HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK Health, Nutrition, and Population Series \ i~~~772 Work in progress for public discussion Decerber Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators A Statistical Handbook A r A~~~",,,W A ,, Eduard Bos, Vivian Hon, Akiko Maeda, Gnanaraj Chellaraj, and Alexander Preker HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK Health, Nutrition, and Population Series Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators A Statistical Handbook Eduard Bos Vivian Hon Afkiko Maeda Gnanaraj Chellaraj Alexander Preker The lWorId Bank Washington, D.C. C) 1999 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing December 1998 This publication was prepared by World Bank staff, and the findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in it do not necessarily represent the views of the Bank's Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Cover graphic by Supon Design Group, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Health, nutrition, and population indicators: a statistical handbook / Eduard Bos ... [et al.]. p. cm. - (Health, nutrition, and population series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-4184-7 1. Health status indicators-Statistics-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Medical statistics-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Health- Statistics-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Nutrition-Statistics- Handbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Population-Statistics-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Bos, Eduard R. II. Series. RA407.H437 1998 614.4'2'021-dc2l 98-30586 CIP Contents Abstract v Foreword vii Acknowledgments viii Overview 1 Global Health Trends 2 Trends in Health Status 2 Trends in Health Systems 2 Trends in Health Finance 3 Health Policy Directions 3 Data Issues 5 The Role of Indicators 5 Data Sources and Limitations 6 Statistical Methods 7 Main Findings 9 Levels of Health Expenditure 9 Availability and Use of Health Services 10 Levels and Trends in Health Status 12 Correlates of Health Status 16 Statistical Tables 1. Health Expenditures, Basic Indicators 19 2. Health Expenditures, 1990-96 22 3. Health Financing by Expenditure Categories 25 4. Sources of Health Financing 28 5. Health Services Indicators, 1990-95 31 6. Utilization of Health Services, 1990-95 34 7. Key Development Indicators 37 8. Child Mortality, 1960-95 40 9. Life Expectancy at Birth, 1960-95 43 10. Adult Mortality, 1960-95 46 11. Total Fertility Rate, 1960-95 49 12. The Aging Population, 1995 and 2020 52 13. Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Health Care 55 iii iv Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook 14. Other Health Determinants and Outcomes 58 15. Reproductive Health Indicators 61 16. Burden of Disease, 1990 64 17. Burden of Disease, 2020 66 18. Deaths by Age and Sex, 1990 68 19. Deaths by Age and Sex, 2020 69 Sources and Definitions 70 References 75 Abstract This statistical handbook is an up-to-date compilation countries than in low-income countries. Recently, a of indicators of levels and trends in health status, number of middle-income countries have started to health determinants, health systems, and health face the challenge of rapidly rising health expenditures finance. The first sections highlight trends in health in both the public and private sectors, which lead to indicators and then analyze and explain the trends. fiscally unsustainable health systems. The last section contains statistical tables, with data The indicators in the tables: presented by country, region, and income group. A * Identify countries that have and have not made summary of data sources and a list of definitions fol- progress in reducing mortality and morbidity for lows the tables. vulnerable groups During the past few decades trends in health status * Reveal the importance of different conditions and have shown vast improvements in life expectancy, mal- diseases in different countries nutrition, and fertility decline. However, improve- * Identify low-income countries that are not spending ments in health have been unequally distributed, both enough to finance a minimum level of essential geographically and among income groups. The trends health services, as well as middle-income countries also show a shift in the burden of disease from infec- that have high and unsustainable public health tious to noncommunicable diseases and injuries. New expenditures diseases, such as AIDS, and re-emerging ones, such as * Identify factors associated with poor HNP out- tuberculosis, will figure prominently among the comes. remaining infectious diseases. The limitations of the data are pointed out in the Trends in health systems and health finance indicate text. Considerable uncertainty about the reliability and that the financing and delivery of HNP services in validity of basic health status and health finance data many low-income countries is carried out by the pri- is often the result of insufficient government commit- vate sector. Large discrepancies exist among countries ment to data collection. International agencies, such as in the amounts spent on health, with per capita expen- the World Bank, should consider supporting capacity ditures almost 1,000-fold greater in some high-income building in data collection. v Foreword A major objective of work in the health, nutrition, and This volume is intended to provide a comparative population (HNP) sector is to improve health outcomes. perspective on country performance and to point to To monitor and evaluate progress toward this objective, future challenges in the health sector. For many coun- the Bank needs to improve its own and borrower capac- tries, economic and health sector indicators are miss- ity to measure health outcomes as well as the perfor- ing or of poor quality, which indicates the need both mance of health systems and the state of health finance. to develop more effective indicators and to include The overview and tables in this volume summarize monitoring and evaluation components in project health outcomes, systems, and finance nationally, design. regionally, and globally. By providing key indicators in This volume is part of the process of developing and the HNP sector, the tables document progress made implementing the Bank's health, nutrition, and popu- over the past decades and provide a baseline from lation sector strategy. Efforts to monitor impacts and which to measure future changes. outcomes are a key priority of the strategy. Christopher Lovelace David de Ferranti Acting Director Vice President Health, Nutrition, and Human Development Population Department Network vii Acknowledgments The material in this volume was prepared as part of the material or provided useful suggestions and com- World Bank's health, nutrition, and population sector ments on the selection of indicators. The authors strategy during 1996-97. It was undertaken by the would like to thank the following individuals in par- HNP Family of the Human Development Network ticular: Richard G. A. Feachem, Mariam Claeson, under the guidance of the HNP Sector Board. Timothy Heleniak, Dean Jamison, Nicole Klingen, Many individuals contributed to this study by Ellen Lukens, Sulekha Patel, Dena Ringold, Claudia bringing reports and data to our attention that we Rokx, George Schieber, Laura Shrestha, Ruben Suarez, would have missed otherwise. Others reviewed the and Diana Weil. viii Overview The World Bank has compiled up-to-date and reliable menting and monitoring the sector strategy, data indicators of levels and trends in health status, health sources and limitations, and the statistical methods determinants, health systems, and health finance as used to construct some of the indicators. The first sec- part of its work in the health, nutrition, and popula- tion concludes with a summary of the key findings tion (HNP) sector. A selection of these indicators was revealed by the tables in this handbook. presented in the Health, Nutrition, and Population Sector The second section consists of the statistical tables, Strategy, published by the World Bank in 1997. with data presented by country, region, and income This statistical handbook expands on the data pre- group. A summary of data sources and definitions fol- sented in the HNP Sector Strategy. It presents a more lows the tables. complete set of indicators, as well as further analyses This handbook is part of a series of World Bank and explanations. It also highlights trends in important HNP reports that are an outgrowth of the process of human development indicators used by the World developing and implementing the Bank's sector strat- Bank and the United Nations to monitor the impact of egy. The data are also available in electronic format. A development programs. future report in this HNP series will address Bank The first section of this handbook is an overview of involvement in the HNP sector and operational indi- key HNP developments and trends. It begins with a cators on performance of lending, economic and sec- summary of the major trends identified in the Bank's tor work, and research. For more information on this 1997 HNP Sector Strategy, as well as the major policy series, contact: directions recommended as part of the strategy This HNP Advisory Services, World Bank overview is followed by a general discussion of HNP 1818 H Street, N.W, Washington, D.C., 20433 data issues, including the role of indicators in imple- tel: (202) 473-2256; fax: (202) 522-3489. 1 Global Health Trends Trends in Health Status income countries. The world's poorest populations con- tinue to suffer from malnutrition, childhood infections, Advances in HNP during the past few decades have poor maternal and perinatal health, and high fertility. A been impressive. During the second half of the twenti- total of 2 million deaths in children occur annually due eth century, life expectancy at birth for the world's pop- to vaccine-preventable diseases; 200 million children ulation increased by almost 20 years, with an even under the age of five still suffer from malnutrition and greater increase among the populations of developing anemia; and 30 percent of the world is still without safe countries. The proportion of children who now die water and sanitation. Furthermore, 120 million couples before reaching age five is less than half the level of still lack options in family planning. Because of poor 1960. Hundreds of millions of people in low- and mid- maternal health services, close to half a million women dle-income countries are on the threshold of an era in die each year from pregnancy-related causes. which they will be safe from some of the world's most Shifts in the disease burden from infectious to non- threatening diseases. Immunization now saves approx- communicable diseases and injuries-in part the result imately 3 million children annually, and better control of changes in the age structure, and in part the result of diarrhea saves more than 1 million a year. of changes in living conditions-require different Economic progress during the past century has con- approaches in prevention and care. New diseases such tributed significantly to health advances. Nutrition has as AIDS, reemerging ones such as tuberculosis, and the improved through higher agricultural outputs and the development of drug-resistant microbes and parasites introduction of a more varied diet, cutting child mal- will figure prominently among the remaining infec- nutrition rates in low- and middle-income countries by tious diseases. 20 percentage points. Rapid population growth remains a major develop- The slowing of population growth rates has also had ment challenge in many poor countries and places a a positive impact. The global fertility rate (the average heavy burden on health care and social services. Even as number of children born per woman) is now three, fertility gradually declines in many countries, the num- down from five at mid-century. Some low- and middle- ber of births will exceed the number of deaths for sever- income countries have reached replacement fertility al more decades as a result of demographic momentum levels of around two children per family as a result of built into young population age structures. The world's better access to family planning as well as rising population is projected to increase from 5.8 billion in incomes and better education. More than half of all 1997 to 9.2 billion in 2050, with over 95 percent of this couples in low- and middle-income countries are now increase occurring in low- and middle-income countries. using contraception to plan their families. While these overall gains in health status have been significant, many issues remain. Improvements in health Trends in Health Systems have been unequally distributed, both geographically and among income groups. Of the total global disease In most high-income countries-and many middle- burden, 93 percent is concentrated in low- and middle- income countries-governments have become central 2 Global Health Trends 3 to social policy and health care, for both equity and where capital stock is more adequate on a national efficiency reasons. In contrast, in many low-income basis, inequitable resource distribution may lower countries, financing and delivery of HNP services access to services by the poor. remains largely in the private sector. In many of these Recently, a growing number of countries have start- countries, large segments of the poor still have no ed to face a different challenge: rapidly rising health access to basic or effective care. In some other low- expenditures in both the public and private sectors. income countries, government-run health systems per- Often public spending is forced above what is fiscally form poorly, providing low-quality care resulting in sustainable, and new spending goes to ineffective, inef- poor outcomes. ficiently managed, low-quality care. The reasons for The optimal balance between public and private these increases include the escalating cost of medical involvement in the health sector varies from country to technology, the increase in the burden of chronic dis- country, and is different in the case of financing from eases, rising popular expectations, and the growth of that in the case of service delivery Many recent reforms fee-for-service and third-party insurance. However, have focused on correcting inequities and inefficiencies increased spending on health care alone does not nec- that occur when the balance between government and essarily improve HNP outcomes. private sector roles becomes distorted in one direction or another. Governments in countries that have intro- duced successful reforms have often increased their role Health Policy Directions in providing health information, regulations, mandates, and financing, while fostering a more balanced partici- Policymakers in low- and middle-income countries pation of local communities, nongovernmental organi- face difficult challenges caused by continued poverty, zations, and the private sector in service delivery malnutrition, high fertility, and emerging and reemerg- ing diseases; poor performance of many health sys- tems; and inadequate or unsustainable health care Trends in Health Finance financing, or both. Based on the trends summarized above, the World Bank's HNP sector strategy recom- Global spending on health care was about US$2,330 mends that countries emphasize the following priori- billion in 1994 (9 percent of global GDP), making it ties to preserve past gains and address future threats in one of the largest sectors in the world economy. While the health sector: 84 percent of the world's population lives in low- and * Improve HNP outcomes for the poor through targeted middle-income countries, these countries account for approaches. This involves identifying poor individu- only 11 percent of global health spending. Poor coun- als, households, and regions that are most vulnera- tries tend to spend less on health not only on a per capi- ble to illness, malnutrition, and high fertility. ta basis, but also as a percentage of GDP This is reflect- * Enhance the performance of HNP services. The recom- ed in the large differences in the proportion of national mended strategy for public delivery of HNP services GDP spent on health-from under 1 percent in some includes improving equity in access, raising effi- countries to 15 percent in the United States. Per capi- ciency in the use of scarce resources, improving the ta health expenditures (public and private) vary almost effectiveness of interventions, and raising the quali- 1,000-fold among countries: from around US$3 to $5 ty of care. The sector strategy also recommends a per capita in some low-income countries such as Mali more balanced mix of public and private involve- to $3,600 per capita in the United States. ment in the HNP sector and calls for country-spe- Low personal income and low tax collection capac- cific approaches to determine the optimal degree of ity in some countries help explain these wide discrep- government involvement. ancies. Lack of financing usually translates into low * Improve health carefinancing. The HNP sector strat- levels of capital stocks such as beds, as well as of egy recommends risk pooling as a fundamental human resources such as doctors and nurses. Even aspect of social protection in the HNP sector. There 4 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook is also a need for governments to secure adequate may need to mobilize additional financing from levels of financing to provide essential public health community sources and international donors. In activities and other essential HNP services. In low- middle-income countries governments can usually income countries total government revenues may be provide these services and may consider issues such insufficient to finance a minimum level of preven- as cost containment and equity and efficiency in the tive and essential clinical services, and governments collection of revenues. Data Issues The Role of Indicators In many countries impact indicators such as life expectancy estimates are not always based on accurate Measurable indicators of health status, health systems, recording, but rather on extrapolations from or inter- and health finance are indispensable to the analysis of polations between surveys and censuses. Models, such problems in the HNP sector and to the improvement as model life tables, are frequently used to derive infor- of health outcomes. Indicators can to provide infor- mation from incomplete data. Levels and trends in mation on inputs (that is, how much a country is nutrition and access to health services are based on sur- spending on public health), on process or intermedi- veys that at times use very different definitions or that ate outcomes (that is, what proportion of the popula- may be several years old. Monitoring trends in overall tion has access to health services), and on impact (that health expenditures is difficult because many countries is, how much health status has improved). These indi- lack regular household expenditure surveys that can cators also make it possible to implement and monitor measure private health expenditure. the World Bank's HNP sector strategy as well as broad- Despite these limitations, the indicators used to er developmental goals in this sector. evaluate the HNP sector will assist in implementing The development and implementation of a broad and monitoring the sector strategy by: HNP strategy (or other strategic plan) requires differ- * Identifying which countries have and which have ent indicators than those used in specific HNP projects not made rapid progress in reducing mortality and to monitor project performance. Good indicators for morbidity for vulnerable groups, such as infants, monitoring implementation of a sector strategy are children, and women. those that are relevant to the objectives of the strategy, * Revealing the importance of different conditions those that are available for and comparable across a and diseases in order to answer such questions as: large number of low- and middle-income countries, In w.hich countries does malnutrition contribute to those that are reliably measured through surveys or ill health? Where are high fertility and reproductive other empirical instruments, and those that can be health issues most pressing? In which countries has linked with policies and projects. adult mortality been increasing? In reality, few available HNP indicators fully satis- * Identifying low-income countries that are not fy these criteria. Improving HNP outcomes for the spending enough to finance a minimum level of pre- poor-one of the HNP strategy's main priorities- ventive and essential clinical services, and middle- requires health status indicators for different income income countries that are on a path to unsustainable groups within countries. For most countries, howev- expansion of public health expenditures. er, these are unavailable and average income levels * Identifying factors associated with poor HNP out- (GNP per capita) are used as a proxy. Similarly, the comes and issues that may become threats to future performance of health care systems is generally HNP outcomes and financing, for instance: In which monitored through trends in access and outcomes countries are poverty and lack of social develop- rather than by direct indicators of efficacy and ment a major threat? Where is public spending high accountability. while outcomes are poor? Which countries have 5 6 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook rapidly aging populations? Where will emerging mation available. In many cases, however, the absence diseases such as HIV strike hardest, and in which of population registers or vital registration make it countries are chronic diseases increasing most inevitable that current estimates of many demograph- rapidly? ic indicators are projections based on indicators col- The indicators in the tables help to identify a country's lected at the latest census or survey Detailed informa- HNP sector problems and achievements through com- tion on the date of the most recent census, the latest parisons with regional and income group aggregates. demographic or household survey, and the complete- The World Bank is now starting to use this information ness of vital registration can be found in World to produce country-specific "HNP At-A-Glance" Development Indicators 1998 (see bibliography). reports. These briefs disclose countries that are at The health finance indicators in the tables are the greatest risk for poor HNP outcomes and help identi- product of an extensive Bank effort, undertaken as part fy emerging issues to those charged with formulating of the HNP sector strategy, to collect all such available country assistance strategies. The data collection effort information from household surveys, insurance publi- that took place in preparing the HNP Sector Strategy has cations, national accounts, local and central budgets, boosted the ability to monitor sectoral performance at international donors, and existing tabulations. Such the country level and to analyze the comparative suc- tabulations are published or made available by the cess of the Bank's efforts across countries. International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Data Sources and Limitations and the World Bank in its public expenditure reviews and country and sector reports. Efforts to compile The data presented in the tables can be divided into comprehensive cross-country data on health expendi- two broad groups: 1) those that have been analyzed tures date back to the 1960s for Western Europe and and, where necessary, adjusted by the Bank's HNP staff, North America (see Abel-Smith 1963, 1967.) The and 2) those obtained from other departments in the OECD started to compile such information for its Bank, UN agencies, or other sources, and have not member countries in 1977, leading to the development been separately analyzed for accuracy and consistency of a system of national health accounts that is only now The HNP Sector Strategy focused on trends in health beginning to be used in some developing countries. status, especially mortality indicators, and on health The World Bank's World Development Report 1993: finance indicators, both of which fall in the first group Investing in Health was the first major effort to compile of data. Disease-specific indicators, nutrition indicators, health expenditures for all developing countries. The burden of disease estimates, and indicators of the deter- health finance tables in this handbook are essentially minants of health are generally obtained from other an expanded update of that 1993 work. sources. For these indicators, UN and other agencies Despite these efforts, cross-country comparisons of with specialized expertise are able to provide data that health financing data are often difficult because of the can give a more complete picture of the HNP situation lack of reliable data on out-of-pocket expenditures. of each country For a few other indicators, that is, mater- Where these exist at all, estimates are often incomplete nal mortality ratios or health services data, existing and prone to measurement errors. Furthermore, pri- sources have been used (mainly WHO and official gov- vate health expenditures are rarely disaggregated into emmnent data) with updates inserted where available. different forms of payments, such as direct fees for ser- Demographic indicators and vital rates were gath- vice, insurance premiums or other forms of prepay- ered from national statistical offices, the UN Statistical ments, and cost-sharing payments. Although efforts Office and Population Division, household surveys, have been made to ensure comparability across coun- and censuses. Current estimates of population and tries, all findings should be interpreted with caution. vital rates are examined annually by the Bank's coun- Health services availability and health services uti- try departments, and thus reflect the most recent infor- lization indicators are also based on a comprehensive Data Issues 7 effort undertaken as part of the HNP sector strategy. led to decisionmaking-by the Bank as well as its bor- Many countries lack data on the total number of health rowers-that is rarely based on sound empirical data. personnel, and others incorrectly include retired What can the Bank do? The need to improve the physicians or those working outside the health sector. monitoring and evaluation of projects and develop- The definition of nurses varies extensively among ment outcomes is already being addressed in the Bank's developing countries and cross-country comparability country and sector strategies. Policy dialogue could would be misleading; thus no indicator on the number further stress the importance of establishing health of nurses has been included, information systems that can meet the needs for pro- Health status, health finance, and health services ject design and outcome evaluation. Investing in the indicators are presented as national averages, which development of data-gathering capability would be a conceal large differences among urban and rural areas logical next step. as well as between geographical areas within countries. For operational purposes, further breakdowns would be essential for focusing interventions. Statistical Methods Definitions and sources of each of the indicators used in this statistical handbook follow the main Aggregates shown at the bottom of the tables in this tables. handbook are based on the available data; that is, miss- Despite efforts to produce valid and comparable sta- ing cases are excluded and no imputation was done. tistics, considerable uncertainty regarding the reliability No aggregates are shown when data are missing for of the data remains for many indicators and countries. more than 50 percent of population-weighted cases in This is a concern not only for health finance or health a particular region or income aggregate. services indicators, as discussed above, but for even the Total health expenditures are shown in real per capi- most basic demographic data. Population censuses, for ta terms in 1994 US dollars and in purchasing power example, tend to be conducted only once every ten years parity (PPP) dollars. Public, private, and total health in most countries (a few countries have censuses five expenditures are shown as a percentage of GDP, and years apart), involve long processing times, and are often the public sector is also shown as a share of total health not analyzed with sufficient attention to data quality. expenditures. Health expenditure aggregates shown in Government commitment to data collection, including the tables are weighted by the population of the coun- allocation of sufficient human and financial resources, is tries included in the aggregate. lacking in many countries (see World Bank 1997, 1998). In addition to weighting by population, health United Nations agencies that have been mandated with expenditure aggregates may be unweighted (that is, standardizing concepts and collecting comparative sta- country-weighted, with each country having the tistics are underfinanced, resulting in long delays in the same weight), or weighted by income. Table A com- dissemination of results. United Nations publications in pares the unweighted, population-weighted, and demography, for example, often do not reflect the latest income-weighted averages for the world by income population census or demographic and health surveys. groups and also by Bank regions. In most regions Other health indicators may be distorted, exagerrated, income-weighted aggregate health expenditures are or otherwise misused by special interest groups to advo- higher than population-weighted aggregate health cate one issue or disease over others, casting doubt on expenditures. This indicates that countries with high- the validity and internal consistency of the data for all er incomes spend more on health than countries with diseases. lower incomes. The greatest discrepancy between Few would disagree that good policies need to be income- and population-weighted averages occurs in based on reliable data. But the limited data collection Sub-Saharan Africa. There, the income-weighted capacity of many borrowing countries, coupled with a average is skewed toward South Africa, which relative lack of emphasis on improving statistical sys- exceeds two-thirds of the income for the region, tems on the part of the World Bank and its partners, has whereas the population-weighted average is heavily 8 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook Table A. Health Expenditures by Income Group and Region Health expenditure as % of GDP Public share Total Public Private of health expenditure weighted average Total weighted average Public weighted average Private Weighted average Region or By By unweighted By By unweighted By By unweighted By By Unweighted income group income population average income population average income population average income population average World 9.2 5.4 5.6 5.5 3.2 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.3 61 49 57 Low-income 4.2 4.2 4.0 1.6 1.5 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.2 39 37 49 Excl. China and India 3.1 3.1 4.0 1.2 1.