproject trigger O.P 4.01 – Environmental Assessment Policy. A screening process and an appropriate EMP will be required in the implementation stage. As discussed in the project location and landuse sections above, the Hwange National Parks activities makes the project trigger O.P 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement. A process framework is therefore required. The REDD+ component is based on the sustainable management and conversion of the host forestry areas and its habitat. The project therefore triggers O.P 4.04 – Natural habitat and O.P 4.36 – Forests. In order to mitigate these triggered policies, the Environmental Assessment needs to focus on forest management and conservation of biodiversity through park management plan. The project triggers O.P 4.12- Involuntary Resettlement. Though there is no land acquisition in the project, the policy is triggered because of the following reasons; i. The existing restriction is directly and significantly related to the Bank –assisted project. ii. The existing restriction is necessary to achieve the objectives of a Bank-assisted project. Following the triggering of the above policy, a Process Framework was prepared. 36 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 2.6 FORESTRY COMMISSION- CLIMATE CHANGE FOCAL AREA The Hwange –Sanyati Biological Corridor Project area hosts five of the country’s 24 gazetted indigenous forest areas. They are: Sikumi, Ngamo, Mzola, Kavira and Sijarira. However, the project will focus on Sikumi and Ngamo forests. This is in recognition of the fact they neighbor Hwange National Park- the reservoir of wildlife in the project corridor. Consequently they provide continuity for wildlife movement within the corridor. There is also no commercial timber logging and human settlements in the two forests. Furthermore the forests interface with communities who derive their livelihoods from them by accessing grazing, thatch grass, firewood and other non-wood forest products. A. OUTPUTS OF THE FOCAL AREA The overall objective of this focal area is to promote improved land and forest management practices in Sikumi and Ngamo forests. Its outputs are:  Pilot REDD+ project developed and implemented.  Incidence of forest fires curtailed.  Extent of commercial timber and wildlife poaching reduced;  Game water supply improved. B. ACTIVITIES TO THE OUTPUTS Specific activities by output Output 1: Pilot REDD+ project developed and implemented. The following activities will be carried out under this output: i. Establish the underlying causes of deforestation in Sikumi and Ngamo forests. ii. Assess and map out forest cover of the forests. iii. Assess the amount of carbon sequestrated by the forests. iv. Assess REDD+ readiness of the forests. v. Design and implement a pilot REDD+ project. Output 2: Incidence of forest fires curtailed The following activities will be conducted: i. Establish and maintain fire guards. 37 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 ii. Undertake fire fighting operations. iii. Strengthen the work of community fire brigades. Output 3: Extent of commercial timber and wildlife poaching reduced The following activities will be done: i. Enhance anti-poaching capacity in the forests. ii. Facilitate operations of community resource sharing committees. iii. Mount joint anti-poaching operations with relevant institutions (e.g. Parks & Wildlife Management Authority, Rural district Councils and the Painted Dog project). Output 4: Game water supply improved The following activities will be carried out: i. Carry out a comprehensive game water assessment exercise throughout the corridor. ii. Facilitate the provision of adequate water through the establishment of new and maintenance of existing water points. C. REFLECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS The physical footprints of the watering points construction make the project trigger O.P 4.01 – Environmental Assessment Policy. A screening process and an appropriate EMP will be required before implementation stage. The REDD+ component is based on the sustainable management and conversion of the host forestry areas and its habitat. The project triggers O.P 4.04 – Natural habitat and O.P 4.36 – Forests. In order to mitigate these triggered policies, the screening process should lead to the appropriate environmental assessment and a forest management plan. The project triggers O.P 4.12- Involuntary Resettlement. Though there is no land acquisition in the project and the surrounding community are allowed to access some parts of the forest for non-timber products, the community is not allowed to hunt in the forest. The policy is triggered because of the following reasons; i. The existing restriction is directly and significantly related to the Bank –assisted project. 38 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 ii. The existing restriction is necessary to achieve the objectives of a Bank-assisted project. Following the triggering of the above policy, a Process Framework was prepared. 39 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 3 LEGAL AND POLICY REVIEW 3.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the review and analysis of the various applicable local legislation and World Bank Environment and Social Safeguards Policies is made. The objective of this chapter is to ensure that the HSBC project is implemented in consistency with both the local applicable legislation and World Bank safeguards policies. As a result a clear environmental object of complying with local legislation and World Bank safeguards policies is included in the EMMP of the ESMF. At the same time, a gap between the local environmental legislation and the World Bank Safeguards Policy is established and mechanisms to bridge the gap for the sustainable implementation of the project are suggested. In this analysis, reference will be made to the following legislation and policies;  National Environmental Policy  Environmental Management Act (CAP 20:27) of 2002. o Statutory .Instrument 6 of 2007. o Statutory .Instrument 7 of 2007.  Water Act (CAP 20:24) of 1998.  Public Health Act (CAP 15:09) of 1996. o Public Health Regulations.  Regional, Town and Country Planning Act  World Bank Operational Policy o 4.01 Environmental Assessment o 4.04 Natural Habitat o 4.36 Forests o 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources o 4.12 Involuntary resettlement o 4.37 Dam Safety 40 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 o 4.10 Indigenous People o 7.50 International Waters o 7.56 Projects in Disputed Areas 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT POLICY (1997) This is the policy framework guiding the undertaking of EIA studies in Zimbabwe. It is premised on the following key issues:  Encouraging environmentally responsible investment and development in Zimbabwe.  Maintaining the long-term ability of natural resources to support human, plant and animal life.  Avoiding irreversible environmental damage and minimizing such environmental damage where it cannot be avoided.  Conserving a broad diversity of plants, animals and ecosystems and the natural processes that they depend upon.  Conserving the social, historical and cultural values of people and their communities.  Meeting the basic needs of people affected or likely to be affected by a development proposal, including food, water, shelter; health and sanitation. This ESMF was formulated with these goals in mind hence it addressed the biophysical and socio- economic issues associated with the project. Main principles emphasized in this policy are sustainable development through stakeholder consultation and implementation of an effective environmental management plan. The local stakeholders were consulted and their views were important in guiding the manner in which the study was conducted. 3.3ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ACT (CAP 20:27) OF 2002 The Act has the following Statutory Instruments (S.I) subsidiary to it;  S.I 6 of 2007.  S.I 7 0f 2007. The Act spells out the guiding environmental management principles in Zimbabwe. Some of the key principles of the Act include consideration of people and their needs at the fore front of environmental management. The Act established the Environmental Management Agency as the responsible agency for 41 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 the implementation of the Act with the participation of all stakeholders. Sections 56- 86 sets out the various environmental standards that should be complied with. Amongst the environmental standards are water pollution control, air pollution control, waste management and hazardous substances management. 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING The first schedule of the Act stipulates the projects that are prescribed for full EIA. Though the aspects HSBC is clearly stipulated, the following sections of the listed projects indirectly implicate some subprojects for EIA. Reference is made to the following sections of the First Schedule of the Environmental Management Act;  Item 2. Drainage and irrigation— (a) Drainage of wetland or wild life habitat;  Item 3. Forestry— (a) Conversion of forest land to other use; (b) Conversion of natural woodland to other use within the catchment area of reservoirs used for water supply, irrigation or hydropower generation or in areas adjacent to the Parks and Wild Life Estate.  Item 10. Tourist, resorts and recreational developments— (a) Resort facilities and hotels; (c) Safari operations.  Item 12. Water supply— (e) Water withdrawals from rivers or reservoirs. From an ESMF point of view, it is concludes that the proposed HSBC project is compliant with the above requirements of the Environment Management Act because the ESMF provides a screening procedure that will be followed by the various implementers of the subproject. The Environmental Management Agency has will be closely involved in the screening process and in the event that the scope of any subproject requires an EIA, the implementing entity will be advised according. EMA can also exempt any subproject from carrying out a full EIA, in such a situation an EMP will be prepared. The screening forms will have to be packaged into a prospectus and submitted to EMA for review and determination for either EIA or Exemption. The prospectus is required so that the resultant outcome of the screening 42 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 process is configured consistent with the vocabulary and procedures of the Environmental Management Act. The World Bank screening process categorized the HSBC in category B. This means that the project is considered to have moderate environmental impacts that do not warrant a compulsory full EIA before appraisal. At the same time, category B projects require some level of environmental assessment. Where the full details of the proposed subprojects are not known at the time of appraisal, an ESMF is adequate. Within the ESMF is the screening procedure that will either result in an ESIA/ESMP or implementation with nominal environmental planning warranting exemption. The Environmental Management Agency and the World Bank procedures converge in the screening process. The screening outcome from EMA will not necessarily warrant a change in category B awarded by the World Bank screening process unless a realization of major environmental and social impacts consistent with category A is latter unearthed or evident. The harmony here is that whatever screening outcome is awarded following project appraisal will be consistent of informed environmental and social assessment on the ground and in line with the detailed project activities and footprint known at that time. 3.5 STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 6 OF 2007 The Statutory Instrument expounds on the water pollution control and waste management aspirations of the Environmental Management Act. The implementation of the polluter pays principle for water pollution and waste management is laid down in greater detail than what is in the Act. In line with this legislation, the effluent discharges arising from the proposed guinea fowl production and marketing project should be licensed, and the quality and quantity of the effluent should be monitored. 3.6 STATUTORY INSTRUMENT 7 OF 2007 The S.I puts into effect the EIA and Ecosystems protection aspirations of the Environmental Management Act (Part XI of the ACT). It compels all EIA Consultants to be corporate, multi-skilled and registered with EMA. The quality of work expected of the Consultant is also specified in the regulation. There is cohesion with the World Banks guidelines on the multi-disciplinary nature of the EIA team. Proposed project is consistent with the regulations following the engagement of a corporate EIA consultant whose 43 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 work will be reviewed by both the World Bank and the local EIA review process. The monitoring requirements of the regulation will be articulated in the monitoring and evaluation chapter of the ESMF. The regulations also protect the sensitive ecosystems which include wetlands, riverbanks and riverbeds. 3.7 PUBLIC HEALTH ACT (CAP 15:09) OF 1996 3.7.1 S.I 639 of 1972. The Act recognizes the role played by Local Authorities in provision of water and sanitation services. It however compels the local authority to adhere to some specified standards on drinking water and sanitation services. The country uses WHO standards on drinking water and are enforced by the Ministry of Health and Child welfare. This act is applicable to the subprojects that will involve the setting up of contractor camps in the implementation of the project. The act requires that the contractors’ camps be established with water supply and sanitation for the employees. This can also be achieved by setting up contractors’ camps within already developed areas to avoid the need for own water supply and sanitation requirements. 3.8 FACTORIES AND WORKS ACT (CAP 14:08) OF 1996 3.8.1S.I 168 of 2004 The Act with its regulations aims at reducing occupational accidents. A comprehensive safety and health management system is required at all work places. In the implementation of the proposed project, focus has to be made for the creation of a safe working environment, provision of safe work procedures and also provision of personal protective equipment. This requirement is applicable to the construction of the watering points since there will be heavy equipment and manual labor engaged. The mechanized land rehabilitation component also needs to adhere to the national occupational safety and health requirements. 3.9 REGIONAL, TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT (CAP: 29; 12) The Act provides for the planning of regions, districts and local areas with the object of conserving and improving the physical environment and in particular promoting health, safety, order, amenity, 44 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 convenience and general welfare as well as efficiency in the process of development. This Act also empowers the local authority to make proposals for the acquisition of land for the development of the local area through the formulation of master plans that will have to be authorized by the Minister in consultation with all relevant stakeholders. The Act also empowers the local authorities to issues an order for the protection of any natural forests that may fall under its jurisdiction in consistency with the Forestry Commission objectives. This Act will be very useful in the sustainable acquisition of land for any of the subprojects of the HSBC project. The implementation of the ESMF will require close cooperation between the implementing partners and the local authorities. 3.10 WATER ACT (CAP 20:24) The Water Act provides for the development and utilisation of water resources of Zimbabwe, grants of permits for the use of water, control of use of water when water is in short supply, protection of the environment and the prevention and control of water pollution and for the matters incidental to or connected with the foregoing. Section 32 under Part IV provides for the use of water giving the right to any person who is a holder of a permit to abstract water not exceeding 5000 cubic metres unless the Catchment Council is notified. Section 42 specifies the control of use of water whereby the Catchment Manager must be notified of the existence of storage works, boreholes and wells on site. Control of use of water is also done through the installation of meters for measuring and recording the amount of water abstracted as spelt out by Section 43. In view of the Water Act requirements, the subprojects that entail drilling of water boreholes need to synchronize these activities with the groundwater registration, permitting and monitoring of the respective catchment councils. 3.11 PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT ACT (CAP 20:14) The Parks and Wildlife Act was enacted to protect wildlife. The Act defines wildlife as any kind of vertebrate animal and eggs and the young thereof, together with the plant species and the natural ecosystem. This came along with a Parks and Wildlife Board, mandated to provide for the protection, utilization and conservation of fish and wildlife, the preservation and propagation of plant life and the preservation of the natural landscape. Subject to the Act, the functions of the PWMA shall be to control, manage and maintain national parks, botanical reserves and botanical gardens, sanctuaries, safari areas 45 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 and recreational parks and, so far as is reasonable, practicable and compatible with such purposes, to provide facilities for visitors thereto. The Act also makes the parks area a restricted area where no one is allowed to pick any plants or kill any animals except under a licence permit in accordance with the Act. The Act provides for the creation of safari areas, whose purposes are or may be constituted under this Act shall be to preserve and protect the natural habitat and the wild life therein in order that facilities and opportunities may be afforded to the public for camping, hunting, fishing, photography, viewing of animals, bird-watching or such other pursuits that may be permitted therein in terms of this Act. The Act states that whenever it appears to the President that any land or an interest in or right over land is required for the purpose of protecting, establishing or extending a national park, botanical reserve, botanical garden, sanctuary, safari area or recreational park, it shall be lawful for the Minister, on the authority of the President, to acquire such land, interest or right, this will however be implemented in accordance with the Communal Lands Act. All the facets of the proposed HSBC project are consistent with the provisions of the Parks and Wildlife Management Act. 3.12 FOREST ACT (CAP 19:05) This Act established a commission for the administration, control and management of State forests, to provide for the transfer of certain assets belonging to the Government to the said Commission; to provide for the setting aside of State forests and for the protection of private forests, trees and forest produce; to provide for the conservation of timber resources and the compulsory forestation of private land; to regulate and control trade in forest produce including the use of trade names and marks in connection with forest produce; to regulate and control the burning of vegetation; and for other purposes connected with the foregoing. The proposed project is within the confines of the Forestry Management Act and the fact that one of the subprojects will be implemented by Forestry Commission itself will assist in ensuring that the proposed project is consistent with legal requirements. 3.13 LAND ACQUISITION (DISPOSAL OF RURAL LAND) REGULATIONS, 1999 Subject to these regulations, the owner of any rural land, other than the State, a local authority or a statutory body, shall not sell the land unless he has offered to sell it to the Minister and— 46 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 (1) If the owner of any rural land which was the subject of an offer in terms of section 3 rejects a price proposed by the Minister in terms of subsection (4) of section 5, the Minister shall, within ninety days after being notified of the rejection, commence negotiations with the owner in regard to the price to be paid by the President for the rural land concerned. (2) If negotiations referred to in subsection (1) conclude without an agreement being reached on the price to be paid for the rural land concerned, the Minister shall, within forty-five days after the conclusion of the negotiations- (a) issue the owner of the land with a certificate of no present interest; or (b) notify the owner, in writing, that it is intended— (i) to acquire the land compulsorily in terms of this Act; or (ii) to resume ownership of the land in terms of any condition in the land’s title deed. (3) Negotiations shall be deemed to have concluded without agreement for the purposes of subsection (2) if no agreement is reached on the price payable for the rural land concerned within fourteen days from the commencement of the negotiations. The legislation does not in any way affect the implementation of the project since there is no potential for resettlement 3.14 NATIONAL MUSEUMS AND MONUMENTS ACT (CAP 25:11) The National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe Act Chapter 25:11 protect all areas of archaeological, historical, architectural, geological and palaeontological value or scientific interest. Such sites cannot be altered, excavated or damaged and material on them cannot be removed without the written consent of the Executive Director of the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe. The law requires that any monument or relic discovered must be reported in writing to the Executive Director of the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe by the discoverer and the owner of the land on which it is found. All Zimbabwe’s archaeological, natural, historical and other heritages are automatically protected under the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe Act. Archaeological sites are protected through designation as National Monuments or as Monuments (section 2,) or through automatic protection by virtue of being of particular historic or archaeological value. Any monument or archaeological site may not be altered or damaged without a permit issued by the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe Executive Director (Section 24(i) (a) (b)). 47 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The Archaeological Impact Assessments Guidelines for Planning Authorities and Developers prepared by the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe derive their authority from the National Museums and Monuments Act. They outline procedures of how to deal with archaeological evidence during development. They require that archaeological impact assessments must be carried out for all major development projects prior to commencement of activities on site. The role of National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe Act is to administer, preserve and protect relics and monuments, not to prohibit or impede land use and development. When proper impact management practises are implemented, it is usually possible to minimize the loss of archaeological resource values in a cost effective manner. Where the loss of significant archaeological values cannot be adequately mitigated the role of National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe is to ensure that appropriate compensatory measures are implemented. In compliance with this Act, the appropriate Archaeological Impact Assessment will be carried out as part of the recommendations of any screening outcomes that will be implemented in the subprojects. 3.15 WORLD BANK POLICIES 3.15.1 OP 4.01 ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT Environmental Assessment policy ensures the World Bank is able to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential negative environmental and social impacts associated with Bank’s lending operations, while enhancing the positive benefits. The policy guides the screening process for the Bank projects and the scope of environmental assessment commensurate with each screening classification. The screening process categorizes project in category A, B or C. Category A has significant environmental impacts thereby require full EIA while category B requires Environmental Analysis only due to reduced environmental impacts and category C requires none of the above though environmental planning is still applicable especially where there is disposal of waste. The Environmental Assessment Policy sets the parameters for the recruitment of the EIA consultant, the quality of work expected in each type of project and the EIA review process until the EIA report is disclosed. Carrying out the actual EA is the borrower's responsibility. The government or project sponsor arranges for the EA; they often select consultants or an institution to conduct the analyses. When it is necessary to use international experts to supply skills not available in the borrowing country, the Bank encourages involvement of local consultants as well, in order to take advantage of local knowledge and to strengthen their capability for future EA work. Bank 48 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 EAs emphasize identifying environmental issues early in the project cycle, designing environmental improvements into projects, and avoiding, mitigating, or compensating for adverse impact. The HSBC project has been categorized a category B, therefore requiring some Environmental Assessment. This classification is quite consistent with the project scope because the proposed project has potential to generate waste in the guinea fowl component, occupational safety and health issues in the mechanized land rehabilitation project, groundwater abstraction and small dams for game drinking water points. The Environmental Assessment Policy is triggered in this project. To comply with the policy requirements, this ESMF has been formulated before project appraisal and subprojects EMPs will be formulated for the detailed project designs and implementation through the provided screening process. 