ITALY Doing Business in the European Union 2020: Greece, Ireland and Italy Comparing Business Regulation for  Domestic Firms in 24 Cities in Greece, Ireland and Italy  with 187 Other Economies © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Doing Business in ITALY Milan Padua Turin Genoa Bologna Florence Ancona Rome Naples Bari Cagliari Reggio Calabria Palermo ii DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Contents Main findings.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Ancona, Bologna, Cagliari, Milan, Rome and Turin top the rankings in the measured areas.................................................................1 Bologna and Milan have the greatest number of best practices ..................................................................................................................2 Italy shows large subnational performance gaps ..............................................................................................................................................2 What’s next?...................................................................................................................................................................................3 Replicating all the domestic good practices identified would propel Italy 15 places higher in the global Doing Business ranking.......................................................................................................................................................................................3 Italy can look for good practices in other EU countries to further improve its business regulations ................................................4 1. Starting a Business ....................................................................................................................................................................7 Starting a business in Italy takes less time but is more expensive than the EU average ......................................................................7 Starting a new company requires six to seven steps, depending on the city ...........................................................................................7 Business start-up takes the least time in Ancona and Milan and is slowest in Rome............................................................................8 What can be improved?.............................................................................................................................................................................10 2. Dealing with Construction Permits.......................................................................................................................................... 13 Construction permitting in Italy takes longer and is more expensive than the EU average................................................................ 13 Dealing with construction permits in easiest in Cagliari, Padua and Bologna .......................................................................................14 Naples and Palermo have the most complex processes, while Bologna and Milan require the least procedures.......................14 It takes the least time in Milan and Cagliari to complete construction permitting and the most in Naples and Reggio Calabria.................................................................................................................................................................................................14 What can be improved?............................................................................................................................................................................. 16 3. Getting Electricity.................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Getting electricity in Italy requires fewer procedures but takes longer than the EU average............................................................ 20 Getting electricity requires three procedures in Turin, four in the other cities....................................................................................... 20 Obtaining a new electricity connection is easiest in Bologna, hardest in Palermo................................................................................2 1 Variance across cities in how long it takes to get a connection is driven by how long it takes to obtain an authorization to excavate ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 The electricity supply is most reliable in Bologna and Florence and least reliable in Palermo and Reggio Calabria.................. 23 What can be improved?.............................................................................................................................................................................23 4. Registering Property............................................................................................................................................................... 26 Transferring a property in Italy is easier than elsewhere in the European Union.................................................................................. 26 Property registration is fastest in Rome, slowest in Bari and Padua ......................................................................................................... 26 Bologna, Genoa and Rome score highest on the quality of land administration index........................................................................ 28 What can be improved?............................................................................................................................................................................ 29 5. Enforcing Contracts................................................................................................................................................................. 32 Italian cities lag behind other EU member states regarding the cost of litigation and how long it takes....................................... 32 Litigation across Italy: same rules, but local conditions and practices lead to divergences in process efficiency and cost..... 32 The efficiency and cost of litigation varies widely across Italy, while differences in judicial quality are minor............................ 33 Top performing cities benefit from concerted efforts to improve court efficiency and circumstantial advantages................... 36 What can be improved?............................................................................................................................................................................ 38 City Snapshots and Indicator Details......................................................................................................................................... 44 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................................................ 71 DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 1 I n recent years, Italy has introduced indicator, which measures the public Business indicators studied in this report several policy measures to improve its administrations’ responsiveness to the highlight an opportunity for local poli- business environment. In 2012, Italy needs of SMEs.3 cymakers to adopt in-country examples passed the Start-up Act, which facilitated of good practices to improve regulatory the creation of innovative companies Clear, simple and coherent business performance in their jurisdictions.5 and supported small and medium-size regulations can provide the stable and enterprises (SMEs) as they integrated predictable rules that firms need to into the green economy.1 Also since function effectively, and they encour- MAIN FINDINGS 2017, Italy has introduced more than 30 age long-term growth and sustainable standardized authorization templates economic development. Conversely, Ancona, Bologna, Cagliari, Milan, to streamline business processes. The excessive regulation can constrain the Rome and Turin top the rankings digitalization of public administration has ability of firms to reach the minimum in the measured areas also shown significant progress, with ini- size required to be competitive, under- A different city is the best performer in tiatives such as the Public Digital Identity cutting their chances to become more each of the five areas measured, and cit- System (SPID). productive, to operate internation- ies that do very well in one area are at the ally and to attract foreign investment. bottom of the ranking for others (table Despite important improvements, the This report focuses on the rules and 4.1). For example, starting a business Italian business environment remains regulations that govern business activity is easiest in Ancona and Milan, while challenging. As described in the global across Italy, as well as on the efficacy Ancona ranks second to last on getting report Doing Business 2020, Italy still of the bureaucracy at local level. This electricity, and Milan ranks last on deal- performs below the EU average in terms layer of administration is especially ing with construction permits. Also, it of the ease of doing business.2 Other important in a country like Italy, where is easiest to register property in Rome, studies point toward similar deficien- local authorities play a crucial role in which is the hardest city in which to cies. For example, Italy ranks as the determining how national regulations start a business. Cagliari and Turin lead second-lowest performer in the European are implemented.4 Cities’ variations in the rankings on construction permitting Union on the responsive administration regulatory performance on the five Doing and enforcing contracts respectively, TABLE 4.1  Each of the five areas measured is led by a different city Dealing with Starting a business construction permits Getting electricity Registering property Enforcing contracts Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score City (1–13) (0–100) (1–13) (0–100) (1–13) (0–100) (1–13) (0–100) (1–13) (0–100) Ancona 1 89.79 5 68.87 12 77.39 4 80.85 7 52.05 Bari 9 87.56 12 58.27 7 81.33 12 78.47 11 49.27 Bologna 6 87.81 3 71.51 1 89.24 2 81.27 3 56.75 Cagliari 9 87.56 1 72.95 8 80.24 11 78.83 8 51.04 Florence 5 89.03 4 69.22 4 85.65 5 80.79 13 48.80 Genoa 6 87.81 8 66.58 9 80.00 3 81.03 4 54.65 Milan 1 89.79 13 57.47 10 79.78 7 80.43 2 56.82 Naples 9 87.56 11 60.45 6 82.09 7 80.43 12 49.02 Padua 3 89.54 2 71.86 11 78.69 12 78.47 6 52.25 Palermo 6 87.81 9 61.52 13 69.15 6 80.67 10 50.65 Reggio Calabria 9 87.56 10 61.05 5 82.52 10 79.42 9 50.75 Rome 13 86.81 6 68.33 3 86.08 1 81.75 5 53.10 Turin 4 89.28 7 66.65 2 87.53 9 79.84 1 61.17 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The indicator scores show how far a location is from the best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing Business indicator. The scores are normalized to range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the better). For more details, see the chapter “About Doing Business and Doing Business in the European Union 2020: Greece, Ireland and Italy.” 2 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY but they lag behind the other cities on getting electricity. Ten of the 13 cities Getting electricity, construction permit- registering property. Bologna, the best studied excel in at least one indicator ting, and contract enforcement are three performing city in the area of getting category (table 4.2). areas where subnational variations are electricity, is the only city that stands in particularly large. Getting electricity is the upper half of the rankings in all five Italy shows large subnational easiest in Bologna and most difficult in areas. performance gaps Palermo. A main driver of that variance In some of the areas studied, the subna- is how long it takes to obtain excava- Bologna and Milan have the tional variance in performance between tion permits. Dealing with construction greatest number of best the first and last ranked city is particularly permits is easiest in Cagliari, thanks practices large (figure 4.1). For example, Bologna to an online platform through which A more granular look at the results performs better than Finland and Austria entrepreneurs can submit documenta- shows that Bologna and Milan lead in five (ranked 9 and 10 respectively in the tion. Milan, despite being the city where indicator categories. Bologna requires European Union) on the ranking for get- permits are processed fastest and the fewest procedures for dealing with ting electricity, while nine Italian cities which—along with Bologna—requires construction permits; it has the most reli- stand below the EU average.6 Or, in the the fewest procedures, has a permitting able electric supply and you can obtain area of construction permits, Cagliari is process three times more expensive a new connection there in the shortest the only Italian city performing above the than in Bari, the next most expensive time; it has the best score on the land EU average. In contract enforcement—an city. Resolving a commercial dispute administration index and the best score area in which all the Italian cities trail is easiest in Turin, thanks to efforts on the quality of judicial processes index. the EU average—Turin performs better started in the early 2000s to reduce Similarly, Milan has the most streamlined than the Netherlands (ranked 22 in the case backlogs, as well as the more and fastest processes for starting a European Union), while Florence lags recent development of specialized court business and dealing with construction behind all EU economies except Cyprus sections. A combination of relatively permits, as well as the lowest cost for and Greece. high costs and the long time required TABLE 4.2  Ten cities lead in at least one indicator category Starting a Dealing with Registering business construction permits Getting electricity property Enforcing contracts administration index Best quality of land Fewest procedures Fewest procedures Fewest procedures judicial processes Best reliability of Least expensive Least expensive Least expensive Best quality of Shortest time Shortest time Shortest time Shortest time Shortest time Number supply of best City practices Bologna 5 ü ü ü ü ü Milan 5 ü ü ü ü ü Turin 4 ü ü ü ü Ancona 3 ü ü ü Rome 3 ü ü ü Florence 2 ü ü Genoa 2 ü ü Naples 2 ü ü Padua 2 ü ü Reggio Calabria 1 ü Source: Doing Business database. Note: This table does not show indicator categories in which all cities register an equal result, which are: the cost to start a business, the building quality control, and the procedures and cost to register a property. DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 3 FIGURE 4.1  Variance in regulatory performance among Italian cities is particularly significant in three areas: obtaining electricity, construction permitting and contract WHAT’S NEXT? enforcement Replicating all the domestic good Score (0–100) practices identified would propel Starting a business Dealing with construction Getting electricity Registering property Enforcing contracts Italy 15 places higher in the permits global Doing Business ranking 100 EU best (Greece) EU best Reform-minded local governments (Germany) EU best can use the Doing Business indicator (Lithuania) measurements to motivate and sustain Ancona and Milan EU best Bologna 90 (Denmark) reform efforts. For each of the indicators analyzed by this study, there are good Rome practices to be found across the 13 Italian Rome cities measured. In other words, there EU best 80 (Lithuania) is no need to reinvent the wheel and no Bari and Padua need for major legislative change. Italian Cagliari cities can start by introducing improve- EU average ments they see other cities have already 70 successfully implemented. For other Palermo reform examples, the cities can consider replicating EU or global good practices Turin (table 4.3). 60 Milan A hypothetical Italian city that adopts the best domestic practices identified by this study would rank 43 in the global ranking 50 of 190 economies on the ease of doing Florence business. This is 15 places higher than Italy (as represented by Rome) stands in the current rankings in Doing Business 0 2020 (figure 4.3). Highest score in country Lowest score in country Country average The potential improvement is par- Source: Doing Business database. ticularly striking in areas where Italy lags Note: The score shows how far a location is from the best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing Business indicator. The score is normalized to range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the better). The averages for behind its EU peers in the Doing Business Italy are based on data for the 13 cities benchmarked in the country. The averages for the European Union are based 2020 ranking. For example, if the Italian on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. Other EU member states are represented by their capital city, as measured by global Doing Business. For more details, see the chapter “About Doing Business and Doing Business in the representative city could (1) enforce European Union 2020: Greece, Ireland, Italy.” contracts as quickly as Turin, where it takes 860 days; (2) make the process as to complete contract enforcement sets example, starting a business takes 5 days inexpensive as in Reggio Calabria, where Florence behind the pack. in Ancona and Milan, but 11 in Rome. it costs 17.9% of the claim value; and (3) Dealing with construction permits takes improve the quality of judicial processes The cities scored most similarly in two 105 days in Milan, but more than three to match Bologna and Naples, Italy areas: registering property and starting a times longer in Reggio Calabria. Getting would achieve a ranking of 53 globally business. This convergence seems attrib- electricity requires two months and a half on contract enforcement. This is almost utable, in large part, to the nationwide in Bologna and Rome, but almost eight 70 positions higher than its current launch of digital tools that streamline months in Palermo. Property registration ranking of 122. Regarding construction regulatory processes. However, differ- takes from 16 days in Rome to 26 days permitting, a city that (1) required 13 ences remain among the cities, especially in Bari and Padua. And contract enforce- procedures, such as Bologna and Milan; in how long it takes to complete business ment takes 860 days in Turin, while in (2) took 105 days to process the permit, and property registrations. How long Reggio Calabria it takes more than twice such as Milan; and (3) reduced the cost things take is what varies the most, on as long (figure 4.2). to 1% of the warehouse value, such as average, across the five indicators. For in Naples, would achieve a ranking of 28 4 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY FIGURE 4.2  Time is the dimension that varies the most across the five indicators Starting a business (days) Dealing with construction permits (days) Getting electricity (days) Ancona 5 Milan 105 Bologna 75 Milan 5 Cagliari 115 Rome 75 Padua 6 Padua 144 Turin 103 Bologna 7 Bologna 159 Florence 108 Genoa 7 Florence 165 Reggio Calabria 108 Palermo 7 Turin 185 Naples 112 Turin 7 Rome 189.5 Bari 119 Bari 8 Ancona 203 Cagliari 129 Cagliari 8 Palermo 206 Milan 136 Florence 8 Genoa 209 Genoa 160 Naples 8 Bari 270 Padua 172 Reggio Calabria 8 Naples 298.5 Ancona 184 Rome 11 Reggio Calabria 325.5 Palermo 231 Registering property (days) Enforcing contracts (days) Rome 16 Turin 860 Florence 17 Milan 985 Palermo 18 Bologna 1,030 Reggio Calabria 18 Genoa 1,060 Ancona 20 Rome 1,120 Bologna 20 Padua 1,130 Milan 20 Ancona 1,180 Naples 20 Cagliari 1,245 Genoa 22 Florence 1,275 Cagliari 23 Palermo 1,275 Turin 25 Bari 1,470 Bari 26 Naples 1,470 Padua 26 Reggio Calabria 1,750 Source: Doing Business database. globally, almost 70 places higher than Italy can look for good practices control of the case early. Trials in the EU its current ranking of 97. in other EU countries to further member states that employ pretrial con- improve its business regulations ferences are a month and a half shorter, Merely reducing the time it takes to start Further improvements in business on average, than in those that do not. a business to five days, as in Ancona and regulations can be achieved by looking Milan, and the number of procedures at existing good practices within the To facilitate dealing with construction to six, as in Ancona, Florence, Milan, European Union and beyond. To reduce permits, Italy could work toward switch- Padua and Turin, would improve Italy’s the time it takes to enforce contracts, ing from paper-based building-permit global standing on the starting a business Italy could introduce rules limiting applications to fully electronic systems, indicator by 32 positions, from a ranking adjournments, as nine EU member states as well as enhancing existing online of 98 globally to 66, placing the country have done.7 It could also introduce a platforms that connect relevant agen- in line with the EU average. Finally, if the specialized commercial court or court cies and their respective information representative Italian city required just section to deal with contract enforce- databases. Electronic permitting systems three procedures for obtaining electricity, ment, a good practice employed by more are becoming increasingly common as in Turin, at a cost of 34.1% of income than half of the economies measured by throughout Europe. and the European per capita, as in Milan and Turin, with a Doing Business. Furthermore, Italy, which Commission has defined electronic power supply as reliable as it is in Ancona, is among the half of EU economies that application for building permission as one Bologna, Florence, Genoa and Padua, do not employ pretrial conferences, could of 20 primary e-government services. it would improve Italy’s global ranking use them to enhance and speed up case Italian local authorities could also expand from 38 to 14, the fifth best ranking in the management. Such informal hearings can the instances in which self-certifications European Union. promote settlement, limit the scope of by accredited professionals replace the prospective trial and help judges take third-party authorizations. The United DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 5 FIGURE 4.3  If Rome adopts each city’s best practices, Italy’s global ranking on the ease of doing business would improve by 15 places, to 43 Italy (Rome) Best of Italy Doing Business 2020 rank Potential rank Getting electricity 14 3 procedures (Turin), 75 days (Bologna, Rome), 34.1% income per capita (Turin and Milan), 8 points on reliability of supply (Ancona, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Padua) 28 Dealing with construction permits 13 procedures (Bologna and Milan), 105 days (Milan), 1% warehouse value (Naples), Getting electricity 38 11 points on building quality control (all cities) 4 procedures, 75 days, 138.9% income per capita, 43 7 points on reliability of supply Potential ease of doing buiness rank 53 Enforcing contracts 860 days (Turin), 17.9% claim value (Reggio Calabria), Ease of doing business 58 13.5 points on quality of judicial processes (Bologna and Naples) 66 Starting a Business 6 procedures (Ancona, Florence, Milan, Padua, Turin), 5 days (Ancona and Milan), 13.8% income per capita (all cities) Dealing with construction permits 14 procedures, 189.5 days, 3.4% warehouse value, 11 points on building quality control 97 Starting a business 98 7 procedures, 11 days, 13.8% income per capita Enforcing contracts 122 1,120 days, 27.6% claim value, 13 points on quality of judicial processes Source: Doing Business database. Note: For the actual rank, Italy is represented by Rome. The hypothetical best ranks for the five regulatory areas shown are based on the best performances recorded among all 13 cities benchmarked within the country. Those ranks are used along with Rome’s actual ranks for five other regulatory areas measured by Doing Business (getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders and resolving insolvency) to calculate the hypothetical best rank for the overall ease of doing business. The registering property indicator is not represented in the figure because Rome already incorporates all domestic good practices identified in this area. Italy, as represented by Rome, ranks 26 in the global Doing Business 2020 ranking for registering property. Kingdom is among the countries that legal or notary services in company regis- instructions and requirements regarding have adopted a system of third-party tration, and more and more countries are property transactions on their website. professions to expand regulatory cover- making the use of these services optional. And in the area of getting electricity, age and expertise. enabling electronic application filing and Italy is already performing relatively tracking of electricity connections is Start-up costs in Italy are the highest well in terms of registering property and one of the most effective good practices in the European Union. About 75% getting electricity. Making all relevant countries around the world have adopted. of business start-up costs are tied to information for property transactions France and the United Kingdom offer the mandatory step of hiring a notary. available online would be a step forward good examples that Italy could look to. Portugal successfully made third-party in the area of property transfer. The involvement optional for companies Revenue Agency (Agenzia delle Entrate) using standard incorporation documents currently publishes the fee schedules for provided by the registry. Globally, almost cadaster and land registration services half the economies benchmarked by on its website, but not a list of required Doing Business—including Denmark, documents. Within the European Union, France, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Lithuania offers a good example: the Slovakia—have no requirement for using land registry authorities publish detailed 6 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY TABLE 4.3  Potential opportunities for regulatory improvements in Italian cities Relevant ministries and agencies* Regulatory area Reform recommendations National level Local/regional level Starting a Make third-party involvement optional and provide public access to the business • Italian Union of • Chambers of Commerce business registration system Chambers of Commerce • Registers of Enterprises (Unioncamere) Simplify notifications of the start of workers’ employment • Territorial labor offices • Revenue Agency (Centri per l'impiego) Simplify corporate bookkeeping (Agenzia delle entrate) • Municipal one-stop • National Agency for shops for business Active Labor Policies activities (SUAP) (ANPAL) • Social Security Administration (INPS) • Accident Insurance Office (INAIL) Dealing with Eliminate paper-based building permit applications and adopt fully electronic systems • Ministry of • Municipalities construction Infrastructures and • Municipal one-stop permits Enhance online platforms to ensure all relevant agencies are connected Transport shops for construction Continue to implement legislative reforms aimed at shifting responsibility to private • Agency for Digital Italy permits (SUE) professionals • Municipal and regional Consider reducing the fees seismic offices • Fire departments Getting Streamline the process for obtaining excavation permits • Ministry of Economic • Electricity distribution electricity Development utilities (a2a - Unareti, Introduce a geographic information system for the electricity distribution network Areti, e-distribuzione • Italian Regulatory Provide option to pay connection fees in installments and review the cost of Authority for Energy, and Ireti) obtaining a new connection Networks and • Municipalities Environment (ARERA) Improve the reliability of the electricity supply Introduce an online cost calculator Registering Increase transparency by making all relevant information for property transactions • Revenue Agency • Local district courts property available online, including lists of documents needed to complete property transactions (Agenzia delle entrate) Publish statistics on property transactions for all cities and statistics on land disputes • Ministry of Justice for each applicable local court • Ministry of Economy and Finance Consider updating the legal framework to introduce tighter deadlines to submit the transcription note Introduce standard contracts for property transfers and consider making the use of notaries optional Introduce a specific compensation mechanism for certified erroneous transactions Reduce the time to obtain decisions on land disputes from the courts Enforcing Limit the number, duration and reasons for granting adjournments • Ministry of Justice • Local district courts contracts • High Council of the Introduce a specialized commercial court or sections Judiciary Actively manage the pretrial phase and assess cases’ appropriateness for alternative dispute resolution Use data to realign resources and workloads *The list includes the main ministries and agencies relevant to each regulatory area, but other might also be implicated. Note: All reform recommendations are detailed at the end of the respective indicator section. DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 7 1. Starting a Business Starting a business in Italy takes Starting a new company requires agency—as well as with social security less time but is more expensive six to seven steps, depending on and accident insurance—and notifying than the EU average the city the competent labor office regarding the Entrepreneurs can start a business in An inventory of the start-up formalities start of an employment relationships. In Italy relatively quickly, but the process and procedural steps company founders 8 of the 13 cities benchmarked, accredi- is expensive (figure 4.4). Starting up face shows Italy performs almost on par tation to access the labor portal is also takes about a week on average across with other EU member states, generally. needed prior to submitting employment the 13 Italian cities—5 days faster than Six or seven procedures are required in notifications (figure 4.5). the EU average—and costs 13.8% of the 13 Italian cities benchmarked, com- income per capita, the highest in the pared to 5.3 procedures on average in the Since 2010, all registration applications European Union. Italian entrepreneurs European Union. The procedures include for limited liability companies must be pay twice as much as their counter- executing the company deed before a filled electronically with the Register of parts in Germany and more than three notary, purchasing and authenticating Enterprises, managed by the Chambers times more than their Spanish peers corporate and accounting books, pay- of Commerce. Thanks to information to start a business. About 75% of this ing the government tax to authenticate sharing among agencies, the process of cost represents notary fees for drafting the books, activating the company registering with the Revenue Agency and the company deed and preparing other certified email, registering the business the social security administration, and of founding documents. with the company registrar and the tax obtaining accident insurance, can also FIGURE 4.4  Starting a business in Italy is more expensive than anywhere else in the European Union Procedures Time Cost (number) (days) (% of income per capita) 1 1 Slovenia, United Kingdom 0 (EU and global best) 2 France 2 1 3 3 member states (EU best) b 5 member statesa France 4 (EU best) 3 2 5 Ancona, Milan 4 6 Padua EU average 3 7 Bologna, Genoa, Palermo, Turin France 5 Italian average Spain 4 EU average 8 5 Italian cities 6 Ancona, Florence, MIlan, 9 5 Padua, Turin 10 Spain 7 8 Italian cities 6 11 Rome Germany EU average 12 8 Spain 7 13 Czech Republic, All 13 Italian cities Germany (EU lowest) 9 Poland (EU lowest) 37 14 (EU lowest) Source: Doing Business database. Note: The averages for the European Union are based on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. Other member states are represented by their capital city as measured by global Doing Business. a Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, and Slovenia. b Denmark, Estonia, and the Netherlands. 8 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY FIGURE 4.5  How does the business registration process work in Italy? Social security INPS 2. Purchase corporate 1. Draft books 4. Register 5. Apply at Accident 6. Register 6./7. Notify notarial certified Register of insurance on labor Labor office deed 3. Pay fee email Enterprises INAIL portal* to authenticate books Revenue Agency Source: Doing Business database. *Procedure applies only in Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Genoa, Napoli, Palermo, Reggio Calabria and Rome.. be completed through a single notice Calabria, it takes four days. All Chambers or incorrect clauses in the company (ComUnica) sent to the Register. prioritize business start-up applications bylaws or deed. If errors are found, the over other corporate matters. Applications Chamber gets in touch with the notary In most cities benchmarked—excepting are only subject to formal checks at the to fix the problems, thus avoiding lengthy Bologna, Genoa and Padua—ComUnica Chamber. Pursuant to article 2330 of the judicial investigations after registration. also can be used to notify the municipal Italian Civil Code, notaries are respon- one-stop shop for business activities sible for the legality and correctness of an Once the company has been registered (SUAP) about the commencement of application. The Chambers are required with the Revenue Agency and in the operations. However, in practice, entre- to register the company and then appeal Register of Enterprises, the Chamber preneurs are submitting such notifica- to the Register Judge to rectify potential forwards the application, via ComUnica, tions either via municipal portals—which substantial errors. However, in practice, in to the Social Security Administration are customized to meet each city’s most cities surveyed—except in Ancona, (INPS) and to the Accident Insurance specific information requirements—or Bari, Padua and Palermo—the Chambers Office (INAIL). These entities have seven via the national portal managed by the perform substantive checks on the appli- days to complete the registration of the Chambers of Commerce,8 as is the case cation to verify there are no irregularities company and issue the social security in Genoa, Milan, Reggio Calabria and Turin. In Bologna, the municipality can be notified only by certified email. TABLE 4.4  In Ancona, Milan and Padua, starting a business takes less than a week Score Procedures Time Cost City Rank (0–100) (number) (days) (% of income per capita) Business start-up takes the least time in Ancona and Milan and is Ancona 1 89.79 6 5 13.8 slowest in Rome Milan 1 89.79 6 5 13.8 Among the Italian cities benchmarked, Padua 3 89.54 6 6 13.8 starting a business is easiest in Ancona Turin 4 89.28 6 7 13.8 and Milan, where an entrepreneur can complete the necessary procedures in Florence 5 89.03 6 8 13.8 just five days. In Rome, completing the Bologna 6 87.81 7 7 13.8 same process requires one additional Genoa 6 87.81 7 7 13.8 procedure and six more days (table 4.4). Palermo 6 87.81 7 7 13.8 The variations in performance stem from Bari 9 87.56 7 8 13.8 differences in the time it takes to com- plete the registration process at the local Cagliari 9 87.56 7 8 13.8 Chamber of Commerce and to notify the Naples 9 87.56 7 8 13.8 local labor office regarding the beginning Reggio Calabria 9 87.56 7 8 13.8 of employment (figure 4.6). Rome 13 86.81 7 11 13.8 Source: Doing Business database. In Ancona and Milan, the Chambers Note: Rankings are based on the average score for the procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital associated of Commerce process applications in a with starting a business. The score is normalized to range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the better). For more details, see the chapter “About Doing Business and Doing Business in the European Union 2020: Greece, Ireland and day. In Bari, Cagliari, Florence and Reggio Italy.” DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 9 information to the local labor office FIGURE 4.6  Variations among cities are driven by how long it takes to register a company and submit notifications of employment (Centro per l’Impiego). In most cities, the company’s legal representative must be Time (days) registered on the regional portal before Ancona 1 0.5 notifying the local labor office about Milan 1 0.5 workers’ employment. Registering with Padua 2 0.5 the portal usually involves sending an online request, downloading and com- Turin 3 0.5 pleting an online form and submitting it Florence 4 0.5 by fax or in person to the competent labor Bologna 2 2 0.5 office, along with a copy of the identifica- Genoa 3 2 0.5 tion documents of the company repre- Palermo 3 2 0.5 sentative. After the verification of the Naples 2 3 0.5 legal identity of the company representa- tive, the company receives a confirmation Bari 4 2 0.5 e-mail that includes the login credentials Cagliari 4 2 0.5 to activate its online account on the labor Reggio Calabria 4 3 0.5 portal. Depending on workload and the Rome 2 7 0.5 efficiency of the local labor office, the accreditation process takes one week, in Register company Accreditation on labor portal Notify labor authority of employment Rome, and two or three days in the other seven cities where this requirement is Source: Doing Business database. needed (Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Genoa, Napoli, Palermo and Reggio Calabria). and labor insurance numbers. Companies in 8 out of the 13 cities measured: Bologna, can hire employees using temporary Florence, Genoa, Milan, Padua, Reggio To avoid this lengthy accreditation pro- identification numbers while registra- Calabria, Rome and Turin. Moreover, cess, many companies hire the services tions are in process. the Chamber websites in Ancona, Bari, of labor consultants, who already have Bologna, Florence and Padua also include access to the portal. However, such sub- Although all Chambers are mandated to customer satisfaction reports (table 4.5). contracting costs could be avoided, as evaluate their performance and measure shown in Ancona, Florence, Milan, Padua customer satisfaction, not all of them Another source of variation among cities and Turin. In these five cities, the sepa- make the results of this research easily in the time it takes to start a business is rate accreditation is not needed because available to the public. Currently, 2018 how long it takes to activate the company company representatives can use digital performance reports are available online account on the online portal used to send signatures to certify their identity or—as TABLE 4.5  Practices followed by the thirteen benchmarked cities’ Chambers of Commerce Reggio Calabria Florence Bologna Palermo Cagliari Ancona Naples Genoa Padua Milan Rome Turin Bari Prioritize business start-up applications over other corporate matters ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Perform substantive checks on applications in order to avoid lengthy judicial investigations after ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü registration Provide service to maintain corporate and accounting books in digital format ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Make recent performance monitoring reports easily available online ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Publish the results of customer satisfaction surveys online ü ü ü ü ü Source: Doing Business database. 