Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / A Uzbekistan Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development B / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Uzbekistan Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development © 2020 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20433, U.S.A. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) with external contributions. The findings, analysis and conclusions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of any individual partner organization of The World Bank, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. Although the World Bank and GFDRR make reasonable efforts to ensure all the information presented in this document is correct, its accuracy and integrity cannot be guaranteed. Use of any data or information from this document is at the user’s own risk and under no circumstances shall the World Bank, GFDRR or any of its partners be liable for any loss, damage, liability or expense incurred or suffered which is claimed to result from reliance on the data contained in this document. The boundaries, colors, denomination, and other information shown in any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Design: Miki Fernández/Ultra Designs, Inc. Cover: Detail of Ismoil Samoniy Maqbarasi. Photo: Barbara Minguez Garcia/World Bank team. All photos of Bukhara and Khiva by the World Bank team unless otherwise indicated. Table of Contents Abbreviations and acronyms......................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................................................... vii Preface............................................................................................................................................................................................ viii Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................................................ xi Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Objective and workshop organization....................................................................................................................................... 1 Background and context...............................................................................................................................................................2 Threats to Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism in Uzbekistan.......................................................................2 Working Group Reports................................................................................................................................................5 Working Group 1—Capacity Building........................................................................................................................................6 Assessment of current capacity for CHST.......................................................................................................................6 Identification of capacity gaps............................................................................................................................................6 Working Group 2—Risk Identification and Emergency Preparedness.............................................................................9 Summary of main principles identified..............................................................................................................................9 In-depth analysis to identify and manage risk...............................................................................................................11 Working Group 3—Enhancement of Site Management Improvement............................................................................12 Identified obstacles..............................................................................................................................................................12 Proposed solutions...............................................................................................................................................................12 Site Visits.................................................................................................................................................................................15 Khoja-Gaukushon Complex............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Rashid Caravanserai......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Domlo Hasan......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Ulugbek Madrasa................................................................................................................................................................................18 Abdulazizhon Madrasa......................................................................................................................................................................18 iv / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Site Observations.............................................................................................................................................................21 Site Vulnerability........................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Development Projects.................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Preparedness Efforts.................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Immediate Needs............................................................................................................................................................. 25 Additional Options for Managing Risk......................................................................................................... 26 Management plan for heritage sites and cities...................................................................................................................... 26 Development of sustainable tourism guidelines......................................................................................................................27 Potential taskforce for resilient CHST...................................................................................................................................... 28 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Further opportunities to strengthen resilience of CHST....................................................................................................... 30 References and Resources...................................................................................................................................... 32 Annexes ...........................................................................................................................................................................................31 Annex I—Detailed Workshop Agenda..................................................................................................................................... 32 Annex II—List of Participants....................................................................................................................................................37 Annex III—Ministry of Construction Assessment Reports............................................................................................... 39 Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / v Abbreviations and acronyms CHST Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism COVID Coronavirus Disease CURE Culture in City Reconstruction and Recovery DRM Disaster Risk Management GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GIS geographic information system GOU Government of Uzbekistan GDP Gross Domestic Product ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites ICORP International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness ICT information and communication technology MSCIUDP Medium-Size Cities Integrated Urban Development Project NGO nongovernmental organizations OUV Outstanding Universal Value R-DMUCH Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage at Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan SCTD State Committee for Tourism Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization WH World Heritage WHO United Nations World Health Organization vi / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / vii Acknowledgments T his report was prepared by James New- The workshop was organized by the Government of Uz- man (Disaster Risk Management Special- bekistan (GOU), the World Bank, and the United Nations ist, World Bank), Barbara Minguez Garcia World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Silk Road Office. (Disaster Risk Management and Cultural The workshop was led by the State Committee for Tour- Heritage Specialist Consultant, World ism Development (SCTD) and included the participation Bank), Manjusha Rai (Urban Specialist of the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Construction, Consultant, World Bank), Rohit Jigyasu (Cultural Heri- the Ministry of Emergency Services, the Ministry of tage Expert Consultant, Professor at the UNESCO Chair Investments and Foreign Trade (former State Invest- Programme on Cultural Heritage and Risk Management ment Committee), local administrations (hokimiyats), at R-DMUCH), Dowon Kim (Cultural Heritage Expert the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and volunteer Consultant, Associate Professor at R-DMUCH), Junko groups from the Hunarmand Foundation, who were ac- Mukai (Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage tive during disasters and selected local administrations. Specialist Consultant), and Juliana J. Biondo (Assistant The participation, guidance, and contributions of the Curator, World Bank). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or- ganization (UNESCO) are also gratefully acknowledged. The report was developed as per research conducted by the team and Government of Uzbekistan (GOU) partic- The report greatly benefited from the professional edi- ipants and inputs received through the Workshop on torial services of Hope Steele and Shepherd Inc.; graph- Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism ic design by Miki Fernandez/Ultra Designs; and project Development held in Bukhara, Uzbekistan, on August support from Haruko Nakamatsu, Disaster Risk Man- 13–17, 2018. agement Hub, Tokyo. The team thanks the advice and strategic guidance of This report was prepared with support from the Japan– Rosanna Nitti (Senior Urban Specialist, World Bank, Task World Bank Program for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Team Leader of the World Bank–supported Uzbekistan Management in Developing Countries of the Global Fa- Medium-Sized Cities Integrated Urban Development cility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). Project, MSCIUDP), Silpa Kaza (Urban Specialist, World Bank), and Rosa Alieva (Urban and Tourism Development Specialist, Consultant, World Bank). viii / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Preface S evere shocks and stresses cause loss of heritage, both tangible (e.g., sites and structures) and life, disrupt livelihoods, push people into intangible (e.g, traditions and practices), this experience poverty, and threaten cultural properties may provide an opportunity to strengthen protection and practices. Since late 2019, the and resilience. COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions, There are many options to support cultural heritage killed hundreds of thousands, and left the and tourism professionals to cope with the current global economy highly disrupted. In fact, the World Bank crisis and begin to consider integrating resilience into currently estimates that 40–60 million people could be the response and recovery from this pandemic. Through pushed into extreme poverty as a result of COVID-19.1 its COVID-19: Putting People First portal, the UNWTO While many sectors have been affected, tourism, which is assessing impacts, monitoring the situation across accounts for more than 10 percent of global GDP, has the globe, and providing support and resources to emerged as one of the worst hit. The United Nations countries.4 The United Nations Educational, Scientific World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has estimated and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched the that during the first quarter of 2020 international Culture & COVID-19: Impact and Response Tracker to tourist arrivals decreased by more than twenty provide an overview of immediate impact and examples percent—nearly 67 million fewer international arrivals. of adaptation from around the world; and it is monitoring As of the writing of this report, the UNWTO estimates World Heritage (WH) Sites closures.5 The International declines of more than fifty percent in international Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration arrivals in 2020, which could affect between 100 to 120 of Cultural Property (ICCROM), through the initiative million tourism jobs.2 Heritage in Times of COVID6 as part of its First Aid In Uzbekistan, authorities instituted strong health and Resilience to Cultural Heritage in Times of Crisis and social distancing measures in March to contain Program, is providing resources, webinars, and support local transmission of COVID-19, with national and to professionals from the cultural field worldwide. The international flights being cancelled. This has resulted World Bank is currently supporting the development of in more than 1,500 tour operators and 1,200 hotels the tourism sector in over forty destinations across the world, including Uzbekistan, affected by the COVID-19 suspending their activities and affected the income of outbreak at different degrees,7 and working with more than 250,000 people, including guides, artisans, partners to provide reliable information and data on the and professionals working at architectural