3.15.2 OP 4.04 NATURAL HABITATS Natural Habitats policy and procedure seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). Specifically, the policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes those natural habitats which are legally protected, officially proposed for protection, or unprotected but of known high conservation value. The proposed project area does coincide with areas which constitute critical natural habitat since some components of the project are implemented in gazetted forestry areas and national park. O.P 4.04 –Natural Habitat is therefore triggered. In compliance with the requirements of the policy, the respective subproject (EMA, PWMA and Forestry Commission) ESIA/ESMPs will focus on management of biodiversity among other issues. 3.15.3 OP 4.36 FORESTS The Bank's forests policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote forestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. The Bank’s 49 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 policy is anchored on three equally important and interdependent pillars to guide future Bank involvement with forests:  Harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty,  Integrating forests in sustainable economic development, and  Protecting vital local and global environmental services and forest values. O.P 4.36 – Forests policy is triggered because the project area is located in a gazetted forestry area and is surrounded by communities that derive their livelihoods from the forest area. The project also coincides with the National Parks, whose activities are based on the sustainable management of forests. The livelihoods include cattle grazing, firewood and gathering of wild fruits and honey. To comply with the requirements of the policy, CAMPFIRE, Forestry Commission and PWMA will produce EMPs after screening and will need to focus on sustainable forests conservation and management among other things. 3.15.4 OP 4.11 PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES The objective of the policy is to avoid, or mitigate adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. The policy defines physical cultural resources as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, group of structures and natural features that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic or other cultural significance. The environmental baseline study shows that the local community has strong cultural beliefs and practices that include rainmaking ceremonies and have burial sites within the local landscape. The Tonga Chief also reiterated the need for close collaboration during project implementation so as to preserve their cultural resources. The Environmental baseline show that the Gokwe North area is rich in fossils. Such fossil are on a national importance. For precautionary reasons, O.P 4.11- Physical Cultural Resources policy is triggered because the project scope may involve mechanised reclamation which may have impact on the underground physical archaeological or paleontological significance. In order to provide adequately for this triggered safeguard, there is need to ensure that the EMA subproject screening should also cover potential for such physical cultural resources. The screening outcome follows the normal O.P 50 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.01-Environmental Assessment procedure. The subproject ESIA/ESMPs will include chance find procedures to accommodate for any incidents of finding physical cultural resources during civil works. 3.15.5 OP 4.12 INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT. Involuntary Resettlement is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land or involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas or when the Bank assisted project’s achievement of objectives is dependent on an already existing restriction. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts to displaced people. It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement. The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects. O.P 4.12- Involuntary Resettlement is triggered because of the following reasons; iii. The existing restriction to resources is directly and significantly related to the Bank-assisted project. iv. The existing restriction to resources is necessary to achieve the objectives of a Bank-assisted project. v. The restriction is carried out or planned to be carried out, contemporaneously with the Bank – assisted project. A Process Framework is therefore required. The Process Framework is prepared as a stand alone document, which will be consulted upon and publicly disclosed in Zimbabwe and in the World Bank InfoShop. 3.15.6O.P 4.37 DAM SAFETY Operational Policy (OP) 4.37: Safety on Dams requires that experienced and competent professionals design and supervise construction, and that the borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures through the project cycle. The policy also applies to existing dams where they influence the performance of a project. The policy also distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 meters in height and examples include farm ponds, local silt retention dams and low embankment tanks. Dams between 10-15 meters are considered large dams if they present specific design 51 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 complexities. The policy requires generic dam safety measures designed by qualified as adequate. In cases of large dams, the policy requires some special panel of experts to review the investigation, design and construction of the dam and start of operation. The proposed game drinking water points are a combination of the borehole drilling, pumping and storage in earth ponds called water holes. The ponds may take a small dam configuration covering and average 3000 square meters and the deepest point being at most a meter. Downstream of such watering points is usually marshy and very shallow slope, creating a very gradual flow in the event of a breach. There is really no any such risks as those associated with a conventional small or large dam, therefore O.P 4.37-Safety of dams is not triggered. 3.15.7 OP 4.10 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES This policy contributes to the Bank’s mission of poverty reduction and sustainable development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples. For all projects that are proposed for Bank financing and affect Indigenous Peoples, the Bank requires the borrower to engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation. The Bank recognizes that the identities and cultures of Indigenous Peoples are inextricably linked to the lands on which they live and the natural resources on which they depend. For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural groups possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:  self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;  collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories7  customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and  an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region. The HSBC coincides with the location of the San People in the Tsholotsho district adjacent to the Hwange National Park. The project therefore triggers O.P 4.10 Indigenous Peoples. An IPPF is 52 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 prepared, consulted upon in a culturally appropriate manner and publicly disclosed in Zimbabwe and in the World Bank InfoShop. 3.15.8 OP 7.50 PROJECTS ON INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS The policy aims at reducing potential conflicts that may arise from projects that are in shared water resources by ensuring that the riparian countries are notified about the proposed project and their consent has be accorded. Zimbabwe is signatory to the SADC protocol on shared water course and is bound by the protocol’s objective of jointly managing water resources on all internationally shared rivers. The protocol is an agreement between the riparian states of the Zambezi River Basin on how to manage the Zambezi River basin. The riparian states are; the Republic of Angola, Republic of Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kingdom of Lesotho, Republic of Malawi, Republic of Mauritius, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of Namibia, Republic of Seychelles, Republic of South Africa, Kingdom of Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Republic of Zambia and the Republic of Zimbabwe. All other parties signed the agreement except the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The overall objective of this Protocol is to foster closer cooperation for judicious, sustainable and co-ordinated management, protection and utilisation of shared watercourses and advance the SADC agenda of regional integration and poverty alleviation. In order to achieve this objective, this Protocol seeks to: a) Promote and facilitate the establishment of shared watercourse agreements and Shared Watercourse Institutions for the management of shared watercourses. b) Advance the sustainable, equitable and reasonable utilisation of the shared watercourses. c) Promote a co-ordinated and integrated environmentally sound development and management of shared watercourses. d) Promote the harmonisation and monitoring of legislation and policies for planning, development, conservation, protection of shared watercourses, and allocation of the resources thereof. e) Promote research and technology development, information exchange, capacity building, and the application of appropriate technologies in shared watercourses management. Article 4 of the protocol has specific procedures for the notification of riparian state on the proponent’s intension to implement a planned activity. It is important to note that notification will then lead to consultation depending on how the other riparian state views the planned activity. Only projects with possible significant trans-boundary effects require notification. Though the HSBC covers areas that 53 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 are within the catchments of the Zambezi River and the Kariba Dam, O.P 7.50- International Waters policy is not triggered because the following reasons: i. The project will not have adverse effects on the riparian possible water use, neither will the project be affected by other riparian possible water use. ii. While the project area is within the Gwayi and Sanyati catchments which are tributaries to the Zambezi River, the project has no effect on these two rivers. 3.15.9 OTHER SAFEGUARDS POLICIES Due to the nature of the project, its location and overview of the subprojects, the following safeguards policies will not be discussed or triggered because they completely do not apply; i. O.P 4.09 – Pest Management. ii. O.P 7.60 – Projects in Disputed Areas. 54 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the environmental and social baseline in a way that enables adequate forecasting of the potential negative and positive environment and social impacts. This chapter was put together using secondary information that was obtained from the applicable national databases, some physical inspection of the project area and also baseline from the available project information. Stakeholder consultation also gave important baseline information especially on socioeconomic and cultural setting. 4.2 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.2.1 HYDROLOGY Water resources in Zimbabwe are managed following the hydrological catchments boundaries. There are seven catchments in Zimbabwe and the catchments are named after the seven major rivers in the country namely Save, Manyame, Mazowe, Runde, Gwayi, Mzingwane and Sanyati. The catchments are managed through a stakeholder board called the catchment council with the technical support being provided by the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA). The HSBC span through two catchments namely Sanyati and Gwayi. The Sanyati River System covers areas drained by Kwekwe, Zivagwe, Munyati, Mupfure, Sengwa, Ume and Nyaodza Rivers. There are 15 hydrological sub-zones with areas varying from 2527 to 11427 km2. The area does not have economic sites for dam development other than the Sengwa Gorge dam site meant to supply water for the thermal power generation at the Sengwa Coal Fields. The Gomorehoto dam is the other option to provide agricultural water for the Sengwa communal areas around Ume (subzone AZ4). Conjunctive use of water is the only major solutions for this area and it needs exploitation of its fossil ground water potential. A small dam Sengwa 2 will need to be raised to supply 55 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 water to Gokwe Centre. Mutange Dam is under construction to augment fossil borehole water supply to Gokwe Centre. Ume River drains into Lake Kariba at the Matuzviadonha range. Ume (AZ4) is 7 233km 2 in area, the Unit MAR is 40mm, Coefficient of Variation is 120% thus the gross MAR is 457 080 Mega Litres (mega litre is equal to 1000 litres). The potential dam storage in the area is 16 418 Mega Litres (ML). However there are a number of tributaries that drains into Ume as follows :- Masuka, Arodziva, Chifudze:-Wadze and Kasusa drain into Chifudze, Mate, Kakwari, Kausiga, Sessani:-Gadzi, Rekunge and Pohwe drains into Sessani, Nyemba, Tasu, Kantemba, Kanwa, Masawi, Chimachengi and Kaonga. Ch ire ya Fig 4.1 Hydrological sub-zones of the Sanyati Catchment: Source ZINWA-Data and Research Department The project area also includes Gwayi Catchment with the highest rainfall being experienced on the headwaters of Shangani River (620 – 640 mm/year), and also in subzones AZ2 and AR (620 – 706 mm/year). Subzone AK which covers mostly parts of Hwange National Park has the lowest rainfall, 550 mm/year. Recharge rates can be estimated using the base flow index. The lowest recharge rates, 0.2 to 3.1 mm/year of 0.2 to 0.5% of the mean annual rainfall occur on sub-zones underlain by Kalahari Sands 56 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 (AG1, AG2, AG5, AG6, AK, AIN, and AS2). The area is surrounded by rivers such as Lukosi that drains into Gwayi and Deka river which drains into Zambezi river. The figure below shows the Gwayi Catchment where Hwange is located. Hwan ge Nat. Park Fig 4.2 Hydrological sub-zones of the Gwayi Catchment: Source ZINWA-Data and Research Department 4.2.2 HYDROGEOLOGY The southern and south-eastern parts of the Gwayi Catchment are underlain mainly by gneiss and granites (Figure 7) which are inherently impermeable. Groundwater only occurs where secondary porosity has developed due to weathering and fracturing. Water tables are generally shallow, less than 10 m, in these formations. Borehole yields usually vary from 10 to 100 m3/day (Interconsult A/S, 1985). A belt of rocks of the Bulawayan and Shamvaian ages occurs between Bulawayo and close to Gwampa Valley. These rocks are impermeable and groundwater will only occur where secondary porosity has developed. Bulawayan rocks tend to be mafic and produce a hilly topography. The chance of groundwater occurrence is high on Bulawayan rocks. Aquifers in these rocks have been developed for irrigation on commercial farming areas. Water tables usually vary from 10 to 20 m on Bulawayan rocks, 57 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 while borehole yields are in the 100 to 250 m3/day range. Chances of groundwater occurrence on Shamvaian rocks are rather low with borehole yields in the 10 to 25 m3/day range (Interconsult A/S, 1985). Kalahari sands that comprise fine to medium grained Aeolian unconsolidated sands dominate the middle part of Gwayi Catchment. The thickness of these sands can extend up to a depth of 200 m. Kalahari sands have primary porosity and aquifers occurring in these sands are of a regional nature. These sands are considered to have the largest groundwater resources of Zimbabwe. Borehole yields generally vary from 100 to 1000 m3/day. Upper Karoo sandstone which comprises fine grained sand with a considerable silt content occur within the Hwange-Zambezi basin, along Shangani River in Nkayi, Lupane and Gwampa Rivers. Sandstone has primary porosity and their aquifers have a regional character. Large water supply schemes abstracting water from sandstone aquifers have been developed in the Nyamandlovu area. Water table depths are often greater than 20 m, while borehole yields vary from 50 to 300 m3/day. The Batoka basalt occurs in subzones AD and AM. Basalt has no primary porosity, and groundwater occurs where secondary porosity has developed. Basalt has a moderate potential for groundwater occurrence with borehole yields generally in the 20 to 100 m3/day range. 58 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.3 Geological Map for Gwayi Catchment Achaean granitic and gneissose rocks occupy over 50% of the areas of sub-zones CUF1, CUF2, CUF4, CUN2, CUN3, CUN4, CUN6 and CUS (Fig 4.1). These rocks are primarily impermeable. Groundwater only occurs where secondary geological processes have resulted in the development of secondary porosity. Areas with prominent outcrops generally have shallow depths of weathering and therefore low potential for groundwater occurrence. Shallow water tables, less than 10 m, are characteristics of these formations, with borehole yields typically being 10 – 100 m3/day. Sandstone, greywacke and arkose occupy 14 to 42% of AZ3, AZ4, CUF1, CUF3, CUF4, and CUN1. Sandstone has primary porosity with water table depths often greater than 20 m. On AZ3 and AZ4 sandstone occupies high areas. Borehole yields vary from 50 to 300 m3/day. Siltstone and mudstone occupy about 20% of AZ3 and AZ4. Mudstone tends to have low transmissivity, and groundwater tends to occur in areas with shallow weathering or where sand layers occur within the mudstone. Water tables depths are generally greater than 20 m with yields in the 10 – 50 m3/day range. Kalahari sands occur within AZ3, CUN1 and CUN4 as fine to medium grained Aeolian unconsolidated sands which are primarily permeable. Water table depths are generally greater than 20 m with yields in the 100 – 1000 m3/day range. Fig 4.4 Geology of the Sanyati Catchment 59 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 There are some commercial farms within the Gwayi area using underground water for irrigation. This indicates that the ground water resources may be explored sustainably though there is need to monitor aquifer deletion through detailed geophysical assessments which are subproject specific. This was further discussed in chapter 6 and 7. The planning department of ZINWA, the regulatory and management authority for water in Zimbabwe also had the opportunity to review the project in relation to the operations of the operations of Sanyati and Gwayi catchments and there were no adverse impacts raised on groundwater, surface water or water quality. 4.2.3 WATER QUALITY The Environment Management Agency has a network of water quality monitoring points within the project area. The water quality of the results for the Gwayi River for the period between April 2012 and September 2013 were refered to. The general water quality as reflected by the selected parameters show that the ambient water quality is high. The following parameters show; Table 4. Water quality results Parameter Average Acceptable limit Value pH 8.5 6-9 COD 40mg/L Less than 60mg/L DO (% saturation) 95% Above 60% Conductivity 260uS/cm Less than 1000uS/cm Alkalinity (mg/L HCO3 110 Less than 5NTU The above parameters show that the water quality of the Gwayi River at the point along the Bulawayo- Victoria Falls crossing falls within the normal water quality range. The proposed project is not likely to affect this status because it does not have water polluting aspects. 60 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.2. 4 TOPOGRAPHY A. REGIONAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HSBC The Hwange sanyati biodiversity corridor cuts through two major topographic and relief zones of Zimbabwe as classified by the Surveyor general. These are the middle veld and the low veld. Project focal areas such as Tsholotsho, Hwange National Park, Ngamo and Sukumi forests which are in Mateleland North province are part of the middleveld. In full, the middleveld covers about 40 percent of Zimbabwe and lies between 915-1220 metres. It is narrow in the Limpopo and Sabi valleys and also in the North Eastern parts of the county. It however forms a very large plateau in the western part of the Zambezi valley. The altitude of the area is between 900 meters and 1200 meters above sea level. Slight fluctuations in gradient resulting in escarpments and irregular orography had also been noted especially west of Tsholotsho. Other focal areas such as Binga in Matebeleland North and Chireya which is in Gokwe North of Midlands province are part of the low veld. The low veld lies below 915m and covers 35 percent of the Zimbabwe. In the North it is divided into three areas; around Hwange town, stretching to Binga. The low veld is also significant in the South of Lake Kariba and to the North East of the Lake where we find Chireya focal area. It is most extensive in the Limpopo and Save valley. B.LOCAL TOPOGRAPHY B.1 MATEBELELAND NORTH ( Tsholotsho, Ngamo forest, Sikumi forest, Hwange National park and Binga) The topography of Matebeland North Province is almost congruent throughout the whole province except of Binga which had acute high and low lands. It had been observed that the topology of the landscape is basically gentle with undulating average highlands and low lands which are evidence of soil degradation in the area. However, the topology gently slopes from Hwange and Dete to Tsholotsho where Gwayi River forms various tributaries such as Inzuza and Bembezi. In Ngamo and Sikumi forests, the landscape is amazingly gentle and stable. Potential index for soil erosion is minimum on these forests as compared to communal areas of Tsholotsho, down the corridor. B.2 MIDLANDS ( Gokwe North- Chireya) Rugged and irregular topography dominates the Chireya focal area. Ridges, inselbergs and plateaus are scattered across the plain. Owing to the poor ground vegetation and occurrence of sodic soils, the low lands are extensively gullied by soil erosion. 61 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.2.5 SOILS Matebeleland North- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Campfire and Forestry Commission focal areas. The bulk of soils along this stretch of HSBC derive their characteristics from basalt or karoo rocks. Thus the soils exhibit various natures such as karoo sands, Kalahari sands, lithosols, solonetz and very few resemble a perapheralitic nature. Most of these soils have a neutral or alkaline soil reaction except in areas which are highly salinised, a high base status and medium or high cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. These factors contribute to the average fertility that is crucial in the re-vegetation of the forests especially in areas such as Ngamo, Sikumi forests and Hwange National Park where herbivores and grazers destruct the vegetation. Due to the dry weather conditions experienced in the area, salinisation of soil normally occur resulting in sun-backed soils witnessed in areas with low vegetation density. This is mainly evident in Binga. Midlands Province- Gokwe North ( Chireya- EMA focal area) Sodic soils The vast of Gokwe, especially Gokwe North is dominated by sodic soils. These are characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of sodium (Na) in their cation exchange complex. They consist of an exchangeable sodium percentage greater than 15%. These soils normally occur within arid to semiarid regions and are innately unstable, exhibiting poor physical and chemical properties, which impede water infiltration, water availability, and ultimately plant growth. Other physical manifestations of soil sodicity noted are crusting, hard-setting and water-logging of soils and the range of side effects in terms of water movement into the soil profile including reduced infiltration and plant-available water capacity, whilst reduced leaching causes perched water tables and accumulation of toxic elements. The above properties enhance chemical weathering which results in extensive corrosion of soil from underground, forming holes which trigger extensive erosion. In some cases, the soils develop cracks in the dry season which catalyze soil erosion when precipitation falls eventually leading to tunnel and gully erosion. These gullies have been observed at Chireya centre where the Hospital and shopping centre are under critical siege from gullies which are as a result of both the chemical and physical weathering. In fact, there is extensive gully erosion across the whole Gokwe North district in areas such as Zhomba 62 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 hence the HSBC project should take note of other areas apart from Chireya. Fig 4.5 Shows holes as a result of chemical weathering and cracks on sodic soils in Chireya. 4.2.6 CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE The baseline study and assessments have shown that the BSBC project covers part of agro-economic region 3, 4 and 5 of Zimbabwe. However, it had been noted that climatic characteristics of region 5 sometimes protrudes into region 4 due to the geographical proximity of the regions. Semi-arid conditions generally prevail across these regions. However, it is noted that major changes are being experienced due to climate change. 