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 36 37 50 Middle-income 5.9 5.1 5.8 3.2 4.3 4.0 3.0 2.4 2.5 51 52 56 Low- and middle-income 5.4 4.5 5.1 2.8 2.4 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.4 49 42 54 East Asia and Pacific 3.5 3.6 4.0 1.5 1.7 3.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 46 51 51 Europe and Central Asia 5.5 5.4 7.2 4.6 4.4 4.7 1.0 1.1 1.9 81 73 73 Latin America and Caribbean 7.2 6.7 6.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 4.2 3.9 2.9 41 49 49 Middle East and North Africa 4.0 4.5 5.1 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.6 54 50 50 South Asia 5.0 5.0 3.7 1.2 1.2 1.8 3.8 3.8 2.5 23 38 38 Sub-Saharan Africa 5.3 2.9 3.7 2.4 1.6 2.2 2.9 1.6 1.8 46 55 55 High-income 9.9 9.6 6.8 6.1 6.9 4.8 3.7 3.7 2.3 62 62 67 China 3.8 2.1 1.8 54 54 54 India 5.6 1.2 4.4 22 22 22 Established market econ. 10.1 10.1 8.1 6.4 6.4 6.1 3.8 3.7 2.0 62 62 67 influenced by Nigeria, with almost 20 percent of the ln(p2/pl)/n region's population. in which p2 and pl are the last and first observation in Regional and income aggregates for most other indi- the period, n is the number of years in the period, and cators are population-weighted averages. The weights ln is the natural logarithm. This growth rate is based are chosen to reflect the populations at risk. Aggregated on a model of continuous, exponential growth between infant mortality rates are weighted by the number of two points in time. It does not take into account inter- births in each country, child immunization is weight- mediate values. Population projections of the aging ed by the population under age one, and life expectan- population and those underlying the burden of disease cies are weighted by the mortality schedules and pop- forecasts for 2020 are made using cohort component ulation in each age group. methods, in which the age-specific fertility, mortality, Population growth rates are shown as exponential and migration rates are applied to the current age struc- growth rates between two points. This is calculated as: ture to obtain future populations. Main Findings The main output of the HNP indicator work consists on health. Middle-income countries spend an average of a set of tables showing country-level data as well as of 5 percent of GDP on health, but range from just $17 regional and income-group aggregates. These tables per capita in Indonesia to $1340 per capita in Iran. begin on page 19. This section highlights some of the High-income countries spend an average of about 10 main findings of these tables in terms of levels of health percent of GDP, ranging from $360 per capita per year expenditures, patterns of availability and use of health in the Netherlands Antilles to $3,667 in the United services, levels and trends in health status, and corre- States. By Bank region, Sub-Saharan Africa spends the lates of health status. least on health (about 3 percent of GDP), whereas the highest-spending region is Latin America and the Caribbean, which spends about 7 percent of GDP. Levels of Health Expenditure Table B summarizes health expenditures by region and income group. Globally, countries spend an average of 5.4 percent of As per capita income increases, the public share of GDP on health, or about US$500 per capita per year. health spending increases as well. The average per- In the poorest countries total health expenditures may centage of public spending was 37 percent for low- be as low as $3 per capita per year, largely from private income countries, 52 percent for middle-income coun- sources. Low-income countries on average spend tries, and 62 percent for high-income countries. As about 4 percent of GDP on health, with all countries in shown in table B and figures 1 and 2, there is consid- this group spending less than a dollar a day per person erable variation among countries and regions in the Table B. Health Expenditures by Region and Income Group Real per capita (1994 US$) Per capita (PPP $) Health expenditure Region or Total health Total health % of GDP Public sector income group GDP expenditure GDP expenditure Total Public Private (%/ of total) World 5,718 505 6,373 532 5.4 3.2 2.8 48.5 Low-income 623 22 1,893 78 4.2 1.5 2.7 36.8 Excluding China and India 939 18 1,518 47 3.1 1.1 2.0 36.7 Middle-income 3,761 209 5,198 264 5.1 4.3 2.4 52.3 Low- and middle-income 1,654 83 3,027 139 4.5 2.4 2.6 42.3 East Asia and Pacific 753 27 3,023 106 3.6 1.7 1.9 50.7 Europe and Central Asia 2,464 138 4,331 315 5.4 4.4 1.1 72.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 3,435 248 6,153 425 6.7 2.9 3.9 49.0 Middle East and North Africa 9,336 433 4,888 211 4.5 2.4 2.2 49.6 South Asia 407 21 1,348 64 5.0 1.2 3.8 38.5 Sub-Saharan Africa 1,814 55 1,729 87 2.9 1.6 1.6 55.4 High-income 24,022 2,404 21,788 2,227 9.6 6.9 3.7 62.0 9 10 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook Figure 1. Per Capita Total Health Expenditure, PPP$ expenditures is estimated at 1.33: that is, for every 1 Logpercapitatotalhealthexpenditure(PCHEXP) percent increase in per capita income, public health 4.0 expenditure increases by 1.33 percent. The income elasticity for private health spending is estimated at 3.0 0.99, meaning that public health spending is more 2.5 responsive to income changes than private health 2.0 spending. Income elasticities for public health sector spending for income groups are shown in table C. 1.5 Figures 3, 4, and 5 show the relationship between 1.0 income and health spending within low-, middle-, and 0.5 high-income groups. 0.0 2 3 4 5 Log per capita GDP (InPCGDP) Availability and Use of Health Services Note: IlnPCHEXP = -2.19+1.24 InPCGDP: Adjusted R2 = 0.90; n = 102. Figure 2. Per Capita Public Health Expenditure, PPP$ The wide disparity in the number of doctors and beds Log per capita public helath expenditure (PCPHEXP) per population across regions and income groups is 4.0 shown in figures 6 and 7. Figure 6 shows the oversup- 3.5 ply of physicians in the low- and middle-income coun- 3.0 tries of the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, 2.5 du where there are one-third more physicians than in the high-income countries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, in con- 2.0 ^ - i trast, there is only one physician for every 10,000 peo- 1.5 ple, creating an obstacle in the delivery of public health 1.0 interventions and provision of a minimal package of 0.5 essential clinical services (World Bank 1993). Figure 7 o0 oindicates an oversupply of hospital beds in the ECA 2 3 4 5 region, which has more than 13 times the number of Log per capita GDP (InPCGDP) beds per 1,000 people than South Asia, the region with Note: InPCPHEXP = -2.77+1.33 InPCGDP; Adjusted R2 - 0.88; n -130. the lowest proportion of hospital beds per population. Facilities and utilization of health services vary proportion of health expenditure that is public. In greatly across countries and even within regions and South Asia less than 40 percent of spending on health income groups. Figure 8 compares the number of out- is public, whereas the figure is more than 70 percent patient visits to public providers for a number of coun- in Europe and Central Asia. Countries that have very tries. Figure 9 shows the average length of stay in pub- low proportions of public health expenditures include lic hospitals, and Figure 10 shows bed occupancy India (22 percent), Vietnam (22 percent) and Nigeria rates. The underutilization of public facilities in many (25 percent). Countries with very high proportions of countries is evident. public expenditures include Ghana (94 percent), Table C. Income Eleasticity for Public Health Russia (87 percent), and Zambia (78 percent). Expenditure, by Income Group Income elasticities measure the percentage change Income Number of in health expenditures as a result of changes in income. Income group elasticity observations Adjusted R2 Globally, the income elasticity for health is estimated at Low-income 1.08 42 0.36 1.24, meaning that per capita health expenditures will Middle-income 1.96 58 0.53 increase by 1.24 percent for every 1 percent increase in High-income 1.96 30 0.53 per capita income. Income elasticity for public health World 1.33 130 0.88 Main Findings 11 Figure 3. Income and Health Spending Figure 6. Inpatient Beds per 1,000 Population, for Low-Income Countries, PPP$ by Income Group and Region Log per capita public health expenditure (InPCPHEXP) (number of beds) South Asia l0.7 3.0 2.5 Sub-Saharan Afnca 1.2 ID -n 2.0 Low-income 1.6 . EMiddle East and 1.7 1.5 i3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~North Africa_ 1.0 East Asia and Pacific 2.1 0.5 Latin Amerc a. and the Caribbean 2.4 0.0 Lw n . 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Low and 2.4 Log per capita GDP middle-income Note: InGDP = -2.00+1.08 InPCPHEXP; Adjusted R2 = 0.43; n = 42. World 3.3 Figure 4. Income and Health Spending for Middle-income Countries, PPP$ Middle-income 41 Log per capita public health expenditure (InPCPHEXP) 3.5 High-income mo m 7.6 3.0 Europe and o ed9.2 3.0 ~ ~ ~ ~ *Central Asia 2.5 2.0 1l 2.0 -U Figure 7. Doctors per 1,000 Population, 1.5 by Income Group and Region (number of doctors) 1.0 Sub-Saharan Africa I 0.1 0.5 South Asia l 0.4 0.0 3 4 5 Log per capita GDP (lnPCGDP) Low-income 0.9 Note: InPCPHEXP = -1.91+1.10 InPCGDP; Adjusted R2 = 0. 53; n = 58. M E Middle Easiland J M 0.9 Figure 5. Income and Health Spending North Afnca for High-Income Countries, PPP$ Low- and 1.1 Log per capita public health expenditure (InPCPHEXP) middle-incomeII 3.5- East Asia and Pacific 1.2 3.0 World 1.3 2.5 l * i Latin America 14 2.0 l and the Caribbean 1. 1.5 Middle-income 1.6 1.0 High-income -23 0.5 Europe and __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Central Asia 3.1 0.0 3 4 5 Log per capita GDP (InPCGDP) Note: InPCPHEX = -5.46+1.96 InGDP; Adjusted R2 = 0.53; n = 30. 12 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook Figure 8. Outpatient Visits to Public Providers, Figure 10. Bed Occupancy Rate in Public Hospitals, Selected Countries Selected Countries (visits per capita per year) (percent) Mongolia 5.0 Tajikistan 88.0 United Arab _ _ Uzbekistan 87.0 Emirates 4ii Vanuatu N 2.3 Kyrgyz Republic _ 78.0 Singapore m 1.8 Sri Lanka - 75.0 China _ _ 1.8 Kazakhstan 74.0 Tonga = 1.4 Mongolia 70.0 Guinea NM 1.1 Uganda 67.5 Western Samoa11 WestrnJamaica _ 11 Azerbaijan 65.0 Tunisi 1.0 Turkmenistan 64.0 Pakistan 1.0 Malaysia 61.7 Marshall Islands 1.0 Indonesia l_ 55.4 Malawi 0.9 Tonga s T_ 54.0 Malaysia 0.7 Egypt, Arab Republic _l 49.0 Mozambique f 0.5 Algeria l _ 44.0 Mauntius 0.3 nU I 2. Vanuatu _ _ 28.2 Figure 9. Average Length of Stay in Public Hospital, Malawi D 28.0 Selected Countries o (days) Mozambique 1 0.6 Korea, Rep. of 25.8 Azerbaijan 17.9 Levels and Trends in Health Status Russian Federation 16.8 Ukraine 16.5 The tables provide convincing evidence of the sub- Lithuania 16.0 stantial improvements in health outcomes occurring in Kyrgyz Republic 15.4 most countries. Over the past 35 years, life expectan- Estonia 15.4 Cy has increased in virtually all countries, with infant Turkmenistan 15.1 and child mortality also improving substantially. Table Tajikistan 14.5 D shows changes in life expectancy by region, and fig- Uzbekistan fi _14.3 Bulgana 14.1 ure 11 shows trends in infant mortality rates for the Slovk Republic 11.4 world by region. Even in the Sub-Saharan African and Czech Republic 112 South Asia regions, where health conditions are poor- Romania 11.1 est, there have been large improvements in infant mor- Slovenia 10.9 tality rates and life expectancy Uganda 9.5 These regional and income aggregates mask an Bangladesh 8.9 important fact, however: while only a handful of coun- Malawi 70 tries have higher mortality now than in 1960, some Indonesia 6.0 countries have made much more progress than others. Malaysia 54 Moreover, there have been cases of reversals in the Mozambique 4.7 decline in mortality due to AIDS, chronic diseases, and Emirates 4.2 regional conflicts. Figures 12 and 13 show trends in life Sn Lanka _ 4.2 expectancy in a number of countries, contrasting those Main Findings 13 Table D. Life Expectancy at Birth, by Income Group and Region, 1960-95 Region or income group 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 World 50 59 62 66 67 Low-income 40 54 58 61 63 Excluding China and India 42 46 51 53 56 Middle-income 55 59 64 67 68 Low- and middle-income 45 56 58 63 65 East Asia and Pacific 39 59 65 68 68 Europe and Central Asia 65 68 68 69 69 Latin America and the Caribbean 56 61 65 68 69 Middle East and North Africa 47 53 59 64 67 South Asia 44 49 54 59 62 Sub-Saharan Africa 41 44 48 51 52 High-income 70 71 74 76 78 Figure 11. Decline in Infant Mortality, by Region, 1960 and 1995 200 1960 150 1995 100 50 0 Sub-Saharan Middle East and South Asia East Asia World Latin America Europe and High-income Africa North Africa and Pacific and the Caribbean Central Asia Figure 12. Mortality Decline in Six Countries that Figure 13. Mortality Decline in Six Countries that Have Made Little Progress: Trends in Live Expectancy, Have Made Good Progress: Trends in Live Expectancy, 1960-95 1960-95 Life expectancy at birth (years) Life expectancy at birth (years) so 80 75 Bulgana 75Oman 70 1 70 65 Ukramne I 65 65 t Hungary 65 Vietnam 60 60 agua Ugana |Zambia I Indonesia 50 1 Uganda 50 45 45 40 40 Sierra Leone-l 35 35 30 30 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 14 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook Figure 14. Adult Mortality, by Region, 1960-95 600 500 400 300 1960 1970 200 1990 100 0 East Asia Europe and Latin America Middle East South Asia Sub-Saharan High-income and Pacific Central Asia and the Caribbean and North Africa Africa that have made a great deal of progress with those tality rates (shown as the probability of dying between where life expectancy has increased much less or even ages 15 and 60) by region, over a 35-year period. recently declined. Most countries and regions have substantially Improvements in health status have not only been reduced morbidity and mortality from certain causes, uneven across countries, but also across the life span. but are making less progress in other areas. For exam- Generally, infant and child mortality rates have ple, while overall mortality in South and East Asian improved most, which is also reflected in increased life countries has declined greatly, child malnutrition and expectancy at birth. But adult mortality is rising in cer- maternal health problems there remain among the tain parts of the world. In some countries, this has worst in the world (figure 15). HIV/AIDS has impacted occurred only since the mid-1980s, as a result of AIDS mortality mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa so far (figure 16) mortality; in other countries, adult male health has but is now spreading in Asia and the Latin America and been declining due to chronic diseases since the 1960s. the Caribbean region as well. Tuberculosis has The increase in adult mortality has been particularly reemerged in all of the Bank's regions (figure 17), while large in Russia and some of the other former Soviet high fertility remains a source of poor maternal health republics. Figure 14 shows trends in adult male mor- in three regions (figure 18). Figure 15. Child Malnutrition, by Region, 1985-95 Figure 16. Adult HIV Prevalence, by Region, about 1995 Percentage of malnourished children Percentage HIV positive 60 4.5 4.0 50 3.5 40 3.0 2.5 30 2.0 20 1.5 1.0 10 0.5 0 0.0 East Europe Latin Middle South Sub- High- Sub- Latin South High- East Middle Europe Asia and and America East and Asia Saharan income Saharan America Asia income Asia East and and Pacific Central and the North Africa Africa and the and North Central Asia Caribbean Africa Caribbean Pacific Africa Asia Main Findings 15 Figure 17. Tuberculosis Incidence, by Region, 1995 Figure 19. Population over Age 60, by Region, Smear positive incidence per 100,000 population 1990 and 2020 120 Percentage of total population over age 60 25 100 l | 20 g 2020 80 15 60 1l95 10 40 20 0 High- Europe East Latin South Sub- Middle 0 income and Asia America Asia Saharan East and Sub- Middle South Latin East Europe High- Central and and the Africa North Saharan East and Asia America Asia and income Asia Pacific Caribbean Africa Africa North and the and Central Africa Caribbean Pacific Asia Figure 18. Fertility above Replacement Level, amplified by changes in age structure, as those age by Region, 1995 groups that are most subject to communicable dis- Total fertility rate above 2.1 eases become a smaller proportion of the total, where- 4°0 as the working-age adult populations and the elderly 35 _increase in number (figures 20, 21). 3.0 2.5 2.0 Figure 20. Global Burden of Disease, 1990 1.5 (percent) Injuries 1.0 1 0:5 1 1 | 1|1 - Noncommunicable 56 0.0 -0.5 Infections Sub- Middle South Latin East Europe High- and parasitic Saharan East and Asia America Asia and income Africa North and the and Central 34 Africa Caribbean Pacific Asia Projected changes in the age structure of popula- tions will change disease patterns, causes of death, and the demand for health care. The number of peo- ple over age 60 is projected to increase in all of the Figure 21. Global Burden of Disease, 2020 Bank's regions, but especially in the Europe and (percent) Injuries Central Asia (ECA) and East Asia and Pacific (EAP) 12Noncommunicable regions (figure 19). The composition of the burden of 73 disease is projected to change not only because of Infections demographic changes, but also because of the epi- and parasitic demiological transition that many low- and middle- _F income countries are currently experiencing. Changes in epidemiology are shifting the burden of disease from infectious and parasitic diseases to non- communicable diseases and injuries. This trend is 16 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook Correlates of Health Status the line). At a GNP per capita level of $600, for exam- ple, life expectancy in Honduras is 69 years (7 years This section reviews the relationship between a num- better than predicted by the regression equation), ber of socioeconomic indicators and health outcomes whereas life expectancy in Senegal is only 51 years (11 at the country and regional levels. years below the regression line). Thus while the rela- The importance of income as a determinant of tionship between income and health is strong, some health status is well established. In general, the poorer countries have achieved healthy conditions at relative- a country, the lower its population's life expectancy ly low levels of income. This is illustrated in figure 22, which shows the esti- It is well known that people with more schooling mated regression line between GNP per capita and life enjoy better health (World Bank 1993). Even control- expectancy at birth in 1995. In addition to the strong ling for income, the relationship remains strong. Figure relationship between life expectancy and per capita 23 shows the relationship between countries' average income, some countries (those far above the line) secondary school enrollment and under-five mortality achieve considerably better life expectancy for a given rates. Similar associations exist for the impact of edu- level of income than other countries (those far below cation on adult health. A high degree of urbanization is associated with bet- Figure 22. Income and Life Expectancy, All Countries, ter health, both across countries and in comparisons of 1995 (n=158) urban and rural populations within countries. Overall, Life expectancy at birth (years) urban populations tend to suffer less from infectious 85 _S childhood diseases and child malnutrition, have lower fertility and have better access to health services and 75S l sanitation. Urban incomes also tend to be higher, but the relationship holds even when GNP per capita is 65 1 held constant. Figure 24 illustrates this relationship. E mer f * Other important determinants of health that are out- 55 111 , - . side the direct control of the health sector are access to ill |i safe water and sanitation. Figures 25 and 26 show the relationships with life expectancy. In both cases, there I is a significant relationship even when per capita GNP 35 4 6 8 10 12 is held constant. Log GNP per capita Figure 23. Secondary School Enrollment and Under- Figure 24. Urbanization and Life Expectancy, Five Mortality, All Countries, 1995 (n=135) All Countries, 1995 (n=165) Under-five mortality rate (percent) Life expectancy at birth (years) 250 80 U ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~75 UIC 200 70 *f 65 150 Xtil * 60 *flE * v 55 %e f E s<<<< i ~~~~~~~~~~~50 *- - 50 - ^ 0 45 * * * S _ _i ~~~~~~~40 O _ _ 3511 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gross secondary enrollment rate (percent) Urban population (percentage of total) Main Findings 17 Figure 25. Access to Safe Water and Life Expectancy, Figure 26. Access to Sanitation and Life Expectancy, All Countries, 1990-95 (n=93) All Countries, 1990-95 (n=l1O) Life expectancy at birth (years) Life expectancy at birth (years) 80 80 1.1 75 e-ft N |75* e 70 a 70 U~~ 65 65 60 60 55 U 55 - 50 * 50 45 u 45 ** U,, 40 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Access to safe water (percentage of population) Access to sanitation (percentage of population) Statistical Tables Table 1. Health Expenditures, Basic Indicators Real per capita (1994 US$) Per capita (1 994 PPP $) Health expenditure Total health TotalI he aTth- Percent of GDP Public sector Economy Year GDP expenditure GDP expenditure Totala Public sector Private sector (%/ of total) Afghanistan . .. .. Albania 1995 666 ......2.5 Algeria 1993 1,583 72 4,690 214 4.6 3.3 1.3 72.5 Angola 1991 534 . 2,302 ...4.1 Anguilla 1994 7,455 385 ...5.2 2.7 2.5 52.0 Antigua and Barbuda 1994 7,671 416 9,251 501 5.4 2.9 2.5 54.2 Argentina 1994 8,217 799 9,575 931 9.7 4.3 5.4 44.4 Armenia 1995 336 2 6 1,938 151 7.8 3.1 4.7 39.7 Aruba 1993 .........2.0 Australia 1996 19,147 1,653 19,775 1,707 8.6 5.7 2.9 66.5 Austria 1996 24,994 1,992 20,832 1,661 8.0 6.0 2.0 74.9 Azerbaijan 1995 446 2 7 1,455 89 6.1 1.1 5.0 18.5 Bahamas, The 1994 12,408 527 10,847 460 4.2 2.5 1.7 58.9 Bahrain 1990 7,746 538 13,631 947 7.0 Bangladesh 1995 224 5 936 23 2.4 1.2 -1.3 48.1- Barbados 1994 6,541 448 10,224 700 6.8 4.4 2.4 64.7 Belarus 1995 1,966 1 25 4,098 261 6.4 5.3 1.1 82.9 Belgium 1996 23,349 1,840 21,308 1,679 7.9 6.9 1.0 87.7 Belize 1994 2,614 210 4,196 338 8.0 6.0 2.0 75.1 Benin 1994 281 .. 1,157 ...1.7 Bermuda 1992 29,512 993 ...3.4 0.5 2.8 16.0 Bhutan 1995 416 ......2.3 Bolivia 1994 761 54 2,733 194 7.1 4.1 3.0 58.0 Bosnia and Herzegovina . .. .. Botswana 1991 2,966 86 7,243 209 2.9 1.6 1.3 54.6 Brazil 1994 3,542 163 5,730 264 4.6 1.8 2.8 40.0 Brunei 1994 ... .. .2.2 Bulgaria 1992 1,137 78 4,460 307 6.9 5.5 1.4 79.6 Burkina Faso 1992 194 1 1 935 51 5.5 2.3 3.2 42.3 Burundi 1995 158 ..638 -.. 0.8- Cambodia 1994 247 1 8 ...7.2 0.7 6.5 9.7 Cameroon 1994 609 8 1,755 24 1.4 1.0 0.4 71.6 Canada 1996 18,782 1,724 21,228 1,948 9.2 6.6 2.6 71.4 Cape Verde 1994 936 .. 1,882 ...3.4 Cayman Islands 1994 27,634 1,121 ...4.1 2.1 -2.0 51.6 Central African Republic 1995 281 .. 1,480 ...1.9 Chad 1995 134 5 870 33 3.7 3.7 0.1 97.5 Channel Islands......... Chile 1994 3,728 231 9,907 61 3 6.2 2.5 3.7 40.2 China 1993 406 1 5 2,411 92 3.8 2.1 1.8 53.8 Colombia 1994 1,941 143 6,492 477 7.4 2.9 4.4 39.7 Comoros 1993 439 5 1,897 22 1.2 0.9 0.2 78.8 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1990 229 .. 1,535 ...0.2 Congo, Rep. 1992 781 50 1,811 115 6.3 3.2 3.2 49.8 Costa Rica 1994 2,516 215 6,374 544 8.5 6.3 2.2 73.6 C6te dlvoire 1995 592 21 1,613 56 3.5 1.4 2.1 40.5 Croatia 1994 2,978 301 4,096 414 10.1 8.5 1.6 83.7 Cuba 1994 ... .. .7.9 Cyprus 1993 9,529 434 17,643 804 4.6 . Czech Republic 1995 3,696 338 9,912 906 9.1 7.4 1.8 80.5 Denmark 1996 29,099 1,863 21,795 1,396 6.4 S.1 1.3 79.4 Djibouti......... Dominica 1994 3,006 188 4,273 268 6.3 4.0 2.3 63.2 Dominican Republic 1994 1,395 79 3,991 227 5.7 1.8 3.9 31.5 Ecuador 1994 1,481 78 4,908 259 5.3 2.0 3.2 38.6 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1995 ......3.7 1.6 2.1 43.2 El Salvador 1994 1,463 86 2,620 153 5.9 2.4 3.4 41.3 Equatorial Guinea 1990 231 15 1,237 78 6.3 5.2 1.2 81.3 Eritrea 1994 ......2.0 1.1 0.9 54.9 Estonia 1995 2,696 .. 4,238 ...6.4 Ethiopia 1996 98 3 491 13 2.6 1.6 1.0 60.7 Fiji 1992 2,260 76 3,859 129 3.4 2.3 1.1 68.2 Finland 1996 20,555 1,534 18,074 1,349 7.5 5.6 1.9 74.5 France 1996 23,595 2,281 20,728 2,004 9.7 7.8 1.9 80.7 French Guiana 1991 11,813 ... .. .2.7 French Polynesia......... Gabon 1995 3,959 .. 7,130 ...0.5 Gambia, The 1995 302 .. 1,241 ...2.0 Georgia 1995 696 .. 1,565 .. 0.6 Germany 1996 -.. .. 10.5 8.2 2.3 78.3 Ghana 1995 316 5 1,716 25 1.5 1.4 0.1 93.5 Greece 1996 9,786 579 11,983 709 5.9 4.9 1.0 82.9 Grenada 1994 2,879 150 4,455 232 5.2 2.8 2.4 53.3 Guadeloupe 1993 8,018 ......2.4 Guam 19 Table 1. Health Expenditures, Basic Indicators (continued) Real per capita (1994 US$) Per capita (1994 ~PPP $) Health expenditure Total health Total health - Percent of GDP Public sector Economy Year GDP expenditure GDP expenditure TotaPa Public sector Private secto-r (%/ of total) Guatemala 1994 1,258 41 3,405 ill 3.2 1.7 1.5 53.8 Guinea 1994 528 .. 