monuments, evolution and potential scenarios and lessons learned spa facilities, catering facilities, and transport facilities.3 from past crises that affected tourism.8 However, leaders and policy makers must also find opportunities in these moments to make investments Uzbekistan has long demonstrated a commitment to and reforms that can drive sustainable development, strengthen the resilience of its cultural heritage and such as investments in risk identification, risk reduction, develop sustainable tourism. As part of its strategy to and emergency preparedness and response. For cultural further develop the country and its tourism industry 1 blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/impact-covid-19-coronavirus-global-poverty-why-sub-saharan-africa-might-be-region-hardest 2 unwto.org/tourism-covid-19 and unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism 3 un.int/uzbekistan/news/tourism-and-public-asset-management-projects-presented 4 unwto.org/news/unwto-releases-a-covid-19-technical-assistance-package-for-tourism-recovery 5 en.unesco.org/news/culture-covid-19-impact-and-response-tracker and en.unesco.org/covid19/cultureresponse/monitoring-world- heritage-site-closures 6 iccrom.org/heritage-times-covid 7 openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33480/WBG-Support-for-Tourism-Clients-and-Destinations-During-the- COVID-19-Crisis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 8 blogs.worldbank.org/voices/we-cant-travel-we-can-take-measures-preserve-jobs-tourism-industry?deliveryName=DM57356 Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / ix along the historic Great Silk Road, Uzbekistan has been (SCTD), and with the support of the World Bank, GFDRR, supporting activities to strengthen the resilience of their and the United Nations World Tourism Organization historic cities and cultural heritage sites. The Sustainable (UNWTO) Silk Road Office, organized the Workshop on Tourism Development along the Silk Road Workshop,9 Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism which took place in Khiva on October 6–7, 2017, and Development, held in Bukhara on August 13–17, 2018. was supported by the World Bank and the Global The outputs of this workshop supported the Uzbekistan Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), Medium-Size Cities Integrated Urban Development brought together representatives from the Central Asia Project (MSCIUDP).10 Currently under implementation, countries to discuss challenges, collaborative actions, this project is improving urban infrastructure, public and opportunities for future partnerships, emphasizing spaces, and access to services, and strengthening the necessity of developing risk assessments and institutional capacity.11 strengthening preparedness and emergency response, to ensure the safety and protection of communities and This report reflects the main achievements from the visitors, as well as heritage sites. Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development workshop, including observations and Uzbekistan is located in a hazard-prone region, and it potential recommendations, which may be applicable has suffered the impacts of natural events. In 1966, a to some of the current situations in heritage sites, 5.1 magnitude earthquake, at a depth of 3–8 kilometers caused by the COVID crisis that is affecting Uzbekistan (1.9–5.0 miles) under Tashkent, destroyed the Uzbek and many other countries worldwide.12 Developing and capital, including a unique 600-year-old mosque, among reinforcing effective sites management plans, including many of the other city’s historic buildings. situation analysis, risk assessments, and development Aiming to strengthen Uzbekistan´s capacity to of preparedness and response measures, contribute integrate disaster risk management (DRM) into historic toward increasing the protection of local communities cities, cultural heritage sites, and sustainable tourism and future visitors and cultural heritage assets, and development plans, the Government of Uzbekistan (GOU) help the development of resilient and sustainable through the State Committee for Tourism Development tourism. 9 worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2017/10/31/central-asia-tourism-a-driver-for-development 10 projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P162929 11 worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/12/18/cities-in-uzbekistan-to-gain-better-municipal-services-and-urban-infrastructure 12 Additional information regarding the World Bank support to Uzbekistan in terms of COVID-19 response can be found at: worldbank.org/ en/news/press-release/2020/04/30/uzbekistans-covid-19-response-gets-additional-financial-boost-from-world-bank and worldbank. org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/24/uzbekistan-to-receive-world-bank-emergency-financing-to-combat-covid-19 x / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / xi Executive Summary “If we bring our work together here today into action, this will be our great victory.” —Ilkhom Usmanhodjaev, Director of the Center for Geotechnical Studies of the Survey Institute Qishloqqurilishloyiha LLC Uzbekistan’s rich cultural heritage and growing tourism Building, (2) Risk Identification and Emergency Pre- sectors face significant threats from natural and man- paredness, and (3) Enhancement of Site Management made hazards, including earthquakes, climate change– Improvement. The objectives of each group were to induced events, lack of proper heritage management identify the crucial challenges and gaps in cultural heri- and conservation, and recently even the effects of tage site management capacity and knowledge, and to the COVID-19 pandemic. The country is aware of the propose solutions, principles, and practical options for necessity of strengthening measures and increasing addressing these issues. capacity to promote their sustainable growth and resilient management. Main achievements and potential A first step to increase resilience on heritage and tourism application to the current situation: starts by connecting those sectors with the disaster Working Group 1—Capacity Building risk management (DRM) discipline. In Uzbekistan, The first group identified the gaps in capacity that efforts to do so were set in place through the Workshop are present within the agencies and organizations on Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism tasked with assessing cultural heritage and tourism Development, held in Bukhara on August 13–17, 2018. site vulnerabilities, managing and addressing risks and The workshop was organized by the Government of challenges at cultural heritage sites, and developing Uzbekistan (GOU) through the State Committee for training and staff learning for sustainable site Tourism Development (SCTD), and with the support of management. the World Bank, GFDRR, and the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Silk Road Office. Their Key Findings aim was to support the capacity of crucial stakeholders ■ Uzbekistan has significant national capacity in involved in the management of the country’s cultural structural engineering, architecture, cultural heritage heritage and tourism sectors. management, and tourism development. However, the The workshop’s participants developed key outputs to current frameworks used to manage these resources inform potential guidelines to increase the resilience of do not allow for easy cross-collaboration (for example, cultural sites by integrating DRM practices into both engineers from the Ministry of Construction do not the conservation plans of the sites and the development have a clear way to build a working relationship with of methodologies to promote sustainable tourism site managers from the Ministry of Culture or the management plans. SCTD). This report captures those key findings from the work- ■ There is a sizable opportunity to weave in new capaci- shop’s three working groups, focused on: (1) Capacity ty building trainings for the individuals who work in the xii / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development areas of tourism, cultural heritage, and DRM (for exam- ■ Develop an appropriate regulatory framework for ple, by teaching teams what sustainable practices are DRM of cultural heritage sites. in the tourism sector and how to implement them). ■ Solidify cooperation between agencies and stakehold- ■ The Uzbekistan tourism sector needs proactive strat- ers from the heritage, tourism management, and DRM egy development that focuses on standardizing the sectors to encourage responsible information sharing frameworks of short-, medium-, and long-term proj- and coordinated growth of sustainable disaster risk ects. To be effective, this strategy needs to be imple- mitigation practices. mented in a way that is coordinated across local, re- ■ Integrate disaster risk reduction measures into sus- gional, and national levels. tainable management systems of heritage sites. ■ Uzbekistan currently maintains a high capacity for ■ Develop adequate financial mechanisms to fund the attracting foreign and domestic investments, but ad- needed conservation and tourism management activ- ditional strategies are needed to effectively leverage ities at cultural heritage sites. these investments for growth. ■ Create qualified specialist positions for the manage- ment of cultural heritage sites. Working Group 2—Risk Identification and Emergency Preparedness The second group identified the need to solidify the Working Group 3—Enhancement of Site Man- principles and practices to develop effective cultural agement Improvement heritage risk assessments, data sharing, risk mitiga- The third group identified the major challenges and pro- tion, and emergency preparedness. These principles and posed solutions for effective site management in Uz- practices include proactive identification of risk to cul- bekistan. This group focused on how to effectively im- tural heritage sites, frequent communication with the plement management plans, how to improve national local communities and their involvement in the activi- legislation to promote effective cultural heritage man- ties to protect sites, and establishment of measures to agement, and how to successfully coordinate different sustainably absorb increases in tourism. agencies at the local, regional, and national levels. Key Findings: Measures for Risk Identification Key Findings ■ Develop a systematic disaster risk identification and ■ To address the challenge of inadequate legislation, assessment tool to evaluate the potential impact of some actions can include amending applicable legis- disasters. Test the tool through case studies to im- lation and developing normative legal acts. prove it and use it extensively in heritage sites. ■ The challenge of inadequate communication can be ■ Develop a heritage impact assessment tool to eval- tackled by encouraging cooperation between minis- uate the impact of tourism to cultural heritage sites tries and agencies, establishing a permanent commu- and the surrounding community areas. Test the tool nication system, and engaging communities in best through case studies and document results to im- practice conservation techniques. prove it. ■ Deficiencies in infrastructure will need to be ad- ■ Develop and implement integrated systems that reg- dressed by establishing an infrastructure of the site ularly monitor potential disaster risks to cultural her- that allows both an efficient flow of tourists and san- itage sites. itary maintenance. Key Findings: Measures for Emergency Pre- ■ Site conservation suffers from a poor approach to paredness conservation, protection, and restoration of cultural heritage sites; a proposed solution is to develop and ■ Assess the existing capacities of individuals and in- implement best practices in this area. stitutions to manage disaster risks to cultural her- itage sites and determine where capacities could be ■ Monitoring and reporting are currently deficient; a increased. proposed solution is to create a continuous monitor- ing and reporting system. ■ Formulate and implement mitigation and prepared- ness strategies to reduce disaster risks at cultural ■ Disaster preparedness is currently inadequate, and heritage sites. guidelines for what to do in the event of a disaster Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / xiii have not been elaborated. A proposed solution is to 2. Developing pilot projects that foster a cross-collabo- design and implement a standard set of guidelines for ration of working methods among cultural heritage, all cultural heritage sites. tourism, and DRM sectors. Encourage cross-sectoral ■ Access to appropriate finance/funding is not avail- cooperation and empower stakeholders by developing able. A proposed solution is to activate mechanisms pilot initiatives aiming to contribute to a comprehen- that will fund forthcoming conservation and DRM sive management plan at a specific city or site, ensur- projects at all cultural heritage sites. ing collaboration between sectors, including and com- bining different factors such as: ■ Tourism presents a challenge because of the current deficiencies in the law and legislative documents, and ■ Heritage values identification and prioritization; the inability to control the flow of foreign and local ■ Structural assessments; tourists; a proposed solution is to develop and sys- ■ Safety and security in heritage sites; tematically implement a tourism management plan. ■ Conservation principles/strategies for historic build- ings and movable heritage; Overall Recommendations applicable to the Regulations and guidelines for new developments in COVID crisis ■ both the core and the buffer zone of heritage sites; Consolidating the key findings from all three working groups, it is possible to summarize their recommenda- ■ Regulations and guidelines for adaptive reuse and tions into three main categories: enhancing