63 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.6 Zimbabwe’s agro-ecological regions. Adapted from Ministry of Agriculture (1999). A. REGION 4 AND 5 – TSHOLOTSHO, DETE, HWANGE AND BINGA 64 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.7 shows monthly average maximum temperatures, minimum temperature and rainfall in Region 4 for the year 2012. Source: Zimbabwe MET Department (2012). A.1 RAINFALL The HSBC area which lies in Agro-ecological region four of Zimbabwe used to receive an average rainfall of 450mm-600mm per year during the 1980s but there had been notable changes due to the impacts of climate change and global warming. According to the Meteorological Department, the average maximum monthly rainfall for the year 2012 was 231,2 mm in January and 0.0mm in mid winter as indicated on the above graph. Seasonal dry spells are however rife in the region. Seasonal droughts are also charecteristic of this region due to the impact of the the Botswana Upper High (BUH) from the Kalahari desert. Normally 80% of the rainfall is generally received between November and January where the highest is normally around 230mm. Rain received this region is mainly conventional since it comes as a result of the southern Frontier of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Normally, there are some over-cast conditions in winter emanating from cold and moist air blowing in at a speed of 15mph from south-eastern direction. Such relatively low rainfall is however suitable for animal and wildlife management, for instance in Hwange National Park. The low rainfall pattern is also a major factor in the socioeconomics of the project area. A.2 TEMPERATURE Temperatures had not been spared by climate change. Temperatures had significantly increased over time in the region with heat waves being recorded since the 1990s. The Meteorological Department (2012) recorded a highest monthly maximum temperature of 33,5oc in October and 5.8oc minimum temperature in July. The bulk of the data on temperature is shown on the graph above. This is in contrast with a range of between 20 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius maximum temperature which dominated the region in the 1980s and part of 1990s. Cold temperatures are basically experienced in the winter and hot temperatures being experienced in the summer. There are more annual sunshine hours while cloudy hours are fewer. The high temperatures had often resulted in heat waves and heat stress in the region. 65 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 B. REGION 3 – GOKWE B.1 RAINFALL The heaviest of rainfall received in region 3 are brought in by the Zaire Air mass and the type of rain is mainly convectional formed from warm rising air. The average and conventional annual rainfall which used to be experienced in this region was moderate, 550mm – 700 mm in the 1980s and 1990s but it had since declined to a maximum of 150 mm in 2011 as a result of global warming and consequent climate change. Figure 4.8 Regional rainfall and evapo-transpiration in (mm) for 2011. B.1 TEMPERATURE AND WIND The average annual temperatures for region 3 since the 1980s range between 18 and 24 0C. However, higher and severe temperatures of about 310C have been experienced in 2011 as shown on the graph below. All these changes can be attributed to climate change. 66 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.9 Temperature range throughout the year 2011 Source MET Department 2011 4.2.8 FLORA AND FAUNA FAUNA HNP has a wide diversity of wildlife species-it is endowed with over 100 species of mammals. They include the Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), the African elephant (Loxodonta africana); giraffe (Giraffe camelopardalis); kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros); zebra (Equus burchelli); lion (Panthera leo); leopard (Panthera pardus); wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and a variety of other antelope species. Some of the species such as the rhino, both black (Diceros bicornis) and the white (Ceratotherium simum) are endangered. It is also home to rare and endemic animal species such as the Gemsbok (Oryx gazelle); has a prolific bird life with over 400 species which include the ostrich and the ground dwelling Kori Bustard; and provides habitat to most of the vultures found in the country; and is home to endangered species such as the wild dog. 67 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.10 Zebras in the Ngamo Forest Fig 4.11 Elephants herd in the Hwange National Park 68 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.12 A giraffe in the Hwange National Park FLORA The Acacia woodland covers a significant portion of the Sikumi Forest and a small portion consists of Miombo and Baikiaea woodlands. The Ngamo Forest is mostly composed of Baikiaea woodlands or the teak forest. Dominant species include: B. plurijuga (Zambezi teak), Guibourtia plurijuga, Pterocarpus angolensis (Mukwa) and Afzelia quanzensis (Pod mahogany) are found. The ecosystem in the other project areas like Hwange National Park and Binga consists mainly of the Colophospermum mopane woodlands dominated by C-Mopane on all soil types. The Mopane species is known for its tapering roots which deeply encore through the top soil towards the water table in search of the much needed water source in these dry habitats. Mixed woodlands such as kurkiaacuminata, adansoniadigitata, cassiaabbreviata, schlerocarcya caffira are common in this area. Besides, riverine and alluvial woodlands include Acacia Albida, Acacia tortilis, Acacia robusta, Zizi phus mucronata, Combretum imberbe among others. 69 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.12 Mtondo Species in the Sikumi Forest Fig 4.14 Mopane Species, a habitat for wildlife in Hwange National Park 70 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.2.9 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN THE HSBC A. HWANGE NATIONAL PARK AREA i. The Park is impacted upon by climate change and habitat degradation. Its soils are infertile and have low water holding capacity hence they are unable to support meaningful biomass production and sustained ground water supplies. ii. As is the case in other parts of the country, the HNP is subjected to global warming due to climate change. This is manifested in the high occurrence of droughts and floods in some areas. Climate models suggest that the country’s water resources will dwindle and evergreen forests of the eastern part of Zimbabwe maybe reduced to seasonal forests. The HSBC system is getting drier as a result of the effects of climate change. This adversely impacts on the amount of forage and water available to wildlife and leads to wildlife migration to neighbouring areas-e.g. communal lands leading to human-wildlife conflicts. iii. Subsistence and commercial wildlife poaching. Some 876 snares were recovered in 2011. In addition 32 poachers were arrested. iv. Uncontrolled forest fires. In 2011 96 500 ha were affected by veldt fires. v. Inadequate game water supplies. From a total of 80 watering points in the Park, only 56 are functional. This forces wildlife to aggregate at the few watering points resulting in habitat destruction. However, more even distribution of watering points could lower the water table with adverse effects on the corridor and downstream-e.g. Kavango delta. Since its inception, the Park has been abstracting underground water for wildlife during the dry season. However, the sustainability of such water abstraction in the long run has never been assessed. B. NGAMO AND SIKUMI FORESTS i. The forests are impacted upon by climate change; and increasing land encroachment for settlements, cropping and livestock grazing. ii. The forests’ soils are infertile and have low water holding capacity hence they are unable to support meaningful agricultural production. Consequently, communities that neighbor the forests are food insecure and have resorted to extensive agriculture which results in deforestation and land use change near the forests. 71 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 iii. As in the case in other parts of the country the two forests are subjected to global warming due to climate change. This is manifested in the high occurrence of drought and floods in some areas. Climate models suggest that the country’s water resources will dwindle and evergreen forests of the eastern part of Zimbabwe maybe reduced to seasonal forests. iv. Commercial timber poaching: 17 timber poachers were arrested in 2011. v. Subsistence and commercial wildlife poaching. Some 900 snares were recovered in 2011. In addition nine wildlife poachers were arrested. vi. Uncontrolled forest fires. In 2011 the forests recorded a total nine forest fires that affected 47 405 ha. vii. Inadequate game water supplies. From a total of 15 watering points in the two forests, only five are functional. This forces wildlife to aggregate at the few watering points resulting in habitat destruction. However, a more even and wider distribution of watering points could lower the water table with adverse effects on the corridor and downstream-e.g. the Kavango delta. 72 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.15 Some dry and wet watering holes in the Ngamo Forest C. UME MICROCATCHMENT The Ume micro catchment in general and Chireya ward in particular face considerable land degradation and climate change impacts among other challenges. i. Land degradation Most land degradation challenges in the catchment emanate from improper land use practices (including stream bank cultivation); cultivation of fragile soils (e.g. sodic soils); isolated incidences of veld fires; tree cutting for commercial wood energy and wood curios/carvings; land clearance for cultivation; and 73 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 sand abstraction for construction. Among other things, the foregoing has resulted in severe deforestation, soil erosion, gully formation and the siltation of water bodies. Fig 4.16 Cattle Sales threatened by gully erosion Fig 4.17 Shop and power line threatened by Gully erosion at Chireya Shopping Center. ii. Climate Change As is the case with the rest of Zimbabwe, the Ume catchment is subjected to global warming due to climate change. This is manifested in the high occurrence of droughts and floods in some areas. Climate 74 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 models suggest that the country’s water resources will dwindle and evergreen forests of the eastern part of the country may be reduced to seasonal forests. This has the following adverse impacts:  Land degradation and water scarcity are exacerbated. This increases food insecurity, poverty and over-reliance on natural resources in the catchment.  Increased dependence on wetlands/river beds for food and animal production. The unsustainable use of these ecologically sensitive ecosystems compromises their ability to perform important hydrological and ecological functions. 75 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.3 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 4.3.1 LAND USE PATTERN Reference is made to table 2.1; The landuse pattern is quite diverse in that there are a number of complementary activities in some cases while there is competition in others. 42.75% of the land in the HSBC is under communal land use while 5.8 % is under resettlement areas. The resettlement area does not mean area for potential resettlement, but it refers to an already resettled area by people who were relocated from other parts of the country during the land redistribution program completed prior to the proposed project. Over the years there has been growth in demand for resettlement land and in some cases there has been encroachment of settlements into land designated for other landuse like forestry areas. National Parks, Safaris and Forestry areas account for 31.53%, 5.93% and 4.30% respectively. In most cases, the sequence of location progress from the National Park, to Forestry Area and to settlement area so that the forestry are provide a buffer zone between the human activities in settlement areas and the wildlife habitation in the National Parks. The Ngamo and Sikumi forest areas serve as a good buffer between the Hwange National Park and the communal areas. Quite often, the wild animals from Hwange National Park usually go past the forestry areas and interact directly with the communities, giving rise to human-wildlife conflicts like destruction of gardens, poaching, killing of cattle herds by lions just to mention a few. Fig 2.2 also shows that there is potential conflict between wild animals and human activities during migration. The proposed project seeks to enhance harmony between the competing landuse within the corridor. 4.3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS AND LOCAL NETWORKS. The proposed HSBC spans through Matabeleland North and Midlands provinces. Districts that are participating in the HSBC that fall within Matabeleland North are Tsholotsho, Hwange and Binga Districts. Gokwe North District falls within the Midland province. The provincial capital for Matabeleland north is Lupane and for Midlands it’s based in Gweru. The administrative authority within the participating districts is the District Administrator. The DA coordinates Local Government system at district level. Within his jurisdiction are all the Government departments that are represented at the local area. These Government departments are very essential for the smooth running of the HSBC. They include Ministry of Lands, Ministry of youth, indigenization and empowerment. EMA, Forestry 76 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Commission and CAMPFIRE are all represented at district level. The District Administrator’s function is to ensure that all developments within the district are consistent with the government’s policies and procedures. The DA is the ultimate authority within the district. Each district has a Rural District Council which is run by a council of elected councilors from their respective wards. CAMPFIRE offices are an arm of the RDC. The RDC focuses on service delivery at the local level and they run issues like rural road maintenance, rural council schools and rural service centres like the Chireya. The RDCs generate revenue from levies to businesses operating within their jurisdiction. The levies include mining levies, shop owners levies and hunting safaris just to mention a few. The RDC is also very important for the smooth execution of the HSBC project. The participating organizations have a network of environment committees at local level. At district level, there is a District Environment Management Committee followed by Zone Environment Management Committee. A zone is a combination of about 5 wards depending on the areas. Below the Zone Environment Management Committee is the Ward Environment Management Committee which is followed by the Village Environment Management Committee. Within the village there are volunteer environment watchpersons who work closely with the HSBC project implementing organizations at the lowest local level. The ward and the village levels committees are most represented by elected members of the local area while the district levels upwards are most government departments operating within the area and some senior community representatives like Chiefs. The traditional administrative arrangement starts at village level with the village head to the headmen and to the Chief. Through this chain, there is level of delegation of power, where village heads can attend to some disputes before forwarding them to the headmen until the matter get to the Chief for final resolution. Where the traditional route fails to resolve some matters, the matter may be channeled to the administrative court that is at the local district offices. The Chief is accountable to the District Administrator. The above structures show that there are adequate structures and networks to effectively implement the HSBC project. The above administrative structures and network also have the capacity to effectively address any environmental or social issues that may arise from the project implementation. 77 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.18 Chief Binga’ Court in session during consultation. There was an interesting debate on Guinea fowl pricing and profit sharing. Fig 4.19 Chief Dingane explaining the community participation in the painted dogs conservation program 78 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.3.3 CULTURAL STANDING This area is mainly dominated by Ndebele speaking people with areas like Lupane and the surrounding districts like Nkayi, Tsholotsho and Umguza having eighty percent of their population as Ndebele speaking and ninety percent understanding the language. There is however a notable population (about 2000) of the San People in some parts of Tsholotsho bordering the Hwange National Park. Most of the rural people live in shelters made of pole and dagga with a roofing of grass. The pure Ndebele people in the area still cling to the Nguni cultures of South Africa where they came from. They believe in spirit mediums and still hold their cultural ceremonies. In Tsholotsho, the San people are still clinging to the hunter-gatherer lifestyle though there is great pressure for change from the modernization drive locally and internationally. Hwange and Binga have a mixture of the Ndebele, Tonga and Nambia tribes, with a few traces of the Shona. The Tonga people were mainly found along the Zambezi River but were moved from the area during the construction of the Kariba dam and also when Victoria Falls developed into a resort town. During construction of the Kariba Dam in the 1950s the Tonga community was displaced further away from the Zambezi Rivers, cutting cultural ties with the other Tonga communities in Zambia. The Tonga people believe in their river god called the Nyaminyami. The HSBC project should thus ensure that these ethnic cultures and values of the native people are not disturbed. Fig 4.20 Typical Ndebele Homestead in Tsholotsho 79 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Use of Mopane trees for fencing and home beautification contribute to deforestation in the area. The area around Gokwe is dominated by the Shangwe people, a Shona-speaking group, which lay in the northern part of the Midlands province. The area is now split into Gokwe South District and Gokwe North District. A number of other groups live in the area, including the Tonga, and Ndebele. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. The Gokwe North area is therefore a multicultural area. The diversity of culture within this area needs to be preserved during the implementation of the HSBC project. 4.3.4 LIVELIHOODS Matabeleland North is semi-arid making crop husbandry very limited and only possible under irrigation. Where there is no irrigation some drought resistant crops like sorghum and millet are grown for consumption. Investigations on various industries directly linked with the communities revealed that small scale agricultural activities, manufacturing and selling of curios, flea markets, CAMPFIRE projects, general commodity broking (buying and selling), tourism and mining industries are the major industrial activities that directly contribute income generation and livelihoods to the general population. The agriculture sector here mainly based on cattle and poultry production. Intensive production of guinea fowls was also noted in Binga and some parts of the province. The thriving guinea fowl production at household level is precursor to the CAMPFIRE livelihoods component to pilot commercialization of guinea fowls production in Simatelele and Manjolo wards of Binga District. Some locals especially in the Lupane and Tsholotsho areas earn a living through the sale of Mopani worms, which are a nutritious delicacy. The worms are harvested from the Mopani tree, dried and sold to areas as far as Kariba, Harare and Mutare. Apart from the fact that the region is semi-arid, vegetable gardens under irrigation from underground water also form the local diet. The local communities also derive a great deal of livelihoods from harvesting of non timber products from bordering forests. These products include honey. The San People are still practicing the hunting and gathering culture though they are under pressure to modernize and incorporate cultivation due to the scarcity of resources and the restriction of access to the Hwange National Park. Due to their inexperience in the farming, the San people are reported to be unproductive and exposed to hunger, resulting in some NGOs having to assist 80 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 them with food handouts. The approaches to incorporating the San People into the project are described in the project IPPF, disclosed separately. The area also boasts of its timber plantation which is a major foreign currency earner since most of the teak products are exported. These plantations are found in Mbembesi, Gwayi, Umguza, Ngamo and Sikumi to mention a few. There is also a lot of tourism activity in the area because of the Hwange National Park, Zambezi National Park and Victoria Falls National Park which hosts a wide plethora of wildlife as discussed in the ecological baseline. Hwange is home to the colliery which employs a great majority of people from the province. However, it should be noted that most of the places in the project area are remote with a few of services to offer. There is great expectation for significant economic benefits to the local community from wildlife and forests of which they are the historical custodians. The HSBC project should therefore focus at deriving greater economic benefit to communities through CAMPFIRE activities. Fig 4.21 A head of cattle in Binga and Guinea fowls at Chief Binga’s Headquarters 81 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.22 Tsholotsho flea market and Curios The above activities contribute much in the livelihoods of the locals-most curios cost us$5 Table 4. CAMPFIRE Livelihoods activities within the HSBC District No of Wards CAMPFIRE Activities CAMPFIRE Sponsored Non-Hunting Projects Binga 21 (24 824 Wildlife management (3 Mwinji Cultural Village, households) Hunting Concessions), Masumu River Lodge (private), Fisheries, Tourism, Crafts Electric Fencing (non-functional) Gokwe North 14 (13 515 Wildlife management (2 Gandavaroyi Falls Campsite, households) Hunting Concessions), Veld Fire Management Tourism Gokwe South 10 (8 705 Wildlife management Jahana Zebra Watering households) Hwange 1 7 (10 838 Wildlife management (3 Gorges River Lodge (private), households) Hunting Concessions), Cheziya Fishing Camp Tourism, Fishing, Crafts 82 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Kusile 23 (15 980 Wildlife management 7 Ward Beekeeping Projects – not active households) (migratory), Beekeeping, Timber Logging (2 concessions), Sand abstraction Nyaminyami 12 (11 078 Wildlife management (3 7 Private Sector Lodges (3 currently households) Hunting Concessions), operational) Tourism 4.3.5 DEMOGRAPHICS According to the 2012 census an estimated 12.974,000 million people live in the country, with an annual population growth rate of 0.11 percent [World Bank 2010]. Approximately two thirds of the population resides in rural areas, though urbanization is projected to rise [UNPD 2008]. The country’s population is largely young: the median is 18.8 years [UNPD 2008] and about 40 percent of the population is under the age of 15 [World Bank 2010]. Population growth rate is estimated to have stalled [World Bank 2010], likely because of an adult HIV/AIDS prevalence rate estimated at 15.3 percent [World Bank 2010] and High levels of outmigration [UNICEF 2008]. The HSBC spans through Matabeleland North and Part of Midlands with a population of 704 948 and 809 675 respectively. The proportion of male and female population is an average 48 and 52 percent respectively in the two provinces. Average rate of natural population increase stands at 1.26 percent, crude birth rate was at 31.29 births per 1000 while crude death rate stands at 18.64 deaths per 1000 in 2002. Information from the local NGOs working with the San people in Tsholotsho show that there are about 2000 San people living in Tsholotsho, though the greater number of the San community is across the border in Botswana. The average family size in the project area is 6 people per household. Analysis of the household mix shows that there are mostly women and the elderly who are staying with children while the middle aged and most males are seeking jobs in the provincial headquarters and commercial centers within the provinces. Where there are youths at the home, they are mostly unemployed and help with the household livelihoods activities like herding cattle and crop farming where applicable. There is great potential for employment uptake in all job creating aspects of the HSBC project. 83 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.3.6 EDUCATION The HSBC project area coincides with two provincial territories that has two institutions of highest learning. Matebeleland North hosts the Lupane University while the Midlands province hosts the Midlands State University based in Gweru. While there are those two universities, the direct contribution from the remote parts of the project area is still very negligible. Secondary schools are at an average of eight kilometres apart, making it very difficult for pupils to successfully attend and complete their secondary education. Children can be seen riding bicycles donated by a donor to schools in Hwange and Dete. In Tsholotsho, illiteracy is still rife but the government had tried to improve the situation. In Binga and parts of Hwange, the Tonga community has scored a first for minority languages in Zimbabwe following the formalization of the Tonga language in schools in the Zambezi Valley basin that borders Zimbabwe and Zambia. The Tonga language was in October 2011 officially tested at Grade 7 level for the first time in the history of Zimbabwe. The literacy level among the San people is understood to be very low, with most of the children either not attending school at all or dropping out of school at an early grade. This is mostly influenced by the San People way of life and the poverty levels such that they do not afford the resources mobilization that is required to see a child throughout the schooling life. Fig 4.23 Children riding to schools as far as 6km in Hwange using donated bicycles. 