Optional Sectoral Module WATER AND SANITATION In a resilient city, potable water and sanitation services are accessible to all segments of the population (inclusive). Water and sanitation infrastructure is planned with a holistic approach taking into account social, economic, and environmental risks and vulnerabilities (robust and reflective). Planning for and investment in the sanitation and water systems is driven by demand and supply data, environmental goals, participatory engagement, and is based on cross-departmental collaborations that support coordination with existing urban development plans and priorities (coordinated and inclusive). In a resilient city, there is sufficient human and technical capacity to ensure sustainable operation, maintenance and financial management of water and sanitation infrastructure and services (redundant). Water and sanitation services are part of an integrated urban water manangement system (coordinated). APPLICABLE RELATIONSHIP TO RESILIENCE TOPIC GUIDING QUESTION RESILIENCE QUALITY QUALITY Institutional Who manages the water, Coordinated Close coordination among water, Capacity sanitation and drainage sanitation and drainage utilities can systems in the city? Are all facilitate planning for future demand providers of the same service and accelerate response in case of well-coordinated in terms of disruption. management, development planning, and emergency response? Revised 2018 1 Finance What are the funding sources for Robust Water, sanitation and drainage water, sanitation and drainage systems that strive for complete infrastructure? To what extent coverage and continuous operation is the funding discretionary at rely on sustained and predictable the local level? To what degree funding. When a city has discretionary are funding sources and uses control over funding for such utilities, coordinated across agencies it can be held accountable for that provide water, sanitation achieving a pre-determined service and drainage infrastructure and standard and coverage in line with services? available funding. Coordination across agencies helps identify coverage gaps, improve alignment of trunk and local infrastructure and facilitate spending efficiency. Finance Is contingency financing Redundant A contingency fund covers unexpected available for water, sanitation disruptions in the water, sanitation and drainage infrastructure and and drainage systems, accommodates services? sudden demand increases and changes in regular financing flow. Planning Does the city have an overview Reflective; Overview of key facilities and their of all water, sanitation and Coordinated capacity levels allows the city to drainage infrastructure in the evaluate service accessibility and city, including capacity levels, determine investment needs based on design specifics, number and future demand estimates. location of key facilities? Is Monitoring performance of key planning for disasters, shocks, facilities and infrastructure allows or stresses incorporated into the the city to identify vulnerabilities regular water, sanitation, and and make maintenance/upgrading drainage infrastructure planning investments to improve the overall process? robustness of the city’s water, sanitation and drainage systems. Planning Do sewage and water pipeline Inclusive Inclusive water, sanitation and networks cover all areas of the drainage systems are characterized city, including informal and low by equal coverage to all built-up income neighborhoods? If no, areas of the city, service quality and are there plans for expanding affordability. sewage and water pipeline networks into these areas of the city? 2 Planning Does the current capacity of Robust; Robust capacity management water supply and sanitation Inclusive ensures that increases in demand are services meet existing and absorbed without causing service projected demand? Are informal disruptions for existing consumers. settlements incorporated into Recognition of informal settlements in water and sanitation service water and sanitation service demand demand estimates? estimates allows for more inclusive and accurate planning of services. Supply & Is the water supply source Robust The water supply basin should Quality for the city protected from be protected from contamination contamination? What are the through economic and command main sources of contamination? control enforcement. Supply & Are water and sanitation services Robust; Modern treatment works and Quality in the city mostly supplied Redundant distribution of drinking and from modern treatment works wastewater through pipeline networks through pipeline water and helps ensure water purification before sewage networks, or through and after it reaches the consumer. other systems? (e.g., on-site Proportion of pipe network versus sanitation facilities, private other supply systems is indicative of boreholes, open wells or similar the city’s ability manage and ensure sources)? Do other systems serve water and sanitation service quality. as primary or back-up modes? Where majority of water and sewage What percentage of water networks are owned and regulated by samples in a year comply with the local government, it is easier to national potable water quality monitor and ensure appropriate water standards? What percentage of treatment. the sewage reaches a treatment plant? Supply & Is water quality monitored Reflective; A sound sewage collection and Quality in urban rivers to assess the Robust treatment service should provide good efficiency of sewage treatment? standards of water quality in urban What are the main water quality rivers. goals for urban rivers? Capacity Is the current water availability Robust A sustainable water supply should greater than the demand at have water availability at the design design level? Is there alternative level and emergency alternatives for supply for drought years (risk drought beyond the design water greater than design)? availability. 