institution- tourism management; al capacity, developing pilot projects, and improving ■ Disaster risks assessments; and staff-level capacity, all which are very relevant to the ■ Closure and reopening of heritage sites to visitors. current crisis caused by COVID-19. ● 1. Enhancing institutional capacity to ensure resilient 3. Improving staff-level capacity building to promote and safe cultural heritage and sustainable tourism. the development of resilient cultural heritage and Increase the ability of institutions and agencies to sustainable tourism. Improve the capacity of heri- contribute to the establishment of sustainable and tage- and tourism-related staff, to identify risks, se- safe cultural heritage sites, prioritizing people, both cure sites, assist people, and so forth by organizing residents and visitors, by encouraging the following: and developing trainings, and increasing resources ■ Carrying capacity of cultural heritage sites in terms and shared knowledge by: of the site infrastructure (for example, the number of ■ Developing/updating cultural heritage and tourism in- ways for visitors to enter the site, security equipment ventories in line with other systems (for example, geo- in place) and management (such as the amount of graphic information systems (GIS) mapping and open clear signage, measures to keep hygienic practices); source approaches); ■ Seeking financing and private sector engagement ■ Conducting and communicating risk assessment to models to fund situations analysis, conservation, and cultural heritage and tourism site stakeholders, com- tourism activities; munication campaigns; ■ Balancing conservation needs of historic city centers ■ Establishing emergency preparedness and response with the development needs of periphery areas, fos- procedures for heritage sites; developing drills involv- tering communication between sectors; ing different stakeholders and the local community; ■ Promoting use of guidelines and codes developed by ■ Implementing appropriate building/restoration tech- the Ministry of Culture, as informed by the Ministry of niques, including the engagement of local craftspeo- Construction; and ple, fostering intangible heritage use and value; and ■ Completing a targeted assessment of the risks to ■ Instituting methods for involving community, the people, cultural heritage, and tourism assets in Uz- private sector, nongovernmental organizations bekistan to allow additional national- or regional-lev- (NGOs, such as religious bodies and cultural experts), el understanding of potential losses and impacts on academia, scientists, and apprenticeship programs tourism and the economy to clarify and spur needed when evaluating the risks facing a cultural heritage prioritization and investment. site, and planning for the site’s resilience. Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 1 Introduction U zbekistan has been strengthening its ect (MSCIUDP), which is structured around three compo- commitment to increase the resilience nents, including (i) improvement of urban services and of its cultural heritage during the last enhancement of public urban spaces; (ii) institutional years. As part of the country’s strategy strengthening and capacity building; and (iii) implemen- to promote their sustainable growth tation support. The second component includes the de- through its tourism industry, several velopment of activities targeting cities and local govern- initiatives to strengthen the resilience of their historic ment agencies, including subcomponents on sustainable cities and cultural heritage sites, particularly the ones tourism development and cooperation with the private along the Great Silk Road, have been taking place sector, which may benefit from learning to improve the involving several stakeholders. Now that the country connection between tourism, cultural heritage, and DRM, and the whole world are facing the COVID-19 pandemic to increase resilience and safety in those cities. crisis, the learnings and findings in terms of creating This report summarizes the development of the resilience are more relevant than ever. In April 2017, workshop and reflects the main results achieved by representatives from the Uzbekistan State Committee the participants, including observations and potential for Tourism Development (SCTD) traveled to Japan recommendations, aiming to serve as a baseline for to participate in the Technical Deep Dive on Resilient further initiatives to strengthen the resilience of cultural Cultural Heritage and Tourism organized by the World heritage and sustainable tourism in Uzbekistan, in the Bank Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Hub in Tokyo framework of the COVID-19 crisis. and the Tokyo Development Learning Center. As a follow- up, the Government of Uzbekistan (GOU) requested the World Bank’s technical support to enhance its capacity Objective and workshop organization for incorporating resilient cultural heritage into The workshop focused on building the capacity of sustainable tourism development planning. stakeholders involved in managing cultural heritage sites and tourism sectors, aiming to develop guidelines for The Sustainable Tourism Development along the Silk increasing the resilience of cultural sites by integrating Road Workshop, which took place in Khiva on October DRM practices into both the conservation plans of the 6–7, 2017, and was supported by the World Bank sites and the development of methodologies to ensure and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and sustainable management as touristic sites. Recovery (GFDRR), brought together representatives from Central Asia countries to discuss challenges, The participants of the workshop, who were from collaborative actions, and opportunities for future different backgrounds, formed three multidisciplinary partnerships, emphasizing the necessity of developing groups to work together and identify the key challenges risk assessments and strengthening preparedness and and gaps in knowledge and practice, and to propose emergency response to ensure the safety and protection solutions, principles, and practical options and of communities and visitors, as well as heritage sites. opportunities for addressing those issues. One year later, the SCTD, together with the World The three working groups focused on: Bank, GFDRR, and the United Nations World Tourism 1. Capacity Building: identifying the gaps in capacity Organization (UNWTO) Silk Road Office in Uzbekistan, that are present within the agencies and organizations organized the Workshop on Resilient Cultural Heritage tasked with assessing cultural heritage and tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development, held in Bukhara, site vulnerabilities, managing and addressing Uzbekistan, on August 13–17, 2018. risks and challenges at cultural heritage sites, and The outputs of this workshop supported the Uzbekistan developing training and staff learning for sustainable Medium-Size Cities Integrated Urban Development Proj- site management. 2 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development 2. Risk Identification and Emergency Preparedness: thinking critical elements to ensure the preservation of identifying the principles and practices to develop cultural heritage and historic cities such as Bukhara, effective cultural heritage site risk assessments, data Khiva, and Samarkand WH Sites, and to boost the sharing, and emergency preparedness and response. tourism sector. In addition to natural hazards, resilience These principles and practices include proactive to economic disasters—such as local and global identification of risk to cultural heritage sites, market fluctuations—is also critical. Considering the frequent communication with local communities and government’s recent priority of increasing revenue from relevant stakeholders to involve them in the initiatives the tourism sector, it is crucial to sustainably protect to protect their sites, and measures to sustainably and develop the cultural sites that attract international absorb increases in tourism. tourists. 3. Enhancement of Site Management Improvement: To address this concern, Uzbekistan aims to integrate identifying the major challenges to effective site DRM techniques and principles into a sustainable management in Uzbekistan and proposed solutions. tourism plan that places the development of resilient They focused on how to effectively implement cultural heritage sites at its core. This plan will guide management plans, how to improve national the tourism sector through its next development phase. legislation to promote effective cultural heritage The strategic planning, coordination, and management management, and how to successfully coordinate surrounding the country’s numerous natural and cultural different agencies at the local, regional, and national heritage and tourism assets provide the most pressing levels. opportunities to support the long-term resilience of the country’s tourism sector. Throughout the workshop, the participants from the GOU increased their capacity and awareness to connect cultural heritage with DRM, and presented the Threats to Cultural Heritage and Sustainable workshop results to the Vice Chairman of the SCTD and Tourism in Uzbekistan hokimiyats of the Bukhara region and city. One of the key achievements from the workshop was an increase of awareness among the participants about Background and context the risks that the Uzbek cultural heritage and tourism Uzbekistan is the largest country in Central Asia, located sector is facing. The participants jointly identified the in the heart of the ancient Great Silk Road. Although critical hazards and threats to cultural heritage and the country has demonstrated persistent growth over sustainable tourism in Uzbekistan. The first agreed step the last decades, Uzbekistan’s tourism sector remains was to understand that risk is a product of hazards, positioned for further expansion. In 2016, the total exposure, and vulnerability, and that this concept has contribution of the Travel & Tourism sector to the specific implications for cultural heritage and tourism national GDP represented just 3.1 percent (6,203 billion sites, as shown in Figure 1. Uzbek som), which was well below the world average of Uzbekistan is rated as having a high level of hazard for 10.2 percent (according to the World Travel & Tourism the following conditions:13 Council). Also that year, the Travel & Tourism industry provided just 2.7 percent (445,000 jobs) of the nation’s ■ River flood total employment, again well below the world average ■ Urban flood Travel & Tourism employment contribution of 9.6 ■ Earthquake percent. ■ Landslide As Uzbekistan aims to bolster its tourism sector, a ■ Water scarcity focus on safeguarding timeless treasures—the cultural ■ Extreme heat assets underlying this tourism—would enhance the experience of tourists. Uzbekistan is highly exposed to ■ Wildfire earthquakes and floods, making DRM and resilience Uzbekistan has an average of US$2 billion in affected ThinkHazard! is a web-based tool enabling users to quickly and robustly assess the level of river flood, earthquake, drought, cyclone, 13 coastal flood, tsunami, volcano, and landslide hazards. This is available through the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) at thinkhazard.org. Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 3 FIGURE 1 Risk identification for cultural heritage HAZARD EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY IMPACT AND RISK Example classes Example classes of Example classes Impact of relevant hazards relevant exposures of relevant vulnerabilities What might happen to people Earthquakes Tangible and intangible Design, age, state of a site’s and assets from a given cultural heritage structures event Tsunamis Communities connected (e.g., effects of previous Risk Flooding restorations) to cultural heritage Expected probability of Lightning Environmental factors impacts in a given period Visitors to sites Fires at the site of time Related economic activity (e.g., soil conditions) Human activities Examples (e.g., poorly managed tourism or Social vulnerabilities Expected damages, losses, other use of a site, vandalism) of surrounding communities and related costs in given (e.g., poverty) return period Social vulnerabilities Expected number of people of visitors affected at or around a site (e.g., lack of awareness of the site) from different hazard events EARTHQUAKE/ CULTURAL AGING AND WEAK EXPECTED DAMAGES FIRE HERITAGE SITE STRUCTURE TO A CH SITE Source: GFDRR. 2020. Resilient Cultural Heritage: Learning from the Japanese Experience, gfdrr.org/en/publication/resilient-cultural-heritage-learning-japanese- experience gross domestic product (GDP) per year from earthquakes, inadequate infrastructure to meet the needs of visitors. and nearly 30 percent of Uzbekistan’s economy could be This vulnerability is connected to the underlying affected should a very strong earthquake occur.14 Such a coordination issues among key ministries and levels of disaster could severely disrupt the tourism industry and government in terms of cultural heritage and sustainable destroy treasured cultural heritage assets, which are a tourism management and conservation. However, in source of national pride and an attraction for tourism in order to properly understand the current situation to the country. Climate-related hazards also appear poised take action for improvement, a holistic and quantifiable to affect cultural heritage and sustainable tourism analysis of the risks to Uzbekistan’s cultural heritage in Uzbekistan, with 30 years of increasing rainfall and tourism sectors should be developed at the regional and variability of precipitation resulting in uncertain level. Likewise, the GOU may wish to consider a rapid impacts for cultural heritage and sustainable tourism national assessment to quantify potential losses and sites15 (see Figure 2). help to prioritize further action. Exposure and vulnerability of people, their livelihoods, and the underlying cultural heritage sites appear to be increasing as a result of a combination of development around major sites, unmanaged tourism growth, lack of maintenance and management of many sites, and 14 World Bank. 2017. Europe and Central Asia: Country Risk Profiles for Floods and Earthquakes (English). Washington, DC: World Bank Group. documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/958801481798204368/Europe-and-Central-Asia-Country-risk-profiles-for-floods-and- earthquakes 15 USAID. 