84 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 About 17% of the pupils walk more than 5km to attain primary education in remote parts of Midlands Province. In Gokwe Chireya, there are 30 primary schools, enrolling a total of 12 585 pupils. About 6 168(49.01%) of the pupils are girls whilst boys constitute a total of 6417(50.99%) of the total enrolment. There are 303 teachers (both trained and untrained) in the constituency and the constituency pupil to teacher ratio stood at 43:1 which is equal to the national average. The primary teaching staff complement consists of about 71.95% male teachers and 28.05% female teachers. The Gokwe-Chireya constituency has four secondary schools located in ward 4, 9, 10 and 14. Total enrolment for all the schools is at 2 520 whilst 53 teachers provide secondary education service. Pupil to teacher ratio is below national average as it stands at 48:1. Only Chireya secondary school provides Advanced Level education whilst other schools provide up to Ordinary Level. The project area has the capacity to learn key lessons out of the HSBC project. Due to some literacy challenges in some parts of the project area, there is need to consider disseminating information in the local languages. 85 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.3.7 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION The project area has certain areas with good transport facilities/infrastructure while other parts of the project area have dusty and bumpy gravel road. The HSBC project area is serviced by a good and all- weather tarred road stretching from Tsholotsho to Hwange and to Binga though the link follows the Bulawayo- Victoria Falls highway in some cases. Areas that are away from the major centers are however accessed through gravel roads that are dusty and bumpy in most cases. Most of the rural roads in Tsholotsho are however more difficult to use than any other part of the project areas due to the extensive Kalahari sands covering the district. There is also a railway line that passes through the northern part of Tsholotsho District that connects Tsholotsho and various parts of Zimbabwe with railway line transport nertwork through Hwange to the north and Bulawayo to the South. Most of the roads in Gokwe North are gravel roads which in most parts are not in good condition. Typical examples are the one which connects Nembudziya from Sanyati and the one from Nembudziya to Chireya. Land degradation had been noted as one of the major causes of road destructions. The HSBC component of gully reclamation is a positive step in dealing with bad roads. Communication systems are mostly concentrated on the major centres like growth points. The area is covered by both fixed and mobile network. The fix network that is operational in the area is the TelOne network and Netone is the dominant network line in most of the areas though network connectivity is still a problem. Fig 4.24 Typical gravel roads in Gokwe North (Threatened by gullies) 86 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 For planning purpose, the HSBC therefore needs to equip the project implementers with four wheel drive vehicles to enable them to access the project areas with relative ease. 4.3.8 WATER SUPPLY Drinking water supply for local communities is mostly groundwater. For corporate the pumping mechanisms are automated while the communities use manual pumping means. Some of the communities use shallow wells on river beds or wetlands. Animal drinking is also supported by the same boreholes or by the major rivers in the project area including Gwayi River, Sanyati river and Ume River just to mention a few. The water scarcity for wildlife normally forces them to migrate across communities to access drinking water. The HSBC project comes in handy to alleviate water supply challenges especially for the wildlife thereby limiting the changes of human wildlife conflicts. An example of water scarcity causes is that the Chireya area has a total of 89 boreholes and 5 deep wells from which residents draw water. About 41 boreholes are located in ward 14 though only two are working. Of the 89 boreholes in the area, only 16(16.98%) are functional. Deep wells are located in ward 4, 9 and 14. Increasing the number of boreholes and deep-wells within the constituency would help to easy pressure on the existing ones. Clean and safe water to drink is a challenge especially in winter. Local people sometimes draw water from shallow well on the river bed (mufuku). According to the Habbakuk Trust, alocal NGO in Tsholotsho, the drinking water situation in Tsholotsho is understood to be critical, including areas where the San people are concentrated. It was reported by one of the active indigenous people’s organization that some members of the San community were staying in the forest in search for drinking water for their animals. While there are a notable number of boreholes within the local communities of the corridor, communal water supply still has be explored to greater heights. 87 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.25 Borehole water source in Chireya 4.3.9 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS ACTIVITY The project area is intensively covered by NGOs which include Concern Worldwide, Christian Care, World Vision, Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), Heifer International and BASIWIZI Trust. BASIWIZI Trust is specifically spearheading the protection of the welfare of the Tonga people who were displaced from the Zambezi Valley to pave way for the Kariba Dam. Other NGOs are involved in activities such as water and sanitation, agriculture, health and education, rural development, orphanage, gender and women empowerment, alleviation of hunger and poverty, capacity building and infrastructure servicing. All wards in the project area are covered with at least one Non Governmental Organization offering various services. In Tsholotsho, there are NGOs who are working for the wellbeing of the remnant San peoples in Zimbabwe. These organizations include Christian Care, Tsoro-o-tso San Development Trust, and the Habakkuk Trust. It will be important for the HSBC project to integrate with these NGOs where there is common cause. 88 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4.4 HERITAGE, CULTURAL AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ISSUES 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION Heritage sites are the immovable physical remains that were created during the history of human kind and that have significance, they include archeological sites and the ruins, tombs, traditional petro glyphs, spiritual sites, sacred places, as well as modern and contemporary places and commemorative places and buildings, and those historic precincts (villages or towns), together with their original heritage components, that are officially declared protected sites. It should be noted that these archaeological and cultural remains are non- renewable such that when destroyed they cannot be replaced, hence the need for pre- development assessment to allow for preservation of the same, for posterity. The Archaeological Impact Assessments Guidelines prepared by the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) derive their authority from the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) Act. They outline procedures of how to deal with archaeological evidence during development. They require that Archaeological Impact Assessments (AIA) as a core component of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) must be carried out for all major development projects prior to commencement of activities on site. The Environmental Management Act (EMA) (chapter 20.27) of 2002 forms the basis of environmental management in Zimbabwe and makes it a mandatory for developers to consider Archaeological and Cultural issues in addition to other environmental aspects in carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment. In this ESMF, an Archaeological expert was included in the consultancy team to ensure that there is full compliance on the project to all local legislation. 4.4.2 ETHINICITY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE IN VARIOUS PROJECT AREAS There are various ethnic groups in the project area and most of these are local people. The entire project area is dominated by population from an African ethnic origin, with a negligible percent accounted for aliens especially those of the Malawian origin. These people conduct various religious activities on specific sites in their landscapes to consult, appease and pray their gods. Hence any development must be preceded by social and cultural assessment such that the cultural belief system, customs and rituals will not be affected by such new development. This was echoed by Chief Nerukova of the Tonga people who emphasized on extensive consultations with the traditional leadership to avoid desecration of sacred places. Below are some of the ethnicity and indigenous people and their issues. 89 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 A. TSHOLOTSHO Tsholotsho is home to three ethnic groups, these being the Ndebele, Kalanga and San. The San are however outside the CAMPFIRE focal areas but they are within the impact area for the Hwange National Park activities. The principal language is Ndebele which is spoken by over 80% of the population and understood by over 90% of the population. The Khoisan language is the least used language within the district because even the San, also use other languages like Ndebele. The San people in Tsholotsho do qualify to be considered Indigenous Peoples and an IPPF is required. The San people were displaced from their ancestral habitation around 1920s to pave way for the establishment to the Hwange National Park. Over the years they have been fighting for recognition in the mainstream representation. They are a minority group that requires special protection against potential exclusions that is associated with being a minority group. B. BINGA Binga is a district in Matabeleland North basically occupied by the Tonga and Nambya people, lying on the south eastern shore of Lake Kariba. Binga was constructed to rehouse the BaTonga people whose homeland was flooded by the Kariba reservoir. The Tonga were among the first groups in the peopling of the Zambezi Region together with the Korekore and later joined by the Nambya. The group has two main dialects that is Leya and Dombe and has always been regarded by their neighbors as the earliest established Bantu speaking settlers. Tonga oral traditions do not mention any migrations from a specific homeland outside their present area of settlement. Their traditions indicate that they have always been aboriginal to the Zambezi Valley where they were settled along the Zambezi River. However Archaeology indicates that the earliest Tonga or proto Tonga originated in the northern part of Zambia’s southern province specifically around the Kafue Valley. Archaeology indicates a southward spread of the Tonga from this area to the rest of Southern Zambia and northern parts of Zimbabwe through the western stream Kangila Tradition from the Batoka plateau between 1000 and 1100AD. Essentially the Tonga were a riverine people who depended on the Zambezi River. Because of the biannual flooding of the Zambezi River the Tonga would crop twice in a year and maintained a delicate ecological balance of the river basin. They were settled along the river in low-lying areas below 900m above sea level in areas marked C on the map below. 90 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Tonga settlement patterns before Kariba dam (after Ncube, G 2004) Their belief systems centred on the water and river system kasambavezi and veneration of the Nyaminyami River god. The Tonga expanded along the Gwembe Valley because this river system and the Nyaminyami assured them of perennial water supply. In times of drought it is believed that the Nyaminyami would offer itself to the populations so that people would be able to cut pieces of its body meat to starve off hunger. It was on this religious basis that the Tonga remained a united religious group forming one society, spoke one language and observe the same customs, but devoid of a complex political system. There is no evidence of the Tonga politically operating under one paramount Chief, which explains why they are still today organized under about 17 small chieftaincies in one district. The Tonga were displaced from their home of origin, the Gwembe Valley, in the 1960s to make way for Lake Kariba. Because of this sudden and forced removal their cultural capital has largely been dismembered and a lot of distortions and stereotypes are now attached to them as an ethnic group. Materially their Archaeology was flooded and therefore cannot be fully documented. However they have solidly maintained their intangible cultural heritage and today several of their sites are as a result of the reminiscences of their religious and cultural life in the Gwembe valley. 91 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Fig 4.26 Tonga architecture reminiscent of life in the Gwembe valley C. GOKWE NORTH Gokwe North is home to mainly to two Shona dialectical ethnic groups and these are Shangwe and Karanga. However, there are also some Ndebele and Nambya people found in this area of the country. There is lack of serious attachment between the indigenous people, that is, the Shangwe people and their landscape, usually that develops in the creation of cultural landscapes. Together with Binga, the only known heritage sites from Gokwe North are the fossil wood and related paleontological remains. The landscape lies within the Karoo super group which is world famous for a continuous fossil record. In addition the post-karoo rocks and sediments have also yielded fossil remains. The rock formation in these areas that have potential to yield fossils are the ecca and coal group, madumabisa muddstone formations, forest sandstones formations, kalahari sands and alluvial deposits. The fossils that have been recovered from the Zambezi Valley include mammals,, and mammals-like reptiles. Not much can be seen on the ground relating to these fossils remains.. 92 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 D. HWANGE Hwange is home to mainly three ethnic groups and these are the Ndebele, Kalanga, Nambya. Several Stone Age sites were recorded from Hwange National Park and these maybe affected by the drilling of boreholes. However, like the Gokwe area, there are no known sacred shrines in the Hwange area. 4.4.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS More than 80% of the sites recorded are cultural sites. The rest are natural sites with potential for tourist utilization. All the cultural sites have an intangible dimension which is particularly important to the Tonga as they seek relevance in their new cultural landscape after their forcible removal from the Gwembe valley. Most of the sites have to do with malende/rainmaking signifying their relationship with water and rain as part of their riverine belief systems. Their displacement from the Zambezi valley destroyed their cultural aspects and identity which they are fighting hard to recover in their new cultutral landscape. Further research and consultations has to be conducted with the Tonga people so that any development in their new cultural landscape will not further compromise their cultural practices and identity. Thus any development in the Tonga landscape should be sensitive to the Tonga plight and culture as the host community. Fossil and /paleontological sites are of great importance in their contribution to scientific research of the past paleo-environments and climatic changes. Hence any development to take place in the said area must be sensitive to the conservation of paleontological heritage resources, hence a paleontological screening must be initiated in Gokwe North before the subproject commence because these subproject will involve earth moving and relocation of some stones. Gokwe North also boost of fossil remains such as fossil wood which is also protected under by heritage of Zimbabwe by the National Museums and Monuments Act Chapter 25:11, screening before the subprojects commence will concientise the communities not to use fossils remains as ordinary stones in the construction of barriers to erosion roots. Tsholotsho and Hwange boost of Stone Age remains especially in the Hwange National Park and these sites are not under threat to intended development. Additional sites where the Park will sink additional 93 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 boreholes has to be investigated if they are identified that such there will be no damage to artifacts and sites during the rigging/drilling of boreholes for wildlife water supplies. 94 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 5.1 INTRODUCTION Stakeholder consultation process is a valuable source of information on key impacts, potential mitigation measures and the identification and selection of alternatives for project design. The openness and transparency which was practiced in this process ensured that unbiased information was collected from this process. It is anticipated that the stakeholder participation will be maintained throughout the project life-cycle and serious consideration of stakeholder input will be made so that the potential negative impacts will be effectively mitigated while potential positive impacts will be maximized. The key stages of this public consultation process involved public information and consultation. It is anticipated that stakeholder consultation will lead to total stakeholder participation in the implementation of the project. 5.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS The objectives of the stakeholder consultation were;  To inform the stakeholders about the Hwange sanyati biodiversity corridor Environment management and Conservation project and its various subprojects.  To identify potential negative and positive environmental and social impacts associated with the proposed project.  To formulate joint impact mitigation and enhancement measures for the negative impacts and positive impacts respectively.  To assess the availability of mechanisms for cooperation and conflict management between and amongst local stakeholders and implementing partners during project implementation. 95 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5.2 PRINCIPLES GOVERNING PUBLIC CONSULTATION The following principles were followed to achieve the above goals of the stakeholder consultation;  Inclusivity The public consultation process covered representatives of all relevant stakeholders. To ensure this principle was upheld, the stakeholder list was reviewed by WWF, Parks and Wildlife Authority, EMA, Forestry Commission and the Consultant.  Open and transparent In order to enhance this principle, the consultant ensured that all steps and activities of public consultation were understood by all consulted stakeholders.  Relevance Relevance was also key in this ESMF and this was achieved through remaining focused on the project issues that matter. The consultation boundaries also ensured that the consultation process remains relevant to the proposed activities.  Fairness and responsiveness To achieve the objectives of the stakeholder consultation process there was a need to ensure that the consultation was conducted impartially. All stakeholders were empowered with project information first in their local language, and then solicit their informed input. 5.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY The methodology that was used to capture stakeholder concerns was multi-facetted. The local leadership, and community was consulted through a meeting and an individual questionnaire administered to each of the participants. The Government departments were consulted through questionnaire that was augmented by follow up discussions. A news paper notices were also placed in the local dailies to capture submissions from a wide range of stakeholders. Consultations were segmented into the specific project areas of the subprojects. The table below shows the various consultations focal areas. 96 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 5.1 Focal areas for stakeholder consultation DISTRICT PROJECT FOCAL AREA IMPLEMENTING PARTNER Gokwe North Chireya. EMA. Binga Manjolo and Sinamatele. CAMPFIRE. Hwange Hwange National Park, Parks and Wildlife Ngamo forest, Sikumi forest. Management Authority, Forestry Commission. Tsholotsho Sidinda Ward. CAMPFIRE. 5.4 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION LIST To allow hybridization of ideas and also ensure full impact identification the stakeholder listing targeted diverse community organizations and representatives. The contact details of the consulted stakeholders are in Appendix B. Below is the category of stakeholders targeted in each focal area;  District Administrators.  RDCs.  Ministry of Lands and Rural Resettlement.  Ministry of Women Affairs, Gender and Community Development.  Ministry of Youth Development, Indigenization and Empowerment.  Departments of Social Welfare.  Departments of Public works.  ZINWA.  DDF. 97 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014  AREX.  ZRP.  EMA.  Forestry Commission.  CAMPFIRE.  Parks and Wildlife Authorities.  Ward Councilors.  Headmen.  Schools.  Business people.  Farmers.  Hospitals.  Researchers.  Safari operators.  NGOs.  Local community. The list and contact details of the consulted stakeholders are in appendix C. 98 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 5.5.1 HWANGE- Forestry Commission Components Table 5.2 Summary of stakeholder concerns Stakeholder Stakeholder Concerns Stakeholder suggestion Consultant’s analysis Hwange  Veldt fire  Community involvement The suggestions are quite District management issues at all levels of planning, valid and should be Administrator monitoring and considered in the project  Forest management evaluation. design finalization, issue implementation,  Inclusion of indigenous monitoring and evaluation. knowledge systems in the Through further management and consultation with the local utilization practices of the community, value adding natural resources. knowledge on fire control and PA control can be found. Department of  Control of wildlife  Deterrent sentence to be This is quite consistent with Social Welfare poaching made against the the spirit and intent of the offenders. project. The involvement of  Need for community community and its traditional participation in  Need for regular and leadership is quite valid and decision making on meaningful involvement will be integrated. the Parks’ ecosystem of communities in and wildlife wildlife management. management.  Involving traditional leadership and community structures in wildlife management. 99 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Ministry of  Improve land and  Offer permits to locals The selling of fire wood to Women forest management who engage in wood communities is quite Affairs, Gender in Sikumi and curving. interesting, this may in the and Ngamo forest. long run encourage  Sell wood directly to the Community conservation at household  Game water supply locals at a reasonable development level. There is indication of to be improved. price. local being victims of wildlife  Extent of  Protecting the locals from here, it should be considered commercial timber wild animals. under human wildlife conflict and wildlife management and adaptation. poaching reduced. Hwange ,  Community benefits  Community can reclaim The payment of community District gullies under payment. members is also applicable to  Fire management Councilor the EMA component.  Timber harvesting quotas  Timber management under supervision from  Seedlings Forestry commission.  Forestry commission should provide seedlings where possible. Chief Dingani  Forest fires from  The community should The emphasized need for main road. be given land from community to derive benefits forestry for grazing. from the forests eg grazing  Poachers cause fires. land. This has to be clearly  Fire guards-funding  Lack of knowledge. articulated in the forest needed. management plan.  Community benefits  Capacity building. from benefits. Parks and  Veld fire prevention.  Environmental awareness The mentioned interventions 100 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Wildlife  Reduction of campaigns. will be considered in the Authority deforestation and project design.  Sponsoring the wood poaching. community to start  Wildlife poaching. income generating projects.  Human encroachment into forestry land. RDC  Direct benefits to  Timber should be This is quite revealing and accrue to available to communities value adding. communities living so that all schools are adjacent to forests. properly furnished so as to improve the quality of  Community benefits learning at schools. and involvement  Off-cuts should be sold to wood carvers to improve livelihoods.  Communities to be given first preference in employment of veldt fire management so that people can identify themselves with the community, currently there is a big question that remains unanswered, what is the forest to us?  Training the community. 101 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Ministry of  Forestry commission  Conducting workshops Very important point to Youth should consult aimed at providing consider especially for project Development, widely. information to implementation. Indigenization community relating to and environmental Empowerment management matters.  Youths should be actively engaged to participate in matters of preservation and conservation of the environment which is a national heritage. Painted Dogs  Deliberate Policy on  Policy foundation should  This is quite in line Conservation fires and wood begin from the adjacent with the project and collection need communities and reach effort to link this with consideration. agreements before indigenous knowledge implementation. systems must be made.  