10 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY is the case in Milan and Turin—the new 20% increase to fund initiatives such as charge for the constitution of an SRLS. company is automatically registered the implementation of digital services, However, there are restrictions: an SRLS with the labor portal using the informa- cooperation programs between com- can be incorporated only by physical tion submitted via ComUnica during the panies and local schools, and tourism persons using a standard template for incorporation process. promotion activities. a company deed, and the share capital cannot exceed EUR 10,000. Since their Throughout Italy, starting a business is Additional costs, such as the cost of introduction in 2012, SRLS registrations expensive (figure 4.7). Entrepreneurs set- corporate books and certified email, have grown steadily.10 ting up a limited liability company must average EUR 130 euros. Purchasing and use the services of a notary to prepare authenticating two corporate books costs Additional incentives are offered to and submit the company documents EUR 82 for a company in its first year of entrepreneurs with innovative ideas. In a online to the Register of Enterprises. activities (EUR 16 for a stamp duty for bid to encourage research and develop- Notary fees—representing three quarters each 100 pages, plus EUR 25 in registra- ment, the government introduced a new of the total cost to start a business—are tion fees per book), a cost that can rap- legal form11 for the so-called “innovative subject to negotiation and are assessed idly increase over a company’s lifetime, company.” Such companies can be as a percentage of the start-up capital. as additional books are needed. Over the constituted online using the portal of They can vary from 0.86% to 6.9% of the last few years, the Chambers introduced the Register of Enterprises12 and without company’s start-up capital. digital books, a service available for a flat using notary services or paying fees to registration fee of EUR 50, regardless of Chambers of Commerce. To qualify for In addition, as per national regulation, the number of books needed. However, this status, companies must meet certain entrepreneurs must pay EUR 310 for a the majority of companies do not yet use requirements, such as developing or government grant tax, EUR 200 for the online bookkeeping. Among the cities commercializing highly-technological registration tax, EUR 156 for a stamp duty, surveyed, the service is not yet available products or services, investing at least as well as the Chamber of Commerce’s in Bologna, Cagliari, Palermo and Rome. 15% of their revenues in R&D, employ- registration fee of EUR 90 and an annual ing a certain percentage of staff with membership fee of EUR 120. For companies with multiple sharehold- postgraduate degrees (i.e., master’s or ers and share capital of more than EUR doctoral degrees) or holding a patent. As The Chambers’ fees are set at the nation- 10,000, Italian law9 also requires a 25% of April 2019, there were 10,203 innova- al level by the Ministry of Economic cash deposit, as paid-in capital, before tive start-ups in Italy, with 1,142 new Development. However, each Chamber incorporation. registrations recorded in the last year.13 was permitted to increase the annual membership fee by 20% annually for a To reduce start-up costs, entrepreneurs three-year period (2017 through 2019) to can opt to incorporate a so-called simpli- WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED? fund initiatives to improve the business fied limited liability company—a società environment in their jurisdiction. Except a responsabilità limitata semplificata Make third-party involvement for Padua—where the membership fee (SRLS)—instead. An SRLS can be incor- optional and provide public access to for new limited liability companies is EUR porated with a symbolic share capital of the business registration system 100—all the cities surveyed applied the EUR 1, and notaries are not allowed to The biggest obstacle to starting a busi- ness in Italy is cost. Start-up expenses amount to almost 14% of income per FIGURE 4.7  Fees for professional services constitute almost 75% of start-up costs in Italy capita, the highest in the European Union. About 75% of these costs (the equivalent of 10% of income per capita) are attrib- Government Tax (Tassa di Concessione Governativa), 7.6% utable to the fees notaries charge to represent the company, create the com- Stamp Duty, 3.8% pany deed and prepare other founding Notary costs Registration Fee, 4.9% 75.2% documents. Similar notary requirements Chamber of Commerce Registration Fee, 2.2% exist in other countries, but notary fees Chamber Membership Fee, 3.0% Other, 3.3% there are a fraction of Italy’s. For example, notary fees amount to 5% of income per capita in Germany and 2% in Spain. Only in Poland do notaries charge more (about Source: Doing Business database. DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 11 themselves. Italy has effectively piloted FIGURE 4.8  The fees paid to third-party agents for business registration are highest in Italy and Poland such a system already by having the so- called “innovative companies” register Cost of third-party involvement (% of income per capita) through an online portal. Larger com- 12 panies, with more complex structures, could continue to consult professionals. 10 The experience of other countries shows 8 that requiring businesses to use legal services for registration is not neces- 6 sary to ensure accuracy and compliance with the law, particularly for simpler 4 businesses, such as partnerships and limited liability companies. Portugal suc- 2 cessfully made third-party involvement 0 optional for companies using standard ria ia tvi a bli c tia ain ourg alta gium and s ru s ria ary any ly nd incorporation documents provided by lga va k La pu oa Sp rl yp Aust ung rm Ita la Bu Slo e Cr b M el e C Po the registry (box 4.1). hR xe m B th H Ge ec Lu Ne Cz Globally, almost half of the economies Source: Doing Business database. benchmarked by Doing Business—includ- Note: The sample includes EU member states with third-party involvement in business incorporation. ing Denmark, France, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Slovakia—have no require- 11% of income per capita) to start a busi- and the fee-schedule complex.14 Setting a ment for using legal or notary services ness (figure 4.8). more transparent and simpler fee struc- in company registration, and more and ture could also help. more are making the use of these ser- Italy has taken some steps to lower the vices optional. cost of using third-party agents. Notary The government could further reduce the fees were de-regulated in 2012, and nota- cost of starting a business by ensuring Simplify notifications of the start of ries cannot charge an honorarium to cre- the standardized articles of association workers’ employment ate a simplified limited liability company are flexible enough to accommodate the In most cities benchmarked, an initial (SRLS). But while the current guidelines majority of small businesses. It could also registration of the company legal repre- do set a fee range for notary services, the provide public access to the business sentative is needed in order to be able variance is large, ranging from 0.86% to registration system, thus allowing entre- to notify the regional labor office about 6.9% of the company’s start-up capital, preneurs to file deeds of incorporation workers’ employment. In order to receive BOX 4.1 Portugal’s Empresa na Hora Registering a business in Portugal used to require visiting several different public agencies, completing 11 procedures, preparing 20 forms and documents, waiting about two and a half months and paying the equivalent of 13.5% of income per capita. This changed in 2006, when the government implemented the Empresa na Hora program as part of a larger initiative of adminis- trative simplification and e-government (SIMPLEX). The program introduced pre-approved articles of association (thereby elimi- nating the legal obligation to provide public deeds or notary acts), substantially reduced the administrative fees, created lists of pre-approved company names and eliminated outdated formalities such as registering the company books. Today, using a pre-approved company name and standard articles of association, an entrepreneur can set up a company at a single contact point in one or two hours. All the information is automatically shared among the public agencies involved (i.e., registry, social security and tax authorities). Moreover, business registration has moved online, thanks to the introduction of a new identification document that enables citizens to identify themselves when using online public services, as well as to sign documents electronically. Lawyers, notaries and ordi- nary citizens can access the Empresa Online portal and complete the business registration process without leaving their offices or exchanging any paperwork. 12 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY login credentials to activate the com- Simplify corporate bookkeeping pany account on the labor portal, one According to the Italian Civil Code, a lim- has to complete several steps: send an ited liability company is required to main- online request, download and complete tain corporate books, such as minutes of a form, submit it by fax or in person to the meetings of its board of directors and the competent labor office—along with of its board of statutory auditors (Collegio copies of the identification documents of Sindacale), and accounting books, such the company representative—and wait as the inventory and journal books, which several days to receive confirmation that are subject to certification. The cost of the legal identity of the company repre- purchasing and certifying such books can sentative was verified. rapidly increase over the life of company. In other European member states, such Only in Ancona, Florence, Milan, Padua as Ireland, entrepreneurs are allowed and Turin, is this separate registration to use loose-leaf books, maintained not needed. In these cities, the company by company accountants on their own representative can use a digital signature responsibility, at no extra cost and with to certify identity or—as is the case in no need for authentication. Similarly, Milan and Turin—the labor office auto- in Portugal, in 2007, the maintenance matically obtains this information from and legalization of books of commercial the Social Security Administration or accounting stopped being mandatory. via ComUnica. Other cities could follow suit. Another option is to employ the use In Italy, one solution is to allow busi- of digital identity on the national labor nesses to maintain all corporate and portal (ANPAL), rather than relying on accounting books in electronic format. a lengthy accreditation process, and to With the exception of Bologna, Cagliari, expedite the rollout of the national portal Palermo and Rome, the Chambers of across the country. Commerce in the nine other Italian cities benchmarked already offer this service In the longer term, Italy could follow for a flat registration fee, regardless of the example of Denmark, where simply the number of books. Companies that reporting a wage payment for the first use this service are no longer required time is assumed to mean that the busi- to authenticate their books before use. ness has become an employer. Several The authentication of the books’ pages EU member states simply assume a job is replaced by the company-authorized starts when wage-related taxes are paid representative’s digital signature and the for the first time for an employee, and electronic time stamp recorded in the assume a job ends when these are paid system. for the last time. To support this approach, these member states require employers Despite this reform, the majority of to include information on an employee’s companies do not use online bookkeep- job characteristics with the payment of ing. Continuous outreach and educa- wage-related taxes rather than reporting tional campaigns with private-sector this information separately. stakeholders—entrepreneurs, law firms, accountants and business consultants— Another option for Italy would be to is necessary to raise awareness and allow companies to submit information ensure the adoption of this service. on employees’ contracts at incorpora- tion. In Spain, for example, a new com- pany can register employees through the online platform CIRCE at the moment of incorporation. DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 13 2. Dealing with Construction Permits Construction permitting in regulations and their implementation, be completed in compliance with urban Italy takes longer and is more Italian cities score, on average, 11 out of regulations. If all documentation has been expensive than the EU average 15 points, slightly below the EU average. correctly submitted, without the need for Construction permitting in Italy is regu- revisions, SUE has 90 days to issue the lated nationally by law DPR 380/2001,15 Before construction, Italian entrepreneurs building permit. In practice, however, but cities implement this legislation must hire a private licensed company to revisions are commonly requested, which differently. On average, dealing with conduct a geo-technical study of the land increases the time it takes to obtain the construction permits in Italy requires and a topographic survey of the land plot. permit. Entrepreneurs must also submit completing 14 procedures over 198 days, The geotechnical study helps determine the structural project plan to the seismic at a cost of 4.6% of the warehouse value. the bearing capacity of the land and, office17 or obtain a clearance from that This is on par with the EU average num- in turn, allows the engineer to draft the office, depending on the seismic risk of ber of procedures. However, the process structural project plan. Entrepreneurs can the location.18 Once the building permit takes longer and is much more expensive then apply for a building permit through is issued, SUE must be notified before than the EU averages on these indicators, the municipal one-stop shop for con- construction work commences. 176.5 days and 1.9% of the warehouse struction permits (SUE)16 by submitting, value, respectively. Among EU member among other documents: proof of land Upon completion of the warehouse’s states, only in Croatia and Spain is the ownership, the project-design drawings, structural works, the worksite director cost higher than in Italy (figure 4.9). a calculation of the urbanization cost prepares a structural work report. Two On the building quality control index, based on the warehouse’s parameters, copies of the report must be submitted which assesses the quality of building and a declaration that the building will to the local seismic office, as well as to FIGURE 4.9  Dealing with construction permits in Italy is slower and more expensive than in the EU EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTION PERMITTING BUILDING QUALITY CONTROL Procedures Time Cost INDEX (number) (days) (% of warehouse value) (0–15) 1 1 3 member states 0 Luxembourg 15 (EU best)* (EU best) Denmark 60 Denmark 7 (EU best) Germany 1 Naples 80 Reggio Calabria 14 (EU best) 100 Milan EU average 2 8 Cagliari Ancona 120 France 13 Germany France, 140 3 Padua 9 Spain Padua Bologna, Rome Germany 160 Bologna Genoa 12 France 4 Cagliari EU average 180 Florence Spain 13 Bologna, Milan Florence EU average Turin Italian average Italian average 200 Rome Spain 5 Turin Spain 11 All 13 Italian cities EU average Ancona Italian average 14 8 Italian cities France Palermo Palermo 220 Genoa 6 Bari 260 10 15 Bari Bari 280 9 Germany Croatia 300 Naples 9 16 320 10 Reggio Calabria Czech Republic, 17 Naples, Palermo 340 Slovakia (EU lowest) 8 17 Cyprus 500 Romania (EU lowest) Milan (EU lowest) 24 520 18 0 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The averages for the European Union are based on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. The averages for Italy are based on the 13 cities benchmarked. Other EU member states are represented by their largest city as measured by global Doing Business. *Czech Republic, Estonia and Slovakia. 14 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY an independent engineer or an architect TABLE 4.6  Obtaining building permits in Milan costs almost three time as much as in (appointed by the entrepreneur). The Bari, the second most expensive city independent engineer has 60 days to test Cost Building quality the structures and submit the results to Score Procedures Time (% of warehouse control index the relevant local authority.19 And once City Rank (1–100) (number) (days) value) (0-15) construction has been completed, entre- Cagliari 1 72.95 14 115 4.0 11 preneurs must submit a certified notifica- Padua 2 71.86 14 144 3.2 11 tion20 to the fire department, through Bologna 3 71.51 13 159 3.4 11 which they declare the building to be in Florence 4 69.22 14 165 4.1 11 compliance with all fire safety regula- tions. In the case of the Doing Business Ancona 5 68.87 14 203 2.2 11 case study warehouse, the fire depart- Rome 6 68.33 14 189.5 3.4 11 ment would then conduct an inspection. Turin 7 66.65 14 185 5.0 11 Genoa 8 66.58 14 209 3.7 11 Before being occupied, the warehouse must Palermo 9 61.52 17 206 5.5 11 be registered with the Cadaster, which is housed within the Revenue Agency. The Reggio Calabria 10 61.05 14 325.5 1.4 11 cadastral code received after registration Naples 11 60.45 17 298.5 1.0 11 must be submitted, together with other Bari 12 58.27 15 270 6.0 11 documents, when filing the certified report Milan 13 57.47 13 105 17.7 11 for occupancy of the building. The process Source: Doing Business database. for obtaining an occupancy certificate was Note: Rankings are based on the average score for the procedures, time and cost associated with dealing with simplified in 2016. Since 2016, entrepre- construction permits, as well as for the score on the building quality control index. The score is normalized to range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the better). For more details, see the chapter “About Doing Business and Doing neurs no longer have to wait 30 days for the Business in the European Union 2020: Greece, Ireland and Italy.” municipality to review the documentation and issue an occupancy certificate. Instead, they file a certified report to the municipal- Milan, whereas it takes 17 procedures As a consequence, six procedural steps ity declaring that the building has been built in Naples and Palermo. It takes 14 or are required to obtain both connections. in compliance with national regulations and 15 steps in all other cities. Bologna and In Palermo, despite one utility company the approved project.21 The building can be Milan are the only cities where structural being responsible for both water and occupied immediately after the report’s project plans are submitted to SUE, along sewerage connections,24 applicants need submission. with the building permit application.22 All to request the sewerage connection other cities require a separate submission through SUE, which then forwards the Dealing with construction to the seismic office. request to the utility company. And once permits in easiest in Cagliari, the utility company completes the sewer- Padua and Bologna In Palermo, developers need to send the age connection, the municipality provides It is easiest to deal with construction notification of commencement of works its clearance, a step not required in the permits in Cagliari, where it takes 14 proce- to both SUE and the regional seismic rest of the cities (figure 4.10). dures and 115 days to complete the process, office, while in the rest of the cities only at a cost of 4% of the warehouse value. the municipality has to be notified. In It takes the least time in Milan and It is most difficult in Milan. While Milan Bari, developers submit the structural Cagliari to complete construction requires the fewest number of procedures work report to SUE and to the seismic permitting and the most in Naples (together with Bologna) and has the fastest office, while in all other cities only the and Reggio Calabria time, the cost is extremely high, at 17.7% of latter is required. The time to complete the permitting the warehouse value, which is nearly four process varies substantially across the times the Italian average (table 4.6). In most Italian cities, developers can cities. It takes 105 days in Milan—mainly obtain water and sewerage connec- due to the speed with which the city Naples and Palermo have the tions simultaneously through one single issues building permits—and 115 days in most complex processes, while agency in three procedural steps. Naples Cagliari, but it takes three times longer in Bologna and Milan require the and Palermo are exceptions. Naples Reggio Calabria. Cagliari’s faster time is least procedures is the only city that has one agency primarily due to the introduction of the Dealing with construction permits responsible for water connections and one-stop shop for business activities and requires 13 procedures in Bologna and another one for sewerage connections.23 construction permits (SUAPE) in March DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 15 2017 that merged the one-stop shop for FIGURE 4.10  Naples and Palermo have the most complex processes to deal with construction permits business activities and the one-stop shop for construction permits into one unique BEFORE CONSTRUCTION department.25 The SUAPE is connected to an online platform26 through which entre- Obtain geo-technical study of the land from private licensed company preneurs can submit all building permit documentation, including the architec- Obtain topographic survey of the land plot from private licensed company tural plans and the structural project. Hire independent engineer to test structure Interaction with external agencies, such as the fire department, is also done online Obtain building permit from the SUE through the same platform. Ancona, Naples, Palermo, Reggio Bari, Cagliari, Florence, Genoa, Calabria and Rome: Padua and Turin: The main reason for delays in Reggio Obtain seismic authorization from Submit structural project plan to Calabria is the seismic authorization pro- Seismic Office* Seismic Office or SUE Palermo: cess, which takes more than nine months Submit notification of Submit notification of commencement of works to the SUE commencement of works to the SUE (as compared to one month in Rome).27 (in addition to first notification to the Seismic Office) The regional seismic office suffers from DURING CONSTRUCTION numerous inefficiencies, including lack of Bari: personnel, outdated facilities and the lack Submit structural work Submit structural work report to the Seismic Office or SUE report to the SUE of up-to-date technologies. To address (in addition to first report to the Seismic Office) the backlog these inefficiencies cre- AFTER CONSTRUCTION ated, in March 2019, the regional council introduced a new regulation that allows File certified notification of starting activity (SCIA) for fire security distributing seismic authorization requests Receive final inspection by the Fire Department among municipalities based on the num- ber of applications to be processed rather Register the building at the Revenue Agency than territorial criteria.28 Backlogs are, in fact, particularly large in southern Italy, Utility connections where Reggio Calabria is located. Six cit- All cities except Naples and Palermo: Naples: ies (Bari, Cagliari, Florence, Genoa, Padua Palermo: Apply for water and sewerage Request and obtain authorization Apply for sewerage connection and Turin), located in low-risk seismic connection of sewerage connection plans locations, do not issue a seismic authoriza- Receive on-site inspection and tion. There, the process requires a simple estimation of water and sewerage Apply for water connection Apply for water connection submission of the structural project plan to installation costs the seismic office or to SUE. Receive on-site inspection and Obtain water and Receive on-site inspection for sewerage connection sewerage connection estimation of water and sewage Another driver of the variation in the installation costs time to complete permitting is how long Receive on-site inspection for Obtain water and it takes to obtain a building permit from water connection sewerage connection SUE. The average time across the country is lengthy, at 113 days, which is more Obtain clearance for Obtain sewerage connection sewage discharge than double the EU average of 56 days.29 However, the time varies substantially Obtain water connection across cities. It takes only one month in Milan (figure 4.11). Milan has effectively File a certified report for occupancy implemented recent national reforms that shift the responsibility of ensuring that Procedure required in all cities Procedure required in some cities required documentation complies with the legislation to private professionals, Source: Doing Business database. thus drastically reducing the workload *Because Ancona, Naples, Palermo, Reggio Calabria and Rome are classified as having high seismic risk, a seismic authorization must be obtained. In cities where the seismic risk is lower, it is sufficient to submit the structural project of public officials. The other cities have plan before starting construction. In Bologna and Milan, the structural project plan is submitted with the building permit not yet applied this reform effectively in application and therefore is not a separate procedure. Classification of the four seismic areas was first introduced through Order of Prime Minister No. 3274 of March 20, 2003. practice. 16 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY FIGURE 4.11  It takes the least time to obtain a building permit in Milan and the most in Reggio Calabria Milan 30 75 105 Cagliari 60 55 115 Padua 90 54 144 Bologna 100 59 159 Florence 100 65 165 Turin 120 65 185 Rome 135 54.5 189.5 Ancona 150 53 203 Palermo 110 96 206 Genoa 120 89 209 Bari 195 75 270 Naples 180 118.5 298.5 Reggio Calabria 75 250.5 325.5 Time to obtain building permit (days) Time to comply with other formalities (days) Source: Doing Business database. On the other hand, issuing a building per- In addition to analyzing efficiency, Doing designed the plans; the professional in mit takes 75 days in Reggio Calabria and Business also looks at the underlying charge of the supervision of the construc- more than six months in Bari. The delays quality of construction regulations using tion; and the construction company and in Bari are mainly due to the municipality a measure called the building quality project owner) liable for 10 years for transitioning from a paper-based system control index. All Italian cities scored 11 any defects in the construction.30 These to an online platform. Currently, public out of a possible 15 on the index (table parties are required to hold insurance to officials request both the paper-based 4.7). All relevant laws and regulations are cover the cost of damages/defects after application and an online application published online, as well as fee schedules the building has been occupied. from entrepreneurs. In addition, SUE’s and an explanation of the required pre- performance in communicating with approvals for obtaining a building permit. Where Italian cities failed to earn points other relevant agencies, such as the fire on the index is related to quality control department, has been weak. As a result, Italy has strong quality control mecha- before construction and the professional entrepreneurs often have to visit these nisms, both during and after construction. certifications required by law. In fact, agencies separately to get the clearances In addition to having a supervising engi- regulations do not stipulate that a quali- required for obtaining the building permit. neer oversee the construction process fied architect or engineer must review the during the project, the Building Code plans, although in practice most munici- The efficiency of the local water and requires entrepreneurs to appoint an palities do hire a qualified professional. sewerage companies also plays a role in independent engineer or an architect to the cities’ variance on how long it takes to test the structures once the structural complete permitting. Obtaining a water works have been finalized. And within WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED? and sewerage connection ranges from 15 days of the building’s completion, the 20 days in Reggio Calabria to 70 days in engineer must submit a statement attest- Eliminate paper-based building Palermo. ing to the compliance of the building with permit applications and adopt fully the original project, as well as the other electronic systems The cost to complete permitting varies statements of the independent experts Electronic permitting systems are starkly across the cities benchmarked, involved in testing the structure. becoming increasingly common in ranging from 1.0% of the warehouse value Europe, and the European Commission in Naples to 17.7% in Milan. This is largely Italy also has strong liability and insur- has defined electronic application for driven by the building permit fees, which ance regimes. The law holds all relevant building permission as one of 20 primary are set locally. parties (i.e., the architect or engineer who e-government services.31 In Italy, Law DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 17 TABLE 4.7  Italian cities have strong quality control mechanisms during and after Bologna for a way forward. Since 2014, construction building permit applications there could be submitted through an online plat- All cities form, but paper submissions were still Building quality control index (0–15) 11 accepted. That same year, the local pro- Quality of building Are building regulations easily accessible? 1 fessional associations of architects and regulations (0–2) Are the requirements for obtaining a building permit clearly 1 of engineers met with the municipality, specified? and they all agreed that all applications Quality control before Is a licensed architect or licensed engineer part of the 0 should be submitted online. The munici- construction (0–1) committee or team that reviews and approves building permit applications? pality and the associations cooperated on the messaging about the effort, orga- Quality control during Are inspections mandated by law during the construction 1 construction (0–3) process? nizing several workshops and trainings. As a result, no applications have been Are inspections during construction implemented in practice? 1 submitted via hard copy, and the time to Quality control after Is a final inspection mandated by law? 2 construction (0–3) issue a building permit has dropped by Is a final inspection implemented in practice? 1 20 days since 2013.32 Liability and insurance Is any party involved in the construction process held legally 1 regimes (0–2) liable for latent defects once the building is in use? Palermo, which introduced the online Is any party involved in the construction process legally required 1 platform Super@edi in 2015 for handling to obtain a latent defect liability—or decennial (10-year) liability—insurance policy to cover possible structural flaws or building permit applications, provides problems in the building once it is in use? another good example. Two years after its Professional Are there qualification requirements for the professional 0 implementation, the platform was further certifications (0–4) responsible for verifying that the architectural plans or drawings enhanced with the introduction of a single are in compliance with the building regulations? standard form for all building-related Are there qualification requirements for the professional who 2 conducts the technical inspections during construction? practices. Even though the online plat- form has yet to integrate all the relevant Maximum points obtained. authorities, such as the regional seismic Source: Doing Business database. office or the fire department, moving just Note: For details on the scoring of each question, please refer to the chapter “Data Notes”. some of the process online has allowed Palermo to issue building permits in No. 124/2015 mandates all procedures four cities that accept both electronic and nearly half the time (110 days) it took in related to obtaining the building permit hard-copy applications. 