1,655 ...1.2 Guinea-Bissau 1994 226 ..950 ...1.1 Guyana 1994 657 34 2,370 123 5.2 4.3 0.9 82.9 Haiti 1 990 359 1 1 1,607 49 3.6 1.3 2.3 39.5 Honduras 1991 587 33 2,027 113 5.6 2.8 2.8 50.0 Hong Kong, China 1994 21,672 948 22,200 971 4.4 1.9 2.5 43.6 Hungary 1994 4,045 295 6,448 470 7.3 6.8 0.5 93.2 Iceland 1996 24,583 1,968 21,286 1,704 8.0 6.7 1.3 83.5 India 1991 295 17 1,234 69 5.6 1.2 4.4 21.7 Indonesia 1994 927 17 2,950 54 1.8 0.6 1.1 36.7 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1 990 1,121 54 4,788 230 4.8 2.8 2.0 58.0 I raq Ireland 1 995 16,649 1,058 17,126 1,088 6.4 5.1 1.2 80.8 Israel 1 993 13,943 578 1 6,029 664 4.1 Italy 1996 18,381 1,391 19,330 1,463 7.6 5.3 2.3 69.9 Jamaica 1 994 1,566 76 3,612 1 76 4.9 2.5 2.4 51.2 Japan 1 995 37,981 2,732 21,520 1,548 7.2 5.6 1.6 78.4 Jordan 1994 1,481 .117 3,299 261 7.9 3.7 4.2 46.7 Kazakhstan 1994 1,1 72 .. 3,314 ...2.2 Kenya 1992 268 7 1,086 28 2.6 1.6 1.0 61.6 Kiribati 1991 507 22 ..8b Korea, Dem. Rep. . .. .. Korea, Rep. 1992 7,589 408 9,878 531 5.4 1.8 3.6 33.5 Kuwait 1994 1 6,463 .. 26,001 ...3.6 Kyrgyz Republic 1995 31 6 .. 1,904 ...3.5 Lao PDR 1995 359 9 1,147 30 2.6 1.3 1.3 48.3 Latvia 1995 2,1 65 .. 3,395 ...4.4 Lebanon 1992 2,085 111 4,645 248 5.3 2.1 3.3 38.9 Lesotho 1994 395 .. 1,432 . .4.1 Liberia......... Li bya Lithuania 1995 2,083 .. 4,111 . .4.8 Luxembourg 1995 37,455 2,620 30,21 5 2,113 7.0 6.5 0.5 92.8 Macauo.. .. .. Macedonia, FYR 1995 ......8.3 7.3 0.9 88.7 Madagascar 1995 228 ..907 ...1.1 Malawi 1995 1 50 ..596 ...2.3 Malaysia 1993 3,369 83 8,701 21 5 2.5 1.5 1.0 59.9 Maldives 1990 865 .. 2,619 ...4.9 Mali 1991 1 97 5 672 1 8 2.7 1.2 1.5 45.9 Malta 1991 7,1 60 532 10,954 814 7.4 . Marshall islands 1993 ... .. .12.4 Martinique 1992 11,308 . .. .. Mauritania 1991 444 23 1,696 88 5.2 1.1 4.1 21.4 Mauritius 1993 3,072 1 22 7,836 311 4.0 2.3 1.7 58.3 Mayotte......... Mexico 1995 4,308 1 82 7,370 311 4.2 2.4 1.9 56.0 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.......... Moldova 1995 ... .4.9 Mongolia 1992 298 14 1,790 85 4.7 4.4 0.4 92.0 Montserrat 1994 4,982 280 ...5.6 3.5 2.1 62.5 Morocco 1993 1,070 37 3,01 6 103 3.4 1.6 1.7 48.0 Mozambique 1991 76 ..482 ...4.6 Myanmar 1994 1,786 ......0.4 Namibia 1993 1,971 141 4,684 335 7.2 3.7 3.5 51.6 Nepal 1995 195 10 1,006 50 5.0 1.2 3.8 24.4 Netherlands 1996 22,771 1,948 19,698 1,685 8.6 6.6 2.0 77.0 Netherlands Antilles 1 992 8,176 389 ...4.8 2.5 2.2 53.3 New Caledonia......... New Zealand 1996 14,738 1,058 17,105 1,228 7.2 5.5 1.7 75.9 Nicaragua 1994 431 37 2,016 174 8.6 5.3 3.4 61.0 Niger 1 995 178 ..903 ...1.6 Nigeria 1994 232 3 863 1 1 1.3 0.3 1.0 25.1 Norway 1 996 30,478 2,396 22,529 1,771 7.9 6.5 1.4 82.5 Oman 1 991 5,422 .. 9,934 ...2.5 Pakistan 1 991 394 1 4 1,413 49 3.5 0.8 2.7 22.0 Panama 1994 2,991 1 99 6,860 457 6.7 4.7 2.0 70.1 Papua New Guinea 1994 1,312 .. 3,071 ...2.8 Paraguay 1994 1,667 86 3,37 5 1 73 5.1 1.8 3.3 35.8 Peru 1994 2,1 50 80 4,1 81 1 56 3.7 2.2 1.5 59.7 Philippines 1991 936 22 3,1 06 74 2.4 1.3 1.0 56.0 Poland 1992 2,233 135 4,726 286 6.0 5.0 1.1 82.5 Portugal 1996 8,963 738 12,992 1,069 8.2 4.9 3.3 59.8 Puerto Rico 1994 11,493 ... .. .6.0 20 Table 1. Health Expenditures, Basic Indicators (continued) Real per capita (1994 US$) Per capita (1 994 PPP $) Health expenditure Total health Total health Percent of GDP Public sector Economy Year GDP expenditure GDP expenditure TotaPa PubliC sector Private s5ector (%/ of total) Qatar 1993 ... .2.8 Reunion...... Romaria 1995 1,421 4,269 ...3.6 Russian Federation 1994 2,197 105 4,502 21 5 4.8 4.1 0.6 86.5 Rwanda 1990 221 ..896 ...1.9 Samoa 1992 855 ..3.1 S50 Tome and Principe 1995 383 . .6.2 Saudi Arabia 1991 ..3.1 Senegal 1994 479 .. 1,557 . .2.5 Seychelles 1994 6,595 . ...4.0 Sierra Leone 1991 241 9 640 23 3.6 1.5 2.0 42.7 Singapore 1995 2 5,872 916 24,415 864 3.5 1.3 2.2 36.8 Slovak Republic 1992 2,564 .. 6,246 ...4.6 Slovenia 1992 ... .. .7.3 Solomon Islands 1991 795 -44 2,109 117 5.6 4.8 0.8 85.6 Somalia . .. .. South Africa 1993 3,306 260 7,029 552 7.9 3.6 4.3 45.2 Spain 1996 12,922 1,000 14,881 1,151 7.7 5.9 1.8 76.3 Sri Lanka 1993 630 12 2,055 39 1.9 1.4 0.4 76.3 St. Kitts and Nevis 1994 5,41 5 285 6,692 352 5.3 3.2 2.0 61.2 St. Lucia 1994 3,358 128 4,827 185 3.8 2.5 1.3 66.1 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1994 2,1 69 153 3,887 273 7.0 5.2 1.9 73.5 Sudan 1991 ......0.3 . Suriname 1994 719 29 2,246 90 4.0 2.0 2.0 50.4 Swaziland 1995 1,170 .. 3,205 .. 2.8 Sweden 1996 23,497 1,722 18,802 1,378 7.3 5.9 1.5 80.2 Switzerland 1995 37,384 3,651 24,124 2,356 9.8 7.0 2.7 71.9 Syrian Arab Republic......... Taiwan, China 1993 10,871 530 14,888 726 4.9 2.6 2.3 53.6 Tajikistan 1994 386 .. 1,127 ...5.8 Tanzania 1995 ... .. .2.5 Thailand 1992 2,1 17 ill 5,063 266 5.3 1.4 3.9 25.9 Togo 1991 288 10 1,873 64 3.4 1.2 2.2 35.1 Tonga 1992 1,500 ......4.0 Trinidad and Tobago 1994 3,838 131 6,1 67 211 3.4 2.1 1.3 60.8 Tunisia 1993 1,746 102 4,517 265 5.9 3.0 2.8 51.5 Turkey 1994 2,1 57 91 5,204 220 4.2 2.7 1.5 65.0 Turkmenistan 1994 993 .. 2,260 ...1.2 Turks and Caicos Islands 1994 6,407 307 ...4.8 2.6 2.2 53.5 Uganda 1994 215 8 873 34 3.9 1.8 2.1 45.0 Ukraine 1995 891 2,370 4.9 United Arab Emirates 1994 15,178 379 1 5,599 390 2.5 2.0 0.5 81.1 United Kingdom 1996 18,136 1,254 19,104 1,321 6.9 5.8 1.1 84.3 United States 1996 26,539 3,723 26,907 3,775 14.0 6.6 7.4 47.0 Uruguay 1994 5,131 690 7,269 977 13.4 7.0 6.5 51.8 Uzbekistan 1994 942 .. 2,470 ...3.5 Vanuatu 1993 1,109 .. 2,739 ...3.3 Venezuela 1994 2,71 9 205 8,199 617 7.5 3.0 4.5 39.6 Vietnam 1993 201 11 1,229 64 5.2 1.1 4.1 21.7 Virgin Islands (UK) 1994 17,659 786 ...4.5 2.0 2.5 44.6 Virgin Islands (US)... .. . West Bank and Gaza 1995 ......7.0 3.2 3.8 45.9 Yemen, Rep. 1994 407 10 734 19 2.5 1.1 1.4 43.5 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.......... Zambia 1990 425 14 1,037 34 3.3 2.6 0.7 78.0 Zimbabwe 1991 582 36 2,351 145 62 2.2 4.0 35.1 N te Avrags i courns my nt crrepon beause of.~ diff werece i coverge o da a. ' tn'a a. eginalaveags d no ad updu toincmplte ovrag ofdat fo p ivate hatexndurs.S s55sSsS5 S S55 ' b. Incudes oreig assitnettln %o D o osrcino e optl 5 555f ~~~~~ >~~~,>s2 Table 2. Health Expenditures, 1990-96 Percent of GDP Total Public sector Private sector Economy 1990 199117992 19931994 1995 1996 199 0-19 91 199217993 1994 1995 1-996 1990 1991 1992 199319941995 1996 Afghanistan . ... . . Alania .. 3.3 4.4 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.5.. . Algeria 4.2 4.6 .. 3.0 3.3 1.2 .. 1.3 Angola .. .. ..1.4 4.1.. . Anguilla 5.0 4.9 5.4 5.4 5.2 .. 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 Antigua and Barbuda 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.7 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.5 Argentina 10.1 10.6 10.6 10.5 9.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.3 5.4 Armenia 7.8 4.7 3.6 1.5 3.1 .. . .4.7 Aruba .. 2.0 Australia 8.2 8.6 8_._6 8.8 8.7 8.g 8.6 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.9 Austria 7.1 7.1 7.5 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.0 5.3 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 Azerbaij an 6.1 2.6 3.1 2.4 3.0 1.9 1.1 .. . .5.0 Bahamas, The 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 Bahrain 7.0.... . Bangladesh 2.4 .. 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 ... . .. 1.3 Barbados 6.4 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.8 3.9 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 Belarus 6.4 2.6 3.1 3.4 4.7 5.2 5.3 .. .. .. 1.1 Belgium 7.6 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.9 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.0 6.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 Belize 4.5 4.5 4.4 5.8 8.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 3.6 6.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.0 Benin 0.5 1.7.. . Bermuda 3.4 3.4 3.4. 0.5 0.5 0.5 .2.8 2.8 2.8 4.0 4.0 Bhutan 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.3.. . Bolivia 4.6 4.7 5.7 6.7 7.1 1.3 1.4 2.8 3.9 4.1 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.0 Bosnia and Herzegovina ... . Botswana 2.9. . 1.6 1.8 ..1.3 .. . Brazil 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.7 4.6 2.9 2.0 1.7 2.1 1.8 3.9 4.7 4.8 4.6 2.8 Brunei 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 0.8 . Bulgaria 5.2 5.2 6.9 . . .4.1 4.4 5.5 4.9 4.2 3.8 1.1 0.9 1.4 Burkina Faso 5.5. 2.3 ..1.1 3.2 . Burundi 0.8 .. 0.8.. . Cambodia 7.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 . .. 6.5 Cameroon 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 Canada 9.2 9.9 10.2 10.2 9.9 9.7 9.2 6.9 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.6 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6 Cape Verde. .3.2 2.6 3.2 3.4 3.3 . . Cayman Islands 4.2 4.0 4.7 4.0 4.1 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.1 2.1 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 Central African Republic ..0.9 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.9 . Chad 3.7 .. 4.1 2.2 3.7 .. . .0.1 Channel Islands.... . Chile 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.2 .. 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.7 China 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.8 ..2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.8 Colombia 6.9 7.0 7.2 6.4 7.4 2.5 2.8 2.8 1.6 2.9 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.4 Comoros 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.0 .. 0.2 Congo, Dam. Rep. . ...0.2.. . Congo, Rep. 2.6 6.3. ..1.5 3.2 2.4 1.8 1.1 3.2 . Costa Rica 9.0 0.1 9.8 9.6 8.5 6.7 7.9 7.6 7.5 6.3 6.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 C6te d'lvoire 3.5 ..1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 .. . .2.1 Croatia 11.9 3.0 11.6 12.2 10.1 9.7 1 0.8 9.9 9.3 8.5 2.2 2.2 1.7 2.9 1.6 Cuba 4.6 5.2 6.2 8.1 7.9.. . Cyprus 4.3 ..4.6.. . Czech Republic 6.5 6.9 9.7 9.9 9.1 5.5 5.4 5.4 7.6 7.8 7.4 1.1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.8 Denmark 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.4 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 Djibout'i.. . Dominica 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 Dominican Republic 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.7 1.6 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.8 3.5 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.9 Ecuador 5.3 4.6 5.3 4.7 5.3 2.5 1.6 2.1 1.6 2.0 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.2 Egypt, Arab Rep. 4.3 .. .. .3.7 1.8 1.6 2.5 . 2.1 El Salvador 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.9 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.1 2.4 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.4 Equatorial Guinea 6.3 ... 5.2 1.2.. . Eritrea 2.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 ..0.9 Estonia 2.1 5.3 .. 5.9 6.4 -. . Ethiopia.2.6 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.8 1.7 1.6 . ..1.0 Fiji 3.4. 2.0 2.2 2.3 11 . Finland 8.0 9.1 9.3 8.4 7.9 7.7 7.5 6.5 7.4 7.4 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.6 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 France 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.8 9.7 9.9 9.7 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.6 8.0 7.8 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.9 French Guiana...2.8 2.7 .. . French Polynesia . ... . . Gabon 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5.. . Gambia, The. .2.3 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0.. . Georgia 3.0 4.1 2.4 0.4 0.3 0.6.. . Germany 9.6 10.2 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.5 .. 7.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.2 ..2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 Ghana 1.1 1.5 1.5 - 1.1 1.4 .. 0.1 0.1 0.1 G reece 4.2 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.8 5.9 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.4 4.9 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.0 Grenada 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 . Guadeloupe. 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 Guam . . . 22 Table 2. Health Expenditures, 1990-96 (continued) ~~~~~~~~~~~~Percent of GDP Total Public sector Private sector Economy 1990 1991 1992 19931994 199517996 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1990 1991 1992 199319941995 1996 Guatemala 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 .. 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 Guinea .. 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2.. . Guinea-Bissau . ... . . 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.1 1.1 . . Guyana 3.8 3.1 4.8 5.1 5.2 .. 2.9 2.1 3.9 4.2 4.3 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 Haiti 3.1 .. 1.2 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.7 Honduras 4.9 5.6... 2.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 Hong Kong, China 3.7 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.4 .. 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.5 Hungary 5.9 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.3 .. 5.7 6.7 6.6 6.8 6.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 Iceland 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 8.0 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.9 6.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 India 6.0 5.6. 1.3 1.2 .. 0.8 0.8 0.7 4.7 4.4 .. . Indonesia 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4.8 .. . 2.8 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 2.0.. . Iraq.. . Ireland 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.1 7.6 6.4 4.9 5.3 5.5 6.3 6.1 5.1 6.0 1.7 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.2 Israel 4.2 4.14.1 2.1 2.1.. . Italy 8.1 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.4 7.7 7.6 6.3 6.6 6.5 6.3 5.g 5.4 5.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.3 Jamaica 4.0 3.4 3.5 5.2 4.9 .. 2.6 2.3 2.3 3.0 2.5 1.3 1.1 1.2 2.3 2.4 Japan 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 .. 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 Jordan 6.9 7.9 6.9 6.5 7.9 .. 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.7 3.4 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.2 Kazakhstan . ... . . 3.2 4.3 2.1 2.2 2.2.. . Kenya 2.6. 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.0 . Kiribati 8.3 22.8.. . Korea, Dem. Rep.... . Korea, Rep. 5.1 4.9 5.4. 1.9 1.7 1.8 3.2 3.2 3.6 . Kuwait -4.0 1.9 3.8 3.3 3.6.. . Kyrgyz Republic ...4.2 3.6 3.2 2.6 3.5 3.5.. . Lao PDR .4.9 ..2.6 1.0 .. 3.1 ..1.3 .. 1.8 ..1.3 Latvia 2.4 2.6 2.8 4.1 3.7 4.4.. . Lebanon ..3.1 5.3 ..2.1 3.3 . Lesotho 2.5 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.1.. . Liberia.. . Libya.. . Lithuania 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.8 4.8.. . Luxembourg 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.5 7.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Macao . . . Macedonia, tYR 7.9 12.7 9.1 6.8 7.7 8.3 7.9 11.4 7.9 7.7 6.8 7.3 0.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 Madagascar..1.4 .. 1.0 1.1.. . Malaysia ..2.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 .. 1.0 Maldives 4.9.. . Mali 2.9 2.7 ..1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.5 .. . Malta 7.4 ... . Marshall Islands . ... 12.9 13.5 14.4 12.4.. . Martinique . ...2.8 2.6 2.9 . Mauritania 5.2. ..1.1 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.8 4.1 .. . Mauritius 3.4 3.6 4.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.3 1.3 1.7 Mayotte.. . Mexico 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. . .. . . Moldova 3.6 5.1 4.9. . Mongolia 6.7 6.8 4.7. .. 6.0 6.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 0.7 0.5 0.4 . Montserrat 4.7 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.6 2.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5 4.1 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 Morocco 2.5 3.1 ..3.4 0.9 .. 1.6 1.6 .. 1.7 Mozambique..4.4 4.6. . Myanmar 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4.. . Namibia ..4.9 ..7.2 3.1 3.4 4.2 3.7 3.5 ..1.5 .. 3.5 Nepal 5.0 .. 1.0 .. 0.5 .. .. 1.2 .. . .3.8 Netherlands 8.3 8.6 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.6 6.1 6.4 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.6 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 Netherlands Antilles 4.0 4.2 4.8. 1.6 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 . New Caledonia.. . . New Zealand 7.0 7.5 7.6 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.2 5.8 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.5 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 Nicaragua 8.1 7.6 8.0 8.1 8.6 .. 4.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 5.3 3.3 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.4 Niger . ..1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.6.. . Nigeria 1.3 .. 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.3 . .. 1.0 Norway 7.8 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.9 6.5 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 Gman .. 2.0 2.5.. . Pakistan 3.5. .. . . 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.7 .. . Panama 7.2 7.8 6.6 6.7 6.7 .. 5.3 6.0 4.7 4.9 4.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.0 Papua New Guinea. ... . . 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.8.. . Paraguay - 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.3 5.1 .. 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 Peru 3.2 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.7 1.0 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 Philippines ..2.4. .. . 0.8 1.3 ..1.0 .. . Poland 5.1 5.8 6.0. .. 4.8 5.1 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.8 0.3 0.7 1.1 . Portugal 6.5 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.8 8.2 8.2 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.9 2.3 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.3 Puerto Rico 5.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 23 Table 2. Health Expenditures, 1990-96 (continued) Percent of GDP Total Public sector Private sector Economy 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1990 1991 1992 199319941995 1996 Qatar ..3.2 ..2.8.. . Reuni'on.. . Romania 2.8 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.3 3.6.. . Russian Federation ..2.6 2.6 3.5 4.8 ..2.5 2.4 2.5 3.3 4.1 ..0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 Rwanda .. 1.9.. . Samoa 5.1 4.8 3.1 3.6.. . S3o Tom6 and Principe ...3.1 2.7 6.2.. . Saudi Arabia ..2.2. 3.1.. . Senegal 2.8 2.4 2.5.. . Seychelles 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1.. . Sierra Leone ..3.6 .. . .1.5 1.6 2.0 .. . Singapore 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 .. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 Slovak Republic... 5.0 4.6 4.6.. . Slovenia .. 7.1 5.2 7.3.. . Solomon islands ..5.6.___. 4.8 ..0.8 .. . Somalia.. . South Africa ..7.9 3.6 .. 4.3 Spain 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.7 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 Sri Lanka ..1.9 .. 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 .. 0.4 St. Kitts and Nevis 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 St. Lucia 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 6.4 5.8 5.8 6.0 7.0 4.5 3.9 3.8 4.1 5.2 5.3 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 Sudan 0.3. .. .2.7.. . Suriname 5.9 5.6 4.9 4.0 3.5 3.2 2.5 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 Swaziland 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.8.. . Sweden 8.8 8.7 7.8 7.9 7.6 7.2 7.3 7.9 7.6 6.6 6.6 6.3 5.9 5.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 Switzerland 8.3 8.9 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.8 5.7 6.1 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.0 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.7 Syrian Arab Republic. ... . . Taiwan, China 4.2 4.5 4.8 4.9 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.6. . .2.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 Tajikistan 4.3 4.1 4.7 4.9 5.8.. . Tanzania 2.2 2.5.. . Thailand 5.3. .. 0.9 1.1 1.4 3.9 . Togo ..3.4. .. .1.3 1.2 1.0 0.7 1.7 1.6 2.2 .. . Tonga 3.7 4.2 4.0.. . Trinidad and Tobago 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 Tunisia 5.6 ..5.9 ..3.0 .. 3.0 2.5 .. 2.8 Turkey 3.9 ..4.2 2.5 .. 2.7 1.3 .. 1.5 Turkmenistan. 3.9 3.7 2.0 1.8 1.2 . . Turks and Caicos Islands 5.5 5.7 5.8 4.7 4.8 3.3 3.6 3.7 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 Uganda 3.9 -. 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.8 . .. 2.1 Ukraine 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.1 5.4 4.9.. . United Arab Emirates 2.5 ..2.0 . .. 0.5 United Kingdom 6.0 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 5.1 5.4 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 United States 12.6 13.3 13.8 14.1 14.0 14.1 14.0 5.1 5.6 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.6 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.4 Uruguay 7.4 6.3 6.4 6.4 13.4 ..3.0 1.4 1.6 1.6 7.0 4.4 5.0 4.9 4.8 6.5 - Uzbekistan. 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.1 3.5.. . Vanuatu 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.3 . . Venezuela 6.9 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5 2.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 3.0 1.0 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 Vietnam 2.8 ..5.2 ..0.9 .. 1.1 2.0 .. .. 4.1 Virgin Islands (UK) 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.1 4.5 . 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 Virgin Islands (US) .. . . West Bank and Gaza ..10.4 . 7.0 . 6.1 .. 3.2 ..4.2 .. . . 3.8 Yemen, Rep. 2.5 2.5 ..1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 . .. 1.4 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep..... Zambia 3.3 .. 2.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 2.1 3.0 .. 0.7 . . . Zimbabwe ..6.2.. .2.2 2.0 -. . 2.0 . ..4.0 .. . 24 Table 3. Health Financing by Expenditure Categories Percent of total health expenditure Hospital Pharmaceutical Public Total Public Total Publfic Capital investment Personnel Economy Year Percent Year- Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Afghanistan . .. Albania... Algeria ... 1993 33 1993 1 2 1993 3 Angola... Anguilla . Antigua and Barbuda . .. Argentina . .. Armenia . . 1995 g 1995 g Aruba... Australia 1993 43 .. 1993 1 1 1992 5 1993 3 Austria 1994 33 .. 1994 10 1993 7 1994 5 Azerbaijan ... . 1995 2 1995 1 1995 6 Bahamas, The . .. Bahrain . .. Bangladesh 1995 14 1995 14 ... 1995 27 Barbados . .. Belarus ... . 1995 14 1995 14 1995 27 Belgium 1994 36 .. 1995 19 1993 8 Belize ...... 1990 13 Benin ..... Bermuda . .. Bhutan ...... 1991 9 Bolivia . .. Bosnia and Herzegovina . .. Botswana .. 1991 21 ... 1991 14 Brazil . .. Brunei . .. Bulgaria ... . 1992 15 1992 4 1992 35 Burkina Faso .... . 1992 10 1992 12 Burundi . .. Cambodia -. .-. Cameroon ...... 1994 5 1994 40 Canada 1994 47 .. 1995 14 1993 4 1994 2 Cape Verde...... Cayman Islands...... Central African Republic ..... Chad .. .. Channel Islands... .. Chile .... . 1990 4 China 1993 31 1993 17 1993 53- 1993 24 1993 1 Colombia...... Comorms ... .. . 1993 61 Congo, Dem. Rep....... Congo, Rep. ...... 1992 1 Costa Rica ...... 1990 0 C6te d'lvoire...... Croatia .. 1994 36 .. 1994 21 1994 1 1994 21 Cuba...... Cyprus...... Czech Republic ... . 1994 10 1995 3 1994 23 Denmark 1994 61 1994 11 1993 6 1994 4 Djibouti...... Dominica...... Dominican Republic ...... 1990 23 Ecuador ...... 1990 6 Egypt, Arab Rep. ... 1990 43 ... 1990 9 El Salvador ..... Equatorial Guinea... . Eritrea 1994 40 1994 39... Estonia...... Ethiopia... . Fiji ... 1992 18 1992 6 Finland 1994 41 .. 1994 13 1993 6 1994 3 France 1994 45 .. 1995 17 1993 10 1994 3 French Guiana...... French Polynesia ..... Gabon ..... Gambia, The ..... Georgia... .. Germany 1993 31 .. 1993 19 1992 13 1993 4 Ghana . .. .. Greece 1992 59 .. 1992 24 1991 7 1992 3 Grenada . .. .. Guadeloupe . .. .. Guam....... 25 Table 3. Health Financing by Expenditure Categories (continued) Percent of total health exDenditure Hospital Pharmaceutical Public Total -Public Total Public Capital inestment Personnel Economy Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Guatemala... Guinea . GuAinea-Bissau. . Guyana . Haiti .. Honduras .. 1990 35 Hong Kong, China ... .1994 5 Hungary .. 1994 34 .. 1994 28 1994 6 1994 30 Iceland 1995 68 .. 1995 16 1994 11 1995 2 India .. ~~~~~ ~~~1992 6 ... 1992 2 1992 1 Indonesia .. 1994 4 .. 1994 2 1994 26 1994 15 Iran, Islamic Rep. - Iraq . .. Ireland ... 1994 12 1992 9 1993 2 Israel. . Italy 1995 48 .. 1995 18 1994 7 1995 1 Jamaica ...... 1990 3 Japan 1993 32 ... . 1993 5 Jordan 1994 36 1994 27 .. 1994 5 Kazakhstan... Kenya ... . 1992 1 Kiribati... Korea, Dem. Rep.... Korea, Rep. ..1992 24 Kuwait . .. Kyrgyz Republic . .. .. Lao PDR ... . 1995 3 1995 4 1995 18 La Lvia Lebanon .. 1992 1 1992 2 Lesotho . Liberia . Libya . Lithuania . Luxembourg 1994 32 1991 1 6 1991 1 5 Macao.....- Macedonia, FYR ... 1995 13 1995 2 1995 48 Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali . 1991 24 Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania .. 1991 5 1991 12 Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. MolIdova Mongolia ... 1992 1 1 992 8 1992 28 Montserrat Morocco 1993 24 1993 65 1993 4 1 993 8 1993 19 Mozambique Myanmar Namibia 1993 21 .. 1993 0 1 993 30 Nepal ... . 1995 1 Netherlands 1994 52 1995 11 1993 10 Netherlands Antilles . .. New Caledonia. ...- New Zealand 1993 59 1 993 17 1992 11 1993 4 Nicaragua... . Niger ..... Nigeria . .... 1994 8 1994 17 Norway 1991 67 .. 1991 11 1 990 5 1993 5 Oman... .. Pakistan .. 1991 10 ... 1991 8 Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland 1992 40 .. 1992 14 1992 6 1992 42 Portugal ... 1993 2 .. 1994 25 Puerto Rico 26 Table 3. Health Financing by Expenditure Categories (continued) Percent of total health expenditure Hospital Pharmaceutical PukPublic Total Public Total ubi Capia investment Personnel Economy Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent Qatar . .. Reunion . .. Romania . .. Russian Federation .. 1994 38 . 1 994 11 1991 15 1991 46 Rwanda Samoa S53 Tom6 and Principe Saudi Arabia . .. Senegal . .. Seychelles . .. Sierra Leone . .. Singapore . .. Slovak Republic . Slovenia . .. Solomon Islands ..1991 7 Somalia . .. South Africa .. 1993 28 . Spain 1993 49 .. 1992 18 1992 15 1992 3 Sri Lanka ...... 1993 16 St. KitEs and Nevis . .. St. Lucia . .. St. Vincent and the Grenadines . .. Sudan . .. Suriname . .. Swaziland ..... Sweden ... 1994 13 1994 11 1994 3 Switzerland 1992 51 .. 1992 7 1991 5 1992 3 Syrian Arab Republic . .. Taiwan, China ...... 1993 4 Tajikistan . .. Tanzania - .- Thailand . .. Togo ... .. . 1991 24 Tongsa.... 1992 7 1992 8 1992 46 Trinidad and Tobago... Tunisia . .. Turkey 1994 26 .. 1994 27 Turkmenistan... Turks and Caicos Islands . .. Uganda .. 1994 21 ... 1994 12 Ukraine.... . United Arab Emirates . ... 1994 14 1994 43 United Kingdom 1993 43 .. 1995 16 1993 10 1994 4 United States 1994 43 1995 9 1993 1 1993 0 Uruguay -. .... Uzbekistan... . Vanuatu...... Venezue~a . .. . Vietnam 1993 55 1993 18 1993 99 1993 39 1993 1 1990 9 Virgin Islands (UK) . .. Virgin Islands (US) . .. West Bank and Gaza 1995 32 1991 35 1995 36 1995 7 . Yemen, Rep. ... 1994 72 1994 14 1994 4 1990 27 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. . .. .. Zambia ...... 1990 4 1990 30 Zimbabwe ...... 1991 0 1991 15 27 Table 4. Sources of Health Financing Percent total health expenditure Social External Total health Government grants and Economy Year public insurance budgeta borrowings Afghanistan Albania Algeria 1993 73 37 36 Angola Anguilla 1994 47 47 Antigua and Barbuda 1994 61 ..61 Argentina 1994 40 25 15 Armenia 1995 40 ..25 15 Aruba Australia 1994 68 8 61 Austria 1994 76 58 18 Azerbaijan 1995 1 8 .1 8 Bahamas, The 1994 59 ..59 Bah rain Bangladtesh 1995 48 ..31 17 Barbados 1994 65 ..65 Belarus 1995 83 ..83 Belgium 1995 88 ..88 Belize 1994 75 ..75 Benin Bermuda 1994 15 ..15 Bhutan 1991 46 ..46 Bolivia 1994 53 20 33 Bosnia and Herzegovina . Botswana 1991 55 ..55 Brazil 1994 36 ..36 Brunei Bulgaria 1992 80 ..80 Burkina Faso 1992 42 ..30 12 Burundi Cambodia 1994 10 ..10 Cameroon 1994 72 ..56 15 Canada 1994 72 12 60 Cape Verde Cayman Islands 1994 58 ..58 Central African Republic. . Chad 97 *.77 Channel islands... Chile 1994 39 28 11 China 1993 54 31 23 Colombia 1994 40 19 20 Comoros 1993 79 ..79 Cong, Dem. Rep.... Congo, Rep. 1992 50 ..43 7 Costa Rica 1994 74 60 14 C6te dIlvoire 1995 40 3 29 8 Croatia 1994 84 65 18 Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic 1995 80 68 13 Denmark 1994 83 ..83 Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic 1994 38 10 28 Ecuador 1994 39 18 21 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1990 41 9 31 2 El Salvador 1994 24 12 12 Equatorial Guinea 1990 81 -. 