Community involvement has  Research should be been highly undertaken to establish undermined. the extent of negative fire and wood collection by the local people. Hwange Safari  Veld fires are a  Fire fighting team should  Fire management is a Lodge cause of concern to be in place and properly major issue since it the ecosystem. trained on the use of fire- threatens all natural fighting equipment. resources  Fire drills should be 102 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 carried out once per week.  Fire fighting competition to be introduced to motivate the teams. Dete ZRP  Wood harvesting for  Community involvement  Very important domestic use. and participation. aspects that have been incorporated in the  Harvesting wood for  Provision of alternative project already. commercial use. sources of energy.  Veld fire  Control timber management. harvesting.  Deforestation due to  Creating awareness of the increasing elephant veld fires and population. biodiversity. National  Provide adequate  Sink boreholes in the  Fencing will not be Railway of drinking place. Game reserve. applicable since it Zimbabwe would restrict the  Fence the game  Fence the Game Park to (NRZ) anticipated free parks. prevent animals from movement of wildlife. being hit by trains.  Provide good roads.  Proper roads should be  Fire guards. constructed.  Fire guard should be well maintained. L. Ncube-  Destruction of crops   Allowance to harvest Ward by animals from dry wood in the 103 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 17 Sikumi. Sikumi Forests. Residen  Access to forests for t fire wood. SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES THAT CAME OUT OF CONSULTATIONS The following are the issues that stakeholders anticipate in the project design, implementation and monitoring:  Community participation in wildlife management.  Use of indigenous knowledge systems in wildlife management.  Implementation of deterrent offenses for poachers.  Traditional of traditional leaders throughout the project.  Payment of local labor in reclamation work.  Arrangement for grazing land in protected areas.  Joint fire management with community.  Funding of community income generating projects as way to curb poaching.  Youth involvement in conservation. It is recommended that the following issues be considered in the project design finalization and implementation. 104 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5.5.2 HWANGE- PARKS AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY COMPONENT (b) Summary of stakeholder concerns Stakeholder Stakeholder Concerns Stakeholder suggestion Consultant’s analysis Hwange  Human-wildlife  Sensitization of CAMPFIRE This is quite important so that District conflicts. program to communities. the community feels the Administrator compensatory effect of  Resource wildlife  Revamping the CAMPFIRE CAMPFIRE programs to local proceeds utilization concept and make it adapt to communities’ loss to wildlife by communities. emerging issues and trends. rampages. Department of  Control of wildlife  Deterrent sentence to be Noted and quite important in Social Welfare poaching. made against the offenders. the project design finalization.  Need for community  Need for regular and participation in meaningful involvement of decision making on communities in wildlife the Parks’s ecosystem management. and wildlife  Involving traditional management. leadership and community structures in wildlife management. Ministry of  Improve game water  Increase water supply to An important awareness Women supply for Hwange reduce wild animals preying approach in schools program Affairs, Gender National Park. on livestock and destroying since anything that transpires at and farm lands and livestock. school will almost always get  Raise awareness Community home vividly. campaigns on the  Educate local leaders, visit development ecosystems to reduce schools and wildlife destruction of water workshops. supply. 105 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Hwange ,  Wild beast such as  Parks and Wildlife Authority There are indications of serious District lions and herbivores should have immediate personal losses to wildlife. Councillor such as elephants responses to attacks by wild Proposed project needs to destruct livestock and beast. attend to personal loses and crops but Parks how they relate to CAMPFIRE  CAMPFIRE should be Authorities do not operations and benefits. allowed to cover state land. respond quickly.  Employment creation for  Compensation of locals. loses  Stock check and compensation on the number of beast lost. Chief Dingani  Predators such as  Communal land should be This indication of serious lions and elephants fenced by funds from this human wildlife conflicts and destroy livestock and project. worthy noting for project design crops respectively. finalization.  Compensation.  Community benefits from wildlife. Parks and  Human–wildlife  HSBC should channel more Quite important for project Wildlife conflicts resources to fight poaching. design finalization and Authority budgeting.  Poaching  Channeling resources to the community to keep them busy there- by avoiding 106 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 poaching. RDC  Direct benefits to  Harvesting of meat at Important considerations noted. accrue to subsidized prices. communities living  Community should be given adjacent to Hwange. first preference in  Funding of human- employment for wildlife wildlife conflicts management e.g Parks programme and rangers. employment  Funding of community based opportunities for scouts who will react to locals. community distress calls.  Abattoirs should be established.  Assistance in case of those whose crops or livestock is destroyed. Ministry of  Community  Involvement of communities  Community involvement and Youth awareness on particularly youths in terms education is a major Development, conservation issues of planning, management and milestone for this project. Indigenisation e.g rampant poaching, control of the environment. and veld fires and data on Empowerment ecosystem to avoid danger of wildlife becoming extinct. ZRP-Dete  Human-wildlife  Creation of game reserves  This is quite consistent with 107 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 conflict. adjacent to communities. the objectives of the project.  Water provision for  Establishment of more animals. sources of water.  Veld fire  Improved fire fighting skills management. and resources.  Poaching in all its  Community ownership of various forms. wildlife projects.  Awareness on the importance of wildlife in the ecosystem. Painted Dog  Human footprint in  Wide consultation and  This is important and will be Conservation the HSBC needs extensive research on land covered under human- attention as society use management by local wildlife conflict. and its needs continue communities. to compete for the  A coordinated approach same resource as including all stakeholders. Parks and Wildlife Authority. CAMPFIRE  Consideration of  Capacitation of CAMPFIRE  CAMPFIRE component Kamativi, Kamalala, at local level, for example project design will address Gwayi and places provision of cars per ward to this contribution. where wildlife is. support it.  Movement of animals in the rainy season.  Destruction of crops by wild animals. M. Chapan  Elephants pass  Quick response by Parks and  This will be addressed 108 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 da- through our area on Wildlife Authority. through the human- wildlife Tshabas their way to Gwayi conflict management. itsha river. village.  Destruction of crops and animals by wildlife.  Kabwita dam under pressure from wild animals. National  Provide adequate  Sink boreholes in the game  Fencing will not be practical Railways of drinking places for reserves. intervention as this will Zimbabwe. animals. distract free animal  Fence the Game Park to movement.  Fence the Game prevent animals from being parks. hit by trains.  Provide good roads.  Proper roads should be constructed.  Fire guard.  Fire guard should be well maintained. Hwange Safari  Game water.  Use of submersible pumps  Solar powered submersible Lodge powered by solar energy. pumps would be are areal  Electricity challenges. innovation to incorporate.  Capital injection.  Involve qualified personnel. 109 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 SUMMARY OF ISSUES THAT CAME OUT OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS  CAMPFIRE activities should be enhanced as mitigation for human- wildlife conflicts.  Involve traditional leaders in the HSBC project.  Provision of adequate water supply to wildlife as means to avoid their movement out of protected areas.  CAMPFIRE should cover state land.  Direct compensation from PWMA for losses incurred by community from wildlife movements.  Equip local reaction teams to attend to preying wildlife in communities.  Network with community in anti-poaching strategies. 110 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5.5.3 BINGA- CAMPFIRE COMPONENT Table 5.3 Summary of stakeholder concerns Stakeholder Stakeholder Concerns Stakeholder suggestion Consultant’s analysis Binga District  Livelihoods projects are  Communication and This is quite important Administrator vital. transparency of projects will in the selection of the enable sustainability. pilot areas and  Communication of the beneficiaries. Women benefits of natural resources  Having the youths is a sure and youths will be to the community. sign of sustainability. especially considered  Youth involvement in for inclusion. community projects. Department of  Community participation  Meaningful community Very important Social Welfare from project design to participation. submission for implementation. sustainability of the  Involve other stakeholder such project.  Market linkages for products as AGRITEX and VET. and supplies.  Have the community run the  Direct returns to project project such that there will be members and cascade to continuity when the funder other wards. leaves Binga. Ministry of  Women involvement so that  Feasibility studies by the The stakeholder is Women they can be able to sustain implementing partner to forward looking about Affairs, Gender their living. involve others in the the pilot projects. and community.  Project should spread to Community other wards and a market for development eggs should be established in 111 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 the district. Binga District  Wild beast such as lions and  Parks and Wildlife Authority Noted. Councillor herbivores such as elephants should have immediate destruct livestock and crops responses to attacks by wild but Parks Authorities do not beast. respond quickly.  CAMPFIRE should be allowed  Compensation of loses to cover state land.  Employment creation for locals.  Stock check and compensation on the number of beast lost. Chief Dingani  Predators such as lions and  Communal land should be The issue of fencing elephants destroy livestock fenced by funds from this continue to be and crops respectively. project. suggested so the project owners should  Community benefits from  Compensation. explain the wildlife. disadvantage of fencing in wildlife management processes. Parks and  Obtain a breeders license for  Establish own seeds, juveniles Quality control issues Wildlife guinea fowls from National and eggs of good breed. being raised are Authority Parks. important for adequate  Formulate own good quality production.  Is there a good quality and food to reduce cost. 112 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 reliable juvenile or eggs for  Choose the species that are restocking. best suited to the conditions in Binga.  Is there quality feed for the species and are the prices  Do market research for the cost effective. product.  Is the guinea fowl adaptable  Enhance the knowledge of to culture conditions? locals on guinea fowls production.  Hardness and resistance to diseases and parasites.  Easy market accessibility.  Knowledge of the guinea fowl culture Binga RDC  Breeders license  Project members to liaise with Important legal Council and National Parks. compliance issues  Community participation. coming up. The  Training of project members  Conservation of guinea fowls license issue will need on guinea fowl management. to be complied with.  Community should not  Employment creation. temper with wild guinea fowls. Ministry of  Conservation of natural  Establishment of community Noted. Youth resources. owned or individual owned Development, projects such as guinea fowl  Direct benefit of community Indigenization projects. 113 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 and from natural resources.  Educate community on Empowerment conservation of natural  Community based resources. management of natural resources.  Revenue from natural resources should be ploughed  Conflicts between humans back to community. and wild life.  Establishment of ward and village CAMPFIRE committees who will manage natural resources in those respective areas.  Ministry of Environment to create a fund to support projects that are dealing with natural resources. Department of  Prevent human- wildlife  Revisit wildlife population The resettlement issue AGRITEX conflict. against carrying capacity. coming in this submission is not  Ready market for guinea  Identify settlement areas for really applicable to the fowl products. our off springs as they mature. project.  Veld fires.  Veld fire management. Forestry  Communities should be  Several consultation meetings More consultation will Commission consulted and allowed to should be done in the be conducted during participate in decision communities before and during the subproject making. implementation stage. screening and EMP 114 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014  Implementation should be a  Allow and consider the formulations. bottom-up strategy. indigenous knowledge system where it is needed.  Indigenous Knowledge system should come from the community. Chief Binga  Review community  Taking wild guinea fowl eggs The discussion with and Headmen percentage benefits. should be a crime punishable the Chief and the by the chief. headmen was quite  Proper management and interesting. The Chief transparency so that the  Prices to be determined after preferred proceeds community will be satisfied. reduction of production costs. coming to all  Record keeping and  Community should be community members information dissemination. responsible in all manners. while the headmen preferred proceeds  Extinction of wild guinea  Involvement of other villages accruing to individual fowls. that are not part of the pilot participants. This project.  The whole community discussion is quite should benefit.  Clear follow up eggs and critical for the deaths of guinea fowls. sustainability of the  Pricing of guinea fowls. project, especially  A 10 percent should be given when up-scaling. to community projects. Kulima  Training in production of  Train beneficiaries to take The community Mbobumi guinea fowl production and ownership. contribution should be Training project management. clear as suggested  Use and involve AGRITEX. Centre here. The training  Training in appropriate fowl  Avoid 100 % free hand out as centre can also be used runs and diseases control. the syndrome can affect the as resource centre.  Establishment for the market success of the project. 115 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 for the birds.  Beneficiaries to contribute percentage cash in the establishment of the project. Manjolo  Exploitation of available  Education through organized The use of pamphlets Springs natural resources in a suitable meetings or workshops, in local language is Primary School manner. seminars, literature, pamphlets important awareness published in the local language approach. where possible. Councillor  Promotion of community.  Follow-up. The follow up is Mleya important during  Protection of natural  Encouragement. project resources. implementation.  Community benefits. SUMMARY OF ISSUES THAT CAME OUT OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS  Involve traditional leaders in the HSBC project.  CAMPFIRE should cover state land.  Transparency in pilot project.  Involve Agritex and Veterinary Service Department.  Integrate indigenous knowledge systems.  Sustainability should consider other villages’ emolument from pilot, profit sharing in view of future expansion of the project. 116 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5.5.4 TSHOLOTSHLO - CAMPFIRE COMPONENT Table 5.4 Summary of stakeholder concerns Stakeholder Stakeholder Concerns Stakeholder suggestion Consultant’s analysis Environmental  Wildlife –Livestock  Community sensitization on Noted. Management interactions. human-wildlife sustainable Agency interactions.  Human- Wildlife inter- specific interactions.  Formulation of by-laws to aid in human-wildlife conflict  Enforcement of policies management. governing wildlife utilization.  Drought mitigation strategies e.g rotational grazing, fencing of paddocks. District  Empowerment of local  Education through seminars in Administrator- communities for them to feel wildlife management. Tsholotshlo. that they own their natural  Increase community shares in resources. CAMPFIRE allocations.  Communities participation in  Increase emergence reaction projects proposal of their towards problem animals in the areas and in choosing safari community. operators. Tsholotshlo  Elephants destroy people’s  Dams to keep away animals. Ward 10 fields.  We need Game Guards. Councilor  Security against animals.  Educate people that animals are a source of living. Ward 7  Workshops to educate people  Funding. This should be Councilor covered during 117 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 about animals.  Fireguards. stakeholder consultation at  Fire management.  Anti-poaching committees to subproject level. be established.  Poaching. Zimbabwe  Community leaders’  Transparency on the part of The issue of fencing Republic involvement in the use of Tshlotshlo Rural District continues to surface. police funds obtained from safari Council-good cooperate operators. governance approach is required from this RDC.  Fencing off the Hwange National Park from nearby  Education awareness villages such as Pelandaba campaigns by Parks and village. Wildlife Authority.  Pro-active awareness  Continued sustained pro-active campaigns by EMA and awareness campaigns by EMA. Parks and Wildlife Authority. Social Welfare  Community ownership.  Working closely with Community traditional leadership. engagement being  Community consultations emphasized here. before and after  Use of technical support from implementing the project. relevant stakeholders.  Adherence to CAMPFIRE by-laws from Council. Ministry of  Influential people to be  There should be a selected Transparency resource Education and informed. committee within the utilization requested Culture community to participate in the 118 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014  Training of the community distribution of the benefits here. concerning the project. from natural resources.  Capacitation of Campfire.  No funds from any resources should go unknown by the  Employment of local people. community. Figures should be hold to the community e.g timber and elephants. Ministry of  There is need for coordinated  There is need for coordinated Very important points Youths effort which is inclusive all effort which is inclusive all mentioned here. Development, relevant line ministries. relevant line ministries. Indigenous and  Intensive advocacy and  Intensive advocacy and Empowerment awareness campaigns awareness campaigns through through the whole district. the whole district and meetings.  Need for capacity building.  Need for capacity building for  Those who exploit natural CAMPFIRE. resources must plough back.  Those who exploit natural resources must plough back.  Transparency in awarding hunting concession. Tsoro-o-tso To be advised. To be advised. The Executive San Director indicated that Development he was out of the Trust office, but will be happy to make a submission when he is back in the office. 119 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Effort to get the submission will particularly be made at the subproject level. General provisions will be made through the IPPF. SUMMARY OF ISSUES THAT CAME OUT OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS  Involve traditional leaders in the HSBC project.  CAMPFIRE should be capacitated.  Transparency in community benefits.  Awareness, consultations and community education.  Integrate indigenous knowledge systems.  Poaching.  Inclussion of the San People in the project design, implementation and monitoring. This will however be considered under the Parks component since it is the one with direct impacts on the San Community by way of human-wildlife conflict. 120 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5.5.5 GOKWE NORTH (CHIREYA) - EMA COMPONENT Table 5.5 Summary of stakeholder concerns Stakeholder Stakeholder Concerns Stakeholder suggestion Consultant’s analysis Gokwe North  Chireya gully is threatening  Massive funding to reclaim the Other areas requiring District Chireya rural service centre. named gullies. similar interventions Administrator have been noted.  The HSBC should not zero  Recommendation for special down to Chireya gully alone foundations for the houses at because there are other the growth point should be gullies in the area such as made by experts. Zhomba and Chikarimatsito.  An all-stakeholder  The district growth point also participation in the project is has an underground receding imperative. gully which is threatening buildings. Department of  Inform Public Works head  Civil Engineer and Quantity This is quite important Public Works quotas in Harare and make Surveyor to visit the site and for consideration of arrangements with the device appropriate methods to project alternatives. quantity Surveyor. deal with the gully. Department of  Urgent rehabilitation of the  Local community needs to be Noted. Lands and area. consulted before and after Rural project initiation.  The hospital and shops are Resettlement under threat. 121 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 AGRITEX  Land use in the area.  Community awareness A clear indication of campaigns. the importance of  Conservation works in the catchment area.  Use of conservation works in management in this the area such as contours.  Water harvesting structures project.  Conservation farming.  Dams and gully reclamation.  Training.  Livestock safety.  Avoid overgrazing, tree cutting, veld fires and stream bank cultivation in the catchment area. Chief Chireya  Gabion wires.  Community to load stones in These can be trucks and plant vativa. considered for project  Rocks design.  DDF and Forestry Commission  Planting trees. to contribute.  Vativa grass. District  All farmers to comply to the  All relevant ministries and Importance of Development advice of AGRITEX. local authorities should work stakeholder Fund together so as to achieve the participation coming  Forestry Commission to goals. out clearly. introduce afforestation programmes to reduce soil  Relevant ministries must fully erosion. involve local residence in the implementation of control  Community sensitization by measures. EMA concerning land conservation. Department of  Rehabilitation of Chireya  Engage local communities and Noted. 122 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 social welfare gully and Zhomba gully. the communities affected. Ministry of  EMA should address an  EMA should use local Noted. Youth awareness campaign to the leadership so that the Development, inhabitants of Chireya to inhabitants can understand. Indigenization understand.  Relocate all people under and threat from the valley. Empowerment Gokwe North  Community participation and  Conducting awareness Noted. RDC mobilization. meetings  Layout plan improved  Involvement of all major stakeholders.  Mobilization of local raw materials.  Imposition of heavy penalties for breaching policies.  Community awareness meetings.  Subsequent impact of the gully and land degradation.  Land use planning. Ministry of  Combating stream bank  Educating Chiefs and village Noted. Education cultivation. heads on the ultimate dangers of stream bank cultivation.  Indiscriminate cutting down of trees.  Putting in place heavy penalties on indiscriminate cutting down of trees. Chireya  Establishing water harvesting  Provision of funds to purchase Water harvesting Mission tanks at existing buildings, water harvesting tanks and should be considered 123 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Hospital shops inclusive. gutters. as part of the project design.  Stop construction of  Proper planning and siting of buildings towards gully new buildings. Incentives issue came heads. out quite vivid and is  Compaction and paving of understood to have  Construction of contours and existing gully to avoid further been the major cause storm drains. degradation. of concern to the  Construction of Water  Material and funds for community. harvesting ponds on paved harvesting ponds and paved canals. canals.  Engage fewer people so as to  Funds as incentives for hired give incentives. labour. Chireya St  Stream bank cultivation  Strong policies and Noted. Dominic along Ume River should be enforcement. Primary School stopped as a matter of  Assistance of those seriously urgency. affected.  The gullies forming from  Water harvesting tanks and both Chireya Mission gutters. Hospital and Business Centre need National attention to  All stakeholder participation. curb head ward and lateral donga formations. Chireya High  Prioritisation of public  Fence off the area using local It is interesting to School institutions like hospitals and manage the said 124 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Schools. labour. political moves at subproject level.  Involvement of the chief and  Relocate the shopping centre to village heads through Kajirivanda1 or limit the education. number of structural units to control run-off.  