2013 (200 days).33 must be done online. However, not all municipalities have updated their internal The complete computerization of the In the long run, Italian municipalities system. Florence, Milan and Naples still building permit process would provide and professional associations should process building permit applications via several benefits, including quicker receipt look into the advantages offered by hard copy. And while the rest of the cities of documentation, quicker transfer time Building Information Modelling (BIM) have shifted to online platforms, they are of the files from office to office, as well software, which makes it possible to still allowing paper-based applications. as easier tracking of the documenta- incorporate building regulation param- In fact, the electronic platforms used in tion. Moreover, many delays in issuing eters into project design. The software Bari, Genoa, Palermo and Reggio Calabria the building permit are caused by an helps professionals plan projects are still not fully functional, which incomplete submission of documenta- that comply with national and local means applicants often submit both an tion, which then requires public officials regulations, and it makes conducting electronic and a hard-copy application. to spend time requesting the missing post-design checks easier and faster Bologna, Cagliari, Padua and Turin, how- documentation, as opposed to reviewing for public authorities. Introducing BIM ever, have online platforms sophisticated the files. Online submission, such as is technology requires financial invest- enough that entrepreneurs prefer online currently in use in Cagliari, Padua and ments and training for both private pro- submission, and they are not required to Turin, would allow an automated system fessionals and public sector officials, of follow up with a hard-copy application. In to reject any application without com- course. A strong collaboration between fact, the average time to issue a building plete documentation. professional associations and munici- permit in the latter four cities, which pro- palities, therefore, would be essential cess predominantly online applications, Cities that have not moved their pro- in the preparation and implementation is 93 days, compared to 125 days in the cesses entirely online could look to phases. 18 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Enhance online platforms to ensure regional and municipal authorities might authorities to professional associations all relevant agencies are connected be needed. Good examples of online plat- and the Chambers of Commerce. A In addition to eliminating paper-based forms that allow inter-agency communi- national solution would be simpler applications, online platforms should be cation already exist: in Padua, Padovanet34 and less expensive to implement and expanded to incorporate other agencies allows the submission of all documenta- maintain, due to the benefits of scale, that are involved in the building permit tion at once. All relevant departments, than multiple municipal systems, and it approval process, particularly the agen- both within and outside the municipality, would prevent municipalities and agen- cies responsible for issuing the seismic are connected to the same platform. As a cies each from reinventing the wheel and authorization. In Naples, Palermo and result of this initiative, the time to issue a from developing incompatible systems. Reggio Calabria, delays in issuing the building permit decreased in Padua from Italy can draw from the positive experi- building permit stem from the lack of 135 days, in 2013, to 90 days currently.35 ences of Bologna, Cagliari and Padua to coordination between the municipality Since 2019, the online system is updated develop and design such a platform. Also, and the relevant office responsible for the in collaboration with the Chamber of Impresa in un giorno,37 the online system seismic clearance. By linking the seismic Commerce, which has provided specific used to incorporate new businesses, and or technical offices to the online platform, training to officers using the platform. managed by Unioncamere, the Italian the time and procedural steps to issue The new system will allow private Union of Chambers of Commerce, is the building permit could be significantly professionals to track the status of their a successful example of a nationwide, reduced. applications, including tracking which single platform that links the activities of offices have already reviewed the file, different agencies. When agencies are not linked, entrepre- identifying any missing documents and neurs end up having to submit the same checking whether revisions need to be Continue to implement legislative plans multiple times to each of them. In made. Such a system gives entrepreneurs reforms aimed at shifting fact, the processes to review the archi- more control over the process because responsibility to private professionals tectural plans and to review the structural they can address issues with applications Several recent national reforms, aimed plans are not mutually exclusive: changes as they arise, without waiting for the local at simplifying public administration pro- to the architectural plans often entail authority to send them all the issues to cedures, have impacted the construction changes to the structural plans, and revise at once. Other cities could follow permitting process. In 2016, the principle vice-versa. Allowing the submission of suit in incorporating this tracking feature of self-certification by accredited profes- both plans simultaneously, and receiving into their online platforms. sionals, instead of authorizations by a requests for plan revisions by different public authority, was introduced.38 It has offices in synchronicity, would allow In Cagliari, the one-stop shop for busi- since been extended to many processes, applicants to save time. ness activities and construction permits from obtaining the building permit to get- (SUAPE) is connected to an online plat- ting the occupancy certificate. Bologna provides yet another good form through which entrepreneurs can example regarding online innovations, submit all building permit documenta- As a result of this move toward self- as do Cagliari and Padua. In Bologna, a tion. Interacting with external agencies, certification, many municipalities have seismic authorization is not required, such as the fire department, is also done updated their local regulations. However, but entrepreneurs must still submit the online via this platform. As a result of these new practices have not been fully structural project plans to the seismic implementing this system, Cagliari now or properly implemented in many cities, office. However, since 2012, the seismic issues building permits in 60 days, on and the transition from the old to the new office has been integrated into the average, instead of six months, as in system can be time-consuming. This municipality of Bologna, and the two are 2013. Today, it is the second fastest city lack of full adoption is a common experi- linked via the same online platform. This benchmarked for issuing building per- ence among countries that have shifted has greatly improved the two authorities’ mits, behind only Milan.36 responsibilities to the private sector. ability to coordinate and has reduced While the shift can be a challenging pro- delays significantly. Improving interagency communications cess, the benefit of having a highly spe- with technology solutions is key to cialized workforce flexible to changes in The list of approvals needed to start con- simplifying the construction permitting demand might be substantial. Australia, struction is not limited to architectural process across Italy. Rather than having Singapore and the United Kingdom are and structural authorizations. Depending each municipality or agency develop among the countries that have adopted on the location, the intended use of its own technology platform, a national a system of third-party contractors to the building, and the complexity of the digitalization plan is necessary, involving expand regulatory coverage and exper- project, approvals from several national, all stakeholders, from central to local tise.39 In general, research shows that DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 19 construction permitting is more efficient actors are involved and/or the application Italian cities that have high fees could in economies that rely on some form of requires discretionary judgments by the also look to the examples of Naples, private sector participation in construc- public administration, as is the case with Reggio Calabria and Ancona, where tion permitting or control processes.40 the Doing Business warehouse in the case building permit fees are in line with the But such a system needs to be accom- study, an entrepreneur must undergo EU average. panied by adequate safeguards, such as a “conference of services” whereby more robust qualification requirements the external actors involved review the for professionals who approve building building permit application and give their plans. opinion before the permit can be issued. The process can take up to 60 days. Milan and Cagliari in Italy offer good examples that other cities could look Consider reducing the fees to. Milan has been the trailblazer in The building permit fees across most adopting the self-certification system Italian cities are high, accounting for for building permits, through the so- more than three-quarters of the total called Scia-alternativa. This has not been cost to complete permitting in all cities without its challenges. Professionals have except Naples and Reggio Calabria.42 An complained about the lack of certainty Italian entrepreneur pays, on average, in the regulations, with many laws and EUR 57,194 for the building permit. While amendments overlapping each other in building permit fees allow local authori- different pieces of legislation, making it ties to provide public infrastructures difficult to determine which should be and facilities that benefit developments followed. In turn, this confusion has made within their area, excessive costs tend to professionals reluctant to take responsi- reduce investment in commercial proper- bility for the accuracy of the documenta- ties, adversely affecting job growth.43 tion they submit, and so they tend to spend a lot of time with public servants Italy could consider reducing these fees double-checking the compliance of their or applying more targeted criteria when documents and plans. Milan has been implementing them, backed by approved working to address these challenges: the or planned capital expenditure programs city is undertaking an initiative, involving directly linked to the potential use of both private professionals’ associations the funds collected. This would help and public servants, to produce a series ensure the system is not punitive toward of online videoclips in which the director investors and that the contributions are of the one-stop shop for construction set at the minimum required to ensure permits explains what to do in different the functionality of the area’s public situations. infrastructure. Serbia, for example, driven by the need to accelerate construction In Cagliari, a regional law in 2016 simpli- investments, abolished similar fees in fied building procedures by introducing 2014 for some buildings.44 And in New the “single housing declaration” (DUA).41 Zealand, development contribution fees There are three standards: i) “zero are calculated as a “fair, equitable, and days,” for simple renovations, where the proportionate portion of the total cost of entrepreneur only submits the required capital expenditure necessary to service documentation, without needing to wait growth over the long term.” When setting for a clearance; ii) “20 days,” for new con- the fees, the Auckland Council considers structions that do not require the munici- factors, such as the cost implications of pality to consult with other agencies and infrastructure funding decisions on devel- which the entrepreneur can begin build- opment and the challenges developers ing 20 days from the date of application face in getting their products built, noting through the silence-is-consent rule; or “if development costs are too high this iii) the “conference of services” proce- may act as a barrier to development and dure. Under the third category, if external slow down growth.”45 20 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY 3. Getting Electricity Getting electricity in Italy reliability of supply and transparency of medium-voltage infrastructure, as well requires fewer procedures but tariffs index.47 In the other eight, the sup- as the most likely connection type for takes longer than the EU average ply of electricity is less reliable compared warehouses in the area. The process of obtaining a new electric- to best performing economies.48 To put ity connection takes three steps in Turin, things in perspective, in the European Distribution utilities are key players and one additional procedure in the rest Union, more than half of the member in the connection process. There are of the Italian cities benchmarked. In most states (15 of the 28) earned the maxi- several utilities operating in Italy. Each EU member states (16 out of 28) it takes mum score (figure 4.13). utility serves a designated geographic five procedures or more. Although Italian area (figure 4.14). In Milan and Turin cities have fewer procedures, completing Getting electricity requires three (where the utilities are a2a - Unareti them takes more than a month longer, on procedures in Turin, four in the and Ireti, respectively), the most likely average, than in the European Union.46 other cities connection for a warehouse with a 140- The average Italian cost, 116.3% of Doing Business studies the hypo- kVA subscribed capacity is to the low income per capita, is in line with the EU thetical case of a local firm that needs voltage infrastructure. In the 10 cities average of 111.6%. However, in only eight a 140-kilovolt-ampere (kVA) electricity where e-distribuzione operates, as well EU member states is obtaining electricity connection for a newly built warehouse as in Rome (where Areti operates), such more expensive than in Italy (figure 4.12). located in a commercial area outside connections are to the medium-voltage cities’ historical centers. The procedural infrastructure.49 Although these are the Five cities (Ancona, Bologna, Florence, steps, the time to obtain an electrical most common scenarios for each city, in Genoa, and Padua) in Italy obtain the connection, and the cost to get it depend some cases clients prefer, and ask for, a maximum score on the Doing Business on the availability of both low- and different type of connection. Low-voltage FIGURE 4.12  Getting electricity in most Italian cities takes longer than the EU average EFFICIENCY OF GETTING ELECTRICITY Procedures Time Cost (number) (days) (% of income per capita) 1 1 0 France (EU best) Austria (EU best) 20 10 2 Germany 40 20 France Czech Republic, Germany, 60 Lithuania, Sweden, 3 Turin 30 United Kingdom (EU best) 80 Bologna, Rome Milan, Turin EU average Germany 40 Spain 100 Turin France 4 12 Italian cities Florence, Reggio Calabria 120 Naples 90 EU average Bari Spain Italian average Spain 5 140 Cagliari 100 Milan 160 Genoa EU average 110 6 Padua 180 Italian average Ancona 120 200 7 130 10 Italian cities 220 Palermo 140 Rome 240 8 400 Bulgaria (EU lowest) 260 Romania (EU lowest) Romania (EU lowest) 9 280 410 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The averages for the European Union are based on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. The averages for Italy are based on the 13 cities benchmarked in Italy. Other member states are represented RELIABILITY by their OF SUPPLY ANDcapital city as measured by global Doing Business. TRANSPARENCY OF TARIFFS INDEX (0–8) 15 EU economies 8 5 Italian cities (EU best)* EU average 180 Italian average Ancona 120 200 7 130 10 Italian cities 220 DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 21 Palermo 140 Rome 240 8 400 Bulgaria (EU lowest) 260 with a supplier, they280 only need to do the from Romania (EU lowest) the local municipality) and then FIGURE 4.13  Romania 9 electric service Reliable (EU lowest) 410 in five Italian cities puts them in the same latter. Milan is an exception because the performs the connection works through tier as the best-performing EU member majority of requests for new connections an external contractor. In all cities where states there are submitted directly to the utility, the warehouse is connected to the RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY AND with the supply contract signed at the medium-voltage grid, clients are respon- TRANSPARENCY OF TARIFFS INDEX (0–8) end of the process (figure 4.15). sible for setting up their own secondary 15 EU economies 8 5 Italian cities substation. Once the connection works (EU best)* Upon receiving a request for a new con- are completed and the meter is installed, EU average nection, a utility’s technician inspects the connection is electrified without any the site and meets with the customer to further action required of the customer. 7 8 Italian cities explore the options for connecting to the grid. Based on the results of the inspec- Obtaining a new electricity tion, the utility sends the technical condi- connection is easiest in Bologna, Bulgaria, Malta 6 tions for the connection and the related hardest in Palermo (EU lowest) fees to the customer. Upon receiving the Overall, among the 13 cities bench- payment receipt from the customer, the marked, getting electricity is easiest in distribution utility obtains all the neces- Bologna and hardest in Palermo. Getting 5 sary permits (e.g., the excavation permit electricity takes the least time in Bologna 4 FIGURE 4.14  Electricity distribution utilities operate in designated geographic zones 0 Source: Doing Business database. Milan Padua *Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Turin a2a - Unareti e-distribuzione France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Ireti Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Bologna Genoa e-distribuzione e-distribuzione connections are popular because they Florence Ancona are simpler and less expensive for build- e-distribuzione e-distribuzione ers since they do not require installing a new transformer. On the other hand, with medium-voltage connections, customers benefit from the lower cost of electricity. Rome Areti The process of getting electricity in Italy Bari e-distribuzione is regulated at the national level and Naples monitored by a regulatory agency, the e-distribuzione Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks, and Environment (ARERA). In Cagliari most cases, to get a new electricity con- e-distribuzione nection, customers interact primarily with a supplier they choose on the market. Palermo Reggio Calabria The selected supplier interacts with the e-distribuzione e-distribuzione utility on behalf of the client throughout the entire process of obtaining the con- nection. Therefore, the customer submits a connection request to a supplier, rather than—as in most EU member states—to the utility.50 This allows Italian customers to skip a typical step: instead of applying to the utility, and then signing a contract Source: Doing Business database. 22 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY by how long it takes to obtain authoriza- Some differences across cities stem FIGURE 4.15  Getting electricity requires the fewest number of tions to excavate from local authori- also from the time it takes for utilities to procedures in Turin ties. In all the cities benchmarked, an complete an electrical connection. The excavation permit from the municipality maximum time to complete connections Low-voltage connection in Milan (distribution utility: a2a-Unareti) is needed. In some cities, the municipal is strictly regulated at the national level.52 excavation permit is not the only required Utilities have to report every year to the Procedure Agency authorization. In fact, the regulations national regulator ARERA the timeframe Submit application to a supplier and Distribution utility receive external site inspection governing electrical systems and power within which they provided connections. by utility lines up to 150 kilovolt-amperes (kVA) While utilities, on average, comply with Receive a cost estimate from Distribution utility the utility are established at the local level, and the time limits set by ARERA, in some Obtain external works and meter Distribution utility therefore requirements differ by region.51 cities the process is faster than in others. installation from utility For example, in Milan, distributors need Obtaining a cost estimate from the util- Sign a supply contract and await Electrical supplier final connection to obtain clearances from all other utili- ity requires only 10 days in Milan, three ties with underground infrastructures. In weeks in Genoa and Turin, and between Low-voltage connection in Turin (distribution utility: Ireti) Cagliari and Padua, provincial authorities four and five weeks in the rest of the Procedure Agency need to provide an authorization in addi- cities. Getting the cost estimate takes Submit application to a supplier and Electrical supplier receive external site inspection tion to the one from the municipality. And longest in Cagliari (35 days). Completing by utility in Palermo, the utility needs to obtain the material connection works—which Receive a cost estimate from Distribution utility permits from 15 authorities. Overall, occurs after obtaining the excavation the utility Obtain external works from utility, Distribution utility obtaining excavation permits in cities permits—takes only five days in Milan, meter installation and electricity flow where only a municipal authorization is but more than a month in Ancona, Medium-voltage connection in the 10 cities with needed requires between one month (as Cagliari, and Genoa. e-distribuzione and in Rome (distribution utility: Areti) in Bologna and Rome) to 4 months (as Procedure Agency in Ancona). In cities where authorizations Connection fees are strictly regulated at Submit application to a supplier and Electrical supplier from multiple authorities are required, it the national level based on two criteria: receive external site inspection by utility can take up to six months, as in Palermo how distant the connection point is from Receive a cost estimate from Distribution utility (figure 4.16). the existing grid and the subscribed the utility Purchase and install secondary Electrical supplier transformer TABLE 4.8  Getting electricity takes the least time in Bologna and Rome and is least Obtain external works from utility, Distribution utility expensive in Milan and Turin meter installation and electricity flow Reliability of supply Cost and transparency of Source: Doing Business database. Score Procedures Time (% of income tariffs index City Rank (0–100) (number) (days) per capita) (0–8) and Rome. Turin ranks second in terms Bologna 1 89.24 4 75 130.4 8 of how quickly customers can get a con- Turin 2 87.53 3 103 34.1 7 nection, and it also requires the fewest Rome 3 86.08 4 75 138.9 7 procedures. Along with Milan, Turin is Florence 4 85.65 4 108 130.4 8 also the least expensive city in which to obtain a connection, whereas Rome is the Reggio Calabria 5 82.52 4 108 130.4 7 most expensive (table 4.8). Naples 6 82.09 4 112 130.4 7 Bari 7 81.33 4 119 130.4 7 Variance across cities in how Cagliari 8 80.24 4 129 130.4 7 long it takes to get a connection Genoa 9 80.00 4 160 130.4 8 is driven by how long it takes to obtain an authorization to Milan 10 79.78 4 136 34.1 7 excavate Padua 11 78.69 4 172 130.4 8 Obtaining a connection requires less than Ancona 12 77.39 4 184 130.4 8 three months in Bologna and Rome (75 Palermo 13 69.15 4 231 130.4 7 days), but takes more than twice as long Source: Doing Business database. in Genoa (160), Padua (172) and Ancona Note: Rankings are based on the average score for the procedures, time and cost associated with getting electricity (184), and three times as long in Palermo as well as for the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index. The score is normalized to range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the better). For more details, see the chapter “About Doing Business and Doing Business in the (231 days). These differences are driven European Union 2020: Greece, Ireland and Italy.” DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 23 In Palermo, Reggio Calabria and Rome, FIGURE 4.16  Obtaining excavation permits takes one month in Bologna and Rome but six months in Palermo by contrast, customers experienced, on average, more than two outages. And Bologna in Cagliari, Naples, Reggio Calabria and Rome Rome, the total duration of outages in Turin 2018 exceeded one hour (figure 4.17). Bari Cagliari WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED? Florence Naples Streamline the process for obtaining Reggio Calabria excavation permits Genoa The main bottleneck in the process of get- ting electricity in Italy is how long it takes Ancona utilities to obtain the clearances needed Milan before connection works can start. In Padua 4 all cities, an excavation permit from the Palermo municipality is required. Although the 0 50 100 150 200 excavation permit is obtained by the Time (days) distribution utility, it affects how long Require permits from multiple authorities Require only a municipal excavation permit clients have to wait to get the external connection. The total time to complete Source: Doing Business database. the external works and meter installation could be reduced if the municipalities had capacity. For the same distance and frequency and duration of outages they a defined deadline by which they had to subscribed capacity, low-voltage con- experience. In 2018, Bologna had the most issue the excavation permits and all the nection fees are slightly more expensive reliable network: customers experienced other authorizations needed to start the than medium-voltage connection fees on average 0.5 service interruptions, connection works. It is also important to (for the Doing Business case study, EUR lasting a total of less than half an hour. monitor the compliance of the relevant 10,011 and EUR 8,292, respectively). The utility operating in Rome is the only one that charges a fee of EUR 2,500 for pre- FIGURE 4.17  In 2018, outages in Bologna were five times less frequent than in paring the quote, which is done for free Reggio Calabria and five time shorter in duration than in Rome in the other cities. This makes Rome the Average frequence/Average total duration most expensive of the 13 cities in which 3 to obtain new electricity connections. Where a connection to the medium- 2.5 voltage network is required, customers must also purchase and install a second- 2 ary transformer station, according to the technical specification provided by the 1.5 utility. The cost of the secondary trans- former station is EUR 30,000 on average. 1 The electricity supply is most 0.5 reliable in Bologna and Florence and least reliable in Palermo and 0 na ce ua na n a ri in ari s o me io Reggio Calabria log ren Pa d co ila Ge no Ba Tu r gli ple lerm Ro gg ia Bo Flo An M Ca Na Pa Re labr Although automated systems monitor Ca power outages and restore service in all SAIFI (average number of service interruptions experienced by a customer in a 2018) Italian cities, and the energy regulator SAIDI (average total duration of outages in 2018 for each customer served) monitors the utility’s performance, there are differences among the cities in the Source: Doing Business database. 24 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY agency. The introduction of silence- connection points throughout a region or (kVA) load for underground power is-consent rules—such that when the country. Thanks to GIS, utilities have bet- intake, a cost similar to what is charged in approving authority fails to respond with- ter control over the new electricity con- Italy. However, KEPCO charges only 30% in the given time frame, the approval is nections and require less inspections. In of the cost up-front, while the remaining automatically granted—would drastically Istanbul, for example, the utility Boğaziçi 70% is paid in installments over a period reduce the time to obtain the authoriza- Elektrik Dağıtım A.Ş. no longer conducts of up to two years. tions. For other types of administrative external inspections for new electric- authorizations, such as building permits, ity connections. Instead, they use GIS to If a connection to the medium-voltage Italy has already introduced silence-is- check whether an additional transformer network is required, more complicated consent rules. This principle easily could is needed to provide electricity to a new connection works may be necessary. be extended to the process of getting customer. The resulting capital investments in such electricity. cases are covered by the new customer, The requirement that inspectors go to an obligation that substantially raises Relevant authorizations could also be each site could be one of the reasons the total connection cost. The cost of a consolidated into one single permit. This for backlogs in the Italian cities with less new transformer represents a financial would eliminate the need for utilities to staff. Using GIS would help remove such obstacle for most small and medium-size approach multiple offices regarding the backlogs. To make the change gradual enterprises. The distribution utility could same project. It would also avoid the risk and safe, Italy could follow the example contribute to the initial capital invest- of different officials issuing contradic- of Portugal, where the use of GIS to ment, as is done in Thailand. This initial tory decisions. Lithuania offers a good replace site visits was conducted as a investment could be recovered through example of how the process can be pilot project first, in the city of Coimbra, transparent consumption tariffs charged streamlined. There, applicants (in the before it was used widely. to all customers that connect to the new Italian case, these would be utilities) transformer. submit only one consolidated form to Provide the option to pay connection the municipality, which then collects the fees in installments and review the Finally, Italy could take inspiration clearances from different authorities on cost of obtaining a new connection from other EU member states, such as their behalf. Currently in Italy, the connection works Slovakia, and differentiate the connection start after the client has paid the con- fees based on the regional gross domes- Introduce a geographic information nection fees in full. New electricity con- tic product rather than charging the same system for the electricity nections in Italy can be costly, especially fees across the country. This would help distribution network medium-voltage connections, for which customers in regions where the income Inspections by the utility, for which the customers must cover upfront the cost per capita is lower. customer must be present, are one area for the substation. While Italy should where the process in Italy can be simpli- seek ways to reduce such costs over the Improve the reliability of the fied. Currently, once a new connection long run, the utility can provide financing electricity supply request is lodged, utilities in Italy need to options in the near term. One option Minimizing the frequency and duration send a technician to the site to meet with worth considering is allowing customers of power outages is critical for the good the customer. The inspection confirms to pay in installments. A fraction of the of the economy and society in general. the location of the property, checks the bill would need to be paid immediately, Financial sanctions are useful in creat- building’s surroundings, and determines but the balance could then be repaid with ing incentives for distribution utilities precisely where cables and the meter the first few electricity bills, after the con- to maintain a high reliability of supply should be installed. A cost estimate can nection is finalized. throughout the year and across their be issued only once this is done. These entire zone of operations. Italy could rein- inspections are required currently even Italy could look to the example of Croatia, force its system of sanctions for utilities for simple low-voltage connections, where, once the entrepreneur pays at that exceed the caps and benefits for util- where there is no need to install a new least 50% of the connection fee, the ities that perform well. But financial sanc- transformer. external works can start. The remaining tions alone are not enough. A distribution 50% can be paid later, before the con- utility is only the last link in the supply Inspections represent a cost for both nection is electrified. In the Republic of chain for electricity; many actors play utilities and customers. In many econo- Korea, the distribution utility KEPCO key parts in generation, transmission and mies around the world, utilities use a charges a standard construction cost distribution. Moreover, multiple interde- geographic information system (GIS) of about USD 10,000 for a 150-meter pendent factors directly affect reliability. to map their distribution networks and service line with a 140-kilovolt-ampere Evidence suggests that investment levels DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 25 in electricity generation, tariff levels and become more precise as Italian utilities bill collection rates, the operational effi- accumulated more and more data on ciency of the utilities, and the overarching past connections. regulatory framework are all key factors in determining the reliability of supply.53 Introduce an online cost calculator Currently, prospective applicants in Italy cannot determine connection costs ahead of time. The only way to know such costs is to lodge an application and wait for the utility to carry out a visit to the project site and provide a quote. Customers would therefore greatly ben- efit from having more predictability with regard to connection costs. This would also save customers from reaching out informally to suppliers and utilities ahead of submitting an application to get an idea about how much a connec- tion might cost. In Malaysia, a best practice economy in this area of business regulation, the distribution utility TNB has a detailed document on its website that describes different connection schemes and pro- vides the formulas used to calculate the connection costs. To complement such an initiative, sample estimates could also be provided so customers can see the historical cost of connections along with connection details (e.g., load, distance to network, etc.). Another way to increase cost transparency is to publish an online calculator for customers. A Portuguese utility, EDP Distribuição, provides users with such a tool online.54 Ideally, customers would input some basic connection specifics, and the online tool would generate a preliminary estimate. At first, that estimate might be merely a cost range, until Italian utilities refined the calculator. A disclaimer would be needed to alert users to expect to see differences between the calculator’s esti- mate and the more exact estimate that would be issued following the site survey. Even a crude calculator, though, would help guide customers and discourage applicants with insufficient funds. And, over time, the cost calculator would likely 26 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY 4. Registering Property Transferring a property in Italy platform of the Register of Enterprises, Cagliari, Bari and Padua (table 4.9). The is easier than elsewhere in the called Registro delle imprese. process unfolds identically throughout European Union all the cities, requiring the same four Property tenure in Italy is regulated at the The notary then drafts or reviews the procedures, but the time it takes to national level through the Civil Code. Both contract; once the parties agree upon its register property varies from 16 days in the cadastral and land registration are terms, they sign it. The notary’s authen- Rome to 26 days in Padua and Bari. One managed by the Italian Revenue Agency tication of the contract represents the of the main drivers of these differences (Agenzia delle Entrate), which took over moment when the ownership right of the in time is the availability of notaries and the previous Agency of Land (Agenzia del buyer is constituted. On this occasion, how efficient they are. For instance, Territorio) in 2012. the parties pay all necessary taxes, plus notaries tend to take longer in Padua public and notary fees. and Bari than in Rome and Florence. The process for registering property Also, in 2017, each notary in Rome and across Italian cities is relatively efficient. The next and final step of the process Florence received, on average, 151 and Transferring a property from one private requires the notary to submit the tran- 242 transaction requests, respectively. company to another takes, on average, scription note to the Revenue Agency In Padua and Bari, on the other hand, four procedures over three weeks at a online. The note summarizes the infor- notaries received, on average, 460 and cost of EUR 64,240, which represents mation in the deed of sale. While it can 788 transaction requests, respectively. 