2018. Climate Risk Profile: Central Asia. Fact Sheet. March 2018. reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2018-April-30_ USAID_CadmusCISF_Climate-Risk-Profile-Central-Asia.pdf 4 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development FIGURE 2 Uzbekistan Flood and Earthquake Risk at UNESCO World Heritage Sites Source: World Bank. 2017. Europe and Central Asia: Country Risk Profiles for Floods and Earthquakes. documents. worldbank.org/curated/ en/958801481798204368/ Europe-and-Central-Asia- Country-risk-profiles-for-floods- and-earthquakes; authors’ elaboration. / 5 Working Group Reports T he workshop’s three working groups (Ca- invited experts from Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto, pacity Building, Risk Identification and Japan, and the International Council on Monuments Emergency Preparedness, and Enhance- and Sites–International Scientific Committee for Risk ment of Site Management Improvement) Preparedness (ICOMOS–ICORP), and the World Bank/ were comprised of officials from a variety GFDRR team. of expertise backgrounds and included the State Com- mittee for Tourism Development (SCTD), the Ministry Each working group was also informed by the assess- of Culture, the Ministry of Construction, the Minis- ment and observations of four different site visits in try of Emergency Situations, local administrations Bukhara: the complex of Gaukushon, the Rashid Car- (hokimiyats), and local institutions. Among the partic- avan Saray, the Domlo Hasan—currently restored and ipants were also staff from the UNWTO Silk Road Of- used as a hotel, and the two madrasas, Ulugbek and fice in Uzbekistan and UNESCO Uzbekistan, as well as Abdulazizhon. 6 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Working Group 1—Capacity Building Team Members have a clear way to build a working relationship with site managers from the Ministry of Culture or the Manjusha Rai, World Bank Urban Development Special- SCTD). ist; Maysara Naberaeva, Head of the Regional State In- spectorate of Samarkand and Jizzakh Regions, Ministry ■ There is a sizable opportunity to weave in new capacity of Culture; Kuanyshbek Sharipov, Head of the Regional building trainings for the individuals who work in the State Inspectorate of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, areas of tourism, cultural heritage, and DRM (for Ministry of Culture; Firdavs Naberaev; Jahangir Khalilov, example, teaching teams what sustainable practices Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Kashkadarya are in the tourism sector, and how to implement them). Region, Ministry of Culture; Lola Muhutova, Head of De- ■ The Uzbekistan tourism sector has the opportunity partment for Conservation and Restoration of Applied to develop a proactive strategy that focuses on Arts, Hunarmand Foundation; Gulmirza Karajanov; Ak- standardizing the frameworks of short-, medium-, tam Ahmedov; and Abdurashid Karimov. and long-term projects. To be effective, this strategy needs to be implemented in a way that is coordinated Assessment of current capacity for CHST across local, regional, and national levels. This group focused on assessing the following current ■ Uzbekistan currently maintains a high capacity for capacities and efforts for the sustainability of cultural attracting foreign and domestic investments, but heritage and sustainable tourism (CHST) development additional strategies could effectively leverage these in Uzbekistan: investments for growth. This is particularly relevant ■ Uzbekistan has significant national capacity in due to the ongoing COVID-19 crisis. structural engineering, architecture, cultural heritage management, and tourism development. However, the Identification of capacity gaps current frameworks used to manage these resources Table 1 presents the issues underlying the high-level as- do not allow for easy cross-collaboration (for example, sessments, along with proposed solutions and the insti- engineers from the Ministry of Construction do not tutions or parties responsible for their implementation. Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 7 Table 1: Capacity Gaps: Identified Issues and Proposed Solutions Institutions Responsible Identified Issues Proposed Solutions for Implementation Current legislation ● Establish an ongoing interdepartmental working group Ministry of Culture, SCTD, Ministry does not provide ● Analyze current legislation related to CHST of Construction, Science Academy, sufficient management Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry operational ● Analyze best practices in the field of CHST management, of Justice, Ministry of Economic framework for taking into account UNESCO recommendations Development and Poverty Reduction protecting cultural ● Develop site manager training to increase capacity in (former Ministry of Economy) heritage sites CHST management ● Develop a national program for training, seminars, and education courses on the legal protection of cultural heritage sites for state and local authorities, specialists, architects, and educational institutions ● Develop a set of guidelines about the protection and use of cultural heritage sites Urban planning ● Introduce necessary education programs in higher Ministry of Construction, institutions lacks a CHST educational institutions and professional development of higher education, Ministry of perspective in of architects and other specialists Culture, Ministry of Foreign Affairs preparation or ● Integrate student exchange programs with foreign implementation universities in areas of sustainable tourism development, because there is a protection, and use of cultural heritage sites shortage of trained cultural heritage specialists Risk assessment ● Develop a targeted training program for DRM and CHST Ministry of Culture, SCTD, Ministry practices, DRM ● Include international specialists when developing of Construction, design institutions, specialists, and conservation plans for cultural heritage sites Ministry of Emergency Situations, information and ● Implement international best practices for cultural Science Academy communication heritage sites technology and techniques (ICT) are underutilized at cultural heritage sites Lack of qualified ● Promote scientific and industrial restoration workshops Ministry of Culture, Hunarmand specialists ● Present the draft resolution On the Establishment of Foundation (craftsmen, Scientific and Industrial Restoration Workshops, and the hereditary masters, Strengthening of Their Material and Technical Bases to appropriate the Cabinet of Ministers technology, data ● Continue to develop the practice of making traditional and inventory, etc.) handicrafts in cultural heritage conservation Emergency ● Identify professional training programs that instruct Ministry of Culture, Ministry of preparedness and individuals on how to develop evacuation plans, use Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Emergency response plans are signs, develop warning systems, manage equipment, Situations, hokimiyats lacking and enact drills 8 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Table 1: Capacity Gaps: Identified Issues and Proposed Solutions (cont.) Institutions Responsible Identified Issues Proposed Solutions for Implementation Local tourism ● Develop a cultural tourism strategy that integrates Ministry of Culture, SCTD, Ministry of professionals protection and promotion of cultural heritage Construction, Ministry of Emergency are not aware of ● Develop guidelines for an adapted reuse of cultural Situations, Science Academy, Ministry innovative tourism heritage sites (new assignments) of Economic Development and practices at the ● Study cultural heritage sites’ capacity (volume capacity, Poverty Reduction (former Ministry national level throughput) with the consideration of their protection of Economy), Ministry of Finance, JSC and tourists’ safety Uzbekistan Airways (former National ● Create infrastructure at cultural heritage sites that Air Company), Ministry of Physical allows for the retention and continuation of traditions Culture and Sport ● Further develop and promote pilgrimage, gastronomic tourism, extreme tourism, ethno-tourism, ecotourism, organizing festivals and conferences Cultural heritage ● Embed resilient practices and principles in the master Cabinet of Ministers, Ministry of sites are not plans of cities and inhabited areas and in the master Construction, Ministry of Culture, adequately resilient plans of local, regional, and national heritage sites SCTD, Ministry of Emergency to natural and man- Note: Situations, Ministry of Economic made induced risks This recommendation is taken up by Working Group 3. Development and Poverty Reduction (former Ministry of Economy), Ministry of Finance Cultural heritage ● Pilot targeted capacity building programs for site SCTD, Ministry of Culture, Ministry specialists and managers about risk identification and management of Emergency Situations, Ministry citizens are of Foreign Affairs, and relevant largely unaware of international organizations identification and management risks at cultural heritage sites Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 9 Working Group 2—Risk Identification and Emergency Preparedness Team Members Team Members Barbara Minguez Garcia, World Bank Cultural Heritage and emergency preparedness measures. These prin- and Disaster Risk Management Consultant; Abdul- ciples and practices include proactive identification of lo M. Nurmatov, Ministry of Emergency Situations of risk to cultural heritage sites, involvement and frequent the Republic of Uzbekistan; Kahramon Rustamov Zh, communication with local communities at the sites, and Science Academy of the Republic of Uzbekistan; Ilk- measures to sustainably absorb increases in tourism. hom I. Usmanhodjaev, Director of the Center for Geo- The main principles (see Table 2) inform actions to im- technical Studies under Qishloqqurilishloyiha LLC; Ildar prove the risk identification and emergency prepared- R. Menaliev, Head of the Technical Inspection of Build- ness of cultural heritage sites, including: ings and Structures Department at SUE UzGASHKLITI; Shokhista A. Mamatkulova, Cultural Heritage Sites Risk Identification: Surveillance Inspector for the Surkhandarya Region; ■ Develop systematic disaster risk identification and Alisher I. Ismoilov, Cultural Heritage Sites Surveillance assessments to evaluate the potential impact of di- Inspector for the Khorezm Region; Kamol M. Rizoev, sasters, either from natural hazards or man-made First Deputy Head of the Department of Emergency Sit- actions. uations in the Bukhara Region; A. A. Muhamedov, Head ■ Develop heritage impact assessments to evaluate the of Cultural Heritage Sites Surveillance Inspectorate for impact of tourism and urban development in cultural Tashkent City, Tashkent and Syrdarya Regions; J. M. Al- heritage sites and surrounding areas. laberganov, Khiva City Architect. ■ Develop and implement integrated monitoring sys- tems that regularly control potential disaster risks to Summary of main principles identified cultural heritage sites. The second group worked on the identification and elaboration of key principles and practices to develop Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness: cultural heritage site risk assessments, data sharing, ■ Assess the existing capacities of individuals and in- 10 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development stitutions to manage disaster risks to cultural her- sectors to encourage responsible information sharing itage sites and determine where capacities could be and coordinate growth of sustainable disaster risk increased to ensure effective management systems. mitigation practices. ■ Formulate and implement risk mitigation and pre- ■ Integrate disaster risk reduction measures into sus- paredness strategies to reduce disaster risks at cul- tainable management systems of heritage sites. tural heritage sites, and build capacity. ■ Develop adequate financial mechanisms to fund con- ■ Develop an appropriate regulatory framework for servation and tourism management strategies and DRM of cultural heritage sites. activities at cultural heritage sites. ■ Solidify cooperation between agencies and stakehold- ■ Create qualified specialist positions for the manage- ers from the heritage, tourism management, and DRM ment of cultural heritage sites. Table 2: Summary of proposed actions for risk identification and emergency preparedness for cultural heritage sites Principle Proposed Action Goal Risk Identification Disaster risk ● Evaluate potential impact of disasters ● Provide clear understanding of potential identification and ● Evaluate cultural heritage sites disaster impacts assessment Heritage impact ● Evaluate impact of tourism and urban ● Provide a basis for data collection assessment development on cultural heritage sites ● Ensure shared information ● Evaluate impact of tourism on local community surrounding cultural heritage sites Integrated ● Develop and implement systems that monitor ● Ensure that risks are frequently monitored monitoring system potential disaster risks on a regular basis Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Capacity ● Assess existing capacity of individuals to ● Identify opportunities