Rural District Council and EMA should work hand in hand to contain some political moves. Chireya  Control of social activities  Stream bank cultivation should Noted. Business such as stream bank be stopped. Community cultivation.  Cutting down of trees and Association  Rehabilitation of the gullies burning of grass to be stopped. threatening the community.  Proper drainage control.  Ensure there is proper  Build water storage tanks. drainage in the area and proper control of runoff  Provision of diesel to well water. wishers who have tractors.  Assistance in terms of  Money for those who will be building water storage tanks working on the gulley. to avoid much runoff water Save Mass  Source income for the project  none Noted Superette F. Marongwe-  Stop constructions of shops  Payment of workers on the The project is not 125 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Business along the road towards the gully. financing any activities person gully head. that will involve land  Strengthen team work. acquisition leading to  All stakeholders should be  Informing the RDC to assist involuntary involved. relocating those affected. resettlement. A Process  Engagement manner of Framework has been workers. prepared to address restrictions of access to HSBC. D. Musoni-  Underground erosion  Noting worker safety First time occupational Businessman especially on underground safety issue is raised.  Sealing the Chireya gully. erosion. Mlambo shop  Employ qualified engineers.  Urgent project execution. Noted.  Community benefits.  Paying workers working on the project.  Destruction of buildings at Chireya centre by the gully. Chibango  Building programmes should  Monitoring. Noted. Warehouse- be architected. Chireya  The soils need gabions business center support.  Locals labor should be compensated. SUMMARY OF ISSUES THAT CAME OUT OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS  Occupational safety and health.  Consider other gullies in the district. 126 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014  Involve other government departments like Public Works and Forestry.  Project should focus on catchment protection.  Include water harvesting in project design.  Payment of community members working on the gullies. 6 DISCLOSURE i. Publication for public consultation during ESMF formulation As part of disclosure, a public notice was placed in the local daily to inform the general public about the proposed project and invited contributions for the sustainable implementation of the project through stakeholder contribution to the ESMF. The public notices generated input from the Regional Director of Environment Africa who wanted to understand how the organization could be involved in the project. Environment Africa is one of the leading Environment related NGOs in Zimbabwe. An arrangement was already established that the organization be part of the key stakeholder for the project and will be kept informed and its participation will be ensured. ii. Disclosure at finalization of ESMF  Following the finalization of the ESMF, the MWEC will summarize the conclusions of the ESMF and publicize them in the local daily in the English language.  The MWEC will also summarize the conclusions of the ESMF in pamphlets and publish them within the project area in applicable languages (Shona, Ndebele, Tonga, and Khoisan) or inform the stakeholders through community meetings.  The MWEC will officially write to the Bank to clear the ESMF for publishing through the World Bank InfoShop. iii. Disclosure of major ESIA or ESMP In the event that the subproject screening has resulted in major environmental and social assessment work like ESIA or detailed ESMP or any applicable Safeguards instruments, the MWEC will disclose it within the local subproject areas through communities meetings. iv. Availability of the ESMF for public viewing 127 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The ESMF will be accessible in hard copies to the public for viewing from the MWEC, WWF, implementing agencies head offices, participating provincial offices and participating district offices. The ESMF will be available on request in writing to the MWEC. 128 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 6 IMPACT ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT 6.1 INTRODUCTION The process of impact assessment has two major components namely impact analysis and impact evaluation. Each of the components will be discussed in detail. Though the details of the specific subprojects are not yet clearly known, the ESMF will still be able to forecast some general impacts that may be applicable. More detailed impact identification, analysis and evaluation will be conducted when the details of the subprojects are clearly understood. This chapter is segmented into the four participating focal areas. 6.1 IMPACT ANALYSIS Following the identification of the various potential environmental impacts, the impact analysis framework looked at the impacts under the following categories; 1. Nature of the impact: This dimension reveals if the impact is direct or indirect, cumulative or instantaneous and whether the impact is positive or negative. 2. Magnitude: This parameter discusses the intensity of the impact, whether it is low, moderate or high. 3. Extent: The extent gives the quantitative aspects of the impact and the spatial distribution of the impact. 4. Timing: This shows when the impact would occur in terms of the project life cycle. 5. Duration: The parameter reveals whether the impact is short term or long term, intermittent or continuous. 6. Permanence: This shows whether the impact is reversible of it is irreversible. 7. Likelihood: This tells us the probability of the impact occurring. 129 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 8. Significance: This tells the value that the affected stakeholders put on the aspect affected. The analysis of the environmental impacts is focusing on the planning, construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the project. Table 6.1 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the Forestry Commission Component Impact Nature Magnitude Timing and Permanence Likelihood and extent duration and significance 1. Adequate game Positive. High intensity. Implementation Permanent. Definite. water supply. Corridor wide phase. Futurist. Highly significance. significant. 2. Reduced Positive. Moderate. Implementation Semi Definite and poaching Local impact. phases. permanent. highly activities. Immediate significant. impact. 3. Reduced veldt Positive. High intensity. Implementation Permanent. Definite. fires. Local and phase. Futurist. Highly spread impact. significant. 4. Improved forest Positive. High. Implementation Permanent. Definite. management. Localized to phase. Futurist. Highly. Ngamo and Significant. Sikumi forests. 5. Institutional Positive. High intensity. Occurs in the Temporal. Definite and capacity Directly implementation highly strengthening. benefits FC stage. significant. and surrounding communities. 6. Rejuvenation of Positive. High intensity. Occurs in the Semi Definite and 130 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 natural habitats Directly implementation permanent. highly from sustainable benefits in stage. significant. forest local management. ecosystem. Impact Nature Magnitude Timing and Permanence Likelihood and extent duration and significance Negative Environmental Impacts 7. Restriction of Negative. Directly Occurs Permanent Definite. access to affects continuously in and Highly protected forests. neighboring all project irreversible significant communities. phases. due to legal considering provisions. the livelihoods. 8. Increase in Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Definite. High human-wildlife affects accidentally in and significance conflict due to neighboring the all project irreversible. considering straying wild communities. phases. livelihoods animals. Continuous and poaching. effects. 9. Depletion of Negative Directly Gradually Permanent Moderate groundwater affects the occurs in the and probability resources. catchment and operation reversible in considering aquifers. phase. the long run. the recharge and low rainfall pattern. High significance considering that water 131 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 availability is critical in the project. 10. Overstocking of Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Highly wildlife within affects the gradually in all and probable the Forest area. natural project phases. reversible. considering habitat. effect of adequate water. Highly significant considering importance of carrying capacity. 11. Noise to animals Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Low during borehole affects intermittently in and probability drilling. sensitive the irreversible. and low wildlife. implementation significance. phase. 12. Vegetation Negative Directly Occurs once off Temporary Remote destruction to affects the during project and probability but open roads for natural implementation. reversible. highly borehole drilling habitat. significant. machines. 13. Soil erosion Negative Directly Occurs in the Permanent Low potential during affects surface rain season and probability water holes water sources. after irreversible. and high construction. construction. significance. 14. Mosquito Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Moderate breeding at affects seasonally in and probability. 132 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 water points. tourists. the operation reversible. Low phase. significance considering distance to human settlements. Table 6.2 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the Parks and Wildlife Management Authority Component Impact Nature Magnitude Timing and Permanence Likelihood and extent duration and significance 1. Adequate game Positive. High Occurs in the Permanent. Definite. water supply intensity. Operation Highly improving the Directly phase. significant. source capacity. benefits the Immediate and source and long-term indirectly impact. benefits the sinks. 2. Reduced Positive. High Occurs Permanent Definite and poaching intensity. continuously in and highly activities Localized all phases. reversible if significant. increasing within HNP Immediate and slackened. permeability. and the long-term surrounding impact. sinks. 3. Reduced veldt Positive. High Occurs Permanent Definite. 133 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 fires. intensity. continuously in and Highly Localized all phases. reversible if significant. within HNP Futurist. slackened. impact. 4. Improved Park Positive. High Implementation Permanent. Definite. management. magnitude. phase. Futurist. Highly. Localized to Significant. HNP. 5. Institutional Positive. High Occurs in the Permanent. Definite and capacity intensity. operation stage. highly strengthening. Directly significant. benefits PWMA and surrounding communities. 6. Rejuvenation of Positive. High Occurs in the Semi Definite and natural habitats intensity. implementation permanent. highly from sustainable Directly stage. significant. forest benefits in management. local ecosystem. Negative Environmental Impacts 7. Restriction of Negative. Directly Occurs Permanent Definite. access to affects continuously in and Highly protected areas. neighboring all project irreversible. significant communities. phases. considering the livelihoods. 8. Increase in Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Definite. High human-wildlife affects occasionally in and significance conflict due to neighboring all project irreversible. considering 134 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 straying wild communities. phases. livelihoods animals. Continuous and poaching. effects. 9. Depletion of Negative Directly Gradually Permanent Moderate groundwater affects the occurs in the and probability resources. catchment operation reversible in considering and aquifers. phase. the long run. the recharge and low rainfall pattern. High significance considering that water availability is critical in the project. 10. Overstocking of Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Highly wildlife within affects the gradually in all and probable the national natural project phases. reversible. considering park. habitat. effect of adequate water. Highly significant considering importance of carrying capacity. 11. Noise to animals Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Low during borehole affects intermittently in and probability drilling. sensitive the irreversible. and low wildlife. implementation significance. 135 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 phase. 12. Vegetation Negative Directly Occurs once off Temporary Remote destruction to affects the during project and probability but open roads for natural implementation. reversible. highly borehole drilling habitat. significant. machines. 13. Soil erosion Negative Directly Occurs in the Permanent Low potential during affects rain season and probability water holes surface water after irreversible. and high construction. sources. construction. significance. 14. Mosquito Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Moderate breeding at affects seasonally in and probability. water points. tourists. the operation reversible. Low phase. significance considering distance to human settlements. N.B 1. The positive impact of adequate game water supply has to be viewed in relation to the potential negative impact of aquifer deletion. If the water abstraction is not monitored there may be over- abstraction. 2. While there are positive impacts associated with veldt fires, they could not be included in this impact frame work because this framework is referring to uncontrolled veldt fire. The positive impacts of controlled fires include and not limited to;  better grazing for wildlife  poaching control  pest control  better visibility for tourists 136 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The above positive impacts of veldt fire need to be considered in relation to the park or forest management plan and need to be distinguished from the uncontrolled veldt fires caused outside the management plan. 3. While the adverse impacts are expected to be upon every other member of the host communities, the San community needs specific focus since their hunter gatherer life is the most affected by the existing restriction to gazetted HNP. 137 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 6.3 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the CAMPFIRE ASSOCIATION Component Impact Nature Magnitude Timing and Permanence Likelihood and extent duration and significance 1. Improved Positive. High intensity. Occurs in the Permanent Definite. knowledge of Localized to Operation and Highly ecological Sidinda ward phase. irreversible. significant conditions of significance. Immediate and considering project area. long-term importance to impact. carrying capacity. 2. Institutional Positive. Moderate Occurs Permanent Definite and strengthening. magnitude. continuously in and highly Localized to all phases. reversible if significant. targeted Immediate and slackened. subcommittees long-term and impact. participating communities. 3. Improved Positive. High intensity. Occurs Permanent Definite. livelihoods from Impact is continuously in and Highly safari hunting localized to all reversible if significant and guinea fowl participating implementation slackened. considering project activities. pilot areas. phase. the poverty status of the community. 4. Reduced human Positive. High Occurs in the Permanent. Definite. wildlife magnitude. implementation Highly. conflicts. Localized to phase. Significant. participating project areas. 138 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 5. Reduced Positive. High intensity. Occurs in the Permanent Definite and poaching Directly operation stage. and highly activities. benefits reversible if significant. PWMA community operations. slackens. Negative Environmental Impacts 6. Food Negative. Directly Occurs Temporal Definite competition affects continuously in and probability. between guinea participating all project irreversible. Highly fowls and other communities. phases. significant household considering stakeholders like the people and livelihoods. chickens. 7. Hunting of wild Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Definite. High guinea fowl eggs affects the occasionally in and significance to supplement wild guinea all project reversible. considering household fowl phases. importance of quarters at the population and wild guinea central fowl run. the ecosystem. fowls in the ecosystem. 8. Change of RDC Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Low owned land use affects the persistently and probability, to accommodate neighbouring during the reversible. RDC can project activities. community. planning and allocate virgin operation land for phases. project activities. low significance due to vast 139 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 RDC land available. 9. Pollution (odor, Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Low effluent and affects the continuously in and probability. solid waste) receiving all operation reversible. High from livelihood environment. phase. significance. projects. 10. Noise pollution Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Low from live guinea affects continuously in and probability fowls at the neighboring the operation irreversible. and low guinea fowl communities. phase. significance. project areas. 11. Conflict within Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Highly the participating affects the continuously for the probable and and non community during project highly participating relations. operation duration and significant. wards. phase. reversible. 12. Depletion of Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Low game stock due affects the intermittently in and probability to increased source of the operation reversible. considering hunting quotas. wildlife. phase. source capacity. Moderate significant. 140 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 6.4 Analysis of Environmental Impacts for the EMA Component Impact Nature Magnitude Timing and Permanence Likelihood and extent duration and significance 1. Degraded land Positive. High intensity. Occurs in the Permanent Definite. rehabilitated. Localized to Operation and Highly targeted phase. irreversible significant gullies eg if catchment considering Chireya. management the state of is neglected. degradation. 2. Threatened Positive. High Occurs in the Permanent Highly infrastructure intervention. post and probable and rescued. Benefits the implementation reversible if highly local hospital, phase. rehabilitation significant community not effective. considering cattle sales the utility of and threatened infrastructure infrastructure. at Chireya business center. 3. Improved Positive. Directly Occurs in the Permanent Definite knowledge on benefits the implementation and benefit and micro catchment local phase and irreversible. highly protection communities thereafter. significant. especially in and nation at sodic soils, large. wetlands and river banks. 4. Improved Positive. Directly Occurs in the Permanent Definite and 141 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 livelihood benefits the implementation and highly through high participating phase reversible if significant. productivity communities. not crops. sustainable. 5. Employment Positive. Low intensity. Occurs in the Temporal. Definite and creating at Directly implementation highly rehabilitation benefits local phase significant. activities. community. 6. Institutional Positive. High intensity. Occurs Permanent Definite and capacity Benefits are continuously in and highly strengthening. localized to all phases. reversible if significant. targeted Immediate and slackened. institutions, long-term subcommittees impact. and communities. Negative Environmental Impacts 7. Erosion potential Negative. Directly Occurs Permanent Definite from stream affects the continuously in and probability. bank cropping targeted rivers. all rain season. irreversible, Highly and mechanized though significant. machines. preventable. 8. Over-draining of Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Highly the wetlands. targeted occasionally in and probable. wetlands and all reversible. High local ecology. implementation significance phases. considering sensitivity of wetland 142 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 ecosystems. 9. Occupational Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Low safety and affects the accidentally and probability. health. workers and during the irreversible. High indirectly their construction significance families. phases. considering human life. 10. Interference with Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Highly natural drainage. affects the continuously in and probable. micro all reversible. Highly catchment. implementation significant. phase. 11. Interference with Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Low community affects host continuously in and probability relations by communities. the reversible. and high contractors. implementation significance. phase. 12. Conflict within Negative Directly Occurs Permanent Highly the participating affects the continuously for the probable and and non community during project highly participating relations. operation duration and significant. community phase. reversible. members. 13. Interference with Negative Directly Occurs Temporal Low farming affects the intermittently in and probability operation when source areas. the reversible. and highly looking for implementation significant. stones for gully phase. rehabilitation. 143 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 6.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT Following the identification and analysis of potential environmental impacts in each subproject, this section focuses on the evaluation of the significance of the identified impacts and the impact of the potential remedial action or enhancement measures. Following impact prediction and identification, impact evaluation is the formal stage at which a ‘test of significance’ is made. 6.2.1 METHODOLOGY A systematic process was followed in evaluating significance, distinguishing between ‘as predicted’ and ‘residual’ impacts. Step one involved evaluating the significance of ‘as predicted’ impacts to define the requirements for mitigation and other remedial actions. Step two involves evaluating the significance of the ‘residual’ impacts, i.e. after mitigation measures are taken into account. This test is the critical measure of whether or not a proposal is likely to cause significant impacts. It is determined by the joint consideration of its characteristics (magnitude, extent, duration etc.), that is intensity and the importance (or value) that is attached to the resource losses, environmental deterioration or alternative uses which are foregone. First, a technical judgment was made of the extent to which mitigation will reduce ‘as predicted’ impacts. Second, a subjective value was placed on the significance of residual impacts, using criteria and tests described below. Assessed significance was found as a product of intensity and importance as given below; Intensity x importance = significance In the above equation, intensity refers to the quantitative characteristics (magnitude, frequency of occurrence, duration etc) of the impact while the importance is based on value that the affected stakeholders place on the impact. Intensity is based on facts on the impact while the attached importance 144 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 is quite subjective and is so much influenced by the perceived value. The following key will be used in the allocation of significance and importance. Table 6.5 Key areas for evaluation of impact intensity, importance and significance Range Intensity Importance Significance Significance range 1 Extremely Extremely low 1 - <5 Extremely low importance low intensity significance 2 Low Low importance 5 - <10 Low intensity significance 3 Moderate Moderate 10 - <15 Moderate intensity importance significance 4 High High importance 15 - <20 High intensity significance 5 Extremely Extremely high 20 - 25 Extremely high importance high intensity significance The conventional classification was applied for both the positive and negative impacts with the only difference being that when considering positive impacts, enhancement measures will be applicable while mitigation was applied to negative impacts. The “as predicted significance” pertains to unmitigated negative impacts and also level of positive benefit had before any enhancement measures. The residual significance refers to the magnitude of negative impacts that remain even after mitigation and also refers to the level of positive benefit after the enhancement measures are implemented. 145 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 6.6 Evaluation of Impacts for the Forestry Commission Component Positive Impacts Impact 1 Adequate game water supply. Predicted Intensity Importance Significance significance 3 5 15 Enhancement Conduct detailed groundwater assessment. Install flow regulation system to required avoid water wasting. Conduct capacity testing regularly. Register boreholes with ZINWA for legal compliance. Ensure water quality through water quality surveillance. Guard against poacher related water poisoning. Resultant 5 5 25 significance Impact 2 Reduced poaching activities Predicted 3 5 15 significance Enhancement Network anti-poaching with local communities and all key stakeholders. required Enhance CAMPFIRE activities in local communities to increase the sense of ownership amongst community members. Liaise with law enforcement to ensure more punitive punishment for poaching. Residual 4 5 20 significance Impact 3 Reduced veldt fires. Predicted 2 5 10 significance Enhancement Conduct veldt fire management awareness in local communities. Equip fire required fighters with training and equipment. Install adequate and standard fireguards network. Residual 4 5 15 significance Impact 4 Improved forest management. 