37 44 Eritree 1 994 55 ..55 Estonia Ethiopia 61 1 43 17 Fiji 1992 68 ..61 8 Finland 1994 75 10 65 France 1995 81 ..81 French Guiana... French Polynesia... Gabon Gambia, The. . Georgia Germany 1995 78 . 78 Ghana 1995 93 ..54 39 Greece 1993 76 ..76 Grenada Guadeloupe Guam 28 Table 4. Sources of Health Financing (continued) Percent total health expenditure Social External Total health Government grants and Economy Year public insurance budgeta borrowings Guatemala 1994 35 ..35 Guinea Guinea-Bissau * Guyana Haiti 1994 36 ..36 Honduras 1994 50 18 32 Hong Kong, China 1994 44 .44 Hungary 1994 93 70 23 Iceland 1995 84 ..84 India 1992 22 2 18 3 Indonesia 1994 37 ..31 5 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1990 58 12 46 Iraq Ireland 1994 81 7 74 Israel 1990 50 ..50 Italy 1995 70 ..70 Jamaica 1994 57 ..53 4 Japan 1994 77 ..77 Jordan 1994 47 ..47 Kazakhstan Kenya 1992 62 9 52 Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. . Korea, Rep. 1992 33 23 10 Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic . Lao PDR 1995 48 ..32 17 Latvia Lebanon 1992 39 16 15 8 Lesotho Liberia Li bya Lithuania Luxembourg 1993 93 ..93 Macao Macedonia, FYR 1995 89 72 17 Madagascar . Malawi Malaysia 1993 60 ..60 Maldives Mali 1991 46 ..22 24 Malta Marshall islands . Martinique Mauritania 1991 21 ..17 4 Mauritius 1991 62 ..62 Mayotte Mexico 1994 52 23 29 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. Moldova Mongolia 1992 92 2 90 Montserrat 1994 56 ..56 Morocco 1993 48 15 30 2 Mozambique .. Myanmar Namibia 1993 52 ..52 Nepal 1995 24 ..11 14 Netherlands 1995 77 ..77 Netherlands Antilles 1994 53 ..53 New Caledonia .. New Zealand 1994 77 5 72 Nicaragua 1994 55 ..55 Niger Nigeria 1994 25 ..25 Norway 1994 83 ..83 Oman Pakistan 1991 22 ..22 Panama 1994 73 46 27 Papua New Guinea... Paraguay 1994 23 ..23 Peru 1994 53 33 20 Philippines 1991 56 12 44 Poland 1992 83 ..83 Portugal 1995 60 ..60 Puerto Rico 29 Table 4. Sources of Health Financing (continued) Percent total health expenditure Social External Total health Government grants and Economy Year public insurance budgete borrowings Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation 1991 93 18 75 Rwanda Samoa Sao Tom6 and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone 1991 43 9 33 Singapore 1994 33 7 25 Slovak Republic .. Slovenia Solomon islands 1991 86 .. 60 26 Somalia South Africa 1993 45 .. 45 0 Spain 1995 79 21 57 Sri Lanka 1993 76 .. 76 St. Kitts and Nevis 1994 58 .. 58 St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1994 67 .. 67 Sudan Suriname 1994 51 13 38 Swaziland - - Sweden 1994 83 .. 83 Switzerland 1994 70 42 28 Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, China 1993 54 39 15 Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand 1992 26 .. 26 Togo 1991 35 .. 34 2 Tonga 1992 73 .. 45 27 Trinidad and Tobago 1994 67 .. 67 Tunisia 1993 52 14 37 Turkey 1994 65 20 45 Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Uganda 1994 45 21 24 Ukraine United Arab Emirates 1994 81 81 United Kingdom 1994 84 10 74 United States 1995 45 14 31 Uruguay 1994 24 .. 24 Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela 1994 33 7 25 Vietnam 1993 22 2 20 Virgin Islands (UK) 1994 53 .. 53 Virgin Islands (US) .. .. West Bank and Gaza 1995 46 9 17 20 Yemen, Rep. 1994 43 .. 43 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. .. .. .. Zambia 1990 78 .. 71 7 Zimbabwe 1991 35 .. 35 a. May include external grants and borr-wings. 30 Table 5. Health Services Indicators, 1990-95 Inpatient edpr 1, 000 population Physicians per 1,000 population Economy Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Afghanistan 1990 0.2 ..1993 0.14 Albania 1995 3.2 ..1995 1.40 Algeria 1994 2.1 1994 2.1 1993 0.82 Angola 1990 1.3 1 990 1.2 1990 0.04 Anguilla ...1 990-95 1.10 Antigua and Barbuda 1993 6.1 ..1993 3.03 Argentina 1990 4.6 ..1990 2.68 Armenia 1992 8.4 .1 995 3.05 Aru ba ...1990-95 1.10 Australia 1993 8.9 1991 6.0 1991 2.20 Austria 1995 9.3 ..1994 2.60 Azerbaijan 1994 10.0 1994 10.1 1994 3.86 1994 3.90 Bahamas, The 1993 3.9 ..1993 1.45 Bahrain ...1991 1.31 Bangladesh 1994 0.3 1995 0.2 1995 0.20 Barbados 1990 8.4 ..1990 1.14 Belarus 1995 11.6 ..1995 4.09 Belgium 1994 7.6 1992 3.0 1994 3.70 Belize 1993 2.8 ..1993 0.53 Benin 1994 0.2 ..1994 0.06 Bermuda ..1990-95 1.20 Bhutan 1994 1.6 ..1994 0.1 6 Bolivia 1991 1.4 ..1993 0.43 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 1.8 ..1995 0.52 Botswana 1990 1.6 ..1993 0.19 1990 1.57 Brazil 1995 3.0 ..1995 1.42 Brunei .. 1991 Bulgaria 1995 1 0.6 1994 10.2 1995 3.46 Burkina Ease 1990 0.3 Burund 1991 0.7 ..1991 0.06 Cambodia 1990 2.1 1994 0.9 1994 0.1 0 Cameroon 1990 2.6 ..1992 0.08 1990 0.08 Canada 1995 5.1 1992 5.8 1994 2.20 Cape Verde 1992 1.6 1990 1.2 1992 0.23 1990 0.34 Cayman Islands 1990 3.0 ..1990 1.70 Central African Republic 1990 0.9 ..1990 0.04 1990 0.04 Chad 1991 0.7 ..1990 0.34 Channel Islands Chile 1990 3.1 1991 1.06 China 1994 2.4 ..1994 1.57 Colombia 1990 1.4 ..1993 0.90 Comoros 1990 2.8 ..1990 0.11 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1990 1.4 ..1990 0.07 Congo, Rep. 1990 3.3 ..1990 0.27 Costa Rica 1990 2.5 ..1993 0.88 C6te dilvoire 1990 0.6 . 1990 0.09 1990 0.09 Croatia 1994 5.9 1994 5.9 1994 2.01 1994 2.01 Cuba 1990 5.4 ..1990 3.64 Cyprus -.. 1990 1.76 Czech Republic 1995 9.2 1994 9.8 1995 2.99 Denmark 1994 5.0 1994 2.90 Djibouti 1990 2.6 ..1990 0.17 1990 0.19 Dorninica 1993 2.6 ..1991 0.53 Dominican Republic 1993 2.0 ..1993 1.05 Ecuador 1990 1.6 . Egypt, Arab Rep. 1993 1.9 1992 1.8 1994 1.84 1994 0.92 El Salvador 1990 1.5 ..1993 0.66 Equatorial Guinea ...1990 0.28 Eritrea... Estonia 1994 8.0 -. 1995 3.08 1993 3.31 Ethiopia 1990 0.2 1990 0.2 1994 0.03 1990 0.03 Eiji ...1992 0.48 1992 0.34 Einland 1994 10.1 1994 9.6 1994 2.70 France 1994 9.0 1994 5.8 1994 2.80 French Guiana ..1990-95 1.30 Erench Polynesia Gabon 1990 3.3 1993 0.50 Gambia, The 1990 0.6 ..1990 0.07 Georgia 1994 8.2 1993 4.14 Germany 1993 9.7 1992 5.2 1994 3.30 Ghana 1990 1.5 1990 1.2 ..1991 0.05 Greece 1994 5.0 1992 3.5 1994 4.00 Grenada 1993 8.1 ..1993 0.57 Guadeloupe ..1990-95 1.40 Guam 31 Table 5. Health Services Indicators, 1990-95 (continued) Inpatient beds per 1,000 populati on Physicians per 1, 000 population Economy Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Guatemala 1990 1.1 ..1993 0.25 Guinea 1990 0.6 1994 0.15 Guinea-Bissau 1990 1.5 Guyana 1 993 2.8 1993 0.11 Haiti 1 993 0.8 1993 0.09 Honduras 1990 1.0 ..1991 0.41 Hong Kong, China 1990 4.3 1994 4.1 1995 1.31 1994 0.53 Hungary 1994 9.9 1994 9.9 1994 3.37 1994 3.43 Icelandl 1992 15.9 ..1994 3.00 India 1991 0.8 ..1993 0.41 Indonesia 1994 0.7 1994 0.4 1994 0.17 Iran, Islamic Republic 1990 1.4 ..1993 0.32 Iraq 1 990 1.7 ..1993 0.60 Ireland 1994 5.0 ..1994 2.00 Israel 1 995 3.2 1988-92 Italy 1 993 6.7 1991 5.4 1992 1.70 Jamaica 1993 2.1 ..1993 0.47 Japan 1994 16.2 1994 5.1 1994 1.80 Jordan 1994 1.6 ..1994 1.64 Kazakhstan 1995 11.6 1994 12.1 1995 3.62 1994 3.60 Kenya 1990 1.7 1990 1.4 1990 0.05 1 990 0.14 Kiribati 1990 4.3 ..1992 0.19 Korea, Dem. Rep. . Korea, Rep. 1994 4.1 ..1994 1. 22" Kuwait ...1990 0.04 Kyrgyz Republic 1 993 10.9 1994 9.6 1995 3.18 1994 3.10 Lao PDR 1990 2.5 1993 1.1 1990 0.22 Latvia 1 993 12.1 ..1995 2.94 Lebanon 1 992 4.0 1992 0.2 1991 1.33 Lesotho ..1994 1.4 1990 0.04 1994 0.06 Liberia . Libya 1990 4.1 ..1990 1.04 Lithuania 1992 11.9 1994 11.1 1995 3.97 Luxembourg 1993 11.5 ..1993 2.20 Macao . Macedonia, FYR 1995 5.0 -. 1995 2.13 Madagascar 1990 0.9 1990 0.9 1990 0.12 1 990 0.12 Malawi 1990 1.6 ..1990 0.02 1990 0.02 Malaysia 1994 2.0 1994 1.7 1994 0.45 1993 0.20 Maldives 1990 0.8 ..1990 0.07 Mali ...1990 0.05 1990 0.05 Malta 1995 5.4 ..1993 2.50 Marshall Islands 1990 2.3 ...1992 0.38 Martinique ...1990-95 1.70 Mauritania 1990 0.7 ..1993 0.06 1990 0.06 Mauritius 1994 3.1 1994 2.9 1995 0.86 1995 0.86 Mayotte... Mexico 1994 1.2 1994 0.6 1994 1.30 1992 1.15 Micronesia, Fed. Sts.... Moldova 1995 12.2 .1 995 3.51 Mongolia 1991 11.5 1994 9.5 1991 2.70 1994 2.47 Montserrat -.. 1 990-95 0.50 Morocco 1994 1.1 .1 994 0.36 Mozambique 1990 0.9 ...1991 0.03 Myanmar 1990 0.6 .1 990 0.08 Namibia 1990 5.0 1995 0.5 1991 0.23 1990 0.22 Nepal 1994 0.2 ..1993 0.07 Netherlands 1994 11.3 ..1990 2.50 Netherlands Antilles -.. 1990-95 1.40 New Caledonia... New Zealand 1992 7.3 ..1994 2.10 Nicaragua 1990 1.8 ..1990 0.66 Niger ..1990 0.5 1990 0.02 1990 0.02 Nigeria 1 990 1.7 1 990 1-1 1993 0.19 1990 0.20 Norway ...1993 3.30 Oman 1990 2.1 ..1990 0.61 Pakistan 1993 0.7 1990 0.5 1993 0.52 Panama 1990 2.5 ..1993 1.78 Papua New Guinea 1990 4.0 ..1990 0.07 1990 0.07 Paraguay 1994 0.6 ..1994 0.28 Peru 1994 1.4 1994 1.1 1 992 1.03 Philippines 1993 1.1 1993 0.5 1990 0.12 1 993 0.11 Poland 1993 6.4 1994 5.4 1994 2.28 1 994 2.20 Portugal 1994 4.3 1994 3.4 1994 2.90 1 994 2.90 Puerto Rico ...1990-95 1.80 32 Table 5. Health Services Indicators, 1990-95 (continued) Inpatient beds per 1,000 population Physicians per 1,000 population Economy Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Qatar ...1990 1.50 Reuni'on . Romania 1994 7.7 1994 7.7 1994 1.76 1994 1.76 Russian Federation 1995 11.7 ..1995 3.80 Rwanda 1990 1.7 ..1993.0 0.04 1 990 0.24 Samoa . S3o Tom6 and Principe 1991 4.8 ..1990 0.54 Saudi Arabia 1990 2.5 ..1990 1.43 Senegal 1990 0.7 ..1990 0.05 1995 0.07 Seychelles ..1990 6.2 1991 5.97 1990 0.69 Sierra Leone . Singapore 1994 3.6 1994 2.8 1994 1.41 1994 0.70 Slovak Republic 1995 7.6 1994 7.1 1995 3.03 1994 3.00 Slovenia 1995 5.7 1993 5.0 1993 2.05 1993 2.03 Solomon Islands 1992 2.8 1992 2.2 1992 0.16 1992 0.15 Somalia 1990 0.7 South Africa ..1993 4.0 ..1993 0.61 Spain 1991 4.2 1991 3.5 1993 4.10 Sri Lanka 1990 2.7 1994 2.8 1993 OlS5 1994 0.22 St. Kitts and Nevis 1990 9.2 ..1990 0.90 St. Lucia 1993 4.3 ..1993 0.53 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1993 5.0 1991 0.51 Sudan 1990 1.1 . Suriname 1990 5.7 ..1993 0.79 Swaziland ...1990 0.10 Sweden 1995 6.3 1994 5.2 1995 3.10 Switzerland 1991 20.8 ..1994 3.10 Syrian Arab Republic 1990 1.1 ..1990 0.83 Taiwan, China 1994 4.9 ..1994 1.29 Tajikistan 1994 8.8 1994 8.8 1994 2.09 1994 2.10 Tanzania 1992 0.9 1992 0.5 ..1990 0.04 Thailand 1992 1.7 1992 1.5 1992 0.24 1992 0.19 Togo 1990 1.5 1990 1.5 1991 0.09 1991 0.09 Tonga ..1992 3.3 1991 0.53 Trinidad and Tobago 1993 3.2 ..1993 0.66 Tunisia 1994 1.8 1991 1.9 1993 0.65 1993 0.32 Turkey 1994 2.5 1993 2.4 1994 1.10 Turkmenistan 1994 11.5 ..1994 3.24 1994 3.53 Turks and Caicos Islands ...1990-95 0.50 Uganda 1991 0.9 ...1991 0.04 Ukraine 1995 11.8 ..1995 4.38 United Arab Emirates 1992 3.1 1992 0.3 1992 0.84 United Kingdom 1993 5.1 1993 4.9 1993 1.50 United States 1992 4.4 1990 0.9 1993 2.50 Uruguay 1990 4.5 ..1992 3.23 Uzbekistan 1995 8.4 1994 8.8 1995 3.26 Vanuatu ...1991 0.10 1991 0.10 Venezuela 1992 2.6 ..1990 1.58 Vietnam 1990 3.8 1993 2.6 1992 0.44 1990 0.37 Virgin Islands (UK) ...1990-95 1.70 Virgin Islands (US) 1990 4.8 1990 1.65 West Bank and Gaza. . Yemen, Rep. 1990 0.8 ..1990 0.10 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic 1990 13.6 ..1990 4.32 Zambia ..1990 1.3 1990 0.09 1990 0.09 Zimbabwe 1990 0.5 ..1990 0.14 33 Table 6. Utilization of Health Services, 1990-95 Outpatient visits Inpatient admissions Average number of Bed occupancy rate per capita per year (% of population)- days per stay _( of ~total) Economy Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Afghanistan.... Albania . Algeria ... .. 1994 44.0 Angola . Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda . Argentina . .. .. Armenia - .. .. .- Aruba . .. .. Australia 1993 10.6 .. 1995 13.80 .. 1994 14.0 .. 1992 74.5 Austria 1994 6.2 .. 1995 24.70 .. 1995 10.9 . 1 995 79.4 Azerbaijan ... .. . 1994 17.9 .. 1993 65.0 Bahamas, The ..- . Bahrain . .. .. Bangladesh ... ... 1 995 8.9 1995 79.0 Barbados......... Belarus......... Belgium 1993 8.0 . 1994 19.80 .. 1995 11.5 .. 1993 83.5 Belize . .. .. Benin . .. .. Bermuda . .. .. Bhutan . .. .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. . .. Botswana . .. .. Brazil 1995 2.3 .. 1995 0.10... Brunei . .. .. Bulgaria ... . 1994 18.20 .. 1994 14.1 Burkina Faso . .. .. Burundi . .. .. Cambodia . .. .. Cameroon . .. .. Canada 1991 6.9 .. 1993 12.50 .. 1995 12.2 .. 1993 84.2 Cape Verde -.. . .. Cayman Islands . .. .. Central African Republic . .. .. Chad . .. .. Channel Islands . .. .. China .. 1994 1.8 1994 4.19 .. 1994 15.0 .. 1994 69.0 Colombia... ..... Comoros......... Congo, Dem. Rep. ... .. . Congo, Rep.......... Costa Rica ........ C6te dilvoire......... Croatia ... . 1994 13.80... Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic .. 1994 20.70 1993 18.70 1995 12.8 1993 11.2 1995 77.6 Denmark 1993 4.8 .. 1995 25.40 .. 1995 7.5 .. 1994 83.8 Djibouti......... Dominica ........ Dominican Republic... .. . Ecuador .. ... . Egypt, Arab Rep. 1994 4.5 .. 1994 3.32 .. 1994 10.2 ... 1992 49.0 El Salvador...... . Equatorial Guinea...... . Eritreea.. . .. Estonia ... . 1993 18.90 .. 1993 1 5.4 Ethiopia . .. .. Fiji ... 1990 0.08 .. 1990 61.0 .. 1990 65.0 Finland 1994 4.0 .. 1995 22.70 .. 1995 11.8 .. 1995 87.7 France 1993 6.3 .. 1995 20.70 .. 1995 11.2 .. 1995 81.2 French Guiana . .. .. French Polynesia . .. .. Gabon . .. .. Gambia, The . .. .. Georgia . .. .. Germany ... 1995 20.70 .. 1995 14.2 .. 1995 83.3 Ghana . .. .. .. Greece ... 1993 13.50 .. 1995 8.2 .. 1992 70.0 Grenada . .. .. .. Guadeloupe . .. .. .. 34 Table 6. Utilization of Health Services, 1990-95 (continued) Outpatient visits Inpatient admissions Average number of Bed occupancy rate per caita pe0yar(%of population) day pr stay ( of total) Economy Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Guatemala . .. .. Guinea .. 1994 1.1 .. 1994 1.23 . Guinea-Bissau . .. .. Guyana . .. .. Honduras . .. .. Hong Kong, China 1 994 1.0 . 1 994 1.50... Hungary 1994 14.0 . 1995 23.40 .. 1995 10.8 .. 1995 74.4 Iceland 1 993 4.8 .. 1994 28.00 .. 1992 16.8 .. 1991 84.0 Indonesia ... .. . 1993 6.0 .. 1993 55.4 Iran, Islamic Republic ..... Iraq . .. Ireland ... 1994 15.40 . 1995 7.2 .. 1992 77.0 Israel . .. .. Italy ..1994 16.00 . 1995 10.5 .. 1994 72.7 Jamaica .. 1995 1.1 . .. Japan 1994 16.3 .. 1994 8.90 .. 1995 45.5 .. 1994 83.1 Jordan 1994 3.1 .. 1994 11.01 .. 1994 3.4 .. 1994 62.7 Kazakhstan ... .. .. . 1994 74.0 Kenya . .. .. Korea, Dem. Rep....... Korea, Rep. 1994 1.8 .. 1994 5.70 1994 5.00 1994 19.2 1994 25.8 1995 65.5 Kuwait . .. .. Kyrgyz Republic ... . 1994 17.00 .. 1994 15.4 .. 1994 78.0 Lao PDR . .. .. Latvia . .. .. Lebanon . .. .. Lesotho . .. .. Liberia . .. .. Libya . .. .. Lithuania ... . 1994 20.13 .. 1994 16.0 Luxembourg ... 1994 19.40 .. 1995 1 5.3 .. 1992 81.4 Macao . .. .. Macedonia, FY'R... .. . Madagascar......... Malawi .. 1992 0.9 .. 1992 0.02 .. 1992 7.0 .. 1992 28.0 Malaysia .. 1993 0.7 .. 1993 7.26 .. 1993 5.4 .. 1993 61.7 Maldives...... Marshall Islands . 1 992 1 .0...... Martinique......... Mauritania......... Mauritius 1994 3.8 1994 0.3 1994 0.16 1994 0.14... Mayotte... ... . Mexico 1995 1.9 .. 1995 5.50 .. 1995 4.2 .. 1995 65.5 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. . .. .. Moldova . .. .. Mongolia .. 1994 5.0 .. 1992 22.50 ... . 1992 70.0 Montserrat......... Morocco......... Mozambique .. 1991 0.5 .. 1991 0.03 .. 1991 5.3 Myanmar......... Namibia......... Netherlands 1995 5.7 .. 1995 5.50 .. 1995 32.8 . 1995 88.6 Netherlands Antilles......... New Caledonia ... .. . New Zealand ... 1995 14.10 .. 1995 6.9 . 1991 57.3 Nicaragua......... Nigeria......... Norway 1991 3.8 . 1995 15.00 .. 1995 10.0 .. 1994 83.0 Oman 1990 3.6 . 1990 1.13 .. 1990 4.7 .. 1990 71.0 Pakistan 1 994 3.4 1994 1.0...... Panama......... Papua New Guinea......... Paraguay . .. .. .. Peru 1 990 1.5 . 1995 0.04...... Philippines ... . 1994 0.23 . Poland ... . 1994 12.90 1994 11.0 Portugal 1 994 3.2 .. 1995 11.30 .. 1995 9.8 .. 1995 71.0 Puerto Rico . .. .. .. 35 Table 6. Utilization of Health Services, 1990-95 (continued) Outpatient visits Inpatient admissions Average number of Bed occupancy rate per capita per year (%/ of population) days per stay (%6 of total) Economy Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Year Total Year Public Qatar...... Reuni'on...... Romania . .. 1994 21.10 . 1994 11.1 Russian Federation ... . 1993 21.60 .. 1993 16.8 Rwanda.... - Samoa .. 1990 1.1 S5o Tom6 and Principe... Saudi Arabia... Senegal... Seychelles 1991 6.0 . Sierra Leone.... . Singapore .. 1994 1.8 1994 11.72 1994 8.80 Slovak Republic ... .. . 1994 11.4 Slovenia ... . 1993 1 5.80 .. 1993 10.9 Solomon Islands 1993 3.4 . . Somalia . .. .. South Africa . .. .. Spain ... 1994 10.00 .. 1995 11.0 .. 1994 76.7 Sri Lanka ... . 1994 17.93 .. 1994 4.2 .. 1994 75.0 St. Kitts and Nevis.... .... St. Lucia......... St. Vincent and the Grenadines...... . Sudan . ... .. Suriname... ... . Swaziland Sweden 1994 3.0 .. 1995 18.50 .. 1995 7.8 .. 1995 82.1 Switzerland 1992 11.0 .. 1994 15.00 ... . 1991 82.6 Syrian Arab Republic......... Taiwan, China......... Tajikistan ... . 1992 16.30 .. 1992 14.5 .. 1991 88.0 Tanzania......... Thailand......... Togo......... Tonga 1991 1.7 1991 1.4 ... .. . 1992 54.0 Trinidad and Tobago......... Tunisia. 1990 1.0 1990 8.24 . .. Turkey 1992 1.0 .. 1995 6.30 .. 1995 6.4 .. 1995 57.4 Turkmenistan ... . 1994 16.60 .. 1994 1 5.1 .. 1994 64.0 Turks and Caicos Islands......... Uganda ... .. . 1991 9.5 .. 1991 67.5 Ukraine ... .. . 1994 16.5 United Arab Emirates .. 1992 4.4 1992 11.10 1992 9.76 1993 4.6 1993 4.7 1992 52.0 United Kingdom 1993 5.8 .. 1995 23.00 .. 1995 9.9 . United States 1992 5.9 .. 1995 12.40 .. 1995 8.0 .. 1995 66.0 Uruguay......... Uzbekistan ... . 1994 19.30 .. 1994 14.3 .. 1994 87.0 Vanuatu .. 1990 2.3 ... .. . 1990 28.2 Venezuela......... Vietnam 1993 3.3 .. 1993 9.10 .. 1993 7.8 . Virgin Islands (UK)... .. . Virgin Islands (US) . .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza . .. .. .. Yemen, Rep. . .. .. .. Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic... Zambia....... Zimbabwe....... 36 Table 7. Key Development Indicators Gini Gross secon- Urban Crude Crude GNP per coefficient dary school pop- birth death capita (latest Population Population growth enrollment ulation rate rate (US$) available) (thousands5 rate (%)6 (% of age (%) (per 1,000 population) Economy 1995 1990-95 1995 2010 1980-95 1995 1995-2010 group) 1995 1995 1995 Afghanistan ... 23,481 35,607 2.6 2.8 2.8 .. 20 49 21 Albania 670 .. 3,260 3,810 1.3 0.0 1.0 .. 37 21 6 Algeria 1,600 39 27,959 36,122 2.7 2.2 1.7 61 56 27 6 Angola 410 .. 10,772 16,309 2.9 3.1 2.8 14 32 49 19 Antigua and Barbuda . .65 76 0.4 0.4 1.0 .. 35 17 6 Argentina 8,030 .. 34,665 40,269 1.4 1.3 1.0 .. 88 20 8 Armenia 730 .. 3,760 4,262 1.3 1.0 0.8 .. 69 14 7 Aruba ...69 .. 0.6 0.9... Australia 18,720 .. 18,054 20,371 1.4 1.1 0.8 84 85 15 7 Austria 26,890 8,054 8,131 0.4 0~7 0.1 107 56 1 1 10 Azerbaijan 480 .. 7,510 8,725 1.3 0.9 1.0 88 56 21 7 Bahamas,The 11,940 .. 276 331 1.8 1.6 1.2 91 87 19 5 Bahrain 7,840 .. 577 738 3.6 3.2 1.6 99 90 22 4 Bangladesh 240 28 119,768 149,800 2.2 1.6 1.5 19 18 28 10 Barbados 6,560 .. 266 296 0.4 0.8 0.7 .. 48 13 9 Belarus 2,070 22 10,339 1 0,477 0.5 0.2 0.1 92 71 11 12 Belgium 24,71 0 .. 10,146 1 0,236 0.2 0.4 0.1 103 97 12 11 Belize ... 216 296 2.6 2.6 2.1 38 47 33 5 Benin 370 .. 5,475 8,098 3.1 2.9 2.6 12 42 44 15 Bermuda ...63 .. 1.0 0.8... Bhutan 420 .. 695 1,238 ... 3.8 . Bolivia 800 42 7,414 10,217 2.2 2.4 2.1 .. 58 35 10 Bosnia and Herzegovina ... 4,383 4,762 0.5 0.0 0.6 .. 49 Botswana 3,020 .. 1,450 1,872 3.2 2.4 1.7 19 31 35 11 Brazil 3,640 63 1 59,222 189,875 1.8 1.4 1.2 43 78 21 7 Brunei 25,160 .. 285 355 2.6 1.9 1.5 71 59 23 4 Bulgaria 1,330 31 8,409 7,986 -0.3 -0.7 -0.3 72 71 10 13 Burkina Faso 230 .. 10,377 1 5,332 2.7 2.8 2.6 8 27 46 18 Burundi 160 .. 6,264 9,181 2.8 2.6 2.5 7 8 44 18 Cambodia 270 .. 10,024 13,526 2.9 2.8 2.0 .. 21 41 13 Cameroon 650 .. 13,288 20,488 2.8 2.9 2.9 32 45 41 11 Canada 19,380 .. 29,606 32,251 1.2 1.3 0.6 88 77 13 7 Cape Verde 960 .. 380 507 1.8 2.2 1.9 .. 54 34 8 Cayman islands.. ... ....... Central African Republic 340 .. 3,275 4,409 2.3 2.2 2.0 .. 39 39 17 Chad 180 .. 6,448 9,262 2.4 2.5 2.4 9 21 43 18 Channel islands ... 142 140 0.6 -0. 1 -0. 1 .. 29 12 10 Chile 4,160 57 14,225 16,856 1.6 1.5 1.1 70 86 20 6 China 620 42 1,203,324 1,346,656 1.4 1.1 0.8 52 30 17 7 Colombia 1,910 51 36,813 44,956 1.8 1.8 1.3 62 73 24 7 Comoros 470 .. 499 774 2.7 2.9 2.9 19 28 43 12 Congo, Dam. Rep. 120 .. 43,848 71,958 3.2 3.2 3.3 24 29 Congo), Rep. 680 .. 2,633 3,91 3 3.0 2.9 2.6 .. 59 47 16 Costa Rica 2,610 46 3,399 4,256 2.7 2.4 1.5 47 50 25 4 C6te d voire 660 37 13,978 19,437 3.6 3.0 2.2 25 44 37 12 Croatia 3,250 .. 4,778 4,749 0.3 0.0 0.0 83 64 11 11 Cuba ... 11,011 11,976 0.8 0.6 0.6 77 76 14 7 Cyprus ... 734 835 1.2 1.4 0.9 95 54 16 7 Czech Republic 3,870 27 10,332 10,382 0.1 0.1 0.0 86 65 10 11 Denmark 29,890 .. 5,220 5,294 0.1 0.3 0.1 114 85 13 12 Djibouti -- . 634 993 5.4 4.9 3.0 12 83 46 16 Dominica 2,990 ..73 89 0.0 0.3 1.3 ...23 6 Dominican Republic 1,460 51 7,822 9,464 2.1 1.9 1.3 .. 65 25 5 Ecuador 1,390 47 11,477 14,841 2.4 2.2 1.7 55 58 27 6 Egypt. Arab Rep. 790 32 57,800 73,308 2.3 1.9 1.6 76 45 27 8 El Salvador 1,610 .. 5,623 7.586 1.4 2.3 2.0 29 45 31 6 Equatorial Guirea 380 .. 400 585 4.1 2.8 2.5 .. 42 44 17 Eritrea ... 3,574 5,449 .. 26 2.8 14 17 43 16 Estonia 2,860 40 1,487 1,375 0.0 -1.3 -0.5 92 73 10 14 Ethiopia 100 .. 56,404 85,779 2.7 2.7 2.8 11 13 47 17 Fiji 2,440 .. 775 887 1.3 1.1 0.9 64 41 23 5 Finland 20,580 .. 5,110 5,291 0.4 0.5 0.2 119 63 13 10 France 24,990 .. 58,060 60,323 0.5 0.4 0.3 106 73 12 9 French Guiana . .. .. .. .. French Polynesia ... 225 299 2.4 2.7 1.9 77 ..27 5 Gabon 3,490 .. 1,077 1,525 3.0 2.5 2.3 .. 50 39 15 Gambia, The 320 .. 1,113 1,530 3.7 3.6 2.1 19 26 41 18 Georgia 440 .. 5,400 5,504 0.4 -0.3 0.1 .. 58 11 9 Germany 27,510 .. 81,869 82,029 0.3 0.6 0.0 101 87 9 11 Ghana 390 34 17,075 24,619 3.1 2.7 2.4 36 36 37 10 Greece 8,210 .. 10,467 10,767 0.5 0.5 0.2 -. 65 10 9 Grenada 2,980 ..91 95 0.1 .. 0.3 . .. Guadeloupe ... 424 511 1.7 1.5 1.2 .. 51 19 6 Guam ... 149 181 2.2 2.3 1.3 .. 38 22 4 37 Table 7. Key Development Indicators (continuedl) Gini Gross secon- Urban Crude Crude GNP per coefficient dary school pop- birth death capita (latest Population Population growth enrollment ulation rate rate (US$) available) (thousands) rate (0/j~ . . 0/o of age (%/) (per 1,000 population) Economy 1995 1990-95 1995 2010 1980-95 1995 1995-20 10 group) 1995 1995 1995 Guatemala 1,340 60 10,621 15,434 2.9 2.9 2.5 24 42 36 7 Guinea 550 47 6,591 10,055 2.6 2.7 2.8 12 30 48 20 Guinea-Bissau 250 56 1,070 1,461 1.9 2.1 2.1 .. 22 45 25 Guyana 590 .. 835 977 0.6 1.0 1.0 .. 36 23 8 Haiti 250 .. 7,1 68 8,771 1.9 2.1 1.3 .. 32 35 12 Honduras 600 53 5,924 8,590 3.2 3.0 2.5 32 48 36 6 Hong Kong, China 22,990 .. 6,190 6,420 1.4 1.8 0.2 .. 95 11 5 Hungary 4,120 27 10,229 9,959 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 81 65 11 14 Iceland 24,950 .. 268 301 1.1 1.0 0.8 103 92 16 7 India 340 34 929,358 1,127,143 2.0 1.7 1.3 .. 27 26 9 Indonesi'a 980 32 1 93,277 234,51 9 1.8 1.6 1.3 43 34 23 8 Iran, Islamic: Republic ... 64,120 91,403 3.3 2.7 2.4 66 59 32 6 Iraq ... 20,097 31,397 2.9 2.1 3.0 44 75 38 9 Ireland 14,710 .. 3,586 3,962 0.4 0.4 0.7 105 58 14 9 Israel 1 5,920 .. 5,521 6,783 2.4 2.7 1.4 87 .. 20 6 Italy 19,020 .. 57,204 56,497 0.1 0.2 -0. 1 81 67 9 10 Jamaica 1,510 41 2,522 2,924 1.1 1.0 1.0 66 55 22 6 Japan 39,640 . . 125,213 127,946 0.5 0.3 0.1 96 78 10 7 Jordan 1,510 43 4,212 6,034 4.4 4.3 2.4 .. 71 32 5 Kazakhstan 1,330 33 16,606 18,470 0.7 -0.4 0.7 .. 60 18 9 Kenya 280 58 26,688 37,132 3.2 2.6 2.2 25 28 35 9 Kiribati 920 ..79 98 2.0 1.9 1.4 ...28 9 Korea, Dem. Rep. ... 23,867 28,888 1.8 1.8 1.3 .. 61 22 6 Korea, Rep. 9,700 .. 44,851 50,376 1.1 0.9 0.8 93 81 16 6 Kuwait 17,390 .. 1,664 2,464 1.3 5.0 2.6 .. 97 22 3 Kyrgyz Republic 700 .. 4,51 5 5,309 1.5 0.3 1.1 .. 39 25 8 Lao PDR 350 30 4,882 7,408 2.8 3.0 2.8 25 22 44 15 Latvia 2,270 27 2,51 6 2,264 -0. 1 -1.4 -0.7 87 73 9 16 Lebanon 2,660 .. 4,005 4,903 2.3 1.9 1.3 76 87 26 8 Lesotho 770 56 1,980 2,704 2.5 2.1 2.1 26 23 33 11 Liberia ... 2,733 4,238 2.5 2.4 2.9 .. 45 47 20 Li bya ... 5,407 8,796 3.8 3.5 3.2 97 86 41 8 Lithuania 1,900 34 3,715 3,658 0.6 -0.2 -0. 1 78 72 11 12 Luxemnbourg 41,210 .. 410 437 0.8 1.4 0.4 .. 89 13 9 Macao ... 450 528 3.0 3.4 1.1 .. 99 19 5 Macedonia, FYR 860 .. 2,119 2,380 0.8 1.0 0.8 54 60 16 7 Madagascar 230 43 13,651 20,926 3.0 3.1 2.8 18 27 42 11 Malawi 170 .. 9,757 13,961 3.1 2.7 2.4 4 14 47 20 Malaysia 3,890 48 20,140 26,323 2.5 2.4 1.8 59 54 27 5 Maldives 990 .. 253 409 3.1 3.2 3.2 49 33 41 8 Mali 250 .. 9,788 1 5,314 2.6 2.9 3.0 9 27 50 17 Malta ... 372 409 0.1 1.0 0.6 88 89 13 7 Marshall Islands.. ...... . . Martinique ... 380 432 1.0 1.1 0.9 .. 78 17 7 Mauritania 460 42 2,274 3,223 2.6 2.5 2.3 15 54 39 14 Mauritius 3,380 .. 1,128 1,312 1.0 1.4 1.0 59 41 19 7 Mexico 3,320 50 91,831 114,244 2.1 1.9 1.5 58 75 26 5 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2,010 . 107 154 2.7 2.2 2.4 . 28 33 7 Moldova .. 34 4,344 4,552 0.5 -0. 1 0.3 69 52 14 11 Mongolia 310 .. 2,461 3,244 2.6 2.1 1.8 82 61 27 7 Montserrat ...12 .. 0.4 0.4 ... 14 20 10 Morocco 1,110 39 26,562 33,974 2.1 2.0 1.6 35 48 27 7 Mozambique 80 .. 17,423 2 5,352 1.9 2.9 2.4 7 34 44 18 Myanmar ... 45,106 57,104 1.9 1.7 1.6 .. 26 28 10 Namibia 2,000 .. 1,545 2,180 2.7 2.7 2.3 55 37 37 12 Nepal 200 37 21,456 29,914 2 5 2.5 2.2 21 14 37 12 Netherlands 24,000 .. 15,460 16,063 0.6 0.6 0.3 93 89 12 9 Netherlands Antilles ... 200 231 0.9 1.1 1.0 .. 70 19 6 New Caledonia ... 185 226 2.0 1.9 1.3 85 62 21 6 New Zealand 14,340 .. 3,601 4,086 1.0 1.4 0.8 104 86 16 8 Nicaragua 380 50 4,375 6,236 3.0 3.1 2.4 41 63 34 6 Niger 220 36 9,028 14,575 3.3 3.3 3.2 7 23 52 19 Nigeria 260 38 111,273 164,073 3.0 2.9 2.6 29 39 42 14 Norway 31,250 .. 4,354 4,566 0.4 0.5 0.3 116 73 14 10 Oman 4,820 .. 2,196 3,884 4.6 5.5 3.8 61 13 44 4 Pakistan 460 31 129,905 189,852 3.0 2.9 2.5 .. 35 38 9 Panama 2,750 57 2,631 3,218 2 0 1.6 1.3 64 55 23 5 Papua New Guinea 1,1 60 . 4,302 5,789 2.2 2.3 2.0 12 16 33 10 Paraguay 1,690 .. 4,828 6,644 2.9 2.7 2.1 37 53 31 5 Peru 2,310 45 23,819 30,470 2.1 2.0 1.6 65 72 26 7 Philippines 1,050 41 68,595 90,101 2 3 2.2 1.8 79 54 29 7 Poland 2,790 27 38,612 40,286 0.5 0.2 0.3 79 65 13 10 Portugal 9,740 .. 9,927 10,010 0.1 0.1 0.1 81 36 11 10 Puerto Rico.. . 3,717 4,215 1.0 1.1 0.8 . 73 17 8 38 Table 7. Key Development Indicators (continued) Gini Gross secon- Urban Crude Crude GNP per coefficient dary school pop- birth death capita (latest Population Population growth enrollment ulation ra te ra te (US$) available) (thousands) rate (%/) (%/ of age (%/) (per 1,000 population) Economy 1995 1990-95 1995 2010 1980-95 1995 1995-2010 group) 1995 1995 1995 Qatar 11,600 .. 642 918 6.9 5.8 2.4 83 91 21 4 Reunion ... 653 782 1.7 1.7 1.2 .. 68 20 5 Romania 1,480 26 22,692 22,462 0.1 -0.5 -0. 1 82 5 5 1 1 1 2 Russian Federation 2,240 50 148,195 144,952 0.4 -0. 1 -0. 1 88 73 9 1 5 Rwanda 180 2 9 6,400 10,764 1.4 -2.8 3.5 1 0 6 4 1 2 3 Samoa 1,120 .. 165 204 0.4 0.6 1.4 . 2 1 3 3 7 Sfo Tom6 and Principe 350 .. 129 183 2.1 2.5 2.3 .. 47 35 8 Saudi Arabia 6,81 0 .. 18,979 30,941 4.7 3.8 3.3 29 80 36 5 Senegal 600 54 8,468 12,374 2.8 2.6 2.5 1 1 42 40 14 Seychelles 6,620 ..74 93 1.0 1.6 1.6 .. 65 22 7 Sierra Leone 180 .. 4,195 6,270 1.7 0.8 2.7 .. 36 48 30 Singapore 26,730 .. 2,987 3,478 1.8 1.9 1.0 84 1 00 16 5 Slovak Republic 2,950 20 5,369 5,562 0.5 0.4 0.2 89 59 1 2 1 0 Slovenia 8,200 28 1,992 1,986 0.3 -0.1I 0.0 85 64 1 0 1 0 Solomon Islands 910 .. 375 559 3.2 3.0 2.7 17 17 37 8 Somalia ... 9,491 1 5,399 2.3 4.1 3.2 .. 26 49 18 South Africa 3,1 60 58 36,956 53,492 2.1 1.8 1.4 77 51 30 8 Spain 13,580 .. 39,199 39,423 0.3 0.2 0.0 113 76 10 9 Sri Lanka 700 30 18,114 21,477 1.4 1.2 1.1 74 22 20 6 St. Kitts and Nevis 5,170 ..41 46 -0.5 -0.5 0.8 .. 46 20 1 2 St. Lucia 3,370 .. 158 194 1.6 0.9 1.4 .. 46 28 6 St. Vincent and the Grenadines2,280 ill11 128 0.8 0.7 1.0 .. 47 22 7 Sudan ... 26,707 37,413 2.4 2.1 2.2 20 25 35 12 Suriname 880 .. 410 457 0.9 0.4 0.7 .. 