to boost capacity assessment manage disaster risk ● Foster learning exchanges ● Assess existing capacity of institutions to manage disaster risk Mitigation and ● Formulate strategies to reduce disaster risks ● Build capacity of stakeholders and preparedness at cultural heritage sites institutions strategies ● Implement those strategies Regulatory ● Develop an appropriate regulatory framework ● Establish effective regulations framework for DRM Cooperation ● Strengthen collaborative relationships ● Encourage responsible information sharing between agencies and stakeholders from the and knowledge exchange heritage, tourism management, and DRM ● Encourage coordinated growth of sustainable sectors disaster risk mitigation practices Disaster risk ● Integrate disaster risk reduction measures ● Enhance resilience and sustainability of site reduction measures into sustainable management systems of management heritage sites ● Ensure safety Financial ● Develop adequate financing for resilient ● Fund resilient conservation and tourism mechanisms heritage sites management activities Specialized ● Create qualified specialist positions to work ● Ensure professional management of cultural professionals on DRM in heritage sites heritage sites Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 11 In-depth analysis to identify and manage risk ■ Be managed by a department for the sustainability A proper identification and assessment of disaster risk of cultural heritage sites and development of tourism at CHST sites include the evaluation of existing risk under the Ministry of Culture management capacity, the comparison of risks versus Effective measures for risk mitigation and emergency capacity, the identification of shortcomings and gaps, preparedness are part of the mechanism to ensure the and the design of measures to eliminate them. sustainable functioning of DRM for CHST. A comprehen- sive program to ensure such measures are implemented ■ A comprehensive assessment to determine the risk would include: on cultural heritage sites includes assessing: ● Technical condition of cultural heritage sites ■ Preservation and safe and sustainable use of cultur- al heritage sites, and establishment of a stable buffer ● Architectural (archeological) assets zone in accordance with UNESCO recommendations ● Biological damage caused to cultural heritage sites ■ Establishment of a sustainable and effective state ● Possible impact of hazardous natural phenomena system for cultural heritage sites management, with ● Man-made impacts emphasis on risk mitigation and preparedness ● Fire safety condition ■ Effective financing system to ensure funds for recon- Such an assessment was conducted by the Ministry struction and restoration works at cultural heritage of Construction on the Kalyan minaret and mosque in sites Bukhara and can be found in Annex III of this report. ■ Creation of an educational system to prepare highly ■ A capacity assessment to handle risk in cultural her- qualified specialists in the field of cultural heritage itage sites includes: site management, including restoration, reconstruc- tion, and conservation ● Analysis of law enforcement practice ■ Improvement of the regulatory basis to be more in line ● Analysis of the current system’s effectiveness in with international best practices and UNESCO recom- terms of DRM at cultural heritage sites mendations ● Assessment of climatic, geographic, and socioeco- ■ Coordination of activities to mitigate risks and in- nomic conditions that have a positive or negative crease resilience in cultural heritage sites, to assess the impact on current DRM systems at cultural heri- effectiveness of activities and their adjustment, ensure tage sites interaction of interested ministries and departments, ■ An integrated, comprehensive system that regularly and ensure conformity with the recommendations of monitors potential disaster risks for cultural heritage UNESCO. To be developed across three levels: site would: ● The national level, through the Ministry of Culture, ■ Foster continuous monitoring of cultural heritage site the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the UNESCO status and the interaction and information exchange Office in Uzbekistan, and ICOMOS between executors, supervising authorities, and local ● The regional level, through the Council of Ministers communities of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional and ■ Include a disaster risk monitoring system embedded Tashkent city hokimiyats, and regional subdivisions within the Unified System for Monitoring and Fore- of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Emer- casting Emergencies in the Republic of Uzbekistan gency Situations ■ Engage public controllers from local authorities and ● The site level, through the Cultural Heritage Inspec- other NGOs torate of the regional subdivisions of the Ministry of Culture 12 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Working Group 3—Enhancement of Site Management Improvement Team Members Team Members Junko Mukai, Architectural Heritage Consultant; Dowon ■ Monitoring and reporting: deficiencies in the system Kim, Associate Professor, DMUCH; Mirtolib Mirzahidov, of periodic and constant monitoring of repair and res- UNWTO Silk Road Office under the SCTD; Shermat toration works Sherimbetov, Central Office on Cultural Heritage; ■ Disaster protection: lack of clear and detailed guide- Alisher Khusanov, Fergana and Namangan Region lines for cultural heritage protection in the case of di- Cultural Heritage Inspectorate; Behzod Umarov, Head of sasters the Regional State Inspectorate of the Andijan Region; ■ Financing: access to appropriate finance/funding Sanjar Allayarov, Communications Officer, UNESCO; and Aziz Muhammedov, Tashkent City hokimiyat. ■ Tourism: remaining gaps in law and legislative docu- ments, and insufficient ability to control the flow of foreign and local tourists Identified obstacles The third working group identified the following as the Proposed solutions largest challenges to enhancing and implementing Table 3 summarizes the findings from the working group risk-informed site management in Uzbekistan: 3, including the obstacles or challenge areas, and the ■ Legislation: deficiencies in law and policy documents proposed solutions, as well as potential timelines for im- ■ Communication: Institutional silos and issues plementing these solutions, and the respective institu- tions responsible. ■ Infrastructure: technical infrastructure deficiencies ■ Site conservation: absence of correct approach on conservation, protection, and restoration of cultural heritage sites Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 13 Table 3: Site Management Enhancement: Challenges and Proposed Solutions Potential Institutions Responsible for Challenge Area Proposed Solutions Timeline Implementation Legislation ● Amend applicable provisions of current Within four Ministry of Culture legislation and develop normative legal acts months Communication ● Resolve institutional issues regarding the Constant Ministry of Culture, Ministry of cooperation with ministries and agencies Construction, Ministry of Internal ● Establish a permanent communications Affairs, Ministry of Emergency system between these ministries and Situations, local administrations agencies ● Engage communities in best practice conservation techniques of cultural heritage Infrastructure ● Establish infrastructure (roads, drainage Within three Ministry of Culture, Ministry of systems, wastewater transfer, gas, power, to four years Construction, local administrations and water supply) that allows for an efficient flow of tourists and a sanitary maintenance of the site Site conservation ● Develop and implement a site maintenance Within one to Ministry of Culture, Ministry of approach based on international best two years Construction, Science Academy, practices of conservation, protection, and Ministry of Higher Education, restoration of cultural heritage sites Ministry of Foreign Affairs Monitoring and ● Create a systematic and continuous Within one Ministry of Culture, local reporting monitoring and reporting system that year administration provides information on repair and restoration activities Disaster ● Design and implement a standard set of Within one to Ministry of Culture, Ministry protection guidelines for all cultural heritage protection two years of Internal Affairs, Ministry in the case of disasters of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Higher Education, international organizations and NGOs Financing ● Activate financial mechanisms that will fund Within one Ministry of Finance, Ministry of forthcoming conservation and disaster risk year Culture, Ministry of Economic management projects at cultural heritage Development and Poverty sites Reduction (former Ministry of Economy), Ministry of Investments and Foreign Trade (former State Investment Committee), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, local administrations Tourism ● Develop and systematically implement a Within one SCTD, Ministry of Culture, relevant tourism management plan year ministries and agencies 14 / View of Bukhara Workshop Site Visit locations: Khoja-Gaukushon Complex; Rashid Caravanserai; Domlo Hasan; Ulugbek Madrasa; and Abdulazizhon Madrasa / 15 Site Visits 16 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Khoja-Gaukushon Complex Interior of Gaukushon Madrasa (left), and view of the Madrasa and Mosque Minaret (right). View of the square at the Gaukushon Complex Sixteenth century. This complex principally includes a madrasa, a mosque, and a public square. Some of the rooms at the madrasa are rented by craft vendors, and there are plans to build a hostel in the madrasa as well, although permission to do so is still pending. Within the entire complex, there is no drainage system, and to date there has not been an assessment made on the internal walls. The mosque is expected to be reconstructed so it can be used as a set of spaces to rent out to shop owners and to become coffee houses. Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 17 Rashid Caravanserai Interior view of Rashid Caravan Saray. Eighteenth century. This site presents significant problems due to its lack of conservation. This site is slated to be reconstructed as a hotel. Domlo Hasan Interior view of the current hotel at Domlo Hasan (left) and exterior view of the front entrance (right). Ninteenth century. This structure has been restored and adapted into its current use as a hotel. The floor was removed so that new systems could be installed. The floor was reinserted in its original form after the systems’ installation. The top of the building is made with new bricks, while the lower parts of the building structures are made with the original bricks. 18 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Ulugbek Madrasa Interior and details (top), and facade of the Ulugbek Madrasa. Fifteenth century. The Ulugbek Madrasa building presents a myriad of conservation issues. Some of the visible cracks are the result of the M7.0 earthquake in 1976. According to the local community, some discoloration of the bricks is caused by a past explosion of Russian bombs. A drainage system made up of piping is present; this includes water reservoirs under the pavement. This system is intended to be connected in the future to a drainage system being built for the Ark site. Furthermore, wooden beams included in the walls are intended to absorb rainwater and prevent water from seeping into the walls, and the wood inside the walls protects against any adverse effects of humidity. Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 19 Abdulazizhon Madrasa Detail and external view of the Abdulazizhon Madrasa (top and left), and interior detail (right). Seventeenth century. The roof of this structure is plain and flat with no slope for rainwater drainage. As a result, rainwater accumulates on the roof or seeps into the structure. Although a drainage system was working before the 1920s, the twentieth century Russian invasion destroyed it. 20 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 21 Site Observations 22 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Site Vulnerability Turki Jandi Mausoleum. Caravanserai. Abdulazizhon Madrasa. Designated sites throughout the city face serious structural vulnerabilities and other site management challenges, including general neglect, lack of a budget, and/or lack of an operating model. The scope of this issue across Bukhara and the country is not known, but is believed to be widespread. Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 23 Development Projects The city of Bukhara implemented a redevelopment projectb in an area adjacent to the Poi Kalan and Ark sites. Such efforts appear to have been considered with a focus on tourism development, but may present an opportunity for additional management and cultural heritage conservation efforts and review. View of the area adjacent to the Poi Kalan and Ark sites. Preparedness Efforts Ark Fortress Museum. Kalon Masjidi: Visitor-friendly signage is desirable Some DRM preparedness features, such as basic fire protection, have been integrated into sites. However, museums and related artifacts remain at risk to fire and earthquakes, as well as possible general deterioration. Authorities have placed limited signage and guidance on evacuation routes and locations, which could also place tourists at potential risk in case of a major disaster event. 