146 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Predicted 4 5 20 significance Enhancement Fire management. Minimize tree cutting for firewood. Establish and official required firewood sales through CAMPFIRE activities. Control timber harvesting. Maintain sustainable game population. Resultant 5 5 25 significance Impact 5 Institutional capacity strengthening. Predicted 4 5 20 significance Enhancement Include indigenous knowledge systems. required Residual 5 5 25 significance Impact 6 Rejuvenation of natural habitats from sustainable forest management. Predicted 4 5 20 significance Enhancement Fire management. Minimize tree cutting for firewood. Establish and official required firewood sales through CAMPFIRE activities. Control timber harvesting. Maintain sustainable game population. Residual 5 5 25 significance Negative Impacts Impact 7 Restriction of access to protected forests. Predicted 5 5 25 significance Mitigation Establish some compensatory activities that will benefit local communities required through CAMPFIRE. Residual 4 4 16 significance 147 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Impact 8 Human-wildlife conflict due to straying wild animals. Predicted 5 5 25 significance Mitigation Increase residence time of wildlife within the forest area through improved required permeability within the source area. Enhance CAMPFIRE activities as tradeoff with communities. Where possible compensate individual losses. Make conflict management organic by engaging the affected communities continuously. Implement indigenous knowledge in reducing permeability in local communities. Residual 4 4 16 significance Impact 9 Depletion of groundwater resources. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Mitigation Implement water conservation. Monitor water consumption at pumping point. required Institute regular capacity test to detect early water shortage early and understand recharge rates for the aquifers. Register boreholes with ZINWA. Install flow regulation to avoid water wasting. Residual 2 5 10 significance Impact 10 Overstocking of wildlife within the Forest area. Predicted 4 4 16 significance Mitigation Conduct carrying capacity assessments. Maintain sustainable wildlife required carrying capacity. Integrate capacity management with the wildlife source area. Residual 1 4 4 significance Impact 11 Noise to animals during borehole drilling. 148 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Predicted 3 3 9 significance Mitigation Avoid drilling in sensitive ecosystem like estuaries. Avoid drilling during required high presence of wildlife in the area. Residual 2 3 6 significance Impact 12 Vegetation destruction to open roads for borehole drilling machines. Predicted 3 4 12 significance Mitigation Use existing tracks where possible. Cut trees in a way that allows re-growth. required Avoid trees strategically. Residual 2 4 8 significance Impact 13 Soil erosion potential during water holes construction. Predicted 3 4 12 significance Mitigation Avoid loosening the soil during the rainy season. required Residual 2 8 12 significance Impact 14 Mosquito breeding at water points. Predicted 2 5 10 significance Mitigation Institute environment friendly malaria control program eg deliberate required disturbing water stagnation through pressurized sprays. Avoid using chemicals. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance 149 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 6.7 Evaluation of Impacts for the Parks and Wildlife Management Authority Component Positive Impacts Impact 1 Adequate game water supply improving the source capacity. Predicted Intensity Importance Significance significance 3 5 15 Enhancement Conduct detailed groundwater assessment. Install flow regulation system to required avoid water wasting. Conduct capacity testing regularly. Register boreholes with ZINWA for legal compliance. Ensure water quality through water quality surveillance. Guard against poacher related water poisoning. Resultant 5 5 25 significance Impact 2 Reduced poaching activities increasing permeability within the HSBC. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Enhancement Network anti-poaching activities with local communities and all key required stakeholders. Enhance CAMPFIRE activities in local communities to increase the sense of ownership amongst community members. Liaise with law enforcement to ensure more punitive punishment for poaching. Residual 4 5 20 significance Impact 3 Reduced veldt fires. Predicted 2 5 10 significance Enhancement Conduct veldt fire management awareness in local communities. Equip fire required fighters with training and equipment. Install adequate and standard fireguards network. Residual 4 5 15 significance Impact 4 Improved Park management 150 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Predicted 4 5 20 significance Enhancement Effective fire management. Minimize tree cutting for firewood. Establish an required official firewood sale through CAMPFIRE activities. Control timber harvesting. Maintain sustainable game population. Resultant 5 5 25 significance Impact 5 Institutional capacity strengthened. Predicted 4 5 20 significance Enhancement Include indigenous knowledge systems in park management. Provide additional training to the park management. required Establish a mechanism to hold consultations with indigenous communities when designing park management systems Residual 5 5 25 significance Impact 6 Rejuvenation of natural habitats from sustainable park management practices. Predicted 4 5 20 significance Enhancement Fire management. Minimize tree cutting for firewood. Establish and official required firewood sales through CAMPFIRE activities. Control timber harvesting. Maintain sustainable game population. Residual 5 5 25 significance Negative Impacts Impact 7 Human-wildlife conflict due to straying wild animals. Predicted 5 5 25 significance 151 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Mitigation Increase residence time of wildlife within the forest area through improved required permeability within the source area. Enhance CAMPFIRE activities as tradeoff with communities. Where possible compensate individual losses. Make conflict management organic by engaging the affected communities continuously. Implement indigenous knowledge in reducing permeability in local communities. Residual 4 4 16 significance Impact 8 Depletion of groundwater resources. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Mitigation Implement water conservation. Monitor water consumption at pumping point. required Institute regular capacity test to detect water shortage early and understand recharge rates for the aquifers. Register boreholes with ZINWA. Install flow regulation to avoid water wasting. Residual 2 5 10 significance Impact 9 Overstocking of wildlife within the park area. Predicted 4 4 16 significance Mitigation Conduct carrying capacity assessments. Maintain sustainable wildlife required carrying capacity. Regulate hunting quotas. Residual 1 4 4 significance Impact 10 Noise pollution to animals during borehole drilling. Predicted 3 3 9 significance Mitigation Avoid drilling in sensitive ecosystems like estuaries. Avoid drilling during required high presence of wildlife in the area. 152 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Residual 2 3 6 significance Impact 11 Vegetation destruction to open roads for borehole drilling machines. Predicted 3 3 9 significance Mitigation Use existing tracks where possible. Cut trees in a way that allows re-growth. required Avoid trees strategically. Residual 2 3 9 significance Impact 12 Soil erosion potential during water holes construction. Predicted 3 3 9 significance Mitigation Avoid loosening the soil during the rainy season. required Residual 2 3 6 significance Impact 13 Mosquito breeding at water points. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Mitigation Institute environment friendly malaria control program eg deliberate required disturbing water stagnation through pressurized sprays. Residual 2 5 10 significance Impact 14 Interference with physical cultural resources Predicted 1 5 10 significance 153 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Mitigation Consult the local traditional leaders and individual families how they want required their graves and other cultural resources to be treated in the event of relocation. Allocate resources for managing such issues if they arise. Liaise with responsible government departments like Police and National Museums and Monuments. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance 154 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 6.8 Evaluation of Impacts for the CAMPFIRE ASSOCIATION Component Positive Impacts Impact 1 Improved knowledge of ecological conditions of HSBC project area of Sidinda. Predicted Intensity Importance Significance significance 3 5 15 Enhancement Disseminate the generated information to key stakeholders including local required community in their local language. Ensure beneficial use of information to project stakeholders, the HSBC and the nation at large. Resultant 5 5 25 significance Impact 2 Institutional capacity strengthened. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Enhancement The scope of institutional capacity strengthening should include local required community’s networks and structures, not only restricted implementing agency and corporate partners. Residual 5 5 25 significance Impact 3 Improved livelihoods from safari hunting and guinea fowl project activities. Predicted 3 5 15 significance 155 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Enhancement Ensure quality control of eggs brought from communities to ensure they are required not hunted from wild guinea fowls. The profit sharing should include emolument to non participating community institutions like clinics and schools, chief’s office. A sustainable profit sharing which is futurist and in view potential economies of in the expanded pilot. Ensure transparency in cost accounting so that community participants appreciate direct costs involved. Residual 5 5 25 significance Impact 4 Reduced human wildlife conflicts. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Enhancement Increase residence time of wildlife within the forest area through improved required permeability within the source area. Enhance CAMPFIRE activities as tradeoff with communities. Where possible compensate individual losses. Make conflict management organic by engaging the affected communities continuously. Implement indigenous knowledge in reducing permeability in local communities. Resultant 4 5 20 significance Impact 5 Reduced poaching activities. Predicted 3 5 20 significance Enhancement Involve community networks as part of anti-poaching initiatives. required Residual 5 5 25 significance Negative Impacts Impact 6 Food competition between guinea fowls and other household stakeholders like people and chickens. 156 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Predicted 5 5 25 significance Mitigation Maintain sustainable stock of guinea fowl at household level. Include required supplementary feeding to prevent food competition. Residual 2 5 10 significance Impact 7 Hunting of wild guinea fowl eggs to supplement household quarters at the central fowl run, thereby depleting wild guinea fowls stock. Predicted 5 5 25 significance Mitigation Maintain quality assurance for incoming guinea fowls eggs to ensure they are required only from domesticated guinea fowls. Residual 1 5 25 significance Impact 8 Change of land use at the location of guinea fowl activities. Predicted 4 5 25 significance Mitigation RDC should facilitate identification and acquisition of free land for combined required community projects. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance Impact 9 Pollution (odor, waste) from guinea fowl activities. Predicted 2 5 10 significance Mitigation Provide for adequate land that is well aerated. Keep fowl run clean and required compost solid waste. Include effluent treatment before discharge where required. Regularize waste disposal with EMA where required. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance Impact 10 Noise pollution from live guinea fowls at the guinea fowl project area. 157 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Predicted 4 4 16 significance Mitigation Locate the fowl run away from human settlements. Create adequate buffer required between fowl run and settlements. Residual 2 3 6 significance Impact 11 Conflict within the participating and non participating wards. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Mitigation Configure profit sharing to cater for non participating community members required through an emolument to community institutions like schools, clinics and chief’s office. Forecast the profit sharing with the expanded pilot in mind so that future economies of scale are brought in picture now, this will avoid changing future individual emoluments. Ensure transparency in cost accounting so that community participants appreciate direct costs involved. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance Impact 12 Depletion of game stock due to increased hunting quotas. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Mitigation Assess the carrying capacity and configure the hunting quotas in line with the required restocking rate. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance 158 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 6.9 Evaluation of Impacts for the EMA Component Positive Impacts Impact 1 Degraded land rehabilitated. Predicted Intensity Importance Significance significance 4 5 20 Enhancement Prevent future degradation on the same rehabilitated land. required Resultant 5 5 25 significance Impact 2 Threatened infrastructure rescued. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Enhancement Property owners should take ownership of maintenance to avoid recurrence. required Residual 5 5 25 significance Impact 3 Improved knowledge on micro catchment protection especially in sodic soils, wetlands and river banks. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Enhancement Share the information for use in similar catchments within the country. required Disseminate knowledge to local community as well. Residual 5 5 25 significance Impact 4 Improved livelihood through high productivity crops in stream banks and wetlands. Predicted 3 5 15 significance 159 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Enhancement Use crops that do not require intensive maintenance so as to avoid soil required erosion eg bananas, sugar cane, and traditional rice. Resultant 4 5 20 significance Impact 5 Employment creating at rehabilitation activities. Predicted 2 5 10 significance Enhancement Maximize local employment and pay sustainable wages. required Residual 5 5 25 significance Impact 6 Institutional capacity strengthening. Predicted 4 5 20 significance Enhancement Include local community networks and structure in capacity building. required Residual 5 5 25 significance Negative Impacts Impact 7 Erosion potential from stream bank cropping and mechanized machines. Predicted 5 5 25 significance Mitigation Select crops that do not require constant working of soil, enhance ground required cover and that has high soil binding effect. Residual 3 5 15 significance Impact 8 Over-draining of the wetlands. Predicted 5 5 25 significance 160 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Mitigation Maintain water retention capacity of the wetland. required Residual 3 5 15 significance Impact 9 Occupational safety and health. Predicted 4 5 20 significance Mitigation Ensure safe work procedures. Supply personal protective equipment. required Eliminate ergonomics from the equipment. Mainstream HIV and AIDS at the workplace. Maintain work nutrition. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance Impact 10 Interference with natural drainage. Predicted 4 5 20 significance Mitigation Incorporate catchment drainage planning. Where possible institute water required harvesting. Residual 1 5 5 significance Impact 11 Interference with community relations by contractors. Predicted 3 3 9 significance Mitigation Induct contractors on community relations. required Residual 0-1 3 0-3 significance Impact 12 Conflict within the participating and non participating community members. Predicted 5 5 25 significance 161 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Mitigation Recruitment of workers should be very objective to avoid community unrest. required An assisted volunteer approach may be necessary as screening method. Residual 2 5 10 significance Impact 13 Interference with farming operation when looking for stones for gully rehabilitation. Predicted 3 5 15 significance Mitigation Fetch stones when there are no crops. Avoid heavy machinery on farming required land to avoid compaction of farming land. Residual 0-1 5 0-5 significance 162 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (ESMMP) 7.1 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN INTRODUCTION The management and monitoring plan presents a summary of management initiatives that will be required to ensure the identified potential negative and positive impacts are mitigated and maximized respectively. It also indicates who will be responsible for undertaking the management initiative. The monitoring and evaluation indicators are also tabled in this chapter. Where there are budgetary implications besides the common project costs, they will be indicated specifically. The chapter also lays down the plan for monitoring the potential impacts during project implementation and decommissioning stages. In some cases the implementing agents would need the assistance of a consultant to adequately formulate local area and more specific Environment and Social Impact Assessments after project appraisal. It is important that the proponent implements this ESMF with reference to the impact analysis and evaluation chapters which have more detail on the impacts and the suggested mitigation measures. The ESMMP summarized the impacts and configured them into objectives that can be pursued sustainably for both the biophysical and the socio-economic impacts. To facilitate reporting from the subprojects to the coordinator and through to the Ministry and the World Bank, each subproject will appoint an environment and social safeguards person who will be inducted on reporting to facilitate easy flow of information. The appointed person will complete a template in appendix E and submit to the WWF based coordinator who will collate the subproject reports into one project report for the environment and social safeguards. To maintain consistence, the EMSF summary template should be use for arespective subproject highlighting its applicable issues. 163 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Table 7.1: ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN Environmental Activities Indicator / Time Resources Responsibility objective Milestones required (usd) Minimize land Rehabilitate all All trenches Construction Contractors to Contractor degradation trenched areas backfilled phase. provide for this implements. from trenching and borrow areas in their bid in Parks and and excavations by sequential Pond wall fill view of the water Forestry in game water backfilling and material-borrow points designs. Commission points drilling slope areas give internal and stabilization. rehabilitated. supervision. construction. EMA give regulatory monitoring. Supervisory consultant optional. Prevent soil EMA land Soil erosion Construction 0.00 Contractor erosion rehabilitation and prevented. and implements. continually riverbank Operation Parks and during the cropping. phase. Forestry construction Commission phase. Forestry and Water holes walls 0.00 give internal Parks water not eroding supervision. points EMA give construction. regulatory monitoring. Supervisory consultant optional. Minimize Selective cutting Trees Construction 0.00 Contractor vegetation of trees. strategically phase implements. destruction in avoided. Parks and construction of Allow natural re- Systematic 0.00 Forestry water points. vegetation replacement of Commission through soil top and subsoil. give internal profiling. supervision. Use existing New roads 0.00 EMA give roads where minimized. regulatory possible. monitoring. Supervisory consultant 164 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw optional. HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Maintain Avoid over Hunting quotas Operation 0.00 Parks, Forestry sustainable hunting. regulated. phase. and CAMPFIRE wildlife stocks Provide adequate Abstraction and Project cost. implement. and wellbeing. water supply. flow records kept. Local Control veldt Veldt fire Project cost. Communities fires. managed. involved. EMA Regulate tree Regulated tree 0.00 give regulatory cutting for fire cutting. monitoring. wood. Supervision Consultant optional. Avoid over EMA monitors Trend assessment Construction 0.00 EMA, Parks and abstraction of wetland of wetland and Forestry groundwater cultivation. characteristics. Operation Commission sources. Parks and Detailed phase. 0.00 implement. Forestry monitor hydrogeological ZINWA give borehole assessment before regulatory abstractions. drilling monitoring. boreholes. Supervision consultant Capacity tests of 0.00 optional. boreholes regularly. Prevent water CAMPFIRE Waste and Operation The design of CAMPFIRE pollution. livelihoods effluent phase. project to implements. component. compliant with consider waste EMA monitors. EMA regulations. pollution Supervision management. consultant optional. Eliminate Maintain safe Work procedures Planning, Contractors to Contractor Occupational work in place. Construction include the costs implements. Health and environment and and in their bids. EMA, Parks and Safety Hazards procedures Operation Forestry give at all continually. phases. internal construction Inform the Informed public supervision. areas residents about and employees. NSSA and continuously. ongoing works Ministry of through notice Health give boards, regulatory barricades, monitoring. reflective liners Supervision and detours. consultant Supply of Appropriate PPE optional. adequate and issued correctly. appropriate personal 165 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 protective equipment to employees and community whenever they are involved. Conduct Water, Sanitation industrial hygiene and HIV at all contractor mainstreamed. camps. Prevent land All RDC land Consent of Planning To be developed CAMPFIRE use conflicts. used for the neighbouring phase. on subproject implements. project should be land users. level. Ministry of documented. Lands and RDC monitor. Supervision consultant optional. Comply with O.P 4.01 4 Subproject Planning 100,000.00 Subproject all applicable Environmental screening and phase. Travel and implementing World Bank Assessments. appropriate subsistence for agencies Environment environmental subproject implement. and Social Management screening, ESIA WWF. Safeguards tools. EMA EIA and ESMPs Supervision Policies. certificate or formulations and consultant exemption letter. consultancy fees optional. O.P 4.04 Natural Habitat Planning where required. Habitats. management phase Usd 25,000 for emphasized in each subproject. respective ESMPs. O.P 4.36 – Forest Forest Planning This is part of Protection Management Plan phase the project scope and Park so detailed Management Plan design should as part of consider related subproject costs. management tools. O.P 4.11- Subproject Planning Covered in the Physical Cultural screening and phase. subprojects Resources. ESMPs to include screening physical cultural budget. resources. O.P 4.12 – Process Planning and Project design to Involuntary Framework Implementati cater for this. 166 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Resettlement. followed. on phases. O.P 4.10 Indigenous Planning and Project design to Indigenous People Planning implementati catter for this. Peoples. Framework on phases. followed. Environment Safeguards Trained project Planning and 54,000.00 Once Project and Social Training. staff. implementati off activity. 54 coordination Safeguards on phases. people (42 from (WWF) Training. 6 districts and 12 implements. from head offices) @ usd 1,000.00 per person for 5 days inclusive. Disclosure of Disclosure of the ESMF and major Planning and 15,000.00. MWEC ESMF and ESMF screening implementati Public notices, implements. latter conclusions. outcomes on. brochures, WWF instruments. disclosed. stakeholder meetings. Monitoring and Conduct annual Annual Planning and 10,000.00 All Evaluation. stakeholder stakeholder implementati Annually implementing consultation meetings. on phases. especially for the partners. Local meetings in process leaders. Monitor. project areas for framework Supervision feedback and implementation. consultant updates. optional. Safeguards Project progress 0.00 Project section in all reports with coordination project progress safeguards (WWF). reports. section. Monthly, Subproject 10,000.00 Implementing Quarterly and reports containing Project oversight agencies report. annual ESM a safeguards by head offices. WWF monitors. reports or as and section. Supervision when required. consultant optional. Total 189,000.00 167 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 COMMENT ON IPPF BUDGET One of the key objectives of the IPPF is to ensure that any potential adverse impact on the IP are identified, avoided, minimized, mitigated or compensated. As discussed in chapter 6, the Parks operations impact on the host community by way of restricting access to the park. This restriction is more pronounced on the San People because they have a historical attachment to the park area in that they were relocated in the 1920s to pave way for the park. There are reports that the San People are particularly running short of water and in some cases they move from their local areas in search of water for their cattle. Looking at the fact that the Parks subproject aims at supplying water in the HNP, the San People may see this negatively in that the project is supplying water in the HNP where they were involuntarily resettled from yet they themselves have no adequate water supply in the new area they were resettled in. To quench this thought, it would have been more friendly and enhancing if the project had a small budget to address water supply and other livelihoods challenges in the San community. Some indications of the same issues have been reflected in the IPPF. According to the Tsoro-o-tso San Development Trust and the Habbakuk Trust, there is a prevalent thought in the San Communities for reinstatement in the HNP because their livelihoods have been adversely affected by living outside the traditional land (HNP). Investing in water supply for the San community would be taken as a positive gesture that will enhance their livelihoods outside the park areas and quench the rememberance of the San People traditional and ancestral habitation. 