50 24 6 Swaziland 1,170 .. 900 1,321 3.1 2.5 2.6 51 31 34 9 Sweden 23,750 .. 8,830 9,143 0.4 0.6 0.2 99 83 13 10 Switzerland 40,630 .. 7,039 7,287 0.7 0.9 0.2 91 61 12 9 Syrian Arab Republic 1,120 .. 14,112 21,144 3.2 3.0 2.7 47 52 39 5 Taiwan, China 12,790 .. 21,137 23,571 1.2 0.8 0.7 ...1 5 6 Tajikistan 340 .. 5,836 7,721 2.6 1.6 1.9 100 32 28 7 Tanzania 120 38 29,646 43,775 3.1 3.0 2.6 5 24 43 1 4 Thailand 2,740 46 58,242 64,725 1.5 0.9 0.7 37 20 1 7 6 Togo 310 .. 4,085 6,148 3.0 2.9 2.7 27 31 4.4 1 5 Tonga 1,630 .. 104 1 35 0.7 3.1 1.7 .. 41 28 6 Trinidad and Tobago 3,770 .. 1,287 1,487 1.2 0.8 1.0 76 67 1 9 6 Tunisia 1,820 40 8,987 11,207 2.3 1.8 1.5 52 57 24 6 Turkey 2,780 .. 61,058 74,996 2.1 1.6 1.4 61 69 23 7 Turkmenistan 920 36 4,508 6,400 3.0 4.5 2.3 .. 45 31 7 Turks and Caicos Islands ..... ....... Uganda 240 41 19,168 28,100 2.7 3.2 2.6 1 3 1 3 49 19 Ukraine 1,630 26 51,SSO 49,763 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 80 70 1 0 14 United Arab Emirates 17,400 .. 2,460 3,397 5.7 5.0 2.2 89 84 20 3 United Kingdom 1 8,700 .. 58,533 60,149 0.3 0.3 0.2 92 89 13 1 1 United States 26,980 .. 263,119 297,205 1.0 1.0 0.8 97 76 1 5 8 Uruguay 5,1 70 .. 3,184 3,491 0.6 0.6 0.6 81 90 17 10 Uzbekistan 970 .. 22,771 30,582 2.4 2.1 2.0 .. 41 29 6 Vanuatu 1,200 .. 169 241 2.6 2.7 2.4 20 ..35 7 Venezuela 3,020 54 21,671 27,849 2.5 2.3 1.7 35 93 25 5 Vietnam .. 36 73,475 93,360 2.1 2.0 1.6 35 21 26 7 Virgin Islands (UK) . .. .. .. .. Virgin Islands (US) ...99 96 0.1 -0.5 -0.2 .. 49 20 5 West Bank and Gaza . .. .. .. .. Yemen, Rep. 260 . 1 5,272 25,222 3.9 3.2 3.3 .. 34 48 13 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic ... 1 0,S18 10,863 0.7 0.1 0.2 65 57 14 10 Zambia 400 46 8,978 12,354 3.0 2.9 2.1 .. 43 45 17 Zimbabwe 540 57 11 011 13,959 3.0 2.4 1.6 45 32 31 9 -- .-.. i-S a V ,,..,..~~3 Table 8. Child Mortality, 1960-95 Morailtv atener1,000 live births Infants ~~~~~~~~~~Children under five Economy 1960 1970 1980 7990 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 199-5 Afghanistan 21 5 199 183 168 159 366 237 Alania 83 68 48 28 3 1 37 Algeria 168 141 100 46 34 255 192 139 42 Angola 208 180 1 55 131 124 209 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda 32 2 1 1 9 23 Argentina 60 53 36 26 22 72 71 38 28 27 Armenia 26 1 9 1 6 24 Aruba Australia 20 1 8 1 1 8 6 8 Austria 38 26 1 4 8 6 7 Azerbaij an 30 23 25 3 1 Bahamas, The 52 35 30 28 1 5 18 Bahrain 130 67 44 24 1 9 23 Bangladesh 156 140 133 98 80 247 237 207 139 115 Barbados 74 40 22 12 1 3 1 2 Belarus 16 12 1 3 20 Belgium 31 21 1 2 8 8 1 0 Belize 46 37 46 Benin 185 1 56 -123 103 96 256 _205 156 Bermuda 8 Bhutan 175 Bolivia 167 154 120 83 70 255 243 1 71 124 96 Bosnia and Herzegovina 105 62 32 1 9 Botswana 11 6 97 70 56 56 173 _146 80 74 Brazil 11 6 96 72 5 1 45 177 135 86 57 Brunei 63 58 1 9 1 0 9 1 1 Bulgaria 45 27 20 1 5 1 5 1 9 Burkina Faso 186 143 122 106 100 314 278 241 197 164 Burundi 1 53 139 122 108 99 250 233 195 168 162 Cambodia 146 1 56 212 123 109 1 58 Cameroon 163 128 95 68 57 215 172 1 27 86 Canada 27 1 9 10 7 6 8 Cape Verde 110 87 68 54 47 68 Cayman Islands Central African Republic 175 141 118 102 98 343 238 193 160 Chad 195 173 149 128 118 206 197 Channel Islands 24 1 9 1 1 8 7 9 Chile 114 79 35 1 7 1 2 1 55 97 37 1 9 1 5 China 132 69 42 38 35 173 11 5 60 45 43 Colombia 99 75 47 31 26 122 113 58 31 Comoros 103 89 143 Congo, Dem.nRep. 153 132 112 245 144 Congo, Rep. 142 103 89 87 90 209 144 Costa Rica 74 62 20 15 13 124 85 29 16 C6te d'lvoire 166 136 109 92 86 237 157 138 Croatia 21 11 16 18 Cuba 35 39 20 11 9 49 43 22 12 10 Cyprus 30 29 18 11 8 1 1 Czech Republic 22 21 17 11 8 10 Denmark 22 14 8 8 6 7 Djibouti 186 160 138 118 109 181 Dominica 13 19 17 21 Dominican Republic 125 100 78 49 38 149 127 92 58 44 Ecuador 124 101 69 47 37 178 140 98 50 45 Egypt, Arab Rep. 179 160 122 71 57 235 175 95 76 El Salvador 130 105 82 48 37 191 161 125 54 42 Equatorial Guinea 188 165 143 122 112 185 Eritrea 135 132 196 Estonia 36 20 17 12 14 16 Ethiopia 175 159 154 126 113 239 213 188 Fiji 71 50 34 25 21 25 Finland 22 14 8 6 5 5 France 27 18 10 7 6 9 French Guiana - French Polynesia 25 17 24 Gabon 171 140 117 99 90 145 Gambia, The 213 186 161 137 127 213 Georgia 25 16 18 21 Germany 35 23 12 7 6 7 Ghana 132 112 100 84 74 214 187 157 127 116 Greece 40 30 18 10 8 10 Grenada 32 Guadeloupe 50 46 20 13 11 14 Guam 27 22 16 11 9 12 40 Table 8. Child Mortality, 1960-95 (continued) Mortaility rate per 1,000 live births _________________Infants Children under five Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 19§95 -1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 Guatemala 125 102 7 6 5 5 4 5 204 168 140 7 3 58 Guinea 203 182 162 140 129 ......220 Guinea-Bissau 201 186 170 146 137 ......233 Guyana 100 8 1 6 8 6 5 6 1 ......82 Haiti 182 143 124 88 7 3 ..221 200 148 101 Honduras 160 113 7 0 50 46 204 170 101 .5 9 Hong Kong, China 44 20 1 1 6 5 55 23 12 7 6 Hungary 48 36 23 1 5 1 1 ......14 Iceland 13 13 8 6 4 ......6 India 165 139 119 86 69 _242 202 173 110 95 Indonesia 139 119 93 65 52 216 172 124 95 75 Iran, Islamic Rep. 169 134 95 55 46 281 191 130 ..59 Iraq 139 104 81 96 ill 161 123 93 ..145 Ireland 29 20 1 1 8 6 ......7 Israel 31 25 1 5 10 8 38 28 19 10 9 Italy 44 30 1 5 8 7 ......8 Jamaica 63 44 22 16 1 3 74 64 34 ..15 Japan 30 13 8 5 4 ......6 Jordan ... 41 34 31 139 107 64 36 33 Kazakhstan ... 33 26 27 ...35 Kenya 124 103 74 62 59 205 156 115 97 90 Kiribati .. 107 ..63 56 ......75 Korea, Dem. Rep. 90 53 33 28 40 ......45 Korea, Rep. 85 48 27 13 10 127 55 18 ..14 Kuwait 89 49 28 14 1 1 1 26 54 33 ..14 Kyrgyz Republic . 43 30 30 ......42 Lao PDR 155 146 129 104 92 ......147 Latvia 35 22 21 14 1 6 ..... 20 Lebanon 68 50 48 37 32 84 ... .40 Lesotho 149 135 ill 86 77 203 190 ...121 Liberia 184 177 160 171 177 284 270 235 ..239 Libya 160 124 102 75 45 270 ... .55 Lithuania 55 25 20 13 14 . ...19 Luxembourg 32 25 12 7 6 . ....9 Macao ... .10 7 . ...9 Macedonia, FYR ...54 32 23 .. ...31 Madagascar 220 184 140 103 90 186 .. 175 170 127 Malawi 207 194 170 136 133 360 347 271 233 225 Malaysia 73 46 31 15 12 .. .. 14 Maldives 160 129 100 71 53 . .. 70 Mali 210 205 186 135 124 ... 291 ..192 Malta 38 28 15 9 9 . ...11 Marshall Islands............ Martinique 52 39 18 10 8 .... 12 Mauritania 177 1 50 121 106 97 .. ...1 58 Mauritius 70 61 33 21 16 88 83 38 24 20 Mexico 92 74 52 38 33 134 ill 76 47 41 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. ... .40 33 ......40 Moldova .... 35 19 22 ......26 Mongolia 128 103 83 64 56 ......74 Montserrat ... 36 30 25 ......31 Morocco 163 130 101 65 56 ..187 147 76 75 Mozambique 190 172 148 122 114 ..281 285 ..190 Myanmar 158 129 110 97 84 ..179 134 ..119 Namibia 146 119 91 66 62 ... 108 86 78 Nepal 195 168 134 103 92 300 232 179 ..131 Netherlands 18 13 9 7 6 ......8 Netherlands Antilles ... .11 11 ......14 New Caledonia ... .1 6. .. .19 New Zealand 23 17 13 8 7 ......9 Nicaragua 140 108 92 62 47 193 165 120 ..61 Niger 191 171 1 52 130 120 ... 300 321 Nigeria 190 141 100 86 81 ... 196 190 176 -Norway 19 13 8 7 5 ......8 Oman 214 129 43 23 18 ......22 Pakistan 163 143 125 100 91 226 183 161 138 127 Panama 69 48 33 27 23 88 68 47 ..28 Papua New Guinea 165 115 68 64 65 204 ... .95 Paraguay 66 56 50 45 41 92 76 59 ..52 Peru 142 108 81 54 48 234 178 126 73 62 Philippines 80 67 53 44 40 107 82 69 ..53 Poland 56 33 21 16 14 ......16 Portugal 78 56 24 11 7 . .. 11 Puerto Rico 43 29 19 14 11 55 34 22 15 15 41 Table 8. Child Mortality, 1960-95 (continued) Mortaility rate per 1,000 live births Infants Children under five Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 Qatar 145 71 42 22 1 9 ... .22 Reuni'on 99 57 1 8 8 8 .. ...10 Romania 76 49 29 27 23 ..... 29 Russian Federation .. 22 1 7 18 ... .21 Rwanda 1 50 143 129 131 135 206 209 218 ..200 Samoa .. 28 23 ...27 S5o Tom6 and Principe ...83 70 61 ....78 Saudi Arabia 170 123 67 33 21 ... .31 Senegal 172 138 92 72 63 297 279 218 138 97 Seychelles ... .17 15 . ....19 Sierra Leone 219 199 191 188 182 390 360 335 236 Singapore 35 20 12 7 4 47 25 13 7 6 Slovak Republic 34 25 21 12 11 ... .15 Slovenia 37 25 16 8 7 ..... 8 Solomon Islands . .67 48 41 ... .52 Somalia 175 159 146 132 129 ..... 218 South Africa 89 80 68 56 51 ..... 67 Spain 44 28 12 8 7 ... .9 Sri Lanka 71 55 36 19 16 133 100 48 ..19 St. Kitts and Nevis .. 26 31 .. 38 St. Lucia . .20 17 . ....21 St. Vincent and the Grenadines ... .21 19 ... .22 Sudan 160 120 95 85 78 204 176 132 ..109 Suriname 70 54 47 39 34 . ....41 Swaziland 152 140 114 81 70 ... .96 Sweden 17 11 7 6 4 .. ...5 Switzerland 21 15 9 7 6 ......7 Syrian Arab Republic 135 98 58 40 33 200 128 74 42 40 Taiwan, China . .9 6 .. 7 Tajikistan .. 58 41 42 .... .61 Tanzania 147 130 106 89 83 240 218 176 161 133 Thailand 103 75 50 38 35 148 102 58 ..42 Togo 182 135 ill 93 89 267 ..175 ..128 Tonga ...52 24 19 ......23 Trinidad and Tobago 62 53 36 19 14 61 55 39 24 18 Tunisia 159 124 73 46 40 254 201 100 ..50 Turkey 190 146 ill 67 49 219 201 133 70 63 Turkmenistan .. 54 45 46 ... .65 Turks and Caicos Islands . .. .. .. Uganda 133 110 116 106 98 224 ..180 ..160 Ukraine 41 23 17 13 15 ... .21 United Arab Emirates 145 87 58 21 16 223 83 ..26 19 United Kingdom 23 19 12 8 6 ......7 United States 26 20 13 9 8 ......10 Uruguay 51 47 38 22 18 56 56 43 24 21 Uzbekistan . .47 35 30 ..48 Vanuatu ... .59 42 ..51 Venezuela 81 55 37 25 23 75 62 42 26 25 Vietnam 156 108 57 46 41 60 ..49 Virgin Islands (UK) ..... Virgin Islands (US) 33 22 20 19 ..23 West Bank and Gaza . .. .. Yemen, Rep. 214 188 144 111 101 198 ..145 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 87 54 36 25 18 ..22 Zambia 135 108 91 109 109 213 181 149 188 180 Zimbabwe 110 97 83 60 55 159 137 107 80 83 Wor1d. IZ9 98, 82 62 55 ..81 Low4ncome .53 114 98 ~ 77 69 ..104 ExdIudhng China and lnda 167 40 1 7 97 89 143. Mdd1fe.i come ~-120 94 69 46 3 53. Low-and mikkle4rcomse: 143 108 90 68 60 ..88 EastAsia,and Pacfic 1,31 80 56 45 40 . 53 Eurpe-arid GetralAsia 9,5 71 50 30 26 ..35 LatnAmeria a rithe Caribbean 105 85 62 43 37 ..47 MWLd Eat and North Afna, 465 137 99 . 62 .54 .J. .72 South A~a 164 140 2 72 90 75 ..106 Sub-Saharan Afri 17 185 99 92 K. 5 fHigh4rscome, 35 26 13 8 7 ..9 42 Table 9. Life Expectancy at Birth, 1960-95 Life expectancy at birth (years) Male Female %/ change 0/ change Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 Afghanistan 33 37 40 42 44 32 34 37 41 43 45 34 Albania 61 66 67 69 70 1 4 63 68 72 75 76 21 Algeria 46 52 58 66 68 48 48 54 60 69 7 1 48 Angola 32 36 39 44 45 42 35 39 43 47 48 39 Anguilla . .. .. Antigua and Barbuda 61 65 .. 71 72 1 9 64 69 .. 76 78 2 1 Argentina 62 63 66 68 69 1 1 68 70 73 75 76 1 2 Armenia 65 69 70 67 68 5 7 1 75 76 73 74 5 Australia 68 68 7 1 73 74 9 74 75 78 80 80 9 Austria 66 67 69 72 74 1 3 72 74 76 79 80 1 2 Azerbaijan 60 64 64 67 66 9 68 72 72 75 75 1 0 Bahamas, The 61 63 64 68 70 1 5 66 69 72 75 77 1 7 Bahrain 54 60 66 69 70 31 57 64 70 74 75 31 Bangla desh 41 45 49 55 57 39 38 43 48 55 58 52 Barbados 62 66 70 72 73 1 8 67 71 75 77 78 1 7 Belarus 64 68 66 66 64 0 73 76 76 76 75 4 Belgium 67 68 70 73 73 9 73 75 77 79 80 9 Belize .. 57 .. 72 73 . . 61 .. 74 76 Benin 38 43 45 49 49 29 39 45 49 52 52 32 Bermuda . .. .. .. .. Bolivia 41 44 50 56 59 45 45 48 54 60 62 39 Bosnia and Herzegovina 59 64 68 69 ... 62 68 73 74 Botswana 45 50 56 56 51 1 3 48 53 60 59 54 1 2 Brazil 53 57 60 62 63 1 9 57 61 65 69 71 25 Brunei 62 65 69 72 73 1 8 63 68 73 76 78 24 Bulgaria 67 69 69 68 68 2 70 74 74 75 75 6 Burkina Faso 35 39 43 45 45 30 37 41 45 47 47 26 Burundi 40 42 45 45 44 12 43 45 49 48 47 1 1 Cambodia 41 42 38 49 51 25 44 44 40 52 54 23 Cameroon 38 43 48 53 55 46 41 46 51 56 58 43 Canada 68 69 71 74 75 11 74 76 78 81 81 10 Cape Verde 51 55 59 63 65 28 54 58 62 65 67 24 Cayman Islands.............. . Central African Republic 36 40 43 46 46 28 41 45 48 51 51 24 Chad 33 37 40 45 46 40 36 40 44 48 50 37 Channel Islanos .. . . 73 74 .... .. 80 82 Chile 55 59 66 71 72 32 60 65 72 77 78 30 China 35 61 .. 67 68 93 38 62 .. 70 71 89 Colombia 55 59 63 66 67 22 58 63 68 72 73 25 Comoros 42 46 50 52 54 28 43 47 51 55 57 34 Congo, Dem. Rep. 40 43 47 .. . . 43 47 51 . Congo, Rep. 39 43 47 49 49 25 44 48 53 55 54 21 Costa Rica 60 65 70 74 74 23 63 69 75 78 79 25 C6te dIlvoire 38 43 49 54 53 40 41 46 52 57 56 37 Croatia . .. 66 69 70 .. . . 74 76 78 Cuba 62 68 72 73 74 19 66 71 75 77 78 18 Cyprus 67 69 73 74 75 12 71 72 77 79 80 14 Czech Republic . .. 67 68 70 .. . . 74 76 77 Denmark 70 71 71 72 72 3 74 76 77 78 78 5 Djibouti 35 38 42 46 48 39 38 42 46 50 51 37 Dominica .. . . 71 71 .... 74 75 Domninican Republic 50 57 62 67 68 36 53 60 66 71 72 36 Ecuador 52 56 61 66 67 30 54 59 65 70 72 33 Egypt, Arab Rep. 45 50 54 61 64 41 47 52 57 64 66 39 El Salvador 49 55 52 62 65 33 52 59 63 70 72 39 Equatorial Guinea 35 38 41 45 47 34 38 41 45 49 51 32 Eritrea 38 42 43 47 49 29 41 45 46 50 52 27 Estonia 65 66 64 65 65 0 72 74 74 75 76 5 Ethiopia 34 38 39 45 47 37 38 42 43 48 50 34 Fiji 58 62 66 69 70 22 60 65 70 73 74 23 Finland 65 66 69 71 73 12 72 74 77 79 80 12 France 67 68 70 73 74 10 74 76 78 61 82 11 French Guiana ..... ... .... French Polynesia .. . . 65 67 . ... 70 72 Gabon 39 42 46 51 52 34 42 46 50 54 56 33 Gambia, The 31 35 38 42 44 44 34 38 42 46 48 41 Georgia . . 67 69 69 .. . . 75 76 78 Germany 67 67 69 72 73 9 72 74 76 78 79 10 Ghana 43 47 51 55 57 30 47 51 54 59 61 30 Greece 67 70 72 75 75 12 70 74 76 80 81 14 Guadeloupe 61 64 68 71 72 17 65 70 75 78 79 21 Guam . . 70 70 . . 75 76 43 Table 9. Life Expectancy at Birth, 1960-95 (continued) Life expectancy at birth (years) Male Female % change % change Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 1960 1970 1980 1990- 1995 1960-95 Guatemnala 45 51 56 61 63 40 46 53 60 66 68 47 Guinea 33 36 39 43 44 34 34 37 40 44 45 31 Guinea-Bissau 34 35 37 41 42 23 35 37 40 44 45 27 Guyana 55 58 58 60 60 1 1 58 62 64 66 67 1 6 Haiti 41 46 50 54 54 33 43 49 53 57 57 32 Honduras 45 51 58 63 64 44 48 54 62 68 69 43 Hong Kong, China 61 67 71 75 76 25 69 73 77 80 81 1 8 Hungary 66 67 66 65 65 -1 70 73 73 74 74 6 Iceland 71 71 74 76 77 8 76 77 80 80 81 7 India 45 50 54 59 62 37 43 48 54 60 63 45 Indonesia 40 47 53 60 62 54 42 49 56 63 66 56 Iran, Islamic Republic 50 55 59 66 68 37 49 54 61 67 69 40 Iraq 48 54 61 61 59 24 49 56 63 63 62 25 Ireland 68 69 70 72 74 8 71 74 75 77 79 1 1 Israel 70 70 70 74 75 7 73 73 76 78 79 8 Italy 67 69 71 74 74 1 1 72 75 77 80 81 1 2 Jamaica 61 66 69 71 72 1 8 65 69 73 75 76 1 8 Japan 65 69 73 76 77 1 7 70 75 79 82 83 1 8 Jordan .. . . 66 68 ...... 70 72 Kazakhstan . .. 62 64 64 .. . . 72 73 74 Kenya 43 48 53 57 57 33 47 52 57 60 60 29 Kiribati .. . . 54 56 . ... 59 61 Korea, Dem. Rep. 52 58 64 66 65 24 56 62 70 73 72 30 Korea, Republic 52 58 64 67 68 30 56 62 70 74 75 36 Kuwait 58 64 69 73 74 27 61 68 73 77 79 29 Kyrgyz Republic . . 61 63 63 .. . . 70 71 72 Lao PDR 39 39 43 48 51 30 42 42 46 51 54 29 Latvia 66 66 64 64 63 -4 73 74 74 75 75 3 Lebanon 58 62 63 66 67 16 61 66 67 70 71 16 Lesotho 41 46 51 56 57 40 46 51 55 58 59 31 Liberia 40 45 49 45 45 13 43 48 52 48 46 6 Li bya 46 50 55 60 63 38 48 53 59 64 66 38 Lithuania 66 67 66 67 63 -3 72 75 76 76 75 4 Luxembourg 66 67 69 72 73 10 72 74 76 79 80 11 Macao 53 58 64 71 75 41 56 62 69 76 80 41 Macedonia, FYR .. . . 70 71 .. . . 73 75 Madlagascar 39 44 49 54 56 42 42 47 52 57 59 39 Malawi 37 40 43 44 43 16 38 41 45 45 44 15 Malaysia 52 60 65 68 69 32 56 63 69 72 74 33 Maldives 45 51 57 62 64 43 42 49 55 60 62 48 Mali 35 36 41 46 48 36 36 39 43 49 51 41 Malta 67 68 71 73 75 12 70 72 75 78 79 12 Marshall Islands . .. .. .. .. Martinique 61 65 70 72 73 21 64 71 77 79 80 24 Mauritania 37 41 45 49 51 38 40 44 48 52 54 35 Mauritius 57 60 63 66 68 18 61 64 69 73 74 22 Mexico 55 59 63 67 68 23 59 64 70 73 75 27 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. . . 61 63 . ..... 64 66 Moldova . .. 62 65 65 . . . 69 72 73 Mongolia 46 51 56 61 63 39 48 54 59 64 66 38 Montserrat .. . . 69 70 .... . 73 76 Morocco 46 50 56 62 64 40 48 53 59 65 67 41 Mozambique 36 40 42 44 45 26 39 43 46 48 48 24 Myanmar 42 47 50 55 57 35 45 50 54 58 61 34 Namibia 41 46 51 55 55 32 44 49 54 57 57 30 Nepal 39 43 48 54 56 45 38 42 47 53 56 47 Netherlands 72 71 72 74 75 4 75 77 79 60 81 7 Netherlands Antilles .. 61 69 74 75 . .. 67 74 79 80 New Caledonia . .. 64 69 71 .. . .. 66 72 75 New Zealand 68 69 70 72 73 7 74 75 76 78 79 8 Nicaragua 46 52 56 61 65 41 48 55 61 67 70 44 Niger 34 37 40 43 44 31 37 40 43 47 49 33 Nigeria 38 41 44 48 51 34 41 44 47 51 54 31 Norway 71 71 72 73 75 5 76 77 79 80 81 7 Oman 39 46 58 67 68 74 41 48 60 71 73 77 Pakistan 44 49 54 59 62 39 43 49 55 61 64 49 Panama 60 64 68 70 71 20 62 67 72 75 76 23 Papua New Guinea 41 47 50 54 56 37 40 46 51 56 58 43 Paraguay 62 63 65 66 67 8 66 68 69 70 71 8 Peru 46 52 57 63 65 39 49 55 61 66 68 39 Philippines 51 56 59 62 64 24 54 59 63 66 68 24 Poland 65 67 67 67 67 4 70 74 75 75 76 10 Portugal 61 64 68 70 72 18 66 71 75 77 79 19 Puerto Rico 67 69 70 71 72 8 72 75 77 79 80 12 44 Table 9. Life Expectancy at Birth, 1960-95 (continued) Life expectancy at birth (years) male Female % change % change Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 Qatar 52 59 64 68 69 35 55 63 69 74 75 37 Reunion 53 59 65 69 70 32 60 66 73 77 79 32 Romania 64 67 67 67 66 4 67 7 1 72 73 74 9 Russian Federation .. 62 64 58 .. . . 73 74 72 Rwanda 41 _ 43 44 39 37 -8 44 46 47 42 40 -10 Samoa . .. 62 65 67 .. . . 64 68 71 S3o Tom6 and Principe .. . . 64 66 .... .. 69 72 Saudi Arabia 43 51 60 67 69 58 46 53 62 70 71 56 Senegal 39 42 44 47 49 27 40 43 46 49 51 27 Seychelles -. . . 67 68 -. .. .. 74 76 Sierra Leone 30 33 34 34 34 14 33 36 37 37 38 14 Singapore 62 65 69 72 74 21 66 70 74 77 79 20 Slovak Republic . .. 67 67 68 .. . . 74 75 76 Slovenia -66 66 66 69 70 7 71 73 75 77 78 9 Solomon Islands .. . . 61 62 .. ... 62 63 Somalia 34 38 41 44 46 35 37 42 44 48 50 32 South Africa 47 50 54 59 61 29 51 56 60 65 67 32 Spain 67 70 73 73 74 10 71 75 79 80 81 14 Sri Lanka 62 64 66 69 70 13 62 66 70 74 75 21 St. Kitts and Nevis .. . . 65 67 .~ .. . 69 71 - St. Lucia 55 61 .. 68 68 24 59 64 -. 72 73 25 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 59 62 .. 68 69 18 60 64 .. 73 76 27 Sudan 38 41 47 50 52 37 41 44 49 52 54 34 Suriname 58 62 63 65 66 14 62 66 67 70 73 18 Swaziland 38 44 49 54 56 47 42 48 54 59 61 46 Sweden 71 72 73 75 76 6 75 77 79 80 81 8 Switzerland 69 70 73 74 75 10 74 76 79 81 82 10 Syrian Arab Republic 49 54 60 64 66 36 51 57 63 68 70 38 Taiwan, China 62 66 70 72 73 18 67 71 75 77 78 15 Tajikistan 56 60 64 67 66 17 61 65 69 72 67 .9 Tanzania 39 44 48 50 50 28 42 47 52 53 53 25 Thailand 50 56 61 66 66 32 55 60 65 71 72 32 Togo 38 43 48 50 49 30 41 46 51 53 52 27 Tonga .. . . 65 67 . .... 69 71 Trinidad and Tobago 62 63 65 69 70 13 65 68 70 73 75 14 Tunisia 48 53 61 66 68& 41 49 54 62 68 70 43 Turkey 49 55 59 64 66 36 52 58 64 68 71 37 Turkmenistan 53 56 61 63 -.. 60 63 68 70 Turks and Caicos Islands . . . ... . .... Uganda 42 49 48 47 44 5 45 50 50 47 44 -3 Ukraine 66 66 65 66 64 -4 72 74 74 75 74 2 United Arab Emirates 52 59 66 72 73 42 55 63 70 75 76 39 United Kingdom 68 69 71 73 74 9 74 75 77 79 79 8 United States 67 67 70 72 74 11 73 75 78 79 80 10 Uruguay 65 66 67 69 70 8 71 72 74 76 77 8 Uzbekistan . .. 64 66 .... .. 71 72 . Vanuatu60 662 5 Venezuela 58 62 65 68 69 20 61 68 71 74 75 23 Vietnam 43 53 61 64 65 52 46 56 65 69 70 52 Virgin Islands (UK) ... .. .. -. .- -- Virgin Islands (US) .. . . 71 72 -..- .. 77 79 - West Bank and Gaza.. - .. . ... --. . - - Yemen, Rep. 36 41 47 52 53 47 37 42 50 53 54 47 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic 62 66 68 69 70 13 64 70 73 74 75 17 Zambia 40 45 49 48 46 14 43 48 52 50 47 8 Zimbabwe 44 49 53 59 56 29 47 52 57 63 59 26 45 Table 10. Adult Mortality, 1960-95 Probability of dyingi between ages 15 and 60 (times 1.000) Male Female Both Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1995 Afghanistan 617 556 501 480 455 625 499 435 404 384 420 Atbnia 201 190 140 127 122 180 113 82 70 65 94 Algeria 343 258 226 1 93 177 259 201 197 1 56 133 1 55 Angola 567 563 569 514 493 503 504 458 420 406 450 Anguilla . .. .. Antigua and Barbuda .. . . 142 137 .. 85 72 104 Argentina 217 212 205 188 176 136 116 102 90 84 130 Armenia 228 187 1 58 216 209 127 99 85 119 108 158 Aruba . .. .. Australia 202 205 _167 125 110 118 110 85 68 60 85 Austria 215 209 197 155 148 116 109 92 72 64 106 Azerbaijan 304 247 262 21 6 231 165 117 127 96 91 161 Bahamas,The 274 274 254 186 174 202 164 118 70 64 119 Bahrain 226 263 215 201 1 70 163 206 1 75 147 109 139 Bangladesh 551 473 383 322 314 538 486 388 308 292 303 Barbados 187 193 167 140 128 130 121 98 82 74 101 Belarus 254 196 255 254 301 104 85 95 98 100 200 Belgium 1 97 193 173 141 135 104 1 05 90 75 68 1 01 Belize ... 194 194 ... . 123 1 00 147 Benin 561 478 486 447 472 465 384 397 369 399 436 Bermuda...... ..... Bolivia 483 421 357 307 292 355 306 273 250 237 264 Bosnia and Herzegovina 192 182 181 186 .. 145 130 108 109 Botswana 537 472 341 218 212 448 395 278 1 58 1 53 183 Brazil 295 248 221 193 181 222 186 1 61 135 123 1 52 Brunei 239 173 187 149 140 234 142 132 98 86 113 Bulgaria 174 1 72 190 211 213 1 26 106 106 107 106 1 59 Burkina Faso 566 526 467 429 426 456 407 362 338 340 383 Burundi 568 532 489 460 481 457 432 400 379 403 442 Cambodia 551 50g 473 392 370 451 406 355 319 298 334 Cameroon 602 544 489 430 413 486 452 415 361 341 377 Canada 191 188 1 61 133 125 110 100 85 70 65 95 Cape Verde 384 335 292 245 234 315 279 249 218 206 220 Cayman islands.. .... .... . Central African Republic 519 571 540 485 505 442 440 424 381 406 456 Chad 554 554 556 487 470 533 492 449 397 385 428 Channel Islandis .. . . 133 127 ... . 61 52 899 Chile 330 301 218 165 155 240 177 120 92 82 119 China 691 249 185 160 155 631 180 148 135 130 143 Colombia 298 262 237 222 214 237 209 162 127 118 166 Comoros . 365 354 ... . 307 286 320 Congo, Dem. Rep... .... .... . Congo, Rep. 583 514 408 370 405 448 395 298 273 313 359 Costa Rica 246 180 159 122 115 155 130 100 73 68 92 CMe dIlvoire 594 526 421 352 392 476 428 346 294 333 363 Croatia . . 233 207 176 .. 106 96 78 127 Cuba 297 163 135 125 122 234 117 94 83 78 100 Cyprus 205 161 131 118 113 150 119 85 72 63 88 Czech Republic 203 221 225 230 195 115 112 102 99 83 139 Denmark 154 156 163 155 145 106 102 102 96 92 119 Djibouti 534 S86 527 472 452 519 470 428 387 373 412 Dominica .. . . 154 144 ... . 113 98 121 Dominican Republic 342 246 183 157 iSS 271 192 138 109 100 128 Ecuador 312 258 229 183 179 248 208 176 120 110 145 Egypt, Arab Rep. 337 255 257 289 278 246 179 204 248 238 258 El Salvador 363 259 410 284 229 287 193 178 165 154 192 Equatorial Guinea 499 580 543 488 474 491 462 440 400 392 433 Eritrea .. . . 433 429 ... . 347 342 385 Estonia 238 251 291 286 284 108 104 110 106 95 189 Ethiopia 475 482 491 448 442 391 411 401 358 352 397 Fiji 318 257 209 173 162 264 207 152 115 105 133 Finland 250 263 206 183 150 119 100 74 70 64 107 France 215 202 190 164 155 103 98 85 68 58 107 French Guiana . .. .- .. .. French Polynesia .. . . 256 232 ... . 169 139 185 Gabon 532 521 474 402 386 415 421 387 332 322 354 Gambia, The 578 655 584 530 511 514 519 466 432 419 465 Georgia 283 240 210 195 189 147 113 94 90 77 133 Germany 195 195 177 145 145 114 109 90 73 70 108 Ghana 514 459 400 334 320 419 377 334 270 253 287 Greece 180 145 134 117 113 132 100 86 67 61 87 Grenada............... Guadeloupe 280 223 208 167 153 211 133 99 80 70 112 Guam .. . . 183 180 ... . 109 97 139 46 Table 10. Adult Mortality, 1960-95 (continued) Probability of dying between aaes 15 and 60 (times 1,000) Male _ Female Both Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1995 Guatemala 514 405 336 264 245 451 342 266 191 166 206 Guinea 526 636 589 529 498 535 534 507 495 497 498 Guinea-Bissau 497 528 535 544 584 530 513 517 533 572 578 Guyana 307 274 294 263 245 249 217 210 172 154 200 Haiti 455 411 348 353 391 347 326 275 291 329 360 Honduras 392 361 306 202 166 290 283 237 141 111 138 HongKong,China 301 212 150 122 109 148 112 87 64 57 83 Hungary 190 188 270 290 330 125 116 130 135 138 234 Iceland 163 158 130 109 102 96 86 66 63 59 80 India 398 324 261 236 229 407 353 279 241 219 224 Indonesia 605 478 368 275 262 525 405 308 219 205 233 Iran,IslamicRepublic 239 204 221 170 158 220 219 190 174 149 154 Iraq 391 316 207 193 182 324 277 191 154 143 162 Ireland 180 176 175 134 125 135 116 103 78 72 99 Israel 146 155 138 121 105 120 110 85 72 65 85 Italy 185 171 163 130 125 108 92 80 61 57 91 Jamaica 251 199 186 155 144 196 142 121 97 90 117 Japan 215 172 129 108 101 148 104 70 53 47 74 Jordan .. .. .. 205 171 .. .. .. 152 120 145 Kazakhstan 371 318 312 306 296 174 149 140 136 120 208 Kenya 547 467 417 357 362 442 379 339 287 295 329 Kiribati . .. .. .. .. .. Korea, Dem. Rep. 391 353 270 223 215 328 278 156 116 102 159 Korea, Rep. 406 356 270 239 230 341 280 156 117 96 163 Kuwait 253 220 172 130 126 202 163 11 6 80 68 97 Kyrgyz Republic 347 306 296 291 276 193 159 131 143 120 198 Lao PDR 586 610 531 464 444 481 510 439 389 375 410 Latvia 218 248 281 295 328 102 101 106 108 102 215 Lebanon 311 259 241 210 191 250 198 181 150 135 163 Lesotho 450 365 371 384 347 354 277 279 276 258 302 Liberia 479 340 268 254 252 363 241 185 198 198 225 Libya 379 350 276 234 215 292 278 218 185 166 190 Lithuania 154 214 243 246 304 87 94 92 92 97 201 Luxembourg 210 236 195 165 141 117 95 92 85 76 108 Macao .. .. .. 196 .. .. .. .. 109 Macedonia, FYR .. .. .. 147 144 .. .. .. 100 92 118 Madagascar 377 351 353 434 445 264 250 278 377 384 415 Malawi 522 479 429 479 553 431 388 349 436 487 520 Malaysia 438 282 230 198 182 369 230 149 125 110 146 Maldives 413 322 247 208 207 449 378 322 284 262 235 Mali 589 537 454 434 412 490 416 362 351 326 369 Malta 192 185 162 134 118 135 126 101 81 72 95 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Martinique 291 214 173 141 134 229 132 85 70 66 100 Mauritania 587 539 505 441 467 466 433 416 365 396 432 Mauritius 316 268 277 241 222 255 205 181 126 116 169 Mayotte................ Mexico 306 246 205 173 162 250 188 121 96 89 125 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. 316 295 .. .. .. 256 236 265 Moldova 345 321 289 269 275 201 178 173 146 128 202 Mongolia 476 391 320 251 221 396 331 273 211 182 201 Montserrat .. .. .. 167 158 .. .. .. 105 86 122 Morocco 370 330 264 234 213 281 258 207 184 163 188 Mozambique 592 498 468 418 431 467 382 361 321 339 385 Myanmar 475 419 384 326 308 372 336 313 267 252 280 Namibia 548 482 427 373 356 454 405 366 318 304 330 Nepal 527 482 376 350 327 507 476 395 376 354 340 Netherlands 144 160 133 118 110 89 86 74 70 65 88 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. 126 115 .. .. .. 71 62 88 NewCaledonia .. .. .. 188 149 .. .. .. 141 101 125 NewZealand 196 197 177 147 137 112 105 91 77 70 104 Nicaragua 431 348 277 220 177 347 283 189 147 130 153 Niger 543 611 562 515 510 531 490 453 413 401 455 Nigeria 551 605 535 476 450 429 502 453 401 377 414 Norway 160 164 144 125 118 85 78 71 66 60 89 Oman 423 466 389 217 201 325 390 326 157 134 167 Pakistan 420 339 283 232 208 456 381 291 247 228 218 Panama 273 225 172 146 139 241 185 117 94 88 113 Papua New Guinea 521 496 514 425 371 495 483 478 386 339 355 Paraguay 219 211 198 169 158 166 157 144 117 108 133 Peru 404 348 287 228 211 324 282 229 173 157 184 Philippines 449 376 323 273 254 379 314 259 208 189 222 Poland 177 204 253 263 179 115 104 105 102 92 136 Portugal 198 184 199 177 163 131 100 95 83 76 120 Puerto Rico 167 169 159 158 147 110 89 78 67 61 104 47 Table 1 0. Adult Mortality, 1960-95 (continued) Probability ofdngbtenae15ad6(ims10) Male Female Both Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960 1970 1980 1990 .1995 1995 Qatar 243 275 224 194 1 77 175 21 9 1 59 112 100 139 Reunion 316 309 282 213 187 208 180 121 85 74 131 Romania 195 186 216 237 270 140 120 116 114 119 195 Russian Federation 228 278 341 298 472 1 00 102 120 107 1 72 322 Rwanda 545 502 503 493 542 438 403 409 409 461 502 Samoa ..262 222 ... . 202 158 190 S5o Tome and Principe ... 153 149 ... . 104 84 117 Saudi Arabia 419 345 283 192 181 326 275 241 158 149 165 Senegal 570 572 586 579 561 477 489 51 6 506 496 529 Seychelles 367 328 299 221 203 294 268 237 113 90 147 Sierra Leone 585 552 540 601 589 522 534 527 492 470 529 Singapore 305 232 199 138 130 210 138 115 80 75 103 Slovak Republic . .. 226 247 221 ... 105 100 93 157 Slovenia 213 238 250 211 188 123 116 105 91 81 134 Solomon Islands .. -.. 