24 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 25 Immediate Needs The three working groups agreed that the most 4. Enhance the institutional capacity for resilient time-sensitive actions are those regarding the direct cultural heritage by making changes in policy. These management of risks currently threatening Uzbekistan’s changes include: CHST assets. The five most important actions are i. Coordinating efforts and exchanging information outlined below: for consistency at all levels (national, regional, and 1. Identify the risks that local priority cultural local); heritage sites currently face, as well as the current ii. Reviewing existing policies and guidelines to risks of loss for national cultural heritage assets. integrate DRM, cultural heritage, and tourism— Develop technical assessments of priority sites for thus formulating an integrated strategy; structural stability and related emergency action plans, together with risk assessments, to evaluate iii. Developing an inclusive approach for strategies and take action on local cultural heritage sites. and roadmaps involving the community, the And conduct a rapid national-level assessment to private sector, NGOs (religious bodies and cultural determine the potential losses to the country’s CHST experts), academia, scientists, and so on; assets in case of critical scenario events. iv. Mainstreaming cultural heritage aspects into 2. Plan, design, and execute methods for conservation, comprehensive tourism strategies and the regular maintenance, and appropriate restoration overall vision; these documents should reflect of CHST sites. Restoration/conservation efforts the current carrying capacity of sites in terms should be planned ahead and executed instead of of infrastructure to ensure a balance between engaged in as troubleshooting and ad hoc reactions. historic center and periphery areas; and There is a chance to base these efforts on priority v. Ensuring that restoration works follow strict needs determined by a preliminary assessment of all guidelines and codes developed by the Ministry of cultural heritage assets, and subsequently to put in Culture in technical cooperation with the Ministry place certain mechanisms intended to facilitate the of Construction. site’s sustainability. Such mechanisms may include better seismic resilience, flood protection/drainage, Enforcement of proper guidelines would be another erosion control/slope stabilization, structural issue. Policies and legislation are needed to conserve reinforcement, and other measures appropriate to historic cities and manage periphery areas (or buffer local cultural heritage site conditions that have a zones), and for disaster risk management of cultural minimal impact on heritage values. heritage at the national level. 3. Develop preparedness plans and emergency drills for 5. Provide trainings for the staff of ministries of culture, sites and people that involve local communities and tourism, construction, and emergency services/ agencies on the local, regional, and national levels. DRM using international best practice approaches DRM plans and emergency drills should be developed and techniques for conservation, risk assessment, and executed by local site management authorities heritage impact assessment, tourism management, and local stakeholders, in close coordination with and emergency preparedness. There is an opportunity local first responders, the Ministry of Construction, to establish training methods and courses that use SCTD, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. the most current cultural heritage site management Furthermore, the plans and drills need to consider information, DRM principles, and communication the participation of local communities to understand technology (GIS mapping, for instance). Additionally, the risks on the site and to determine the roles/ there is an opportunity to train professionals on the emergency responses of the local community on the appropriate technology for conservation and adaptive disaster situation. approaches for cultural heritage buildings/sites. 26 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Additional Options for Managing Risk In pursuing the five overarching recommendations for cultural heritage concerns only the protection of monu- time-sensitive actions listed above, the workshop par- ments. This means that the concept of a historic city is not ticipants brainstormed other options that the GOU may reflected in the national laws, despite having more than 20 wish to employ. historic cities in the country and 4 cities listed as UNESCO World Heritage (WH) Sites. The Outstanding Universal Val- Management plan for heritage sites and cities ue (OUV) of these historic cities includes their urban layout, ● The GOU may wish to encourage the formulation, as buildings have had a profound influence on the evolution implementation, and review of a management plan and planning of towns in Central Asia. Although the Min- for heritage sites/cities that would include: develop- istry of Culture has recently prepared bylaws to address ment of an inventory and database system for all this issue, an amendment to the Act itself would provide heritage components in the historic city, keeping in the necessary legal backup to regulate the development mind their usability for management as well as for surrounding the historic cities and adequately manage the emergency response and post-disaster recovery; disaster risks they currently face. In the process of mak- ● Heritage value identification and conservation princi- ing such an amendment, a national conference could be ples/strategies of historic city and heritage buildings; organized to collect case studies and discuss the country’s ● Plan and strategy for adaptive reuse of heritage conservation principles among heritage professionals. buildings and sites; Regulating development work in and around heritage sites is a very challenging task for which the empowerment of ● Set periodic risk assessments of heritage considering heritage managers is critical. However, this alone would vulnerabilities and cultural values, with the subse- not be enough for sufficient monitoring. To secure support quent application of methods for their mitigation (e.g., from the municipality, the existing city master plan needs a regular monitoring system). This would require: (i) to integrate heritage conservation and management into condition assessment (based on structural and non- its legal framework. structural as well as geotechnical investigations); (ii) risk map for CHST prepared using GIS; and (iii) her- Tourism Management itage impact assessment extended to any proposed To date, insufficient measures have been introduced development project inside the historic city. to manage tourist flows or to secure financial returns ● Establish site development plan and regulations from tourists, which could then be invested into the bet- within historic city and periphery areas; ter maintenance and management of heritage sites, to ● Institute a mechanism for communication and co- increase their resilience. Different schemes that have ordination between local authorities, ministries of minimal negative impact on heritage values should be culture, tourism, and DRM, and all relevant stake- considered: charging an entrance fee to the historic city, holders; offering additional paid guided tours, or employing more ● Ensure that visitor/tourism management and DRM tourist-friendly signage and maps. are part of the overall management plan of the his- Structural Issues toric city; and The current structural condition of many buildings is ● Develop emergency preparedness and response pro- poor. Most often this is because walls and domes sustain cedures for saving people’s lives as well as heritage cracks due to the salinity of underground moisture. One during emergency situations. solution is to employ local master craftsmen who have In the process of developing a management plan, the fol- the knowledge to confront these particular challenges lowing themes should be considered: and restore the historic buildings to stronger structural condition. Additional solutions include applying modern Provisions of the Existing Heritage Act materials (such as steel sections to support a wall that The exercise of developing management plans for heritage is bulging out, bitumen sheets to prevent walls from sites provides practical ideas for provisions that could be groundwater entry, etc.) to retrofit a site. This is the key added into existing legislation. According to the workshop measure for the seismic resilience of the building, and participants from the culture sector, the existing Act for further studies of appropriate measures need to be con- Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 27 tinued. Guidelines should be publicized to maintain a high quality of conservation and restoration work. It is important to prioritize the restoration needs of heritage sites because not only are they a popular point of attraction for many visitors, but the damage to these sites is widespread. Understanding a site’s cultural value is crucial when developing its management plan. Ulugbek Madrasasi, heritage wall covered by souvenirs Development of sustainable tourism guidelines The GOU has a chance to develop sustainable tourism management guidelines for each heritage city that consider the following: Wall of Miriarab Madrasasi supported with steel section. ● Visitor-carrying capacity of heritage sites to pro- tect the safety of visitors as well as to avoid nega- tive impacts on heritage values; ● Financial models needed to ensure the sustainabili- ty of heritage sites/cities; ● Design and layout of tourism infrastructure and ser- vices (including signage) that has minimal impact on the heritage values. To that end, any retrofitting of heritage buildings should be based on a clear risk as- sessment, and heritage values assessments should be undertaken following duly established procedures that would ensure vulnerability reduction with mini- mal impact on the heritage values; Water prevention layer between bricks. ● Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings/sites that con- Adaptive Reuse siders economic sustainability as well as protection Adapting a cultural heritage site so that it becomes of heritage values; used for a new purpose is a meaningful way to keep the ● Tourism development programs that ensure bene- site active. However, stricter regulations are necessary fits to local communities to avoid the threat of gen- throughout this process of adaption and reuse to avoid trification; and spoiling the value of the heritage. For example, in cases ● Pilot projects that demonstrate an integrated ap- where heritage sites become spaces for craft shops, with proach for managing heritage sites through con- vendors renting the heritage buildings and sites, some servation, tourism management, and disaster risk vendors respect the delicacy of the walls when choosing management. Such pilot projects can then serve as how to showcase goods on the walls while others do not. good practices. 28 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Potential taskforce for resilient CHST ■ Increase tourism at the same time that safeguards As a final recommendation, the GOU may wish to tourists and local communities; support the formulation of a national technical working ■ Engage related businesses and connect with the group involving some of the workshop participants and private sector for heritage protection; additional relevant officials as a platform for cross- ■ Increase land value as a result of mainstreaming sectorial cooperation. The working group members could resilient heritage resources; share with each other all the existing laws, policies, and ■ Bolster economic growth as a result of fostering programs concerning cultural heritage, tourism, and resilient CHST; and DRM. The group could sort out the points of contradiction, overlapping, or loopholes in the legislative and institutional ■ Consider options to connect these efforts to the World framework, and identify areas of cooperation. Bank, UNESCO, and partners’ support. Workshop participants noted potential opportunities to: ■ Conserve and protect irreplaceable heritage (on which tourism is based); Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 29 Conclusions The workshop confirmed there is a need for a coherent among cultural heritage, tourism, and disaster risk and integrated approach to cultural heritage, tourism, management sectors. To encourage cross-sectoral and disaster risk management. This should include cooperation and empower stakeholders, pilot project(s) a comprehensive strategy that is coordinated at that aim to develop and execute a comprehensive the local, regional, and national levels to better management plan at a specific city or site could understand the tourist flow, the cultural heritage demonstrate the value of such an approach. Such efforts values, and vulnerabilities—and therefore to identify should include: the investments needed. The main recommendations ■ Heritage value identification and prioritization; achieved from the workshop findings would include: ■ Structural assessments; Enhancing institutional capacity to ensure resilient ■ Conservation principles/strategies for historic build- cultural heritage and sustainable tourism. Coordination ings and movable heritage; efforts and information exchange should be enhanced ■ Regulations and guidelines for new development in for consistency and efficiency, at both the policy and both the core and the buffer zone of heritage sites; operational levels. This could include further in-depth review and consolidation of policies and guidelines to ■ Regulations and guidelines for adaptive reuse and integrate DRM, cultural heritage, and tourism effectively tourism management; and through the formulation of an integrated strategy and/ ■ Disaster risk assessments. or national technical working group as a platform for Improving staff-level capacity building to promote cross-sectorial cooperation. the development of resilient cultural heritage and sustainable tourism. Increase the capacity of heritage- Likewise, to increase the ability of institutions to create and tourism-related staff to identify risks, secure sites, sustainable and resilient cultural heritage sites, the assist people, and so forth. The GOU could require the following could be encouraged: organization and development of training and increase ■ Carrying capacity of cultural heritage sites in terms resources and shared knowledge through the following: of the site infrastructure (for example, the number of ■ Developing/updating cultural heritage and tourism ways for visitors to enter the site) and management inventories in line with other systems (for example, (such as the amount of clear signage); geographic information systems (GIS) mapping and ■ Financing and private sector engagement models that open source approaches); would fund both conservation and tourism activities; ■ Conducting and communicating risk assessment ■ Conservation needs of historic city centers versus the to cultural heritage and tourism site stakeholders, development needs of periphery areas; communication campaigns, etc.; ■ Guidelines and codes developed by the Ministry of ■ Establishing emergency preparedness and response Culture, as informed by the Ministry of Construction; procedures for heritage sites; and ■ Implementing appropriate building/restoration tech- ■ Importance of completing a targeted assessment of niques, including the engagement of local craftspeo- the risks to cultural heritage and tourism assets in ple, fostering intangible heritage use and value; and Uzbekistan to allow additional national- or regional- ■ Instituting methods for involving community, the level understanding of potential losses and impacts on private sector, nongovernmental organizations tourism and the economy to clarify and spur needed (NGOs, such as religious bodies and cultural experts), prioritization and investment. academia, scientists, and apprenticeship programs Developing pilot projects aiming to standardize an when evaluating the risks facing a cultural heritage effective mechanism based on cross-collaboration site, and planning for the site’s resilience. 