3 Capacity What is the annual average Robust Frequency of water supply of daily number of hours of discontinuity per household indicates continuous water supply per the level of water scarcity in the city’s household? Which areas of overall water supply and reliability of the city are most affected by this service. Assessment of disruption the disruption to water and to water and sanitation services sanitation services? per area of the city helps identify vulnerable areas which are in need of back-up/temporary water and sewage systems. Capacity Is the city’s drainage system Robust; Experience of current seasonal rain/ currently able to cope with Reflective stormwater variations and forecasted seasonal increase in rain/ impacts of climate change on rainfall stormwater? How are the levels should inform the design of anticipated effects of climate the city’s drainage system. Climate change likely to impact the city’s change projections allow the city drainage systems and have these to improve the design and capacity predictions been incorporated in of existing drainage and water planning and design efforts? For retention infrastructure, as well as example, are design parameters make necessary flood protection for estimating reservoir size, investments to accommodate changes dam configuration, spillway in rainfall patterns. capacity, and highest flood levels reviewed in view of changing climate patterns, and rainfall intensities and durations? Facilities Are principal components of Robust; Historic disaster monitoring and the city’s water and sanitation Reflective climate change projections allows the systems (e.g., water intake city to make improvements to existing structures, water treatment water and sanitation facilities to plants, conveyance systems, mitigate impacts of potential hazards, storage systems, distribution and make informed decisions about network, sewage treatment new facility sites based on levels of works) located in in disaster exposure. prone areas? If yes, are there plans to retrofit existing exposed facilities so that impacts of potential disasters may be reduced? Are new facilities built in safe areas or designed to be resilient to the hazards that are relevant for the areas in which they are built? 4 Facilities Does the city regularly maintain Robust Preventive maintenance of water and repair its water and sewage and sewage infrastructure improves infrastructure? What volume the duration and reliability of of potable water is lost from infrastructure. Regular maintenance distribution channels per year? of water distribution and wastewater What volume of wastewater is collection prevents costly leakages leaked into the environment per of potable water and wastewater year? into the environment. Untreated wastewater discharge can have devastating impacts on the environment and health of affected populations. System Is the probability that water Reflective Assessment of water and sewage Continuity and sanitation will remain networks’ probability of continued operational in post-disaster operation informs the planning of situations assessed? If yes, back-up systems for water supply and does the assessment include wastewater collection. Assessment of information about what the number of people affected by such proportion of water and disruptions allows the city estimate sanitation user accounts is costs for keeping minimum levels of exposed to each hazard? services available. System If a water and sanitation network Redundant Flexibility in the water supply and Continuity has been impaired, do the wastewater collection systems entails systems have the flexibility for existence of more than one service the demand to be absorbed provider capable of absorbing excess by alternate water supply and demand created by the beak down wastewater collection modes? in the regular distribution/collection system. Alternative water supply systems include rainwater catchment, purchasing of bottled water, etc. There are also a number of alternative on-site wastewater collection and treatment systems for individual and shared usage. 5 System Has the city identified strategic Redundant Identification of strategic facilities Continuity locations (such as health centers, that cannot operate without water, shelters) or other areas requiring such as hospitals and shelters, should rapid assistance with supplies of be prioritized during planning of back bottled water, water tankering up water supply. Minimum levels of or water treatment kits? Is the water supply needs to be maintained access water supply available for to facilities whose operation is all of those locations/functions? essential for the safety of city residents. Documents and Tools Informing the Guiding Questions: • ARUP, RPA and Siemens, Toolkit for Resilient Cities (2013) • Asian Development Bank, Flood Risk Management: A Strategic Approach (2013) • Asian Development Bank, Guidebook: Increasing Climate Change Resilience of Urban Water Infrastructure (2013) • GFDRR, Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century (2012) • Inter-American Development Bank, Emerging and Sustainable Cities Methodology (2014) • UN-Habitat, City Resilience Profiling Tool • World Bank, Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment 2008-2011 Drought (2012) • World Bank, Government of Pakistan and ADB’s Post-Disaster Needs Assessment for flooding in Pakistan (2011) 6