4.4% of the property value. Versus the only be submitted online, the full deed Additionally, Padua and Bari were part of EU average, Italy uses one fewer pro- can be attached to the note electroni- the last wave to adopt the digital tool for cedure and takes less time and charges cally or given to the local branch of the online registration of property transfers. less to transfer property (figure 4.18). Revenue Agency in paper form. Most The legal basis for online registration was Italian cities perform well on the quality notaries submit it electronically. Upon established in 2000, and deployment of of land administration index, too, scor- submission, notaries receive a confirma- the online registration tool happened in ing, on average, more than 25 points tion of administrative compliance. stages between 2001 and 2012. (out of 30), two points higher than the EU average, and not far from the global In the late 1980s, Italy embarked on a The differences between cities in how best practices. long-term digitalization process that, long it takes to register property can be over time, has simplified and shortened analyzed further based on how long it Typically, transfers of property occur the property registration process. The ini- takes the notary to draft and execute the when owners, who can prove their rights, tiative included digitization of records, as deed, and how long it takes before the and buyers, who mutually agree on the well as a drive toward the use of electronic notary registers the deed with the Land terms of transaction, sign a deed of sale systems. It was implemented in stages in Registry and Cadastre Office. In Palermo, and a notary public authenticates it. various regions of the country; improve- it takes 11 days for notaries to conduct ments continue to this day. Currently, the searches, review the documents and The notary first reviews the documents several operations can be completed execute the deed. The same process submitted by the seller and conducts using the Revenue Agency’s web-based takes 17 days for notaries in Milan and the necessary searches to ascertain the platform, Sister, including encumbrance Padua. Submitting the transcription note seller’s rights to the property (figure searches, cadastral searches, the updat- to register the deed after the deed’s 4.19). The notary also checks whether or ing of land plot maps, the updating of execution takes notaries 3 days in Milan, not the property is free of encumbrances building plans, and registering owner- 10 days in Bari and 12 days in Turin. and ensures there are no outstanding ship changes. Several information and taxes on it due to the Revenue Agency. communications technology tools were The cost of completing a property trans- These initial checks are performed on developed over time (box 4.2). fer is the same throughout the country the web-based platform Sister, which and stands at EUR 64,240 (4.4% of the provides access to both the cadastral Property registration is fastest in property value). Revenue Agency fees are and the land registry databases. Last, the Rome, slowest in Bari and Padua also identical and set nationally. Notary notary verifies the company’s status and Registering property is easier in Rome, charges were deregulated in 2012 but its representative’s mandate on the online Bologna and Genoa and more difficult in remain at roughly the same level, about DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 27 FIGURE 4.18  Italian cities perform better on the quality of land administration index and complete property registration more efficiently than the EU average EFFICIENCY OF PROPERTY REGISTRATION Procedures Time Cost (number) (days) (% of property value) Portugal, Sweden 1 1 Slovakia 0 (EU and global best) Netherlands (EU best) (EU and global best) 2 5 1 3 10 Spain 15 Rome 4 4 All 13 Italian cities Florence Palermo, Reggio Calabria All 13 Italian cities 20 4 Italian cities EU average EU average 5 5 Genoa 25 Cagliari Germany, Spain 6 EU average Turin 30 Bari, Padua Spain 6 7 40 Germany France 7 France 8 45 France 9 50 8 Germany 10 55 13 Greece (EU lowest) 11 130 Malta (EU lowest) 12 Poland (EU lowest) 135 14 QUALITY OF LAND ADMINISTRATION INDEX (0–30) 30 29 Lithuania, Netherlands (EU best) 28 27 Bologna, Genoa, Rome 26 Ancona 5 Italian cities 25 France 24 4 Italian cities Germany 23 EU average Spain 22 5 Greece (EU lowest) 4 0 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The averages for the European Union are based on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. Other countries are represented by their largest city as measured by global Doing Business. 28 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Fee (Tassa ipotecaria) of EUR 35 (figure FIGURE 4.19  How the process works: FIGURE 4.20  Revenue Agency fees the four steps to transfer property in Italy 4.20). constitute more than 90% of the total cost to register property in Italian cities Preregistration Agency Bologna, Genoa and Rome score Conduct search on Revenue Notary and Revenue highest on the quality of land Agency databases Agency administration index Conduct search on the Notary and Chamber The cities’ scores on the quality of land Revenue Agency Fees 92% Companies' Registry database of Commerce administration index vary slightly from 24 points (out of 30) in Bari, Cagliari, Sign and notarize the deed Notary Padua and Reggio Calabria to 26.5 points in Bologna, Genoa and Rome. The quality Notary charges Registration Agency 8% Register title transfer at Notary and Revenue of land administration index measures Revenue Agency Agency performance in five areas: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of informa- Source: Doing Business database. tion, geographic coverage, land dispute Source: Doing Business database. resolution and equal access to property EUR 5,000 in each of the 13 Italian rights. and interconnected, and properties are cities benchmarked. Revenue Agency easily identified by the same number in fees constitute more than 90% of the All Italian cities receive the maximum both entities. The geographic component total costs. They include the Property score for the reliability of infrastructure measures the extent to which the land Registration Tax (Imposta ipotecaria), and geographic coverage (8 points). The registry and mapping system provide which is 3% of the property value; the reliability of infrastructure component complete geographic coverage of private- Cadastral Tax (Imposta catastale), which measures whether the land registry ly held land parcels. The land registries is 1% of property value; a Stamp Duty and mapping system (cadaster) have and cadastral offices in all Italian cities (Imposta di bollo) of EUR 230; a registra- adequate infrastructure to guarantee have 100% territorial coverage. tion tax (Imposta di registro) of EUR 200; high standards and reduce errors. Indeed, a Title Transfer Fee (Diritti catastali per in all Italian cities, the lands registry The transparency of information compo- voltura) of EUR 55, and a Registration and cadastral databases are electronic nent measures whether and how the land administration system makes land-related information available to the public. Eight TABLE 4.9  Registering property across Italian cities requires the same procedural cities55 score 4.5 points out of 6, while steps, but the time to complete them varies five cities56 score 4 points. The difference Cost Quality of land between the groups is due to the lack of Score Procedures Time (% of property administration City Rank (0–100) (number) (days) value) index (0–30) transparent statistics available on prop- erty transfers for the latter group of cities. Rome 1 81.75 4 16 4.4 26.5 The Revenue Agency publishes detailed Bologna 2 81.27 4 20 4.4 26.5 reports containing statistics for the first Genoa 3 81.03 4 22 4.4 26.5 eight major cities, but not for the others. Ancona 4 80.85 4 20 4.4 26 None of the Italian cities publish service Florence 5 80.79 4 17 4.4 25.5 standards nor do they publish comprehen- Palermo 6 80.67 4 18 4.4 25.5 sive lists of documents to be submitted for each type of property transaction. Milan 7 80.43 4 20 4.4 25.5 Naples 7 80.43 4 20 4.4 25.5 The land dispute resolution index Turin 9 79.84 4 25 4.4 25.5 measures the accessibility of conflict Reggio Calabria 10 79.42 4 18 4.4 24 resolution mechanisms and the extent Cagliari 11 78.83 4 23 4.4 24 of liability for entities or agents record- Bari 12 78.47 4 26 4.4 24 ing land transactions. The score varies Padua 12 78.47 4 26 4.4 24 between 4 points and 6 points out of 8. All cities earn points for making the Source: Doing Business database. Note: Rankings are based on the average score for the procedures, time and cost associated with registering property, registration of all property transactions as well as on the quality of land administration index. The score is normalized to range from 0 to 100 (the higher the mandatory by law, for checking the score, the better). For more details, see the chapter “About Doing Business and Doing Business in the European Union Member States 2020: Greece, Ireland and Italy. documents and the identities of the DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 29 BOX 4.2  Italy developed several technological tools to improve land administration Italy has a long history of developing information and communication technology tools to improve and speed-up property transfers in the country, including the following examples: Sister, or Sistema Territorio, is a web-based platform for citizens to access and interact with the Revenue Agency. The platform was created in the early 1990s to allow users to access its database through a direct dedicated connection in exchange for a consider- able annual fee. In 2008, it began to offer access through authentication at significantly lower fees. Sister is the principal registry tool for operations such as searches, updates and registrations. DOCFA is the software used to fill in the forms needed to update the Buildings’ Cadaster database. The first version was launched in 1996, followed by several upgrades ever since. The current 4.0 version can be downloaded for free from the Revenue Agency’s web- site. Since 2015, customers have been able to use it to update the cadastral records in cases such as new buildings, restructurings, mergers, divisions and extensions of urban properties by authorized experts. After the updates are processed by DOCFA software, they are communicated to the agency’s database through the Sister platform. PREGEO is the geographic information system (GIS) software used to update the parcels’ cadaster database. As with DOCFA, it is used for updates of the properties, but this GIS system is specifically for the land parcels. Its first version was launched in the 2000s, followed by various upgrades later. It can be downloaded for free from the Revenue Agency’s website. Only authorized experts are allowed to make changes in the system. Adempimento Unico Telematico (“unique online compliance system”) is the online form notaries use to lodge records and conduct registration of ownership rights online. It is powered by UniMod software. The legal basis for the online form was established in 2000. Use of the current version of the form was pushed in stages across Italy, starting with the first wave in 2010, followed by another wave in 2011, and being adopted finally across the entire country in 2012. Since 2015, the online submission of registration has been mandatory. parties, for providing guarantees for the to access and update the cadastral and reforms across the country. However, transaction and for having a national land registry records online. Many such there are still many ways to improve and database in which the identity of all efforts were underway to some extent further reform the process of registering parties can be verified. However, no city and in several cities during the last round property in Italy. Some recommendations has a compensation mechanism in place of benchmarking, but they have been follow. specific to land matters. Additionally, no enhanced and expanded since then. city publishes statistics on land-related Increase transparency by making all disputes. The variation among the cities With legislative decree 63/2013, obtain- relevant information for property in how they score on the index is linked ing an Energy Efficiency Certificate transactions available online, to how efficiently local courts handle stopped being compulsory for transac- including lists of documents needed property-related disputes. Obtaining a tions that involve buildings, such as to complete property transactions court decision on a land dispute varies warehouses, not intended for housing or The Revenue Agency publishes on its from one to two years in four cities57 to hosting. That reform not only eliminated website the fee schedules for cadaster more than three years in four cities.58 one procedure, it also shortened the time and land registration services, but it does and lowered the cost to register property. not publish a list of documents for con- Also, since the latest benchmarking, the ducting property transactions. It should WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED? Agency of Land (Agenzia del Territorio), be noted that such a list is available on which is the agency in charge of land reg- the Council of Notaries website, but a Since the last subnational benchmarking istration and cadaster, was incorporated good practice would be to publish the list was conducted in Italy seven years ago, into the Revenue Agency (Agenzia delle of documents on the property registra- Italian cities have made property registra- Entrate). tion agency’s website. Having that list tion easier. The main themes of reform to point to would allow authorities to have been the further digitalization of Overall, these measures increased the achieve full transparency regarding the records and the use of web-based tools for cities’ convergence in performance on information relevant to property transac- registration and transcription of ownership the property registration indicator mainly tions. It is important that the information changes. These measures allow notaries by expanding nascent and existing be easily accessible, in a user-friendly 30 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY format. Additionally, such a document system. Publishing statistics should be a the data to analyze the causes of delays list should be regularly reviewed and continuous process, and they should be and identify measures to prevent them. updated. Good practices in this area exist regularly updated. Authorities in Norway, within and outside the European Union. for example, publish detailed and disag- Introduce standard contracts for For instance, in Lithuania, land registry gregated statistics on land transactions property transfers and consider authorities have published detailed and update them on a quarterly basis making the use of notaries optional instructions and requirements regarding (figure 4.21). In Italy, all property transactions require property transactions on their website.59 that a notary authenticate the deed of In Norway, authorities have published Consider updating the legal sale between two parties. Working with detailed guidelines on how the transfer framework to introduce tighter a notary adds extra time and cost to the process works for each type of transfer deadlines for submission of the process, however. There are many coun- and what official forms to use.60 transcription note tries where the use of legal profession- Although notaries could submit the als, such as notaries, is not mandated by Publish statistics on property transcription note to the Land Registry law. Companies are allowed to choose transactions for all cities and immediately after stipulating the deed, whether and when to seek legal assis- statistics on land disputes for each many of them take longer to do so. The tance. One way to make such a reform applicable local court delay might occasionally represent a successful is for the Land Registry to Only eight of the Italian cities bench- risk for buyers because someone could introduce standardized contracts for marked publish accessible and misuse that lag time to register another property transactions, which typically transparent land registry statistics on transaction or place a mortgage on the diminish the risk of mistakes or omis- property transactions. Ancona, Bari, property. The Revenue Agency could sions. Offering such contracts would Cagliari, Padua and Reggio Calabria do generate statistics on the time elapsed also reduce both the time and cost to not publish such statistics in a disag- between the deeds’ stipulation dates and register property. Companies could still gregated and transparent way. Statistics the submission of their corresponding consult legal professionals and draw related to land disputes in local courts are transcription notes. The Agency, ideally up tailor-made contracts, especially not published at all. Publishing that data in concert with the notaries, could use for more complex transactions, but by would increase the transparency of the choice. Three out of four economies around the FIGURE 4.21  Publishing annual statistics strengthens transparency in Norway world, including many EU member states, do not mandate the use of legal profes- sionals by law. For instance, Portugal successfully made notary involvement optional for companies wishing to trans- fer property. Parties need only sign the agreement in person at the registry. As a result, registering property in several of the benchmarked Portuguese cities takes only one procedure and one day. The reg- istry provides standard official templates that the transaction parties can sign. Other EU member states with similar practices include Denmark and Sweden. Introduce a specific compensation mechanism for certified erroneous transactions Several countries have established funds to compensate parties that suffer damages or losses because of inadver- tent certifications on the part of Land Registries. These funds serve to increase Source: Statistics Norway (https://www.ssb.no/en/). the efficiency of dispute settlements by DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 31 avoiding the additional time and cost burdens all parties incur when they go to court. For instance, in Ireland, one can file a direct claim requesting such funds with the Property Registration Authority.61 Similarly, the United Kingdom has a statutory compensation scheme that allows claims to be made directly to the Land Registry. Claims can be submit- ted for mistakes in the register or for such reasons as loss or destruction of records.62 Similar provisions exist under the Swedish Land Code.63 Reduce the time to obtain decisions on land disputes from the courts Resolving property disputes in court is typically a measure of last resort. Nevertheless, obtaining timely court decisions is a measure of system effi- ciency, particularly as it concerns real estate, which constitutes a vast portion of the economy in most countries. Obtaining a first instance court judgment for a standard land dispute between two local business over tenure rights of a property takes more than three years in Bari, Cagliari, Padua and Reggio Calabria. In Florence, Milan, Naples, Palermo and Turin, the dispute judgment takes between two and three years, while in Ancona, Bologna, Genoa and Rome it takes between one and two years. To reduce the time needed to resolve land disputes in local courts, authorities could introduce a range of measures to help shorten the duration of civil trials or better manage caseloads. Detailed reform recommendations outlined in the “Enforcing contracts” section of this report (the next section) provide guid- ance on how to improve court efficiency. 32 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY 5. Enforcing Contracts Italian cities lag behind other EU among its priorities is making litigation for one city, all Italian locations exceed member states regarding the cost easier and faster.65 For example, as of the EU cost average. This places Italy of litigation and how long it takes 2017, the country had cut its civil case among the six most expensive EU mem- Research has linked strong and efficient backlogs by more than 30% in eight ber states68 to resolve the standardized judicial institutions to many factors of years.66 However, owing to a long his- commercial dispute underlying the Doing economic growth, including more entre- tory of court backlogs and slow litigation, Business case study.69 Conversely, on the preneurship and innovation, broader Italy still has a lot of room to improve quality of judicial processes index,70 the access to credit and stronger investor and close the gap with its peers in the average performance across Italy—13 of confidence, to name a few. Where firms European Union. 18 possible points—is better than the EU and investors have the assurance that average of 11.6 points (figure 4.22). courts will resolve legal disputes within Resolving a commercial dispute through a reasonable time and provide transpar- the district courts in the benchmarked Litigation across Italy: same ent and enforceable decisions, they are Italian cities takes longer and costs more rules, but local conditions and more likely to participate actively in the than in most of the European Union. All practices lead to divergences in market.64 13 Italian cities lag behind the global and process efficiency and cost EU average regarding the time to resolve In Italy, district courts (tribunali) are the For these reasons, in the decade following disputes.67 At 25.3% of the claim value, competent first-instance courts for litigat- the global financial crisis, Italy focused the average cost of litigating is a fifth ing the assumed Doing Business case—a much of its attention on improving its more expensive than in the European breach of contract dispute between two business enabling environment. Chief Union (21.2% of the claim value). Save companies, valued at EUR 57,010.71 There FIGURE 4.22  While Italian cities lag behind their regional peers in the time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute, they outpace the EU average on the quality of judicial processes EFFICIENCY OF CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT QUALITY OF JUDICIAL Time Cost PROCESSES INDEX (days) (% of claim value) (0–18) 1 0 18 300 9 Luxembourg (EU best) Luxembourg (EU best) 10 17 400 France 14 16 Germany Germany 500 15 Spain 600 16 Lithuania, United Kingdom (EU best) 15 EU average 700 Spain 17 14 France 18 Reggio Calabria Bologna, Naples 800 13 Turin EU average 21 11 Italian cities 900 Milan 22 Bari Germany Bologna Palermo France 12 1,000 23 EU average Genoa Rome 24 Cagliari Spain 11 1,100 Naples Padua Ancona Italian average 25 Turin Italian average 1,200 Cagliari 26 Ancona 10 1,300 Florence, Palermo Bologna 27 9 Milan, Rome 1,400 28 Florence, Genoa 29 8 1,500 Bari, Naples Padua 30 Netherlands (EU lowest) 7 Greece (EU lowest) 1,700 45 1,750 Reggio Calabria United Kingdom (EU lowest) 46 0 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The averages for the European Union are based on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. Other countries are represented by their largest city as measured by global Doing Business. DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 33 is no dedicated commercial court or sec- However, across the 13 cities measured, at least one hearing, to confirm intent tion for such cases. Although most district the ordinary trial procedure (rito ordi- and manner of enforcement. The judge courts have a section for corporate matters nario) is most commonly used for the subsequently issues a decision instruct- (Tribunale delle Imprese), these divisions assumed Doing Business case. Under the ing the local judicial auctioneer (Istituti deal mainly with specific subjects like ordinary procedure, a minimum of four Vendite Giudiziarie or IVG) to remove and antitrust, copyrights, intellectual property, hearings are required before a judgment sell the seized assets online.74 Following and mergers and acquisitions, and they is delivered.73 The final judgment is then the auction, the IVG will remit the funds are not sections of general commercial filed with the court chancellery. The to the winning plaintiff. jurisdiction. As such, Italian courts do not losing party then has 30 days to file an distinguish commercial contract claims appeal. The efficiency and cost of from ordinary civil cases in their caseload. litigation varies widely across Enforcement is a separate and lengthy Italy, while differences in judicial Owing to national regulations, improve- judicial process. The winning plaintiff quality are minor ments and process computerization (box starts by serving the defendant with a Litigating a commercial contract dispute 4.3), filing a commercial lawsuit and copy of the judgment, the enforcement is easiest in Turin, where trials and serving the defendant is a uniform and order (formula esecutiva) prepared by the enforcement procedures are relatively efficient process across Italy. Once the court chancellery, and a request for vol- fast (table 4.10). The average trial in Turin plaintiff has served the defendant and untary payment of the judgment amount ends almost four months sooner than in filed the case with the district court, the (atto di precetto). Because the Doing Milan, the next fastest city. Among the court chancellery assigns the case to the Business case assumes pretrial attach- 13 cities, Turin’s efficiency for enforcing relevant court section, according to crite- ment, the identification, assessment a judgment (250 days) is second only ria defined in the court’s strategic man- and seizure of the insolvent defendants’ to Bologna’s (220 days). Resolving a agement plan.72 Generally, assignments movable assets will have already been commercial dispute is most difficult are reviewed by the court president. The performed by the judicial officer (ufficiale in Florence, where it takes 1,275 days. receiving section’s president will then giudiziario), in parallel with the trial. Once Although it takes even longer in Bari, allocate cases to individual judges. the plaintiff obtains a favorable judg- Naples and Reggio Calabria, a combi- ment, the judicial officer finalizes the nation of how long it takes to resolve Three types of court procedure, including seizure report. The report is then filed disputes and the relatively high cost two expedited measures (box 4.4), could with an execution judge, along with the (27.8% of the claim value) to do so sets apply to a standard commercial dispute. final trial judgment. The process requires Florence behind the pack. Florence faces BOX 4.3  Commercial litigation: a unique and efficient electronic case-filing and service process sets Italy apart Two main factors make filing a commercial lawsuit and serving a defendant business relatively standard, fast and easy across Italy. First, Italy’s nationalized filing and service process is unique. Globally, many jurisdictions require the plaintiff to file a complaint with the court before serving the defendant with a court-issued summons. However, in Italy, the lawyer prepares the complaint and serves it on the defendant prior to filing the case with the court.a This shifts one of the major bottlenecks observed elsewhere—the court’s review of the complaint—to another phase of the case.b It also allows for the defendant to be notified of the pending legal action sooner. Second, by computerizing the filing and service procedures, Italy has significantly streamlined the process.c Since 2012, all businesses are required to have registered, certified e-mail addresses.d Consequently, in practice, service is carried out by e-mail across the cities measured, which removes the inefficiency of traditional service of process—including postal delays, the involvement of service agents and the defendant’s physical unavailability to receive service. Electronic processes for starting a lawsuit are facilitated through certified e-mail (Posta Eletronica Certificata or PEC). The PEC en- sures immediate service of process on the defendant. Upon service, the plaintiff must file the summons with the court chancellery within 10 days from service of process (costituzione dell’attore). PEC functionalities—including payment of court fees and filing the summons with the court—are also easily accessed through the lawyers’ e-platform (Consolle dell’Avvocato). a. Articles 137, 163, 163-bis, 165 Italian Code of Civil Procedure. b. Certified e-mail addresses are registered with and maintained by the local chamber of commerce. Consultative meetings with Italian local court representatives. May 7, 2019 – May 16, 2019. c. Ministry of Justice of Italy. “Servizi Online.” Deposito iscrizione a ruolo. http://pst.giustizia.it/PST/it/pst_1_0.wp?previousPage=pst_1_2&contentId=SPR377. d. Italian Law Decree No. 179/2012. 34 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY BOX 4.4  Expedited trial procedures are catching on, but the ordinary trial procedure is still most common Before trial, plaintiffs may request a fast-track decision by alleging there is enough documentary evidence for the judge to make a summary decision in their favor.a Following an initial hearing and review of the parties’ filings, the judge rules, if the judge determines there is enough evidence to support findings. Otherwise, the court proceeds with the ordinary trial procedure. Consequently, the expedited judgment request is typically only granted in very simple cases, allowing for the ruling to be recorded as a short-form order (ordinanza), instead of a full-length judgment (sentenza). Also, during trials, judges may themselves decide to provide a faster, succinct, oral ruling based on the evidence presented to date.b To this end, the judge schedules a final hearing and gives the parties a short time window to submit concise, written closing argu- ments. During the hearing, the judge discusses the factual and legal grounds for the decision. Although these instruments have contributed to reducing backlogs over the last few years, collectively they are only used in a third of cases.c Judges report a hesitation to use expedited procedures with greater frequency in commercial cases because such cases tend to be more complex and vulnerable to appeal.d Yet, expedited procedures matter for commercial litigants, because they reduce the time that litigants’ money is tied up in court. Commercial court or specialized court divisions have been proven to expedite such litigation. One reason for this is judges special- ize in commercial issues and become more apt to quickly dispose of such cases. Usually, specialized courts or sections also have simplified procedural rules, which makes for shorter trials. Globally, 104 countries have a commercial court or specialized division, and the average time to resolve a commercial dispute is 92 days lower in these economies. a. Plaintiffs may invoke Article 702-bis, Italian Code of Civil Procedure. b. Judges may invoke Article 281-sexies, Italian Code of Civil Procedure. c. Consultative meeting with the Legislative Office of the Ministry of Justice of Italy. July 16, 2019. d. Consultative meetings with Italian local court representatives. May 7, 2019 – May 16, 2019. some challenges the other cities do not, many high-profile banking cases.75 For Imprese, creating a backlog of other civil though, partly because it has histori- many years, its staff resources have cases, including contract claims. Despite cally been the forum for the litigation of been dedicated to the Tribunale delle historical backlogs, conditions have improved in Florence over the last few years, partly because of increased use of TABLE 4.10  Enforcing contracts in Italy—where is it easier? alternative dispute resolution (box 4.5). Quality of judicial While the duration and cost of litigation Score Time Cost processes index are the main factors driving the variance City Rank (0-100) (days) (% of claim) (0-18) in contract enforcement across Italian Turin 1 61.17 860 25.0 13 cities, there is little variation in the quality Milan 2 56.82 985 27.5 13 of judicial processes. Bologna 3 56.75 1,030 26.9 13.5 The total time to resolve a commercial Genoa 4 54.65 1,060 27.9 13 dispute and enforce judgment ranges Rome 5 53.10 1,120 27.6 13 from just two years and four months Padua 6 52.25 1,130 29.2 13 (860 days) in Turin to four years and ten Ancona 7 52.05 1,180 26.1 13 months (1,750 days) in Reggio Calabria. Cagliari 8 51.04 1,245 24.0 13 Because the process of filing suit is Reggio Calabria 9 50.75 1,750 17.9 13 nationalized and electronic, in practice Palermo 10 50.65 1,275 22.8 13 lawyers prepare the complaint and serve Bari 11 49.27 1,470 21.8 13 the defendant in just 10 days across all Naples 12 49.02 1,470 24.9 13.5 measured Italian cities. This is a marked Florence 13 48.80 1,275 27.8 13 improvement and average time reduction of nearly 20 days across the nine cities Source: Doing Business database. Note: Rankings are based on the average score for time and cost associated with enforcing a contract as well as previously measured in Doing Business for the quality of judicial processes index. The score is normalized to range from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the in Italy 2013.76 Additionally, while the better). For more details, see the chapter “About Doing Business and Doing Business in the European Union Member States 2020: Greece, Ireland and Italy.” average time in the European Union is 41 DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 35 BOX 4.5  Florence models the advantages of alternative dispute resolution through a novel program Starting in 2013, Florence became a pilot location for mediation services. Scholars from the University of Florencea started collabo- rating with the local district court through a project called Nausicaa. The program brought together judges, lawyers and academ- ics to develop learning modules aimed at helping the court promote alternative dispute resolution (ADR) as a means of reducing historical case backlogs. In 2017, the University and the court president expanded the program’s mission to provide direct technical assistance to judges. They renamed the program Giustizia Semplice and secured new local partners to contribute to the effort.b Each year, the program provides scholarships to ten post-graduate scholars, with knowledge of civil procedure and ADR, to support Florentine judges in determining which cases should be referred to mediation. Each scholar