30 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Further opportunities to strengthen resilience The COVID-19 crisis is creating additional challenges of CHST and stresses to the protection and conservation of CHST, increasing the risk of looting and the effects Culture and cultural heritage are an engine for post- of lack of maintenance, in addition to the losses of crisis social recovery. As stated in the World Bank– revenues at many sites. Alternative solutions, however, UNESCO Culture in City Reconstruction and Recovery to try to retain visitors and prepare for reopening are (CURE) Framework: From cultural heritage to cultural being developed through virtual tours in many museums and creative industries, from sustainable tourism to and heritage sites.19 UNWTO is also promoting the idea cultural institutions, culture enables and drives the social, of discovering new cultures while respecting the current environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainable impossibility of traveling through the campaign Stay development. It is a crucial factor for social cohesion and Home Today, #TravelTomorrow.20 poverty alleviation and supports transversal issues such as education, urban development, and gender equality to New technological options are allowing governments, enable the full achievement of development outcomes. site managers, and other interested parties to develop It has become clear that culture can no longer be a and deploy new systems to protect CHST sites dividend of development, but is rather a prerequisite to and assets. Several institutions are supporting the its achievement.16 Cultural heritage assets, both tangible digitization of endangered cultural heritage sites with and intangible, play an essential role for societies. Their three-dimensional modeling, which allows improved protection and conservation are therefore critical to help understanding of the underlying sites, opportunities for local communities in times of crises. targeted conservation, and greater engagement with people, including potential tourists from around the At the same time, CHST plays an important role for world21. Specific technical options include higher-cost disaster risk reduction and preparedness, and the Sendai laser scanners, which allow high-resolution point cloud Framework17 calls for the need to protect and draw on data, and lower-cost photogrammetry options, which cultural tangible and intangible heritage as an asset for tend to produce lower-resolution data, but may be resilience. In particular, the framework calls for: (i) the more easily integrated with some functionalities. Many integration of a cultural perspective in all policies and site managers are also considering new options for practices, (ii) the understanding of the cultural heritage tourist management, including human trajectory data impacts, as appropriate, in the context of event-specific for WH sites, such as Machu Picchu, to improve visitor hazard-exposure and vulnerability information; (iii) engagement and reduce wear-and-tear on sites. Such the protection of cultural institutions and other sites simulations provide insight about how to coordinate of historical, cultural heritage, and religious interest; social distancing amongst visitors. Consequently, the and (iv) the use of traditional, indigenous, and local tool contributed to maximize the number of visitors, knowledge and practices to complement scientific contributing to secure the economic sustainability of knowledge in disaster risk assessment.18 WH enterprises. Furthermore, open mapping options, Therefore, the integration of CHST and DRM, through such as OpenStreetMap, are allowing the creation of fostering collaboration between specialists from each low-cost open data infrastructure for GIS, which can sector and implementing activities to strengthen this improve CHST asset management. connection, is critical to protect assets. 16 openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30733/9789231002885.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y 17 undrr.org/implementing-sendai-framework/what-sf 18 documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/108261583387634581/pdf/Disaster-Risk-Management-in-the-Culture-in-City-Reconstruction- and-Recovery-CURE-Framework-Technical-Note.pdf 19 In Uzbekistan: tourstouzbekistan.com/en/virtual-tours.html 20 unwto.org/news/stay-home-today-traveltomorrow 21 Some examples include ICONEM, which has developed 3D models for several endangered heritage sites: iconem.com/en/; and the 3D model of Shitthaung Pahto, Mrauk-U, Myanmar by 3XVIVR Productions: historyview.org/library/shittaung/ Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 31 Augmented Reality (AR) Mail from Harbin, St. Sophia Cathedral22 Example of human trajectory tracking data and applications at Machu Picchu, Peru (P. Gonzalez Rojas)23 Looking into the future, new, upcoming opportunities would need to connect resilient cultural heritage with ICT, to further increase both physical and economic resilience, and support sustainable tourism. armailfromharbin.netlify.app/ 22 youtube.com/watch?v=EdJeV6E4H3U 23 32 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development References and resources WORLD BANK UNWTO ■ Urban and Disaster Risk Management ■ COVID-19: Putting People First: unwto.org/tourism- Responses to COVID-19: pubdocs.worldbank.org/ covid-19 en/575581589235414090/World-Bank-Urban- ■ Global Guidelines to Reopen Tourism: DRM-COVID-19-Responses.pdf (Urban, Disaster Risk • unwto.org/news/unwto-launches-global- Management, Resilience and Land (GPURL) April 3, guidelines-to-restart-tourism 2020 • webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs- ■ Culture in City Reconstruction and Recovery public/2020-05/UNWTO-Global-Guidelines-to- (CURE) Framework: openknowledge.worldbank.org/ Restart-Tourism.pdf bitstream/handle/10986/30733/9789231002885. pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y ICCROM ■ Disaster Risk Management in the CURE Framework, ■ First Aid and Resilience to Cultural Heritage in Times Technical Note: documents.worldbank.org/curated/ of Crisis: en/108261583387634581/pdf/Disaster-Risk- • Handbook: iccrom.org/sites/default/files/2018-10/ Management-in-the-Culture-in-City-Reconstruction- fac_handbook_print_oct-2018_final.pdf and-Recovery-CURE-Framework-Technical-Note.pdf • Toolkit: iccrom.org/sites/default/files/2018-10/ ■ Resilient Cultural Heritage: Learning from the fac_toolkit_print_oct-2018_final.pdf Japanese Experience: gfdrr.org/en/publication/ ■ Heritage in Times of COVID: iccrom.org/heritage- resilient-cultural-heritage-learning-japanese- times-covid experience UNESCO ■ Culture & COVID-19: Impact and Response: en.unesco.org/news/culture-covid-19-impact-and- response-tracker ■ Monitoring World Heritage site closures: https:// en.unesco.org/covid19/cultureresponse/monitoring- world-heritage-site-closures / 33 Annexes 34 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Annex I—Detailed Workshop Agenda Workshop on Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development in Uzbekistan Bukhara, August 13–17, 2018 Time Session Speaker/Lead Monday, August 13, 2018, 9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. 9:00 Registration 9:30 Welcome and Introduction to the Workshop SCTD/GOU & World Bank Representative 10:00 - Introduction to DRM for CHT: What does emergency preparedness James Newman and response include for cultural heritage sites? (15 min) DRM Specialist, Team Leader, • Discussion (15 min) Resilient Cultural Heritage and Tourism Knowledge Program, GFDRR, World Bank 10:30 Uzbekistan’s Challenges and Goals to Achieving Resilient Cultural Mirtolib Mirzahidov Heritage and Tourism: What hazards and vulnerabilities put Director of Unitary Enterprise, Uzbekistan’s heritage and tourism at risk? What are the challenges? UNWTO Silk Road Office under What would Resilient CHT in Uzbekistan look like? (15 min) SCTD • Discussion (15 min) Kahramon Rustamov Director of Republican Centre for Combatting Termites 11:00 Coffee/Tea Break 11:30 Overview of Cultural Heritage Management in Uzbekistan: Overall Kamola Akilova introduction to MOC’s assets and practices at country and regional Deputy Minister of Culture levels (10 min) Ministry of Culture • Questions (5 min) 11:45 Overview of DRM Institutions and Practice: Overall introduction Abdullo Nurmatov to DRM, including key risks, agencies involved, and plans. Brief Head of Department explanation of any ministry engagement of DRM at CHT sites to date. Ministry of Emergency Situations (10 min) • Questions (5 min) 12:00 The New Ministry of Construction and Its Context with Resilient CHT: Ildar Minaliev What are the MOC’s mandates and plans (e.g., licensing, information Head of Technical Inspection for urban construction, etc.)? How does it engage the resilient CHT Department agenda in terms of CH, tourism development, and DRM? (10 min) UzGASHKLITI LLC • Questions (5 min) Ministry of Construction 12:15 Discussions and questions 1:00 Lunch Break 2:00 Review of Morning Session Facilitated by SCTD/GOU and the World Bank 2:30 The Role of Local Administrations in Resilient CHT: How does local Botir Shahriyorov government support the resilient CHT agenda in terms of CH, tourism Deputy Governor of Bukhara region development, and DRM? Biggest challenges? Best examples? (10 min) on Tourism • Questions (5 min) 2:45 Engaging the Private Sector to Enhance Resilience for Culture and Ilhom Bafoev Tourism: Current observations and efforts by the Chamber (10 min) Head of Bukhara Regional • Questions (5 min) Department of Chamber of Commerce and Industry Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 35 Annex I—Detailed Workshop Agenda (cont.) Time Session Speaker/Lead 3:00 How to Preserve and Protect CHT before, during, and after a Disaster: Lola Muhutova Current practice and opportunities, including how to engage the Head of Department for community effectively (10 min) Conservation and Restoration of • Questions (5 min) Applied Arts Hunarmand Foundation 3:15 Coffee/Tea Break 4:00 Discussion and consensus on format/content of Outputs of this Facilitated by SCTD/GOU Workshop and the World Bank 5:00 Wrap-up/Summary/Decisions from Day 1 Tuesday, August 14, 2018, 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. 8:00 Bukhara Site Visits SCTD/GOU 1:00 Lunch Break 2:00 Site Visit Review and Discussion Facilitated by SCTD/GOU and the World Bank 3:00 TOPIC 1: Making Site Management Plans Work Junko Mukai Table Exercises and Guideline/Output Development by GOU Working Heritage Architect Consultant Groups Working Groups Report Back 4:30 Discussion on Compilation Process for Outputs from Each Topic Facilitated by SCTD/GOU and the World Bank 5:00 Wrap-Up/Summary/Decisions from Day 2 Facilitated by SCTD/GOU and the World Bank Wednesday, August 15, 2018, 9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. 9:00 Recap of Days 1–2 and Introduction to Importance of Day 3 Working Facilitated by SCTD/GOU Session and Outputs Expected and the World Bank 9:30 TOPIC 2: Community Engagement Models for More Resilient CHT Dowon Kim Management and Opportunities Associate Professor at DMUCH, Table Exercises and Guideline/Output Development by GOU Working Ritsumeikan University Groups Working Groups Report Back 11:00 Coffee/Tea Break 11:30 Report Back on Progress and Status of Draft Document/Output Working Groups 12:30 Working Together to Develop Guidelines for Resilient Cultural Heritage Barbara Minguez Garcia and Tourism: An Example from Bhutan DRM and CH Consultant, World Bank, GFDRR 1:00 Lunch Break 2:00 TOPIC 3: Institutional Frameworks Professor Rohit Jigyasu Table Exercises and Guideline/Output Development by GOU Working Conservation & Risk Management Groups Consultant; UNESCO Chair Professor, R-DMUCH; Vice President, International Council on Monuments and Sites—ICOMOS 3:00 Coffee/Tea Break 3:30 Working Groups Report Back (Continued) Facilitated by SCTD/GOU and the World Bank 4:00 Working Groups Complete Compilation of Outputs Produced Facilitated by SCTD/GOU from Topics 1–3 and the World Bank 5:00 Wrap-Up/Summary/Decisions from Day 3 and Planning for Days 4–5 Facilitated by SCTD/GOU and the World Bank 36 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Annex I—Detailed Workshop Agenda (cont.) Time Session Speaker/Lead Thursday, August 16, 2018, 9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. 