168 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY 8.1 INTRODUCTION The HSBC project is being implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate through four implementing agencies that are coordinated by the fifth organization. This implementation arrangement creates a delicate scenario where every implementing agency is expected to be at the same implementation efficiency with the others in terms of time management and documentation. In addition to the complexities brought about by the four different organizations, there is also participation of other key government departments like the Ministry of Lands and the District Administrator who are key to the implementation of the key processes like the resettlement action plans. The local communities, local leadership and interested NGOs will also be actively involved in the implementation of the project. 8.2 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES MANPOWER ESTABLISHMENT CAMPFIRE has a compliment of eight staff centrally located in Harare and technically supported by CAMPFIRE departments within participating districts. EMA has a staff compliment of 260 people strategically located throughout the country. The organization has representation at ward and village level through the ward environmental management committee and village volunteer environmental monitors. Forestry Commission has a staff compliment of 673 people strategically located throughout the country with an officer located at every district office. The Authority has a staff compliment of 3 225 people strategically located throughout the country provincial offices and specific wildlife management areas. The general qualifications of all the above personnel at head office, provincial and district level is a minimum of a degree in the natural sciences. The observation is that the scientific background of most officers make them struggles to appreciate the deeper aspects of the Bank social safeguards due to the inclination towards the biophysical environment. However; the staff has capacity appreciate and integrate 169 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 the broad environmental perspective that should cover the social, economic and cultural dimension if they are well inducted and trained on the full spectrum of the Bank Environment and Social Safeguards. 8.3 TRAINING While the above implementation players have personnel in place for the implementation of the project, there is need for training on the general World Bank Environment and Social Safeguards so that the implementation of these safeguards is smoother and more understood amongst the implementing partners. The staff will also need training on the use of the various safeguards tools including the screening forms and formulation of specific safeguards tools where required. This training should be extended to the District personnel that will be partnering with the immediate implementing agencies. These District personnel include;  Government departments at local district offices.  District Administrators.  Traditional leaders.  Local NGOs. 170 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CHAPTER 9 SUBPROJECT SCREENING PROCESS 9.1 INTRODUCTION Specific details and locations of the project activities, for the HSBC Project are not yet fully known at this time. Therefore, the environmental and social screening process (the screening process) is necessary for the review and approval of the project. The objectives of the screening process are to: a) Determine which project activities are likely to have potential negative environmental and social impacts. b) Determine the level of environmental work required i.e. whether an ESIA is required or not. c) Determine appropriate mitigation measures for addressing adverse impacts. d) Incorporate mitigation measures into the project implementation. e) Indicate the need for any World Bank Social Safeguards Tools (ESMP and Indigenous Peoples Plan). f) Facilitate the review and approval of the environment and social management tools proposed. g) Provide guidelines for monitoring environmental and social parameters during the project implementation. The extent of environmental and social assessment work that might be required, prior to the commencement of project, will depend on the outcome of the screening process described below in sections (steps 1-4). 9.2 SCREENING OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES AND SITES The Environment Management Act (CAP 20:27), first schedule list the projects that are prescribed for EIA prior to implementation. In the event that there is a subproject that falls within this category, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment is required. However, where it is not clear that the subproject activities fall under the list, this procedure shall apply. 171 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 A. SCREENING AND PROSPECTUS SUBMISSION The subproject implementing agency project team (multi-disciplinary) or designate shall conduct subproject screening and submit the screening outcome to the EMA District Office for review in a detailed prospectus. Where EMA is the subproject implementing agency, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate will be the reviewer of the prospectus or EMA will appoint some agent to formulate the prospectus for review by EMA. As part of the screening process, the screening team shall undertake the following activities; i. To ensure that the screening form is completed correctly for the various project locations and activities. Training should first be provided to members of the subproject screening team prior to screening. ii. Conduct detailed desk review of the project description and design. iii. Carry out the initial screening in the field, through the use of the Environmental and Social Screening Form (Appendix 1). This form should be completed by personnel qualified in the implementation of the screening process. The screening form, when correctly completed, will facilitate the identification of potential environmental and social impacts, the determination of their significance, the assignment of the appropriate environmental category, the determination of appropriate environmental mitigation measures, and the need to conduct an ESIA/ESMP and or IPP where required. iv. Document the screening outcome in a prospectus. The structure and contents of the prospectus shall include the following;  Details of the proponent.  Basic project description outlining project size, purpose, location, preliminary design, alternatives, technology, construction and operation procedures.  Site plan and location details.  Site key stakeholders to the project and how they have or will be consulted.  Summary of stakeholder submissions.  Overview of the environmental and social impacts related to the project.  World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards applicable to the project and overview of compliance requirement.  Discuss management measures applicable to the project. 172 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014  Recommendation and justification for the screening outcome (whether ESIA/ESMP is required or not).  Attach screening forms and location maps used during screening. B. PROSPECTUS REVIEW AND OUTCOMES EMA will review the prospectus within 20 days of submission. As part of the review process, EMA will relay the prospectus through the provincial office to the head office. Field inspections and consultations will also be conducted where deemed necessary. Depending on the scope of the subproject and its associated environmental and social impacts, EMA will either exempt the project or prescribe that an ESIA be conducted. An exemption letter or certificate will be issued. Depending on the scope of the project and its environment and social impacts, the following instruments may be required as part of the ESIA;  ESMP  Implement the project with suggested mitigation measures of the prospectus  Formulate a detailed ESMP.  IPP 9.3 CARRYING OUT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL WORK When it has been determined that an ESIA is required, the following activities shall be undertaken; i. Formulation of the TORs for the ESIA by the respective subproject implementing agency. ii. Recruitment of the ESIA consultancy service provider. iii. Conducting of the ESIA process by a consultant including public consultation. iv. Review and certification of the ESIA by EMA and clearance by the World Bank. v. Disclosure of review outcome to key stakeholders. vi. Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation of ESMP. The detailed ESIA will be subject to review through the National ESIA standards and the World Bank standards. Where there is deviation, the World Bank standards will prevail. The TORs are an activity that follows subproject screening. It is therefore not beneficial to endeavour to develop them at this stage of the ESMF, however; the EIA guidelines for Zimbabwe have some generic guidelines that can be very instrumental in the development of the actual TORs after the subproject screening. Consultation with the Bank will also be made at the appropriate time. 173 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 The TORs that will be developed will not leave out the following key issues such as: - biodiversity concerns, carrying capacity assessments, - potential for human-wildlife conflict, - fire management, - potential presence of fossils in the subproject areas, - use of forests by the local communities / reflection of Process Framework in the Forest Management Plan, - occupational safety, etc. 9.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE According to the Environment Management Act (CAP 20:27), public consultations are an integral component of the ESIA requirements, and the ESIA guidelines identify the following principal elements: a) Developers are required to conduct public consultation during the preparation of Project Briefs and ESlAs. b) The Environmental Management Agency may conduct own public consultation to verify the works of a proponent. c) The ESIA report is available to the public for the purpose of litigation or project related third party losses. d) The ESIA guidelines provide guidance on method of public consultation. Such methods include press conferences, information notices, brochures/fliers, interviews, questionnaires and polls, open houses, community meetings, advisory committees, and public hearings. e) The Ministry will issue a disclosure letter to inform the World Bank of; (i) The Government's approval of the ESMP. (ii) The Government's authorization to the Bank to disclose these documents in its Info shop online2.. 1 Bank InfoShop can be accessed at: http://documents.worldbank.org f) The Government will disclose the project documentation locally as follows; i. As part of the stakeholder consultation during the ESMF/ESIA/ESMP/IPP. 174 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 ii. When the ESMF/ESIA/ESMP/IPP has been finalized. This will contain the summary of the documents and where the documents can be found by any interested party. iii. When there is a major screening outcome. The success of the project is largely dependant on smooth stakeholder participation. A grievance management mechanism has been included in appendix 175 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 APPENDICES APPENDIX A- SCREENING FORM SCREENING FORM 1. Instructions to members:  This form shall be jointly completed by the screening team during project scoping stage, therefore thorough discussion and consultation is required during the screening process and a desk review before field project review. The form will be part of the prospectus that is sent to EMA for review.  Attach maps and sketches used during screening. 2. Names of the screening team members: ------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- General Project description :------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Impact identification Impact on Impact analysis Mitigation Significance N R E S T D P I a e x i i u r m t v t z m r o p u e e e i a b o r r n n t a r e s t g i b t e o i a n l n i c t e y Physical features L M H Soil quality Drainage Topography Surface water quality Surface Water flows Ground water supply Wetlands Air Aesthetics Climate 176 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 Biotic features Forest Vegetation in general Rare plants Protected parks Wildlife – Small mammals Wildlife – Big mammals Wildlife- Birds Wildlife - Other Wetlands Forests Socio-economic & cultural Land ownership Farming operations Fishing operations Wildlife viewing Commercial hunting Commercial logging Commercial fishing General livelihoods Human wildlife conflict HIV and AIDS Occupational safety and health. Recreational facilities Education access Health access Fire risks General security World Bank Social Safeguards Physical Cultural resources Indigenous Peoples Involuntary Resettlement Dam safety Pest Management Forests Natural Habitats (critical and non-critical) Overall significance and discussion Recommended screening outcome for subproject and discussion 177 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 4. Signatures of screening team members Name Designation Signature Date 178 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 APPENDIX B PUBLIC NOTICE 179 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 APPENDIX C LIST OF CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS BINGA- CAMPFIRE NAME OF ORGANISATION ID NUMBER CONTACT DETAILS STAKEHOLDER Lydia Banda- DA 08-539674D08 0773496425 Ndethi Munkuli Robert Min Women Affairs 06-015935J06 0779869592 Lameck Muntanda RDC 08-574747R06 0772509364 Moyo Nomusa Parks Wildlife 08-553919M53 0712363017 nomusamoyo980@gmail.com Mujoni P Kulima Mbobumi 08-179755M06 Kmtc@iway.co.zw Mumpande Training centre Kiya Mleya Councilor O8-216393L06 Buye Kraal, Box 54Binga Mweembe Cosmas Manjolo Springs Pre 06-030598X06 O773290231/0712076016 school cosmasmweembe@gmail.com Mudungwe Regret Min of Social Welfares 29185436Z22 regretmudungwe@yahoo.com Mugande S Min of youth Ind & 79-062237N06 0772617355 Empwrmnt Chief Binga and Chief 08-055965H06 0776506218 Headmen Rodreck Nyahwai Forestry Commission 22-169538Y27 0772650913 rdbaherbby@gmail .com Agritex Agritex Not provided Matebeleland north p.o.box 19 binga 180 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 CAMPFIRE – TSHOLOTSHO NAME OF ORGANISATION ID NUMBER CONTACT DETAILS STAKEHOLDER O.D Ruzawi EMA 63-2032919C42 0772468494/0387260/dudzieruzaw e@gmail.com Eliot Nkomo Ward 7 Councilor 08-277349S73 0387/247 Murira Rosmary Min of Education 08-302206L27 0712770636 &Culture M Muzzah ZRP 32-063859V70 0772953715 Mahachi Varaidzo District Social Welfare 22-217911C12 0777670396 mahachieev@gmail.com Roy Ncube Ward 10 Councilor 08-434415R-73 O777734695 Mr L Mbewe Min of youth Dev,Ind 41-032573X73 0713022786 & Empowerment mbewelowana@yahoo.com Parunofira R DA 0409615C04 O779499525 181 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 EMA- GOKWE NORTH DISTRICT NAME OF ORGANISATION ID NUMBER CONTACT DETAILS STAKEHOLDER F. Mudunga DA 70-074914I70 0777328642 mupunguf@gmail.com Mlambo Mlambo shop 58-07517755M26 0713926488 T Chibango Chabango Warehouse 58D55870F26 0713169153 tzchibango@gmail.com Daniel Musoni Shop owner 63-023745V75 0714003562 P Marongwe Shop Owner 24-0587305D24 0714071639 Lameck Jonathan Shop Owner 24-043010F24 0777865052 Maziriri Min of Education 29-100122R12 0773783478/0715695569 Makechemu Save mass superette 26-156505H26 0714394878 M Vengesa Business community Not provided Not provided Nkomo Kudzai Chireya High school 63-836923J26 O771713241 Box 03 Chireya, Gokwe Ncube Sylvester Chireya ST Dominics 26-085076526 0713808284 primary Sr Benhilda Chireya Mission 63-646970N25 0774463467/0712546216/Box Chitewe Hospital 1140Gokwe Chigova Phillimon DDF 26-124650H26 0712959727 Gvt complex Nembudziya Manzini M Agritex 04-047909A04 0713133465 manzinimartin.mm@gmail.com Albert m DA 24-082628T52 albertmajoma@gmail.com Jakazani Social Welfare 08-112130G26 0772855824/ngonidzajj@gmail.co m M Wilbert Agritex 23-043659E23 0713008729/0713133370 Henry Chidzivo The Paramount Chief 26-081793Z 0778586059 Bag 1072 Gokwe North O. Mashambo RDC 24-061558R26 0714737044 Matoro Tinoenda Min of Youth ,Dev & 26-095745P-26 O714163838 Empowerment O. Mapfuwa Publics Works Not given 0712954526/0712959760/0592904 182 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 FORESTRY COMMISSION- HWANGE DISTRICT NAME OF ORGANISATION ID NUMBER CONTACT DETAILS STAKEHOLDER Milton N Simango Painted Dog O8-071718R41 Painted Dog, Box 72 Dete Stephen ZRP 15-101668F15 0712597645 Chakoroma Mr Weston Ministry of youth Dev 63-428158Z34 32543 Mandiopera Amos Guvema Parks &Wildlife 83-076366X83 O773463114 amosigwema@gmail.com J.Ncube Local villager 73-073206x73 Ward 17 Hwange E Mukucha NRZ 14-03700P18 0712751328/018-392 D Mambo Hwange Safari Lodge 79-100799D79 0772730477/0772177221 maint@nsl.africansun.co.zw Mr Dingani Chief Not provided Not provided G Shoko Hwange RDC- Ward 20 79-080024x79 0774021266 Councilor C Gaba Ministry of women Not provided Thomas Coulter Annex ,Box Affairs 309,Hwnge Department of Department of Social Not provided 0281-34398/0772755147 Social Welfare Welfare macnonchirinepi@gmail.com Tapera Mugoriya DA 23-017905L-23 0774 314983 tmugoriya@gmail.com 183 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 PWMA – HWANGE NAME OF ORGANISATION ID NUMBER CONTACT DETAILS STAKEHOLDER E Mukucha NRZ 14-037006P18 0712751328/018-392 Wilson Nsimanwo Painted Dogs 08-071718F41 Box72 Dete conservation Tapira Mugoriya DA 23-017905l-23 O774314983- tmugoriya@gmail.com Department of Department of social Not provided 0281-34398/0772755147 social welfare welfare Min of Women Min of Women Affairs Not provided Thomas Coulter School box 309 Affairs Hwange Weston Min of youth 63-428158Z34 0281-325443 Mandiopera Development P. Ncube RDC 79-O31237579 0772897842 Amos Gwema Parks &Wildlife 83-076366X83 0773463114 amosigwema@gmail.com G. Shoko Ward 20 Councillor 79-080024X79 0774021266 K. Chapanda Ward16 villager 79-2017425E08 Tshabasitsha village P. Ngwenya Campfire leader 79-074603E79 0778680736 ward 17 Hwange D. Mambo Hwange Safari Lodge 79-100799D79 0772730477/0772177221 Stephen Chikoroma ZRP 15-101668F15 0712597645 J. B. Dingani Chief Not provided 0735551113’o774018581 184 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 APPENDIX D GRIVEANCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM GRIEVANCES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION As enshrined in the Parks and WildLife Management Act (CAP 20:14), the boundaries of the park area, forest area and buffer zones are established through the government gazette, after consultation with all stakeholders. The Minister requests authority from the President to set the boundaries. As it stands now, the gazetted forest areas and park estate fall under state land and is given to the respective authorities (PWMA and Forest Commission) for management, conservation purposes and exploitation for the benefit of the nation in general and the local community in particular. Conflicts or grievances may arise from the implementation of project activities or may already be in existence (e.g. conflicts between people and wildlife). Conflicts generally arise from poor communication, inadequate or lack of consultation, inadequate flow of relevant upto-date information, or restrictions that may be imposed on PAP. Currently the HNP impact zone is inundated with human wildlife conflict arising from the problem animals like elephants that destroy the community’s fields and lions that kill the community herd. The ESMF, PF and IPPF include measures to effectively mitigate such impacts and also resolve potential conflicts. As preventive measure, the implementation of a good communication strategy is an absolute requirement to reduce misunderstanding and grievances. Project awareness raising activities will be conducted throughout the life of the project. Consultations and negotiations will be carried out with PAP where there are indications of potential conflicts. Monetary issues are often a source of grievance. Another important preventive measure is to provide clear information on the project’s budget for community related expenditure. Any community related expenditure should clearly target benefiting the community and not individual members of the community; however, where individuals are involved in project activities they should adequately resourced to avoid negative externalities on the individuals ’ part (this may include travel expenditure for community representative who may be required to attend meetings offsite). In order to ensure effective communication with the PAPs, PWMA will closely use the existing 185 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 communication network and also ensure all such communication is done in the local language to avoid misunderstanding. Conflict and grievances that may arise will be multifaceted and directed to different respondents. Some conflict may be amongst community members as they will be relating to the project activities in different ways, other conflict may be between the community against the PWMA who will be implementing project activities and enforcing the existing restrictions. Conflicts and grievances to do with park boundaries are in the jurisdiction of the Minister it is the Minister who gazettes the park and forest boundaries. In time of any of such conflict, the level of interventions depends on the gravity of the matters. The resolution will also involves a multifaceted approach so that all stakeholders will be involved. In times of conflict, usually the following stakeholders are involved to some applicable extends;  The Office of the President of Zimbabwe.  The Minister of Environment, Water and Climate.  The Director General of the PWMA.  The District Administrator.  The Magistrate Court.  The RDC.  HNP management.  Member of Parliament.  Local Ward Councillor.  Local Chief.  Local Headman.  Households. Grievance mechanisms would involve: 1. The local community leaders in providing a first level of listening and giving informal resolution to community level conflicts. These leaders will be involved in project consultation and awareness raising. 186 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 2. Community leaders can also take grievance to the HNP management for discussion and resolution. If there is no agreement with the management, an appeal can be made to the Director General. 3. Appeal can also be made to the Minister if the Director General of PWMA has not managed to resolve the dispute. 4. The President’s Office will be the last level of informal appeal. As the matter is escalating from the local from to the President Office, there are other community representatives that will start to be involved. These will include the District Administrator, the Member of Parliament and other high profile interested parties. The HNP will continually raise awareness on how to resolve conflicts without going to courts unless there is real need to. An appeal mechanism against the PWMA is enshrined in the Parks and Wildlife Management Act (CAP 20:24), section 124. 5. In the event that the out of court resolution is not achieved, the final route is to use the formal courts available at the local level. If the local Magistrate Court fails to resolve the issue, the matter can be escalated to the High Court and the Supreme Court. Usually the community is encouraged to resolve their matters at the community level or organizational level as the courts are expensive and inconvenient especially to the community members who have to leave their work and attend court sessions. 187 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 APPENDIX E ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS REPORTING TEMPLATE Environmental Activities Indicator / Time Status objective Milestones Minimize land Rehabilitate all All trenches Construction degradation trenched areas backfilled phase. from trenching and borrow areas and excavations by sequential Pond wall fill in game water backfilling and material-borrow points drilling slope areas and stabilization. rehabilitated. construction. Prevent soil EMA land Soil erosion Construction erosion rehabilitation and prevented. and continually riverbank Operation during the cropping. phase. construction phase. Forestry and Water holes walls Parks water not eroding points construction. Disclosure of Disclosure of the ESMF and major Planning and ESMF and ESMF screening implementati latter conclusions. outcomes on. instruments. disclosed. Monitoring and Conduct annual Annual Planning and Evaluation. stakeholder stakeholder implementati consultation meetings. on phases. meetings in project areas for feedback and updates. Safeguards Project progress section in all reports with project progress safeguards 188 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw HSBC Environment and Social Management Framework February 2014 reports. section. Monthly, Subproject Quarterly and reports containing annual ESM a safeguards reports or as and section. when required. 189 Waterkings Environment Consultancy: wmuti@mweb.co.zw