assists two judges by reviewing case details, preparing a draft list of the individual judges’ pending cases that may be suited to mediation, discussing the list with judges, and subsequently writing the draft mediation order for cases the judges agree to refer to the Organismo di Conciliazione di Firenze.c In parallel, the program trains lawyers on mediation. The overarching goal is to holistically change perceptions about ADR and raise mediation to the standing of traditional litigation in the legal culture. Owing to this program, the number of pending cases in Florence’s district court’s third section and Tribunale delle Imprese have consistently decreased since 2013.d Moreover, successes in Florence have inspired budding mediation initiatives in other courts in Latina, Rome and Trieste and a broader partnership between the program and the Region of Umbria. The program is now preparing to publish its toolkit—on assessing case suitability for mediation—to make this information publicly available to all legal practitio- ners. To ensure future sustainability, it is also developing an algorithm, based on Giustizia Semplice’s toolkit and results, to automate the process of determining case-mediation compatibility. a. For more information, see https://www.unifi.it/art-3838-la-giustizia-e-le-soluzioni-complementari-al-processo.html. b. These include the Chamber of Commerce of Florence, the Cassa Di Risparmio Foundation, the Metropolitan City of Florence and the local bar association. c. The Organismo di Conciliazione di Firenze is the court-annexed mediation center at the District Court of Florence. http://www.conciliazionefirenze.org/. Judges do not send all cases to mediation. Of the approximately 3,500 cases scholars have recommended for mediation, judges referred about 1,160. Moreover, through monitoring and evaluation, program staff have found that the earlier judges send cases to mediation during the trial process (i.e. before evidentiary hearings), the greater the likeliness that ADR will succeed. d. The impact is notable, especially in the court’s third section. The number of pending cases dropped to 6,926 cases in 2019 from a peak of 10,352 in 2013. In the Tribunale delle Imprese, which hears many high-profile banking cases, improvements are slower but significant. Since 2018, pending cases have dropped from 750 to 706. days, Italy is now among the two fastest jurisdictions, like Bari and Palermo, it especially in commercial matters, and EU jurisdictions in which to file a suit, is common to have six hearings. These are more prone to grant adjournments. along with the Netherlands. Conversely, additional court appearances and long This is especially true during evidentiary trial and enforcement procedures are wait times between hearings make for hearings and in cases requiring expert slow and widely varied. longer trials. In fact, in the three loca- testimony. Practitioners report this to be tions with the longest trial time, litigants an issue in Naples, Palermo, Rome and The trial and judgment phase is the spend an aggregate of 24 to 30 months Reggio Calabria. biggest driver of variation in the time it waiting between the multiple hearings.77 takes to enforce contracts and overall This excludes wait times for the very first Backlogs combined with other factors performance on the enforcing contracts hearing and between the second-to-last make for slow trials. For example, in indicator. The duration of this phase and final hearings. Reggio Calabria, where trial time is the ranges from 600 days in Turin to 1,440 longest, the court suffers from backlogs days in Reggio Calabria, where a backlog While longer wait times are associated and a shortage of professional judges. of cases and shortage of judges hamper with backlogs, additional hearings are More specifically, anecdotal evidence efficiency. Across Italy, the average trial partly due to adjournments, especially suggests that judges often transfer out lasts two and a half years (figure 4.23). in those cases presided over by honor- of the jurisdiction when they meet the Cities face common challenges that ary judges (Giudici Onorari di Tribunale). minimum number of years to request influence trial time, including notable This corps of temporary professionals— a rotation in order to gain experience in backlogs, adjournments, delays in judg- appointed for three years at a time—has larger jurisdictions. Changes in presid- ment issuance and staffing gaps. been established throughout the Italian ing judges disrupt and delay ongoing courts to assist in purging backlogs. cases. On average, the first trial hearing Although the law requires four trial hear- However, honorary judges are often takes place four months after filing. ings, the Italian average is five. In some junior and lack specialized expertise, Additionally, an average of six months 36 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY FIGURE 4.23  The duration of the trial and judgment phase drives variation across cities in how long it takes to resolve a commercial dispute EU average 41 458 138 Turin 10 600 250 Milan 10 715 260 Bologna 10 800 220 Genoa 10 780 270 Rome 10 840 270 Padua 10 850 270 Ancona 10 900 270 Italian average 10 909 300 Cagliari 10 900 335 Florence 10 900 365 Palermo 10 900 365 Bari 10 1,095 365 Naples 10 1,095 365 Reggio Calabria 10 1,440 300 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 Time to resolve a commercial dispute (calendar days) Filing and service Trial and judgment Enforcement of judgment Source: Doing Business database. Note: The average for the European Union is based on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. elapse between the multiple hearings task. Rather than writing a summary optimize efficiency, Turin has disaggre- before judges adjourn prior to the final of the rationale for their ruling, the law gated electronic and in-person filings so hearing. Cagliari, Florence, Naples and requires judges to provide a rationale they are handled by two different offices. Rome also report staffing challenges. In for their finding on each point raised in This division of labor had the effect of Rome, the shortage of judges in relation the complaint.81 Judges also report that making the chancellery more efficient, to the caseload has been exacerbated by workloads are challenging. allowing more of its staff to support the suppression of some provincial courts judges directly. In turn, this affords judges in the city’s periphery.79 Top performing cities benefit additional support, beyond trainees, in from concerted efforts to managing their workload. The largest bottleneck throughout Italian improve court efficiency and courts, however, remains issuance of the circumstantial advantages Milan, the country’s financial capital, final judgment, which makes up more Turin leads the pack, partly because of its benefits from a civil section that is highly than 20% of total trial time, on average. successful backlog-reduction program, specialized in litigating commercial mat- By law, judges must issue their judgment starting in the early 2000s.82 Furthering ters. Additionally, Milan has historically within 60 days of the last hearing.80 these efforts, the current court president been a pioneer in using information and Consequently, after the second-to-last has focused on developing management communication technology to manage hearing, it is common practice for judges criteria that ensure the court’s judges cases.83 Yet, more recent initiatives, to postpone the final hearing to afford and other staff are assigned to sections such as regular strategic planning and themselves the opportunity to issue a according to their expertise. This has cre- monitoring and evaluation, have helped timely judgment. Owing to this practice, ated a corps of very specialized profes- Milan remain among the top performers wait time—from the second-to-last hear- sional and honorary judges. Additionally, since 2013. Beyond the three-year stra- ing to judgment issuance—is often the while electronic case filing is common tegic plan all courts must prepare, Milan main driver of total trial time. In many among companies everywhere, in Turin also produces an annual management jurisdictions, judges lack support staff to it has caught on even among citizens. plan. The latter is based on projections assist in writing judgments. Moreover, Consequently, most of the court’s incom- from the previous year’s court perfor- writing judgments is a time-consuming ing cases are filed electronically. To mance reports.84 This allows for quick DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 37 reallocation of judges to sections that (Agenzia delle Entrate) tax database exceeds the EU average, save for in one need them most. Additionally, Milan to help identify alternative, publicly area, court structure and proceedings was first to pilot a new staff-support recorded assets for seizure. (figure 4.25). Among Italian cities, per- program for judges, called Ufficio per il formance on this index ranges from 13 Processo. The program creates a “judge’s The cost of litigation varies from 17.9% points in eleven cities to half a point more office” of sorts, by allowing professional in Reggio Calabria to 29.2% of the claim in Bologna and Naples, which performed judges to apply for a trainee and honorary value in Padua, with an average of 25.3% slightly higher than the others on the judges to support them in leveraging their across the benchmarked cities. Attorney court structure and proceedings index. workload. fees remain the biggest source of differ- ence between the Italian and EU averages The corresponding district courts have Genoa’s experience has been the inverse (figure 4.24). Moreover, ranging from developed automated, electronic sys- of Rome’s. The city’s population has 10% to 20.4% of the claim value, these tems, which use an algorithm to assign consistently dropped over the last few fees are also the main source of variation cases to the various sections of the decades. In the meantime, the allocation in the cost of litigation among Italian court.89 The systems use the subject- of judges has remained unchanged, in cities. The Ministry of Justice’s decree matter code that lawyers apply when Genoa’s favor.85 This means a compara- 55, of 2014, offers guidance for lawyers filing to assign the case to the relevant tively better ratio of judges to inhabitants to set reasonable fees, but it is not section. The algorithm considers each and a more manageable workload for binding.87 Moreover, the recommended section’s workload and assigns cases to individual judges. Similarly, Padua has a charging scales are wide, giving lawyers individual judges accordingly, remov- well and fully staffed court. More spe- significant latitude in setting fees. The ing the need for the section president’s cifically, the court’s second section, which data also show that there is a regional review. In other locations, this process is would hear the assumed Doing Business dimension to fees. On average, legal fees done manually by the chancellery. case, has 11 professional and 7 honorary are 34% higher in Rome and the northern judges—a high number as compared to cities, as compared to the south, where Pretrial attachment of assets and small- other locations, many of which await the lawyers sometimes charge less than the claims courts, with fast-track procedures, filling of judgeship vacancies. For example, recommended minimum fee. Court and are available in all jurisdictions. Yet, Italy in Bari, as of May 2019, the court’s civil enforcement fees are regulated nation- does not have a specialized court or divi- division had eight vacancies, which are not ally.88 The minor variations in court fees sions dedicated solely to hearing general expected to be filled until the next recruit- stem from the local cost of engaging commercial cases. ment cycle is completed in 2020. expert witnesses for trial. Italy is more advanced on case manage- Enforcement takes about ten months on With regard to the quality of judicial ment because of nationally available average and ranges from seven months processes, average Italian performance tools judges and lawyers can use to in Bologna to one year in Bari, Florence, Naples and Palermo. The Italian aver- age is over twice the EU’s (138 days). FIGURE 4.24  Italians pay higher attorney and enforcement fees but lower court fees, Because enforcement is partly a judicial on average, than their EU counterparts process requiring a ruling from an execu- Italy (average) EU (average) tion judge, where trial time is longer, Total cost: 25.3% of claim value Total cost: 21.2% of claim value enforcement also tends to take longer. Organizing the sale of moveable assets— to satisfy the judgment amount—can 4.7% 3.8% also take anywhere from three to six months throughout the jurisdictions. 4.0% This depends in part on the local IVG’s 16.6% 4.9% 12.5% workload and efficiency. Additionally, since the introduction of article 492-bis of the Code of Civil Procedure, many liti- gants are moving away from enforcement via the sale of moveable assets, making Attorney Court Enforcement such sales less frequent and popular.86 Source: Doing Business database. This provision gives lawyers and judicial Note: The averages for the European Union are based on economy-level data for the 28 EU member states. Costs officers access to the Revenue Agency’s shown for Italy are an average of costs across the 13 cities measured. 38 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Good case management includes active FIGURE 4.25  Italy surpasses the EU average in all but one area on the quality of judicial processes index consultation with the parties to establish clear rules on when or how many adjourn- Court structure and proceedings (-1–5) 6 ments are allowed and to set realistic 5 deadlines for key events in each case. 4 In the European Union, rules limiting 3 adjournments exist and are observed in 2 nine member states.94 In Bulgaria and Alternative dispute 1 Croatia, which fall into this category and Case management (0–6) resolution (0–3) were measured at the subnational level between 2017 and 2018, the average time to resolve a commercial dispute was 68% and 42% shorter than in Italy, respective- ly.95 In Croatia, although the law does not limit the number of adjournments, it only Court automation (0–4) allows them in unforeseen and exceptional Italy EU average EU best circumstances. The Riga Central Court in Latvia exhibits another good practice: Source: Doing Business database. judges cannot postpone hearings without Note: The average for the European Union is based on economy-level data for 28 EU member states. Among EU setting a new date. Beyond the European member states, Croatia, Poland and Romania have the highest score on the court structure and proceedings index; Latvia has the highest score on the case management index; Estonia, Lithuania and Slovakia share the highest score Union, in New South Wales (Australia), on the court automation index; and Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Spain share the highest score on the alternative dispute resolution index. there is a strong disincentive to ask for an adjournment: requesting party is made to manage cases. These are the Consolle pay the other party’s added costs when an del Magistrato for judges and Consolle WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED? adjournment is granted. dell’Avvocato for lawyers.90 Additionally, Italy has time standards for trial events. Limit the number, duration and In Italy, some adjournments are also However, Italian law does not limit the reasons for granting adjournments linked to judges’ capacity and workload. number or reasons for trial adjournments Trial adjournments lead to additional hear- Overburdened judges and those who lack and pretrial conferences are not part of ings and can thus limit court efficiency. expertise in certain types of litigation may the case management toolkit in any of Although adjournments can be necessary, be more likely to grant adjournments. It is the courts. establishing regulations to limit the exces- thus imperative to couple rules limiting sive use and unsubstantiated granting of adjournments with data-informed case Regarding court automation, although adjournments is an internationally recog- management. The Ministry of Justice and the filing and service process is fully nized good practice that promotes speedy High Council of the Judiciary (Consiglio electronic, judgments rendered in com- justice. While Italian law regulates many Superiore della Magistratura) might mercial cases are not automatically aspects of trial time nationally, it falls consider closer monitoring of adjourn- published for public consumption at any short of regulating the number, duration ments. For instance, courts could track level of the court system. and reasons for granting adjournments. adjournment frequency and duration and As a result, up to six hearings occur in the overall impact on total trial time for Last, Italy is on par with international best some locations. Adjournments between the various types of cases. Jurisdictions practices on alternative dispute resolu- the second-to-last hearing and the final would then have the inputs to devise tion, as measured by Doing Business. judgment are particularly long throughout action plans aimed at curbing postpone- Commercial arbitration is governed most jurisdictions, lasting more than 15 ments and addressing their root causes. nationally by a consolidated chapter of months in Reggio Calabria. While some For cases where a lack of expertise drives the Code of Civil Procedure91 and, in prac- postponements are requested by the adjournments, courts might look to Turin tice, valid arbitration clauses are enforced. parties, others are initiated by judges. In a and Milan. These cities established highly Similarly, voluntary mediation is available litigation context where the law requires a specialized sections, matching judges’ and governed by a consolidated law.92 minimum of four hearings, each additional expertise to cases. Additionally, publish- Moreover, the law incentivizes mediation appearance is a hindrance to efficient ing monitoring and evaluation results through a tax credit.93 dispute resolution. Italy should consider can help change the culture around limiting the number, duration and reasons adjournments by enhancing the court’s for granting adjournments. accountability. DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 39 Last, Italy might also consider revisiting Actively manage the pretrial phase lowest ratio of judges to inhabitants— the need for four trial hearings, especially and assess cases’ appropriateness approximately 10 judges per 100,000 in simple commercial cases. In 1984, the for alternative dispute resolution inhabitants. Backlogs and staffing dis- Committee of Ministers of the Council of Italy is among the half of EU economies proportions make it difficult for courts to Europe advised against having more than that do not have pretrial conferences. deal efficiently with incoming cases. As a two hearings (i.e., preparatory and trial Such informal hearings, first introduced result, all Italian cities have room to catch hearings).96 in the United States, are designed to help up with the average time to resolve com- the parties find common ground, narrow mercial disputes in the European Union. Introduce a specialized commercial down issues and consider settlement court or sections options. They also allow judges to take While more judges are expected to While most of the Italian district courts control of the case early on, promote be appointed in late 2020 as part of assessed have a Tribunale delle Imprese, settlement and limit the scope of the pro- the ongoing recruitment cycle, these these special court sections do not repli- spective trial. As such, pretrial hearings appointments alone are unlikely to cate the good practices found throughout help make courts more efficient. cure historical backlogs.99 Italy should the specialized commercial courts or thus continue implementation of their divisions across 104 Doing Business Norway, an EU-adjacent economy, has backlog-reduction initiatives, such as economies. Their jurisdiction is too lim- also experienced notable success using the Strasbourg Program launched by ited to be considered courts of general pretrial conferences and may serve as an Turin in the early 2000s. In conjunction, commercial jurisdiction. example for Italy. Eighty percent of the courts should also continue to monitor cases subjected to preparatory hearings performance data—which are reported Italy might consider establishing a stand- resulted in settlement after Midhordland periodically to the High Council of the alone commercial court. Alternatively, District Court introduced this case man- Judiciary—with a new focus on under- it could expand the Tribunale delle agement feature for civil cases. Judges standing how to better allocate and use Imprese’s jurisdiction to cover broader guide the parties in narrowing down dis- staff, build capacity, balance workloads commercial issues. A commercial court puted issues, encourage settlement and and optimize existing resources. or division would allow commercial assess each case’s suitability for referral litigants—including companies involved to court-annexed mediation. First, courts might consider performing a in contract disputes—to benefit from strategic realignment to allocate judges judges with expert knowledge. Such Pretrial conferences may help Italian to sections relevant to their expertise, courts or divisions often translate into courts reduce the number of cases that as in Turin and Milan, which will confer gains in efficiency. One reason for this is make it to an already-stacked court on litigants the benefit of specialized that judges become experts in handling docket. Courts could also draw inspira- judges who can resolve disputes faster. such cases and laws are applied consis- tion from Florence’s Giustizia Semplice Additionally, courts might explore the tently. Doing Business data shows that model (box 4.5) and use pretrial confer- possibility of more frequent and flexible economies with specialized commercial ences to assess individual cases’ suitabil- strategic alignments. Such an approach courts or divisions resolve cases 92 days ity for court-annexed mediation. Piloting allows courts to track unprecedented faster. Efficient litigation, with fewer court such preparatory meetings in individual caseload changes and swiftly respond. appearances, also means lower costs. courts, which permits a chance to ana- For example, in Milan, the court reallo- lyze the impact such meetings have on cates staff to the sections that need them To help judges specialize and apply laws settlements and civil case loads, would most based on its annual management consistently, Italy should also consider be an informative precursor to broader plan. This occurs outside of the usual publishing anonymized judgments and implementation. three-year realignment cycle. court orders in commercial cases at all levels of the court system. This should be Use data to realign resources and Second, courts should reassess how hon- coupled with learning and training oppor- workloads orary judges are managed. For example, tunities to help judges further specialize. Throughout the Italian jurisdictions mea- they might use performance reports to sured, case backlogs are a common and determine where such judges excel and A new court or court divisions imply a recurring issue leading to long trial times. reassign them accordingly. Also, since reallocation of resources. Consequently, The 2019 EU Justice Scoreboard notes that each court sets its own limit on the value the judiciary might consider piloting such Italy has the highest number of pending of the claim its honorary judges’ can hear, an initiative and assessing its effective- litigious civil and commercial cases of in some courts, staff report that these ness, costs and benefits before imple- all member states.98 It also places Italy judges’ monetary jurisdiction is too lim- menting it nationally. among the five member states with the ited for them to be deployed effectively. 40 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Consequently, courts could also use the same data to determine which subject- matter categories warrant an increase in honorary judges’ monetary competence. Most importantly, the same inputs can be used to pinpoint which types of cases take longest and those subjects for which judges (honorary and otherwise) require additional training. Last, increased automation may be able to help in balancing workloads. For example, automated case assign- ment—as in Bologna and Naples—which considers each judge’s current caseload could help prevent judges from becoming overburdened and promote faster judg- ment issuance. Ideally, such automated, algorithm-based systems would source their data from the Consolle del Magistrato. Consequently, active use of this platform for all available aspects of cases manage- ment must also be promoted throughout the courts. While some problems are common to many courts, each jurisdiction has unique needs. Consequently, the overarching goal is for courts to more actively use data sua sponte to inform their manage- ment strategy. DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 41 18. In June 2019, a new risk-based classification 31. European Commission, eGovernment NOTES for structural projects was introduced Benchmark 2016: A Turning Point for nationally. Although before the classification eGovernment Development in Europe? was based on location, the new one is (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the 1. Data as of April 2018. based on the type of building. The public European Union, 2016). 2. Italy, as represented by Rome, stands at 24 safety risk of buildings are now divided 32. World Bank, Doing Business in Italy 2013 out of the 28 EU member states on the global into three risk categories: high, medium (Washington, DC: World Bank: 2013). ease of doing business ranking 2020, and and low. For example, high-risk buildings 33. Ibid. stands at 58 out of 190 economies worldwide. include infrastructures whose functionality 34. http:/ /www.padovanet.it/servizi-online 3. European Commission (2018), 2018 Small during seismic events is of fundamental 35. World Bank, Doing Business in Italy 2013 Business Act Fact Sheet, Italy, European importance for civil protection purposes. (Washington, DC: World Bank: 2013). Commission, Brussels. Therefore, all high-risk buildings will require 36. Ibid. 4. Confederazione Nazionale dell’Artigianato e a seismic authorization, regardless of where 37. http:/ /www.impresainungiorno.gov.it/ della Piccola e Media Impresa (2018), Comune built. Medium- and low-risk buildings will 38. As established by law DLGS 222/2016. che vai burocrazia che trovi, CNA, Rome. only require submission of the structural 39. Doing Business database; Thomas Moullier, 5. This is the second subnational Doing Business project plan. With low-risk buildings, the Building Regulatory Capacity Assessment: Level report in Italy. A first report, published in structural test currently performed by the 2—Detailed Exploration (Washington, DC: November 2012, measured 13 cities (Bari, independent engineer will be replaced with World Bank, 2017). Bologna, Cagliari, Campobasso, Catanzaro, a self-certification of the regular execution 40. Doing Business database. L’Aquila, Milan, Naples, Padua, Palermo, of works by the engineer. Finally, the new 41. Regional Law 24/2016. Potenza, Rome, and Turin) on four indicators: law will mandate seismic offices to operate 42. All cities charge both a primary and secondary starting a business, dealing with construction through certified e-mail rather than through urbanization fee as part of the building permit permits, registering property and enforcing hard copy. However, local municipalities have fees. The primary fee is used to develop contracts. It also measured the trading- only recently been implementing these new areas of public interest such as construction across-borders indicator in seven ports: regulations. of public streets, parking slots, sewerage Cagliari, Catania, Genoa, Gioia Tauro, Naples, 19. In most cities, the relevant authority is either and water systems, street lighting, etc. The Taranto and Trieste. Doing Business in Italy 2013 the seismic office or SUE. secondary fee is used for development is available at: https:/ /www.doingbusiness. 20. Such certified notifications are called “SCIA” projects related to public services such as org/en/reports/subnational-reports/italy. (Segnalazione certificata di inizio attività). schools and sanitary services (including 6. These are Reggio Calabria, Naples, Bari, 21. Per Law DLGS 222/2016. In particular, facilities for urban waste disposals). Cagliari, Genoa, Milan, Padua, Ancona and entrepreneurs certify compliance of structural Entrepreneurs may be allowed to directly build Palermo. works, utility connections, registration of the such urbanization works instead of paying 7. These countries are Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, building and fire security standards. fees. Urbanization fees are first set locally, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, the 22. In Cagliari and Padua, the structural project based on the building size. Other factors are Netherlands and Poland. can also be submitted through the same then taken into account to finalize the fee 8. The portal, Impresa in un Giorno, is available at online platform as the building permit. structure, such as size of the municipality, its http:/ /www.impresainungiorno.gov.it/. However, in practice, most entrepreneurs wait demographic trend, geographic characteristics 9. Article 2463 of the Italian Civil Code. for the approval of the architectural plans of the municipality, commercial value of the 10. https:/ /www.ilsole24ore.com/art/societa- before submitting the structural project plan. land, as well as specific urbanization goals of semplificate-meta-srl-avviate-2017-e-a-euro- 23. ABC Water Public Good S.p.A. is responsible the municipality. AEFnJSmE for water connections, while the municipality 43. Gregory S. Burge, “The Effects of Development 11. Pursuant to Law 221/2012. is responsible for sewerage connections. Impact Fees on Local Fiscal Conditions,” in 12. http:/ /startup.registroimprese.it 24. Amap S.p.A. Municipal Revenues and Land Policies, edited 13. Source: Ministry of Economic Development. 25. As established by regional Law 24/2016. by Gregory K. Ingram and Yu-Hung Hong Cruscotto Start-up Innovative – Maggio 2019. 26. www.sardegnaimpresa.eu. (Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Data as of May 6, 2019. 27. The seismic authorization is required in Policy, 2010). 14. https:/ /www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/ Ancona, Naples, Palermo, Reggio Calabria and 44. The Law on Property Tax of July 3, 2014, id/2012/08/22/012G0161/sg Rome. eliminated the fees for using construction 15. Testo unico per l’edilizia. 28. On March 25, 2019, the Regional Council land. 16. “SUE” stands for Sportello Unico Edilizia, introduced the “zero backlog decree,” to 45. Auckland (New Zealand) Council, the Italian acronym for one-stop shop for address the long delays in issuing the seismic “Contributions Policy 2019," https:/ /www. construction permits. In some cities, it is clearance in the Calabria region, after aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects- referred to as the one-stop shop for business receiving a joint letter from the associations policies-reports-bylaws/our-policies/ activities (SUAP), the one-stop shop for of architects and engineers that pointed to docsdevelopmentcontributionspolicy/ private construction (SUEP), or the one-stop the time delays. For more information, please contributions-policy.pdf. shop for business activities and construction see http:/ /www.regione.calabria.it/website/ 46. 131.7 days on average across Italy, versus 91.4 permits (SUAPE). However, for ease of portaltemplates/view/view.cfm?13151. days in the European Union. reference, all one-stop shops in the chapter 29. As established by article 20 of DPR 47. To assess the reliability of supply and will be referred to as “SUE”. Turin is the only 380/2001, SUE has 60 days from receiving transparency of tariffs, Doing Business uses an city that does not have a one-stop shop and, the request for a building permit to respond index that scores cities on a scale from 0 to 8. therefore, entrepreneurs apply for a building to the applicant. During this time, SUE has to The index encompasses quantitative output permit at the Municipal Building Counter of consult with all relevant agencies. SUE has an data on the duration and frequency of power the municipality and complete all subsequent additional 30 days to finalize the decision, for outages, as well as qualitative data (e.g., the formalities there that are under the purview of a total of 90 days to complete the process. role of the energy regulator, the systems used the municipality. In practice, most of the time, SUE asks for to monitor power outages, whether financial 17. Depending on the city, the seismic office can modifications to the original project, in which deterrents exist to limit outages, and whether sit either under the municipal or the regional case the time is suspended until the applicant tariffs and tariff changes are communicated to authority. In some cities, it is referred to as submits the amended project. customers at least one month in advance). For the “regional technical office”. For ease of 30. As established by article 1669 of the Italian more details, see the data notes. reference, the term “seismic office” will be Civil Code and Article 29 of the Building Code. 48. Doing Business uses the system average used in the chapter. interruption duration index (SAIDI) and the 42 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY system average interruption frequency index Reform in Italy—A Key to Growth.” IMF azionisti-in-rivolta-danni-per-283-milioni-a- (SAIFI) to measure the duration and frequency Working Paper 14/32, International Monetary mps-coop-ne-chiede-140/. of power outages. Specifically, SAIDI is the Fund, (Washington, DC; OECD. 2013). “What 76. The nine cities previously measured in Doing average total duration of outages over the makes civil justice effective?” OECD Economics Business in Italy 2013 include Bari, Bologna, course of a year for each customer served, Department Policy Notes, No. 18, June 2013. Cagliari, Milan, Naples, Padua, Palermo, Rome while SAIFI is the average number of service 65. Between 2006/7 and 2015/16, Italy recorded and Turin. interruptions experienced by a customer in a two business reforms on the Doing Business 77. These are Bari, Naples and Reggio Calabria. year. enforcing contracts indicator. 78. By law, when filing, the plaintiff must apply 49. e-distribuzione operates in Ancona, Bari, 66. OECD Ecoscope. 2017. “Italy’s justice system for a date at least three months after the Bologna, Cagliari, Florence, Genoa, Naples, has quite a long road ahead but already scores filing date. Article 163-bis Italian Code of Civil Padua, Palermo and Reggio Calabria. better—The Italian View.” Available at Procedure. 50. The request can also be submitted directly https:/ /oecdecoscope.blog/2017/10/09/ 79. Ministry of Justice of Italy. https:/ /www. to the utility, but this typically happens only italys-justice-system-has-quite-a-long-road- giustizia.it/giustizia/protected/764581/0/def/ in cases where the client wants to build a ahead-but-already-scores-better-the-italian- ref/NOL764579/. connection and then wait before getting it view/. 80. Article 275 Italian Code of Civil Procedure. electrified. In such cases, the utility completes 67. The global and EU average are 649.8 and 81. Article 277 Italian Code of Civil Procedure. the connection works, and then waits 637.4 days, respectively. 