299 300 ... . 273 268 284 Somalia 687 592 500 426 399 599 476 412 337 313 356 South Africa 568 516 ... . 457 420 . Spain 177 169 144 146 140 113 95 69 62 57 99 Sri Lanka 204 214 210 184 172 238 196 152 120 108 140 St. Kilts and Nevis .. . . 227 204 ... . 165 133 169 St. Lucia .. . . 205 200 ... . 144 126 163 St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. . . 202 187 ... . 119 93 140 Sudan 611 615 537 464 445 499 525 462 398 378 411 Suriname 294 253 250 216 205 235 191 187 137 106 155 Swaziland 604 447 321 260 248 486 336 232 196 191 220 Sweden 141 141 142 119 102 95 84 76 65 60 81 Switzerland 173 162 145 128 115 99 91 70 64 58 87 Syrian Arab Republic .. . . 237 217 ... . 177 154 186 Taiwan, China 264 209 190 176 160 181 136 ..91 82 121 Tajikistan 253 217 190 168 200 182 153 129 106 197 199 Tanzania 606 513 451 444 485 498 419 370 373 417 451 Thailand 395 327 280 207 199 313 259 210 123 119 159 Togo 548 529 457 389 377 427 431 375 321 311 344 Tonga .. . . 260 231 ... . 194 156 193 Trinidad and Tobago 270 231 234 180 170 225 181 166 160 130 150 Tunisia 324 276 227 190 171 270 249 224 174 148 160 Turkey 182 155 153 165 158 108 99 98 118 ill 135 Turkmenistan 326 289 263 250 250 205 177 154 135 122 186 Turks and Caicos Islands. ... ..- ...- Uganda 549 447 463 526 622 451 393 395 461 558 590 Ukraine 190 239 282 268 294 103 105 112 105 112 203 United Arab Emirates 243 229 153 130 122 175 179 106 101 92 107 United Kingdom 183 175 160 130 120 106 103 96 75 69 95 United States 231 237 194 175 160 130 128 102 90 85 123 Uruguay 187 183 176 178 174 105 98 91 90 83 129 Uzbekistan 289 254 219 207 209 181 147 116 109 101 155 Vanuatu .. . . 288 275 ... . 241 219 247 Venezuela 276 231 219 186 173 224 157 123 101 94 133 Vietnam 460 320 262 215 206 356 256 204 153 136 171 Virgin Islands (UK) . .. ..... . Virgin Islands (US) .. . . 148 133 ... .78 63 98 West Bank and Gaza.. . .. . .... Yemen, Rep. 539 449 382 363 384 469 388 304 336 331 358 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic 172 166 164 168 170 148 121 106 101 99 134 Zambia 607 546 482 434 534 506 460 413 377 494 514 Zimbabwe 571 469 389 305 391 482 391 321 270 393 392 EClsnaedlnd 40 ,40 39 . 60 ,:3 ~~4(~ 34 37 3 017 1600 5 ~~~~~~~~240. 470' '230 , 245 Z1' ,95 EKkki%C-hM Md I& 500- 320 23 205 24 ~~IO 20 310 19 215 EastAs0aAd~~~~dk 3 0 ---7 -~5 2; 401.~' .10 aw31heC~ribbean 295 r- 26 1- 95Of 240 -4 7- Ij4 Igo &ntAd4,,Adrk&A - 660 -20 ' 24*.20"' :1 -`55 230 '9 ,& 180' 191550 Sou 4A ra 45 90400. 360 ''280 250 23I 3 b kAica .520~, 49'4. 3 420 -405 - W6 - 3k4 360 395 I..f0 40> 35 ''3 ' ;150 40 - 1' '~ 60 ~ 95' 48 Table 1 1. Total Fertility Rate, 1960-95 Total fertility rate Percentage change Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 1980-95 Afghanistan 6.9 7.1 7.1 6.9 6.9 -1 -2 Albania 6.9 5.2 3.6 3.0 2.6 -61 -27 Algeria 7.3 7.4 6.8 4.6 3.6 -51 -47 Angola 6.4 6.5 6.9 7.2 6.9 g 1 Anguilla ... .. Antigua and Barbuda ...2.2 1.8 1.7 ..-21 Argentina 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.7 -12 -17 Armenia 4.5 3.2 2.3 2.8 1.8 -60 -22 Aruba...... Australia 3.5 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 -45 -2 Austria 2.7 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 -46 -10 Azerbaijan 5.5 4.7 3.2 2.7 2.3 -59 -29 Bahamas, The 3.7 3.5 3.3 2.1 2.0 -47 -41 Bahrain 7.1 6.6 5.3 3.8 3.2 -55 -39 Bangladesh 7.1 7.0 6.2 4.4 3.5 -50 -43 Barbados 4.5 3.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 -60 -12 Belarus 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.4 -49 -31 Belgium 2.6 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.6 -37 -3 Belize ..6.9 ..4.4 3.9 Benin 6.8 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.1 -11 -7 Bermuda...... Bhutan...... Bolivia 6.7 6.5 5.6 4.9 4.6 -32 -17 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.0 2.9 2.1 1.7 -Botswana 6.8 6.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 -35 -34 Brazil 6.2 5.0 4.0 2.8 2.4 -60 -38 Brunei 6.9 5.7 4.1 3.3 3.0 -57 -28 Bulgaria 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.2 -46 -40 Burkina Faso 6.7 7.0 7.5 7.1 6.8 1 -10 Burundi 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.5- -4 Cambodia 6.3 5.9 4.6 4.9 4.7 -25 3 Cameroon 4.9 5.7 6.5 5.8 5.7 17 -12 Canada 3.8 2.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 -56 -3 Cape Verde 7.0 7.0 6.5 4.5 4.0 -42 -38 Cayman Islands ... . .. Central African Republic 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.1 -9 -11 Chad 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 -1 0 Channel Islands ...1.4 1.7 1.7 ..18 Chile 5.3 4.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 -56 -18 China 3.4 5.8 2.5 2.1 1.9 -43 -24 Colombia 6.8 5.5 3.8 3.1 2.8 -59 -27 Comoros ... .6.3 6.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. 6.0 6.2 6.6... Congo, Rep. 5.4 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.1 13 -1 Costa Rica 7.0 5.1 3.7 3.3 2.9 -59 -22 C6te dIlvoire 7.2 7.4 7.4 6.3 5.4 -26 -28 Croatia ... .1.6 1.5 Cuba 4.2 3.9 2.0 1.8 1.7 -59 -16 Cyprus 3.5 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 -37 -11 Czech Republic 2.1 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.3 -38 -38 Denmark 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.8 -30 16 Djibouti 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.0 5.8 -12 -12 Dominica ... .2.8 2.4 Dominican Republic 7.4 6.2 4.3 3.3 2.9 -60 -31 Ecuador 6.9 6.4 5.0 3.7 3.3 -53 -35 Egypt, Arab Rep. 7.0 6.1 5.2 4.0 3.5 -50 -32 El Salvador 6.8 6.4 5.4 4.0 3.7 -46 -31 Equatorial Guinea 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.9 7 3 Eritrea ... .5.8 5.8 Estonia 2.0 -2.2 2.0 2.0 1.3 -33 -35 Ethiopia 5.8 5.8 6.5 7.0 7.0 21 8 Fiji 6.4 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8 -56 -22 Finland 2.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 -33 11 France 2.7 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 -38 -13 French Guiana... French Polynesia ..5.6 ..3.4 3.0 Gabon 4.1 4.2 4.4 5.0 5.2 28 17 Gambia, The 6.4 6.5 6.5 5.9 53 -17 -18 Georgia ..2.7 2.3 2.2 Germany 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.2 -48 -21 Ghana 6.9 6.7 6.5 5.9 5.2 -25 -20 Greece 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.4 1.4 -41 -39 Grenada Guadeloupe 5.6 4.9 2.8 2.3 2.1 -62 -25 Guam 6.0 4.7 ..2.9 2.7 -55 49 Table 11. Total Fertility Rate, 1960-95 (continued) Total fertility rate Percentage change Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 1980-95 Guatemala 6.9 6.5 6.3 5.4 4.8 -30 -23 Guinea 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.5 6.5 11 7 Guinea-Bissau 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 3 0 Guyana 6.5 5.5 3.6 2.6 2.4 -62 -32 Haiti 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.2 4.5 -29 -24 Honduras 7.3 7.4 6.5 5.1 4.7 -36 28 Hong Kong, China 5.0 3.5 2.1 1.3 1.2 -75 -40 Hungary 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 -22 -18 Iceland 4.3 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 -50 -14 India 6.6 5.8 5.0 3.8 3.2 -51 -35 Indonesia 5.4 5.5 4.4 3.1 2.7 -50 -39 Iran, Islamic Republic 7.2 6.8 6.1 5.6 4.6 -37 -26 Iraq 7.2 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.5 -24 -I5 Ireland 3.8 3.9 3.2 2.1 1.9 -50 -42 Israel 3.9 3.8 3.3 2.8 2.4 -38 -26 Italy 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.3 1.2 -51 -29 Jamaica 5.4 5.4 3 8 2.9 2.5 -54 -35 Japan 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.5 -25 -14 Jordan .. .. 6.9 5.4 4.8 .. 30 Kazakhstan .. 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.3 .. -22 Kenya 8.0 8.1 7.9 5.8 4.8 -40 -39 Kiribati .. .. 4.6 4.1 3.8 .. -17 Korea, Dem. Rep. 5.8 6.4 3.1 2.4 2.2 -61 28 Korea, Rep. 5.7 4.3 2.6 1.8 1.8 -69 -33 Kuwait 7.3 7.2 5.4 3.5 3.0 -59 -44 Kyrgyz Republic .. 4.9 4.1 3.7 3.3 .. -20 Lao PDR 6.2 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.5 6 -2 Latvia 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.3 -34 -38 Lebanon 6.3 5.5 4.0 3.3 2.9 -54 -29 Lesotho 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.1 4.7 -20 -17 Liberia 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.6 -1 -3 Libya 7.1 7.5 7.3 6.2 4.1 -42 -44 Lithuania 2.5 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.5 41 -24 Luxembourg 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7 -26 12 Macao 5.6 4.6 .. 2.3 1.9 -67 Macedonia, FYR .. 3.1 2.5 2.2 2.2 .. -14 Madagascar 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.3 5.9 -11 -10 Malawi 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.2 6.6 -15 -13 Malaysia 6.8 5.5 4.2 3.8 3.4 -50 -19 Maldives 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.7 -5 4 Mali 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.9 -4 4 Malta 3.6 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 48 -8 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. Martinique 5.6 4.5 2.4 2.1 2.0 -64 -15 Mauritania 6.5 6.5 6.3 5.6 5.2 -20 -17 Mauritius 5.9 3.8 2.8 2.2 2.2 -62 -20 Mayotte .. .. .. .. Mexico 6.8 6.5 4.6 3.5 3.0 -55 -34 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. 4.9 4.6 Moldova .. 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.0 .. -18 Mongolia 6.0 5.9 5.4 4.2 3.4 -43 -37 Montserrat .. .. .. 2.5 2.3 Morocco 7.2 7.0 5.5 4.1 3.5 -52 -37 Mozambique 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.3 -1 -3 Myanmar 6.0 5.9 5.1 3.9 3.5 -43 -32 Namibia 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.4 5.0 -16 -15 Nepal 5.8 6.3 6.4 5.7 5.3 8 -17 Netherlands 3.1 2.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 -49 -1 Netherlands Antilles 5.1 3.0 2.4 2.1 2.1 -59 -11 New Caledonia .. 4.3 3.8 2.9 2.5 .. -34 New Zealand 4.0 3.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 -48 -1 Nicaragua 7.4 7.0 6.2 4.7 4.2 -43 32 Niger 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.4 4 0 Nigeria 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.0 5.6 -18 -19 Norway 2.8 2.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 -34 9 Oman 7.2 8.2 10.0 7.8 7.1 -2 -29 Pakistan 6.9 7.0 7.0 5.9 5.3 -23 -24 Panama 5.9 5.3 3.8 3.0 2.7 -54 -29 Papua New Guinea 6.3 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.8 -23 -15 Paraguay 6.8 6.0 4.9 4.5 4.1 -40 -16 Peru 6.9 6.1 4.6 3.5 3.2 -54 -31 Philippines 7.0 6.4 4.9 4.1 3.8 46 -23 Poland 3.0 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.6 -46 -29 Portugal 3.0 2.8 2.2 1.5 1.4 -52 -34 Puerto Rico 4.6 3.2 2.6 2.2 2.1 -54 -17 50 Table 11. Total Fertility Rate, 1960-95 (continued) Total fertility rate Percentage change Economy 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1960-95 1980-95 Qatar 7.0 6.9 5.8 4.4 3.9 44 -32 Reunion 5.8 4.4 3.1 2.4 2.2 -62 -29 Romania 2.3 2.9 2.4 1.8 1.4 -40 -42 Russian Federation 2.6 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.4 -46 -26 Rwanda 7.5 8.1 8.3 6.8 6.3 17 -24 Samoa .. 6.7 .. 4.8 4.3 Sao Tome and Principe .. .. .. 5.1 4.8 Saudi Arabia 7.2 7.3 7.3 6.6 6.3 13 -14 Senegal 6.4 6.5 6.7 6.2 5.8 11 -14 Seychelles .. .. .. 2.8 2.5 Sierra Leone 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 4 0 Singapore 5.5 3.1 1.7 1.9 1.7 -69 -2 Slovak Republic 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.5 -50 -34 Slovenia 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.5 1.3 -45 -38 Solomon Islands .. .. 6.8 5.7 5.2 .. -23 Somalia 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 0 0 South Africa 6.5 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.9 -40 -21 Spain 2.9 2.8 2.2 1.3 1.2 -59 -47 Sri Lanka 5.3 4.3 3.5 2.5 2.3 -56 -34 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. 2.7 2.4 St. Lucia 6.9 4.4 3.3 3.0 57 -32 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7.3 .. .. 2.6 2.3 -68 Sudan 6.7 6.7 6.5 5.2 4.8 -28 27 Suriname 6.6 5.6 4.4 3.2 2.6 -60 -39 Swaziland 6.5 6.5 6.3 5.1 4.7 -28 -26 Sweden 2.2 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.7 20 4 Switzerland 2.3 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.5 -37 -5 Syrian Arab Republic 7.3 7.7 7.4 5.9 4.9 33 -34 Taiwan, China 5.7 3.8 2.6 1.9 1.8 -69 -33 Tajikistan 6.3 6.8 5.6 5.1 4.2 -34 -26 Tanzania 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.1 5.8 -15 -14 Thailand 6.4 5.6 3.6 2.3 1.8 -71 -49 Togo 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.4 -2 2 Tonga .. .. 4.9 3.9 3.3 .. -32 Trinidad and Tobago 5.2 3.6 3.3 2.5 2.1 -58 -35 Tunisia 7.1 6.5 5.3 3.6 3.0 58 -43 Turkey 6.3 5.3 4.3 3.3 2.7 57 -37 Turkmenistan 6.4 6.3 4.9 4.2 3.8 -41 -24 Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.0 6.8 -3 -6 Ukraine 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.5 -32 -25 United Arab Emirates 6.9 6.6 5.4 4.2 3.6 -48 -33 United Kingdom 2.7 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.7 -36 -10 United States 3.7 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.1 -44 12 Uruguay 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.2 -22 -18 Uzbekistan .. 5.7 4.8 4.1 3.7 .. -23 Vanuatu .. .. .. 5.6 5.0 .. Venezuela 6.5 5.4 4.2 3.5 3.1 -52 -26 Viet Nam 6.1 5.9 5.1 3.6 3.1 -49 -39 Virgin Islands (UK) .. .. .. .. .. .. Virgin Islands (US) 5.6 5.3 .. 2.6 2.4 -57 West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. Yemen, Rep. 7.5 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.4 -2 -6 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 -30 20 Zambia 6.6 6.8 7.1 6.2 5.7 -13 -19 Zimbabwe 8.0 7.8 6.8 4.9 3.9 -51 43 51 Table 12. The Aging Population, 1995 and 2020 Population over age 60 Probability of surviving to age 60 (percentage of total) (percentage of birth cohort) Male Female Male Female Economy 1995 2020 1995 2020 1995 2020 1995 2020 Afghanistan 4.6 4.4 5.1 4.7 40.7 51.9 42.2 55.0 Albania 8.2 13.5 10.3 16.5 81.3 85.6 88.8 92.7 Algeria 5.4 9.1 6.2 10.0 78.3 85.7 82.6 90.6 Angola 4.3 3.9 5.1 4.7 42.6 51.7 48.3 58.6 Anguilla .. .. .. .. .. Antigua and Barbuda 6.7 7.5 11.4 16.3 83.6 87.6 90.8 94.5 Argentina 11.5 14.1 14.8 18.3 79.6 85.3 89.2 92.7 Armenia 9.7 13.7 12.2 18.5 76.4 82.9 86.5 91.4 Aruba .. .. .. .. .. Australia 13.6 21.4 16.6 24.7 86.2 89.7 92.9 95.1 Austria 16.0 25.5 23.4 30.3 86.1 90.2 92.8 95.2 Azerbaijan 7.8 11.2 10.8 16.8 75.1 82.7 88.4 93.4 Bahamas, The 7.2 11.7 8.0 15.4 80.6 86.2 89.7 93.7 Bahrain 4.9 .. 5.2 12.1 81.8 87.0 87.7 92.0 Bangladesh 5.5 7.7 4.5 7.9 59.8 72.6 62.6 77.1 Barbados 10.9 17.3 16.8 21.4 85.5 89.4 91.5 94.3 Belarus 13.1 18.2 21.3 26.8 68.3 77.4 88.3 93.2 Belgium 18.4 25.3 24.1 30.5 85.2 88.6 92.6 94.8 Belize 6.5 6.9 6.5 8.1 84.7 88.3 88.2 92.9 Benin 4.1 4.0 4.7 4.7 46.6 54.0 52.2 58.9 Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. Bhutan 4.9 5.0 6.1 7.4 49.6 61.3 55.9 68.3 Bolivia 5.5 6.7 6.4 8.3 62.7 74.0 68.2 79.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10.8 19.2 14.0 24.8 79.6 85.1 88.0 93.1 Botswana 2.7 4.2 4.4 5.7 42.3 51.0 49.5 58.2 Brazil 7.0 11.1 7.9 14.1 68.8 76.6 82.6 88.4 Brunei 6.0 15.7 5.9 16.3 84.9 88.8 90.7 94.3 Bulgaria 18.8 22.2 22.6 28.5 76.4 83.0 87.7 91.5 Burkina Faso 4.6 3.0 4.9 3.9 39.6 48.5 43.4 53.2 Burundi 3.2 3.8 4.7 4.8 37.2 50.6 43.6 57.9 Cambodia 3.4 . 5.0 5.1 7.6 51.6 57.5 56.7 63.8 Cameroon 5.0 4.6 5.8 5.4 54.2 65.2 60.6 72.0 Canada 14.1 24.7 17.7 28.5 87.8 91.0 93.7 95.7 Cape Verde 5.7 3.1 8.4 6.9 71.0 78.1 73.7 82.2 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. Central African Republic 5.3 5.1 6.6 6.6 41.3 50.3 50.7 59.7 Chad 5.4 5.5 6.3 6.4 45.0 54.1 50.7 61.4 Channel Islands 20.3 27.3 23.3 34.2 86.2 89.5 93.9 96.1 Chile 7.9 14.7 10.8 18.5 82.4 87.3 90.9 94.1 China 9.3 15.2 10.1 16.5 78.2 82.9 82.5 88.1 Colombia 7.4 10.3 8.0 13.6 75.2 82.5 85.3 90.8 Comoros 4.0 4.4 4.4 5.7 55.8 64.6 62.3 77.2 Congo, Dem. Rep. 4.0 3.6 5.0 4.3 49.2 59.4 54.8 65.4 Congo, Rep. 4.7 3.6 6.6 5.2 45.7 53.9 55.3 67.5 Costa Rica 6.5 12.9 7.5 14.8 86.5 89.6 91.7 94.3 C6te d'lvoire 4.6 5.4 4.4 5.2 54.2 62.5 58.8 67.2 Croatia 16.0 24.8 22.9 31.2 80.2 86.8 90.6 94.1 Cuba 11.8 18.6 12.7 21.8 86.4 89.5 91.1 94.0 Cyprus 12.6 20.0 15.5 24.0 87.6 90.3 92.7 95.5 Czech Republic 14.9 22.5 21.0 28.9 78.7 85.8 90.1 93.7 Denmark 17.1 24.2 21.8 28.7 83.7 87.4 91.1 93.7 Djibouti . 4.2 5.0 4.9 5.8 47.2 57.8 52.8 64.5 Dominica 10.8 8.0 10.8 10.0 83.0 87.3 88.3 93.3 Dominican Republic 5.9 11.1 6.3 13.4 78.5 84.9 85.9 92.3 Ecuador 5.8 9.7 6.7 11.5 76.9 84.3 84.5 90.7 Egypt, Arab Rep. 5.8 9.9 7.1 10.9 69.0 80.9 71.3 83.1 El Salvador 5.2 5.9 6.5 8.8 73.1 81.7 84.5 89.8 Equatorial Guinea 6.1 5.1 6.4 6.1 45.4 56.1 51.1 62.9 Eritrea 3.5 4.1 4.1 5.0 43.4 52.9 49.8 61.5 Estonia 14.7 21.1 22.9 31.7 70.3 80.0 88.8 93.8 Ethiopia 3.9 4.4 5.0 4.9 45.9 55.8 51.5 62.2 Fiji 6.1 12.8 6.5 15.1 81.1 86.3 87.1 91.7 Finland 15.0 25.2 22.2 30.5 83.6 88.2 92.7 95.1 France 16.6 24.3 22.4 29.7 85.9 89.9 93.9 95.9 French Guiana .. .. .. .. .. .. French Polynesia 6.1 8.9 6.4 10.7 74.7 84.4 84.0 92.3 Gabon 8.1 7.5 9.5 8.6 53.6 60.4 60.1 70.3 Gambia, The 4.5 6.1 4.8 7.0 41.1 51.7 46.9 58.9 Georgia 13.9 18.7 19.8 27.5 79.1 85.2 90.5 94.4 Germany 16.5 27.0 24.1 31.3 85.3 89.3 92.3 94.8 Ghana 4.4 5.7 5.1 6.7 59.9 68.4 66.9 76.8 Greece 19.9 25.0 23.3 29.7 87.5 90.6 93.1 95.4 Grenada 9.1 6.1 10.6 13.7 78.0 85.1 87.8 93.2 Guadeloupe 9.6 15.5 12.4 19.8 83.1 87.6 91.7 95.1 Guam 6.3 14.9 7.0 16.3 80.4 85.6 89.2 93.6 52 Table 12. The Aging Population, 1995 and 2020 (continued) Population over age 60 Probability of surviving to age 60 (percentage of total) (percentage of birth cohort) Male Female Male Female Economy 1995 2020 1995 2020 1995 2020 1995 2020 Guatemala 4.9 5.3 5.4 6.5 69.3 79.7 77.8. 87.5 Guinea 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.1 42.4 51.1 40.9 49.7 Guinea-Bissau 4.4 2.8 5.3 4.1 29.0 38.3 30.7 40.2 Guyana 5.8 9.4 6.7 12.2 65.6 68.8 77.5 79.2 Haiti 5.5 5.8 6.6 7.6 53.1 59.6 59.1 63.5 Honduras 4.5 6.0 5.0 7.2 72.2 80.8 79.3 87.6 Hong Kong, China 13.3 27.9 15.2 29.4 88.1 90.6 93.6 95.5 Hungary 16.1 20.6 22.3 27.7 70.9 79.0 87.0 91.2 Iceland 12.6 20.4 16.5 23.3 88.6 90.9 93.6 95.5 India 7.3 10.6 7.9 11.3 68.9 77.2 70.0 81.3 Indonesia 6.2 10.4 7.0 11.8 68.0 78.4 73.7 84.1 Iran, Islamic Republic 6.0 7.4 5.7 7.9 78.7 85.0 79.5 88.3 Iraq 4.5 6.4 5.0 7.1 67.5 83.7 71.9 89.2 Ireland 13.8 18.5 16.9 22.1 86.6 90.7 92.5 95.5 Israel 10.0 15.4 12.2 17.4 87.3 90.3 91.8 94.5 Italy 19.5 26.8 24.8 32.6 86.6 90.2 93.4 95.6 Jamaica 8.1 11.1 9.6 13.8 83.4 87.9 89.6 93.2 Japan 17.8 28.7 22.3 34.0 89.0 91.3 94.6 96.3 Jordan 4.9 6.6 4.0 7.4 77.8 85.9 82.8 90.9 Kazakhstan 9.1 13.6 13.7 20.2 69.8 78.0 86.8 92.4 Kenya 4.0 4.9 4.5 5.6 58.3 65.5 64.6 70.9 Kiribati 5.0 7.3 5.3 9.3 57.9 73.8 67.4 83.7 Korea, Dem. Rep. 5.1 12.2 8.7 15.5 74.9 82.6 86.5 92.5 Korea, Rep. 7.3 16.4 10.7 21.7 75.3 83.3 89.0 93.6 Kuwait 3.8 13.3 3.4 13.5 85.7 88.7 91.9 94.4 Kyrgyz Republic 7.4 9.2 10.8 13.7 66.4 75.0 82.6 90.6 Lao PDR 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.7 49.4 60.8 54.7 67.3 Latvia 15.2 21.3 23.9 32.6 66.6 76.7 88.0 93.1 Lebanon 7.8 7.7 8.6 11.4 70.1 78.1 77.2 85.4 Lesotho 5.3 6.7 6.7 8.0 60.8 67.5 64.9 72.9 Liberia 4.1 5.3 4.6 4.9 43.6 67.6 44.5 66.2 Libya 4.6 5.9 4.0 5.8 70.0 80.4 77.0 88.5 Lithuania 13.3 18.9 20.6 27.6 68.8 77.1 88.1 92.4 Luxembourg 16.5 25.6 21.6 29.8 84.8 88.8 92.6 95.1 Macao 8.2 22.2 10.0 22.6 87.0 90.0 92.4 95.2 Macedonia, FYR 11.8 20.3 14.7 23.7 83.2 88.1 88.1 93.5 Madagascar 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.8 59.5 69.0 64.5 74.8 Malawi 3.9 4.0 4.5 4.3 40.5 48.6 41.0 48.6 Malaysia 5.4 9.9 6.3 12.1 78.9 85.3 86.7 91.6 Maldives 5.3 5.8 5.0 5.3 72.9 81.9 67.6 83.7 Mali 3.8 4.0 4.7 5.0 47.0 60.0 53.3 66.8 Malta 13.7 22.7 16.9 26.5 86.1 89.6 91.6 94.4 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. Martinique 11.9 17.0 15.4 22.9 85.4 89.2 92.7 95.6 Mauritania 4.7 5.6 5.8 6.5 50.6 59.9 56.2 67.1 Mauritius 7.5 14.1 9.2 17.2 75.9 82.7 86.9 91.1 Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. Mexico 5.4 9.7 6.6 12.3 79.1 85.2 87.3 91.9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 3.6 5.3 5.8 6.6 66.7 76.7 72.3 83.1 Moldova 11.3 16.1 16.1 23.1 70.3 79.0 83.9 91.7 Mongolia 5.0 8.9 6.0 10.1 71.2 81.7 75.1 86.1 Montserrat 16.7 0.0 16.7 12.5 80.5 86.0 88.6 93.5 Morocco 5.9 9.1 6.5 10.8 71.6 80.8 77.0 86.3 Mozambique 4.5 4.4 5.4 5.2 41.2 50.4 46.7 56.1 Myanmar 6.3 8.4 7.3 9.9 61.6 72.1 67.0 78.0 Namibia 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.7 54.3 63.1 58.3 71.8 Nepal 5.5 6.0 5.3 6.6 60.6 68.5 57.7 68.0 Netherlands 15.8 26.7 20.4 30.4 87.0 90.2 93.3 95.4 Netherlands Antilles 9.2 16.5 11.8 22.2 86.8 90.0 92.5 95.5 NewCaledonia 8.5 13.5 8.8 15.1 82.7 88.3 87.8 94.2 New Zealand 13.3 19.2 16.1 22.9 85.2 89.2 92.0 94.6 Nicaragua 4.3 6.7 4.9 7.9 73.3 84.2 81.3 89.7 Niger 3.9 3.3 4.6 4.3 40.5 47.6 49.4 60.3 Nigeria 3.6 5.5 4.5 6.4 52.7 66.5 58.6 72.6 Norway 17.7 24.3 22.7 27.7 87.0 90.5 93.3 95.4 Oman 3.6 6.5 4.4 5.0 77.5 84.7 84.3 91.0 Pakistan 4.7 6.9 4.9 7.2 71.1 78.8 74.3 83.1 Panama 7.1 12.7 7.6 13.8 83.0 87.8 88.4 92.2 Papua New Guinea 5.0 7.3 5.2 7.7 57.9 66.6 60.2 70.5 Paraguay 4.6 9.1 5.8 10.1 76.9 84.5 83.4 89.8 Peru 5.7 10.1 6.7 11.5 74.2 84.0 79.8 89.0 Philippines 4.9 8.7 5.8 10.2 69.7 79.8 76.4 86.3 Poland 12.9 19.2 18.4 25.8 74.2 81.7 89.6 92.8 Portugal 16.0 20.2 21.4 26.7 82.5 86.7 91.3 93.8 Puerto Rico 13.2 14.8 17.3 22.2 83.6 88.0 92.5 95.5 53 Table 12. The Aging Population, 1995 and 2020 (continued) Population over age 60 Probability of surviving to age 60 (percentage of total) (percentage of birth cohort) Male Female Male Female Economy 1995 2020 1995 2020 1995 2020 1995 2020 Qatar 3.2 .. 1.7 11.9 79.9 85.7 87.8 91.9 Reunion 7.5 13.6 10.2 17.6 80.0 86.9 91.6 95.1 Romania 15.4 20.3 19.4 25.5 75.2 83.5 86.2 91.2 Russian Federation 11.8 17.2 20.4 25.0 58.4 68.4 84.4 90.0 Rwanda 3.4 2.9 4.0 3.7 22.8 47.6 28.4 54.2 So Tom6 and Principe 7.8 8.4 9.2 10.9 75.3 82.5 84.1 91.0 Saudi Arabia 4.1 8.4 4.5 5.5 78.8 85.3 82.1 89.3 Senegal 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.5 42.1 54.9 46.2 60.4 Seychelles 7.7 9.4 10.8 9.6 77.7 84.2 89.3 94.0 Sierra Leone 3.9 2.9 4.9 4.0 19.4 38.0 26.4 46.0 Singapore 8.5 21.4 9.7 23.7 84.9 89.1 91.1 94.2 Slovak Republic 12.7 18.4 17.4 24.1 74.7 81.7 88.7 92.2 Slovenia 13.7 24.8 20.9 30.4 80.3 87.0 91.0 94.2 Solomon Islands 4.7 4.5 4.4 5.2 65.5 74.0 68.2 79.0 Somalia 4.8 4.3 5.4 5.1 49.0 57.4 54.8 65.2 South Africa 6.0 8.3 7.0 10.5 65.1 75.9 76.8 87.6 Spain 17.5 23.3 22.5 29.6 85.7 89.0 93.4 95.7 Sri Lanka 8.2 14.0 8.5 16.9 80.3 86.7 87.6 92.1 St. Kitts and Nevis 21.1 4.2 18.2 15.4 75.6 84.0 82.9 91.6 St. Lucia 6.7 4.6 9.6 9.7 77.8 83.4 85.9 92.2 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7.3 11.3 10.7 16.9 78.5 85.1 88.6 93.7 Sudan 4.1 5.3 4.9 6.3 47.8 64.3 53.6 69.8 Suriname 6.5 9.7 8.1 14.0 75.1 82.8 85.3 92.2 Swaziland 3.8 5.0 4.4 6.3 57.9 72.3 66.6 80.2 Sweden 19.5 25.7 24.4 29.6 88.1 90.7 93.8 95.7 Switzerland 17.3 27.7 22.6 32.8 87.4 90.3 94.0 96.2 Syrian Arab Republic 4.2 5.2 4.7 6.3 74.1 83.0 80.7 89.2 Taiwan, China 11.3 19.1 10.2 21.5 85.3 89.1 91.0 94.2 Tajikistan 5.6 7.2 7.5 9.2 75.2 81.3 84.0 89.6 Tanzania 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.6 46.8 56.0 51.9 60.5 Thailand 6.7 13.2 8.2 15.9 75.5 81.2 84.4 88.3 Togo 4.2 3.8 5.0 4.7 43.6 57.3 49.8 63.3 Tonga 7.5 7.8 7.8 10.5 74.3 83.7 82.1 91.7 Trinidad and Tobago 7.5 13.1 8.9 16.0 80.4 86.6 87.6 92.3 Tunisia 6.9 10.4 7.1 11.7 78.1 84.8 80.2 88.7 Turkey 7.6 11.7 8.2 13.0 75.5 82.2 82.7 88.8 Turkmenistan 4.8 7.7 6.8 10.1 69.3 77.0 82.4 90.3 Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. .. .. Uganda 3.8 2.2 4.0 2.4 36.9 41.8 35.8 39.0 Ukraine 15.9 20.1 24.5 29.3 71.7 80.0 88.1 93.4 United Arab Emirates 3.0 .. 2.7 12.4 85.4 89.0 89.1 92.7 United Kingdom 18.0 23.6 22.9 27.9 86.2 90.0 92.3 94.9 United States 14.1 22.0 18.7 26.3 86.3 90.5 93.0 95.5 Uruguay 15.0 16.3 18.7 22.4 79.8 86.0 89.7 94.1 Uzbekistan 5.8 8.4 7.8 11.2 76.0 82.5 86.2 92.2 Vanuatu 5.6 6.7 3.8 7.2 67.3 78.6 71.6 83.7 Venezuela 5.5 10.8 6.6 12.9 80.1 85.9 88.3 92.4 Vietnam 6.3 8.2 8.1 10.8 73.8 80.9 82.0 88.6 Virgin Islands (UK) .. .. .. .. .. Virgin Islands (US) 8.3 18.4 11.8 26.4 83.9 88.6 91.6 95.0 West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. Western Samoa 6.8 6.6 6.4 8.8 70.8 78.8 77.3 88.4 Yemen, Rep. 4.1 2.9 4.8 4.1 54.3 65.5 55.2 68.5 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic 14.1 20.8 17.8 24.9 80.9 86.1 88.1 92.2 Zambia 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.9 42.1 48.1 42.8 46.9 Zimbabwe 4.2 6.1 4.6 6.6 57.0 63.1 61.2 65.5 -:*.:--:,i.- - 4~2 s --i=-19.- 14.-3 L .- - 7t.-. 79.3 7 8 1 E4 1 , 1 -J 7 4 93 89- 61 - S9A X i -S" .... ... ............................ . W -.a ,S, ................. :... .... .Y..-,......., ...... ..-.- ,8. ....- .; 9 F 2 . --,, *-1Ž,g t6957 753 .*, ,._3, ,k~ 191 - 93 , 3' - f .-, . , ,4 54 Table 13. Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Health Care Percent of populaton with access toPercent of children under 12 months with Safe water Sanitation Health services Measles immunization DPT-2 immunization Economy 1989-95 1989-95 1993 1995 1995 Afghanistan ...1 9 Albania ..100 91 97 Algeria -.. 69 75 Angola 32 1 6 24 32 2 1 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina 64 89 ..76 66 Armenia ...95 83 Aruba... Australia 95 90 100 86 95 Austria I. 00 100 60 90 Azerbaijan ... .91 90 Bahamas, The ... .88 Bahrain ... .90 Bangladesh 83 30 74 96 91 Barbados ... .52 Belarus I. 00 100 96 90 Belgium I. 00 100 70 97 Belize ... .83 Benin 70 22 42 72 79 Bermuda... Bhutan ... .58 Bolivia 60 44 ..83 86 Bosnia and Herzegovina ... .57 67 Botswana 70 55 86 68 78 Brazil 92 73 ..78 69 Brunei ... .92 Bulgaria ..99 100 93 100 Burkina Faso ..14 ..55 47 Burundi 58 48 80 44 57 Cambodia 13 ...75 79 Cameroon 41 40 1 5 31 48 Canada 1 00 85 99 98 93 Cape Verde ... .95 Cayman Islands..- Central African Republic . .1 3 70 40 Chad 29 32 26 24 18 Channel Islands... Chile 96 71 95 93 92 China 46 -.. 89 93 Colombia 96 70 87 77 91 Comoros ... .60 Congo, Dem. Rep. 25 9 59 41 35 Congo, Rep. 60 9 ..39 50 Costa Rica 100 99 97 94 85 C6te d Ivoire 54 60 57 40 Croatia 82 68 ..90 87 Cuba 96 66 100 100 100 Cyprus ... .83 Czech Republic 94 . .96 96 Denmark 100 100 100 88 89 Djibouti ... .68 Dominica ... .99 Dominican Republic 79 85 ..100 100 Ecuador 70 64 80 100 80 Egypt, Arab Rep. 84 ..99 82 82 El Salvador 62 73 ..94 100 Equatorial Guinea ... .70 Eritrea ... .45 45 Estonia ... .81 84 Ethiopia 27 10 55 54 57 Fiji ... .93 Finland 100 100 100 98 100 France 100 96 ..76 89 French Guiana . .. French Polynesia . .. Gabon 67 76 87 50 48 Gambia, The 61 34 ..88 93 Georgia ... .63 58 Germany ..100 ..75 80 Ghana 56 42 25 68 71 Greece ..96 ..70 78 Grenada Guadeloupe -.... Guam 55 Table 13. Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Health Care (continued) Percent of population with access to Percent of children under 12 months with Safe water Sanitation Health senvices Measles immunization DPT-2 immunization Economy 1989-95 1989-95 1993 1995 1995 Guatemala 64 7 1 60 84 78 Guinea 49 6 45 69 73 Guinea-Bissau 57 20 80 68 74 Guyana ... .90 Haiti 28 24 45 24 30 Honduras 70 68 62 90 96 Hong Kong, China .. 42 83 Hungary 9. 4 ..100 100 Iceland ... .98 India 63 29 ..84 92 Indonesia 63 55 43 89 91 Iran, Islamic Republic 89 82 73 95 97 Iraq 45 36 98 95 91 Ireland ..100 ..78 65 Israel 99 70 1 00 94 92 Italy ..100 ..50 50 Jamaica 70 74 ..82 93 Japan 95 85 100 68 85 Jordan 89 30 90 92 100 Kazakhstan .. 72 80 Kenya 49 43 ..73 84 Kiribati ... .89 Korea, Dem. Rep. ..100 100 98 96 Korea, Rep. 89 100 1 00 92 93 Kuwait . 100 93 100 Kyrgyz Republic 75 53 89 83 Lao PDR 41 30 ..65 51 Latvia ... .85 65 Lebanon ... .88 92 Lesotho 57 35 80 82 56 Liberia . .. Li bya 3 0 1 8 100 8 9 9 1 Lithuania ...94 96 Luxembourg ...80 Macao Macedonia, FYR ...85 87 Madagascar 32 17 65 59 67 Malawi 54 63 80 99 98 Malaysia 90 94 88 81 90 Maldives ... .86 Mali 44 44 ..49 46 Malta ... .90 Marshall Islands Martinique . .. Mauritania 72 64 ..53 50 Mauritius 100 100 99 85 89 Mayotte . .. Mexico 87 70 91 90 92 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .76 Moldova ..50 ..98 96 Mongolia 54 .1 00 85 88 Montserrat . .. Morocco 59 63 62 92 93 Mozambique 28 23 30 71 57 Myanmar 39 42 ..66 69 Namibia 57 36 ..57 61 Nepal 48 22 ..78 77 Netherlands 100 100 100 95 97 Netherlands Antilles. . New Caledonia - .. New Zealand ..100 87 84 Nicaragua 57 . .81 85 Niger 57 15 30 38 19 Nigeria 43 38 67 50 44 Norway 100 100 100 93 92 Oman 56 72 89 98 99 Pakistan 60 30 85 53 55 Panama 82 87 82 84 86 Papua New Guinea 31 26 96 35 50 Paraguay ..30 ..76 77 Peru 60 47 ..97 94 Philip,pines 84 75 ..86 85 Poland ..100 100 96 95 Portugal ..100 ..94 93 Puerto Rico...... 56 Table 13. Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Health Care (continued) Percent of population with access to Percent of children under 12 months with Safe water Sanitation Health services Measles immunization DPT-2 immunization Economy 1989-95 1989-95 1993 1995 1995 Qatar 87 Reunion Romania 49 93 98 Russian Federation .. 91 72 Rwanda .. .. Samoa .. .. .. 81 S5o Tome and Principe .. .. .. 69 Saudi Arabia 93 86 98 94 97 Senegal .. .. 40 80 80 Seychelles .. .. .. 92 Sierra Leone .. .. .. 44 41 Singapore 100 100 100 88 95 Slovak Republic .. 51 99 99 Slovenia .. 90 .. 91 98 Solomon Islands .. .. .. 76 Somalia .. .. .. 30 South Africa .. 46 .. 76 73 Spain 99 97 .. 90 88 Sri Lanka 57 66 90 88 91 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. 100 St. Lucia .. .. .. 94 St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. .. .. 100 Sudan 77 55 70 74 76 Suriname .. .. .. 61 Swaziland .. .. .. 85 Sweden .. 100 100 96 99 Switzerland 100 100 100 83 89 Syrian Arab Republic 87 78 99 98 100 Taiwan, China .. .. .. Tajikistan .. 62 .. 90 95 Tanzania 49 86 93 75 79 Thailand 81 87 59 87 93 Togo 67 20 .. 65 73 Tonga .. .. .. 87 Trinidad and Tobago 82 56 99 87 81 Tunisia 86 72 90 89 90 Turkey 92 94 100 75 86 Turkmenistan 85 60 .. 90 87 Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. Uganda 42 60 71 79 79 Ukraine 97 49 100 96 94 United Arab Emirates 98 95 90 90 90 United Kingdom 100 96 .. 92 92 United States 90 85 .. 89 94 Uruguay 34 82 .. 80 86 Uzbekistan .. 18 .. 71 65 Vanuatu .. .. .. 66 Venezuela 88 55 .. 94 63 Vietnam 38 21 97 95 93 Virgin Islands (UK) .. .. .. Virgin Islands (US) .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza .. Yemen, Rep. 52 51 .. 49 52 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic .. 100 .. 75 79 Zambia 47 42 75 78 76 Zimbabwe 74 58 78 80 57 Table 14. Other Health Determinants and Outcomes Child Anemia Low Dietary Tuber- malnutrition (I% of birth weight energy Kcal from culosis Smoking (%/ of child- pregnant babies supply fat incidence prevalence ren under five) women) (%/ of births) Obesity (kcall/day) (%/ of total (per 100,000 (%6 of oadults) Economy 1990-96 1980-95 1989-95 (%/ obese) 1990-92 calories) population) Male Female Afghanistan 40 20 1,660 16 278 Albania 7 40 50 8 Algeria 10 42 9 2,900 21 53 53 10 Angola 35 29 19 1,840 22 225 Anguilla 20 Antigua and Barbuda 10 8 20 Argentina 2 26 7 7a 2,950 31 50 40 23 Armenia 40 Aru ba Australia 6 29 21 Austria 6 20 42 27 Azerbaijan 10 47 Bahamas, The 12 7 30 19 4 Bahrain 7 25 24 6 Bangladesh 68 53 34 0 3a 1,990 B 220 60 15 Barbados 6 29 10 20 Belarus 5 50 Belgium 6 16 31 19 Belize 6 65 6 40 Benin 24 41 10 2,520 -18 135 Bermuda 20 Bhutan 38 81 90 Bolivia 16 51 12 2,030 23 335 50 21 Bosnia and Herzegovina -.- -80 Botswana 27 8 2,320 26 400 21 Brazil 7 33 11 5.4a 2,790 27 80 40 25 Brunei 70 Bulgaria 6 3,160 32 40 49 17 Burkina Faso 33 24 21 2,140 18 289 Burundi 38 68 1 .2a 1,950 7 367 Cambodia 38 2,100 9 235 80 10 Cameroon 15 44 13 2,040 19 194 Canada 6 8 31 29 Cape Verde 19 100 Cayman Islands -20 Central African Republic 23 67 15 4.8a 1,720 29 139 Chad 37 167 Channel Islands - Chile 1 13 7 6 6a 2,540 23 67 38 25 China 16 52 6 4.3a 2,710 17 85 63 4 Colombia 8 24 9 2,630 21 67 35 19 Comoros 150 Congo, Dem. Rep. 34 76 15 2,090 15 333 Congo, Rep. 24 16 3.12,210 23 250 Costa Rica 2 28 7 -2,870 25 15 35 20 C6te dIlvoire 24 14 2,460 17 196 Croatia 8 38 65 37 38 Cuba 8 47 8 9.5b 3,000 23 20 39 25 Cyprus 15 43 7 Czech Republic 1 23 6 38 25 43 31 Denmark 5 12 37 37 Djibouti 23 40 600 Dominica 28 10 20 Dominican Republic 6 16 2,270 26 110 66 14 Ecuador 17 17 13 2,540 32 166 52 28 Egypt, Arab Rep. 9 24 12 3,340 18 78 40 2 El Salvador 11 14 11 2,530 21 110 38 12 Equatorial Guinea 5 Eritrea 41 1 55 Estonia 60 52 24 Ethiopia 48 42 16 1,620 14 155 Fiji 8 40 59 31 Finland 5 15 27 19 France 20 40 27 French Guiana 100 French Polynesia 60 Gabon 15 10 2,490 18 100 Gambia, The 17 80 10 2,320 21 166 Georgia 70 45 35 Germany 18 37 22 Ghana 27 17 3.12,090 15 222 10 1 Greece 9 12 46 28 Grenada 28 Guadeloupe 20 Guam 80 38 Table 14. Other Health Determinants and Outcomes (continued) Child Anemia Low Dietary Tuber- malnutrition (%/ of birth weight energy Kcal from culosis Smoking (0/o of child- pregnant babies supply fat incidence prevalence ren under five) women) (%/ of births) Obesity (kcallday) (% oof total (per 100,000 (%I/ of adults) Economy 1990-96 1980-95 1989-95 (%/ obese) 1990-92 calories) population) Male Female Guatemala 33 39 14 2.8a 2,280 17 110 38 i8 Guinea 24 ..21 ..2,400 18 166 40 2 Guinea-Bissau 23 74 20 ... .220 Guyana 18 ..18 2.3a 2,350 14 50 Haiti' 28 38 15 ..1,740 13 333 Honduras 18 ..9 1.8a 2,31 0 24 133 36 11 Hong Kong, China .........140 Hungary ...9 ..3,560 39 50 44 27 Icelandc....l. .. 10 31 28 India -66 88 33 0 b2,330 ..220 40 3 Indonesia 40 64 14 ..2,700 17 220 53 4 Iran, Islamic Republic 16 ..12 ..2,760 21 50 I raq 12 18 15 ..2,270 17 150 40 5 Ireland ...4 ... .18 29 28 Israel ........ 12 45 30 Italy .........25 38 26 Jamaica 10 40 11 ..2,580 22 10 43 13 Japan 3 ..6 ... .42 59 15 Jordan 10 ..7 ..2,900 25 14 48 9 Kazakhstan 1 11 1a77 Kenya 23 35 16 2.b1,970 21 140 52 7 Kiribati .........400 Korea, Dem. Rep. ......2,930 ..162 Korea, Rep. . .4 ..3,270 ..162 68 7 Kuwait 6 40 ...2,460 32 40 52 12 Kyrgyz Republic .... .68 48 15 Lao PDR 40 ..18 0.7b 2,21 0 14 235 41 15 Latvia .........70 67 12 Lebanon 9 ... .3,260 27 35 Lesotho 21 7 I11 2,260 -14 250 38 1 Liberia 20 78 . .1,780 20 100 Libya 5 -. S 3,290 30 1 2 Lithuania .........82 52 10 Luxembourg .........1 0 32 26 Macao ... .100 Macedonia, FYR ...24 60 Madagascar 32 ..10 ..2,160 13 310 29 28 Malawi 28 55 20 ..1,910 I11 173 Malaysia 23 56 8 ..2,830 32 67 41 4 Maldives 39 20 ......120 Mali 31 58 1 7 0O5a 2,230 17 289 Malta .........10 40 18 Marshall Islands ..... ...1 50 Martinique .........20 Mauritania 48 .. 11. 2,610 21 220 Mauritius 1 5 29 8 5.6b 2,780 24 50 47 4 Mayotte..... .... Mexico 14 14 12 ..3,190 27 60 38 14 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .........60 Moldova ..50 .. .... 70 Mongolia 1 2 45 10 ..2,100 33 100 40 7 Montserrat .........20 Morocco 10 45 9 5.2a 3,000 1 7 125 40 9 Mozambique 47 58 20 ..1,740 1 9 189 Myanmar 31 58 16 ..2,580 15 189 Namibia 26 16 12 ..2,190 14 400 Nepal 49 65 26 ..2,140 12 167 Netherlands .........13 36 29 Netherlands Antilles .........20 New Caledonia .........90 New Zealand ...6 ... .10 24 22 Nicaragua 24 36 15 ..2,290 20 110 Niger 43 41 15 ..2,190 13 144 41 26 Nigeria 35 55 16 ..2,100 21 222 24 7 Norway ...5 ... .8 36 36 Oman 14 54 10 ... .20 Pakistan 40 37 25 ..2,340 24 1 50 27 4 Panama 7 ..10 ..2,240 26 90 56 20 Papua New Guinea 30 13 23 1.6a 2,610 21 275 46 28 Paraguay 4 29 8 ..2,620 32 166 24 6 Peru 11 11 gb 1,880 16 250 41 13 Philippines 30 48 .. Oa 2,290 iS 400 43 8 Poland ..16 8 ..3,340 32 50 51 29 Portugal ... . .. 60 38 15 Puerto Rico .........8 . 59 Table 14. Other Health Determinants and Outcomes (continued) Child Anemia Low Dietary Tuber- malnutrition (%O of birth weight energy Kcal from culosis Smoking (%/ of ch ild- pregnant babies supply fat incidence prevalence ren under five) women) (%I/ of births) Obesity (kcallday) (%loof total (per 100,000 (% Bof aduljts) Economy 1990-96 1980-95 1989-95 (%/ obese) 1990-92 calories) population) Male Female Qatar 6 ... .50 Reunion... Romania 6 31 ..3,160 34 120 43 15 Russian Federation 3 30 ......99 67 30 Rwanda 29 ..17 ..1,860 8 260 Samoa .... ....30 S~o Tome and Principe 17 ... .. .100 Saudi Arabia .........22 53 Senegal 22 26 11 372,310 23 166 48 35 Seychelles 6 ... .. .40 Sierra Leone 29 .1 7 ..1,820 28 167 Singapore 14 ..7 ... .82 32 3 Slovak Republic -.. 6 ... .40 43 26 Slovenia ...6 ...37 35 35 23 Solomon Islands 21 ... .. .120 Somalia 39 78 1 6 ..1,590 28 222 South Africa 9 37 ...2,810 22 250 52 1 7 Spain .........49 48 25 Sri Lanka 38 39 17 0.1a 2,230 18 167 55 1 St. Kitts and Nevis ..... ...25 St. Lucia .... ...20 St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. .. 25 Sudan 34 36 15 ..2,1 50 26 211 Suriname .........100 Swaziland 10 . .2,680- 18 200 33 8 Sweden .. 5 ... .7 22 24 Switzerland . .5 ... .18 36 26 Syrian Arab Republic .. 8 ... .58 Taiwan, China . .. .. .. Tajikistan ..50 ......133 Tanzania 29 ..14 ..2,110 13 187 Thailand 13 57 13 1.3a 2,380 17 173 49 4 Togo 25 48 20 2.5a 2,290 18 244 Tonga ....... .40 65 14 Trinidad and Tobago 7 53 10 3.3a 2,630 25 20 42 8 Tunisia 9 ..10 3.8a 3,260 25 55 58 6 Turkey 10 ..8 ... .57 63 24 Turkmenistan ... .. .24 72 27 1 Turks and Caicos Islands .........20 Uganda 26 30 ..2.4a 2,220 11 300 10 0 Ukraine ...5 ... .50 50 47 United Arab Emirates 7 46 .. 3,370 30 30 United Kingdom ....... .12 28 26 United States ...7 ... .10 28 23 Uruguay 4 20 8 ..2,680 32 20 41 27 Uzbekistan 4 7.8a - 55 49 9 Vanuatu .........120 Venezuela 5 29 9 3.3 2,590 26 44 Vietnam 45 52.3 17 ..2,200 12 166 73 4 Virgin Islands (UK) ..... ...20 Virgin Islands (US) ......20 West Bank and Gaza . .. .. .. Yemen, Rep. 30 ..19 ..2,160 ..96 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic . .. ...50 52 31 Zambia 29 34 13 5.75 2,020 13 345 39 7 Zimbabwe 16 14 4.4a 2,080 23 207 36 15 b. Adults1 obesity- 60 Table 15. Reproductive Health Indicators Maternal Adolescent Adult HIV mortality ratio fertility rate Contraceptive prevalence Births attended (per 100,000 (per 7,000 prevalence rate (%. of over-IS5 by health staff live births) 15-19 yr. olds) (%/ of married women) population) M%) Economy 1990-95 1995 1990-95 1994-95 1990-96 Afghanistan 1700 153 ..0.0 9 Albania 23 26 ..0.0 99 Algeria 140 1 7 51 0.1 77 Angola 1 500 218 ..1.0 1 5 Anguilla... Antigua and Barbuda ..57 Argentina 140 62 ..0.4 97 Armenia 35 50 ..0.0 Aruba... Australia 9 31 ..0.1 100 Austria 1 0 23 ..0.2 100 Azerbaijan 29 33 ..0.0 Bahamas, The 100 56 ..3.9 Bahrain 60 27 ..0.2 Bangladesh 887 116 40 0.0 1 4 Barbados 43 50 ..2.8 Belarus 25 39 ..0.0 Belgium 1 0 1 1 ..0.2 100 Belize ..92 ..2.0 Benin 990 127 ..1.2 45 Bermuda... Bhutan ..67 ..0.0 1 5 Bolivia 373 82 45 0.1 47 Bosnia and Herzegovina ..28 ..0.0 Botswana 220 106 .1 8.0 78 Brazil 200 37 ..0.7 81 Brunei 60 28 ..0.2 Bulgaria 20 60 ..0.0 86 Burkina Faso 939 149 8 6.7 42 Burundi 1327 66 ..2.7 19 Cambodia 900 108 ..1.9 47 Cameroon 550 136 16 3.0 64 Canada 6 25 ..0.2 99 Cape Verde ..26 . Cayman Islands -.. Central African Republic 649 145 15 5.8 46 Chad 1594 183 ..2.7 15 Channel Islands ..21 Chile 65 48 ..0.1 98 China 115 17 83 0.0 84 Colombia 107 80 72 0.2 85 Comoros 950 131 ..0.1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 870 221 ..3.7 Congo, Rep. 822 140 ..7.2 Costa Rica 55 67 75 0.5 93 C6te dIlvoi re 887 136 11 6.8 45 Croatia 10 28 ..0.0 Cuba 36 68 ..0.0 90 Cyprus 5 34 ..0.3 Czech Republic 12 34 69 0.0 Denmark 9 18 ..0.2 100 Djibouti 570 171 ..3.0 Dominica ..47 . Dominican Republic 110 53 56 1.0 92 Ecuador iSO 68 57 0.3 64 Egypt, Arab Rep. 170 56 47 0.0 46 El Salvador 300 91 53 0.6 87 Equatorial Guinea 820 182 ..1.1 Eritrea 1400 125 ..3.2 21 Estonia 41 36 ..0.0 Ethiopia 1528 164 4 2.5 14 Fiji 90 43 ..0.0 Finland 11 20 ..0.0 100 France 15 17 ..0.3 99 French Guiana . .. French Polynesia ..51 . Gabon 463 iSO . 2.3 80 Gambia, The lOSO 167 12 2.1 44 Georgia 55 40 ..0.0 Germany 22 14 .. 0.1 99 Ghana 742 109 20 2.3 44 Greece 10 19 ..0.1 97 Grenada 5. 9... Guadeloupe ..34... Guam .. 8... 61 Table 15. Reproductive Health Indicators (continued) Maternal Adolescent Adult H/V mortality ratio fertility rate Contraceptive prevalence Births attended (per 7 00, 000 (per 1,000 prevalence rate (%/ of over- 15 by health staff live births) 15-19 yr. olds) (%of married women) population) (%1/) Economy 1990-95 1995 1990-95 1994-95 1990-96 Guatemala 464 106 31 0.4 35 Guinea 880 213 ..0.6 31 Guinea-Bissau 91 0 186 ..3.1 27 Guyana ..56 ..1.3 Haiti 600 70 18 4.4 21 Honduras 220 112 47 1.6 88 Hong Kong, China 7 13 ..0.1 100 Hungary 10 31 ..0.1 99 Iceland 0 29 ..0.1 India 437 81 43 0.4 34 Indonesia 390 57 55 0.0 36 Iran, Islamic Republic 120 80 0.0 77 Iraq 310 61 ..0.0 54 Ireland 10 23 60 0.1 Israel 7 28 ..0.1 99 Italy 1 2 14 ..0.3 Jamaica 120 67 67 0.9 82 Japan 18 6 ..0.0 100 Jordan 132 43 35 0.0 87 Kazakhstan 53 40 59 0.0 99 Kenya 650 95 33 8.3 45 Kiribati ..54 Korea, Dem. Rep. 48 30 . 0.0 100 Korea, Rep. 30 8 79 0.0 98 Kuwa it 168 45 ..0.1 99 Kyrgyz Republic 80 44 ..0.0 Lao PDR 660 59 ..0.0 Latvia 40 34 ..0.0 Lebanon 300 43 ..0.1 45 Lesotho 598 55 23 3.1 40 Liberia 560 211 ..1.3 58 Libya 220 106 ..0.1 76 Lithuania .16 34 ..0.0 100 Luxembourg 0 1 6 ..0.1 Macao .1 5 Macedonia, FYR 12 38 ..0.0 Madagascar 660 145 17 0.1 57 Malawi 620 151 13 13.6 55 Malaysia 34 30 ..0.3 94 Maldives ..76 .. 0.1 Mali 1249 190 ..1.3 24 Malta 0 13 ..0.1 Marshall Islands . .. Martinique ..32 . Mauritania 800 123 4 0.7 40 Mauritius 112 42 75 0.1 97 Mayotte . .. Mexico 110 57 ..0.4 77 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. . 51 . Moldova 34 46 .. .0 Mongolia 240 45 ..0.0 99 Montserrat ..62 . Morocco 372 38 50 0.0 40 Mozambique 1512 122 ..5.8 25 Myanmar 518 30 ..1.5 57 Namibia 370 130 29 6.5 68 Nepal 515 82 23 0.1 7 Netherlands 12 8 0.0 100 Netherlands Antilles ..33 New Caledonia ..47 . New Zealand 25 43 ..0.1 99 Nicaragua 160 136 44 0.1 61 Niger 593 222 4 1.0 1 5 Nigeria 1000 120 6 2.2 31 Norway 6 22 ..0.1 100 Oman 190 123 9 0.1 87 Pakistan 340 107 12 0.1 19 Panama 55 61 ..0.6 100 Papua New Guinea 930 44 . 0.2 20 Paraguay 180 72 48 0.1 66 Peru 280 52 59 0.2 52 Philippines 208 47 40 0.1 53 Poland 10 28 ..0.1 99 Portugal 15 23 ..0.2 90 Puerto Rico 21 48... 62 Table 15. Reproductive Health Indicators (continued) Maternal Adolescent Adult HIV mortality ratio fertility rate Contraceptive prevalence Births attended (per 100,000 (per 1,000 prevalence rate (% of over-15 by health staff live births) 15-19yr. olds) (% of married women) population) ('/I) Economy 1990-95 1995 1990-95 1994-95 1990-96 Qatar 40 0.1 Reunion .. 51 .. 0.0 Romania 48 34 57 0.0 100 Russian Federation 52 31 .. 0.0 Rwanda 1512 65 21 7.2 26 Samoa 35 42 Sao Tome and Principe .. 149 Saudi Arabia 18 61 .. 0.0 82 Senegal 510 118 7 1.4 46 Seychelles . 51 Sierra Leone 800 203 .. 3.0 25 Singapore 10 13 .. 0.1 100 Slovak Republic 8 35 .. 0.0 Slovenia 5 19 .. 0.0 Solomon Islands .. 94 . Somalia 1600 191 .. 0.3 2 South Africa 404 68 .. 3.2 82 Spain 7 11 .. 0.6 96 Sri Lanka 30 33 0.1 St. Kitts and Nevis .. 68 St. Lucia .. 84 St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. 52 Sudan 660 84 9 1.0 69 Suriname .. 52 .. 1.2 Swaziland 560 111 .. 3.8 . Sweden 7 20 .. 0.1 100 Switzerland 6 7 .. 0.3 99 Syrian Arab Republic 179 89 .. 0.0 67 Taiwan, China .. 24 .. Tajikistan 39 48 .. 0.0 Tanzania 748 123 10 6.4 53 Thailand 200 18 .. 2.1 71 Togo 626 124 .. 8.5 54 Tonga .. 32 .. Trinidad and Tobago 90 46 .. 0.9 98 Tunisia 139 32 .. 0.0 69 Turkey 183 44 63 0.0 76 Turkmenistan 43 26 .. 0.0 Turks and Caicos Islands .. .. .. Uganda 506 193 15 14.5 Ukraine 33 48 .. 0.0 100 United Arab Emirates 33 58 .. 0.2 94 United Kingdom 20 30 .. 0.1 100 United States 12 60 .. 0.5 99 Uruguay 85 47 .. 0.3 96 Uzbekistan 43 43 0.0 Vanuatu 280 55 .. Venezuela 200 60 .. 0.3 69 Vietnam 105 42 49 0.1 95 Virgin Islands (UK) .. .. .. .. Virgin Islands (US) .. 74 .. .. West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. Yemen, Rep. 1471 141 .. 0.0 16 Yugoslavia, Fed. Republic .. 41 .. 0.1 Zambia 230 122 15 17.1 51 Zimbabwe 570 68 48 17.4 69 63 Table 16. Burden of Disease, 1990 Percentage of total DALYsa Cause EME FSE India China OAI SSA LAC MEC World MDC LDC Total DALYs (1,000) 98,794 62,200 287,739 208,407 177,671 295,294 98,285 150,849 1,379,238 160,994 1,218,244 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 7.1 8.8 56.4 24.2 44.7 65.9 35.3 47.7 43.9 7.8 48.7 Infectious and parasitic diseases 2.8 2.7 28.9 7.5 22.3 42.5 17.6 20.2 22.9 2.7 25.6 Tuberculosis 0.1 0.6 4.8 2.0 3.1 3.4 1.8 1.7 2.8 0.3 3.1 STDs, excluding HIV 0.4 0.6 1.9 0.1 2.3 2.1 1.2 0.5 1.4 0.5 1.5 HIV 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.8 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 Diarrheal diseases 0.2 0.4 10.2 1.8 7.7 10.9 5.5 9.8 7.2 0.3 8.1 Childhood-cluster diseases 0.0 0.1 6.4 1.1 4.5 10.3 3.4 5.7 5.2 0.0 5.8 Bacterial meningitis and meningococcaemia 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 Malaria 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.4 9.2 0.5 0.3 2.3 0.0 2.6 Tropical cluster diseases and leprosy 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.1 0.4 1.9 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 Intestinal nematode infections 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.4 Other infectious and parasitic diseases 0.5 0.6 3.1 1.2 1.5 1.4 2.1 1.4 1.7 0.5 2.7 Respiratory infections 1.4 2.0 11.9 5.9 8.7 10.5 4.9 10.7 8.5 1.6 9.4 Lower respiratory infections 1.2 1.9 11.4 5.7 8.5 10.2 4.7 10.4 8.2 1.5 9.1 Other respiratory infections 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 Maternal conditions 0.3 0.9 2.6 1.3 2.3 3.2 1.7 2.4 2.2 0.6 2.4 Obstructed labor 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.5 Abortion 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 Other maternal conditions 0.1 0.4 1.5 0.9 1.3 2.1 0.9 1.5 1.3 0.2 1.5 Perinatal conditions 1.8 2.2 8.8 4.9 6.9 6.5 7.4 9.7 6.7 1.9 7.3 Nutritional deficiencies 0.9 1.0 4.2 4.6 4.4 3.2 3.7 4.7 3.7 0.9 4.1 Protein-energy malnutrition 0.1 0.2 1.8 1.0 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.4 1.5 0.1 1.7 Vitamin A deficiency 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.4 Iodine deficiency 0.7 0.7 2.1 3.2 2.3 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.8 0.7 1.9 Other nutritional deficiencies 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Noncommunicable 81.0 72.6 29.0 58.2 40.9 18.8 48.2 39.3 40.9 77.7 36.1 Malignant neoplasms 15.0 11.7 2.5 8.7 5.1 2.1 4.5 2.4 5.1 13.7 4.0 Stomach cancer 1.1 1.6 0.2 1.6 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 1.3 0.5 Colon and rectal cancers 1.6 1.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.2 Liver cancer 0.3 0.3 0.1 1.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.5 Trachea, bronchial, and lung cancers 3.0 2.6 0.1 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.6 2.8 0.4 Breast cancer 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.2 0.2 Cervix uteri cancer 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 Lymphomas and multiple myelomas 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2 Leukemia 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 Other malignant neoplasms 6.0 4.1 1.3 2.4 2.2 1.1 . 2.0 1.2 2.0 5.3 1.6 Diabetes mellitus 2.4 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.2 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.9 0.7 Neuropsychiatricconditions 25.0 17.2 7.0 14.2 10.8 4.0 15.9 8.7 10.5 22.0 9.0 Unipolar major depression 6.8 5.0 2.8 6.2 3.8 1.5 4.3 3.0 3.7 6.1 3.4 Bipolar disorder 1.7 1.3 0.8 1.8 1.1 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.0 Schizophrenia 2.3 1.4 0.6 1.3 1.3 0.2 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.9 0.8 Alcohol use 4.7 2.8 0.3 0.7 1.1 0.6 3.9 0.2 1.2 4.0 0.8 Dementia and other CNS disorders 2.9 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.6 2.4 0.4 Drug use 1.5 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.1 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.3 Epilepsy 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 Other neuropsychiatric conditions 4.6 3.7 1.8 2.9 2.1 0.9 2.8 2.5 2.2 4.2 2.0 Glaucoma and cataracts 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.8 Cardiovascular diseases 18.6 23.2 8.1 11.0 10.1 3.9 7.9 11.1 9.7 20.4 8.2 Rheumatic heart disease 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 Ischemic heart disease 9.0 11.4 3.5 2.9 2.2 0.8 3.0 3.5 3.4 9.9 2.5 Cerebrovascular disease 5.0 7.2 1.5 5.2 2.5 1.6 2.5 1.6 2.8 5.9 2.4 Inflammatory heart diseases 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.8 Other cardiovascular diseases 3.7 3.3 2.0 1.1 4.0 0.9 1.7 4.2 2.3 3.6 2.1 Respiratory disease 4.8 4.8 2.6 10.7 2.7 2.6 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2.3 1.7 0.9 8.5 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 Asthma 1.3 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 0.7 Other respiratory diseases 1.3 2.2 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 Digestive diseases 4.4 4.4 2.2 4.9 4.7 1.8 3.8 4.2 3.4 4.4 3.3 Cirrhosis of the liver 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.9 Other digestive diseases 2.8 3.2 1.2 3.4 3.4 1.6 2.6 3.7 2.5 2.9 2.4 Musculo-skeletal diseases 4.2 4.4 0.5 1.7 1.2 0.4 3.1 0.6 1.4 4.3 1.0 Rheumatoid arthritis 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.2 Osteoarthritis 2.7 3.2 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.3 2.1 0.4 1.0 2.9 0.7 Other musculo-skeletal diseases 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 Congential abnormalities 2.2 2.2 2.9 3.0 2.3 1.3 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.4 Oral conditions 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.1 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.5 Other noncommunicable diseases 3.4 2.8 0.9 2.1 1.7 1.6 3.3 2.9 2.0 3.2 1.8 64 Table 16. Burden of Disease, 1990 (continued) Percentage of total DALYsa Cause EME FSE India China OAI SSA LAC MEC World MDC LDC Injuries 11.9 18.7 14.6 17.6 14.4 15.4 16.4 13.0 15.1 14.5 15.2 Unintentional 8.7 12.9 13.0 12.9 12.1 9.3 11.0 6.8 11.0 10.3 11.1 Road-trafffic accidents 4.4 4.4 2.1 2.1 2.7 1.9 4.1 1.7 2.5 4.4 2.2 Poisoning 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.4 Falls 1.4 1.8 3.5 2.2 2.3 0.7 1.7 1.1 1.9 1.5 2.0 Fires 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.9 Drowning 0.3 1.0 0.9 2.1 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.5 1.2 Other unintentional injuries 2.2 3.9 4.2 5.5 4.7 4.0 4.8 2.7 4.1 2.8 4.3 Intentional injuries 3.2 5.8 1.5 4.7 2.3 6.0 4.5 6.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 Self-inflicted injuries 2.2 2.6 1.0 3.9 1.1 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.3 1.2 Violence 1.0 1.4 0.5 0.8 0.9 2.2 3.2 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.3 War 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.6 0.7 4.5 1.5 0.7 1.5 Other intentional injuries 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 EME: Established market economies. FSE: Formerly socialist economies of Europe. IOAI: Other Asia and islands (Asia, excluding Japan and Central Asia; Oceania, excluding Australia and New Zealand; and Indian Ocean islands). SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. LAC: Latin America and the Caribbean. MEC: Middle Eastern Crescent. MDC: More-developed countries. LDC: Less-developed countries. a. DALYs are disability-adjusted life-years. 65 Table 17. Burden of Disease, 2020 Percentaae of total DALYSa Cause EME FSE India China OAI SSA LAC MEC World MDC LDC Total DALYs (1,000) 97,000 63,534 236,741 220,667 165,978 329,566 107,639 167,710 1,388,836 160,534 1,228,302 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 5.2 3.0 24.4 4.3 16.5 39.8 12.6 19.9 20.1 4.3 22.2 Infectiousand parasiticdiseases 1.9 1.0 17.3 1.4 9.7 28.5 7.4 8.4 12.9 2.1 14.3 Tuberculosis 0.1 0.1 6.7 0.4 1.2 6.7 0.5 0.5 3.1 0.1 3.4 STDs, excluding HIV 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.6 HIV 2.3 0.2 4.6 0.1 3.0 4.4 2.9 0.2 2.6 1.5 2.8 Diarrheal diseases 0.1 0.1 2.5 0.3 2.2 5.5 1.5 4.2 2.7 0.1 3.0 Childhood-cluster diseases 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.2 1.2 5.1 0.9 2.4 2.0 0.0 2.3 Bacterial meningitis and meningococcaemia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 Malaria 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 4.5 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.0 1.3 Tropical cluster diseases and leprosy 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 Intestinal nematode infections 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Other infectious and parasitic diseases 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.7 Respiratory infections 1.2 0.8 3.2 1.1 2.8 5.4 1.5 4.6 3.2 1.0 3.4 Lower respiratory infections 1.1 0.8 3.1 1.1 2.8 5.3 1.5 4.5 3.1 1.0 3.3 Other respiratory infections 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 Maternal conditions 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.3 Obstructed labor 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 Abortion 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Other maternal conditions 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 Perinatal conditions 0.7 0.7 2.4 0.9 2.2 3.7 2.3 4.6 2.5 0.7 2.7 Nutritional deficiencies 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.9 1.2 0.4 1.3 Protein-energy malnutrition 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 Vitamin A deficiency 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 Iodine deficiency 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 Other nutritional deficiencies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Noncommunicable 84.7 79.7 56.5 79.3 66.3 31.9 68.1 59.6 59.7 82.7 56.7 Malignant neoplasms 17.3 16.1 7.1 18.7 11.6 4.5 8.5 5.3 9.9 16.8 9.0 Stomach cancer 1.2 2.4 0.5 3.7 1.0 0.3 0.8 0.4 1.2 1.7 1.1 Colon and rectal cancers 1.9 1.4 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.7 0.4 Liver cancer 0.4 0.4 0.1 4.2 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.4 1.2 Trachea, bronchial, and lung cancers 4.6 4.4 1.5 3.4 1.9 0.2 1.3 1.2 1.8 4.5 1.5 Breast cancer 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.1 0.4 Cervix uteri cancer 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 Lymphomas and multiple myelomas 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.3 Leukemia 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 Other malignant neoplasms 6.5 5.5 3.3 4.8 4.7 2.2 3.6 2.3 3.7 6.1 3.3 Diabetes mellitus 2.1 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.2 1.6 1.0 0.8 1.5 0.7 Neuropsychiatric conditions 25.4 16.4 12.6 15.4 17.4 8.5 21.6 14.9 14.7 21.8 13.7 Unipolar major depression 6.8 5.0 5.6 7.3 6.6 3.5 6.4 6.0 5.7 6.1 5.6 Bipolar disorder 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 Schizophrenia 2.0 1.3 1.1 1.2 2.0 0.3 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.8 1.2 Alcohol use 4.5 2.7 0.6 0.8 1.8 1.3 5.6 0.3 1.7 3.8 1.4 Dementia and other CNS disorders 4.5 1.9 0.7 1.3 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.4 1.1 3.4 0.7 Drug use 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.3 1.5 1.1 0.6 1.2 0.5 Epilepsy 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Other neuropsychiatric conditions 4.2 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.9 1.6 2.9 3.4 2.7 3.7 2.6 Glaucoma and cataracts 0.1 0.1 2.7 1.7 2.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.6 0.1 1.8 Cardiovascular diseases 19.4 26.1 18.4 16.3 15.6 6.0 13.2 17.7 14.7 22.0 13.8 Rheumatic heart disease 0.1 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 Ischemic heart disease 9.8 13.3 9.3 4.7 5.1 1.5 5.6 7.5 5.9 11.2 5.2 Cerebrovascular disease 5.1 7.7 3.4 8.2 4.5 2.6 4.3 2.8 4.4 6.2 4.2 Inflammatory heart diseases 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.9 Othercardiovasculardiseases 3.7 3.8 4.0 1.6 4.7 1.1 2.5 5.6 3.1 3.7 3.0 Respiratory disease 5.3 8.1 6.4 16.3 4.3 4.5 6.3 6.6 7.3 6.4 7.4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2.9 3.3 2.8 14.5 1.7 1.4 2.5 2.2 4.1 3.1 4.3 Asthma 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 Other respiratory diseases 1.3 3.9 2.7 0.6 1.5 2.4 2.5 3.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 Digestive diseases 5.2 3.9 2.5 3.5 6.5 1.8 4.6 3.7 3.5 4.7 3.4 Cirrhosis of the liver 1.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.2 0.3 1.7 0.7 1.2 1.6 1.1 Other digestive diseases 3.2 2.7 1.2 2.1 4.3 1.5 2.9 3.0 2.3 3.0 2.3 Musculo-skeletal diseases 5.0 4.5 1.1 2.6 2.6 0.8 5.5 1.2 2.2 4.8 1.9 Rheumatoid arthritis 1.2 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.3 Osteoarthritis 3.5 3.4 1.0 1.9 2.2 0.7 4.2 0.9 1.7 3.5 1.5 Other musculo-skeletal diseases 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 Congential abnormalities 0.9 1.2 3.2 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.7 3.3 2.2 1.0 2.4 Oral conditions 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.5 0.3 1.3 1.