9:00 Introduction to Days 4–5 10:00 Working Groups Complete Development and Compilation of Agreed Facilitated by SCTD/GOU Outputs, Working with each Expert on Demand and the World Bank 5:00 Wrap-Up/Summary/Decisions from Day 4 6:00 Final Workshop Dinner in Bukhara Friday, August 17, 2018, 9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. 9:00 Introduction to Final Day 10:00 Working Groups Develop Presentations on the Outputs, Working with Facilitated by SCTD/GOU Each Expert on Demand and the World Bank 2:00 Final Pitch Sessions by each Working Group to Expert Panel 4:00 Wrap-up/Summary/Decisions from Day 5 Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 37 Annex II—List of Participants Workshop on Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Bukhara, August 13–17, 2018 Organization Participant Ministry of Construction Ilkhom Usmanhodjaev, Director of the Center for Geotechnical Studies under Survey Institute, Qishloqqurilishloyiha LLC (including 2 representatives of design and survey organizations licensed to carry out design and survey Ildar Menaliev, Head of the Technical Inspection Department of UzGASHKLITI LLC works on cultural heritage sites) Shermatjon Sherimbetov, Head of the Department for Identification, Accounting and Maintenance of Cultural and Archaeological Heritage Sites Cadastre Alisher Ismailov, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Khorezm Region Maysara Naberaeva, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Samarkand and Jizzakh Regions Jahangir Khalilov, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Kashkadarya Region Ministry of Culture (main Sukhrob Babaev, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Bukhara and Navoi Regions scientific and production directorate for the Alisher Khusanov, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Fergana and Namangan protection and use of Regions cultural heritage sites) Kuanyshbek Sharipov, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of the Republic of Karakalpakstan Shokhista Mamatkulova, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Surkhandarya Region Behzod Umarov, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Andijan Region Akbar Mukhamedov, Head of the Regional State Inspectorate of Tashkent city, Tashkent and Syrdarya Regions Abdullo Nurmatov, Head of Directorate Ministry of Emergency Situations Kamol Rizoev, First Deputy Head of the Department of Emergency Situations of Bukhara Region Abdulaziz Akkulov, Deputy Chairman of SCTD Mirtolib Mirzahidov, Director of UE, UNWTO Silk Road Office Furkat Hodjaev, Head of Bukhara Regional Department for Tourism Development SCTD Mirzo Ulugbek Barakaev, staff member of Bukhara Regional Department for Tourism Development Jahongir Saidov, staff member of Bukhara Regional Department for Tourism Development Uzhydromet Mirzaolim Murtazaev, Head of Bukhara Regional Administration Republican Center for Kahramon Rustamov, Director of the Republican Center for Combating Termites Combating Termites under the Institute of Gene Pool of Flora and Fauna of the Science Academy of Uzbekistan 38 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Annex II—List of Participants (cont.) Organization Participant Chamber of Commerce and Ilkhom Bafoev, Head of Bukhara Regional Department of Chamber of Commerce and Industry Industry Hunarmand Foundation Lola Muhutova, Head of the Department for Preservation and Restoration of Applied Arts Council of Ministers of the Azat Matikov, Head of the Construction Secretariat of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan Republic of Karakalpakstan Bukhara region hokimiyat Botir Shahriyorov, Deputy Governor of Bukhara Region for Tourism Surkhandarya region Sharofiddin Kodirov, Head of the Secretariat of Surkhandarya Region hokimiyat hokimiyat Fergana region hokimiyat Abdurashit Karimov, responsible officer of the Fergana Regional hokimiyat Khorezm region hokimiyat Bahrom Allanazarov, Head of the Construction Secretariat of Khorezm Region hokimiyat Azim Head of the Tourism Development Secretariat of Bukhara region hokimiyat Karim Kamolov, Governor of Bukhara city Bukhara city hokimiyat Kahramon Dustov, Deputy City Governor for Construction Kagon city hokimiyat Alisher Aminov, Deputy City Governor for Construction Kogon district hokimiyat Azim Turaev, Deputy District Governor for Construction Romitan district hokimiyat Adiz Bakaev, Deputy District Governor for Construction Gijduvan district hokimiyat Bahriddin Ergashev, Deputy District Governor for Construction Shofikon district hokimiyat Fayzulla Mirzaev, Deputy District Governor for Construction Vobkent district hokimiyat Sultonmurod Teshaev, Deputy District Governor for Construction UNESCO Sanjar Allayarov, Communications Officer James Newman, Disaster Risk Management Specialist, World Bank Barbara Minguez Garcia, Disaster Risk Management and Cultural Heritage Specialist, Consultant Manjusha Rai, Urban Specialist, Consultant, Tashkent The World Bank Team Rohit Jigyasu, Professor at the UNESCO Chair Programme on Cultural Heritage and Risk Management at R-DMUCH, President of ICOMOS/ICORP Dowon Kim, Associate Prof. at R-DMUCH Junko Mukai, Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage Specialist, Consultant Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 39 Annex III—Ministry of Construction Assessment Reports The workshop participants from the Ministry of Construction—specifically from the Center for Geotechnical Studies of the Survey Institute Qishloqqurilishloyiha LLC and the Technical Inspection Department of UzGashkliti LLC—provided additional technical information on the work they are currently developing, including: ■ A comprehensive investigation of the construction of the Kalyan minaret and mosque complex in Bukhara ■ A technical survey of the entrance (arch) and exhibition gallery at the Alisher Navoi National Park and Monument in Tashkent ■ Information about instruments for a nondestructive technical inspection of buildings and construction The assessment of the Kalyan minaret is particularly relevant for this report because it serves as a strong example of the technical work that needs to be carried on at a heritage site in order to understand its risk profile and conservation needs. A brief summary of the work developed by the Ministry of Construction, along with some key information, is presented below. Central Asia maintains a rich history of cultural area’s dynamic influences, hydrogeological conditions, treasures, principally displayed through their buildings. and environmental impacts. Through until the ninth century, walls and arches of One of the many historical monuments included in the buildings and structures in the region were constructed UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the Historic from ordinary clay or adobe bricks. Following the Centre of Bukhara is the Kalyan minaret. conquest of Alexander the Great, the monumental and applied arts were greatly influenced by the Hellenistic ■ For the assessment and analysis of the technical tradition. With accession of Central Asia to the Arab conditions of the structures of the Kalyan minaret Caliphate in the eighth century and the adoption of a new and mosque in Bukhara, the following activities were religion—Islam—the culture was influenced yet again. undertaken: Buildings for various purposes—such as caravanserai, ● Geotechnical study of the foundation soil mausoleums, mosques, and madrasas—began to ● Geophysical surveys using the SIR-3000 system, conform to specific architectural types. Together these consisting of an application of the radar method for monumental buildings provide a complete picture of the the subsurface sounding of underground space engineering, design, planning, and decorative features ● Detailed technical examination with nondestructive of the construction and architecture of that era. tools for testing and technical diagnostics of structures for identifying defects, damage, and deformations of the site Considering the significance of Uzbekistan’s cultural ● Evaluation of the physical and mechanical heritage, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of characteristics of the site structures (chemical Uzbekistan approved special Decree No. 49 of March composition of the mortar and brick, adhesion of 23, 2010, “On State program on research, conservation, the mortar to the brick, etc.) restoration and adaptation to modern use of the ● Identification of characteristics of damages and cultural heritage properties of Bukhara until 2020.” defects arising from the production, construction, Experts carried out studies and monitored the technical and installation works and the use of buildings condition of the country’s architectural monuments. The aim of these studies was not only to monitor the ● Recommendations for the elimination of defects, technical condition of architectural structures and based on the results of the technical survey identify defects, but also to define the reasons and ● Conclusion about the technical condition of the character of deformations, while taking into account the building 40 / Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development Kalyan Minaret in burnt bricks made from a clay and gypsum mix. The Because of their unique silhouettes and originality, minaret is connected to the roof of the Kalyan mosque minarets play an exceptional role in the architectural by a bridge, which contains a steep narrow spiral brick ensembles of the ancient cities of Uzbekistan. They staircase with 105 steps. were erected near mosques and madrasas as part of the buildings’ complexes. The typical minaret in Uzbekistan has a round column extending to its base, a brick tower with a steep spiral staircase inside, and is topped with an arch lantern. One of the most impressive examples of this type of Central Asian tower is the Kalyan minaret, which for more than eight centuries served as the core of the largest architectural ensembles of Bukhara. It later served as a model for other minarets in the city of Vabkent (in 1196–97) and the minaret at the Khoja Kalon mosque in Bukhara (sixteenth century). According to historical information, the Kalyan minaret was built in 1127 during the reign of Arslan Khan (1102–30), as evidenced by the inscriptions on the carved terracotta tiles, which contain the date of construction and the name of its builder, Bako. The size and depth of the foundations of the minaret. Source: Ministry of Construction. The front surface of the minaret is covered with a re- lief pattern of bricks, broken into 10 ornamental belts, none of them repeating another. From the results of the scanning conducted through the inner and outer walls General view of the complex of the mosque and the Kalyan of the ladder, the wall thickness is 750 millimeters. Also, minaret. Photo credit: Ministry of Construction. according to the ground-penetrating radar scattering signal, it can be hypothetically assumed that each stair This giant vertical pillar, built of burnt brick, gives a vivid module is supported on the frame from the central axis picture of the shape of Central Asian minarets—round, to the outer wall of the minaret. Further, there is filler, with a diameter of 10.5 meters at the bottom and 5.7 apparently, of unsettled local soil compaction. meters at the top. Its total height is 47.5 meters, but Stalactites are formed by a set of cut-shaped baked its multi-meter foundation is hidden deep in the earth bricks without the use of terracotta elements, which under centuries-old layers. However, according to the again shows the versatility of the construction materials research of K.S. Kryukov, the depth of the foundation and ingenuity of old masters. The overall design of the would be about 12 meters. decorative finish on the minaret with almost all elements A 16-arch lantern rotunda is arranged above the mina- in the texture of burnt brick is a continuation and ret’s trunk, resting on rows of masonry and decorated development of more ancient architectural and artistic in the form of a stalactite cornice. The roof is laid out techniques applied to the mausoleum of the Samanids. Uzbekistan: Resilient Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development / 41 ■ Chipped bricks and a detachment of the plaster layer and destruction of the concrete floor in the inner part of the minaret’s entrance ■ Vertical cracks with the opening width of 1.0–3.0 millimeters and unevenness of wooden surfaces, due to long exploitation, is observed in some parts of the steps ■ Chipped brickwork and cracks with an opening width of 1.0–5.0 millimeters at the arch vaults of the stairs ■ Delamination of the plaster layer at openings of the The arch lantern rotunda of the Kalyan minaret. Photo rotunda credit: Ministry of Construction. ■ At elevations more than 35.75–37.75 meters from The survey revealed the following numerous inclined and the ground level, the reinforcement of the inner trunk vertical cracks and defects in the body of the minaret: of the minaret, by means of U-sections with bolt ■ Vertical cracks above the minaret’s entrance door assemblies, was carried out during the reconstruction with an opening width of 1.0–3.0 millimeters work ■ Vertical cracks above and below the lighting windows This is an example of a technical study available for of the minaret with an opening width of 1.0–3.0 the development of strategies of conservation and millimeters restoration of monuments and historic buildings.