82. In 2001, the president of Turin’s court for a supply contract to be signed before 68. Costs are higher in Romania (25.8%), Ireland launched the Strasbourg Program, an electrifying the connection. (26.9%), Sweden (30.4%), the Czech ambitious plan to reduce backlogs and 51. As established by the Presidential Decree Republic (33.8%) and the United Kingdom eliminate all cases not resolved after three D.P.R. 24 July 1977, n.616. (45.7%). or more years. By 2010, cases older than 52. The national regulation establishes that 69. For an overview of the enforcing contracts three years represented less than 5% of the utilities need to provide an answer to indicators and assumptions underlying the court’s caseload. Doing Business in Italy 2013: applications for new connections within 15 Doing Business case, see the data notes. Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size working days for a low-voltage connection 70. The quality of judicial processes index Enterprises. (Washington, DC: World Bank and within 30 days for a medium-voltage measures whether economies have adopted a Group. 2013). connection. The utility must complete the series of good practices in their court system 83. In 2006, the District Court of Milan launched connection works within 50 working days for in four areas: court structure and proceedings, a pilot online civil trial for injunction orders. In both low- and medium-voltage connections. case management, court automation and 2010, it also became the first court to use ICT Utilities that do not respect the prescribed alternative dispute resolution. The index is to communicate with lawyers. World Bank. times incur penalties. It must be noted that scored on a scale from 0 to 18 points. For an Doing Business in Italy 2013: Smarter Regulations the national regulator ARERA records working overview of the enforcing contracts indicators for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises. days, while the Doing Business methodology and quality of judicial processes index, see the (Washington, DC: World Bank Group. 2013). considers calendar days. data notes. 84. The District Court of Milan publishes its annual 53. Jean Arlet, Diane Davoine, Tigran Parvanyan, 71. Doing Business considers the applicable court performance report online each year. Tribunale Jayashree Srinivasan and Erick Tjong, “Getting to be the local court with jurisdiction over Ordinario di Milano. “Giustizia in Prospettiva: Electricity: Factors Affecting the Reliability commercial contract cases worth 200% Bilancio di Responsabilità Sociale 2017.” of Electricity Supply,” in World Bank, Doing income per capita. In Italy, court procedure https:/ /www.tribunale.milano.it/files/ Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All rules are national and apply uniformly BRS_2017_Tribunale.pdf. (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2016). throughout the country. Litigation is governed 85. Ansa.it. “Genova, -29% popolazione in 54. See the following link from EDP Distribuição’s by the 1942 Code of Civil Procedure, which 45 anni.” http://www.ansa.it/liguria/ website: https:/ /www.edpdistribuicao.pt/ defines the subject-matter and monetary notizie/2017/01/13/genova-29-popolazione- pt-pt/podemos-ajudar/ligacao-de-rede/ligar- competence of the various courts. The small in-45-anni_fb359de9-8e85-4664-9291- em-baixa-tensao. claims courts (giudici di pace) are the lowest efe053bc594c.html. 55. Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, first-instance courts. They have a monetary 86. Article 492-bis Italian Code of Civil Procedure. Palermo, Rome and Turin. threshold of EUR 5,000. Claims greater than 87. Italian Law Ministerial Decree 55/2014, as 56. Ancona, Bari, Cagliari, Padua and Reggio this amount must be filed in district court. modified by Ministerial Decree 37/2018. Calabria. European e-Justice Portal. https:/ /e-justice. 88. Italian Law Decree 78/2010, as modified by 57. Ancona, Bologna, Genoa and Rome. europa.eu/content_small_claims-42-it-en. Decree 90/2014. 58. Bari, Cagliari, Padua and Reggio Calabria. do?member=1. 89. The systems are named GIULI@(2004) and 59. http:/ /info.registrucentras.lt/ 72. Courts have pre-established assignment Consolle Unificata di Amministrazione SICI, in 60. https:/ /www.kartverket.no/en/Land-Registry- criteria set forth in the “Sistema Tabellare,” Bologna and Naples, respectively. and-Cadestre/ which are updated periodically. These 90. Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura. “Il 61. Republic of Ireland, Registration of Title Act, guidelines inform how chancellery employees processo civile telematico.” https:/ /www. 1964. assign cases to various sections. In Bologna csm.it/web/csm-internet/il-processo-civile- 62. United Kingdom, Land Registration Act and Naples, this process is automated. telematico/consolle-del-magistrato. 2002. For more details, see also section 4 73. Article 183 Italian Code of Civil Procedure 91. Articles 806-840 Italian Code of Civil (“Applications for Indemnity”) in “Practice (first appearance); Article 184 (introduction Procedure. Guide 39: Rectification and Indemnity,” Her and admission of evidence-gathering 92. Italian Law Decree 28/2010. Majesty’s Land Registry, last updated April strategy); Article 193 (oath-taking of the 93. The tax credit is up to EUR 50,000. Article 17 3, 2017, https:/ /www.gov.uk/government/ technical expert); Article 190 (closing of Italian Law Decree 28/2010. publications/rectification-and-indemnity/ arguments). 94. These countries are Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, practice-guide-39-rectification-and- 74. Ministry of Justice of Italy. “Istituti Vendite Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, the indemnity. Giudiziarie.” Available at https:/ /www. Netherlands and Poland. 63. Swedish Land Code (SFS 1970:994), chapter giustizia.it/giustizia/it/mg_2_13_1.wp. 95. The average time to resolve a commercial 19, section 37; and Real Property Formation 75. For example, the District Court of Florence dispute was 395 days across six cities Act (1970:988), chapter 19, section 5. is responsible for hearing damage actions by measured in Bulgaria and 701 days across five Compensation for wrongful handling falls shareholders of Banca Monte dei Paschi di cities benchmarked in Croatia, in 2017 and under the Tort Liability Act (1972:207). Siena, one of Italy’s oldest banks, which has 2018, respectively. Trial time was 189 days 64. Esposito, Gianluca, Sergi Lanau and been involved in a high-profile legal dispute. and 319 days, respectively. World Bank. 2017. Sebastiaan Pompe. 2014. “Judicial System For more information, see https:/ /codacons.it/ Doing Business in the European Union 2017: DOING BUSINESS IN ITALY 43 Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. (Washington, DC: World Bank. 2018). Doing Business in the European Union 2018: Croatia, the Czech Republic, Portugal and Slovakia. (Washington DC: World Bank. 2018). 96. Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, “Recommendation No. R (84) 5 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Principles of Civil Procedure Designed to Improve the Functioning of Justice” (Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1984), p. 2. 97. World Bank. 2017. Doing Business in the European Union 2017: Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. (Washington, DC: World Bank. 2018). 98. European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, The 2019 EU Justice Scoreboard (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Unions, 2019), https:/ / ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/justice_ scoreboard_2019_en.pdf. 99. Ministry of Justice of Italy. “Piante organiche della magistratura degli uffici di legittimità.” https://www.giustizia.it/giustizia/it/ mg_2_9_17.page;jsessionid=K5QRpR8WQTrV CyCdtLgv01WD. 44 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY City Snapshots and Indicator Details ITALY Italy Ancona Starting a business (rank) 1 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 5 Score for starting a business (0–100) 89.79 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.87 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 5 Time (days) 203 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.2 Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 12 Registering property (rank) 4 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 77.39 Score for registering property (0–100) 80.85 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 184 Time (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26 Enforcing contracts (rank) 7 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 52.05 Time (days) 1,180 Cost (% of claim value) 26.1 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Bari Starting a business (rank) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 12 Score for starting a business (0–100) 87.56 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 58.27 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 15 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 270 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.0 Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 7 Registering property (rank) 12 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 81.33 Score for registering property (0–100) 78.47 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 119 Time (days) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 Enforcing contracts (rank) 11 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.27 Time (days) 1,470 Cost (% of claim value) 21.8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 45 Bologna Starting a business (rank) 6 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 3 Score for starting a business (0–100) 87.81 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.51 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 13 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 159 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.4 Italy Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 1 Registering property (rank) 2 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 89.24 Score for registering property (0–100) 81.27 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 75 Time (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 3 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.75 Time (days) 1,030 Cost (% of claim value) 26.9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.5 Cagliari Starting a business (rank) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 1 Score for starting a business (0–100) 87.56 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.95 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 115 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.0 Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 8 Registering property (rank) 11 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 80.24 Score for registering property (0–100) 78.83 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 129 Time (days) 23 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 Enforcing contracts (rank) 8 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 51.04 Time (days) 1,245 Cost (% of claim value) 24.0 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 46 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Florence Starting a business (rank) 5 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 4 Score for starting a business (0–100) 89.03 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.22 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 165 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.1 Italy Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 4 Registering property (rank) 5 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 85.65 Score for registering property (0–100) 80.79 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 108 Time (days) 17 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 13 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 48.80 Time (days) 1,275 Cost (% of claim value) 27.8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Genoa Starting a business (rank) 6 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 8 Score for starting a business (0–100) 87.81 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.58 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 209 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.7 Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 9 Registering property (rank) 3 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 80.00 Score for registering property (0–100) 81.03 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 160 Time (days) 22 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 4 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.65 Time (days) 1,060 Cost (% of claim value) 27.9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 47 Milan Starting a business (rank) 1 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 13 Score for starting a business (0–100) 89.79 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 57.47 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 13 Time (days) 5 Time (days) 105 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 17.7 Italy Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 10 Registering property (rank) 7 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 79.78 Score for registering property (0–100) 80.43 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 136 Time (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 2 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.82 Time (days) 985 Cost (% of claim value) 27.5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Naples Starting a business (rank) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 11 Score for starting a business (0–100) 87.56 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 60.45 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 17 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 298.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 6 Registering property (rank) 7 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.09 Score for registering property (0–100) 80.43 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 112 Time (days) 20 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 12 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.02 Time (days) 1,470 Cost (% of claim value) 24.9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.5 48 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Padua Starting a business (rank) 3 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 2 Score for starting a business (0–100) 89.54 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.86 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 6 Time (days) 144 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.2 Italy Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 11 Registering property (rank) 12 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 78.69 Score for registering property (0–100) 78.47 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 172 Time (days) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 Enforcing contracts (rank) 6 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 52.25 Time (days) 1,130 Cost (% of claim value) 29.2 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Palermo Starting a business (rank) 6 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 9 Score for starting a business (0–100) 87.81 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 61.52 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 17 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 206 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.5 Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 13 Registering property (rank) 6 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 69.15 Score for registering property (0–100) 80.67 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 231 Time (days) 18 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 10 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.65 Time (days) 1,275 Cost (% of claim value) 22.8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 49 Reggio Calabria Starting a business (rank) 9 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 10 Score for starting a business (0–100) 87.56 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 61.05 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 8 Time (days) 325.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Italy Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 5 Registering property (rank) 10 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.52 Score for registering property (0–100) 79.42 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 108 Time (days) 18 Cost (% of income per capita) 130.4 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 Enforcing contracts (rank) 9 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.75 Time (days) 1,750 Cost (% of claim value) 17.9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Rome Starting a business (rank) 13 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 6 Score for starting a business (0–100) 86.81 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.33 Procedures (number) 7 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 11 Time (days) 189.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.4 Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 3 Registering property (rank) 1 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 86.08 Score for registering property (0–100) 81.75 Procedures (number) 4 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 75 Time (days) 16 Cost (% of income per capita) 138.9 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 5 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 53.10 Time (days) 1,120 Cost (% of claim value) 27.6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 50 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Turin Starting a business (rank) 4 Dealing with construction permits (rank) 7 Score for starting a business (0–100) 89.28 Score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.65 Procedures (number) 6 Procedures (number) 14 Time (days) 7 Time (days) 185 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.0 Italy Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 2 Registering property (rank) 9 Score for getting electricity (0–100) 87.53 Score for registering property (0–100) 79.84 Procedures (number) 3 Procedures (number) 4 Time (days) 103 Time (days) 25 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.1 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 1 Score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 61.17 Time (days) 860 Cost (% of claim value) 25.0 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 STARTING A BUSINESS IN ITALY – PROCEDURES REQUIRED TO START A BUSINESS, BY CITY Standard company legal form: Limited Liability Company (SRL) Paid-in minimum capital requirement: EUR 1 Ancona Bari Bologna Cagliari Florence Genoa Milan Naples Padua Palermo Calabria Reggio Rome Turin Data as of: May 1, 2019 Comments 1. Execute a public deed of A public deed of incorporation, including the company’s incorporation and company Time (days) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 bylaws, must be drafted and executed before a public bylaws before a public notary notary. For companies with capital from EUR 25,000 to EUR and pay registration tax 400,000, the notary fee can range from 0.86% to 6.9%, Cost (EUR) See procedure details that is approximately EUR 3,000. A registration fee of EUR 200 and a stamp duty of EUR 156 also need to be paid. 2. Purchase and authenticate A SRL must keep a minute book of board of directors’ corporate and accounting Time (days) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 meetings and one of quota-holders’ meetings, both subject books* to authentication. The cost is EUR 16 stamp duty for each 100 pages plus EUR 25 registration fee per book. Books are Cost (EUR) 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 available at stationery stores or through a notary public or can be kept in electronic format. 3. Pay government tax (fee) The government tax is assessed by the Revenue Agency to to authenticate corporate and Time (days) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 authenticate corporate and accounting books. The initial accounting books* payment is paid at the time of incorporation via a postal service (bollettino postale). The tax is EUR 309.87 (if the Cost (EUR) 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 309.9 capital is under EUR 516,456.90) or EUR 516.46 (if the capital exceeds EUR 516,456.90). 4. Activation and Registration All companies are required to have a certified e-mail (PEC). of the P.E.C (i.e. the “Certified Time (days) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Said requirement is immediate and must be communicated e-mail”) to the Register of Enterprises throughout the relevant incorporation procedure. Failure to communicate PEC results Cost (EUR) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 in a suspension of the registration process in the Register of Enterprises. 5. Register company Applicants file electronically a single notice with the Register incorporation, and receive tax Time (days) 1 4 2 4 4 3 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 of Enterprises, which will request the registration of the identification number, VAT company with the Register, request the tax identification/ number, and register with VAT number as well as registration with Social Security Social Security Administration Administration and Accident Insurance Office. EUR 120 is (INPS) and Accident Insurance Cost (EUR) 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 190 210 210 210 210 the membership fee (EUR 100 in Padua) and EUR 90 is the Office (INAIL) registration fee with the chamber of commerce. 6. Obtain the accreditation for The accreditation on the portal of the labor authority is providing information about Time (days) n.a. 2 2 2 n.a. 2 n.a. 3 n.a. 2 3 7 n.a. required in order to comply with the mandatory employment employees* (a) notifications. Information about the company and its legal representative is submitted by fax or in person to No No No No No No No No the competent labor office. Once the identity of the legal Cost (EUR) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. representative is verified, the company profile on the portal cost cost cost cost cost cost cost cost is activated and login credentials are issued. 7. Notify the competent Labor Business founders must notify the competent Labor Office Time (days) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Office of the employment of (Centro per l'Impiego) about hiring personnel one day before workers the employee in question begins working at the company. No No No No No No No No No No No No No Cost (EUR) cost cost cost cost cost cost cost cost cost cost cost cost cost Source: Doing Business database. *Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure. (a) In Ancona, Florence, Milan, Padua and Turin, the separate accreditation is not needed because company representatives can use digital signatures to certify their identity or—as is the case in Milan and Turin—the new company is automatically CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS registered with the labor portal using information submitted via ComUnica—the online single notice used to register a new company with the relevant authorities—during the incorporation process. 51 Italy 52 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Procedure 8. File certified notification of Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic starting activity (SCIA) for fire security survey of the land plot LIST OF PROCEDURES Agency: Integrated One-Stop Shop (SUI), Agency: Private licensed company DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION Municipality of Ancona Time: 10 days PERMITS Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 1,000 Cost: EUR 216 ITALY Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Ancona Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by engineer to test structure the Fire Department Agency: Independent engineer Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Italy Agency: Fire Department Ancona Time: 1 day Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 6,000 Cost: No cost Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study of the land Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Agency: Private licensed company Procedure 10. Register the building Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Agency: Revenue Agency, Ancona Territorial Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bari Time: 13 days Office Time: 195 days Cost: EUR 1,400 Time: 5 days Cost: EUR 75,657 (EUR 570 for application Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract fee; EUR 16 for stamp; EUR 18.90 per sq. m. for Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic digital map; EUR 65 to register the building primary urbanization; EUR 38.82 per sq. m. for survey of the land plot at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the secondary urbanization) Agency: Private licensed company building at the Cadastral Registry) Time: 13 days Procedure 5*. Submit structural project Cost: EUR 1,000 Procedure 11*. Apply for water and plan sewerage connection Agency: Seismic Office, Metropolitan City of Bari Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Agency: Vivaservizi S.p.A. Time: 1 day engineer to test structure Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 154 (EUR 90 for administration fees; Agency: Independent engineer Cost: No cost EUR 64 for 4 stamps) Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 3,000 Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection Procedure 6. Submit notification of and estimation of water and sewerage commencement of works Procedure 4. Obtain building permit installation costs Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Agency: Integrated One-Stop Shop for Agency: Vivaservizi S.p.A. Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bari Construction Permits (SUI), Municipality of Time: 1 day Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Ancona Cost: No cost Cost: No cost Time: 150 days Cost: EUR 24,890 (EUR 18.51 per sq. m. for Procedure 13. Obtain water and Procedure 7. Submit structural work urbanization fee; EUR 516 for application fee; report to the Seismic Office sewerage connection EUR 300 for Fire Department clearance) Agency: Seismic Office, Metropolitan City of Agency: Vivaservizi S.p.A. Bari Time: 30 days Procedure 5*. Obtain seismic Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 600 authorization Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Agency: Landscape, Territory, Urban Planning, Civil Engineering; Region of Marche Procedure 14. File a certified report for Procedure 8*. Submit structural work Time: 90 days occupancy report to the One-Stop Shop for Cost: EUR 516 (EUR 516 for administration fee) Agency: Integrated One-Stop Shop (SUI), Construction Permits Municipality of Ancona Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Procedure 6. Submit notification of Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bari Cost: EUR 55 (EUR 55 for occupancy permit commencement of works application fee) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Agency: Integrated One-Stop Shop for Cost: No cost Construction Permits (SUI), Municipality of Ancona Bari Procedure 9. File certified notification of Time: Less than one day (online procedure) starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Cost: EUR 16 (EUR 16 for stamp) Agency: Fire Department Bari Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Procedure 7. Submit structural work Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Cost: EUR 216 report of the land Agency: Landscape, Territory, Urban Planning, Agency: Private licensed company Procedure 10. Receive final inspection Civil Engineering; Region of Marche by the Fire Department Time: 15 days Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Agency: Fire Department Bari Cost: EUR 2,000 Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Time: 1 day Cost: No cost *Simultaneous with previous procedure CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 53 Procedure 11. Register the building Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Procedure 12. Obtain water and Agency: Revenue Agency, Bari Territorial Office Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction sewerage connection Time: 5 days Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bologna Agency: Hera S.p.a. Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Time: 100 days Time: 30 days digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Cost: EUR 38,401 (EUR 8.03 per sq. m. for Cost: EUR 300 at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the primary urbanization; EUR 4,996 for secondary building at the Cadastral Registry) urbanization; EUR 21,824 for parking facility Procedure 13. File a certified report for fees; EUR 770 for application fee; EUR 300 for structural project plan; EUR 67.60 for occupancy Procedure 12*. Apply for water and Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction administration fee) sewerage connection Italy Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bologna Agency: Puglia Aqueduct (AQP) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: 1 day Procedure 5. Submit notification of Cost: EUR 190 (EUR 190 for occupancy permit Cost: No cost commencement of works application fee) Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bologna Procedure 13. Receive on-site inspection Cagliari Time: Less than one day (online procedure) and estimation of water and sewerage Cost: No cost installation costs Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Agency: Puglia Aqueduct (AQP) Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 1 day Procedure 6. Submit structural work Cost: No cost report Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction of the land Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bologna Procedure 14. Obtain water and Agency: Private licensed company Time: Less than one day (online procedure) sewerage connection Time: 15 days Cost: No cost Agency: Puglia Aqueduct (AQP) Cost: EUR 2,000 Time: 50 days Procedure 7. File certified notification of Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic Cost: EUR 2,500 starting activity (SCIA) for fire security survey of the land plot Agency: Fire Department Bologna Procedure 15. File a certified report for Agency: Private licensed company Time: Less than one day (online procedure) occupancy Time: 15 days Cost: EUR 216 Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Cost: EUR 1,000 Permits (SUE), Municipality of Bari Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Procedure 8. Receive final inspection by Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Cost: EUR 131 (EUR 115 for application fee; the Fire Department engineer to test structure EUR 16 for stamp) Agency: Fire Department Bologna Agency: Independent engineer Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Bologna Cost: EUR 6,000 Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Procedure 9. Register the building Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Data as of: May 1, 2019 Agency: Revenue Agency, Bologna Territorial Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Office Activities and Construction Permits (SUAPE), Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Time: 5 days Municipality of Cagliari of the land Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Time: 60 days Agency: Private licensed company digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Cost: EUR 48,072 (EUR 474.19 for application at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the Time: 20 days fee; EUR 12.20 per cubic meter for urbanization building at the Cadastral Registry) Cost: EUR 3,500 fee) Procedure 10*. Apply for water and Procedure 5*. Submit structural project Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic sewerage connection plan survey of the land plot Agency: Hera S.p.a. Agency: Private licensed company Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Time: 1 day Activities and Construction Permits (SUAPE), Time: 10 days Cost: EUR 211 (EUR 195 for administration fee; Municipality of Cagliari Cost: EUR 1,800 EUR 16 for stamp) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: No cost Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Procedure 11. Receive on-site inspection engineer to test structure and estimation of water and sewerage Procedure 6. Submit notification of Agency: Independent engineer installation costs commencement of works Time: 1 day Agency: Hera S.p.a. Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Cost: EUR 5,000 Time: 1 day Activities and Construction Permits (SUAPE), Cost: No cost Municipality of Cagliari Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: No cost *Simultaneous with previous procedure 54 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Procedure 7. Submit structural work Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by Florence report the Fire Department Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Agency: Fire Department Florence Activities and Construction Permits (SUAPE), Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 1 day Municipality of Cagliari Cost: No cost Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Cost: No cost of the land Procedure 10. Register the building Agency: Private licensed company Agency: Revenue Agency, Florence Territorial Procedure 8. File certified notification of Time: 15 days Office starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Italy Cost: EUR 2,400 Time: 5 days Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Activities and Construction Permits (SUAPE), Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Municipality of Cagliari survey of the land plot at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the Time: Less than one day (online procedure) building at the Cadastral Registry) Agency: Private licensed company Cost: EUR 216 Time: 15 days Cost: EUR 1,000 Procedure 11*. Apply for water and Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by sewerage connection the Fire Department Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Agency: Publiacqua S.p.A. Agency: Fire Department Cagliari engineer to test structure Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Agency: Independent engineer Cost: No cost Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 5,500 Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection Procedure 10. Register the building and estimation of water and sewerage Agency: Revenue Agency, Cagliari Territorial Procedure 4. Obtain building permit installation costs Office Agency: Publiacqua S.p.A. Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Time: 5 days Time: 1 day Permits (SUE), Municipality of Florence Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Cost: No cost Time: 100 days digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Cost: EUR 49,512 (EUR 19.44 per sq. m. for at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the primary urbanization; EUR 17.82 per sq. m. Procedure 13. Obtain water and building at the Cadastral Registry) for secondary urbanization; EUR 1,020 for sewerage connection administration fee; EUR 32 for 2 stamps) Agency: Publiacqua S.p.A. Procedure 11*. Apply for water and Time: 40 days sewerage connection Procedure 5*. Submit structural project Cost: EUR 600 Agency: Abbanoa S.p.A. plan Time: 1 day Agency: Regional Seismic Office (Civil Procedure 14. File a certified report for Cost: No cost Engineering) occupancy Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection Cost: EUR 390 (EUR 0.10 per cubic meter) Permits (SUE), Municipality of Florence and estimation of water and sewerage Time: Less than one day (online procedure) installation costs Procedure 6. Submit notification of Cost: EUR 103 (EUR 103 for occupancy permit Agency: Abbanoa S.p.A. commencement of works application fee) Time: 1 day Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Cost: No cost Permits (SUE), Municipality of Florence; Genoa Regional Seismic Office (Civil Engineering) Procedure 13. Obtain water and Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) sewerage connection Cost: No cost Data as of: May 1, 2019 Agency: Abbanoa S.p.A. Time: 30 days Procedure 7. Submit structural work Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Cost: EUR 600 report of the land Agency: Regional Seismic Office (Civil Agency: Private licensed company Procedure 14. File a certified report for Engineering) Time: 20 days occupancy Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 3,000 Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Activities and Construction Permits (SUAPE), Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic Municipality of Cagliari Procedure 8. File certified notification of survey of the land plot Time: Less than one day (online procedure) starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Agency: Private licensed company Cost: EUR 337 (EUR 337.11 for occupancy Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities Time: 15 days permit application fee) (SUAP), Municipality of Florence Cost: EUR 2,000 Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 216 *Simultaneous with previous procedure CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 55 Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection Procedure 5. Submit notification of engineer to test structure and estimation of water and sewerage commencement of works Agency: Independent engineer installation costs Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Time: 1 day Agency: Iren S.p.A. Permits (SUE), Municipality of Milan Cost: EUR 6,000 Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Cost: No cost Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Agency: One-Stop Shop for Enterprises (SUIP), Procedure 13. Obtain water and Procedure 6. Submit structural work Municipality of Genoa sewerage connection report Italy Time: 120 days Agency: Iren S.p.A. Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Cost: EUR 40,443 (EUR 30.91 per sq. m. of Time: 60 days Permits (SUE), Municipality of Milan building for urbanization fee; EUR 16 for stamp; Cost: EUR 1,500 (EUR 500 for water Time: 1 day EUR 225.50 for administrative fee) connection; EUR 1,000 for sewerage Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) connection) Procedure 5*. Submit structural project Procedure 7. File certified notification of plan Procedure 14. File a certified report for starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Agency: Seismic and Reinforced Cement Office, occupancy Agency: Fire Department Milan Metropolitan City of Genoa Agency: One-Stop Shop for Enterprises (SUIP), Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Municipality of Genoa Cost: EUR 216 Cost: EUR 182 (EUR 32 for two stamps; Time: Less than one day (online procedure) EUR 150 for administration fee) Cost: EUR 105 (EUR 105 for occupancy permit Procedure 8. Receive final inspection by administration fee) the Fire Department Procedure 6. Submit notification of Agency: Fire Department Milan commencement of works Milan Time: 1 day Agency: One-Stop Shop for Enterprises (SUIP), Cost: No cost Municipality of Genoa Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Data as of: May 1, 2019 Cost: No cost Procedure 9. Register the building Agency: Revenue Agency, Milan Territorial Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Office Procedure 7. Submit structural work of the land Time: 5 days report Agency: Private licensed company Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Agency: Seismic and Reinforced Cement Office, Time: 20 days digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Metropolitan City of Genoa Cost: EUR 2,000 at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the Time: Less than one day (online procedure) building at the Cadastral Registry) Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic survey of the land plot Procedure 10*. Apply for water and Procedure 8. File certified notification of Agency: Private licensed company sewerage connection starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Time: 10 days Agency: Milan Water Company (MM S.p.A.) Agency: Fire Department Genoa Cost: EUR 2,000 Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: No cost Cost: EUR 216 Procedure 3*. Hire an independent engineer to test structure Procedure 11. Receive on-site inspection Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by Agency: Independent engineer and estimation of water and sewerage the Fire Department Time: 1 day installation costs Agency: Fire Department Genoa Cost: EUR 5,000 Agency: Milan Water Company (MM S.p.A.) Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Cost: No cost Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Procedure 10. Register the building Permits (SUE), Municipality of Milan Procedure 12. Obtain water and Agency: Revenue Agency, Genoa Territorial Office Time: 30 days sewerage connection Time: 5 days Cost: EUR 242,032 (EUR 88.90 per sq. m. of Agency: Milan Water Company (MM S.p.A.) Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract building for primary urbanization fee; Time: 45 days digital map; EUR 65 to register the building EUR 51.34 per sq. m. of building for secondary Cost: EUR 8,840 (EUR 2,840 for water at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the urbanization fee; EUR 45.84 per sq. m. of connection; EUR 6,000 for sewerage building at the Cadastral Registry) building for waste disposal fee; EUR 16 for connection) stamp) Procedure 11*. Apply for water and sewerage connection Agency: Iren S.p.A. Time: 1 day Cost: No cost *Simultaneous with previous procedure 56 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Procedure 13. File a certified report for Procedure 7. Submit structural work Procedure 15. Obtain sewerage occupancy report connection Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil Agency: Private Sewage Office, Municipality Permits (SUE), Municipality of Milan Engineering) of Naples Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: 1 day Time: 45 days Cost: EUR 52 (EUR 52 for occupancy permit Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Cost: EUR 1,650 administration fee) Procedure 16*. Obtain water connection Naples Procedure 8. File certified notification of Agency: ABC Water Public Good S.p.A. Italy starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Time: 45 days Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Agency: Fire Department Naples Cost: EUR 600 Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 216 Procedure 17. File a certified report for Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study occupancy of the land Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by Agency: One-Stop Shop for Private Agency: Private licensed company Construction (SUEP), Municipality of Naples the Fire Department Time: 15 days Time: 1 day Agency: Fire Department Naples Cost: EUR 2,000 Cost: EUR 340 (EUR 340 for occupancy permit Time: 1 day Cost: No cost submission fee) Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic survey of the land plot Procedure 10. Register the building Padua Agency: Private licensed company Agency: Revenue Agency, Naples Territorial Time: 13 days Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Office Cost: EUR 1,000 Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 5 days Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Procedure 3*. Hire an independent digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study engineer to test structure at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the of the land Agency: Independent engineer building at the Cadastral Registry) Agency: Private licensed company Time: 1 day Time: 15 days Cost: EUR 4,500 Procedure 11. Request and obtain Cost: EUR 2,000 authorization of sewerage connection Procedure 4. Obtain building permit plans Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic Agency: One-Stop Shop for Private Agency: Private Sewage Office, Municipality survey of the land plot Construction (SUEP), Municipality of Naples of Naples Agency: Private licensed company Time: 180 days Time: 45 days Time: 10 days Cost: EUR 2,749 (EUR 1,932.70 for urbanization Cost: EUR 55 Cost: EUR 800 fee; EUR 800 for application fee; EUR 16 for stamp) Procedure 12*. Apply for water Procedure 3*. Hire an independent connection engineer to test structure Procedure 5*. Obtain seismic Agency: ABC Water Public Good S.p.A. Agency: Independent engineer authorization Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil Cost: EUR 50 Cost: EUR 5,000 Engineering) Time: 180 days Procedure 13. Receive on-site inspection Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Cost: EUR 1,132 (EUR 100 for administrative for sewerage connection Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities fee; EUR 32 for two stamps; EUR 1,000 for the Agency: Private Sewage Office, Municipality (SUAP), Municipality of Padua examination and filing of a project for a 3,901.5 of Naples Time: 90 days cubic meter warehouse) Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 35,802 (EUR 13 per sq. m. for Cost: EUR 226 primary urbanization; EUR 10.40 per sq. m. for Procedure 6. Submit notification of secondary urbanization; EUR 3.60 per sq. m. for commencement of works waste; EUR 240 for application fee; EUR 16 for Agency: One-Stop Shop for Private Procedure 14*. Receive on-site stamp; EUR 30 for technical check; EUR 400 Construction (SUEP), Municipality of Naples inspection for water connection for clearance from external offices) Time: 1 day Agency: ABC Water Public Good S.p.A. Cost: No cost Time: 1 day Procedure 5*. Submit structural project Cost: No cost plan Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities (SUAP), Municipality of Padua Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 16 (EUR 16 for stamp) *Simultaneous with previous procedure CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 57 Procedure 6. Submit notification of Procedure 14. File a certified report for Procedure 8. Submit structural work commencement of works occupancy report Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil (SUAP), Municipality of Padua (SUAP), Municipality of Padua Engineering) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 16 (EUR 16 for stamp) Cost: EUR 86 (EUR 70 for deposit of Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) documentation fee; EUR 16 for stamp) Procedure 7. Submit structural work Procedure 9. File certified notification of report Palermo starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Italy Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities Agency: Fire Department Palermo (SUAP), Municipality of Padua Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Data as of: May 1, 2019 Cost: EUR 216 Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Procedure 10. Receive final inspection Procedure 8. File certified notification of of the land by the Fire Department starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Agency: Private licensed company Agency: Fire Department Palermo Time: 15 days Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities Time: 1 day (SUAP), Municipality of Padua Cost: EUR 1,000 Cost: No cost Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 216 Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic Procedure 11. Register the building survey of the land plot Agency: Revenue Agency, Palermo Territorial Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by Agency: Private licensed company Office the Fire Department Time: 10 days Time: 5 days Agency: Fire Department Padua Cost: EUR 2,000 Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Time: 1 day digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Cost: No cost Procedure 3*. Hire an independent at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the engineer to test structure building at the Cadastral Registry) Procedure 10. Register the building Agency: Independent engineer Agency: Revenue Agency, Padua Territorial Time: 1 day Procedure 12*. Apply for sewerage Office Cost: EUR 3,500 connection Time: 5 days Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Permits (SUE), Municipality of Palermo digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Time: 1 day at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the Permits (SUE), Municipality of Palermo Cost: No cost building at the Cadastral Registry) Time: 110 days Cost: EUR 71,875 (EUR 16.41 per sq. m. for Procedure 13*. Apply for water Procedure 11*. Apply for water and urbanization; EUR 32 for 2 stamps; EUR 500 for connection sewerage connection administration fees; EUR 50,000 as estimation Agency: Amap S.p.A. Agency: Acegas-Aps S.p.A. of 10% of construction costs) Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Cost: No cost Procedure 5*. Obtain seismic authorization Procedure 14. Receive on-site inspection Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil and estimation of water and sewage and estimation of water and sewerage Engineering) installation costs installation costs Time: 90 days Agency: Amap S.p.A. Cost: EUR 82 (EUR 50 for administration fee; Agency: Acegas-Aps S.p.A. Time: 1 day EUR 32 for two stamps) Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Cost: No cost Procedure 6. Submit notification of Procedure 15. Obtain water and commencement of works Procedure 13. Obtain water and sewerage connection Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil sewerage connection Agency: Amap S.p.A. Engineering) Agency: Acegas-Aps S.p.A. Time: 70 days Time: 1 day Time: 30 days Cost: EUR 1,500 (EUR 500 for water Cost: No cost Cost: EUR 2,500 (EUR 1,000 for water connection; EUR 1,000 for sewerage connection; EUR 1,500 for sewerage connection) connection) Procedure 7*. Submit notification of commencement of works Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Permits (SUE), Municipality of Palermo Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: No cost *Simultaneous with previous procedure 58 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Procedure 16. Obtain clearance for Procedure 7. Submit structural work Rome sewage discharge report Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Permits (SUE), Municipality of Palermo Engineering) Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: No cost Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study of the land Procedure 17. File a certified report for Procedure 8. File certified notification of Agency: Private licensed company occupancy starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Time: 15 days Italy Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Agency: Fire Department Reggio Calabria Cost: EUR 2,000 Permits (SUE), Municipality of Palermo Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 216 Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic Cost: EUR 52 (EUR 52 for occupancy permit survey of the land plot administration fee) Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by Agency: Private licensed company the Fire Department Time: 15 days Reggio Calabria Agency: Fire Department Reggio Calabria Cost: EUR 1,000 Time: 1 day Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Cost: No cost Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Data as of: May 1, 2019 engineer to test structure Procedure 10. Register the building Agency: Independent engineer Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study Agency: Revenue Agency, Reggio Calabria Time: 1 day of the land Territorial Office Cost: EUR 6,000 Agency: Private licensed company Time: 5 days Time: 15 days Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Cost: EUR 1,500 digital map; EUR 65 to register the building Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the Permits (SUE); Municipality of Rome Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic building at the Cadastral Registry) Time: 135 days survey of the land plot Cost: EUR 38,061 (EUR 1,000 for the Agency: Private licensed company Procedure 11*. Apply for water and application; EUR 150 for the project clearance Time: 15 days sewerage connection from the Fire Department; EUR 36,911.35 for Cost: EUR 800 Agency: Integrated Water Service, City of building permit fee [primary + secondary Reggio Calabria urbanization]) Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Time: 1 day engineer to test structure Cost: No cost Procedure 5*. Obtain seismic Agency: Independent engineer authorization Time: 1 day Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil Cost: EUR 5,000 of water and sewage Engineering) Agency: Integrated Water Service, City of Time: 30 days Procedure 4. Obtain seismic Reggio Calabria Cost: EUR 1,316 (EUR 90 for application authorization Time: 1 day fee; EUR 16 for a stamp; EUR 1,210 for the Cost: No cost examination and filing of a project for a 3,901.5 Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil cubic meters warehouse) Engineering) Time: 280 days Procedure 13. Conduct connection works Cost: EUR 550 and obtain water and sewerage meter Procedure 6. Submit notification of Agency: Integrated Water Service, City of commencement of works Reggio Calabria Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Procedure 5*. Obtain building permit Permits (SUE); Municipality of Rome Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities Time: 20 days Time: Less than one day (online procedure) (SUAP), Municipality of Reggio Calabria Cost: EUR 200 Cost: No cost Time: 75 days Cost: EUR 11,508 (EUR 11,384 for urbanization Procedure 14. File a certified report for fee; EUR 123.95 for administration fee) occupancy Procedure 7. Submit structural work Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities report Procedure 6. Submit notification of (SUAP), Municipality of Reggio Calabria Agency: Regional Technical Office (Civil Engineering) commencement of works Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Agency: One-Stop Shop for Business Activities Cost: EUR 84 (EUR 51.54 for occupancy permit (SUAP), Municipality of Reggio Calabria; administration fee; EUR 32 for two stamps) Cost: EUR 137 (EUR 32 for 2 stamps; EUR 105 Regional Technical Office (Civil Engineering) for administration fees) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: No cost *Simultaneous with previous procedure CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 59 Procedure 8. File certified notification of Procedure 2*. Obtain topographic Procedure 11*. Apply for water and starting activity (SCIA) for fire security survey of the land plot sewerage connection Agency: Fire Department Rome Agency: Private licensed company Agency: Turin Water Company S.p.A. (SMAT) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: 15 days Time: 1 day Cost: EUR 216 Cost: EUR 1,000 Cost: No cost Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by Procedure 3*. Hire an independent Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection the Fire Department engineer to test structure and estimation of water and sewerage Agency: Fire Department Rome Agency: Independent engineer installation costs Italy Time: 1 day Time: 1 day Agency: Turin Water Company S.p.A. (SMAT) Cost: No cost Cost: EUR 4,000 Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Procedure 10. Register the building Procedure 4. Obtain building permit Agency: Revenue Agency, Rome Territorial Agency: Municipal Building Counter, Procedure 13. Obtain water and Office Municipality of Turin sewerage connection Time: 5 days Time: 120 days Agency: Turin Water Company S.p.A. (SMAT) Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract Cost: EUR 64,516 (EUR 48.26 per sq. m. of Time: 40 days digital map; EUR 65 to register the building urbanization fee; EUR 1,733 for application fee; Cost: EUR 1,000 at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the EUR 16 for stamp fee) building at the Cadastral Registry) Procedure 14. File a certified report for Procedure 5*. Submit structural project occupancy Procedure 11*. Apply for water and plan Agency: Municipal Building Counter, sewerage connection Agency: Municipal Building Counter, Municipality of Turin Agency: Rome Water Company (ACEA S.p.A.) Municipality of Turin Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: 1 day Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 180 (EUR 180 for occupancy permit Cost: No cost Cost: EUR 16 (EUR 16 for stamp) administration fee) Procedure 12. Receive on-site inspection Procedure 6. Submit notification of and estimation of water and sewerage commencement of works installation costs Agency: Municipal Building Counter, Agency: Rome Water Company (ACEA S.p.A.) Municipality of Turin Time: 1 day Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: No cost Cost: EUR 16 (EUR 16 for stamp) Procedure 13. Obtain water and Procedure 7. Submit structural work sewerage connection report Agency: Rome Water Company (ACEA S.p.A.) Agency: Municipal Building Counter, Municipality of Turin Time: 29 days Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 600 Cost: EUR 32 (EUR 32 for two stamps) Procedure 14. File a certified report for Procedure 8. File certified notification of occupancy starting activity (SCIA) for fire security Agency: One-Stop Shop for Construction Permits (SUE); Municipality of Rome Agency: Fire Department Turin Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Time: Less than one day (online procedure) Cost: EUR 150 (EUR 150 for administration fee) Cost: EUR 216 Procedure 9. Receive final inspection by Turin the Fire Department Warehouse value: EUR 1,467,994 (US$1,678,000) Agency: Fire Department Turin Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 1 day Cost: No cost Procedure 1. Obtain geo-technical study of the land Procedure 10. Register the building Agency: Private licensed company Agency: Revenue Agency, Turin Territorial Time: 15 days Office Cost: EUR 2,000 Time: 5 days Cost: EUR 159 (EUR 44 to obtain the extract digital map; EUR 65 to register the building at the Land Registry; EUR 50 to register the building at the Cadastral Registry) *Simultaneous with previous procedure 60 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS IN ITALY – BUILDING QUALITY CONTROL INDEX All cities Answer Score Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Quality of building regulations index (0–2) 2 How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0–1) Available online; Free of charge. 1 Italy Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly specified in the building List of required documents; Fees to be paid; Required 1 regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0–1) preapprovals. Quality control before construction index (0–1) 0 Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in By law, there is no need to verify plans compliance; 0 compliance with existing building regulations? (0–1) Civil servant reviews plans. Quality control during construction index (0–3) 2 What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during Inspections by in-house engineer; Inspections by 1 construction? (0–2) external engineer or firm; Inspections at various phases. Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0–1) Mandatory inspections are always done in practice. 1 Quality control after construction index (0–3) 3 Is there a final inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in Yes, external engineer submits report for final 2 accordance with the approved plans and regulations? (0–2) inspection. Do legally mandated final inspections occur in practice? (0–1) Final inspection always occurs in practice. 1 Liability and insurance regimes index (0–2) 2 Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural flaws or problems in the building Architect or engineer; Professional in charge of the 1 once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0–1) supervision; Construction company; Owner or investor. Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover possible Architect or engineer; Professional in charge of the 1 structural flaws or problems in the building once it is in use? (0–1) supervision; Construction company; Insurance is commonly taken in practice. Professional certifications index (0–4) 2 What are the qualification requirements for the professional responsible for verifying There are no specific requirements. 0 that the architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with existing building regulations? (0–2) What are the qualification requirements for the professional who supervises the Minimum number of years of experience; University 2 construction on the ground? (0–2) degree in engineering, construction or construction management; Being a registered architect or engineer. Source: Doing Business database. CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 61 Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee related to distance (flat fee for distances up Cagliari LIST OF PROCEDURES to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee Name of Utility: e-distribuzione GETTING ELECTRICITY related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 Data as of: May 1, 2019 PERMITS per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Procedure 1. Submit application to ITALY Procedure 3. Obtain external works from a supplier and receive external site Ancona utility, meter installation and electricity inspection by utility flow Agency: e-distribuzione Name of Utility: e-distribuzione Agency: e-distribuzione Italy Time: 12 days Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 87 days [60 calendar days for obtaining Cost: No cost excavation permit from the Municipality + 27 Procedure 1. Submit application to calendar days for completing the connection works] Procedure 2. Utility transmits the a supplier and receive external site Cost: No cost estimates to the client inspection by utility Agency: e-distribuzione Agency: e-distribuzione Procedure 4*. Purchase and install Time: 23 days Time: 16 days secondary transformer Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee Cost: No cost related to distance (flat fee for distances up Agency: Electrical Contractor to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee Procedure 2. Utility transmits the Time: 7 days related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 estimates to the client Cost: EUR 30,000 per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 16 days Bologna Procedure 3. Obtain external works from Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee utility, meter installation and electricity related to distance (flat fee for distances up Name of Utility: e-distribuzione flow to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee Data as of: May 1, 2019 Agency: e-distribuzione related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 Time: 94 days [60 calendar days for obtaining per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Procedure 1. Submit application to excavation permit from the Municipality and a supplier and receive external site the Province + 34 calendar days for completing Procedure 3. Obtain external works from inspection by utility the connection works] utility, meter installation and electricity Agency: e-distribuzione Cost: No cost flow Time: 13 days Agency: e-distribuzione Cost: No cost Procedure 4*. Purchase and install Time: 152 days [120 calendar days for obtaining secondary transformer excavation permit from the Municipality + 32 Procedure 2. Utility transmits the Agency: Electrical Contractor calendar days for completing the connection estimates to the client Time: 7 days works] Agency: e-distribuzione Cost: EUR 30,000 Cost: No cost Time: 13 days Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee Procedure 4*. Purchase and install related to distance (flat fee for distances up Florence secondary transformer to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee Name of Utility: e-distribuzione Agency: Electrical Contractor related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 7 days per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Cost: EUR 30,000 Procedure 1. Submit application to Procedure 3. Obtain external works from a supplier and receive external site Bari utility, meter installation and electricity inspection by utility flow Agency: e-distribuzione Name of Utility: e-distribuzione Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 14 days Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 49 days [30 calendar days for obtaining Cost: No cost excavation permit from the Municipality + 19 Procedure 1. Submit application to calendar days for completing the connection works] Procedure 2. Utility transmits the a supplier and receive external site Cost: No cost estimates to the client inspection by utility Agency: e-distribuzione Agency: e-distribuzione Procedure 4*. Purchase and install Time: 13 days Time: 16 days secondary transformer Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee Cost: No cost related to distance (flat fee for distances up Agency: Electrical Contractor to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee Procedure 2. Utility transmits the Time: 7 days related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 estimates to the client Cost: EUR 30,000 per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 16 days *Simultaneous with previous procedure 62 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Procedure 3. Obtain external works from Procedure 3. Obtain external works from Milan utility, meter installation and electricity utility, meter installation and electricity flow Name of Utility: a2a - Unareti flow Agency: e-distribuzione Data as of: May 1, 2019 Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 81 days [60 calendar days for obtaining Time: 81 days [60 calendar days for obtaining excavation permit from the Municipality + 21 Procedure 1. Submit application and excavation permit from the Municipality + 21 calendar days for completing the connection receive external site inspection by utility calendar days for completing the connection works] Agency: a2a - Unareti works] Cost: No cost Time: 5 days Cost: No cost Italy Cost: No cost Procedure 4*. Purchase and install Procedure 4*. Purchase and install secondary transformer Procedure 2. Utility transmits the secondary transformer Agency: Electrical Contractor estimates to the client Agency: Electrical Contractor Time: 7 days Agency: a2a - Unareti Time: 7 days Cost: EUR 30,000 Time: 5 days Cost: EUR 30,000 Cost: EUR 10,011 [EUR 186.14 for the fee related Genoa to distance (flat fee for distances up to 1,000 Padua meters) + EUR 9,798.60 for the fee related to Name of Utility: e-distribuzione the subscribed capacity (EUR 69,99 per kVA) + Name of Utility: e-distribuzione Data as of: May 1, 2019 EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Data as of: May 1, 2019 Procedure 1. Submit application to Procedure 3. Sign a supply contract and Procedure 1. Submit application to a supplier and receive external site await final connection a supplier and receive external site inspection by utility Agency: Electrical supplier inspection by utility Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 5 days Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 11 days Cost: No cost Time: 16 days Cost: No cost Cost: No cost Procedure 4*. Obtain external works Procedure 2. Utility transmits the and meter installation from utility Procedure 2. Utility transmits the estimates to the client Agency: a2a - Unareti estimates to the client Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 125 days [90 calendar days for obtaining Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 11 days clearances from other utilities + 30 calendar Time: 15 days Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee days for obtaining the excavation permit Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee related to distance (flat fee for distances up from the Municipality + 5 calendar days for related to distance (flat fee for distances up to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee completing the connection works] to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 Cost: No cost related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Naples Procedure 3. Obtain external works from Procedure 3. Obtain external works from utility, meter installation and electricity Name of Utility: e-distribuzione utility, meter installation and electricity flow Data as of: May 1, 2019 flow Agency: e-distribuzione Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 138 days [100 calendar days for Procedure 1. Submit application to Time: 141 days [120 calendar days for obtaining obtaining the excavation permit from the a supplier and receive external site excavation permit from the Municipality, the Municipality + 38 calendar days for completing inspection by utility Province and other institutions + 21 calendar the connection works] Agency: e-distribuzione days for completing the connection works] Cost: No cost Time: 15 days Cost: No cost Cost: No cost Procedure 4*. Purchase and install Procedure 4*. Purchase and install secondary transformer Procedure 2. Utility transmits the secondary transformer Agency: Electrical Contractor estimates to the client Agency: Electrical Contractor Time: 7 days Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 7 days Cost: EUR 30,000 Time: 16 days Cost: EUR 30,000 Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee related to distance (flat fee for distances up to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] *Simultaneous with previous procedure CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 63 Procedure 3. Obtain external works from Palermo Turin utility, meter installation and electricity Name of Utility: e-distribuzione flow Name of Utility: Ireti Data as of: May 1, 2019 Agency: e-distribuzione Data as of: May 1, 2019 Time: 80 days [60 calendar days for obtaining Procedure 1. Submit application to excavation permit from the Municipality + 20 Procedure 1. Submit application to a supplier and receive external site calendar days for completing the connection a supplier and receive external site inspection by utility works] inspection by utility Agency: e-distribuzione Cost: No cost Agency: Ireti Italy Time: 16 days Time: 3 days Cost: No cost Procedure 4*. Purchase and install Cost: No cost secondary transformer Procedure 2. Utility transmits the Agency: Electrical Contractor Procedure 2. Utility transmits the estimates to the client Time: 7 days estimates to the client Agency: e-distribuzione Cost: EUR 30,000 Agency: Ireti Time: 15 days Time: 18 days Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee Rome Cost: EUR 10,011 [EUR 186.14 for the fee related related to distance (flat fee for distances up to distance (flat fee for distances up to 1,000 to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee Name of Utility: Areti meters) + EUR 9,798.60 for the fee related to related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 Data as of: May 1, 2019 the subscribed capacity (EUR 69,99 per kVA) + per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Procedure 1. Submit application to Procedure 3. Obtain external works from a supplier and receive external site Procedure 3. Obtain external works from utility, meter installation and electricity inspection by utility utility, meter installation and electricity flow Agency: Areti flow Agency: e-distribuzione Time: 15 days Agency: Ireti Time: 200 days [180 calendar days for Cost: No cost Time: 82 days [52 calendar days for obtaining obtaining excavation permit from the excavation permit from the Municipality + 30 Municipality and other 15 institutions + 20 Procedure 2. Utility transmits the calendar days for completing the connection calendar days for completing the connection estimates to the client works] works] Cost: No cost Agency: Areti Cost: No cost Time: 15 days Cost: EUR 10,792 [EUR 2,500 for preparation Procedure 4*. Purchase and install of the quote + EUR 466.52 for the fee related secondary transformer to distance (flat fee for distances up to 1,000 Agency: Electrical Contractor meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee related to Time: 7 days the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 per kVA) + Cost: EUR 30,000 EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] Procedure 3 . Obtain external works Reggio Calabria from utility, meter installation and Name of Utility: e-distribuzione electricity flow Data as of: May 1, 2019 Agency: Areti Time: 45 days [30 calendar days for obtaining Procedure 1. Submit application to excavation permit from the Municipality + 15 a supplier and receive external site calendar days for completing the connection inspection by utility works] Agency: e-distribuzione Cost: No cost Time: 14 days Cost: No cost Procedure 4*. Purchase and install secondary transformer Procedure 2. Utility transmits the Agency: Electrical Contractor estimates to the client Time: 7 days Agency: e-distribuzione Cost: EUR 30,000 Time: 14 days Cost: EUR 8,292 [EUR 466.52 for the fee related to distance (flat fee for distances up to 1,000 meters) + EUR 7,799.40 for the fee related to the subscribed capacity (EUR 55,71 per kVA) + EUR 25.86 (administrative fee)] *Simultaneous with previous procedure 64 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY GETTING ELECTRICITY IN ITALY – RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY AND TRANSPARENCY OF TARIFFS INDEX 8 (Ancona, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Padua) Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 (8 cities) 3 (Ancona, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Padua) Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0–3) 2 (8 cities) System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 0.26 (Bologna) 0.35 (Ancona) Italy 0.38 (Florence) 0.58 (Bari) 0.63 (Milan) 0.74 (Padua) 0.82 (Turin) 0.92 (Palermo) 0.99 (Genoa) 1.04 (Reggio Calabria) 1.09 (Naples) 1.14 (Cagliari) 1.29 (Rome) System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 0.46 (Bologna) 0.57 (Padua) 0.83 (Florence) 0.93 (Genoa) 0.97 (Ancona) 1.23 (Milan) 1.62 (Bari) 1.71 (Turin) 1.83 (Cagliari) 1.94 (Naples) 2.17 (Palermo) 2.22 (Rome) 2.52 (Reggio Calabria) Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0–1) 1 (all cities) Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes (all cities) Mechanisms for restoring service (0–1) 1 (all cities) Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes (all cities) Regulatory monitoring (0–1) 1 (all cities) Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on reliability Yes (all cities) of supply? Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0–1) 1 (all cities) Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face fines by the regulator (or both) if outages Yes (all cities) exceed a certain cap? Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0–1) 1 (all cities) Are effective tariffs available online? Yes (all cities) Are customers notified of a change in tariff ahead of the billing cycle? Yes (all cities) Source: Doing Business database. REGISTERING PROPERTY IN ITALY – PROCEDURES REQUIRED TO REGISTER A PROPERTY, BY CITY Property value: EUR 1,467,994 Ancona Bari Bologna Cagliari Florence Genoa Milan Naples Padua Palermo Calabria Reggio Rome Turin Data as of: May 1, 2019 Comments 1. Notary public conducts the The notary public obtains all the needed due diligence certificates required necessary verifications for the for the transaction and verifying the identity of the parties. The notary will transaction through Notartel Time (days) Less than one day (procedure conducted online) conduct the following verifications through Notartel, a web-based platform which enables the notary to directly access the databases of the Land Registry, the Cadastre and the Commercial Registry: (i) Title and mortgage search (ispezione ipotecaria), in the Land Registry’s database, stating who the owner is and any rights that third parties have on Cost (EUR) See cost for procedure 3 the property (if any); (ii) Cadastral search (visura catastale) , from the Cadastre, stating the physical characteristics of the property. 2. Notary verifies the powers Time (days) Less than one day (procedure conducted online) Using the Companies Registry's web-based platform , the notary will search of relevant signatories* the company, to check whether it appears as active, obtains certificates stating that the parties have the needed powers to complete a property Cost (EUR) See cost for procedure 3 transfer on behalf of their companies. 3. Notary drafts and executes After taking over the case, the notary instructs the parties on the legal the deed of sale Time (days) 15 15 15 15 12 14 16 11 16 10 13 11 12 requirements. Once the notary or his/her staff made all verifications, it proceeds to draft the deed of sale that usually is circulated with the parties for their comments. Once a final version is agreed upon, the parties sign, and 64,240 (EUR 5,000 (Notary's fees without VAT) + EUR 230 (Imposta di Bollo) + EUR 200 the notary stipulates the deed. During stipulation the parties pay the official Cost (EUR) registration tax (Imposta di Registro) + 3% of property value (Imposta Ipotecaria) + 1% of property fees and the buyer pays the notary charges. value (Imposta Catastale) + EUR 35 (Tassa Ipotecaria) + EUR 55 (Diritti Catastali per Voltura)) 4. Registration of the deed The notary files the deed of sale and the transcription note online using the Time (days) 4 10 4 7 4 7 3 8 9 7 4 4 12 “Modello Unico Informatico (MUI)”. Cost (EUR) See cost for procedure 3 Source: Doing Business database. *Simultaneous with a previous procedure. CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 65 Italy 66 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY REGISTERING PROPERTY IN ITALY – QUALITY OF LAND ADMINISTRATION INDEX (continued) Answer Score 24 points (Bari, Cagliari, Padua and Reggio Calabria) 25.5 points (Florence, Milan, Quality of the land administration index (0–30) Naples, Palermo and Turin) 26 points (Ancona) Italy 26.5 (Bologna, Genoa and Rome) Reliability of infrastructure index (0–8) 8 In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the city—in a paper Computer/Fully digital 2 format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? (0–2) Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, Yes 1 restrictions and the like)? (0–1) In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the city—in a paper Computer/Fully digital 2 format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? (0–2) Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing Yes 1 cadastral information (geographic information system)? (0–1) Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and Different databases but linked 1 the cadastral or mapping agency kept in a single database, in different but linked databases or in separate databases? (0–1) Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use Yes 1 the same identification number for properties? (0–1) 4 points (Ancona, Bari, Cagliari, Padua and Reggio Calabria) Transparency of information index (0–6) 4.5 points (Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome and Turin) Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in charge of Anyone who pays the official fee 1 immovable property registration in the city? (0–1) Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of property transaction Yes, in person 0 made publicly available–and if so, how? (0–0.5) Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of Yes, online 0.5 immovable property registration in the city made publicly available–and if so, how? (0–0.5) Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a No 0 legally binding document that proves property ownership within a specific time frame– and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? (0–0.5) Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that Yes 1 occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration? (0–1) Are there publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the Yes (Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Milan, 0.5 points (Bologna, Florence, immovable property registration agency? (0–0.5) Naples, Palermo, Rome and Turin) Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome and Turin) Yes, but not available to the public (Ancona, Bari, Cagliari, Padua and 0 points (Ancona, Bari, Cagliari, Reggio Calabria) Padua and Reggio Calabria) Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the city? (0–0.5) Anyone who pays the official fee 0.5 Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made publicly Yes, online 0.5 available—and if so, how? (0–0.5) Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to delivering an updated map within a No 0 specific time frame—and if so, how does it communicate the service standard? (0–0.5) Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that Yes 0.5 occurred at the cadastral or mapping agency? (0–0.5) Geographic coverage index (0–8) 8 Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at the immovable Yes 2 property registry? (0–2) CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 67 REGISTERING PROPERTY IN ITALY – QUALITY OF LAND ADMINISTRATION INDEX (continued) Answer Score Are all privately held land plots in the city formally registered at the immovable Yes 2 property registry? (0–2) Are all privately held land plots in the economy mapped? (0–2) Yes 2 Are all privately held land plots in the city mapped? (0–2) Yes 2 Italy 4 points (Bari, Cagliari, Padua and Reggio Calabria) 5 points (Florence, Milan, Land dispute resolution index (0–8) Naples, Palermo and Turin) 6 points (Ancona, Bologna, Genoa and Rome) Does the law require that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable Yes 1.5 property registry to make them opposable to third parties? (0–1.5) Is the system of immovable property registration subject to a state or private Yes 0.5 guarantee? (0–0.5) Is there a specific compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties No 0 who engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certified by the immovable property registry? (0–0.5) Does the legal system require a control of legality of the documents necessary for a Yes 0.5 property transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with requirements of the law)? (0–0.5) Does the legal system require verification of the identity of the parties to a property Yes 0.5 transaction? (0–0.5) Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of identity documents? (0–1) Yes 1 How long does it take on average to obtain a decision from the first-instance court for Between 1 and 2 years (Ancona, 2 points (Ancona, Bologna, such a case (without appeal)? (0–3) Bologna, Genoa and Rome) Genoa and Rome) Between 2 and 3 years (Florence, 1 point (Florence, Milan, Naples, Milan, Naples, Palermo and Turin) Palermo and Turin) More than 3 years (Bari, Cagliari, 0 points (Bari, Cagliari, Padua Padua and Reggio Calabria) and Reggio Calabria) Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes in the first instance? (0–0.5) No 0 Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) 0 Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0 Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0 Source: Doing Business database. 68 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY ENFORCING CONTRACTS IN ITALY – TIME, COST AND QUALITY OF JUDICIAL PROCESSES, BY CITY Time (days) Cost (% of claim) Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) Court structure and Alternative dispute proceedings (-1–5) Trial and judgment Case management Enforcement costs Court automation Filing and service Attorney fees Enforcement of judgment Court costs resolution Total (0–6) (0–4) (0–3) Total Total score City time cost (0–18) Italy Ancona 10 900 270 1,180 17.3 4.0 4.7 26.1 3 4 3 3 13 Bari 10 1,095 365 1,470 13.7 3.4 4.7 21.8 3 4 3 3 13 Bologna 10 800 220 1,030 17.3 4.9 4.7 26.9 3.5 4 3 3 13.5 Cagliari 10 900 335 1,245 16.2 3.1 4.7 24.0 3 4 3 3 13 Florence 10 900 365 1,275 17.3 5.8 4.7 27.8 3 4 3 3 13 Genoa 10 780 270 1,060 20.0 3.1 4.7 27.9 3 4 3 3 13 Milan 10 715 260 985 19.3 3.5 4.7 27.5 3 4 3 3 13 Naples 10 1,095 365 1,470 14.5 5.8 4.7 24.9 3.5 4 3 3 13.5 Padua 10 850 270 1,130 20.4 4.0 4.7 29.2 3 4 3 3 13 Palermo 10 900 365 1,275 14.1 4.0 4.7 22.8 3 4 3 3 13 Reggio Calabria 10 1,440 300 1,750 10.0 3.1 4.7 17.9 3 4 3 3 13 Rome 10 840 270 1,120 19.0 3.9 4.7 27.6 3 4 3 3 13 Turin 10 600 250 860 16.3 4.0 4.7 25.0 3 4 3 3 13 Source: Doing Business database. CITY SNAPSHOTS AND INDICATOR DETAILS 69 ENFORCING CONTRACTS IN ITALY – QUALITY OF JUDICIAL PROCESSES INDEX (continued) Answer Score Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 (11 cities) 13.5 (Bologna and Naples) Court structure and proceedings (-1–5) 3 (11 cities) 3.5 (Bologna and Naples) Is there a court or division of a court dedicated solely to hearing commercial cases? (0–1.5) No 0 Italy Small claims court (0–1.5) 1.5 a. Is there a small claims court or a fast-track procedure for small claims? Yes b. If yes, is self-representation allowed? Yes Is pretrial attachment available? (0–1) Yes 1 Are new cases assigned randomly to judges? (0–1) Yes, but manual (11 cities) 0.5 (11 cities) Yes, automatic (Bologna and 1 (Bologna and Naples) Naples) Does a woman's testimony carry the same evidentiary weight in court as a man's? (-1–0) Yes 0 Case management (0–6) 4 Time standards (0–1) 1 a. Are there laws setting overall time standards for key court events in a civil case? Yes b. If yes, are the time standards set for at least three court events? Yes c. Are these time standards respected in more than 50% of cases? Yes Adjournments (0–1) 0 a. Does the law regulate the maximum number of adjournments that can be granted? No b. Are adjournments limited to unforeseen and exceptional circumstances? No c. If rules on adjournments exist, are they respected in more than 50% of cases? n.a. Can two of the following four reports be generated about the competent court: (i) time to Yes 1 disposition report; (ii) clearance rate report; (iii) age of pending cases report; and (iv) single case progress report? (0–1) Is a pretrial conference among the case management techniques used before the No 0 competent court? (0–1) Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court for Yes 1 use by judges? (0–1) Are there any electronic case management tools in place within the competent court for Yes 1 use by lawyers? (0–1) Court automation (0–4) 3 Can the initial complaint be filed electronically through a dedicated platform within the Yes 1 competent court? (0–1) Is it possible to carry out service of process electronically for claims filed before the Yes 1 competent court? (0–1) Can court fees be paid electronically within the competent court? (0–1) Yes 1 Publication of judgments (0–1) 0 a. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at all levels made available to the No general public through publication in official gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? b. Are judgments rendered in commercial cases at the appellate and supreme court No level made available to the general public through publication in official gazettes, in newspapers or on the internet or court website? Alternative dispute resolution (0–3) 3 Arbitration (0–1.5) 1.5 a. Is domestic commercial arbitration governed by a consolidated law or consolidated Yes chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all its aspects? b. Are there any commercial disputes—aside from those that deal with public order or No public policy—that cannot be submitted to arbitration? c. Are valid arbitration clauses or agreements usually enforced by the courts? Yes 70 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY ENFORCING CONTRACTS IN ITALY – QUALITY OF JUDICIAL PROCESSES INDEX (continued) Answer Score Mediation/Conciliation (0–1.5) 1.5 a. Is voluntary mediation or conciliation available? Yes b. Are mediation, conciliation or both governed by a consolidated law or consolidated Yes chapter or section of the applicable code of civil procedure encompassing substantially all their aspects? c. Are there financial incentives for parties to attempt mediation or conciliation (i.e., Yes Italy if mediation or conciliation is successful, a refund of court filing fees, income tax credits or the like)? Source: Doing Business database. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 71 Acknowledgments Doing Business in the European Union .doingbusiness.org/EU3) was developed Association of Court Bailiffs (team led by 2020: Greece, Ireland and Italy was by Varun Doiphode, Akash Pradhan and Georgios Mitsis), the Hellenic Association produced by a team led by Trimor Mici, Kamalesh Sengaonkar. The report was of Rural and Surveying Engineers (team led Madalina Papahagi, Tommaso Rooms edited by Rachel Moore Weller, and the by Michalis Kalogiannakis), the Hellenic and Moussa Traore. The team comprised layout produced by Luis Liceaga. Electricity Distribution Network Operator Razvan Antonescu, Luca Bettarelli, and SPEED Development Consultants SA in Nicolas Conserva, Margherita Fabbri, The study was funded by the European Greece; (ii) the Law Society of Ireland (team Lilla M Fordos, Eleni Founti, Dimitra Commission, Directorate-General Regional led by Cormac Ó Culáin), Engineers Ireland Christina Heliotis, Joyce Antone Ibrahim, and Urban Policy. It was undertaken under (team led by Richard Manton), Electric Konstantia Katsouli, Branislav Kralik, the auspices of the Ministry of Development Ireland, ESB Networks and Irish Water in Tiziana Londero, Ioanna Pantelaiou and and Investment (formerly the Ministry of Ireland; (iii) Legance – Avvocati Associati Alberto Pellicano. The report was pre- Economy and Development) of Greece; (team led by Cecilia Carrara and Francesca pared under the direction of Pilar Salgado the Department of Finance in Ireland; and Salerno), the National Council of Italian Otónel. the Ministry of Economic Development of Engineers, the National Council of Notaries, Italy. Valuable assistance was provided by the National Association of Builders (ANCE), The team is grateful for valuable peer city halls across Greece and Ireland and a2a - Unareti, Areti, e-distribuzione, and Ireti review comments provided by col- chambers of commerce in Italy, which in Italy. leagues from across the World Bank hosted meetings between the project team Group. Isfandyar Zaman Khan, Valeria and local public officials during the imple- More than 600 lawyers, notaries, engi- Perotti and Alessio Zanelli reviewed mentation phase. neers, electricians, architects, construc- the full text. Experts in each of the five tion experts, utility providers, public areas measured were consulted when The project team extends special officials, judges and enforcement agents drafting the individual chapters: Albert thanks for information and assistance contributed to Doing Business in the Nogués i Comas, Cyrianne Coste, Klaus provided throughout the project to (i) European Union 2020: Greece, Ireland and Decker, Marie Lily Delion, Maria Antonia the General Secretariat of Commerce, Italy. The team would like to express its Quesada Gamez, Maksym Iavorskyi, Aris the Hellenic Cadastre, the Ministry of special gratitude to the national and local Molfetas-Lygkiaris, Frederic Meunier, Justice and the Regulatory Authority public officials and members of the judi- Nadia Novik, George Papakyriakopoulos, for Energy (RAE) of Greece; (ii) the ciary who participated in the project and Marion Pinto, Silvia Carolina Lopez Commission for Regulation of Utilities, who made valuable comments during the Rocha, Jayashree Srinivasan, Erick Tjong the Companies Registration Office, the consultation and data review period. The and Wael Zakout. Courts Service Ireland, the Department names of those wishing to be acknowl- of Justice and Equality, the Property edged are listed on the following pages. Arup Banerji, Marta Mueller Guicciardini, Registration Authority and the Revenue Marcus Bernhard Heinz, Jakob Kopperud, Commissioners of Ireland; and (iii) Rita Ramalho and Nikolaos Schmidt the National Agency for Active Labour provided guidance and leadership. Policies (ANPAL), the Italian Regulatory Antonio Borges, Valeria Dessolis, Authority for Energy, Networks and Xhuliano Dule, Daria Goldstein, Marko Environment (ARERA), the Bank of Italy, Grujicic, Iva Hamel, Katherine Angela the Ministry of Justice, the Revenue Haynes, Zeljko Horvat, Anna Karpets, Agency (Agenzia delle Entrate) and Monique Pelloux, Patrizia Poggi and Unioncamere in Italy. Serge Randriamiharisoa provided valu- able assistance at various stages of the Data collection was carried out in col- project. The communication campaign laboration with (i) Rokas International Law was designed and led by Chisako Fukuda Firm (team led by Alkistis Christofilou and in collaboration with Oliver Joy and Kym Mira Todorovic Symeonides), the Technical Smithies. The website (http://www Chamber of Greece (TEE), the Hellenic 72 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY PRIVATE SECTOR Michele Labriola Michele Labriola Notary Public Nicola Di Santo Martinuzzi Law Firm Gabriele Benedetti Gruppo Tecnico Associato s.r.l. Milena Prisco CBA Law Firm CONTRIBUTORS Emmanuele Virgintino Francesco Piergiovanni Jacopo Sodi Francesca Vagliani Studio Legale Virgintino PROEL_Studio Tecnico Associato Jacopo Sodi Notary Public Covivio ITALY Dario Virgintino Rita Merone Jacopo Monaci Naldini Andrea Sonino Virgintino Law Firm Rita Merone Notary Public JMU Law Firm De Berti Jacchi Franchini ANCONA Forlani Law Firm Andrea Massei Pier Paolo Chieco e-distribuzione S.p.A. Elena Santalucia Andrea Massei Notary Public Virgintino Law Firm Notary Office Bridget Ellison De Berti Jacchi Franchini Serenella Bachiocco Angelo Abbatecola Pennica Law Firm Francesco Steidl Forlani Law Firm Bachiocco Law Firm YesWeNet Spa Steidl Notary Public Elena Maria Granatello Barbara Federici e-distribuzione S.p.A. CAGLIARI Alfredo Grifoni De Berti Jacchi Franchini Barbara Federici Notary Public Lucia Zedda Studio Grifoni Forlani Law Firm ANCE National Association Enrico Donatini Edoardo Boscarato Gennaro Paone BOLOGNA of Builders Boscarato Law Firm Surveyor De Berti Jacchi Franchini Carmine Preziosi Alberto La Barbera Forlani Law Firm Federica De Simone ANCE National Association Beatrice Giachi Engineer Terna Rete Italiana S.P.A. DE4LAW Law Firm of Builders Giuseppina Zoccali Fabrizio Zuddas De Berti Jacchi Franchini Marco Mancini Fabio Zerbinati Engineer e-distribuzione S.p.A. Forlani Law Firm Engineer ASE Real Estate Agency Giuseppe Aresu Marco Frazzica Michele Emili Alessia Casadio Engineer De Berti Jacchi Franchini Engineer GENOA Cartwright Pescatore Forlani Law Firm Commercial Law Firm Laura Pibiri Filippo Delle Piante Diego Franzoni Engineer ANCE National Association Michelangelo Cicogna Engineering Service srl Mario Pietro Cascavilla of Builders De Berti Jacchi Franchini Cartwright Pescatore Marianna Fiori Forlani Law Firm Giovanni Loiodice Commercial Law Firm Engineer Francesco Tomasinelli Giovanni Loiodice Attorney at Law ANCE National Association Stefania Merati Corrado Beldì Maurizio Spiga of Builders De Berti Jacchi Franchini Carlo D’Ascanio Confindustria - General Engineer Forlani Law Firm Innovazioni Aziendali Confederation of Italian Industry Laura Bruni Consultancy Firm Sandro Catta ANCE National Association Roberto Gravante Andrea Errani Engineer of Builders Erregi Impianti Elettrici Piergiorgio Dini EGM Notary Public Innovazioni Aziendali Sarah Orrù Marco Vassale Davide Rossi Consultancy Firm Giulio Errani Engineer ANCE National Association Legance Law Firm EGM Notary Public of Builders Valeria Candelori Giuseppe Macciotta Nicola Toffanin Innovazioni Aziendali Andrea Gnudi Macciotta & Associates Law Firm Michele Parodi Legance Law Firm Consultancy Firm EN7 SRL ANCE National Association Daniele Albai of Builders Paolo Antonio Mulas Massimo Baldassari Lorenzo Ziosi Masile & Albai Law Firm Legance Law Firm Massimo Baldassari Notary Public EN7 SRL Paolo Costa Nicoletta Masile Association of Engineers Claudio Visco Monica Sabbatini Gabriele Raffaellini Masile & Albai Law Firm Macchi di Cellere Monica Sabbatini Attorney at Law Engineer Marco Lagomarsino Gangemi Law Firm Massimo Simbula Lagomarsino Accounting Firm Fabiola Tombolini Luca Nanni Simbula Law Firm Ernesto Pucci Tombolini Law Firm Engineer Alessandro Dona Macchi di Cellere Munari Giudici Maniglio Panfili Gangemi Law Firm Gianluca Pierpaoli Paolo Marco Bianco e-distribuzione S.p.A. and Associates Law Firm UP Professionisti d’impresa Engineer Mattia Peretti Consultancy Firm Francesco Munari Macchi di Cellere Gian Luca Brini FLORENCE Munari Giudici Maniglio Panfili Gangemi Law Firm e-distribuzione S.p.A. GBa Studio_Gian Luca Agnese Da Vela and Associates Law Firm Brini Architetto AG Law Firm Silvia Lazzaretti Carlo Rossello Macchi di Cellere Riccardo Brini Andrea Grazzini Rossello Law Firm Gangemi Law Firm BARI GBa Studio_Gian Luca AG Law Firm Antonio Albanese Brini Architetto Renato Speciale Stefania Mavelli Architect Eleonora Carli Speciale Law Firm Macchi di Cellere Filippo Golinelli AG Law Firm Gangemi Law Firm Loredana Basile Golinelli La Rocca Notary Public e-distribuzione S.p.A. Architect Carolina Capitanio Maurizio Pisanello Cinzia Valente Architect Pisanello & Partners Labour Roberto Masciopinto Guidotti Law Firm Consultants, Attorneys-at-Law Association of Engineers Dania Marzo MILAN and Tax Consultants Rolandino Guidotti Architect Luca Grassi Giuseppe Salsarulo Guidotti Law Firm ANCE National Association Ezio Ricci Donativi and Associates Law Firm Gianni Morini of Builders Severini Ricci Calafiori Alessandro Paci Architect Notary Public Vincenzo Donativi LS Lexjus Sinacta Marco Dettori Donativi and Associates Law Firm Riccardo Manetti ANCE National Association Paola Dal Zotto Alessandro Magnani Architect of Builders Severini Ricci Calafiori Nicola Longo Magnani Notary Public Notary Public Engineer Sandra Margarolo Clara Maria Rognoni Costanza Fino Architect Architect Federico Mottola Lucano Vincenzo Farina Magnani Notary Public Zabban, Notari, Rampolla and Farina Law Firm Matteo Peschi Antonio Martini Associates Notary Public Alessandro Martinuzzi Calabresi Guadalupi Law Firm CBA Law Firm Giuseppe Palmisano Martinuzzi Law Firm Giuseppe Palmisano Notary Public Roberto Calabresi Barbara Patacchiola a2a - Areti Gino Martinuzzi Calabresi Guadalupi Law Firm CBA Law Firm Laura Antelmi Martinuzzi Law Firm Laura Antelmi Attorney at Law Roano Braccini Gianvito Riccio Giulia Grande Engineer CBA Law Firm Alessandro Armenio Martinuzzi Law Firm Lenoci and Armenio Notary Public ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 73 NAPLES Daniela Sorgato CBA Law Firm Maria Francesca Quattrone DIKE Legal Law Firm Marianna Settimi Macchi di Cellere PUBLIC SECTOR Federica Brancaccio ANCE National Association Gangemi Law Firm CONTRIBUTORS Ilaria Antonella Belluco Maurizio Spina of Builders CBA Law Firm DIKE Legal Law Firm Matteo Patrignani Vladimiro D’agostino Macchi di Cellere ITALY Luca Tramontin Ezio Privitera Gangemi Law Firm Architect CBA Law Firm Ezio Privitera Attorney at Law Velentina Spinelli ANCONA Giovanni Alfano Riccardo Griggio Giovanni Putortì Macchi di Cellere Edi Ragaglia Association of Engineers Engineer Giovanni Putortì Notary Public Gangemi Law Firm District Court Raffaele de Rosa Andrea Cenzi Domenico Laghi Corrado Scivoletto Ersilia Trubianti Association of Engineers SAT Spinazzi Azzarita Laghi Law Firm SPS - Simonetti Persico Marche Chamber of Commerce Giorgio Cerulli Troi Genito Law Firm Scivoletto Law Firm Lorenzo Laghi Marina Romagnoli Cerulli & Associates Law Firm Costanza Semenzato Laghi Law Firm Giuseppe Persico Marche Chamber of Commerce Felice Campobasso SAT Spinazzi Azzarita SPS - Simonetti Persico Troi Genito Law Firm Pasquale Laghi Scivoletto Law Firm Michele De Vita Ciemme srl Laghi Law Firm Marche Chamber of Commerce Edorado Errico Flavia Degli Agostini Luca Simonetti SAT Spinazzi Azzarita Roberto Laghi SPS - Simonetti Persico Alberto Procaccini EFGM Law Firm Troi Genito Law Firm Laghi Law Firm Scivoletto Law Firm Municipal One-stop Shop Andrea Lizza for Construction Permits Irene Tietto Alessandro Taverriti Engineer SAT Spinazzi Azzarita Mediterranea University Marcello Milani Giovanni Esposito Troi Genito Law Firm of Reggio Calabria TURIN Revenue Agency Engineer Alessandro Adami Matteo Vernizzi e-distribuzione S.p.A. Adami Notary Public Nazzareno Grilli Eugenio Gargiulo SAT Spinazzi Azzarita Revenue Agency Esposito, Gargiulo e Troi Genito Law Firm Claudio Eba Associati Law Firm ROME Association of Engineers Simone Davì BARI Gianluca Scognamiglio SAT Spinazzi Azzarita Stefano Liotta Franco Francone Troi Genito Law Firm Areti Angela Patrizia Partipilo Esposito, Gargiulo e Association of Engineers Chamber of Commerce Associati Law Firm Pierluigi Cristaldi Alessandro Tirocchi Marco Boidi Studio Tecna Association of Engineers Antonio Bruno Gianpiero Esposito Boidi & Partners Accounting Firm Chamber of Commerce Esposito, Gargiulo e Associati Law Firm Carla Cappiello Aldo Celano e-distribuzione S.p.A. Sergio Cassano Association of Engineers Engineer District Court Gaetano di Giovine Gaetano di Giovine Notary Public Francesco Prastaro Giuseppe Innocente PALERMO Association of Engineers Gianluca D’Ostuni Engineer Municipal One-stop Shop Nicola Rotondano Gioacchino Adrignola Luca Minelli Giuseppe Laonigro for Construction Permits Nicola Rotondano Notary Public Adrignola Law Firm Association of Engineers Engineer Gilda Pecere Giovanni Aurino Francesco Artale Manuel Casalboni Ferdinando Rombolà Revenue Agency Od’a officina d’architettura ANCE National Association of Builders Association of Engineers Grande Stevens Law Firm Maria Rosaria Cataldi Riccardo Casafina Revenue Agency Riccardo Casafina Law Firm Sergio Marino Michele Colletta Guido Garelli Association of Engineers Association of Engineers Grande Stevens Law Firm Rosaria Perrotta Riccardo Casafina Law Firm Alessandro Gravante Ruggero Giannini Michele Briamonte BOLOGNA Giambrone & Partners Law Firm Association of Engineers Grande Stevens Law Firm Cinzia Romagnoli Raffaele Sepe Chamber of Commerce Sepe Law Firm Antonino Sollena Stefania Arangio Roberta Chicone Giambrone & Partners Law Firm Association of Engineers Grande Stevens Law Firm Giada Grandi Emma Buondonno Chamber of Commerce University of Naples Federico II Gabriele Giambrone Riccardo Canevacci Antonio Bellomo Giambrone & Partners Law Firm BSTC Law Firm ICM costruzioni srl Antonio Costanzo e-distribuzione S.p.A. District Court Chiara Gioè Elena Leone Claudio Battaglioni Gioè Law Firm Engineer LEADING LAW Law Firm Barbara Candotti District Court PADUA Federica Cangelosi Filippo Cascone Valeria Insabella Gioè Law Firm Engineer LEADING LAW Law Firm Eugenio Bolondi Maurizia Lionello Architect District Court Michele Perrino Guerino Caruccio Vittorio Maria Corelli Perrino and Associates Law Firm Engineer LEADING LAW Law Firm Fabio Florini Fabrizio Sasso del Verme Associate Notaries of District Court Stefano Giovenali Marco D’Arrigo Padua Notary Public e-distribuzione S.p.A. Engineer Prof. Avv. Oreste Cagnasso Giulia Piras and Associates Law Firm District Court Laura Mazzari Sabina Festa Associate Notaries of REGGIO CALABRIA Festa Labor Consultants Oreste Cagnasso Pierina Martinelli Padua Notary Public Domenico Condelli Prof. Avv. Oreste Cagnasso Municipal Office for Business Antonino Orlando and Associates Law Firm Activities and Trade Department Roberto Paone Association of Engineers Legance Law Firm Associate Notaries of Giuseppe Mauro Piermatteo Dolores Corrado Sartena Padua Notary Public Cecilia Carrara Association of Engineers RD Progetto Municipal One-stop Shop Legance Law Firm for Construction Permits Piero Francesco Belloni Gregorio Pellicanò Paolo-Maria Smirne Peressutti Daniele Geronzi Association of Engineers Smirne Notary Public Belloni Peressutti, Belloni, Legance Law Firm Belazzer Law Firm CAGLIARI Rocco Caminiti Ireti Enrico Goitre Andrea Bernardino Antonio Lovisetto Caminiti Law Firm Legance Law Firm District Court Bonsembiante and Lovisetto Law Firm Antonio Aricò Francesca Salerno Giambattista Marotto DIKE Legal Law Firm Legance Law Firm Municipal One-stop Shop Francesco Lovisetto for Business Activities and Bonsembiante and Antonio Racano Luca Lombardo Construction Permits Lovisetto Law Firm DIKE Legal Law Firm Legance Law Firm 74 DOING BUSINESS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 2020: GREECE, IRELAND AND ITALY Valentina Licheri Giuseppe Palazzo Saverio Anghelone Silvia Vitrò Municipal One-stop Shop Chamber of Commerce Municipality District Court for Business Activities and Construction Permits Roberto Parisio Donato Martinez Tiziana Scavino Chamber of Commerce Revenue Agency Municipality Alessandra Fagioli Revenue Agency Aniello Di Blasio Roberto Bernocco District Court ROME Piedmont Region, Directorate Enrico Fisanotti for Social Cohesion Giulio Cataldi Claudia Pedrelli Revenue Agency District Court District Court Andrea Modolo Gabriele Massidda Revenue Agency Sofia Sagliano Federico Salvati Revenue Agency District Court Dictrict Court Flavio Tondo Revenue Agency Gianluca Riccio Pierluigi Sodini FLORENCE Italian Union of Chambers Revenue Agency Rosanna Montisano Patrizia Pompei of Commerce Revenue Agency District Court Serena Montano Revenue Agency Emilio Visca Stefania Fanfani Municipality Municipal One-stop Shop for Construction Permits Massimiliano Cafaro PADUA Municipality Lucia De Siervo Andrea Malagugini Municipality of Florence, Economic Chamber of Commerce Martina Rosato Activities and Tourism Department National Agency for Antonio Zorzetto Active Labor Policies Domenico Trombino Chamber of Commerce Municipality of Florence, Veronica Nardozi Economic Activities and Tourism Elisa Gianella National Agency for Department, One-stop Shop Chamber of Commerce Active Labor Policies for Business Activities Franco Raspuaretti Fabio Cola Amalia Sabatini Chamber of Commerce National Association of Engineers Municipality office for Economic Luca Lorigiola Antonio Cappiello Activities and Tourism Department Chamber of Commerce National Council of Notaries Paola Lucarelli Mauro Geron Domenico Cambareri University of Florence Municipal One-stop Shop National Council of Notaries for Construction Permits Chamber of Commerce Massimiliano Levi Enrico Fiorentin National Council of Notaries Municipality GENOA Fabio Galiero Alberto Gregio Notification, Enforcement Marisa Marino Revenue Agency and Protest Office of Court of Appeal the Court of Appeal Enea Dalla Mariga Antonio Multari Revenue Agency Carmelo Grimaldi Municipal One-stop Shop for Construction Permits Revenue Agency Giancarlo Vinacci PALERMO Erika Ghiraldo Municipality Nicolina Tarantino Revenue Agency Chambers of Commerce Network Massimo Traverso Maurizio Festa Notification, Enforcement Girolamo Quartararo Revenue Agency and Protest Office of Enna Chamber of Commerce Paolo Franceschetti the Court of Appeal Loredana Lo Verme Revenue Agency Ornella Moschetti Enna Chamber of Commerce Paolo Savini Revenue Agency Fabio Sparacio Revenue Agency Municipal One-stop Shop Marco Pozzoli MILAN for Construction Permits SI.Camera Giovanni Venditti Sergio Melilli Court of Milan Municipal One-stop Shop Chamber of Commerce for Construction Permits Giovanni Oggioni Municipality Renato Adragna TURIN Regional Department of Labor, Luca Martinazzoli Giancarlo Cantoni Employment, and Training Municipality CSI Piemonte, Directorate- Policy - Directorate Development and Management Giuseppina Vigna Francesco Giglio Revenue Agency Alberto La Manna Revenue Agency District Court Pamela Caruso Giuseppe Cascio Ingurgio Revenue Agency Edoardo Di Capua Revenue Agency District Court Marco Minicucci Giuseppe Gangemi Yes Milano Gabriella Ratti Revenue Agency District Court Milan Monza Brianza Lodi Chamber of Commerce Ivana Peila REGGIO CALABRIA District Court Tiziana Drago District Court Marco Ciccarelli NAPLES District Court Pasquale Micera Demetrio Beatino Campania Regional Council, Municipal One-stop Shop Massimo Terzi Directorate-General for Education, for Construction Permits District Court Training, and Youth Policy c d www.doingbusiness.org/EU3