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 Other noncommunicable diseases 2.9 1.7 0.9 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.8 2.9 1.9 2.4 1.8 66 Table 17. Burden of Disease, 2020 (continued) Percentaqe of total DALYsA Cause EME FSE India China OAI SSA LAC MEC World MDC LDC Injuries 10.1 17.4 19.1 16.4 17.2 28.3 19.3 20.5 20.1 13.0 21.1 Unintentional 6.9 11.6 16.4 11.0 13.6 15.4 13.2 9.8 13.0 8.8 13.6 Road-trafffic accidents 3.6 5.2 6.5 4.8 5.2 5.1 6.4 3.6 5.1 4.3 5.2 Poisoning 0.2 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 Falls 1.1 1.4 2.6 1.4 2.0 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.6 Fires 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.2 0.2 1.5 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.9 Drowning 0.2 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.4 1.0 Other unintentional injuries 1.6 2.9 4.2 3.1 4.5 5.9 4.3 3.4 4.2 2.1 4.4 Intentional injuries 3.2 5.7 2.8 5.4 3.6 12.9 6.2 10.7 7.1 4.2 7.5 Self-inflicted injuries 2.3 2.6 1.8 4.5 1.8 0.4 0.9 1.6 1.9 2.4 1.8 Violence 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.8 1.4 4.9 4.4 1.3 2.3 1.1 2.4 War 0.0 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.5 7.6 0.9 7.8 3.0 0.7 3.3 Other intentional injuries 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 EME: Established market economies. FSE: Formerly socialist economies of Europe. IOAI: Other Asia and islands (Asia, excluding Japan and Central Asia; Oceania, excluding Australia and New Zealand; and Indian Ocean islands). SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa. LAC: Latin America and the Caribbean. MEC: Middle Eastern Crescent. MDC: More-developed countries. LDC: Less-developed countries. a. DALYs are disability-adjusted life-years. 67 Table 18. Deaths by Age and Sex, 1990 Thousands Male Female Total Male Female 0-4 5-14 15-59 60+ 0-4 5-14 15-59 60+ Established Market Economies All causes 7,121 3,659 3,462 60 14 769 2,817 45 9 370 3,038 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 453 237 216 31 1 51 155 22 1 15 179 Noncommunicablediseases 6,233 3,125 3,099 24 6 520 2,575 19 5 298 2,777 Injuries 445 298 147 6 7 197 88 4 3 57 81 Formerly Socialist Economies of Europe All causes 3,791 1,908 1,883 66 17 678 1,147 48 9 265 1,561 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 214 109 105 38 1 24 45 27 1 8 69 Noncommunicable diseases 3,188 1,511 1,677 18 5 430 1,057 14 4 206 1,453 Injuries 389 288 101 9 11 223 44 7 5 50 39 India All causes 9,371 4,875 4,496 1,600 256 1,259 1,760 1,650 294 1,046 1,506 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 4,775 2,418 2,356 1,411 129 445 435 1,479 171 411 295 Noncommunicable diseases 3,788 2,001 1,788 116 48 558 1,277 117 54 449 1,169 Injuries 808 456 352 73 79 256 48 55 69 187 41 China All causes 8,885 4,829 4,056 505 86 1,372 2,866 565 63 926 2,502 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 11,405 708 697 342 16 125 225 399 17 110 171 Noncommunicable diseases 6,460 3,531 2,929 88 29 899 2,516 95 19 595 2,220 Injuries 1,020 590 430 75 42 348 125 71 27 222 111 Other Asia and Islands All causes 5,534 3,044 3,490 901 230 855 1,058 716 172 620 982 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 2,190 1,161 1,029 747 82 150 182 586 72 205 166 Noncommunicable diseases 2,785 1,499 1,286 99 90 463 847 85 71 330 800 Injuries 559 384 175 54 58 242 29 45 28 85 17 Sub-Saharan Africa All causes 8,202 4,324 3,878 2,169 385 1,147 622 1,861 355 970 692 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 5,316 2,671 2,645 2,008 203 313 149 1,720 213 550 161 Noncommunicable diseases 1,864 934 930 63 64 363 444 65 75 277 512 Injuries 1,022 718 303 98 118 471 30 76 67 142 17 Latin America and the Caribbean All causes 3,009 1,654 1,355 403 73 549 629 306 55 381 613 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 943 511 432 340 19 86 66 251 22 95 63 Noncommunicable diseases 1,676 850 826 44 22 249 535 40 18 233 535 Injuries 398 293 97 19 32 214 29 14 15 53 15 Middle Eastern Crescent All causes 4,553 2,399 2,154 955 158 580 707 908 141 428 677 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 1,945 980 964 789 46 67 77 752 46 100 65 Noncommunicable diseases 2,156 1,123 1,033 119 68 324 612 112 72 250 599 Injuries 452 296 156 46 44 189 17 44 23 78 12 World All causes 50,467 26,692 23,775 6,658 1,219 7,207 11,607 6,099 1,097 5,008 11,571 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 17,241 8,796 8,445 5,705 496 1,262 1,333 5,236 543 1,495 1,170 Noncommunicable diseases 28,141 14,573 13,569 572 332 3,805 9,863 547 317 2,638 10,066 Injuries 5,084 3,323 1,761 381 390 2,141 411 238 196 428 234 68 Table 19. Deaths by Age and Sex, 2020 Thousands Male Female Total Male Female 0-4 5-14 15-59 60+ 0-4 5-14 15-59 60+ Established Market Economies All causes 8,651 4,632 4,018 25 9 830 3,769 19 6 299 3,695 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 533 299 234 12 0 74 213 8 0 13 213 Noncommunicable diseases 7,666 4,042 3,624 10 4 595 3,433 8 3 226 3,387 Injuries 451 291 160 3 4 160 124 3 3 61 95 Formerly Socialist Economies of Europe All causes 4,854 2,713 2,141 29 10 847 1,827 22 6 218 1,896 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 140 65 75 12 0 7 46 9 0 2 65 Noncommunicable diseases 4,295 2,353 1,942 10 3 624 1,716 8 2 157 1,775 Injuries 419 295 123 6 7 218 65 5 4 59 56 India All causes 11,430 6,515 4,915 506 102 2,489 3,418 469 92 1,312 3,043 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 2,461 1,402 1,059 348 25 577 452 332 28 356 343 Noncommunicable diseases 7,627 4,322 3,305 102 20 1,375 2,826 97 17 645 2,546 Injuries 1,085 644 441 51 53 417 122 34 42 224 141 China All causes 13,938 8,204 5,734 150 41 2,554 5,378 152 30 1,123 4,429 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 540 285 255 62 1 21 201 64 2 14 175 Noncommunicable diseases 11,890 7,111 4,779 48 15 2,154 4,894 50 8 774 3,947 Injuries 1,508 809 699 40 24 460 283 38 20 335 306 Other Asia and Islands All causes 7,736 4,418 3,318 341 93 1,538 2,445 254 60 732 2,272 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 1,105 587 518 229 15 122 220 165 12 106 234 Noncommunicable diseases 5,810 3,275 2,535 72 43 1,019 2,141 56 28 472 1,980 Injuries 822 556 265 39 36 397 84 33 20 154 57 Sub-Saharan Africa All causes 10,353 5,837 5,416 1,641 335 2,385 1,475 1,274 252 1,422 1,568 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 4,014 2,111 1,903 1,350 92 467 202 1,034 96 557 216 Noncommunicable diseases 4,032 2,087 1,944 111 59 735 1,182 103 56 489 1,296 Injuries 2,307 1,638 669 180 185 1,181 92 137 99 376 56 Latin America and the Caribbean All causes 4,735 2,642 2,093 155 41 941 1,506 114 26 518 1,436 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 519 308 211 112 4 99 92 78 4 36 91 Noncommunicable diseases 3,581 1,870 1,711 29 13 494 1,335 25 9 378 1,299 Injuries 636 464 171 14 24 348 79 11 13 102 45 Middle Eastern Crescent All causes 6,639 3,826 2,813 617 122 1,253 1,833 525 91 600 1,600 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 992 530 462 408 13 30 78 352 12 25 73 Noncommunicable diseases 4,750 2,709 2,042 144 49 809 1,706 112 44 397 1,489 Injuries 896 587 309 64 60 414 49 61 34 177 38 World All causes 68,337 38,788 29,549 3,463 754 12,917 21,654 2,828 563 6,221 19,937 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions 10,305 5,588 4,717 2,535 151 1,397 1,505 2,043 156 1,108 1,411 Noncommunicable diseases 49,652 27,769 21,883 526 205 7,806 19,232 458 168 3,538 17,719 Injuries 8,381 5,432 2,949 403 397 3,715 917 328 239 1,576 807 69 Sources and Definitions Aggregate Measures Table 1. Health Expenditures, Basic Indicators For operational and analytical purposes, the World Total health expenditure, 1994 US$. This shows the total Bank's main criterion for classifying economies is gross and per capita health expenditure in US$ millions at national product (GNP) per capita. Every economy is official exchange rates in 1994. Per capita health classified as low income, middle income (subdivided expenditure is also shown in PPP$ (purchasing power into lower middle and upper middle), or high income. parity or international prices). Data are given for the Historical data presented are based on the same country latest year in which they are relatively complete for grouping using the most recent year for which GNP per both public and private expenditures. capita data are available (1996). Low-income countries Health expenditure as percentage of GDP (1990-95). This are those with GNP per capita of $785 or less in 1996. shows total, public, and private health expenditure as a Middle-income economies are those with GNP per capi- percentage of GDP The years for which the data are taken ta of more than $785 but less than $9,636. Lower-mid- is indicated in the "year" column. Public health expendi- dle and upper-middle economies are separated at GNP ture consists of spending from the following sources: gov- per capita of $3,115. High-income economies are those emment (local and central) budgets, extemal borrowings with a GNP per capita of $9,636 or more. and grants, and social (or compulsory) health insurance The aggregate measures for regions include only funds. All external assistance, including donations from low- and middle-income economies. The country international NGOs, were included under the "public" composition of regions is based on the World Bank's expenditure category. Private health expenditure includes operational regions and may differ from common geo- spending on health from the following sources: direct graphic usage. See World Bank (1998), for regional household expenditure (out-of-pocket), private insur- classifications. ance, charitable donations, and direct service payments Also used are the terms "developing" or "less devel- by private corporations. Public expenditure is also shown oped" and "developed" or "more developed" countries. as a percentage of total health expenditure. In this classification, used by the United Nations, the former group includes all regions of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, Table 2. Health Expenditures, 1990-96 and Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand), and the latter includes North America, Japan, Europe This table presents all of the available data on health (including the European successor states of the former expenditures as a percentage of GDP for 1990-96. Data USSR), Australia, and New Zealand. A.. indicates that for each country are not necessarily from the same data are not available. source. Differences in the definition of health expendi- 70 Sources and Definitions 71 ture and in data collection methods between different included. The sources of the data in table 5 include sources are likely to introduce inconsistencies in some government statistical yearbooks, World Health of the time series. Therefore, the time-series data Organization (WHO), Pan American Health should be interpreted with caution. Organization (PAHO), Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD), and World Bank country and sector reports. Table 3. Health Financing by Expenditure Categories Table 6. Utilization of Health Services, 1990-95 This table breaks down health financing by the fol- lowing categories of expenditure: hospital, pharma- Outpatient visits. The number of annual visits to health ceuticals, capital investment, and personnel. Hospital care facilities per capita, including repeat visits. and pharmaceutical expenditures are further disaggre- Inpatient admissions. Percentage of population gated into total spending (public and private) and pub- admitted to hospitals during a year. lic spending. These categories comprise only a limited Average length of stay. Average number of inpatient list of the major categories of expenditure, selected days per admission. mainly on the basis of availability of data and the rela- Bed occupancy rate. Average percentage of inpatient tively consistent definition of these categories. Other beds occupied during a year. important categories, such as research and develop- The sources of the data in table 6 are government ment, medical education, and public health programs, statistical yearbooks, WHO, PAHO, OECD, and World will be added to future databases. Bank country and sector reports. Table 4. Sources of Health Financing Table 7. Key Development Indicators This table disaggregates public health expenditures GNP per capita. This is calculated using the World Bank into sources of revenues. Public sources are divided Atlas methodology, using midyear population esti- into three main components: social health insurance mates and the gross national product converted to U.S. (any form of publicly mandated and/or publicly man- dollars. Source: World Bank (1997c). aged insurance funds); government budget (from tax Gini coefficient. This index measures the extent to and other domestic sources of government revenues); which the distribution of income among individuals or and external assistance, in the form of either loans or households deviates from a perfectly equal distribu- grants. Public revenues from user charges, where tion. A Gini index of zero represents perfect equality available, are treated as "private" out-of-pocket while an index of 100 percent implies perfect inequal- payments. ity Source: World Bank (1997c), based on household surveys conducted during 1990-95. Population. Midyear estimates and projections of Table 5. Health Services Indicators, 1990-95 total de facto population. Refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum are excluded from the Physicians per 1,000 population. Physicians include the estimates. Sources of population estimates vary from total number of registered practitioners in the country. country to country and are based on the most recent The definition of this differs among countries. census, official country estimates, UN Population Inpatient beds per 1,000 population. Inpatient beds Division estimates, or those of other international are defined as beds in public and private facilities agencies. Projections are based on the cohort compo- where individuals receive medical care as inpatients. nent methodology, in which a baseline age-sex struc- In most cases, beds for acute and chronic care are ture is projected with fertility, mortality, and migra- 72 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook tion schedules. For a detailed description of the projections from the latest available survey, census, and methodology and assumptions, see Bos and others vital registration data. (1995). Population growth rates. These are average annual rates expressed in percentages, calculated from mid- Table 9. Life Expectancy at Birth, 1960-95 year estimates and projections using an exponential rate of change. Life expectancy at birth. The average number of years a Gross secondary school enrollment. The ratio of total newborn will live based on prevailing mortality rates. enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the Note that by definition these are based on period life age group that officially corresponds to the secondary tables and may not apply to any cohort for which mor- level, which varies across countries. Source: World tality conditions may be different in subsequent years. Bank (1997c). The sources for the data include the UN Population Urban population. The percentage of a country's Division, national statistical offices, and World Bank total population residing in urban areas. Definitions estimates and projections from surveys and censuses. of urban areas are country-specific and vary consid- For most countries 1995 life expectancy estimates are erably among countries. Source: United Nations projections based on the trend in the previous decade. (1994). HIV/AIDS prevalence data are used to adjust the trend Crude birth rate and crude death rate. The number and account for the declining life expectancy in coun- of births and deaths per 1,000 people. Estimates are tries where AIDS mortality is high. based on national vital registration systems, demo- graphic surveys, World Bank estimates, and those of other international organizations. A frequently used Table 10. Adult Mortality, 1960-95 source is the UN Statistical Office's Population and Vital Statistics Report (issued quarterly). Adult mortality rate. The probability of dying between ages 15 and 60 based on prevailing mortality rates. For about 50 countries these are vital registration-based life Table 8. Child Mortality, 1960-95 table estimates; for other countries these are World Bank estimates based on model life tables selected on Infant mortality rate. The number of deaths of infants the basis of overall life expectancy (table 9) and moral- under age one per 1,000 births. These are based on ity rates for infants and children under five. For coun- country statistical offices, censuses and surveys, World tries with vital registration-based life tables, a close fit Bank sector studies and, especially for countries with- between these model-based estimates and the life table out reliable data, the UN Population Division's esti- values was found. However, such agreement cannot be mates. For many developing countries without reliable assumed for all countries, and the data presented here vital registration, indirect estimates from demographic should be interpreted as indicative of the level of adult surveys are used. mortality rather than as precise estimates. Children under five mortality rate. The probability that a newborn will survive to exactly age five, based on prevailing mortality rates, multiplied by 1,000. The Table 11. Total Fertility Rate, 1960-95 estimates from 1960 to 1990 are based on a method- ology developed by Hill and Yazbeck (1994) using Totalfertility rate. The average number of children born regression analysis. Weighted least-square regression per woman entering childbearing age, if subject to pre- was used in their analysis, assigning weights to each vailing fertility rates. The sources are the Demographic country's data on the basis of the validity of the data. and Health Surveys, the World Fertility Surveys, the Figures for 1995 are World Bank staff estimates based CDC Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys, other demo- on published sources such as UNICEF's (1997), and on graphic surveys, vital registration, World Bank staff Sources and Definitions 73 estimates, and the UN Population Division. As with Immunization of children under 12 months for measles some of the mortality data, estimates of past fertility are and DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus). The percent- frequently based on indirect estimates from survey age of children under 12 months of age that are immu- data. nized against measles (one dose of vaccine) and DPT (at least two of three doses of vaccine). The source for data in table 13 is World Bank (1997c), based on and sup- Table 12. The Aging Population, 1995 and 2020 plemented by data collected by WHO and UNICEF Percentage of population over age 60. The population of males and females that is age 60 or over, expressed as Table 14. Other Health Determinants and a percentage of the total number of males and total Outcomes number of females. For 1995 these estimates are based on age structures from censuses, national sta- Child malnutrition rate. The prevalence of malnutrition tistical offices, or the UN Population Division. For is measured as the percentage of children under five 2020 these are projections based on trends in fertili- whose weight for their age is less than minus two stan- ty, mortality, and migration, as described in Bos and dard deviations from the median of the reference pop- others (1994). ulation. The data are mostly from WHO, World Health Probability of surviving to age 60. These are period life Statistics Annual, supplemented with data from table survival rates based on prevailing mortality rates, UNICEF and the United Nations. showing the percent of a cohort born in 1995 that Anemia among pregnant women. The percentage of would survive to at least age 60 if subject to prevailing pregnant women whose hemoglobin is less than 11 mortality rates. As such, these are hypothetical, as mor- grams per deciliter. Data are mostly from surveys dur- tality rates in the future are likely to be different from ing 1980-95, as reported by WHO. today's rate. If recent trends in mortality continue, a Prevalence of low birth weight babies. The percentage higher proportion of the 1995 birth cohort would of children born weighing less than 2,500 grams, with reach age 60. the measurement taken within the first hours of life, before significant postnatal weight loss has occurred. Data are mostly from WHO, supplemented with data Table 13. Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and from UNICEF Health Care Prevalence of obesity. The percentage of the popula- tion with a body mass index of 30 or higher. Data Access to safe water The percentage of the population denoted (a) are for children; data denoted (b) are for with access to safe water is the share of the population adults. Sources for the data are the FAO and the with reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe Demographic and Health Surveys. water, including treated surface water and untreated Dietary energy supply (kcal/day). The number of kilo- but uncontaminated well and spring water. calories (kcal) consumed a day per person. The data Access to sanitation. The percentage of the population are from the FAO (1996). with at least adequate excreta disposal facilities that can Tuberculosis incidence. The estimated number of new effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact sputum smear positive (SS+) cases per 100,000 popu- with excreta. lation. Source: WHO (1997). Access to health services. The percentage of the pop- Percentage of kcal from fat. The percentage of total ulation covered for treatment of common diseases and kilocalories from fat. injuries, including availability of essential drugs, with- Smoking prevalence. Percentage of males and females in one hour's walk or travel. This indicator is limited to over age 15 who smoke tobacco products. Sources are potential access to treatment and does not take other WHO and World Bank country surveys for the most barriers (such as financial barriers) into account. recently available year. 74 Health, Nutrition, and Population Indicators: A Statistical Handbook Table 15. Reproductive Health Indicators women during labor and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own, and to care for the Maternal mortality ratio. The number of deaths of newborn and the infant. Source: World Bank (1997c), women during pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 based on data from WHO. live births in the same year. The estimates are from the Demographic and Health Surveys, national estimates, and, for countries without such data, from a model Tables 16 and 17. Burden of Disease, 1990 and developed by WHO and UNICEF that is based on fer- 2020 tility and other variables related to maternal mortality. The measurement of maternal mortality is often inac- These tables for 1990 and 2020 show the burden of curate due to underreporting in vital registration, large disease by disease and injury categories for the world, standard errors in survey-based estimates, and the use for more developed countries, for less developed coun- of indirect methods that produce estimates for past tries, and for eight regions (as defined in World Bank years. All maternal mortality estimates, but especially (1993)). The burden of disease is measured in number the model-based figures, should be seen as indicative of DALYs (disability-adjusted life-years) lost to the of the magnitude of the problem. specified cause, which allows for a quantitative com- Adolescentfertility rate. The fertility rate for women parison of the disease burden in different regions and under age 20, shown per 1,000 women under age 20. for different causes. The estimates and projections These are estimates and projections based on shown are from Murray and Lopez (1996a), which also Demographic and Health Surveys, national estimates, provides the methodological details. It should be rec- and other sources of age-specific fertility rates. For ognized that the estimates for 1990 are based on very some countries that lack age-specific fertility sched- limited empirical data and required broad generaliza- ules, the figures are based on models. tions on the part of the authors. The projections for Contraceptive prevalence rate. The percentage of mar- 2020 are by definition hypothetical and should be ried women (or their husbands) using any type of con- interpreted as the calculated outcomes of the assump- traceptive method. The source is mainly the tions about changing disease patterns applied to Demographic and Health Survey program, supple- assumptions about changing age structures. mented with other survey data and national estimates. Family planning program statistics are not used, as these tend to overestimate contraceptive use. Tables 18 and 19. Deaths by Age and Sex, 1990 Adult HIV prevalence. The percentage of those over and 2020 age 15 who are HIV positive. Source: UNAIDS, based on blood screening of pregnant women, blood donors, These tables show the number of deaths by broad and the general population. cause, by age group and sex, for the same regions as in Percentage of births attended by health staff. The the previous two tables. The data are from Murray and percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained Lopez (1996a). Methodological details and caveats to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to about the figures can also be found in this volume References Abel-Smith, Brian. 1963. Paying for Health Services. Public . 1996b. Global Health Statistics. Harvard School of Health Papers 17. Geneva: World Health Organization. Public Health for the World Health Organization and the - 1967. An International Study of Health Expenditure. World Bank. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Public Health Papers No. 32. Geneva: World Health UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). 1997. State of the Organization. World's Children. New York. Bos, Eduard, M. T. Vu, E. Massiah, R. Bulatao. 1994. World United Nations, Population Division. 1994. World Urbanization Population Projections, 1994-95. Baltimore: The Johns Prospects. New York. Hopkins University Press. Untied Nations, Statistical Office. Quarterly. Population and Vital Chellaray, Gnanaraj, 0. Adeyi, A. Preker, E. Goldstein. 1996. Statistics Report. New York. Trends in Health Status, Services, and Finance: The Transition in World Bank. 1993. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Central and Eastern Europe. World Bank Technical Paper 348. Health. New York: Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C. . 1997a. Health, Nutrition, and Population Sector Strategy. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1996. Sixth World Washington, D.C. Food Survey, 1996. Rome. - . 1997b. World Development Indicators 1997. Hill, Kenneth, and Abdo Yazbeck. 1994. "Trends in Child Washington, D.C. Mortality 1960-90." Background Paper Series No. 6, - . 1997c. World Development Report 1997: The State in a World Development Report 1993. World Bank, Changing World. New York: Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C. . 1998. World Development Indicators 1998. Washington, Murray, Christopher, and A. Lopez, eds. 1996a. The Global D.C. Burden of Disease. Harvard School of Public Health for the WHO (World Health Organization). Various years. World Health World Health Organization and the World Bank. Cambridge, Statistics Annual. Geneva. Mass.: Harvard University Press. . 1997. Global Tuberculosis Control Report. 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L:m red- 11(0, Sit CGrorpooir di-or Mnmaha Fox 265 4 781913 Xxxi Not DoI ix Ot. 133 1) 3 29-91-6' PD Box 1127 PHILIPPINE Coln-1S 2 Be:):,,g ISRAEL Ja-a Pan-h Blt: lo,ere-riooo1 (okox-- Coorot Sto, TO- (94 1) 32105 To) :86 101 060 72 494 GERMANY Yoomot Citetolir LAd 597(10 Oaln IL-pe 1127-A A,,(9pol SI, haranga1y, Veo,on-l Fox 19r11) 432101 Fax (06 1(1 ,6(0 73 c94 IUNO-XV:lg PD BOlx 56059 TOl (6) 3) 756-SOAO Moaik.xp 0It m-orl CLICLrri 1aoOa ee OoldrorAlloo 55 3 Hoha .a Hxaaodla stca Fa- (00 31 755-4420 Tel (03 2: 890 6901: 0505, 0507 531(5 Bo:- xl Aciv 6156) E(1(-(1: nrkohopRrr not my Fox (63 2) 8061741 THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Telephone: 202-477-1234 Facsimile: 202-477-6391 Telex: MCI 64145 WORLDBANK MCI 248423 WORLDBANTK World Wide Web: http://Hww.worldbank.org/ E-mail: books@aworldbank.org ISBN 0-8213-4184-7